LISINOPRIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lisinopril: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84008-3 1. Lisinopril-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lisinopril. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LISINOPRIL ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lisinopril....................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LISINOPRIL ...................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lisinopril...................................................................................... 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LISINOPRIL ................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 General References ....................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LISINOPRIL ............................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Lisinopril.................................................................................................................... 77 Patent Applications on Lisinopril ................................................................................................ 84 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LISINOPRIL ................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Lisinopril .................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ..................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 LISINOPRIL DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 159
viii Contents
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lisinopril is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lisinopril, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lisinopril, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lisinopril. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lisinopril, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lisinopril. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LISINOPRIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lisinopril.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lisinopril, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Long-Term Effect of Lisinopril and Atenolol on Kidney Function in Hypertensive NIDDM Subjects with Diabetic Nephropathy Source: Diabetes. 46(7): 1182-1188. July 1997. Summary: ACE inhibitors have been shown to offer better protection of kidney function than conventional antihypertensive treatment in proteinuric type 1 diabetes patients with reduced kidney function. Information on this issue for type 2 diabetes patients, however, is rare and conflicting. This article reports on a study of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease). The study compared ACE inhibition (lisinopril 10 to 20 mg per day) with conventional antihypertensive treatment (atenolol 50 to 100 mg per day, usually in combination with a diuretic), and evaluated which produced a greater reduction in the rate of decline of kidney function. The prospective, randomized study involved 43 patients; 21 were given lisinopril, and
4
Lisinopril
22 were given atenolol. Data from 36 patients who completed at least 12 months of the study are presented. At baseline, the two groups were comparable in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ambulatory blood pressure, and urinary albumin excretion rate. Mean ambulatory blood pressure was equally reduced in the two groups. No significant differences were observed in either the initial or sustained decline in GFR between the two groups. Urinary albumin excretion was reduced more in the lisinopril than in the atenolol group. The authors conclude that the relentless decline in kidney function normally found in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy can be reduced equally effectively by two antihypertensive treatments: the beta blocker atenolol and the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. 2 figures. 5 tables. 43 references. (AA-M). •
Multiple Episodes of Angioedema Associated with Lisinopril, an ACE Inhibitor Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 126(2): 217-220. February 1995. Summary: In this case report, a patient under treatment for hypertension with lisonipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, suffered repeated bouts of idiopathic angioedema that resolved when the drug was discontinued. The patient, a 51year-old woman, had a 1 1/2 year history of recurrent swelling involving the left side of the face. The swelling was located primarily in the left masseter region, but occasionally extended to the lips and, once, even to the left side of the tongue. The patient's dentition was in reasonably good health without caries or periapical pathosis, except mild periodontal disease in the maxillary dentition. The patient and her cardiologist were alerted that the symptoms might be those of recurrent angioedema related to her use of the ACE inhibitor. After switching to a different antihypertensive medication, the patient, who had undergone these episodes of facial swelling at least monthly, had no further episodes. The authors conclude that this case report illustrates a potentially lifethreatening allergy to a commonly used anti-hypertensive medication. They note that any one of the 15 or 20 episodes suffered by this patient could have resulted in laryngeal edema, airway obstruction, and death. 3 figures. 7 references. (AA-M).
•
Effects of Lisinopril and Nifedipine on the Progression to Overt Albuminuria in IDDM Patients with Incipient Nephropathy and Normal Blood Pressure Source: Diabetes Care. 21(1): 104-110. January 1998. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: This article reports on a study that uses a cumulative incidence of progression to albuminuria from microalbuminuria (MA) as the primary endpoint measurement of renal function; the secondary endpoint is the yearly increase in albumin excretion rate (AER) at a rate of 50 percent above baseline. In the study, 92 patients with normal blood pressure and type 1 diabetes underwent treatment with either lisinopril or slow release nifedipine in comparison with placebo (double blind study). Ten patients discontinued the study during the 3 year followup period. During that period, 7 of 24 placebo treated (20.6 percent), 2 of 32 lisinopril treated (6.3 percent) and 2 of 26 nifedipine treated (7.7 percent) patients progressed to clinical albuminuria. The lisinopril group had significantly lower blood pressure values during followup than either the nifedipine or the placebo group. The authors conclude that both lisinopril and nifedipine are effective in delaying the occurrence of macroalbuminuria in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Because overt proteinuria strongly predicts end stage renal failure, both treatments appear capable of preventing such a
Studies
5
complication in this population. However, lisinopril appears more powerful in slowing the course of nephropathy. 2 figures. 3 tables. 34 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Lisinopril The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lisinopril. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lisinopril. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lisinopril. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lisinopril: •
Project Title: ACE INHIBITOR AND PREVENTION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Jinzhong; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Several clinical studies have detected an unexpected inhibition of diabetic retinopathy by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, and the mechanism for this action is unclear. In light of evidence indicating that the severity of hyperglycemia is a major initiating factor in the pathogenesis of retinopathy, we have examined the effect of ACE inhibitor captopril on glucose level in the retina of diabetic rats. Our preliminary data suggest that captopril inhibits diabetes-induced accumulation of glucose in the retina of diabetic rats. Likewise, captopril significantly inhibits intracellular glucose accumulation in retinal cells cultured in elevated glucose concentration, indicating that inhibition of glucose accumulation in retinal tissue is not due solely to reduction in blood pressure or in vascular permeability. Sorbitol, which can be produced within cells when intracellular glucose is elevated, likewise is increased in the retina in diabetes, and inhibited by captopril, further demonstrating that glucose is elevated intracellularly in the retina of diabetic rats and that captopril inhibits the accumulation of glucose. These findings suggest the overall hypothesis that beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors on the development of diabetic retinopathy might result in part from inhibition of intracellular glucose accumulation in retinas, thus restricting the activation of metabolic sequelae of hyperglycemia. The proposed project is going to determine if inhibition of glucose accumulation in the diabetic retina is characteristic of antihypertensive medications in general, or is unique to one class of antihypertensive drugs, or to one drug and to investigate the mechanism by which the ACE inhibitor inhibits intracellular glucose accumulation. Inhibition of glucose accumulation
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
6
Lisinopril
represents a novel mechanism for the observed beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors on the development of diabetic retinopathy. We believe that agents having this effect can be characterized and improved, offering an additional pharmacologic means to inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN SEROTONIN AND ANGIOTENSIN II SYSTEMS IN MIGRAINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Terron, Jose A.; Cinvestav-Ipn Av Ipn # 2508, Col Zacatenco Mexico City, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant) Long-term objectives. The brain serotonin (5-HT) system plays an important role in cerebrovascular and neuroendocrine control. These systems have been implicated in migraine. Migraine is a low 5-HT syndrome and attacks may be triggered by a massive release of 5-HT acting on sensitized receptors. This proposal will elucidate the association between the phenomena of decreased 5-HT neurotransmission and altered cerebrovascular and neuroendocrine responsiveness. Focus will be on 5-HT receptors recently implicated in migraine pathogenesis and/or prophylactic treatment (5-HT1A, 5-HTT, 5-HT2s and 5-HT2c). As a key activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the role of the brain angiotensin II (Ang II) system will be addressed. The proposal intends to shed light into the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine, and the mechanism of action of migraine prophylactic 5-HT and Ang II drugs. Specific aims. The following hypotheses will be challenged: 1) A decreased 5-HT transmission in the brain will cause sensitization and/or up-regulation of 5-HT receptor subtypes in the cerebral vasculature and the HPA axis; treatment with a migraine prophylactic compound that target these receptors will restore 5-HT receptor function and/or expression. This may be a useful animal model for drug screening in migraine prophylaxis. 2) The response to stress, which involves sequential activation of the brain Ang II and the HPA systems, will lead to decreased brain 5-HT levels, upregulation of 5-HT receptors, and/or amplified neuroendocrine and cerebrovascular responses to 5-HT receptor activation; treatment with an inhibitor of Ang II synthesis will restore serotonergic function. Design. 1) Cerebrovascular and neuroendocrine responses to 5-HT agonists, and expression of 5-HT receptors in the cerebral vasculature and the HPA axis, will be determined in control and 5-HT-depleted Wistar rats. It will be determined whether chronic treatment with a migraine prophylactic 5-HT antagonist restore 5-HT receptor function and/or expression. 2) Brain 5-HT content, expression of 5-HT receptors in the HPA axis, and neuroendocrine and cerebrovascular responses will be determined in control and stressed (acute and chronic isolation and restraint) Wistar rats. Reversal of stress-induced changes in these variables will be attempted by chronic treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril (i.e. a migraine prophylactic agent). In vivo cerebrovascular reactivity will be assessed by laser- Doppler flowmetry (cortical blood flow) and the 4-iodo-[N-methyl-14C]-antipyrine method (regional cerebral blood flow). In vitro cerebrovascular reactivity will be analyzed with an arteriographic chamber system. The hormonal response (ACTH, corticosterone and prolactin) will be measured by radioimmuno assay in blood samples and 5-HT receptor expression will be determined by quantitative receptor autoradiography in tissue sections. 5-HT content will be measured by HPLC in brain homogenates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COGNITIVE HYPERTENSION
AND
CEREBROVASCULAR
Studies
7
SEQUELAE
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Jennings, J R.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic diseases, which increase in prevalence with age, impair intellectual functioning. We and others have found that patients with essential hypertension have impaired performance on neuropsychological tests relative to age-matched controls. At the initiation of our project, the mechanism by which hypertension impaired intellectual function was unknown. We hypothesized that the morphological changes (vascular remodeling) associated with hypertension might interfere with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses induced by information processing. We have now shown with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) that hypertension impairs rCBF, altering both flow volume and the patterning of flow within the brain. The differences in flow volume are specific to hypertensives performing poorly on a test of working memory. Overall, hypertensive performing mnemonic tasks show a left lateralized increase in rCBF in prefrontal, and perhaps, posterior parietal areas that exceeds that of normotensives. As a result of this difference, hypertensives process the mnemonic task bilaterally; while normotensives tend to show a dominant right hemisphere processing. During the current project, we have also tested a second hypothesis that other vascular pathology might contribute to the cognitive impairment of hypertensives, either atherosclerotic changes assessed indirectly from thickening of the carotid artery wall and/or white matter lesions in the brain detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial data analyses, however, fail to provide strong support for this second hypothesis. We now propose to test our vascular hypothesis of the source of cognitive impairments associated with hypertension. We suggest that reversing both the heightened blood pressure and vascular remodeling of hypertension will also normalize both rCBF and cognitive performance. Pharmacological advances in the treatment of hypertension have now shown that angiotension converting enyzme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers differ in their influence on the vasculature. Both medications reduce blood pressure, but ACE inhibitors also reduce medial wall thickness and restore the sensitivity of the vascular endothelium to nitric oxide. This permits us to test our vascular model. We hypothesize that an ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, will normalize rCBF and cognitive function relative to the actions of a beta-blocker, atenolol. We further suggest that this effect will be mediated by lisinopril's action on the vasculature as assessed peripherally via a brachial artery flow mediated vasodilation probe and centrally via testing for cerebrovascular reserve with the administration of acetazolamide (Diainox). Based on the literature, a one-year treatment period will be required to adequately test our hypothesis. Should we be successful, our project will have advanced considerably toward our ultimate goal of identifying mechanisms for how diseases of aging influence intellectual functioning. Successful completion will clarify a) how one major disease of aging reduces intellectual functioning and b) permit a rational choice of clinical regimen to treat this disease while minimizing neuropsychological side effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--IN VIVO VERIFICATION OF DISCOVERED/ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Sarah; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093
8
Lisinopril
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: In this Core, we will ask the question: "Does SNP stratification predict systemic therapeutic drug responses in large, prospective randomized, controlled USA clinical trials?" For this purpose, we have obtained access to two such clinical trials in hypertension and renal disease, wherein the therapeutic drug responses occur to a betaadrenergic antagonist (metoprolol), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist (doxazosin), a calcium channel antagonist (amlodipine) ACE inhibitors (ramipril or lisinopril), or a diuretic (chlorthalidone). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENTS
GENHAT-GENETICS
OF
HYPERTENSION
ASSOCIATED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnett, Donna K.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Genetics of Hypertension Associated Treatments (GenHAT) is proposed as a prospective study to examine whether the association between selected hypertensive genes and combined fatal coronary heart disease and nonfatal myocardial infarction in high-risk hypertensives is modified by the type of antihypertensive treatment, leading to differential risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Such genetreatment interactions might shed important light On the variation in patient response to antihypertensive agents, and improve our ability to pick the right antihypertensive for specific patients. GenHAT will be an ancillary study to ALLHAT (the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). ALLHAT recruited 42,515 hypertensives and randomized them to one of four antihypertensive agents (lisinopril, chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and doxazosin); followup will be completed in March, 2002. GenHAT will characterize hypertension genetic variants and determine their interaction with antihypertensive treatments in relation to CHD. DNA from frozen clots stored at the ALLHAT Central Laboratory will be used to genotype variants of hypertension genes (angiotensinogen -6, angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, angiotensin type- 1 receptor, alpha-adducin, beta2 adrenergic receptor, lipoprotein lipase, and 10 new hypertension variants expected to be discovered during the course of the study). In addition to the primary aim, a number of secondary aims will be undertaken to evaluate gene- treatment interactions in relation to other endpoints, including all-cause mortality, stroke, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, decreased renal function, peripheral arterial disease, and blood pressure lowering. Because of the ethnic and gender diversity of ALLHAT, we will also assess effects of these variants on outcomes in key subgroups (age >65 years, women, African Americans, Type II diabetics), and whether the gene-treatment interactions in relation to outcomes are consistent across subgroups. This proposal has the advantages of (1) incorporation into an already funded clinical trial, and (2) collaboration with experienced investigators in genetic analysis (Drs. Boerwinkle and Eckfeldt) and clinical trials (Drs. Davis and Ford). It will, therefore, provide an important and cost-efficient contribution to the knowledge and understanding of the treatment of hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
9
Project Title: HYPERTENSION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Agarwal, Rajiv; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): There are over 316,000 patients with end-stage renal disease in the USA that cost Medicare about $11 billion/year. Hypertension plays an important role in causing excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that accounts for approximately half of all deaths, yet hypertension is poorly controlled in the vast majority of the US hemodialysis patients. There are no guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hemodialysis hypertension. We have preliminary evidence that home BP monitoring can accurately diagnose hypertension and that ultrafiltration and supervised antihypertensive drug therapies can enhance hypertension control. In Specific Aim 1 we will evaluate the clinical performance of routine hemodialysis unit BP monitoring and home BP monitoring in the diagnosis of hemodialysis hypertension in 150 chronic hemodialysis patients. Interdialytic ambulatory BP will be the gold standard. In Specific Aim 2 we hypothesize that achieving "dry-weight" controls systolic hypertension rapidly in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort, can be predicted by echocardiographic signs of volume overload and can be accurately detected by home BP monitoring. This improvement in BP can be also predicted by demographic factors and parameters of volume excess. We propose an 8-week, prospective, randomized, trial of ultrafiltration therapy, to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerance of ultrafiltration therapy in controlling systolic hemodialysis hypertension. To assist clinicians in decision making, specific markers of volume excess such as plasma BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), plasma renin activity, and change in protein concentration from pre to post dialysis will be evaluated as predictors of improvement in BP with ultrafiltration therapy. In specific aim 3 we hypothesize that an initial strategy of treatment with an ACE inhibitor based therapy is more effective than beta-blocker based therapy in causing regression of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with hemodialysis hypertension. We propose a parallel group, active control, randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of initial monctherapy with an ACE inhibitor versus a beta-blocker each administered three times weekly after dialysis to assess BP reduction and LVH regression by echocardiography. In summary, we use simple strategies to diagnose hypertension in hemodialysis patients, evaluate the role of expanded extracellular fluid volume and test supervised drug therapies to impact hypertension control. We also assess the clinical performance of bedside tests to assess an expanded extracellular fluid space. Evaluation of such strategies will improve BP control in hemodialysis patients and, in the long-term, provide cardiovascular protection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: INVESTIGATION OF ANG II/AT1 RECEPTORS WITH PET Principal Investigator & Institution: Szabo, Zsolt; Associate Professor; Radiology and Radiological Sci; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Description (provided by applicant): The angiotensin II/AT1 receptor subtype (AT1 receptor) plays a fundamental role in the physiological control of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis and increased function of the AT1 receptor can contribute to the pathophysiology of numerous disorders including renovascular hypertension. The overall goal of this project is to investigate the effects of renal hypoperfusion (two-
10
Lisinopril
kidney one-clip model) on the regulation of the AT1 receptors in dogs (dAT1). Data obtained with positron emission tomography (PET) will be correlated with biochemical analysis of dAT1 protein and mRNA expression in the kidneys. PET studies will employ the radioligand, [11C]L-159,884, which is an AT1 specific receptor antagonist. The proposed aims are designed to test the hypothesis that a major pathogenetic factor of hemodynamic changes in kidneys with renal artery stensosi is altered expression of the dAT1 receptor and that in vivo binding parameters of [11C]L-159,884 in the kidney reflect these changes. PET studies are proposed to measure the in vivo binding of [11C]L-159,884 after creating unilateral renal artery stenosis in dogs with and without treatment with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, as well as in sham operated animals. In addition, dAT1 mRNA levels will be quantitated in vitro and compared with receptor binding characteristics in renal tissue. This will make it possible to investigate potential tissue-specific and/or post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms during alterations in the RAS. The proposed experiments could provide the first in vivo evidence of tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms governing AT1 expression in renovascular hypertension. Investigations of the regulation of the AT1 receptor in the dog are a first step toward using this non-invasive PET technique to examine the human AT1 receptor and this research should ultimately lead to a greater understanding of the regulation of human AT1 receptors under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The proposed studies will not only help elucidate the involvement of AT1 receptors in RVH but will potentially facilitate efforts to differentiate patients with renovascular hypertension who may benefit from revascularization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAXIMIZE RAS BLOCKADE IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Meyer, Timothy W.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) reduces proteinuria and slows loss of renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy. But the optimal manner in which ACE inhibitors should be used to limit renal injury has been remarkably little studied. In particular, further studies are needed to identify treatments which should be combined with ACE inhibition to maximize the benefit of RAS blockade. The proposed studies will assess the value of two such treatments. The first aim will be to determine whether angiotensin receptor blockade increases the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition is patients with diabetic nephropathy. The putative beneficial effect of adding angiotensin receptor blockade to ACE inhibition has been widely advertised but not adequately tested. Studies conducted to date have shown only that adding an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) reduces proteinuria in patients maintained on relatively low doses of an ACE inhibitor. The proposed study will assess the effect of adding an ARB to higher doses of an ACE inhibitor. These studies will reveal whether ARB addition has any effect that cannot be obtained more simply and more cheaply by ACE inhibition alone. The second aim will be to determine whether diuretic use increases the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Previous studies have shown that addition of a diuretic lowers proteinuria in patients with non-diabetic renal disease who are maintained on ACE inhibitors. This finding suggests that ACE inhibition reduces proteinuria most effectively when ECF volume is low. The proposed studies will establish where addition of a diuretic to an
Studies
11
ACE inhibitor has the same beneficial effect in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Ultimately, the ability of improved RAS blocking regimens to slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy can only be established by large, long term trials. But the number of such trials which can be performed is limited. Short term trials, such as those described in this proposal, are urgently required to help identify treatment regimens which merit further, longer term study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METALLOPROTEASE INHIBITOR OMAPATRIALAT & LISINOPRIL IN H Principal Investigator & Institution: Yunis, Carla; Associate Director of Clinical Research; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: OMAPATRILAT & LISINOPRIL IN TREATMENT OF MODERATE HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Campese, Vito M.; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE CLINICAL TRIALS NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Perrone, Ronald D.; Associate Professor; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common lethal monogenetic disease, affecting 1/500 to 1/1000 of the US population. 50% of those affected with ADPKD will develop end-stage renal disease by the 6th decade of life. There are no proven therapies to slow the inexorable loss of kidney function in those with progressive disease. Interruption of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been shown to reduce the progressive decline in renal function in both diabetic and non-diabetic kidney diseases, but it is unknown whether these results extend to ADPKD. Abundant evidence implicates angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of hypertension, but small single-center studies of limited duration have reported inconsistent results of ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) therapy on disease progression. This application is submitted in response to RFA DK-01-029 to establish a PKD Clinical Trials Network of clinical centers that will each enroll 500 ADPKD patients and conduct a clinical trial to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interruption of the RAAS on renal progression. We have proposed a randomized, double-blinded trial to compare ACE-I vs. active control in hypertensive ADPKD patients with renal insufficiency (GFR 30-65 ml/min/1.73 m2) on the time to reach a composite outcome of doubling of serum creatinine, ESRD, or death. The Clinical Center will be based at the New England Medical Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The Principal and Co-Principal Investigators have had career-long interests in ADPKD and personally care for large numbers of ADPKD patients. We have identified
12
Lisinopril
107 potentially eligible patients within our clinical sites. Additional strategies will be used to target patients locally and within contiguous New England States. Strong institutional support is available at the highest levels, including the General Clinical Research Centers at NEMC and BIDMC. As part of this RFA, we have proposed a pilot study to assess the safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, which has been implicated in angiogenesis and cyst development in animal models of ADPKD. Thirty ADPKD patients with GFR >70 ml/min/1.73 m2 will be randomized to treatment with celecoxib vs. placebo and followed for 16 weeks. Change in GFR is the primary outcome measure and incidence of hyperkalemia, fluid retention, and elevated blood pressure will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF ANGIOTENSIN PEPTIDE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Diz, Debra I.; Professor; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Ang-(1-7) activates the vasodilator systems which oppose the hypertensive At1-mediated actions of Ang II. We propose three aims to investigate the potential mechanisms for the actions of Ang-(1-7). Aim 1: A novel non-At1, non-AT2 receptor [AT(1-7)] is responsible for the hemodynamic and vascular actions of Ang-(1-7). 125I[Sar/1-Thr/8]Ang II binding, in the presence of blocking concentrations of AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists, demonstrated a novel Ang-(1-7) receptive site sit mesenteric artery and aorta of SHR treated with a combination of lisinopril/losartan. The binding site displayed a pharmacological profile with agonists and antagonists that previously characterized in endothelial cells. We will now determine whether this receptor is unique to the vasculature or exhibits a more widespread distribution (kidney, heart and brain) using receptor binding techniques. Aim 2: Ang-(1-7) actions blocked by At1 or AT2 receptor antagonists are not attributable to classical AT1 or AT2 receptors. In addition to the actions of Ang-(1- 7) at the novel non-AT1 non-AT2 AT(1-7) receptor, several actions of Ang-(1-7) are similar to Ang II or are blocked by AT1 or AT2 receptor antagonists. Ang-(1-7) generally displays low affinity for typical AT1 or AT2 receptors and is not associated with vasoconstrictor, pressor or drinking responses. Thus, we propose that isoforms of AT1 or AT2 receptors are responsible for the actions of Ang-(17) that are blocked by AT1 or AT2 receptor antagonists. We will use receptor knockout mice to show that the Ang-(1-7) actions or binding sites inhibited by AT1 or AT2 receptor antagonists do not persist in these receptor knockout animals. We will also characterize the protein forms of At1 and AT2 receptors known to exist in various tissues for differences in pharmacology toward Ang-(1-7) and [D-Ala/7]-Ang-(1-7). Aim 3: Ang-(1-7) counteracts the actions of Ang II at the AT1 receptor by desensitization and/or down-regulation of the AT1 receptor via homologous (through prostaglandins or nitric oxide) mechanisms. Acute and chronic exposure to elevated Ang-(1-7) decreases AT1 receptors and AT1 receptor-mediated responses in brain, kidney and cells in cultured. Prostaglandins causes heterologous down-regulation of other receptors and decrease in AT1 receptor mRNA with nitric oxide are reported. Alternatively, Ang(1-7) acts as a weak agonist at the AT1 receptor, in a process similar to homologous receptor regulation. Preliminary studies in CHO-AT/1A cells indicated a direct effect of Ang-(1-7) on the AT/1A receptor, consistent with agonist-induced homologous downregulation. We will use in vivo and in vitro models to determine the effects of acute and long-term treatments with Ang-(1-7) on AT1 receptor affinity and density and AT1
Studies
13
receptor mRNA by RT-PCR in the presence or absence of cyclooxygenase or nitric oxide synthase blockade. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN HEART FAILURE TRIAL OF AMIODARONE, OR ICD Principal Investigator & Institution: Halperin, Blair; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the likelihood of death in people with weak hearts can be lessened. There are two principal causes of death in people with decreased heart strength: progressive, profound heart muscle weakness and severe heart rhythm disorders (ventricular fibrillation). Ventricular fibrillation is a rapid disorganized beating of the lower heart chambers, (ventricles), causing death because the heart can no longer pump blood effectively. This study will examine whether ventricular fibrillation can be prevented. People with decreased heart strength can also die from progressive heart weakness. Entry into the study will not alter the standard care given to individuals for the treatment of a weak heart. Standard therapy includes the use of diuretics (water pills like furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide), afterload reducers (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, hydralazine, nitrates, and related drugs) and/or, digitalis (digoxin). Standard therapy may also include blood thinners (aspirin and warfarin), beta-blockers (metoprolol, atenolol), and, in patients with severely weakened hearts, heart transplantation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for lisinopril in the PubMed Central database: •
Lisinopril for migraine. by Chen BH.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=81045
•
Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. by Schrader H, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G.; 2001 Jan 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26600
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
14
Lisinopril
•
Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. by Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, Oren S, Viskoper R, Watts RW, Cooper ME.; 2000 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27545
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lisinopril, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lisinopril (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of lisinopril-induced lithium toxicity. Author(s): Baldwin CM, Safferman AZ. Source: Dicp. 1990 October; 24(10): 946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2173864&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparative study of lisinopril and atenolol on low degree urinary albumin excretion, renal function and haemodynamics in uncomplicated, primary hypertension. Author(s): Samuelsson O, Hedner T, Ljungman S, Herlitz H, Widgren B, Pennert K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 43(5): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1336463&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparative trial of lisinopril and nifedipine in mild to moderate hypertension in general practice. Author(s): Murdoch JC. Source: N Z Med J. 1992 July 8; 105(937): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1320241&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
15
•
A comparison of lisinopril and nifedipine in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. A multicentre study. Author(s): Rogstad B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(6): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995312&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparison of the effect of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide on electrolyte balance in essential hypertension. Author(s): Frewin DB, Bartholomeusz RC, Gaffney RD, Clampett AD, Chatterton BE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(5): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1318845&dopt=Abstract
•
A diuretic is more effective than a beta-blocker in hypertensive patients not controlled on amlodipine and lisinopril. Author(s): Antonios TF, Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Source: Hypertension. 1996 June; 27(6): 1325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8641743&dopt=Abstract
•
A double blind comparative study of lisinopril and enalapril in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Johnston GD, Banks DC, Davies S, Duffin D, Garnham JC, Nicholls DP, Raj MV, Mansy S, Sloan P, Strouthidis TM, et al. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 October; 5(5): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663163&dopt=Abstract
•
A high incidence of cough associated with combination therapy of hypertension with isradipine and lisinopril in Chinese subjects. Author(s): Woo J, Chan TY. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1991 Autumn; 45(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1666837&dopt=Abstract
•
A multi-center analysis of the use of enalapril and lisinopril in elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Hawkins DW, Hall WD, Douglas MB, Cotsonis G. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994 December; 42(12): 1273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7983291&dopt=Abstract
•
A multicenter, parallel comparative study of the antihypertensive efficacy of oncedaily lisinopril vs enalapril with 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension. Author(s): Coca A, Sobrino J, Modol J, Soler J, Minguez A, Plana J, De la Sierra A. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 December; 10(12): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140792&dopt=Abstract
16
Lisinopril
•
A study of the effects of lisinopril when used in addition to atenolol. Author(s): Soininen K, Gerlin-Piira L, Suihkonen J, Kyllonen T, Parviainen R, Kyllonen E, Hamalainen K, Lonka R, Tikkanen T, Selonen R, et al. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 August; 6(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1331443&dopt=Abstract
•
Absence of cross-reaction between lisinopril and enalapril in drug-induced lupus. Author(s): Leak D. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1997 November; 31(11): 1406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9391702&dopt=Abstract
•
ACE inhibition versus calcium antagonism in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension: a multicentre study. Ireland-Netherlands Lisinopril-Nifedipine Study Group. Author(s): Hart W, Clarke RJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 June; 69(812): 450-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8208641&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute and chronic effects of lisinopril on renal and systemic hemodynamics in hypertension. Author(s): Degaute JP, Leeman M, Reuse C, Carlier E, Schoutens A, Vandepapeliere P. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 6(5): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1333275&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute coronary findings at autopsy in heart failure patients with sudden death: results from the assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival (ATLAS) trial. Author(s): Uretsky BF, Thygesen K, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Ryden L. Source: Circulation. 2000 August 8; 102(6): 611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931799&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute haemodynamic effects of lisinopril and captopril in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Van Mieghem W, Van Hedent T, Byttebier G. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1993; 48(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8383397&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute pancreatitis associated with the use of lisinopril. Author(s): Maliekal J, Drake CF. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 December; 27(12): 1465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305779&dopt=Abstract
Studies
17
•
Acute pancreatitis following lisinopril rechallenge. Author(s): Gershon T, Olshaker JS. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 September; 16(5): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725973&dopt=Abstract
•
Additional reduction in blood pressure after cholesterol-lowering treatment by statins (lovastatin or pravastatin) in hypercholesterolemic patients using angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril or lisinopril). Author(s): Sposito AC, Mansur AP, Coelho OR, Nicolau JC, Ramires JA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 May 15; 83(10): 1497-9, A8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335771&dopt=Abstract
•
Additive effects of diltiazem and lisinopril in the treatment of elderly patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Chan P, Lin CN, Tomlinson B, Lin TH, Lee YS. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997 July; 10(7 Pt 1): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234828&dopt=Abstract
•
Adult Schonlein-Henoch purpura after lisinopril. Author(s): Disdier P, Harle JR, Verrot D, Jouglard J, Weiller PJ. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 17; 340(8825): 985. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357398&dopt=Abstract
•
Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. SAMPLE Study Group. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation. Author(s): Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, Benemio G, De Cesaris R, Fogari R, Pessina A, Porcellati C, Rappelli A, Salvetti A, Trimarco B, Agebiti-Rosei E, Pessino A. Source: Circulation. 1997 March 18; 95(6): 1464-70. Erratum In: Circulation 1997 August 5; 96(3): 1065. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118514&dopt=Abstract
•
Amlodipine and lisinopril in combination for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy and predictors of response. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Singer DR, MacGregor GA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1993 August; 11(8): 839-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228208&dopt=Abstract
18
Lisinopril
•
An improved method for the measurement of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in human plasma by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Leis HJ, Fauler G, Raspotnig G, Windischhofer W. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 1999; 13(8): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343410&dopt=Abstract
•
An open trial of lisinopril ('ZESTRIL') in mild to moderate hypertension in Nigeria. Author(s): Abengowe CU, Ezedinachi EN, Balogun MO. Source: West Afr J Med. 1997 October-December; 16(4): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9473956&dopt=Abstract
•
Angioedema after substituting lisinopril for captopril. Author(s): McElligott S, Perlroth M, Raish L. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 March 1; 116(5): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1310578&dopt=Abstract
•
Angioedema associated with lisinopril. Author(s): Rees RS, Bergman J, Ramirez-Alexander R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1992 July; 10(4): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1319709&dopt=Abstract
•
Angioedema complicating lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Nzerue MC. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1992 September; 38(9): 391-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1338526&dopt=Abstract
•
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, the sympathetic nervous system, and congestive heart failure. The Australian Zestril (Lisinopril) Study Group. Author(s): Sloman G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 113C-118C. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329466&dopt=Abstract
•
Antihypertensive effect of lisinopril assessed by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Author(s): Tomei R, Rossi L, Carbonieri E, Franceschini L, Molon G, Zardini P. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1992 June; 19(6): 911-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1376812&dopt=Abstract
Studies
19
•
Antihypertensive effectiveness of low-dose lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination. A large multicenter study. Lisinopril-Hydrochlorothiazide Group. Author(s): Chrysant SG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 April 11; 154(7): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147677&dopt=Abstract
•
Antihypertensive effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition by lisinopril in post-transplant patients. Author(s): Opie LH, Haus M, Commerford PJ, Levetan B, Moore K, Brink J. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 October; 15(10 Pt 1): 911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372680&dopt=Abstract
•
Antihypertensive effects of combined lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with systodiastolic or systolic hypertension: results of a multicenter trial. Author(s): Mancia G, Grassi G. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 November; 30(5): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388035&dopt=Abstract
•
Antinuclear antibody-negative, drug-induced lupus caused by lisinopril. Author(s): Carter JD, Valeriano-Marcet J, Kanik KS, Vasey FB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 November; 94(11): 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780682&dopt=Abstract
•
Ask the doctor. I have had heart failure since my heart attack a year ago. My physician initially prescribed lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Unfortunately, I was one of the unlucky people who got a cough with this drug that was so annoying I had to stop taking it. Now my doctor wants me to try a newer drug called valsartan. Is it likely to help me? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 July; 12(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138046&dopt=Abstract
•
Ask the doctor. I take atenolol and lisinopril for my blood pressure. I have a blood pressure monitor that I use at home and I find that, on average, my pressure is 150/85 in the morning and 130/80 in the afternoon. Should I be worried about the high morning readings? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 March; 10(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799255&dopt=Abstract
20
Lisinopril
•
Ask the doctor. Recently, I read that the ACE inhibitor ramipril is very good at preventing heart problems, particularly in people with diabetes. I'm diabetic, and for years I have been on a different ACE inhibitor (lisinopril). Should I be taking ramipril instead? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2001 April; 11(8): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343399&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of antihypertensive effect by blood pressure monitoring: applications to bisoprolol and lisinopril in a double-blind study. Author(s): Vaisse B, Herpin D, Asmar R, Battistella P, Zannad F, Boutelant S, Lyon A, Conte D, Denis J, Honore P, Contard S, Prost PL, Mallion JM, Poggi L. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 May; 29(5): 612-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9213203&dopt=Abstract
•
ATLAS: high dose lisinopril is superior to low dose in heart failure. Author(s): Jackson G. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 April-May; 52(3): 139. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684425&dopt=Abstract
•
Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonists: a comparison of lisinopril and losartan. Author(s): Akinboboye OO, Chou RL, Bergmann SR. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 August 21; 40(4): 703-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204500&dopt=Abstract
•
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients recruited into the assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival study. Author(s): Cleland JG, Armstrong P, Horowitz JD, Massie B, Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Ryden L. Source: European Journal of Heart Failure : Journal of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. 1999 March; 1(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10937983&dopt=Abstract
•
Better microvascular function on long-term treatment with lisinopril than with nifedipine in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Asberg A, Midtvedt K, Vassbotn T, Hartmann A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 July; 16(7): 1465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427642&dopt=Abstract
Studies
21
•
Both lisinopril and verapamil reduced platelet-derived growth factor-A chain mRNA levels in human saphenous vein endothelial cells stimulated by thrombin. Author(s): Yamaguchi M, Gallati H, Baur W, Cruess DF, Sharefkin JB. Source: Surgery. 1994 April; 115(4): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8165541&dopt=Abstract
•
Bronchospasm and cough as adverse reactions to the ACE inhibitors captopril, enalapril and lisinopril. A controlled retrospective cohort study. Author(s): Wood R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 March; 39(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7619667&dopt=Abstract
•
Buccal absorption of enalapril and lisinopril. Author(s): McElnay JC, Al-Furaih TA, Hughes CM, Scott MG, Elborn JS, Nicholls DP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 October; 54(8): 609-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860147&dopt=Abstract
•
Captopril and lisinopril suppress production of interleukin-12 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Constantinescu CS, Goodman DB, Ventura ES. Source: Immunology Letters. 1998 May; 62(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672144&dopt=Abstract
•
Case report: severe symptomatic hyponatremia associated with lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Subramanian D, Ayus JC. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1992 March; 303(3): 177-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1317675&dopt=Abstract
•
Changes in renal resistive index and urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive patients under long-term treatment with lisinopril or nifedipine GITS. Author(s): Leoncini G, Martinoli C, Viazzi F, Ravera M, Parodi D, Ratto E, Vettoretti S, Tomolillo C, Derchi LE, Deferrari G, Pontremoli R. Source: Nephron. 2002 February; 90(2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818701&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of an extemporaneous liquid formulation of lisinopril. Author(s): Thompson KC, Zhao Z, Mazakas JM, Beasley CA, Reed RA, Moser CL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 January 1; 60(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533979&dopt=Abstract
22
Lisinopril
•
Chronic hepatitis caused by lisinopril. Author(s): Droste HT, de Vries RA. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1995 February; 46(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7885528&dopt=Abstract
•
Circulating angiotensin II levels under repeated administration of lisinopril in normal subjects. Author(s): Kawamura M, Imanashi M, Matsushima Y, Ito K, Hiramori K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1992 August; 19(8): 54753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326422&dopt=Abstract
•
Combination of lisinopril and nifedipine GITS increases blood pressure control compared with single drugs in essential hypertensive patients. Author(s): Taddei S, Omboni S, Ghiadoni L, Caiazza A, Fogari R, Innocenti P, Porcellati C, Giovannetti R, Corradi L, Mancia G, Salvetti A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 April; 41(4): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658059&dopt=Abstract
•
Comment: lisinopril-induced hyponatremia. Author(s): Nicolau DP, Uber LA. Source: Dicp. 1991 July-August; 25(7-8): 873-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1659042&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative bioavailability of two immediate-release tablets of lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Gascon AR, Cuadrado A, Solinis MA, Hernandez RM, Ramirez E, Dalmau R, Pedraz JL. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 July; 41(7): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875347&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative effect of lisinopril and lacidipine on urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 11 diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Salako BL, Finomo FO, Kadiri S, Arije A, Olatosin AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 March; 31(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518931&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative effects of diltiazem and lisinopril on left ventricular structure and filling in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): van Leeuwen JT, Smit AJ, May JF, ten Berge BS, Hamer HP, Havinga TK, Schuurman FH, van der Veru E, Lie KI, Wesseling H. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1995 December; 26(6): 983-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8606538&dopt=Abstract
Studies
23
•
Comparative effects of lisinopril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in the treatment of non diabetic hypertensive patients. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Lazzari P, Mugellini A, Lusardi P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 November; 46(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833600&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Author(s): Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Ryden L, Thygesen K, Uretsky BF. Source: Circulation. 1999 December 7; 100(23): 2312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587334&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative renal hemodynamic effects of lisinopril, verapamil, and amlodipine in patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): August P, Lenz T, Laragh JH. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1993 April; 6(4): 148S-154S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389563&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative study of diltiazem and lisinopril in hypertension: similar improvements in diastolic function despite different effects on left ventricular mass and ambulatory blood pressure. Author(s): van Leeuwen JT, Smit AJ, May JF, ten Berge BS, Hamer HP, Havinga TK, Schuurman FH, van der Veur E, Lie KI, Wesseling H. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1993 December; 11 Suppl 5: S366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158425&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison between enalapril and lisinopril in mild-moderate hypertension: a comprehensive model for evaluation of drug efficacy. Author(s): Enstrom I, Thulin T, Lindholm LH. Source: Blood Pressure. 1992 August; 1(2): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1366257&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison between the effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on proteinuria in nondiabetic renal failure: a double-blind, randomized prospective study. Author(s): Janssen JJ, Gans RO, van der Meulen J, Pijpers R, ter Wee PM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 September; 11(9): 1074-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752892&dopt=Abstract
24
Lisinopril
•
Comparison of candesartan with lisinopril on ambulatory blood pressure and morning surge in patients with systemic hypertension. Author(s): Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 September 1; 92(5): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943892&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of lisinopril and nitrendipine on the pulsatility index in mild essential arterial hypertension. Author(s): Duprez D, De Buyzere M, Brusselmans F, Maas A, Clement DL. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 August; 6(4): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1325831&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of lisinopril versus digoxin for congestive heart failure during maintenance diuretic therapy. The Lisinopril-Digoxin Study Group. Author(s): Herlitz J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 84C-90C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329479&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of telmisartan with lisinopril in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Author(s): Neutel JM, Frishman WH, Oparil S, Papademitriou V, Guthrie G. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999 May; 6(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423659&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the AT1-receptor blocker, candesartan cilexetil, and the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, in fixed combination with low dose hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Author(s): McInnes GT, O'Kane KP, Istad H, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Van Mierlo HF. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2000 April; 14(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805052&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the cardiac and hemodynamic effects of lisinopril and atenolol in patients with hypertension: therapeutic implications. Author(s): Zusman RM, Christensen DM, Higgins J, Boucher CA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1992 August; 20(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1381012&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the effects of isradipine and lisinopril on left ventricular structure and function in essential hypertension. Author(s): Bielen EC, Fagard RH, Lijnen PJ, Tjandra-Maga TB, Verbesselt R, Amery AK. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 May 1; 69(14): 1200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1315483&dopt=Abstract
Studies
25
•
Comparison of the effects of omapatrilat and lisinopril on circulating neurohormones and cytokines in patients with chronic heart failure. Author(s): Sheth T, Parker T, Block A, Hall C, Adam A, Pfeffer MA, Stewart DJ, Qian C, Rouleau JL; IMPRESS Investigators. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 September 1; 90(5): 496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208409&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) versus a calcium channel antagonist (diltiazem SR) in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension. Author(s): Weir MR, Fagan T, Chrysant S, Flamenbaum W, Kaihlanen PM, Lueg M, Anzalone D. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 July; 8(7): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932518&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of lisinopril and sustained-release verapamil in black patients with hypertension. Author(s): Weir MR, Kong BW, Jenkins P, Lavin PT. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1659495&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of lisinopril and sustained-release verapamil in older patients with hypertension. Author(s): Weir MR, Lavin PT. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1659494&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the first-dose effect of captopril and lisinopril in heart failure. Author(s): Osterziel KJ, Karr M, Busch C, Dietz R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 137C-139C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329469&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril treatment in obese patients with high blood pressure. Author(s): Reaven GM, Clinkingbeard C, Jeppesen J, Maheux P, Pei D, Foote J, Hollenbeck CB, Chen YD. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 May; 8(5 Pt 1): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662221&dopt=Abstract
26
Lisinopril
•
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of fosinoprilat with enalaprilat and lisinopril in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Greenbaum R, Zucchelli P, Caspi A, Nouriel H, Paz R, Sclarovsky S, O'Grady P, Yee KF, Liao WC, Mangold B. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 January; 49(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606834&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetics of fosinopril, lisinopril and enalapril in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Sica DA, Cutler RE, Parmer RJ, Ford NF. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1991 May; 20(5): 420-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1652404&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of treatment with lisinopril versus enalapril for congestive heart failure. Author(s): Zannad F, van den Broek SA, Bory M. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 78C-83C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329478&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat, and lisinopril on exercise tolerance and morbidity in patients with heart failure: IMPRESS randomised trial. Author(s): Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Stewart DJ, Isaac D, Sestier F, Kerut EK, Porter CB, Proulx G, Qian C, Block AJ. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 19; 356(9230): 615-20. Erratum In: Lancet 2000 November 18; 356(9243): 1774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968433&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparisons of long-term effects of lisinopril vs nifedipine vs conventional therapy in the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Lin M, Yang YF, Lee D, Chiang HT. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1996 June; 57(6): 392-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8803300&dopt=Abstract
•
Controlled multicentre comparison of captopril versus lisinopril in the treatment of mild-to-moderate arterial hypertension. Author(s): Rumboldt Z, Simunic M, Bagatin J, Rumboldt M, Marinkovic M, Janezic A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1993; 13(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389738&dopt=Abstract
Studies
27
•
Controlling hypertension: lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide vs captoprilhydrochlorothiazide. An Italian multicentre study. Author(s): Rappelli A. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 55-7; Discussion 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665178&dopt=Abstract
•
Conversions from captopril to lisinopril at a dosage ratio of 5:1 result in comparable control of hypertension. Author(s): Gill TH, Hauter F, Pelter MA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 January; 30(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773158&dopt=Abstract
•
Cost-effectiveness analysis of early lisinopril use in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results from GISSI-3 trial. Author(s): Franzosi MG, Maggioni AP, Santoro E, Tognoni G, Cavalieri E. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1998 March; 13(3): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10178659&dopt=Abstract
•
Crystal structure of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-lisinopril complex. Author(s): Natesh R, Schwager SL, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Source: Nature. 2003 January 30; 421(6922): 551-4. Epub 2003 Jan 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540854&dopt=Abstract
•
Delayed tolerance to furosemide diuresis. Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition by lisinopril. Author(s): Sjostrom PA, Beermann BA, Odlind BG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1988; 22(4): 317-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2853446&dopt=Abstract
•
Determination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in urine using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Wong YC, Charles BG. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 November 17; 673(2): 306-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611966&dopt=Abstract
28
Lisinopril
•
Development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for monitoring the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in serum. Author(s): Tsakalof A, Bairachtari K, Georgarakis M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 January 15; 783(2): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482485&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences between amlodipine and lisinopril in control of clinic and twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressures. Author(s): Lorimer AR, Lyons D, Fowler G, Petrie JC, Rothman MT. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 June; 12(6): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9705044&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences between nisoldipine and lisinopril on glomerular filtration rates and albuminuria in hypertensive IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy during the first year of treatment. Author(s): Rossing P, Tarnow L, Boelskifte S, Jensen BR, Nielsen FS, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1997 March; 46(3): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032106&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences in the acute and chronic antihypertensive effects of lisinopril and enalapril assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Gourlay S, McNeil J, Forbes A, McGrath B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1993 January; 15(1): 71-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8385525&dopt=Abstract
•
Different hemodynamic (24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring) and renininhibiting effect of a 1-week treatment with enalapril and lisinopril. Author(s): Cocco G, Hari J. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1991 November; 14(11): 881-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1662562&dopt=Abstract
•
Discordant effects of enalapril and lisinopril on systemic and renal hemodynamics. Author(s): Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994 December; 56(6 Pt 1): 647-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995007&dopt=Abstract
Studies
29
•
Diverse effects of increasing lisinopril doses on lipid abnormalities in chronic nephropathies. Author(s): Ruggenenti P, Mise N, Pisoni R, Arnoldi F, Pezzotta A, Perna A, Cattaneo D, Remuzzi G. Source: Circulation. 2003 February 4; 107(4): 586-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566371&dopt=Abstract
•
Double-blind comparison between zofenopril and lisinopril in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation-2 (SMILE-2) study. Author(s): Borghi C, Ambrosioni E; Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation-2 Working Party. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 January; 145(1): 80-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514658&dopt=Abstract
•
Double-blind comparison of losartan, lisinopril, and metolazone in elderly hypertensive patients with previous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorinduced cough. Author(s): Chan P, Tomlinson B, Huang TY, Ko JT, Lin TS, Lee YS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 March; 37(3): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9089428&dopt=Abstract
•
Drug-induced pancreatitis (lisinopril). Author(s): Miller LG, Tan G. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 March-April; 12(2): 150-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220239&dopt=Abstract
•
Drugs recently released in Belgium. Lisinopril--ganciclovir. Author(s): Harvengt C. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1989; 44(5): 354-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2558476&dopt=Abstract
•
Dual blockade with candesartan cilexetil and lisinopril in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus: rationale and design. Author(s): Andersen NH, Knudsen ST, Poulsen PL, Poulsen SH, Helleberg K, Eiskjaer H, Hansen KW, Bek T, Mogensen CE. Source: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2003 June; 4(2): 96-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806591&dopt=Abstract
30
Lisinopril
•
Early dialysis in a neonate with intrauterine lisinopril exposure. Author(s): Filler G, Wong H, Condello AS, Charbonneau C, Sinclair B, Kovesi T, Hutchison J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 March; 88(2): F154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598508&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of 1 year of lisinopril treatment on cardiac autonomic control in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Petretta M, Bonaduce D, Marciano F, Bianchi V, Valva G, Apicella C, de Luca N, Gisonni P. Source: Hypertension. 1996 March; 27(3 Pt 1): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698434&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) on insulin sensitivity and sodium transport in mild hypertension. Author(s): Falkner B, Canessa M, Anzalone D. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1995 May; 8(5 Pt 1): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662220&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism on progression of renal disease and the influence of ACE inhibition in IDDM patients: findings from the EUCLID Randomized Controlled Trial. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in IDDM. Author(s): Penno G, Chaturvedi N, Talmud PJ, Cotroneo P, Manto A, Nannipieri M, Luong LA, Fuller JH. Source: Diabetes. 1998 September; 47(9): 1507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726242&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of chronic treatment with lacidipine or lisinopril on intracellular partitioning of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Bonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F, Zenere MB, Uleri S, Muggeo M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 May; 84(5): 1544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10323377&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of hypertension therapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril on hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Hacihanefioglu B, Somunkiran A, Mahmutoglu I, Sercelik A, Toptani S, Kervancioglu E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 March; 77(3): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872207&dopt=Abstract
Studies
31
•
Effect of increasing doses of lisinopril on proteinuria of normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy and normal renal function. Author(s): Palla R, Panichi V, Finato V, Parrini M, Andreini B, Bianchi AM, Giovannini L, Migliori M, Bertelli AA. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994; 14(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7927959&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of indomethacin on the antihypertensive efficacy of valsartan and lisinopril: a multicentre study. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Carretta R, Veglio F, Salvetti A; Italian Collaborative Study Group. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 May; 20(5): 1007-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011663&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Author(s): Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, Abrahamian H, Keipes M, Castellarin A, Rogulja-Pepeonik Z, Fuller JH. Source: Lancet. 1998 January 3; 351(9095): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433426&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of Lisinopril on the progression of renal insufficiency in mild proteinuric nondiabetic nephropathies. Author(s): Cinotti GA, Zucchelli PC; Collaborative Study Group. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 May; 16(5): 9616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328901&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of rofecoxib on the antihypertensive activity of lisinopril. Author(s): Brown CH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 December; 34(12): 1486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144708&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on mortality in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction: data from the GISSI-3 study. Author(s): Zuanetti G, Latini R, Maggioni AP, Franzosi M, Santoro L, Tognoni G. Source: Circulation. 1997 December 16; 96(12): 4239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416888&dopt=Abstract
32
Lisinopril
•
Effectiveness and safety of diltiazem or lisinopril in treatment of hypertension after heart transplantation. Results of a prospective, randomized multicenter trail. Author(s): Brozena SC, Johnson MR, Ventura H, Hobbs R, Miller L, Olivari MT, Clemson B, Bourge R, Quigg R, Mills RM Jr, Naftel D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1996 June; 27(7): 1707-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8636558&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in previously untreated patients with mild to moderate diastolic hypertension. Author(s): Beltman FW, Heesen WF, Smit AJ, May JF, de Graeff PA, Havinga TK, Schuurman FH, van der Veur E, Lie KI, Meyboom-de Jong B. Source: Blood Pressure. 1998 May; 7(2): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657538&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of blood pressure lowering with amlodipine or lisinopril on vascular structure of the common carotid artery. Author(s): Stanton AV, Chapman JN, Mayet J, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Hughes AD, Thom SA. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 November; 101(5): 455-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11672450&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of high-dose lisinopril-isosorbide dinitrate on severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure remodeling. Author(s): Levine AB, Muller C, Levine TB. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 November 15; 82(10): 1299-301, A10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832115&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride, and lisinopril on the metabolic response to adrenaline infusions in normal subjects. Author(s): Hansen O, Johansson BW. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 June; 6(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1322162&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril administration on blood bcl-2 concentrations in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Author(s): Buemi M, Allegra A, Corica F, Ruello A, Aloisi C, Pettinato G, Giacobbe M, Romeo A, Frisina N. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 June; 65(6): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391670&dopt=Abstract
Studies
33
•
Effects of lisinopril and amlodipine on microalbuminuria and renal function in patients with hypertension. Author(s): Ranieri G, Andriani A, Lamontanara G, De Cesaris R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994 September; 56(3): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924128&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril and bisoprolol on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with mildto-moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Saku K, Liu K, Takeda Y, Jimi S, Arakawa K. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 November-December; 17(6): 1136-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750405&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril and low-dose trichlormethiazide on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Sasaki J, Tominaga K, Saeki Y, Kawasaki K, Sumida I, Ikeda K, Kato Y, Doi Y, Gondo K, Saku K, et al. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 June; 6(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1321248&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on the progression to overt albuminuria in IDDM patients with incipient nephropathy and normal blood pressure. The Italian Microalbuminuria Study Group in IDDM. Author(s): Crepaldi G, Carta Q, Deferrari G, Mangili R, Navalesi R, Santeusanio F, Spalluto A, Vanasia A, Villa GM, Nosadini R. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 January; 21(1): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538979&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril and nitrendipine on urinary albumin excretion and renal function in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Ogawa Y, Haneda T, Hirayama T, Ide H, Obara A, Maruyama J, Morimoto H, Tanaka H, Kato J, Hayakawa T, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K. Source: Hypertens Res. 2000 November; 23(6): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131273&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril and nitroglycerin on blood pressure early after myocardial infarction: the GISSI-3 pilot study. Author(s): Latini R, Avanzini F, De Nicolao A, Rocchetti M. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1994 December; 56(6 Pt 1): 680-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995011&dopt=Abstract
34
Lisinopril
•
Effects of lisinopril in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Van Den Berg MP, Crijns HJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Griep N, De Kam PJ, Lie KI. Source: Journal of Cardiac Failure. 1995 December; 1(5): 355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836710&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril on cardiac contractility and ionic currents. Author(s): Valenzuela C, Perez O, Delpon E, Tamargo J. Source: General Pharmacology. 1994 September; 25(5): 825-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7835625&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril on congestive heart failure in normotensive patients with diastolic dysfunction but intact systolic function. Author(s): Lang CC, McAlpine HM, Kennedy N, Rahman AR, Lipworth BJ, Struthers AD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 49(1-2): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751015&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril or lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide compared with adjusting of previous medication and intensifying non-pharmacological treatment in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Rasmusen M, Pekkarinen T, Pitkajarvi T, Romo M, Takala J. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1997 February; 47(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9079233&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of lisinopril vs hydralazine on left ventricular hypertrophy and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Mugellini A, Tettamanti F, Lusardi P, Corradi L. Source: European Heart Journal. 1995 August; 16(8): 1120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665975&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment with lisinopril on resistance arteries in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, Porteri E, Castellano M, Zulli R, Bettoni G, Salvetti M, Monteduro C, Agabiti-Rosei E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1997 February; 15(2): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469796&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of nisoldipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and function in diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Tarnow L, Sato A, Ali S, Rossing P, Nielsen FS, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes Care. 1999 March; 22(3): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10097934&dopt=Abstract
Studies
35
•
Effects of nisoldipine and lisinopril on microvascular dysfunction in hypertensive Type I diabetes patients with nephropathy. Author(s): Sorensen VB, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Parving H, Norgaard T, Kastrup J. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1998 December; 95(6): 709-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9831696&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects on plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and circulating renin of lisinopril and enalapril alone and in combination with propranolol in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Hansen EF, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1999 March; 84(3): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193670&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy and safety of high-dose lisinopril in chronic heart failure patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those with diabetes mellitus. Results from the ATLAS trial. Author(s): Ryden L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 December; 21(23): 1967-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071803&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of nifedipine or lisinopril in the treatment of hypertension after renal transplantation: a double-blind randomised comparative trial. Author(s): Midtvedt K, Hartmann A, Holdaas H, Fauchald P. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 2001 December; 15(6): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737121&dopt=Abstract
•
Electrolyte changes and metabolic effects of lisinopril/bendrofluazide treatment. Results from a randomized, double-blind study with parallel groups. Author(s): Haenni A, Andersson PE, Lind L, Berne C, Lithell H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1994 July; 7(7 Pt 1): 615-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946163&dopt=Abstract
•
Eruptions induced by the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril. Author(s): Horiuchi Y, Matsuda M. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 February; 26(2): 128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091486&dopt=Abstract
36
Lisinopril
•
Evaluation of amlodipine, lisinopril, and a combination in the treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Naidu MU, Usha PR, Rao TR, Shobha JC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2000 June; 76(896): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824049&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of lisinopril compared with nifedipine in patients with mild to severe essential hypertension. Author(s): Eber B, Brussee H, Rotman B, Kramer R, Klein W. Source: Angiology. 1992 June; 43(6): 482-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1317687&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of nebivolol versus lisinopril in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension: a randomized, multicentre, double-blind study. Author(s): Rosei EA, Rizzoni D, Comini S, Boari G; Nebivolol-Lisinopril Study Group. Source: Blood Pressure. Supplement. 2003 May; Suppl 1: 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800985&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial factors in the antihypertensive response to lisinopril. Author(s): Hollenberg NK, Anzalone DA, Falkner B, Fisher ND, Hopkins PN, Hsueh W, Hutchinson H, Krauss RM, Price DA, Raskin P, Reaven GM. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 March; 14(3): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281232&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatal angioedema associated with lisinopril. Author(s): Ulmer JL, Garvey MJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 26(10): 1245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1330096&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatal aplastic anaemia associated with lisinopril. Author(s): Harrison BD, Laidlaw ST, Reilly JT. Source: Lancet. 1995 July 22; 346(8969): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7616816&dopt=Abstract
•
Female preponderance for lisinopril-induced cough in hypertension. Author(s): Os I, Bratland B, Dahlof B, Gisholt K, Syvertsen JO, Tretli S. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1994 November; 7(11): 1012-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7848615&dopt=Abstract
Studies
37
•
Female sex as an important determinant of lisinopril-induced cough. Author(s): Os I, Bratland B, Dahlof B, Gisholt K, Syvertsen JO, Tretli S. Source: Lancet. 1992 February 8; 339(8789): 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1346451&dopt=Abstract
•
Fetal exposure to lisinopril: neonatal manifestations and management. Author(s): Bhatt-Mehta V, Deluga KS. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1993 September-October; 13(5): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8247923&dopt=Abstract
•
First-dose blood pressure response in mild-to-moderate heart failure: a randomized, double-blind study comparing enalapril with lisinopril by 24-hour noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Otterstad JE, Froeland G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 132C-134C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329468&dopt=Abstract
•
Fulminant hepatitis after lisinopril administration. Author(s): Larrey D, Babany G, Bernuau J, Andrieux J, Degott C, Pessayre D, Benhamou JP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 December; 99(6): 1832-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2172073&dopt=Abstract
•
Fulminant pancreatitis associated with lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Standridge JB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 February; 87(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8115879&dopt=Abstract
•
Glucose and lipid metabolism during long-term lisinopril therapy in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Shionoiri H, Ueda S, Gotoh E, Ito T, Ogihara T. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990 December; 16(6): 905-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1704982&dopt=Abstract
•
Gradual reactivation over time of vascular tissue angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion during chronic lisinopril therapy in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Farquharson CA, Struthers AD. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 March 6; 39(5): 767-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869839&dopt=Abstract
38
Lisinopril
•
Greater reduction of urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy by lisinopril than by nifedipine. Author(s): Agardh CD, Garcia-Puig J, Charbonnel B, Angelkort B, Barnett AH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1996 March; 10(3): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733038&dopt=Abstract
•
Heart failure management in the 1990s: the role of lisinopril. Introduction. Author(s): Ryden L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 1C-3C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329463&dopt=Abstract
•
Hemodynamic effects of lisinopril after long-term administration in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Stone CK, Uretsky BF, Linnemeier TJ, Shah PK, Amin DK, Snapinn SM, Rush JE, Langendorfer A, Liang CS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1989 March 1; 63(9): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2537566&dopt=Abstract
•
Hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Dickstein K. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 9 Suppl 3: S73-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442558&dopt=Abstract
•
High dose lisinopril in heart failure: economic considerations. Author(s): Ess SM, Luscher TF, Szucs TD. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July; 16(4): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652106&dopt=Abstract
•
High- versus low-dose angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in the treatment of heart failure: an economic analysis of the Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) trial. Author(s): Schwartz JS, Wang YR, Cleland JG, Gao L, Weiner M, Poole-Wilson PA; ATLAS Study Group. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2003 June; 9(6): 417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816171&dopt=Abstract
•
Immediate and short-term cardiovascular effects of a new converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) in essential hypertension. Author(s): Garavaglia GE, Messerli FH, Nunez BD, Schmieder RE, Frohlich ED. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1988 November 1; 62(13): 912-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2845768&dopt=Abstract
Studies
39
•
Impact of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1994 September; 43(9): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070610&dopt=Abstract
•
Improved baroreflex sensitivity in elderly hypertensives on lisinopril is not explained by blood pressure reduction alone. Author(s): Egan BM, Fleissner MJ, Stepniakowski K, Neahring JM, Sagar KB, Ebert TJ. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1993 October; 11(10): 1113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8258676&dopt=Abstract
•
Improved renal function during chronic lisinopril treatment in moderate to severe primary hypertension. Author(s): Dupont AG, Van der Niepen P, Volckaert A, Ingels M, Bossuyt AM, Jonckheer MH, Six RO. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 10 Suppl 7: S148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2485052&dopt=Abstract
•
Increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptides (VIP) by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Relation to haemodynamic and hormonal changes. Author(s): Woie L, Dickstein K, Kaada B. Source: General Pharmacology. 1987; 18(6): 577-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2822521&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence of lisinopril on urinary electrolytes excretion after furosemide in healthy subjects. Author(s): Sudoh T, Fujimura A, Shiga T, Tateishi T, Sunaga K, Ohashi K, Ebihara A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 July; 33(7): 640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8396158&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on blood pressure, metabolism, and renal function parameter in hypertensive type II diabetic patients: a postmarketing surveillance study. Author(s): Hasslacher C. Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 1996 May-June; 10(3): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807458&dopt=Abstract
40
Lisinopril
•
Inhibitory action of the peptide AcSDKP on the proliferative state of hematopoietic stem cells in the presence of captopril but not lisinopril. Author(s): Chisi JE, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Riches AC. Source: Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio). 1997; 15(6): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402658&dopt=Abstract
•
Insulin-like growth factor-1 and cardiac mass in essential hypertension: comparative effects of captopril, lisinopril and quinapril. Author(s): Diez J, Laviades C. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1994 July; 12(4): S31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965272&dopt=Abstract
•
Introduction to lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination. Author(s): Miller E. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665176&dopt=Abstract
•
Is ACE inhibition with lisinopril helpful in diabetic neuropathy? Author(s): Reja A, Tesfaye S, Harris ND, Ward JD. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1995 April; 12(4): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7600744&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of effect of short-term lisinopril administration on left ventricular filling dynamics in hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction. Author(s): Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Sampieri L, Leonetti G, Muiesan ML, Agabiti-Rosei E, Zanchetti A. Source: Blood Pressure. 1997 September; 6(5): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360002&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril administration improves insulin action in aged patients with hypertension. Author(s): Paolisso G, Balbi V, Gambardella A, Varricchio G, Tortoriello R, Saccomanno F, Amato L, Varricchio M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1995 July; 9(7): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562882&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril and albumin excretion in diabetes. Author(s): Pintavorn P, Rumsaeng V. Source: Lancet. 1997 August 30; 350(9078): 663; Author Reply 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288066&dopt=Abstract
Studies
41
•
Lisinopril and albumin excretion in diabetes. Author(s): van Guldener C, Donker AJ. Source: Lancet. 1997 August 30; 350(9078): 662-3; Author Reply 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288065&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril and albumin excretion in diabetes. Author(s): Sawicki PT. Source: Lancet. 1997 August 30; 350(9078): 662; Author Reply 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288064&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril and albumin excretion in diabetes. Author(s): Williams B. Source: Lancet. 1997 August 30; 350(9078): 662; Author Reply 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288063&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril and diltiazem reduce left ventricular mass without changing blood pressure in normotensive subjects with exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise. Author(s): Polonia J, Martins L, Macedo F, Faria DB, Simoes L, Brandao F, Gomes MC. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 1996 March; 15(3): 185-93, 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634167&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril attenuates acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in humans. Author(s): Cargill RI, Lipworth BJ. Source: Chest. 1996 February; 109(2): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8620717&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril decreases plasma free testosterone in male hypertensive patients and increases sex hormone binding globulin in female hypertensive patients. Author(s): Koshida H, Takeda R, Miyamori I. Source: Hypertens Res. 1998 December; 21(4): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9877521&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril improves arterial function in hyperlipidaemia. Author(s): Lee AF, Dick JB, Bonnar CE, Struthers AD. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 May; 96(5): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209075&dopt=Abstract
42
Lisinopril
•
Lisinopril improves endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Smidt UM, Chen JW, Sato A, Parving HH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1997 August; 57(5): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279969&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril improves endothelial function in chronic cigarette smokers. Author(s): Butler R, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 July; 101(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410114&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril in the treatment of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: comparison versus captopril. Author(s): Morisco C, Condorelli M, Crepaldi G, Rizzon P, Zardini P, Villa G, Argenziano L, Trimarco B. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1997 March; 11(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140680&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril overdose and management with intravenous angiotensin II. Author(s): Trilli LE, Johnson KA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 October; 28(10): 1165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841571&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril reduces albuminuria during exercise in low grade microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: a double blind randomized study. Author(s): Poulsen PL, Ebbehoj E, Mogensen CE. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 May; 249(5): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350567&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril reduces postexercise albuminuria more effectively than atenolol in primary hypertension. Author(s): Rangemark C, Lind H, Lindholm L, Hedner T, Samuelsson O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 49(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857071&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril reverses left ventricular hypertrophy through improved aortic compliance. Author(s): Shimamoto H, Shimamoto Y. Source: Hypertension. 1996 September; 28(3): 457-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8794833&dopt=Abstract
Studies
43
•
Lisinopril therapy associated with acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Marinella MA, Billi JE. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 July; 163(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7667995&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril therapy for hemodialysis hypertension: hemodynamic and endocrine responses. Author(s): Agarwal R, Lewis R, Davis JL, Becker B. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2001 December; 38(6): 1245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728957&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril use in a large military medical center. Author(s): Wirebaugh SR, Spencer GA, McIntyre TH. Source: Military Medicine. 1997 February; 162(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9038030&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril versus enalapril: evaluation of trough:peak ratio by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Author(s): Diamant M, Vincent HH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1999 June; 13(6): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408591&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide in obese hypertensive patients: a multicenter placebo-controlled trial. Treatment in Obese Patients With Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Group. Author(s): Reisin E, Weir MR, Falkner B, Hutchinson HG, Anzalone DA, Tuck ML. Source: Hypertension. 1997 July; 30(1 Pt 1): 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9231834&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril versus slow release nifedipine in patients with essential hypertension: a multicentre study. Author(s): Predel HG, Kramer HJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1994 October; 8(10): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7837215&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Author(s): Arzubiaga C, Beck NA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1992 May; 303(5): 340-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1316080&dopt=Abstract
44
Lisinopril
•
Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in elderly patients. Author(s): Langtry HD, Markham A. Source: Drugs & Aging. 1997 February; 10(2): 131-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061270&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the early management of acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Goa KL, Balfour JA, Zuanetti G. Source: Drugs. 1996 October; 52(4): 564-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891468&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and use in the management of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Goa KL, Haria M, Wilde MI. Source: Drugs. 1997 June; 53(6): 1081-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179532&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril: a review of its use in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Simpson K, Jarvis B. Source: Drugs. 2000 May; 59(5): 1149-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852646&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril-induced isolated visceral angioedema: review of ACE-inhibitor-induced small bowel angioedema. Author(s): Abdelmalek MF, Douglas DD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 April; 42(4): 847-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9125659&dopt=Abstract
•
Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease. Author(s): Brilla CG, Funck RC, Rupp H. Source: Circulation. 2000 September 19; 102(12): 1388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993857&dopt=Abstract
•
Long term effect of nifedipine GITS and lisinopril on subclinical organ damage in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Pontremoli R, Viazzi F, Ravera M, Leoncini G, Berruti V, Bezante GP, Del Sette M, Deferrari G. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2001 January-February; 14(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281339&dopt=Abstract
Studies
45
•
Long-term effect of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1997 July; 46(7): 1182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200654&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in elderly, previously untreated hypertensive patients: the ELVERA trial. Author(s): Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, de Graeff PA, Havinga TK, van den Veur E, Schuurman FH, Meyboom-de Jong B, Crijns HJ. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 February; 19(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212974&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term evaluation of combined antihypertensive therapy with lisinopril and a thiazide diuretic in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Ishimitsu T, Yagi S, Ebihara A, Doi Y, Domae A, Shibata A, Kimura M, Sugishita Y, Sagara E, Sakamaki T, Murata K. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1997 November; 38(6): 831-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486936&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term lisinopril therapy reduces exercise-induced albuminuria in normoalbuminuric normotensive IDDM patients. Author(s): Tuominen JA, Ebeling P, Koivisto VA. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 August; 21(8): 1345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702445&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term renoprotective effect of nisoldipine and lisinopril in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Tarnow L, Rossing P, Jensen C, Hansen BV, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 December; 23(12): 1725-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128341&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term renoprotective effect of nisoldipine and lisinopril in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy: response to Tarnow et al. Author(s): Cooper ME. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 December; 23(12): 1723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128340&dopt=Abstract
•
Losartan-induced cough after lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Conigliaro RL, Gleason PP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 May 1; 56(9): 914-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344620&dopt=Abstract
46
Lisinopril
•
Losartan-induced cough after lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Conigliaro RL, Gleason PP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 May 15; 57(10): 996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832502&dopt=Abstract
•
Low doses vs. high doses of the angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in chronic heart failure: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) study. The ATLAS Study Group. Author(s): Sculpher MJ, Poole L, Cleland J, Drummond M, Armstrong PW, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Poole-Wilson PA, Ryden L. Source: European Journal of Heart Failure : Journal of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 2(4): 447-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113723&dopt=Abstract
•
Malignant primary hypertension in pregnancy treated with lisinopril. Author(s): Tomlinson AJ, Campbell J, Walker JJ, Morgan C. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 34(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10676826&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of antihypertensive treatment with Lisinopril: a chronotherapeutic approach. Author(s): Macchiarulo C, Pieri R, Mitolo DC, Pirrelli A. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1999 November-December; 3(6): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261739&dopt=Abstract
•
Mania secondary to lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Skop BP, Masterson BJ. Source: Psychosomatics. 1995 September-October; 36(5): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7568661&dopt=Abstract
•
Medication review: lisinopril. Author(s): Holechek MJ. Source: Anna J. 1991 February; 18(1): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1848423&dopt=Abstract
Studies
47
•
Modulation of hemodynamic effects with a converting enzyme inhibitor: acute hemodynamic dose-response relationship of a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, with observations on long-term clinical, functional, and biochemical responses. Author(s): Uretsky BF, Shaver JA, Liang CS, Amin D, Shah PK, Levine TB, Walinsky P, LeJemtel T, Linnemeier T, Rush JE, et al. Source: American Heart Journal. 1988 August; 116(2 Pt 1): 480-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2840815&dopt=Abstract
•
Multiple episodes of angioedema associated with lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor. Author(s): Frontera Y, Piecuch JF. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1995 February; 126(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860891&dopt=Abstract
•
Nisoldipine CC and lisinopril alone or in combination for treatment of mild to moderate systemic hypertension. Canadian Nisoldipine CC Hypertension Trial Group. Author(s): Ruddy TD, Fodor JG. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1997 September; 11(4): 581-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358963&dopt=Abstract
•
Noninvasive assessment of regional arteriolar and arterial dilating properties of lisinopril in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Bellissant E, Thuillez C, Richer C, Pussard E, Giudicelli JF. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994 September; 24(3): 500-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7528307&dopt=Abstract
•
Omapatrilat versus lisinopril: efficacy and neurohormonal profile in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients. Author(s): Campese VM, Lasseter KC, Ferrario CM, Smith WB, Ruddy MC, Grim CE, Smith RD, Vargas R, Habashy MF, Vesterqvist O, Delaney CL, Liao WC. Source: Hypertension. 2001 December 1; 38(6): 1342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751715&dopt=Abstract
•
Once daily lisinopril and captopril in hypertension: a double blind comparison using ambulatory monitoring. Author(s): Mann S, O'Brien KP. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 October 12; 107(987): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7936476&dopt=Abstract
48
Lisinopril
•
Onset of action of captopril, enalapril, enalaprilic acid and lisinopril in normal man. Author(s): Semple PF, Cumming AM, Meredith PA, Morton JJ. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1987; 1(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856460&dopt=Abstract
•
Penile angioedema possibly related to lisinopril. Author(s): Henson EB, Bess DT, Abraham L, Bracikowski JP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 September 1; 56(17): 1773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512511&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacodynamics and population pharmacokinetics of enalapril and lisinopril. Author(s): Ajayi AA, Campbell BC, Kelman AW, Howie C, Meredith PA, Reid JL. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1985; 5(6): 419-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3005181&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetic profiles of single and repeat doses of lisinopril and enalapril in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Johnston D, Duffin D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 151C-153C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329474&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model relating lisinopril plasma concentrations to regional hemodynamic effects in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Bellissant E, Nguyen PC, Giudicelli JF. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1996 September; 28(3): 470-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877596&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of lisinopril in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Author(s): Shionoiri H, Minamisawa K, Ueda S, Abe Y, Ebina T, Sugimoto K, Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Ishii M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990 October; 16(4): 594-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1706800&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lisinopril in advanced renal failure. Consequence of dose adjustment. Author(s): Neubeck M, Fliser D, Pritsch M, Weisser K, Fliser M, Nussberger J, Ritz E, Mutschler E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994; 46(6): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995322&dopt=Abstract
Studies
49
•
Pharmacokinetics of enalapril and lisinopril in subjects with normal and impaired hepatic function. Author(s): Hayes PC, Plevris JN, Bouchier IA. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 June; 3 Suppl 1: 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550638&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril (IV/PO) in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Beermann B, Till AE, Gomez HJ, Hichens M, Bolognese JA, Junggren I. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1989 July-August; 10(4): 397-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2547465&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril (MK521) in healthy young and elderly subjects and in elderly patients with cardiac failure. Author(s): Gautam PC, Vargas E, Lye M. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1987 November; 39(11): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2892917&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Author(s): van Schaik BA, Geyskes GG, van der Wouw PA, van Rooij HH, Porsius AJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 34(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2834209&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril, enalapril and enalaprilat in renal failure: effects of haemodialysis. Author(s): Kelly JG, Doyle GD, Carmody M, Glover DR, Cooper WD. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 December; 26(6): 781-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2853960&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril. Author(s): Beermann B. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 September 23; 85(3B): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2844083&dopt=Abstract
•
Placebo-controlled study of lisinopril in congestive heart failure: a multicentre study. Author(s): Chalmers JP, West MJ, Cyran J, De La Torre D, Englert M, Kramar M, Lewis GR, Maranhao MF, Myburgh DP, Schuster P, et al. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 9 Suppl 3: S89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442560&dopt=Abstract
50
Lisinopril
•
Placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. Author(s): O'Donnell MJ, Rowe BR, Lawson N, Horton A, Gyde OH, Barnett AH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 August; 7(4): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410923&dopt=Abstract
•
Plasma concentrations of some cardiovascular humoral factors in essential hypertension and their changes during the treatment with converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Author(s): Horky K, Jindra A, Peleska J, Jachymova M, Umnerova V, Savlikova J, Jarolim M. Source: Sb Lek. 1993; 94(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7992008&dopt=Abstract
•
Plasma lipid profiles and antihypertensive agents: effects of lisinopril, enalapril, nitrendipine, hydralazine, and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Williams LL, Lopez LM, Thorman AD, Quay GP, Stein GH, Mehta JL. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988 July-August; 22(7-8): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843341&dopt=Abstract
•
Population pharmacokinetics of lisinopril in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Thomson AH, Whiting B. Source: Gerontology. 1987; 33 Suppl 1: 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2831113&dopt=Abstract
•
Possible causal role of lisinopril in a case of Kaposi's sarcoma. Author(s): Bilen N, Bayramgurler D, Aydeniz B, Apaydin R, Ozkara SK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1042-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410735&dopt=Abstract
•
Possible interaction of clozapine and lisinopril. Author(s): Abraham G, Grunberg B, Gratz S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 June; 158(6): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384921&dopt=Abstract
•
Post-marketing surveillance of lisinopril in general practice in the UK. Author(s): Fallowfield JM, Blenkinsopp J, Raza A, Fowkes AG, Higgins TJ, Bridgman KM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1993 November-December; 47(6): 296-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117550&dopt=Abstract
Studies
51
•
Profound hypotension in a tetraplegic patient following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Case report. Author(s): Schmitt JK, Koch KS, Midha M. Source: Paraplegia. 1994 December; 32(12): 871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7708426&dopt=Abstract
•
Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Author(s): Schrader H, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 6; 322(7277): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141144&dopt=Abstract
•
Prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane B2 biosynthesis and haemodynamic effects of lisinopril. Author(s): Minuz P, Arosio E, Pancera P, Priante F, Ribul M, Degan M, Lechi A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1991 December; 9(6): S374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1668010&dopt=Abstract
•
Proximal renal tubular peptide catabolism, ammonia excretion and tubular injury in patients with proteinuria: before and after lisinopril. Author(s): Rustom R, Grime JS, Costigan M, Maltby P, Hughes A, Shenkin A, Critchley M, Bone JM. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1998 April; 94(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640348&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life, side effects and efficacy of lisinopril compared with metoprolol in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Author(s): Frimodt-Moeller J, Poulsen DL, Kornerup HJ, Bech P. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 June; 5(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1656040&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantitative determination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in human plasma by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Author(s): Leis HJ, Fauler G, Raspotnig G, Windischhofer W. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 1998; 12(21): 1591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807834&dopt=Abstract
52
Lisinopril
•
Racial differences in the renal response to blood pressure lowering during chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a prospective double-blind randomized comparison of fosinopril and lisinopril in older hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Mitchell HC, Smith RD, Cutler RE, Sica D, Videen J, Thompsen-Bell S, Jones K, Bradley-Guidry C, Toto RD. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1997 June; 29(6): 897-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186076&dopt=Abstract
•
Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. Author(s): Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, Oren S, Viskoper R, Watts RW, Cooper ME. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 December 9; 321(7274): 1440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110735&dopt=Abstract
•
Reduced bcl-2 concentrations in hypertensive patients after lisinopril or nifedipine administration. Author(s): Buemi M, Allegra A, Corica F, Aloisi C, Ruello A, Giacobbe MS, Di Pasquale G, Senatore M, Frisina N. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 January; 12(1 Pt 1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075388&dopt=Abstract
•
Reduction in left ventricular mass in patients with systemic hypertension treated with enalapril, lisinopril, or fosenopril. Author(s): Oren S, Grossman E, Frohlich ED. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 January 1; 77(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8540468&dopt=Abstract
•
Reduction of left ventricular mass by lisinopril and nifedipine in hypertensive renal transplant recipients: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Author(s): Midtvedt K, Ihlen H, Hartmann A, Bryde P, Bjerkely BL, Foss A, Fauchald P, Holdaas H. Source: Transplantation. 2001 July 15; 72(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468543&dopt=Abstract
Studies
53
•
Regional differences in the characteristics and treatment of patients participating in an international heart failure trial. The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) Trial Investigators. Author(s): Massie BM, Cleland JG, Armstrong PW, Horowitz JD, Packer M, PooleWilson PA, Ryden L, Lars R. Source: Journal of Cardiac Failure. 1998 March; 4(1): 3-8. Erratum In: J Card Fail 1998 June; 4(2): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9573498&dopt=Abstract
•
Regression of increased left ventricular masses in elderly hypertensive patients on lisinopril as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Handa S, Hamada M, Ura M, Yoshida S, Nishio I. Source: Academic Radiology. 1996 April; 3(4): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8796677&dopt=Abstract
•
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by lisinopril after renal transplantation: role of ACE gene polymorphism. Author(s): Hernandez D, Lacalzada J, Salido E, Linares J, Barragan A, Lorenzo V, Higueras L, Martin B, Rodriguez A, Laynez I, Gonzalez-Posada JM, Torres A. Source: Kidney International. 2000 August; 58(2): 889-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10916115&dopt=Abstract
•
Reproducibility and clinical value of nocturnal hypotension: prospective evidence from the SAMPLE study. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation. Author(s): Omboni S, Parati G, Palatini P, Vanasia A, Muiesan ML, Cuspidi C, Mancia G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1998 June; 16(6): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663912&dopt=Abstract
•
Response to “Sustained improvement of renal graft function for two years in hypertensive renal transplant recipients treated with nifedipine as compared with lisinopril”. Author(s): Srinivas TR, Meier-Kriesche HU, Kaplan B, Bennett WM. Source: Transplantation. 2002 July 15; 74(1): 139; Author Reply 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134114&dopt=Abstract
•
Reversal of pathophysiologic changes with long-term lisinopril treatment in isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Heesen WF, Beltman FW, Smit AJ, May JF, de Graeff PA, Muntinga JH, Havinga TK, Schuurman FH, van der Veur E, Meyboom-de Jong B, Lie KI. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2001 May; 37(5): 512-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336102&dopt=Abstract
54
Lisinopril
•
Review of international safety data for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. Author(s): Murray NH. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 63-7; Discussion 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665180&dopt=Abstract
•
Safety and efficacy of lisinopril in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Marlier R, Vandepapeliere P, De Vriese G. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 June; 3 Suppl 1: 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550639&dopt=Abstract
•
Safety and tolerability of lisinopril in older hypertensive patients. Author(s): Rush JE, Lyle PA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 September 23; 85(3B): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2844089&dopt=Abstract
•
Safety of long-term use of lisinopril for congestive heart failure. Author(s): Moyses C, Higgins TJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992 October 8; 70(10): 91C-97C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329480&dopt=Abstract
•
Severe angioedema and respiratory distress associated with lisinopril use. Author(s): Soo Hoo GW, Dao HT, Klaustermeyer WB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 April; 158(4): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8391190&dopt=Abstract
•
Severe hyponatremia: an association with lisinopril? Author(s): Hume AL, Jack BW, Levinson P. Source: Dicp. 1990 December; 24(12): 1169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1965241&dopt=Abstract
•
Sex-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations of lisinopril. Author(s): Saenz-Campos D, Bayes MC, Masana E, Martin S, Barbanoj M, Jane F. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1996 October; 18(8): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9044242&dopt=Abstract
Studies
55
•
Sexual function in hypertensive males treated with lisinopril or atenolol: a cross-over study. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Mugellini A, Poletti L, Lusardi P. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1998 October; 11(10): 1244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799042&dopt=Abstract
•
Short- and long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized trial of lisinopril versus captopril in the treatment of congestive heart failure. The Multicenter Lisinopril-Captopril Congestive Heart Failure Study Group. Author(s): Giles TD, Katz R, Sullivan JM, Wolfson P, Haugland M, Kirlin P, Powers E, Rich S, Hackshaw B, Chiaramida A, et al. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1989 May; 13(6): 1240-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2539403&dopt=Abstract
•
Short-term cardiovascular effects of lisinopril. Author(s): Oren S, Faraggi D, Viskoper JR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 October; 5(5): 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663165&dopt=Abstract
•
Skeletal muscle magnesium content is correlated with plasma glucose concentration in patients with essential hypertension treated with lisinopril or bendrofluazide. Author(s): Haenni A, Reneland R, Andersson PE, Lind L, Lithell H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 August; 15(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160198&dopt=Abstract
•
Structural basis of the lisinopril-binding specificity in N- and C-domains of human somatic ACE. Author(s): Fernandez JH, Hayashi MA, Camargo AC, Neshich G. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 August 22; 308(2): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901857&dopt=Abstract
•
Sustained improvement of renal graft function for two years in hypertensive renal transplant recipients treated with nifedipine as compared to lisinopril. Author(s): Midtvedt K, Hartmann A, Foss A, Fauchald P, Nordal KP, Rootwelt K, Holdaas H. Source: Transplantation. 2001 December 15; 72(11): 1787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740389&dopt=Abstract
56
Lisinopril
•
Switching from enalapril to lisinopril. Author(s): Brouard A, Conort O, Oliary J, Terrier JL. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991 December; 48(12): 2605. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1667565&dopt=Abstract
•
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with lisinopril. Author(s): Shaikh ZH, Taylor HC, Maroo PV, Llerena LA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 34(2): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10676825&dopt=Abstract
•
The ACE-inhibitor lisinopril affects plasma insulin levels but not fibrinolytic parameters. Author(s): Zehetgruber M, Beckmann R, Gabriel H, Christ G, Binder BR, Huber K. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1996 July 15; 83(2): 143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837313&dopt=Abstract
•
The antihypertensive effect and safety of lisinopril in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. A Belgian multicenter study. Author(s): Thomson M, Droussin AM, De Lame PA, Lame PA. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1990; 45(4): 297-309. Erratum In: Acta Cardiol 1990; 45(6): Followi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2173313&dopt=Abstract
•
The antihypertensive effect of lisinopril compared to atenolol in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Bolzano K, Arriaga J, Bernal R, Bernardes H, Calderon JL, Debruyn J, Dienstl F, Drayer J, Goodfriend TL, Gross W, et al. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 9 Suppl 3: S43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442551&dopt=Abstract
•
The antihypertensive response to lisinopril: the effect of age in a predominantly black population. Author(s): Cummings DM, Amadio P Jr, Taylor EJ Jr, Balaban DJ, Rocci ML Jr, Abrams WB, Feinberg J, Vlasses PH. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 January; 29(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2540224&dopt=Abstract
•
The ATLAS study: low-dose versus high-dose lisinopril in heart failure. Author(s): Horowitz JD. Source: Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 1999 April; 100: 15-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658293&dopt=Abstract
Studies
57
•
The blood pressure response to antihypertensive treatment with lisinopril or bendrofluazide is related to the calcium and magnesium contents in skeletal muscle. Author(s): Haenni A, Lind L, Lithell H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1996 March; 9(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8695028&dopt=Abstract
•
The clinical pharmacology of lisinopril. Author(s): Case DE. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989 June; 3 Suppl 1: 127-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550635&dopt=Abstract
•
The clinical pharmacology of lisinopril. Author(s): Gomez HJ, Cirillo VJ, Moncloa F. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 9 Suppl 3: S27-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442549&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of age and renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of co-administered lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Laher MS, Mulkerrins E, Hosie J, Connell PA, Smith RP, Swaisland AJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665183&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on parotid function: two case reports. Author(s): Streckfus CF, Welsh S, Jenkins P, Brown R, Miller V. Source: Msda J. 1992 Winter; 35(4): 11-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552628&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of lisinopril on renal function in proteinuric renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Traindl O, Falger S, Reading S, Banyai M, Liebisch B, Gisinger J, Templ E, Mayer G, Kovarik J. Source: Transplantation. 1993 June; 55(6): 1309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8390733&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of lisinopril on serum catecholamine concentrations both at rest and on exercise in patients with congestive cardiac failure. A double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study. Author(s): Fahy G, Deb B, Robinson K, Graham I. Source: Ir Med J. 1993 July-August; 86(4): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8395488&dopt=Abstract
58
Lisinopril
•
The incidence of cough: a comparison of lisinopril, placebo and telmisartan, a novel angiotensin II antagonist. Telmisartan Cough Study Group. Author(s): Lacourciere Y. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 March; 53(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344043&dopt=Abstract
•
The influence of dose of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor on systolic blood pressure variability in heart failure: a substudy of the Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival in heart failure (ATLAS) trial. Author(s): Giles TD, Kerut EK, Roffidal LE, Jones R, Given MB, Hutchinson H, Tresznewsky O. Source: Blood Pressure Monitoring. 2001 April; 6(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433128&dopt=Abstract
•
The pharmacokinetics of co-administered lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Swaisland AJ. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665181&dopt=Abstract
•
The pharmacokinetics of lisinopril in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Till AE, Dickstein K, Aarsland T, Gomez HJ, Gregg H, Hichens M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 February; 27(2): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2540786&dopt=Abstract
•
The prognostic value of predischarge quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements and the effects of early lisinopril treatment on left ventricular structure and function after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 Trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico. Author(s): Nicolosi GL, Latini R, Marino P, Maggioni AP, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Santoro L, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Vecchio C, Volpi A. Source: European Heart Journal. 1996 November; 17(11): 1646-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922912&dopt=Abstract
•
The results of a large multicentre study comparing low-dose lisinoprilhydrochlorothiazide with the monocomponents. Author(s): Lang H. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665182&dopt=Abstract
Studies
59
•
The safety and tolerability of lisinopril in clinical trials. Author(s): Rush JE, Merrill DD. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 9 Suppl 3: S99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442561&dopt=Abstract
•
Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of lisinopril and enalaprilat in human serum. Author(s): Yuan AS, Gilbert JD. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1996 May; 14(7): 773-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8809701&dopt=Abstract
•
Toleration of high doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the ATLAS trial. The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival. Author(s): Massie BM, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Packer M, PooleWilson PA, Ryden L. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 January 22; 161(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176729&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating mild-to-moderate hypertension: a comparison of lisinoprilhydrochlorothiazide fixed combination with captopril and hydrochlorothiazide free combination. Author(s): Graham RD. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 2: 59-60; Discussion 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665179&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of hypertension with lisinopril in end-stage renal failure. Author(s): Kuntziger HE, Pouthier D, Bellucci A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1987; 10 Suppl 7: S157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2485055&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment with lisinopril normalizes serum concentrations of procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Laviades C, Mayor G, Diez J. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1994 January; 7(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8136111&dopt=Abstract
60
Lisinopril
•
Trough to peak ratio of once-daily lisinopril and twice-daily captopril in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Martell N, Gill B, Marin R, Suarez C, Tovar JL, Cia P, Fernandez C, Gonzalez L, Maldonado A, Fernandez F, del Arco C, Garcia I, Yuste I, Luque M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1998 January; 12(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9482137&dopt=Abstract
•
Twenty-four hour blood pressure effect of once-daily lisinopril, enalapril, and placebo in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Whelton A, Dunne B Jr, Glazer N, Kostis JB, Miller WE, Rector DJ, Tresznewsky ON. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1992 August; 6(4): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1331444&dopt=Abstract
•
Valsartan, a new angiotensin II antagonist for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy, tolerability and safety compared to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril. Author(s): Black HR, Graff A, Shute D, Stoltz R, Ruff D, Levine J, Shi Y, Mallows S. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1997 August; 11(8): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322828&dopt=Abstract
•
Valsartan, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist: a double-blind study comparing the incidence of cough with lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Benz J, Oshrain C, Henry D, Avery C, Chiang YT, Gatlin M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 February; 37(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055135&dopt=Abstract
•
Valsartan: long-term efficacy and tolerability compared to lisinopril in elderly patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Bremner AD, Baur M, Oddou-Stock P, Bodin F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 1997 November; 19(8): 1263-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385475&dopt=Abstract
•
Within-patient correlation between the antihypertensive effects of atenolol, lisinopril and nifedipine. Author(s): Attwood S, Bird R, Burch K, Casadei B, Coats A, Conway J, Dawes M, Ebbs D, Farmer A, Robinson J. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1994 September; 12(9): 1053-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7852749&dopt=Abstract
61
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LISINOPRIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lisinopril.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Lisinopril The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
62
Lisinopril
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lisinopril” (or a synonym): •
ACE inhibitors in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of lisinopril and captopril administered once daily. French Cooperative Study Group. Author(s): Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France. Source: Gosse, P Dallocchio, M Gourgon, R J-Hum-Hypertens. 1989 June; 3 Suppl 123-8 0950-9240
•
Acute haemodynamic effects of lisinopril and captopril in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, A. Dumontkliniek, Genk, Belgium. Source: Van Mieghem, W Van Hedent, T Byttebier, G Acta-Cardiol. 1993; 48(1): 43-53 0001-5385
•
Additional reduction in blood pressure after cholesterol-lowering treatment by statins (lovastatin or pravastatin) in hypercholesterolemic patients using angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril or lisinopril). Author(s): Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil. Source: Sposito, A C Mansur, A P Coelho, O R Nicolau, J C Ramires, J A Am-J-Cardiol. 1999 May 15; 83(10): 1497-9, A8 0002-9149
•
Angioedema complicating lisinopril therapy. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Technical University Medical Centre, Indiana Lubbock 79430. Source: Nzerue, M C Cent-Afr-J-Med. 1992 September; 38(9): 391-2 0008-9176
•
Ask the doctor. I have had heart failure since my heart attack a year ago. My physician initially prescribed lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Unfortunately, I was one of the unlucky people who got a cough with this drug that was so annoying I had to stop taking it. Now my doctor wants me to try a newer drug called valsartan. Is it likely to help me? Source: Lee, Thomas H Harv-Heart-Lett. 2002 July; 12(11): 8 1051-5313
•
Captopril and lisinopril suppress production of interleukin-12 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Centre, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
[email protected] Source: Constantinescu, C S Goodman, D B Ventura, E S Immunol-Lett. 1998 May; 62(1): 25-31 0165-2478
•
Comparison of lisinopril and captopril in the treatment of left ventricular congestive heart failure--influence of duration of action on efficacy and safety. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Oreleans, Louisiana. Source: Giles, T D Z-Kardiol. 1991; 80 Suppl 235-9 0300-5860
•
Comparison of long-term hemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise of lisinopril plus sodium restriction versus hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension. Author(s): Medical Department, Haukeland Hospital, Bergen, Norway. Source: Omvik, P Lund Johansen, P Am-J-Cardiol. 1990 February 1; 65(5): 331-8 00029149
Nutrition
63
•
Comparison of the effects of omapatrilat and lisinopril on circulating neurohormones and cytokines in patients with chronic heart failure. Author(s): Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Sheth, T Parker, T Block, A Hall, C Adam, A Pfeffer, M A Stewart, D J Qian, C Rouleau, J L Am-J-Cardiol. 2002 September 1; 90(5): 496-500 0002-9149
•
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of fosinoprilat with enalaprilat and lisinopril in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Edgeware General Hospital, Edgeware, UK. Source: Greenbaum, R Zucchelli, P Caspi, A Nouriel, H Paz, R Sclarovsky, S O'Grady, P Yee, K F Liao, W C Mangold, B Br-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 2000 January; 49(1): 23-31 03065251
•
Controlling hypertension: lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide vs captoprilhydrochlorothiazide. An Italian multicentre study. Author(s): Istituto di Patologia Medica, Universita degli Studi, Ancona, Italy. Source: Rappelli, A J-Hum-Hypertens. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 255-7; discussion 57-8 0950-9240
•
Correlation of left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression by lisinopril with saltinduced hypertension. Author(s): Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's. Source: Snedden, W Fernandez, P G Fernandez, D Vasdev, S Rabin, E Z Can-J-Cardiol. 1988 Jun-August; 4(5): 237-42 0828-282X
•
Differential renal handling of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors enalaprilat and lisinopril in rats. Author(s): Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486. Source: Lin, J H Chen, I W Ulm, E H Duggan, D E Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1988 May-June; 16(3): 392-6 0090-9556
•
Diverse effects of increasing lisinopril doses on lipid abnormalities in chronic nephropathies. Author(s): Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo and Cele Dacco, Mario Negri Institute, Bergamo, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Ruggenenti, P Mise, N Pisoni, R Arnoldi, F Pezzotta, A Perna, A Cattaneo, D Remuzzi, G Circulation. 2003 February 4; 107(4): 586-92 1524-4539
•
Effect of indomethacin on the antihypertensive efficacy of valsartan and lisinopril: a multicentre study. Author(s): Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Universita di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Fogari, R Zoppi, A Carretta, R Veglio, F Salvetti, A J-Hypertens. 2002 May; 20(5): 1007-14 0263-6352
•
Effects of lisinopril and amlodipine on antioxidant status in experimental hypertension. Author(s): Department of Neurochemistry, Regional Neurosciences Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, NE4 6BE, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Source: Mantle, D Patel, V B Why, H J Ahmed, S Rahman, I MacNee, W Wassif, W S Richardson, P J Preedy, V R Clin-Chim-Acta. 2000 September; 299(1-2): 1-10 0009-8981
64
Lisinopril
•
Efficacy and variability of the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition by lisinopril. Author(s): Department of Medicine, State University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Heeg, J E de Jong, P E van der Hem, G K de Zeeuw, D Kidney-Int. 1989 August; 36(2): 272-9 0085-2538
•
Greater reduction of urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy by lisinopril than by nifedipine. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Source: Agardh, C D Garcia Puig, J Charbonnel, B Angelkort, B Barnett, A H J-HumHypertens. 1996 March; 10(3): 185-92 0950-9240
•
Immediate and short-term cardiovascular effects of a new converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) in essential hypertension. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121. Source: Garavaglia, G E Messerli, F H Nunez, B D Schmieder, R E Frohlich, E D Am-JCardiol. 1988 November 1; 62(13): 912-6 0002-9149
•
Lisinopril and ramiprilat protection of the vascular endothelium against free radicalinduced functional injury. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Source: Gillis, C N Chen, X Merker, M M J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1992 July; 262(1): 212-6 0022-3565
•
Lisinopril in hypertensive patients with and without renal failure. Source: van Schaik, B A Geyskes, G G Boer, P Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1987; 32(1): 11-6 0031-6970
•
Lisinopril in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Author(s): Tulane University School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Source: Giles, T D J-Hum-Hypertens. 1989 June; 3 Suppl 183-7 0950-9240
•
Long-term lisinopril therapy reduces exercise-induced albuminuria in normoalbuminuric normotensive IDDM patients. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Tuominen, J A Ebeling, P Koivisto, V A Diabetes-Care. 1998 August; 21(8): 13458 0149-5992
•
Omapatrilat versus lisinopril: efficacy and neurohormonal profile in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients. Author(s): Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
[email protected] Source: Campese, V M Lasseter, K C Ferrario, C M Smith, W B Ruddy, M C Grim, C E Smith, R D Vargas, R Habashy, M F Vesterqvist, O Delaney, C L Liao, W C Hypertension. 2001 December 1; 38(6): 1342-8 1524-4563
•
Once daily lisinopril and captopril in hypertension: a double blind comparison using ambulatory monitoring. Author(s): Wellington Hospital, Auckland. Source: Mann, S O'Brien, K P N-Z-Med-J. 1994 October 12; 107(987): 391-4 0028-8446
Nutrition
65
•
Renoprotection by nitric oxide donor and lisinopril in the remnant kidney model. Author(s): Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bergamo, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Benigni, A Zoja, C Noris, M Corna, D Benedetti, G Bruzzi, I Todeschini, M Remuzzi, G Am-J-Kidney-Dis. 1999 April; 33(4): 746-53 0272-6386
•
Role of liquid membrane phenomenon in biological actions of ACE inhibitors, captopril and lisinopril. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, SCS College of Pharmacy, Harapanahalli, India.
[email protected] Source: Nagappa, A N Patil, R T Pandi, V Ziauddin, K Indian-J-Biochem-Biophys. 2001 December; 38(6): 412-6 0301-1208
•
The protective effect of lisinopril on membrane-bound enzymes in myocardial preservation. Author(s): Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Selim Isbir, C Dogan, R Farsak, B Aydin, M Kilinc, K Cell-Biochem-Funct. 2000 June; 18(2): 85-91 0263-6484
•
Treating mild-to-moderate hypertension: a comparison of lisinoprilhydrochlorothiazide fixed combination with captopril and hydrochlorothiazide free combination. Source: Graham, R D J-Hum-Hypertens. 1991 December; 5 Suppl 259-60; discussion 61 0950-9240
•
Trough to peak ratio of once-daily lisinopril and twice-daily captopril in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. Source: Martell, N Gill, B Marin, R Suarez, C Tovar, J L Cia, P Fernandez, C Gonzalez, L Maldonado, A Fernandez, F del Arco, C Garcia, I Yuste, I Luque, M J-Hum-Hypertens. 1998 January; 12(1): 69-72 0950-9240
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
66
Lisinopril
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to lisinopril; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
•
Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
67
69
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LISINOPRIL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lisinopril. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lisinopril and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lisinopril: •
A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. Author(s): Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 October 27; 275(43): 33238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924499&dopt=Abstract
•
A peptidyl dipeptidase-4 from Pseudomonas maltophilia: purification and properties. Author(s): Dasarathy Y, Stevens J, Fanburg BL, Lanzillo JJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1989 April; 270(1): 255-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2539048&dopt=Abstract
•
An improved method for measuring angiotensin I converting enzyme activity using a highly sensitive angiotensin II radioimmunoassay. Author(s): Hidaka H, Sawada S, Sato R, Oka H.
70
Lisinopril
Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1985 December; 32(6): 803-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3009165&dopt=Abstract •
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors as oxygen free radical scavengers. Author(s): Mira ML, Silva MM, Queiroz MJ, Manso CF. Source: Free Radic Res Commun. 1993; 19(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8244086&dopt=Abstract
•
Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonists: a comparison of lisinopril and losartan. Author(s): Akinboboye OO, Chou RL, Bergmann SR. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 August 21; 40(4): 703-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204500&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme in canine testis. Author(s): Sabeur K, Vo AT, Ball BA. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2001 July; 122(1): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425338&dopt=Abstract
•
Conversion of angiotensin-1 to angiotensin-2 by a latent endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase that is not angiotensin-converting enzyme. Author(s): Lanzillo JJ, Dasarathy Y, Stevens J, Fanburg BL. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1986 January 29; 134(2): 770-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511910&dopt=Abstract
•
Determination of peptidyl dipeptidase activity in 24 bacterial species. Author(s): Stevens J, Fanburg BL, Lanzillo JJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1990 January; 36(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185870&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences between nisoldipine and lisinopril on glomerular filtration rates and albuminuria in hypertensive IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy during the first year of treatment. Author(s): Rossing P, Tarnow L, Boelskifte S, Jensen BR, Nielsen FS, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1997 March; 46(3): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032106&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy and safety of high-dose lisinopril in chronic heart failure patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those with diabetes mellitus. Results from the ATLAS trial. Author(s): Ryden L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA.
Alternative Medicine 71
Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 December; 21(23): 1967-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071803&dopt=Abstract •
Enzymatic properties of dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from Bacillus pumilus. Author(s): Nagamori Y, Kusaka K, Fujishima N, Okada S. Source: Agric Biol Chem. 1991 July; 55(7): 1695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1368711&dopt=Abstract
•
Identification and properties of a peptidyl dipeptidase in the housefly, Musca domestica, that resembles mammalian angiotensin-converting enzyme. Author(s): Lamango NS, Isaac RE. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1994 May 1; 299 ( Pt 3): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8192653&dopt=Abstract
•
Impact of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1994 September; 43(9): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070610&dopt=Abstract
•
In vivo comparison between two tip pressure transducer systems. Author(s): Aubert AE, Vrolix M, De Geest H, Van de Werf F. Source: International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 1995 May; 12(2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8847469&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of rabbit lung angiotensin-converting enzyme by N alpha-[(S)-1-carboxy-3phenylpropyl]L-alanyl-L-proline and N alpha-[(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]L-lysylL-proline. Author(s): Bull HG, Thornberry NA, Cordes MH, Patchett AA, Cordes EH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1985 March 10; 260(5): 2952-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2982845&dopt=Abstract
•
Internally quenched fluorogenic substrates for angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Author(s): Araujo MC, Melo RI, Del Nery E, Alves MF, Juliano MA, Casarini DE, Juliano L, Carmona AK. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1999 May; 17(5): 665-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403610&dopt=Abstract
•
Isolation of a neuropeptide-degrading carboxypeptidase from the human stomach. Author(s): Bunnett NW, Goldstein SM, Nakazato P.
72
Lisinopril
Source: Gastroenterology. 1992 January; 102(1): 76-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1309362&dopt=Abstract •
Long-term effect of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall MA, Skott P, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes. 1997 July; 46(7): 1182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200654&dopt=Abstract
•
Measurement of angiotensin converting enzyme induction and inhibition using quantitative in vitro autoradiography: tissue selective induction after chronic lisinopril treatment. Author(s): Kohzuki M, Johnston CI, Chai SY, Jackson B, Perich R, Paxton D, Mendelsohn FA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1991 July; 9(7): 579-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1653792&dopt=Abstract
•
Metabolism of angiotensin-(1-7) by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Author(s): Chappell MC, Pirro NT, Sykes A, Ferrario CM. Source: Hypertension. 1998 January; 31(1 Pt 2): 362-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453329&dopt=Abstract
•
Optimizing the treatment of heart failure. Author(s): Giles TD. Source: Current Opinion in Cardiology. 1994 July; 9 Suppl 1: S21-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827370&dopt=Abstract
•
Pet ownership, but not ace inhibitor therapy, blunts home blood pressure responses to mental stress. Author(s): Allen K, Shykoff BE, Izzo JL Jr. Source: Hypertension. 2001 October; 38(4): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641292&dopt=Abstract
•
Physiological and enzymatic properties of the ram epididymal soluble form of germinal angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Author(s): Metayer S, Dacheux F, Guerin Y, Dacheux JL, Gatti JL. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 November; 65(5): 1332-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673247&dopt=Abstract
•
Proximal renal tubular peptide catabolism, ammonia excretion and tubular injury in patients with proteinuria: before and after lisinopril. Author(s): Rustom R, Grime JS, Costigan M, Maltby P, Hughes A, Shenkin A, Critchley M, Bone JM.
Alternative Medicine 73
Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1998 April; 94(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640348&dopt=Abstract •
Purification and characterization of a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from the polychaete Neanthes virens resembling angiotensin I converting enzyme. Author(s): Kawamura T, Oda T, Muramatsu T. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2000 May; 126(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825662&dopt=Abstract
•
Purification of angiotensin-converting enzyme from human intestine. Author(s): Hayakari M, Amano K, Izumi H, Murakami S. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1989; 247B: 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2558510&dopt=Abstract
•
Purification of bovine angiotensin converting enzyme. Author(s): Schullek JR, Wilson IB. Source: Life Sciences. 1989; 45(8): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550712&dopt=Abstract
•
Reduction of sodium deoxycholic acid-induced scratching behaviour by bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists. Author(s): Hayashi I, Majima M. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 January; 126(1): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10051136&dopt=Abstract
•
Renoprotective effects of adding angiotensin II receptor blocker to maximal recommended doses of ACE inhibitor in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized doubleblind crossover trial. Author(s): Rossing K, Jacobsen P, Pietraszek L, Parving HH. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 August; 26(8): 2268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882847&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of beta-receptor blocker addition to high-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-nitrate therapy in heart failure. Author(s): Levine TB, Levine AB, Keteyian SJ, Narins B. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1998 December; 21(12): 899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853182&dopt=Abstract
74
Lisinopril
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to lisinopril; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 75
•
Herbs and Supplements Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Enalapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prinizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zestoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
77
CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LISINOPRIL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lisinopril” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lisinopril, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Lisinopril By performing a patent search focusing on lisinopril, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
78
Lisinopril
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lisinopril: •
1-[N2-((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylproply)-N6-trifluoroacetyl]-L-ysyl-L-pro (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE)
line
Inventor(s): Drauz; Karlheinz (Freigericht, DE), Kottenhahn; Matthias (Freigericht, DE), Kraft; Michael (Rodenbach, DE), Moller; Roland (Hammersbach, DE), Stingl; Klaus (Alzenau, DE) Assignee(s): Degussa Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt, DE) Patent Number: 6,455,705 Date filed: December 24, 1998 Abstract: A method of isolating 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)N.sup.6 -trifluoroacetyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE). The solvent or solvent mixture used for the extraction is also a main constituent of the solvent or solvent mixture from which the crystallization takes place. High yield as well as good purity of the end product are obtained, without distillation. 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-N.sup.6 -trifluoroacetyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE) is described as a precursor for producing an ACE inhibitor. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from German Application No. 19732839.3, filed on Jul. 30, 1997, the subject matter of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. N-substituted amino acids of this type are valuable intermediate products for the production of inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which act as regulators of blood pressure. The compound of formula (I) is the direct intermediate product for 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)-carboxy)-3-phenylpropyl)]-L-lysyl-L-proline (Lisinopril II), which exhibits superb therapeutic results in combating high blood pressure (Zestril.RTM., Coric.RTM., Prinivil.RTM.). Such a method is described in the J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, pp. 836-844. According thereto, compound (I) is obtained in a yield of 42% by basic extraction of the raw reaction solution, a subsequent extraction of the product in methylene chloride at pH 4.6 and, after a change of solvent, crystallization from methyl-tert.butyl ether, cyclohexane. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455705__ •
Compositions containing L-carnitine or an acyl L-carnitine in combination with an ace-inhibitor for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders and a method for treating cardiovascular disorders Inventor(s): Cavazza; Claudio (Rome, IT) Assignee(s): Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A. (Rome, IT) Patent Number: 5,861,434 Date filed: March 8, 1996 Abstract: Compositions containing (a) L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with (b) an ACE-inhibitor are useful for treating cardiovascular disorders. Orally, parenterally, rectally or transdermally administrable pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form contain from about 0.5 to about 2 g of L-carnitine, or an equimolar amount of an acyl L-carnitine
Patents 79
or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and, e.g., from about 5 to about 20 mg of the ACE-inhibitor lisinopril. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating cardiovascular disorders by administering L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof in combination with an ACE-inhibitor. The present invention also relates to orally, parenterally, rectally, or transdermally administrable pharmaceutical compositions suitable for treating cardiovascular disorders, which comprise, as active ingredients, L-carnitine, an acyl L-carnitine, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof and an ACE-inhibitor. Previous therapeutical uses of L-carnitine are already known. For instance, L-carnitine has been used in the cardiovascular field in the treatment of acute and chronic myocardial ischemia, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac insufficiency. In nephrology, L-carnitine has been administered to chronic uremic patients who are subjected to regular hemodialysis treatment with a view to counteracting muscular asthenia and the onset of muscular cramps. Further therapeutic uses are the restoration of the HDL/LDL+VLDL ratio to normal and in total parenteral nutrition. The use of L-carnitine for the treatment of certain myopathies and muscular dystrophies is also known. The ACE-inhibitors form a class of medicaments that has been recently introduced and are capable of preventing the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, with a consequent anti-hypertensive effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861434__ •
Method for preparing optically active homophenylalanine and esters thereof using lipase from wheat germ or Candida lipolytica Inventor(s): Houng; Jer-Yiing (Hsinchu, TW), Hsieh; Chung-Lung (Hsinchu, TW) Assignee(s): Industrial Technology Research Institute (Hsinchu Hsien, TW) Patent Number: 5,552,317 Date filed: May 26, 1995 Abstract: A process for the preparation of optically active D-homophenylalanine and its esters, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a reaction mixture containing an DLhomophenylalanine ester and a lipase or an acylase in an aqueous solution; (b) reacting the reaction mixture at temperatures between 4.degree. and 60.degree. C.; and (c) using an organic extractant to separate the reaction mixture into an upper layer, which contains an optically active D-homophenylalanine ester, and a lower layer, which contains L-homophenylalanine. The optically active D-homophenylalanine ester can be chemically hydrolyzed to obtain an optically active D-homophenylalanine. The lipase can be selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus niger lipase, Pseudomonas sp. lipase, Rhizopus sp. lipase, porvine pancreas lipase, wheat germ lipase, and hog pancreas lipase, and the acylase can be porcine kidney acylase. Many of these lipases or acylase provide an enantiometric excess of more than 95%. The optically active Dhomophenylalanine is an important starting material for many anti-hypertensive drugs, such as Enalapril, Lisinopril, and Quinapril. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of optically active D-homophenylalanine and its esters. More specifically, the present invention relates to the enantioselective synthesis of D-homophenylalanine, which is an important starting material for many important clinical drugs, such as Enalapril, Lisinopril, and Quinapril, used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. A very significant potential market is expected for the drugs related to D-homophenylalanine
80
Lisinopril
(including the Enalapril, Lisinopril, and Quinapril mentioned above). Therefore, there exists enormous economic incentive for the development of cost-effective processes for the production of optically active D-homophenylalanine. In Japan Pat. App. JP 86205850, it is disclosed a method for the preparation of optically active Lhomophenylalanine by optical resolution via diastereomeric salts of racemic acetylhomophenylalanine. In JP 86-205850, optically active PhCH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H is prepared by treatment of N-acetyl-DL-homophenylalanine with optically active PhCHMeNH2 in a solvent to prepare a solution containing two diastereomeric salts, from which a sparingly solution salt is separated, decomposed, and hydrolyzed. One of the disadvantages of the JP 86-205850 is the very high cost involved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05552317__ •
Method for preventing or treating symptoms resulting from closed head injuries employing an ace inhibitor Inventor(s): Sudilovsky; Abraham (Lawrenceville, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,049,553 Date filed: January 4, 1990 Abstract: A method is provided for preventing onset of or treating symptoms resulting from closed head injuries, in hypertensive or normotensive patients, by administering an ACE inhibitor, for example captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, ceranapril, enalapril or lisinopril. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating symptoms resulting from a closed head injury in mammalian species by administering an ACE inhibitor, such as captopril, ceranapril, fosinopril, enalapril or lisinopril. Victims of closed head injuries caused by a traumatic event, such as a blow to the head, may suffer a loss of consciousness and will likely sustain a concussion. In such event, even though the victim may recover consciousness, without apparent permanent injury, still, he may suffer from an array of symptoms brought on by the traumatic injury, especially if he has been unconscious for 20 minutes or more before revival. Examples of such symptoms brought on by trauma which causes unconsciousness for 20 minutes or more include memory loss, poor balance, headache, disorientation, dissociation of thought, rages, black out, garbled speech and depression. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,046,889 and 4,105,776 to Ondetti et al disclose proline derivatives, including captopril, which are angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors useful for treating hypertension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05049553__
•
Method for rehabilitating the vasorelaxant action of the coronary arteries impaired through atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia employing an ACE inhibitor Inventor(s): Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Lawrenceville, NJ), Ondetti; Miguel A. (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,212,165 Date filed: October 23, 1989
Patents 81
Abstract: A method is provided for rehabilitating or restoring the vasorelaxant action of the endothelium impaired by atherosclerosis and/or hypercholesterolemia, thereby preventing arteriospasm in the coronary arteries using an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor such as captopril, fosinopril, ceranapril, enalapril or lisinopril, which may be administered by oral or parenteral dosage forms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for rehabilitating or restoring the vasorelaxant action of the endothelium impaired by atherosclerosis and/or hypercholesterolemia, thereby inhibiting or preventing occurrence of vascular vasospasm, especially in the coronary arteries, using an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. One of the endogenous factors that modulate vascular tone is the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) that is released from the endothelium in the arteries. It has been shown that several endogenous agents relax vessels only in the presence of an intact endothelium (Furchgott et al, J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 6, 336 (1984)) and that this action is mediated by the release of EDRF from the intact endothelium. Acetylcholine is one of these endogenous agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05212165__ •
Method of isolating 1-›N.sup.2 -((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-N.sup.6 trifluoroacetyl!-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE) Inventor(s): Drauz; Karlheinz (Freigericht, DE), Kottenhahn; Matthias (Freigericht, DE), Kraft; Michael (Rodenbach, DE), Moller; Roland (Hammersbach, DE), Stingl; Klaus (Alzenau, DE) Assignee(s): Degussa Aktiengellschaft (Frankfurt, DE) Patent Number: 5,907,044 Date filed: October 16, 1997 Abstract: A method of isolating 1-›N.sup.2 -((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)N.sup.6 -trifluoroacetyl!-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE). The solvent or solvent mixture used for the extraction is also a main constituent of the solvent or solvent mixture from which the crystallization takes place. High yield as well as good purity of the end product are obtained, without distillation. 1-›N.sup.2 -((S)ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-N.sup.6 -trifluoroacetyl!-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester, LPE) is described as a precursor for producing an ACE inhibitor. Excerpt(s): N-substituted amino acids of this type are valuable intermediate products for the production of inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which act as regulators of blood pressure. The compound of formula (I) is the direct intermediate product for 1-›N.sup.2 - ((S) -carboxy) -3-phenylpropyl)!-L-lysyl-L-proline (Lisinopril II), which exhibits superb therapeutic results in combating high blood pressure (Zestril.RTM., Coric.RTM., Prinivil.RTM.). Such a method is described in the J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, pp. 836-844. According thereto, compound (I) is obtained in a yield of 42% by basic extraction of the raw reaction solution, a subsequent extraction of the product in methylene chloride at pH 4.6 and, after a change of solvent, crystallization from methyl-tert.-butyl ether, cyclohexane. In principle, other methods for producing compound (I) are also known which are not based on reductive amination but are less advantageous (EP 0 336 368 A2). The aqueous product phase is extracted therein with methylene chloride. However, after drying of the organic phase over sodium sulfate the solvent is again changed for crystallization in methyl-tert.-butyl ether. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05907044__
82
Lisinopril
•
Method of treatment for eiph in racing stock Inventor(s): Pantano; James A. (2459 Riverbend Rd., Allentown, PA 18103) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,550,127 Date filed: September 7, 1995 Abstract: The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhaging in non-human mammals is accomplished by the timely administration of effective amounts of vasodilators, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as lisinopril, enalapril and captopril, and angiotensin II blocking vasodilators such as losartan potassium. Excerpt(s): This application is a U.S. continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US94/04816, with an International Filing Date of May 11, 1994. The present invention is directed to a method for preventing and treating exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in non-human mammals by the administration of vasodilators to affected or potentially affected animals. Of particular interest is the use of vasodilators from the class of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the prevention or treatment of EIPH in racing animals such as horses, camels, dogs and the like. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a condition common to a large percentage of racing and maximally exercised animals, particularly horses, and is defined by the appearance of blood in the lungs of the animal following a strenuous exercise routine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05550127__
•
Process for preparing carboxyalkyl dipeptides Inventor(s): Oudenes; Jan (Thornhill, CA) Assignee(s): Torcan Chemical Ltd. (Aurora, CA) Patent Number: 4,808,741 Date filed: December 29, 1986 Abstract: Pharmaceutically active carboxyalkyl dipeptides such as enalapril, lisinopril and the like, are prepared from a starting amino acid such as L-alanine, by protecting the acid function of the amino acid with an alkyl silyl protecting group, while it is reacted with an.alpha.-halo ester, at its amino function. Subsequently, the silyl protectant is removed, and the acid group is reacted with the amino function of an appropriate amino acid such as L-proline, to form the dipeptide product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical synthesis of pharmaceutically active chemical compounds, and intermediates of use therein. More specifically, it relates to processes for making dipeptide derivatives and intermediates useful therein. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel process of preparing amino acid derivatives of general formula I given above. It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel process of preparing enalapril, lisinopril and similar dipeptide derivatives using compounds of formula I, and to provide novel intermediate compounds used in such preparations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04808741__
Patents 83
•
Process for purifying 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)-N.sup.6 trifluoroacetyl]-l-lysyl-l-proline (lisinopril (TFA) ethyl ester Inventor(s): Drauz; Karlheinz (Freigericht, DE), Kottenhahn; Matthias (Freigericht, DE) Assignee(s): Degussa Aktiengesellschaft (DE) Patent Number: 5,616,727 Date filed: March 18, 1996 Abstract: A process for purifying 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl)N.sup.6 -trifluoroacetyl]-1-lysyl-1-proline by extraction and crystallization. The process includes a two step extraction in a two phase aqueous/organic solvent system and crystallization from organic solvent. Excerpt(s): N-substituted amino acids of this type are valuable intermediates for the production of inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which act as blood-pressure regulators. Compound I is the direct intermediate product for 1-[N.sup.2 -((S)-carboxyl)-3-phenylpropyl)]-L-lysyl-L-proline (lisinopril) compound II, which displays excellent therapeutic results in the combatting of high blood pressure (Zerstril.RTM., Coric.RTM., prinivil.RTM.). In order to minimize these product losses, the work must be performed at pH's precisely adjusted, at low temperatures, and with the shortest possible contact times. This is complicated and produces problems, especially on an industrial scale. The crystallization from methyl-tert.butyl ether is therefore associated with high yield losses since the crystallization must be carried out in high dilution in order to be able to directly obtain the diastereomerically pure compound (I), which reduces the yield. If (I) is allowed to crystallize from solutions with high concentration, an additional recrystallization is necessary. The addition of cyclohexane (J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 836-844) during the crystallization is also described for raising the yield. However, there is the danger here of a separation of the product as oil, which makes it much more difficult to isolate the product, not only on an industrial scale. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05616727__
•
Process for the production of alkoxycarbonyl-dipeptides intermediates in the synthesis of the lisinopril Inventor(s): Cannata; Vincenzo (Bologna, IT), Merli; Valeriano (Rovigo, IT), Saguatti; Stefano (Bologna, IT) Assignee(s): P.F.C. Italiana S.r.l. (IT) Patent Number: 6,031,112 Date filed: January 25, 1999 Abstract: Process for the production of alkoxycarbonyldipeptides intermediates in the synthesis of the lisinopril which comprises protecting both amino functions of the Llysine with an alkoxycarbonyl group, subsequently making the N-carboxyanhydride of the N6-[alkoxycarbonyl]-L-lysine by treatment with thionyl chloride and making the desired alkoxycarbonyldipeptide by reaction with L-proline in alkaline medium. Excerpt(s): The lisinopril is an important antihypertensive drug, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4374829, whose production can be carried out by passing through an intermediate alkoxycarbonyldipeptide. In the mentioned patent the intermediate N6(tertbutoxycarbonyl)-L-lysyl-L-proline is used, intermediate whose synthesis is not
84
Lisinopril
described. Wu M. T. et al. have subsequently described the synthesis of this intermediate on J. Pharm. Sci., 74, (3), 352-4, (1985), synthesis which requires complex and expensive reagents. It has now been found that alkoxycarbonyldipeptides equal or like to that described in the prior art can be obtained in a simple manner and with good yields by using easily accessible and cheap reagents. A process for manufacturing alkoxycarbonyldipeptides useful in the synthesis of the lisinopril, important antihypertensive drug, is the object of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06031112__
Patent Applications on Lisinopril As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lisinopril: •
AMORPHOUS COMPOUND Inventor(s): Roberts, Ronald John; (Macclesfield, GB) Correspondence: White & Case Llp; Patent Department; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030171301 Date filed: June 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel form of (S)-1-[N.sup.2-(1-carboxy- -3phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl]-L-proline known under the generic name lisinopril. Further, the present invention also relates to the use of the novel amorphous form of lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, pharmaceutical compositions containing it as well as processes for the preparation of the novel amorphous form of lisinopril. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel amorphous form of (S)-1-[N.sup.2-(1carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl]-L-proline. (S)-1-[N.sup.2-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]L-lysyl]-L-proline is known under the generic name lisinopril and its novel amorphous form is hereinafter referred to as amorphous lisinopril. Lisinopril has the tendency to readily form into a crystalline shape and no stable amorphous form has previously been reported. Further, the present invention also relates to the use of amorphous lisinopril in medical treatments, pharmaceutical compositions containing amorphous lisinopril, in particular `fast melt` formulations, and processes for the preparation of amorphous lisinopril. The compound (S)-1-[N.sup.2-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl]-L-proline, having the generic name lisinopril, as well as therapeutically acceptable salts thereof, are described in U.S. patent Ser. No. 4,374,829 (Merck & Co. Inc.), incorporated herein by reference. In said patent the compound is described in Example 119, and is referred to as N-.alpha.-[1(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl]-L-proline. Lisinopril is a drug on which extensive clinical experience has been obtained. It is currently sold under the trademark ZESTRIL.RTM. or PRINIVIL.RTM. Lisinopril is a peptidyl dipeptidase inhibitor useful in treating cardiovascular diseases and disorders, such as hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF) in mammals and especially in man. It
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 85
inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor peptide, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased concentrations of angiotensin II which results in decreased vasopressor activity and reduced aldosterone secretion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combination therapy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and aldosterone antagonist for reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease Inventor(s): Alexander, John C.; (Princeton, NJ), Asner, Debra J.; (Morton Grove, IL), LaChapelle, Richard J.; (Wilmette, IL), Perez, Alfonzo T.; (Lake Forest, IL), Roniker, Barbara; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: Pharmacia Corporation; Corporate Patent Department; 800 North Lindbergh BLVD.; Mail Zone O4e; ST. Louis; MO; 63167; US Patent Application Number: 20030040484 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: Combinations of an ACE inhibitor, an aldosterone antagonist, and a loop diuretic are described for use in treatment of circulatory disorders. Of particular interest are therapies using captopril, enalapril or lisinopril co-administered with spironolactone. This co-therapy would be particularly useful to reduce the death rate or the number of non-fatal hospitalizations or prevent the progression of congestive heart failure in patients with cardiovascular disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/107,398 filed on Nov. 6, 1998; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/122,977 filed on Mar. 5, 1998; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/122,978 filed on Mar. 5, 1998. Each of these priority applications is specifically incorporated herein by reference. Combinations of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an aldosterone antagonist are described for use in treatment of circulatory disorders, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, hypertension and congestive heart failure. Of particular interest are therapies using a spirolactone-type aldosterone antagonist compound in combination with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to reduce the death rate or the number of non-fatal hospitalizations in patients. Myocardial (or cardiac) failure, that is, heart failure ("HF"), whether a consequence of previous myocardial infarction(s), heart disease associated with hypertension, or primary cardiomyopathy, is a major health problem of worldwide proportions. The incidence of symptomatic heart failure has risen steadily over she past several decades. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lisinopril, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the
86
Lisinopril
“Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lisinopril. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lisinopril. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
87
CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LISINOPRIL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lisinopril.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lisinopril is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lisinopril. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lisinopril” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lisinopril: •
Lisinopril shown safe, effective for hypertensive children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 29, 2003
•
Candesartan superior to lisinopril in controlling morning blood pressure surge Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 01, 2003
88
Lisinopril
•
New pediatric info to be added to AstraZeneca's Zestril labeling Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 01, 2003
•
FDA grants pediatric efficacy supplement for Merck's Prinivil Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 30, 2003
•
Lisinopril but not losartan improves myocardial perfusion in hypertensive heart disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 2002
•
Medco anticipates big savings from generic Prinivil, Zestril Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 07, 2002
•
FDA clears Ranbaxy to sell generic lisinopril for hypertension Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 03, 2002
•
Eon Labs approved to sell generic lisinopril for hypertension Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 01, 2002
•
Lisinopril efficacy not affected by celecoxib Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 26, 2002
•
Alpharma gets tentative FDA okay for additional Zestril formulations Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 12, 2002
•
Alpharma nearing FDA approval for generic versions of tramadol, lisinopril Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 24, 2002
•
Lisinopril reduces hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 31, 2001
•
Ivax wins tentative approval for generic of AstraZeneca's Zestril Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 21, 2001
•
Ranbaxy gets tentative US approval for generic form of AstraZeneca's Zestril Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 03, 2001
•
Merck gets marketing exclusivity extension for Prinivil Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 26, 2001
•
AstraZeneca gets pediatric exclusivity for Zestril Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 26, 2001
•
AstraZeneca to examine Atacand, Zestril combination for hypertension Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 14, 2001
Periodicals and News
89
•
Lisinopril may be useful prophylactic agent for patients with migraine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 04, 2001
•
Lisinopril and nisoldipine have similar benefits in type 1 diabetics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 25, 2000
•
Candesartan plus lisinopril highly effective in hypertensive type 2 diabetics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 08, 2000
•
Omapatrilat appears more effective than lisinopril for patients with CHF Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 18, 2000
•
CHF: High doses of lisinopril superior to low doses in reducing morbidity, mortality Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 15, 1999
•
Zeneca to seek extended market exclusivity for lisinopril Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 1999
•
UK Approves Lisinopril For Diabetic Nephropathy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 1998
•
Lisinopril Beneficial In Normotensive IDDM Patients With Early Renal Disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 1997
•
Merck Says FDA Clears Prinivil Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 29, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
90
Lisinopril
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lisinopril” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lisinopril, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lisinopril” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Lisinopril Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lisinopril. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lisinopril that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
91
CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for lisinopril. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with lisinopril. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
92
Lisinopril
following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to lisinopril: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accupril; Aceon; Altace; Capoten; Lotensin; Mavik; Monopril; Prinivil; Univasc; Vasotec 4; Zestril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202044.html
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitors and Hydrochlorothiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accuretic; Capozide; Lotensin HCT; Prinzide; Uniretic; Vaseretic; Zestoretic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202045.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
93
APPENDICES
95
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
96
Lisinopril
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
97
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
98
Lisinopril
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “lisinopril” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Long-Term Effect of Lisinopril and Atenolol on Kidney Function in Hypertensive NIDDM Subjects with Diabetic Nephropathy Source: Diabetes. 46(7): 1182-1188. July 1997. Summary: ACE inhibitors have been shown to offer better protection of kidney function than conventional antihypertensive treatment in proteinuric type 1 diabetes patients with reduced kidney function. Information on this issue for type 2 diabetes patients, however, is rare and conflicting. This article reports on a study of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease). The study compared ACE inhibition (lisinopril 10 to 20 mg per day) with conventional antihypertensive treatment (atenolol 50 to 100 mg per day, usually in combination with a diuretic), and evaluated which produced a greater reduction in the rate of decline of kidney function. The prospective, randomized study involved 43 patients; 21 were given lisinopril, and 22 were given atenolol. Data from 36 patients who completed at least 12 months of the study are presented. At baseline, the two groups were comparable in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ambulatory blood pressure, and urinary albumin excretion rate. Mean ambulatory blood pressure was equally reduced in the two groups. No significant differences were observed in either the initial or sustained decline in GFR between the two groups. Urinary albumin excretion was reduced more in the lisinopril than in the atenolol group. The authors conclude that the relentless decline in kidney function normally found in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy can be reduced equally effectively by two antihypertensive treatments: the beta blocker atenolol and the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. 2 figures. 5 tables. 43 references. (AA-M).
•
Multiple Episodes of Angioedema Associated with Lisinopril, an ACE Inhibitor Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 126(2): 217-220. February 1995. Summary: In this case report, a patient under treatment for hypertension with lisonipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, suffered repeated bouts of idiopathic angioedema that resolved when the drug was discontinued. The patient, a 51year-old woman, had a 1 1/2 year history of recurrent swelling involving the left side of the face. The swelling was located primarily in the left masseter region, but occasionally
Physician Resources
99
extended to the lips and, once, even to the left side of the tongue. The patient's dentition was in reasonably good health without caries or periapical pathosis, except mild periodontal disease in the maxillary dentition. The patient and her cardiologist were alerted that the symptoms might be those of recurrent angioedema related to her use of the ACE inhibitor. After switching to a different antihypertensive medication, the patient, who had undergone these episodes of facial swelling at least monthly, had no further episodes. The authors conclude that this case report illustrates a potentially lifethreatening allergy to a commonly used anti-hypertensive medication. They note that any one of the 15 or 20 episodes suffered by this patient could have resulted in laryngeal edema, airway obstruction, and death. 3 figures. 7 references. (AA-M). •
Effects of Lisinopril and Nifedipine on the Progression to Overt Albuminuria in IDDM Patients with Incipient Nephropathy and Normal Blood Pressure Source: Diabetes Care. 21(1): 104-110. January 1998. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: This article reports on a study that uses a cumulative incidence of progression to albuminuria from microalbuminuria (MA) as the primary endpoint measurement of renal function; the secondary endpoint is the yearly increase in albumin excretion rate (AER) at a rate of 50 percent above baseline. In the study, 92 patients with normal blood pressure and type 1 diabetes underwent treatment with either lisinopril or slow release nifedipine in comparison with placebo (double blind study). Ten patients discontinued the study during the 3 year followup period. During that period, 7 of 24 placebo treated (20.6 percent), 2 of 32 lisinopril treated (6.3 percent) and 2 of 26 nifedipine treated (7.7 percent) patients progressed to clinical albuminuria. The lisinopril group had significantly lower blood pressure values during followup than either the nifedipine or the placebo group. The authors conclude that both lisinopril and nifedipine are effective in delaying the occurrence of macroalbuminuria in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Because overt proteinuria strongly predicts end stage renal failure, both treatments appear capable of preventing such a complication in this population. However, lisinopril appears more powerful in slowing the course of nephropathy. 2 figures. 3 tables. 34 references. (AA-M).
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
13 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
100 Lisinopril
Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1569 1 873 1 2 2446
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “lisinopril” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
15
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
17
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
Physician Resources
101
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
103
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lisinopril can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lisinopril. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lisinopril. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lisinopril”:
104 Lisinopril
•
Other guides Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Kidney Failure and Dialysis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailureanddialysis.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Myasthenia Gravis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lisinopril. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
105
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lisinopril. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lisinopril. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lisinopril. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lisinopril” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lisinopril”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lisinopril” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
106 Lisinopril
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lisinopril” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
107
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
108 Lisinopril
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
109
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
110 Lisinopril
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
111
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
112 Lisinopril
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
113
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
115
LISINOPRIL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
ACE Inhibitor: A type of drug used to lower blood pressure. Studies indicate that it may also help prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among
116 Lisinopril
simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH]
Dictionary 117
Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amination: The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful
118 Lisinopril
situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU]
Dictionary 119
Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU]
120 Lisinopril
Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH]
Dictionary 121
Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]
Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of
122 Lisinopril
hypertension and angina pectoris. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH]
Dictionary 123
Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]
124 Lisinopril
Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]
Dictionary 125
Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative
126 Lisinopril
pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group.
Dictionary 127
[NIH]
Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary
128 Lisinopril
glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Nephropathies: Includes renal arteriosclerosis, renal arteriolosclerosis, Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome (intercapillary glomerulosclerosis), acute and chronic pyelonephritis, and kidney papillary necrosis in individuals with diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
Dictionary 129
[NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate
130 Lisinopril
precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH]
Dictionary 131
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of enalapril and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH]
132 Lisinopril
Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]
Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extemporaneous: Compounded according to a physician's prescription; prepared when ordered; not ready-made. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH]
Dictionary 133
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye or an indirect method by formation of antigenantibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy. [NIH] Fluoroimmunoassay: The use of fluorescence spectrometry to obtain quantitative results for the fluorescent antibody technique. One advantage over the other methods (e.g., radioimmunoassay) is its extreme sensitivity, with a detection limit on the order of tenths of
134 Lisinopril
microgram/liter. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic
Dictionary 135
glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary
136 Lisinopril
disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhaging: A copious discharge of blood from the blood vessels. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]
Dictionary 137
Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol
138 Lisinopril
and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]
Dictionary 139
Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH]
140 Lisinopril
Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of angina. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. [NIH] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Papillary Necrosis: A form of acute kidney disease characterized by necrosis of the renal papillae. It is most frequently associated with diabetes mellitus because of the severe vascular disease present in the arteries and capillaries, particularly in the kidney. There is usually a large component of infection present, and in non-diabetics pyelonephritis and
Dictionary 141
obstructive uropathy are the usual etiologic agents. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]
142 Lisinopril
Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]
Dictionary 143
Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Metolazone: A potent, long acting diuretic useful in chronic renal disease. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution.
144 Lisinopril
[NIH]
Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and
Dictionary 145
normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nisoldipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4 (2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 2-methylpropyl ester. Nisoldipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a
146 Lisinopril
widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Dictionary 147
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that
148 Lisinopril
is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working
Dictionary 149
kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body,
150 Lisinopril
secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
Dictionary 151
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-
152 Lisinopril
immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which
Dictionary 153
restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH]
154 Lisinopril
Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between
Dictionary 155
the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]
156 Lisinopril
Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]
Dictionary 157
Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasopressor: 1. Stimulating contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. 2. An agent that stimulates contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. [EU]
Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary
158 Lisinopril
artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
159
INDEX A Abdominal, 115, 143, 147, 152 ACE Inhibitor, 4, 72, 80, 98, 115 Acetylcholine, 81, 115, 145 Acyl, 78, 79, 115 Adipose Tissue, 115, 141 Adjustment, 48, 115 Adrenal Cortex, 85, 115, 116, 127, 137, 150, 152 Adrenal Glands, 115, 152 Adrenal Medulla, 115, 124, 132, 145 Adrenaline, 32, 115 Adrenergic, 8, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 130, 132, 143, 150 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 115, 119 Adverse Effect, 115, 125, 154 Affinity, 12, 115, 116, 125, 154 Afterload, 13, 116 Age of Onset, 116, 157 Agonist, 12, 116, 130 Airway, 4, 99, 116 Airway Obstruction, 4, 99, 116 Alanine, 82, 116 Albumin, 4, 14, 21, 22, 33, 38, 40, 41, 64, 98, 99, 116, 143, 148 Albuminuria, 4, 28, 33, 42, 45, 64, 70, 99, 116 Aldosterone, 11, 29, 85, 116 Algorithms, 116, 121 Alimentary, 116, 147 Alkaline, 83, 116, 117, 122 Allergen, 116, 128, 153 Alpha-1, 116, 130 Alprenolol, 116, 143 Alternative medicine, 90, 116 Alveoli, 116, 128 Amenorrhea, 117, 149 Amination, 81, 117 Amine, 117 Amino Acid Sequence, 117, 118, 149 Amino Acids, 78, 81, 83, 117, 118, 145, 147, 149, 151, 157 Amino-terminal, 59, 117, 149 Amlodipine, 8, 15, 17, 23, 28, 32, 33, 36, 45, 63, 117 Ammonia, 51, 72, 117 Anaemia, 117, 119 Anaesthesia, 117, 138
Analgesic, 117, 156 Analog, 117, 134 Anatomical, 117, 120, 126, 129, 138 Androgens, 115, 117, 137 Anesthesia, 116, 117 Aneurysm, 117, 134, 157 Angina, 79, 115, 117, 118, 122, 140, 143, 145, 150 Angina Pectoris, 79, 115, 117, 122, 140, 143, 150 Anginal, 116, 118, 145 Angiogenesis, 12, 118 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 10, 13, 25, 30, 38, 43, 47, 51, 70, 81, 82, 85, 118 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 17, 55, 59, 62, 63, 118, 119 Angiotensinogen, 8, 118, 152 Animal model, 6, 12, 118 Anions, 116, 118, 140, 153 Anovulation, 118, 149 Antagonism, 16, 118, 125, 129 Antibiotic, 118, 147 Antibodies, 118, 135 Antibody, 19, 116, 118, 125, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 142, 151, 153, 154 Anticoagulant, 118, 151, 158 Antidiuretic, 56, 118 Antigen, 115, 118, 125, 133, 137, 138, 139, 142, 151, 153 Antihypertensive Agents, 8, 50, 119 Anti-inflammatory, 119, 120, 124, 135, 138 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 119, 120, 124 Antioxidant, 63, 119 Antipsychotic, 119, 125, 144 Anxiety, 115, 119, 150 Aorta, 12, 119, 149, 152, 158 Aplastic anaemia, 36, 119 Apolipoproteins, 119, 141 Aqueous, 79, 81, 83, 119, 121, 131 Arachidonic Acid, 119, 150 Arginine, 119, 145 Arrhythmia, 119, 158 Arterial, 8, 24, 26, 36, 41, 47, 119, 120, 123, 124, 135, 138, 145, 151, 155 Arteries, 34, 80, 81, 119, 120, 122, 127, 140, 142, 143, 144, 157 Arteriolar, 47, 119, 120, 122, 152
160 Lisinopril
Arterioles, 119, 120, 122, 123, 144, 157 Arteriolosclerosis, 120, 128 Arteriosclerosis, 120, 128 Aspirin, 13, 120 Assay, 6, 120, 151 Asthenia, 79, 120 Asymptomatic, 120, 136, 147 Atenolol, 3, 7, 13, 14, 16, 19, 24, 39, 42, 45, 55, 56, 60, 71, 72, 98, 120 Atrial, 34, 120, 158 Atrial Fibrillation, 34, 120, 158 Atrium, 120, 157 Attenuated, 120, 129 Atypical, 120, 125 Autacoids, 120, 138 Autodigestion, 120, 147 Autonomic, 30, 115, 119, 120, 134, 146, 155 Autonomic Nervous System, 120, 155 Autopsy, 16, 120 Autoradiography, 6, 72, 121 Axillary, 121, 122 Axillary Artery, 121, 122 B Bacteria, 115, 118, 121, 130, 131, 143 Baroreflex, 39, 121 Base, 121, 128, 140, 157 Benign, 120, 121, 135, 144 Beta blocker, 4, 98, 121 Bilateral, 121, 149 Bile, 121, 128, 137, 141, 155 Biliary, 121, 147 Biliary Tract, 121, 147 Bilirubin, 116, 121 Binding Sites, 12, 121 Bioavailability, 22, 121 Biochemical, 10, 47, 55, 70, 71, 121, 153 Biosynthesis, 51, 119, 121, 142 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 90, 97, 121 Bisoprolol, 20, 33, 121 Bladder, 122, 157 Blood Coagulation, 122, 156 Blood Platelets, 122, 153, 156 Body Fluids, 122, 154 Bone Marrow, 119, 122, 138, 143, 154 Bowel, 44, 122, 140 Brachial, 7, 122 Brachial Artery, 7, 122 Bradykinin, 73, 122, 140, 145, 148 Branch, 111, 122, 147, 152, 154, 155 Breakdown, 122, 129, 134 Bronchitis, 122, 124 Buccal, 21, 122, 142
Buffers, 121, 122 C Calcium, 8, 16, 25, 57, 117, 119, 122, 123, 125, 129, 140, 145, 151, 158 Calcium channel blocker, 117, 119, 122, 145, 158 Calcium Channel Blockers, 119, 123, 145 Capillary, 122, 123, 134, 141 Capillary Permeability, 122, 123 Capsules, 123, 130, 134 Carboxy, 71, 78, 81, 84, 123 Carcinogenic, 123, 139 Cardiac, 24, 30, 34, 40, 49, 53, 57, 79, 85, 115, 120, 121, 123, 132, 136, 140, 143, 144, 145, 155 Cardiac Output, 121, 123 Cardiomyopathy, 74, 85, 123 Cardioselective, 120, 121, 123, 150 Cardiotonic, 123, 129 Cardiovascular disease, 84, 85, 123 Carnitine, 78, 79, 123 Carotene, 123, 153 Carrier Proteins, 123, 148, 152 Case report, 4, 21, 51, 57, 98, 123 Catabolism, 51, 72, 124 Catecholamine, 57, 124, 129 Caudal, 124, 138, 149 Causal, 50, 124 Celecoxib, 12, 88, 124 Central Nervous System, 115, 116, 120, 121, 124, 125, 134, 135, 137, 145, 146, 153 Central Nervous System Infections, 124, 135, 137 Cerebral, 6, 7, 124, 132, 137, 147 Cerebrovascular, 6, 7, 123, 124 Cerebrum, 124 Character, 117, 124, 128 Choleretic, 124, 128 Cholesterol, 17, 62, 121, 124, 127, 130, 137, 141, 142 Cholesterol Esters, 124, 141 Choroid, 124, 153 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 26, 124 Chronic renal, 23, 26, 52, 63, 124, 134, 143, 149, 157 Chylomicrons, 124, 141 CIS, 124, 153 Clinical Medicine, 9, 125, 149 Clinical trial, 5, 8, 11, 59, 97, 125, 126, 130, 143, 152 Cloning, 69, 121, 125
Index 161
Clozapine, 50, 125 Coagulation, 122, 125, 136, 148, 156, 158 Coenzyme, 125, 142 Collagen, 125, 148, 149, 150 Colloidal, 116, 125, 153 Combination Therapy, 15, 125 Complement, 125, 126, 148, 153 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 75, 126 Complementary medicine, 69, 126 Computational Biology, 97, 126 Cones, 126, 153 Confusion, 126, 129, 144, 157 Conjugated, 126, 128, 133 Connective Tissue, 122, 125, 126, 133, 134, 135, 153 Consciousness, 80, 117, 126, 129 Constriction, 126, 157 Constriction, Pathologic, 126, 157 Contamination, 126, 136 Contractility, 34, 118, 126 Contraindications, ii, 126 Control group, 126, 149 Controlled study, 49, 126 Conventional therapy, 26, 127 Conventional treatment, 127 Coronary, 8, 16, 80, 81, 118, 123, 127, 143, 144, 145 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 127, 144 Coronary Circulation, 118, 127, 145 Coronary heart disease, 8, 123, 127 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 143, 144 Cortex, 127 Cortical, 6, 127 Cortisol, 116, 127 Cranial, 127, 132, 135, 146 Craniocerebral Trauma, 127, 135, 137 Creatinine, 11, 127, 157 Crystallization, 78, 81, 83, 127 Curative, 127, 155 Cutaneous, 127, 142 Cyclic, 127, 135, 145, 150 Cyst, 12, 127 Cytokine, 127, 139 Cytomegalovirus, 127, 134 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 127, 134 D Databases, Bibliographic, 97, 128 Decision Making, 9, 128 Degenerative, 128, 136, 153 Deletion, 8, 128 Density, 12, 128, 141, 146
Dentition, 4, 99, 128 Deoxycholic Acid, 73, 128 Depressive Disorder, 128, 141 Desensitization, 12, 128 Diabetes Insipidus, 128, 137 Diabetes Mellitus, 29, 31, 35, 44, 70, 128, 134, 135, 140 Diabetic Nephropathies, 31, 128 Diabetic Retinopathy, 5, 128 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 90, 128 Dialyzer, 128, 136 Diastole, 128 Diastolic, 23, 32, 34, 40, 45, 128, 138 Dietary Fats, 128, 141 Diffusion, 123, 129, 135, 157 Digestion, 116, 121, 122, 129, 140, 141, 154 Digitalis, 13, 129 Dilatation, 117, 129, 149, 157 Dilatation, Pathologic, 129, 157 Dilation, 122, 129, 137, 157 Dilator, 129, 145 Diltiazem, 17, 22, 23, 25, 32, 41, 129 Dilution, 18, 51, 83, 129 Dimethyl, 129, 140, 145 Dipeptides, 82, 83, 129 Direct, iii, 12, 78, 81, 83, 91, 125, 129, 130, 133, 137, 152 Disease Progression, 11, 129 Disorientation, 80, 126, 129 Dissociation, 80, 115, 129, 140 Dissociative Disorders, 129 Diuresis, 27, 129 Diuretic, 3, 8, 10, 15, 24, 45, 85, 98, 129, 134, 137, 140, 143 Diuretics, Thiazide, 119, 129 Dopamine, 119, 125, 129 Dorsal, 130, 149 Dosage Forms, 81, 130 Double-blinded, 11, 130 Doxazosin, 8, 130 Drug Interactions, 92, 130 Drug Tolerance, 130, 156 Duodenum, 121, 130, 155 E Echocardiography, 9, 130 Edema, 4, 99, 128, 130, 134, 137, 140, 157 Efficacy, 9, 11, 15, 17, 23, 25, 31, 35, 36, 44, 47, 51, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 70, 88, 130 Electrolyte, 15, 35, 116, 130, 136, 143, 149, 154, 157 Electrons, 119, 121, 130, 140, 146, 151 Emboli, 130, 158
162 Lisinopril
Embolism, 130, 151, 158 Embolization, 130, 158 Embryo, 131, 138 Emphysema, 124, 131 Emulsion, 121, 131, 133 Enalaprilat, 26, 49, 59, 63, 131 Endocrine System, 131, 144 Endothelial cell, 12, 21, 70, 131, 156 Endothelium, 7, 64, 81, 131, 145 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 131 Endothelium, Vascular, 131 Endothelium-derived, 81, 131, 145 Endotoxic, 131, 141 End-stage renal, 9, 11, 59, 124, 131, 149 Environmental Health, 96, 98, 131 Enzymatic, 71, 72, 122, 123, 126, 131, 133, 153 Enzyme Induction, 72, 131 Enzyme Inhibitors, 132, 148 Epidermis, 132, 151 Epigastric, 132, 147 Epinephrine, 115, 130, 132, 145 Epithelium, 131, 132 Erythrocytes, 117, 122, 132, 153 Esophagus, 132, 155 Estrogen, 132, 150 Ether, 78, 81, 83, 132 Excrete, 132, 140, 152 Exercise Test, 132 Exercise Tolerance, 26, 132 Exhaustion, 118, 132 Exocrine, 132, 147 Exogenous, 123, 132, 157 Extemporaneous, 21, 132 Extracellular, 9, 126, 132, 154 Extraction, 27, 78, 81, 83, 132 F Facial, 4, 99, 132, 147 Facial Nerve, 132, 147 Family Planning, 97, 133 Fat, 115, 119, 122, 123, 127, 130, 133, 135, 141 Fatigue, 133, 136 Fatty acids, 116, 133, 150 Fibrillation, 13, 133 Fibrin, 122, 133, 156 Fibrinogen, 133, 148, 156 Fibrinolytic, 56, 133 Fibrosis, 44, 133 Fixation, 133, 153 Flatus, 133, 134 Fluorescence, 133
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, 133 Fluoroimmunoassay, 59, 133 Fold, 134, 143 Food Technology, 134, 143 Forearm, 122, 134 Fosinopril, 26, 52, 80, 81, 134 Free Radical Scavengers, 70, 134 Furosemide, 13, 27, 39, 134 G Ganciclovir, 29, 134 Ganglia, 115, 119, 134, 144, 155 Ganglionic Blockers, 119, 134 Gas, 18, 51, 117, 129, 133, 134, 145 Gastric, 120, 123, 130, 134 Gastrin, 134, 137 Gastrointestinal, 122, 132, 134, 153, 155 Gastrointestinal tract, 134, 153 Gene, 8, 30, 53, 121, 131, 134, 138 Genotype, 8, 134 Germ Cells, 134, 146, 154, 155 Gland, 115, 134, 137, 138, 147, 153, 154, 156 Glomerular, 4, 28, 70, 98, 134, 140, 145, 152 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 28, 70, 98, 134, 145 Glomerulosclerosis, 128, 134 Glomerulus, 134, 135 Glucocorticoids, 115, 135 Glucose, 5, 30, 37, 55, 128, 135, 139, 152 Glucose Intolerance, 128, 135 Glutamic Acid, 135, 150 Glycine, 128, 135 Governing Board, 135, 149 Grade, 42, 135 Graft, 53, 55, 135, 138 Granulocytopenia, 119, 135 Growth, 40, 117, 118, 135, 139, 142, 144, 148, 152, 156 Guanylate Cyclase, 135, 145 H Haemodialysis, 49, 135 Haptens, 116, 135, 152 Headache, 80, 135, 136, 137 Headache Disorders, 136 Heart attack, 19, 62, 123, 136 Heart Transplantation, 13, 32, 136 Heartbeat, 136, 155, 158 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 40, 136 Hemodiafiltration, 136, 157 Hemodialysis, 9, 43, 79, 88, 128, 136, 140, 157 Hemodynamics, 16, 28, 136
Index 163
Hemofiltration, 136, 157 Hemorrhage, 82, 127, 135, 136, 151, 155, 158 Hemorrhaging, 82, 136 Hemostasis, 136, 153 Hepatic, 49, 116, 136 Hepatitis, 22, 37, 136 Hepatitis A, 37, 136 Hepatitis C, 22, 136 Hepatocytes, 136 Hepatovirus, 136 Heredity, 134, 136 Heterogeneity, 116, 137 Hirsutism, 137 Homeostasis, 9, 137 Homologous, 12, 137, 153 Hormonal, 6, 38, 39, 137 Hormone, 41, 56, 115, 116, 127, 132, 134, 137, 139, 148, 149, 150, 155 Humoral, 50, 137 Humour, 137 Hydralazine, 13, 34, 50, 137 Hydrocephalus, 137, 140 Hydrophobic, 137, 141 Hyperandrogenism, 30, 137 Hypercholesterolemia, 80, 81, 137 Hyperglycemia, 5, 137 Hyperlipidaemia, 41, 137 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 137, 141 Hypersensitivity, 116, 128, 138, 153 Hyperthyroidism, 138, 150 Hypertrophy, 8, 9, 17, 30, 34, 42, 53, 63, 138 Hypotension, 51, 53, 119, 134, 138 Hypothalamic, 6, 138 Hypothalamus, 120, 138 I Id, 66, 74, 104, 110, 112, 138 Idiopathic, 4, 98, 138 Immune response, 118, 135, 138, 153, 155, 158 Immunity, 116, 138, 139 Immunization, 138, 153 Immunogenic, 138, 141, 152 Immunoglobulin, 32, 118, 133, 138 Immunology, 21, 115, 138 Immunotherapy, 128, 138 Impairment, 7, 57, 138 In vitro, 6, 10, 12, 72, 138 In vivo, 6, 10, 12, 71, 138 Incision, 138, 140 Indicative, 138, 147, 157
Indomethacin, 31, 63, 138 Induction, 72, 117, 119, 134, 138, 150 Infarction, 29, 137, 139 Infection, 127, 139, 140, 142, 145, 147, 151, 155, 158 Inflammation, 116, 119, 120, 122, 133, 136, 139, 147, 151, 153, 157 Inhalation, 139, 143 Initiation, 7, 139 Initiator, 139 Inlay, 139, 152 Inotropic, 120, 130, 139 Insulin, 14, 23, 30, 31, 40, 52, 56, 139, 157 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 139 Interferon, 139 Interleukin-1, 21, 62, 139 Interleukin-12, 21, 62, 139 Interleukin-2, 139 Internal Medicine, 18, 19, 42, 59, 62, 64, 139, 144 Interstitial, 140, 152 Intestinal, 39, 123, 128, 140 Intestine, 73, 122, 140, 141 Intracellular, 5, 30, 123, 139, 140, 145, 149, 150, 152 Intramuscular, 140, 147 Intravenous, 42, 140, 147 Intrinsic, 116, 140 Inulin, 134, 140 Invasive, 10, 138, 140, 142 Involuntary, 133, 140, 144 Ionization, 18, 51, 140 Ions, 121, 122, 129, 130, 140, 151 Isosorbide, 32, 140 Isosorbide Dinitrate, 32, 140 Isradipine, 15, 24, 140 K Kallidin, 122, 140 Kb, 96, 140 Kidney Disease, 3, 11, 43, 52, 96, 98, 115, 116, 140 Kidney Failure, 104, 131, 135, 140 Kidney Papillary Necrosis, 128, 140 L Lactation, 141, 150 Large Intestine, 140, 141, 152, 154 Laryngeal, 4, 99, 141 Larynx, 141 Latent, 70, 141 Lethal, 11, 141 Leukocytes, 122, 138, 141, 143 Library Services, 110, 141
164 Lisinopril
Ligaments, 127, 141 Lipase, 79, 141 Lipid, 8, 29, 37, 50, 63, 119, 120, 123, 139, 141 Lipid A, 29, 63, 141 Lipopolysaccharides, 141 Lipoprotein, 8, 33, 141, 142 Lipoprotein Lipase, 8, 141 Lithium, 14, 119, 141 Liver, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 136, 141, 142, 152 Loop, 85, 142 Lovastatin, 17, 62, 142 Low-density lipoprotein, 141, 142 Lupus, 16, 19, 142 Lutein Cells, 142, 150 Lymph, 121, 131, 137, 142 Lysine, 83, 142, 149 M Macrophage, 139, 142 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 53, 142 Malignant, 46, 120, 142, 144, 153 Malnutrition, 116, 142 Mammary, 141, 142 Manic, 119, 141, 142 Maxillary, 4, 99, 142 Medial, 7, 120, 142 Mediator, 139, 142, 153 Medical Staff, 130, 142 MEDLINE, 97, 142 Membrane, 65, 124, 126, 128, 129, 135, 141, 142, 143, 146, 148, 153, 158 Memory, 7, 80, 142 Menopause, 143, 150 Mental Processes, 129, 143, 151 Mesenteric, 12, 143 Mesentery, 143 Metabolite, 129, 131, 134, 142, 143, 149, 152 Methylene Chloride, 78, 81, 143 Metolazone, 29, 143 Metoprolol, 8, 13, 51, 143 MI, 44, 113, 143 Microbe, 143, 156 Microgram, 134, 143 Microorganism, 143, 158 Mineralocorticoids, 115, 143 Molecular, 73, 97, 100, 121, 126, 133, 136, 140, 143, 150, 152 Molecule, 118, 121, 123, 125, 129, 131, 143, 146, 152 Monitor, 19, 127, 143
Monocytes, 139, 141, 143 Mononuclear, 21, 62, 143 Morphological, 7, 131, 143 Motility, 138, 143, 153 Mucosa, 142, 143, 150 Multicenter study, 19, 56, 143 Muscular Dystrophies, 79, 144 Myocardial infarction, 8, 27, 29, 31, 33, 44, 58, 85, 127, 143, 144, 150, 158 Myocardial Ischemia, 79, 117, 144 Myocardium, 118, 143, 144 N Narcotic, 143, 144, 156 Natriuresis, 118, 144 Natural killer cells, 139, 144 Nausea, 119, 130, 144, 157 Necrosis, 139, 140, 143, 144 Need, 3, 98, 105, 124, 144, 156 Neonatal, 30, 37, 144 Neoplasm, 144, 153 Nephrology, 20, 27, 31, 44, 65, 79, 144 Nerve, 115, 117, 132, 142, 144, 146, 153, 154 Nervous System, 120, 124, 142, 144, 145, 155 Neural, 134, 137, 144 Neuroendocrine, 6, 144 Neuroleptic, 119, 125, 144 Neurons, 134, 145, 155 Neuropathy, 40, 145 Neuropeptide, 71, 145 Neuropsychological Tests, 7, 145 Neurotransmitters, 145 Nifedipine, 4, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 33, 35, 36, 38, 43, 44, 52, 53, 55, 57, 60, 64, 99, 145 Nisoldipine, 28, 34, 35, 45, 47, 70, 89, 145 Nitrates, 13, 145 Nitrendipine, 24, 33, 50, 145 Nitric acid, 145 Nitric Oxide, 7, 12, 65, 145 Nitroglycerin, 33, 140, 145 Norepinephrine, 115, 130, 145 Normotensive, 4, 31, 34, 41, 45, 50, 64, 80, 89, 99, 146 Nuclei, 130, 142, 146 Nucleus, 120, 127, 143, 146 O Ointments, 130, 146 Oligomenorrhea, 146, 149 Opacity, 128, 146 Opsin, 146, 153
Index 165
Optic Disk, 128, 146 Optic Nerve, 146, 153 Osmotic, 116, 140, 146, 153 Ovaries, 137, 146, 149, 154 Ovary, 146 Overdose, 42, 146 Ovum, 146, 150 Ownership, 72, 146 Oxidation, 119, 146 P Palliative, 147, 155 Pancreas, 79, 115, 139, 141, 147 Pancreatic, 123, 134, 147 Pancreatitis, 16, 17, 29, 37, 43, 147 Parenteral, 79, 81, 147 Parenteral Nutrition, 79, 147 Parietal, 7, 147 Parietal Lobe, 147 Parotid, 57, 147 Paroxysmal, 117, 136, 147 Parturition, 147, 150 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 11, 147 Pathologic, 127, 138, 147 Pathophysiology, 9, 147 Penicillin, 118, 147 Peptide, 9, 40, 51, 59, 72, 85, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151 Perfusion, 88, 134, 147 Periodontal disease, 4, 99, 147 Peripheral blood, 21, 62, 119, 147 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 130, 147 Pharmacodynamic, 48, 54, 147 Pharmacokinetic, 38, 48, 54, 148 Pharmacologic, 6, 117, 120, 148, 156 Phospholipids, 133, 141, 148 Phosphorus, 122, 148 Physiologic, 116, 121, 140, 148, 150, 152 Physiology, 22, 73, 144, 148 Pigments, 123, 148, 153 Pilot study, 12, 33, 148 Plants, 129, 135, 140, 146, 148 Plasma protein, 116, 131, 148, 151, 153 Platelet Aggregation, 145, 148 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 21, 148 Platelets, 145, 148, 156 Platinum, 142, 148 Polycystic, 11, 30, 137, 148, 149 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 30, 137, 149 Polymorphism, 30, 53, 149 Polypeptide, 117, 125, 133, 149, 150, 158 Posterior, 7, 124, 130, 147, 149 Potassium, 66, 82, 116, 129, 137, 143, 149
Potentiates, 139, 149 Practice Guidelines, 100, 149 Pravastatin, 17, 62, 149 Precursor, 78, 81, 118, 119, 130, 131, 145, 149, 151, 156 Pressoreceptors, 121, 149 Prevalence, 7, 149 Primary endpoint, 4, 99, 149 Probe, 7, 149 Procollagen, 59, 149 Prodrug, 134, 149, 152 Progesterone, 149, 150 Progression, 4, 6, 11, 30, 31, 33, 85, 99, 115, 118, 150 Progressive, 11, 13, 120, 124, 130, 135, 144, 150, 152 Progressive disease, 11, 150 Prolactin, 6, 150 Proline, 71, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 125, 149, 150 Prophylaxis, 6, 150, 158 Propranolol, 35, 120, 150 Prospective study, 8, 23, 150 Prostaglandin, 51, 118, 150 Prostaglandins A, 138, 150 Protease, 125, 150 Protein C, 9, 116, 117, 119, 141, 151 Protein S, 121, 151 Proteins, 117, 118, 119, 123, 125, 139, 143, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153 Proteinuria, 4, 10, 23, 31, 51, 72, 99, 135, 151 Prothrombin, 151, 156 Psychology, 129, 151 Public Policy, 97, 151 Publishing, 13, 151 Pulmonary, 41, 82, 122, 132, 134, 136, 140, 151, 157, 158 Pulmonary Artery, 122, 151, 158 Pulmonary Embolism, 151, 158 Pulse, 143, 151 Purifying, 83, 151 Purpura, 17, 151 Pyelonephritis, 128, 140, 151 R Race, 80, 151 Radiation, 117, 121, 133, 151 Radioactive, 121, 140, 151 Radioimmunoassay, 69, 133, 151 Ramipril, 8, 20, 75, 152 Randomized, 3, 8, 9, 11, 23, 30, 32, 35, 36, 37, 42, 52, 55, 73, 98, 130, 152
166 Lisinopril
Reabsorption, 137, 152 Reactivation, 37, 152 Receptor, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 24, 60, 73, 118, 125, 130, 151, 152, 153 Receptors, Serotonin, 152, 153 Rectum, 133, 134, 141, 152 Reductase, 142, 149, 152 Refer, 1, 122, 125, 133, 144, 152 Regimen, 7, 130, 152 Regurgitation, 32, 152 Renal Artery, 10, 152 Renal failure, 4, 23, 48, 49, 64, 99, 152 Renal tubular, 51, 72, 152 Renin, 9, 10, 11, 14, 28, 29, 35, 52, 118, 123, 152 Renin-Angiotensin System, 10, 14, 52, 118, 123, 152 Renovascular, 9, 152 Respiration, 143, 152 Restoration, 79, 152 Retina, 5, 124, 126, 128, 146, 153, 158 Retinal, 5, 128, 146, 153 Retinol, 153 Retinopathy, 5, 31, 128, 153 Retrospective, 21, 153 Risk factor, 150, 153 Rods, 146, 153 S Saphenous, 21, 153 Saphenous Vein, 21, 153 Sarcoma, 50, 153 Screening, 6, 125, 153 Secretion, 56, 85, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 153 Sensitization, 6, 153 Serotonin, 6, 119, 125, 152, 153, 156 Serous, 131, 153 Serum, 11, 28, 57, 59, 116, 125, 130, 142, 143, 152, 153 Serum Albumin, 152, 153 Sex Characteristics, 117, 154, 155 Shock, 154, 156 Side effect, 7, 51, 91, 115, 119, 154, 156 Skeletal, 55, 57, 117, 144, 154 Skeleton, 150, 154 Small intestine, 124, 130, 137, 140, 154 Smooth muscle, 120, 123, 140, 145, 152, 154, 155 Sodium, 30, 62, 73, 81, 116, 129, 131, 137, 143, 144, 145, 152, 154 Solid tumor, 118, 154 Solvent, 78, 80, 81, 83, 143, 146, 147, 154
Soma, 154 Somatic, 55, 137, 154 Specialist, 105, 129, 154 Species, 70, 80, 132, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158 Specificity, 55, 116, 154 Spinal cord, 122, 124, 144, 145, 154, 155 Stimulus, 126, 154, 156 Stomach, 71, 115, 120, 132, 134, 137, 144, 154 Stress, 6, 72, 120, 124, 127, 144, 155 Stroke, 8, 96, 123, 155 Subarachnoid, 135, 155 Subclinical, 44, 139, 155 Subcutaneous, 130, 147, 155 Subspecies, 154, 155 Substance P, 143, 153, 155 Substrate, 132, 155 Sudden death, 16, 155 Sympathetic Nervous System, 18, 118, 120, 155 Symptomatic, 21, 85, 147, 155 Synergistic, 150, 155 Systemic, 8, 16, 24, 28, 47, 52, 92, 119, 122, 132, 136, 139, 155, 157, 158 Systolic, 9, 19, 34, 53, 58, 138, 155 Systolic blood pressure, 58, 155 T Taurine, 128, 155 Teratogenic, 129, 155 Testis, 70, 155 Testosterone, 41, 152, 155 Therapeutics, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 92, 155 Thermal, 129, 156 Threshold, 138, 156 Thrombin, 21, 133, 148, 151, 156 Thrombocytopenia, 119, 156 Thrombomodulin, 151, 156 Thrombosis, 56, 151, 155, 156 Thrombus, 127, 139, 144, 148, 156, 157 Thyroxine, 116, 156 Tolerance, 9, 27, 135, 156 Tomography, 7, 10, 156 Toxic, iv, 129, 138, 145, 156 Toxicity, 14, 130, 156 Toxicology, 35, 98, 156 Tramadol, 88, 156 Transfection, 121, 156 Transfusion, 136, 156 Transplantation, 20, 31, 35, 52, 53, 55, 57, 124, 138, 156 Trauma, 80, 144, 147, 156 Tryptophan, 125, 153, 156
Index 167
Tuberculosis, 142, 156 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 30, 98, 157 U Ultrafiltration, 9, 136, 157 Unconscious, 80, 138, 157 Uraemia, 147, 157 Uremia, 140, 152, 157 Ureters, 152, 157 Urethra, 157 Urinary, 4, 14, 21, 22, 33, 38, 39, 64, 98, 137, 157 Urine, 27, 116, 118, 122, 127, 128, 129, 144, 151, 157 V Vascular, 5, 7, 12, 32, 37, 64, 81, 121, 123, 124, 131, 136, 139, 140, 145, 149, 156, 157 Vascular Resistance, 121, 157 Vasculitis, 147, 157 Vasoactive, 39, 157 Vasoconstriction, 41, 132, 157 Vasodilation, 7, 118, 131, 157 Vasodilator, 12, 119, 122, 130, 137, 140, 145, 157 Vasopressor, 85, 157 Vein, 117, 140, 147, 153, 157 Venous, 145, 151, 157, 158
Venous Thrombosis, 157, 158 Ventricle, 138, 151, 155, 157, 158 Ventricular, 8, 9, 13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 41, 42, 45, 52, 53, 58, 62, 63, 137, 158 Ventricular fibrillation, 13, 158 Verapamil, 21, 23, 25, 158 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 158 Virilism, 137, 158 Virulence, 120, 156, 158 Virus, 124, 136, 158 Viscera, 143, 154, 158 Visceral, 44, 120, 158 Vitreous Body, 153, 158 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 128, 158 Vitro, 158 Vivo, 10, 158 W Warfarin, 13, 158 White blood cell, 118, 135, 141, 142, 144, 158 X Xenograft, 118, 158 Z Zymogen, 151, 158
168 Lisinopril
