Lichen Planus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ICHEN LANUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

Author: ICON Health Publications

37 downloads 615 Views 3MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

ICHEN LANUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lichen Planus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84482-8 1. Lichen Planus-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lichen planus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LICHEN PLANUS ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lichen Planus................................................................................ 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LICHEN PLANUS ............................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lichen Planus .............................................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LICHEN PLANUS .................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Recent Trials on Lichen Planus ................................................................................................... 57 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LICHEN PLANUS .................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Lichen Planus............................................................................................................. 61 Patent Applications on Lichen Planus......................................................................................... 68 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LICHEN PLANUS ....................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 71 Chapters on Lichen Planus .......................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LICHEN PLANUS .......................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 76 Academic Periodicals covering Lichen Planus............................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 81 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 The Genome Project and Lichen Planus ...................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 99 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 99 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 105 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107

viii Contents

LICHEN PLANUS DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lichen planus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lichen planus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lichen planus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lichen planus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lichen planus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lichen planus. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LICHEN PLANUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lichen planus.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lichen planus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Oral Lichen Planus: A Potentially Premalignant Lesion Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 58(11): 1286-1288. November 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: Lichen planus is an immunopathic disease which, due to the variations in ages, gender, sites, chronicity, variety of presentations, and responses to management, appears to be a family of diseases. This article reviews oral lichen planus, which can be a potentially premalignant lesion. Retrospective and prospective studies of oral lichen planus (OLP) have indicated a definite potential for development of squamous carcinoma (cancer) at the lesion site. The author notes the controversy regarding terminology ('premalignant' versus 'higher than expected risk'), and stresses that a

4

Lichen Planus

diagnosis of OLP demands periodic follow up to monitor the possibility of transformation (to cancer) and the need for early detection to minimize the problems associated with oral squamous carcinoma. The author reviews symptoms, diagnosis, and patient care management, reiterating the need to closely monitor patients with OLP. This article is one in a series of two; the accompanying article makes the case for OLP being a benign lesion. 11 references. •

Review and Update of Intraoral Lichen Planus Source: Texas Dental Journal. 118(6): 450-454. June 2001. Summary: Oral lichen planus is one of the most common mucocutaneous diseases seen in clinical practice. It is most often found in middle age to elderly (mean age 52 years), women are affected about twice as often as men, and only about 10 to 20 percent of patients with oral lichen planus have or will develop skin lesions. This article reviews the basics of oral lichen planus. Topics include etiology and pathogenesis, clinical features, lichenoid reactions, diagnosis and histopathology, treatment, and malignant risk. The author notes that oral lichen planus does impart an increased risk of developing oral cancer, but the magnitude of that risk is low. When true oral lichen planus does progress to carcinoma, it most often arises in the erosive form of oral lichen planus and often in patients with other risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use. 5 figures. 1 table. 22 references.

•

Direct Immunofluorescence in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Lichenoid Reactions Source: Quintessence International. 33(3): 234-239. March 2002. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: This article describes the use of direct immunofluorescence to examine the fluorescence patterns in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions and to compare the degree of intensity of their fluorescence. This technique was used to aid in differentiation of the two lesions. Thirty patients participated in the study. Oral mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from the edge of fresh lesions and were hemisected. Fibrinogen was deposited in specimens from 14 of 15 patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus; lesions showed an intense positive fluorescence that outlined the basement membrane zone. Eight of 10 sections from oral lichenoid reactions exhibited fibrinogen deposition along the basement membrane zone; the specimens showed a less intense, homogenous linear fluorescence. Specimens from five control samples showed no fluorescence. The authors stress that classic lichen planus and lichenoid reactions lack distinguishing features, so knowledge of their fluorescence patterns may contribute to diagnosis and differentiation of the two lesions. 3 figures. 2 tables. 15 references.

•

Assessing Characteristics of Patients with Oral Lichen Planus Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 127(5): 648-662. May 1996. Summary: This article reports on a study that assessed the medical history, lifestyles, and health habits of 146 patients with oral lichen planus as confirmed by biopsy. The authors documented common characteristics of this population in regard to medical problems, blood types, medications, allergies, symptoms of their lichen planus, health habits, and demographics. The results support a relationship between stress and the development of oral lichen planus. Fifty-one percent of the subjects reported that they

Studies

5

had experienced stressful events at the time of the lichen planus onset. The authors conclude that practitioners may want to consider the benefits of stress management and bereavement counseling in managing patients with oral lichen planus. 2 figures. 3 tables. 42 references. (AA-M). •

Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Oral Lichen Planus Source: Chinese Journal of Dental Research. 4(4): 53-55. December 2001. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to study the malignant transformation tendency of oral lichen planus (OLP). The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was determined with an immunohistochemical method in cases with oral lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma (cancer), and normal oral mucosa. The positive rates of normal, oral lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, and carcinoma were 0 percent, 37.5 percent, 50 percent, and 57.14 percent, respectively. These results indicate that oral lichen planus may have a tendency for malignant transformation and may be regarded as a precancerous lesion of the oral mucosa. 3 figures. 1 table. 8 references.

•

Erosive Vulvar Lichen Planus and Desquamative Vaginitis Source: Seminars in Dermatology. 15(1):47-50; March 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals provides an overview of erosive vulvar lichen planus and desquamative vaginitis. The clinical patterns of erosive vulvar lichen planus and desquamative vaginitis are described. The histological patterns of lichen planus are presented. The course and prognosis of erosive genital lichen planus are highlighted. Options for treating genital lichen planus are discussed, focusing on topical fluorinated corticosteroid for the vulva and hydrocortisone foam for the vagina and systemic steroids for cases involving severe itching and intensive mucocutaneous involvement. The outcome of an open clinical trial of topical cyclosporine A is presented. Results indicate that 6 of the 12 patients studied had marked improvement after 1 month of therapy; however, because the treatment is currently too costly, it is not available for use. 16 references and 2 figures.

•

Topical Tacrolimus in the Treatment of Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: A Series of 13 Patients Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46(1): 27-34. January 2002. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a retrospective study that determined the effectiveness of topical tacrolimus as therapy for symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). The study examined 13 patients who had OLP and were treated with a topical preparation of tacrolimus between September 1999 and September 2000. Three different concentrations of topical tacrolimus were used: 0.03 percent in six patients, 0.1 percent in four patients, and 0.3 percent in three patients. Seven of the patients were treated with adjunctive therapies, including topical corticosteroids, antifungal therapy, and tretinoin gel. The response to treatment was graded in the form of symptom relief and lesion clearance. Symptom relief was graded by the patient as no response to treatment or definite symptomatic response. Lesion clearance was graded as no response, partial response, or complete response. The study

6

Lichen Planus

found that 11 of the 13 patients reported definite symptomatic response to treatment and 2 had no response. A total of eight patients had a partial response with respect to lesion clearance, whereas 3 had a complete response. The response to treatment varied according to the site. Seven of the responding patients had no flares with continued treatment. The other four noted flares soon after stopping the treatment. Side effects were rare and minor. The article concludes that tacrolimus was well tolerated and appeared to be an effective therapy to control symptoms and clear lesions of OLP. 3 figures, 4 tables, and 35 references. (AA-M). •

Successful Treatment of Erosive Lichen Planus With Topical Tacrolimus Source: Archives of Dermatology. 137(4): 419-422. April 2001. Summary: This journal article uses a case report to provide health professionals with information on the treatment of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. The case involves a 69 year old woman with a history of colon cancer, cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis C, and erosive oral lichen planus who presented to a dermatology clinic for therapeutic options regarding a growing ulceration on her lower lip. She had been treated unsuccessfully for the lip and oral ulcerations with topical fluocinonide and clobetasol propionate gel once or twice daily for 1 year. Following examination at the dermatology clinic, therapy was initiated with 0.1 percent topical tacrolimus ointment to the lip ulceration twice daily. Once the lip ulceration resolved, the patient was instructed to apply the tacrolimus ointment to the persistent oral mucosal ulcerations. These ulcerations resolved after 3 months of daily application. The lip and oral ulcerations remained in remission after 1 year without maintenance therapy. The article discusses the etiology, clinical presentations, and management of oral lichen planus. In addition, the article examines the effectiveness of topical corticosteroids, topical and systemic retinoids, topical cyclosporine, psoralen plus ultraviolet A, and tacrolimus in treating oral lichen planus. 3 figures and 31 references.

Federally Funded Research on Lichen Planus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lichen planus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lichen planus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lichen planus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lichen planus:

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

•

7

Project Title: TRIALS TO ENHANCE ELDERS' TEETH/ORAL HEALTH (TEETH) Principal Investigator & Institution: Kiyak, H A.; Associate Professor; Institute on Aging; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed project is a competing renewal of the TEETH ("Trials to Enhance Elders' Teeth and Oral Health") study funded by NIDCR (R01 DE012215, 9/30/97 - 7/31/02). This double blind, randomized clinical trial, supervised by a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), was designed to provide unequivocal evidence regarding the impact of regular rinsing with a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution on tooth loss in low income, community dwelling older adults. A sample of 1101 people aged 60-75 was recruited between 05/98 and 08/99, with 701 in Seattle, 400 in Vancouver, B.C. (under a subcontract to the University of British Columbia). Random assignment resulted in 550 elders in the active rinse, 551 in the placebo. As of the last DSMB meeting in 07/01, the tooth loss rates in groups A and B were 13 and 16 lost teeth per 1000 tooth-years, respectively (p=0.44). The attrition rate and non-compliance rate were lower than projected and were not dependent on treatment assignment. No treatment-related adverse effects have been identified to date. Mortality rates in both groups are similar, and the most common oral lesion - lichen planus - has a similar prevalence in both groups. Surrogate measures of periodontitis and caries are reported annually to the TEETH DSMB. The purpose of this competing renewal is to complete the data follow-up until 12/04, including following up with dentists who have extracted teeth in these subjects during their enrollment in TEETH. Group comparisons will assess the impact of the low-cost chlorhexidine rinse regimen on 5-year incidence of root and coronal caries, attachment loss, and the true endpoint, tooth loss. Clinical data, radiographs, and health histories will aid in determining reasons for tooth loss, in addition to the impact of rinsing with the active vs. placebo solution. The same research team will continue to monitor, analyze, and conduct the TEETH study at both sites, using the protocol stipulated in the initial application, including the modifications provided by the DSMB. Every indication to date suggests a successful completion of this trial as projected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lichen planus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lichen planus” (or 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

8

Lichen Planus

synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lichen planus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of lichen planus caused by mercury allergy. Author(s): Kato Y, Hayakawa R, Shiraki R, Ozeki K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 148(6): 1268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828762

•

A case of lichen planus-lupus erythematosus overlap syndrome with eyelid involvement. Author(s): Tursen U, Oz O, Ikizoglu G, Kaya TI, Dusmez D. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 May-June; 12(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113574

•

A case of localized lichen planus pigmentosus on the thigh. Author(s): Kim KJ, Bae GY, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 29(4): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027092

•

A clinical investigation of the management of oral lichen planus with CO 2 laser surgery. Author(s): Loh HS. Source: Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 1992 December; 10(6): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10148213

•

A retrospective survey of oral lichenoid lesions: revisiting the diagnostic process for oral lichen planus. Author(s): Myers SL, Rhodus NL, Parsons HM, Hodges JS, Kaimal S. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 June; 93(6): 676-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142874

•

A study from Nepal showing no correlation between lichen planus and hepatitis B and C viruses. Author(s): Garg VK, Karki BM, Agrawal S, Agarwalla A, Gupta R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184637

•

A study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus. Author(s): Kanwar AJ, Dogra S, Handa S, Parsad D, Radotra BD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950331

Studies

9

•

Accumulation of oligoclonal T cells in the infiltrating lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Kawamura E, Nakamura S, Sasaki M, Ohyama Y, Kadena T, Kumamaru W, Shirasuna K. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2003 May; 32(5): 282-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694352

•

Actinic lichen planus mimicking melasma. A clinical and histopathologic study of three cases. Author(s): Salman SM, Khallouf R, Zaynoun S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 February; 18(2 Pt 1): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346411

•

Alendronate-induced lichen planus. Author(s): Lazarov A, Moss K, Plosk N, Cordoba M, Baitelman L. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 389-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040836

•

Altered cytokeratin expression in lichen planus. Author(s): Gurbuz Y, Apaydin R, Muezzinoglu B, Bilen N, Ozkara SK. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 March; 17(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12705766

•

Amalgam-contact hypersensitivity lesions and oral lichen planus. Author(s): Thornhill MH, Pemberton MN, Simmons RK, Theaker ED. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 March; 95(3): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627099

•

An interesting case of colocalization of segmental lichen planus and vitiligo in a 14year-old boy. Author(s): Sardana K, Sharma RC, Koranne RV, Mahajan S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 41(8): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207769

•

An open trial of topical tacrolimus for erosive oral lichen planus. Author(s): Morrison L, Kratochvil FJ 3rd, Gorman A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12271312

10

Lichen Planus

•

Analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the lesions of lichen planus in patients with chronic hepatitis C: detection of anti-genomic- as well as genomic-strand HCV RNAs in lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Kurokawa M, Hidaka T, Sasaki H, Nishikata I, Morishita K, Setoyama M. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 2003 June; 32(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788531

•

Annular atrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Mseddi M, Bouassida S, Marrakchi S, Khemakhem M, Turki H, Zahaf A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(2): 208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12920380

•

Annular lichen planus showing a change in metallothionein expression on immunohistochemistry. Author(s): Matsuura C, Tsukifuji R, Shinkai H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1043-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747371

•

Apoptosis-associated markers in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Majorana A, Facchetti F, Pellegrini W, Sapelli P. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1999 January; 28(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890458

•

Assessment of depression in subjects with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus. Author(s): Akay A, Pekcanlar A, Bozdag KE, Altintas L, Karaman A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224690

•

Association of lichen planus and lichen nitidus. Treatment with etretinate. Author(s): Aram H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 March; 27(2): 117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3360550

•

Basement membrane changes in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Jungell P, Konttinen YT, Malmstrom M. Source: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1989; 85(2): 119-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2664770

Studies

11

•

Basic and interleukin-2-augmented natural killer cell activity in lichen planus. Author(s): Simon M Jr, Hunyadi J, Fickentscher H, Hornstein OP. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 178(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2785940

•

Basiliximab is effective for erosive lichen planus. Author(s): Rebora A, Parodi A, Murialdo G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 August; 138(8): 1100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164758

•

beta 2 Microglobulin in lichen planus. Author(s): Scully C, Boyle P. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1982 June; 61(6): 758-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6177723

•

Betel quid-induced oral lichen planus: a case report. Author(s): Stoopler ET, Parisi E, Sollecito TP. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 April; 71(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729096

•

Bilateral comparison of generalized lichen planus treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. Author(s): Gonzalez E, Momtaz-T K, Freedman S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 June; 10(6): 958-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6736339

•

Bilateral conductive deafness related to erosive lichen planus. Author(s): Martin L, Moriniere S, Machet MC, Robier A, Vaillant L. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 April; 112(4): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659499

•

Bilateral keratoconjunctivitis associated with lichen planus. Author(s): Rhee MK, Mootha VV. Source: Cornea. 2004 January; 23(1): 100-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14701968

•

Blood groups in oral lichen planus in southern Orissa. Author(s): Vaish RP, Jena DC, Panigrahi RK. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985 May; 57(5): 183-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3864866

12

Lichen Planus

•

Bone marrow investigation in patients with lichen planus. Author(s): Nordlind K, Lagerholm B, Hast R, Strand A. Source: Dermatologica. 1986; 173(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3758456

•

Bonjela therapy in oral lichen planus: a case report. Author(s): Khadim MI. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1980 March; 30(3): 72-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6770128

•

Bullous lichen planus after intravenous pyelography. Author(s): Grunwald MH, Halevy S, Livni E, Feuerman EJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 September; 13(3): 512-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2932478

•

Bullous lichen planus and lichen planus pemphigoides. Author(s): Zlatkov N, Tsankov N, Pramatarov K, Konstantinov K. Source: Dermatol Monatsschr. 1988; 174(6): 339-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3208930

•

Bullous lichen planus and lichen planus pemphigoides--clinico-pathological comparisons. Author(s): Gawkrodger DJ, Stavropoulos PG, McLaren KM, Buxton PK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 March; 14(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2598489

•

Bullous lichen planus arising in the skin graft donor site of a psoriatic patient. Author(s): Inaloz HS, Patel G, Holt PJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280464

•

Bullous lichen planus caused by labetalol. Author(s): Gange RW, Jones EW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 April 1; 1(6116): 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=346143

•

Bullous lichen planus developed on erythema ab igne. Author(s): Horio T, Imamura S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1986 June; 13(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3537047

Studies

13

•

Bullous lichen planus. Author(s): Handa S, Kanwar AJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1993 December; 10(4): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8302753

•

Bullous lichen planus: diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence and treatment with dapsone. Author(s): Camisa C, Neff JC, Rossana C, Barrett JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 March; 14(3): 464-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514699

•

Bullous oral lichen planus: report of two cases. Author(s): Unsal B, Gultekin SE, Bal E, Tokman B. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 October; 116(10): 1594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640112

•

Case #7: Reticular lichen planus. Author(s): Haring JI. Source: Rdh. 1998 July; 18(7): 11-2, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852861

•

Cell proliferation activity and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Hirota M, Ito T, Okudela K, Kawabe R, Yazawa T, Hayashi H, Nakatani Y, Fujita K, Kitamura H. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 April; 31(4): 204-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076323

•

Cellular autoimmunity in psoriasis and lichen planus. Author(s): Steinmuller D, Zinsmeister AR, Rogers RS 3rd. Source: Journal of Autoimmunity. 1988 June; 1(3): 279-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3251492

•

Cellular immune alterations in fifty-two patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Gandara Rey J, Garcia Garcia A, Blanco Carrion A, Gandara Vila P, Rodriguez Nunez I. Source: Medicina Oral : Organo Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Medicina Oral Y De La Academia Iberoamericana De Patologia Y Medicina Bucal. 2001 August-October; 6(4): 246-62. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11500640

14

Lichen Planus

•

Childhood lichen planus with nail involvement: a case. Author(s): Oztas P, Onder M, Ilter N, Oztas MO. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 July-September; 45(3): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696806

•

Childhood lichen planus: a report of 23 cases. Author(s): Nanda A, Al-Ajmi HS, Al-Sabah H, Al-Hasawi F, Alsaleh QA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 January-February; 18(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11207960

•

Childhood lichen planus: a study of 87 cases. Author(s): Handa S, Sahoo B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 41(7): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121559

•

Chronic Giardia intestinalis infection presenting with clinical features mimicking lichen planus. Author(s): Vassallo C, Brazzelli V, Martinoli S, Ardigo M, Quaglini M, Scaglia M, Borroni G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720188

•

Clinical and pathological characteristics of oral lichen planus in hepatitis C-positive and -negative patients. Author(s): Romero MA, Seoane J, Varela-Centelles P, Diz-Dios P, Otero XL. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2002 February; 27(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903367

•

Clinical behaviour of malignant transforming oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mignogna MD, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Califano L, Lo Muzio L. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2002 December; 28(8): 838-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477475

•

Clinical evaluation in treatment of oral lichen planus with topical fluocinolone acetonide: a 2-year follow-up. Author(s): Thongprasom K, Luengvisut P, Wongwatanakij A, Boonjatturus C. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2003 July; 32(6): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787037

Studies

15

•

Clinical guidelines in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in oral lichen planus: a 5-year experience. Author(s): Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Bucci E. Source: Oral Oncology. 2001 April; 37(3): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287280

•

Coexistence of Riehl's melanosis and lichen planus. Author(s): Seike M, Hirose Y, Ikeda M, Kodama H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 30(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692380

•

Comparison of the distribution and numbers of antigen-presenting cells among Tlymphocyte-mediated dermatoses: CD1a+, factor XIIIa+, and CD68+ cells in eczematous dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus and graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Deguchi M, Aiba S, Ohtani H, Nagura H, Tagami H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 October; 294(7): 297-302. Epub 2002 July 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373334

•

Concurrent oral lichen planus and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author(s): Tong DC, Ferguson MM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 356-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174112

•

Contact dermatitis due to eugenol used to treat oral lichen planus. Author(s): Fujita Y, Shimizu T, Nishie W, Shimizu H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 May; 48(5): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868981

•

Contact hypersensitivity to mercury in amalgam restorations may mimic oral lichen planus. Author(s): Camisa C, Taylor JS, Bernat JR Jr, Helm TN. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 March; 63(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190076

•

Cost-effectiveness of screening for the possible development of cancer in patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): van der Meij EH, Bezemer PD, van der Waal I. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2002 October; 30(5): 342-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12236825

16

Lichen Planus

•

Course of various clinical forms of oral lichen planus. A prospective follow-up study of 611 patients. Author(s): Thorn JJ, Holmstrup P, Rindum J, Pindborg JJ. Source: J Oral Pathol. 1988 May; 17(5): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144584

•

Cutaneous lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Patel GK, Turner RJ, Marks R. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 January; 17(1): 98-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602985

•

Demonstration of antibody to 230 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen in lichen planuslike keratosis. Author(s): Seishima M, Izumi T, Kanoh H, Kitajima Y. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 July-August; 9(5): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417446

•

Dermacase. Lichen Planus. Author(s): Enta T, Adams SP. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 May; 45: 1177, 1186. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349058

•

Dermoscopic features of plaque psoriasis and lichen planus: new observations. Author(s): Vazquez-Lopez F, Manjon-Haces JA, Maldonado-Seral C, Raya-Aguado C, Perez-Oliva N, Marghoob AA. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12920364

•

Dermoscopy of pigmented lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Vazquez-Lopez F, Maldonado-Seral C, Lopez-Escobar M, Perez-Oliva N. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950352

•

Desquamative vaginitis: lichen planus in disguise. Author(s): Edwards L, Friedrich EG Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 June; 71(6 Pt 1): 832-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368168

Studies

17

•

Destruction of basement membrane and cell infiltrates in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Hirota J, Yoneda K, Osaki T. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1989 August; 185(2): 218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2678033

•

Detection of clonal T cells in lichen planus. Author(s): Schiller PI, Flaig MJ, Puchta U, Kind P, Sander CA. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 November; 292(11): 568-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11194896

•

Detection of hepatitis C virus replication by In situ hybridization in epithelial cells of anti-hepatitis C virus-positive patients with and without oral lichen planus. Author(s): Arrieta JJ, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Casqueiro M, Bartolom inverted question marke J, Manzarbeitia F, Herrero M, Pardo M, Carreno V. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 July; 32(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10869295

•

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and core protein in keratinocytes from patients with cutaneous lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Lazaro P, Olalquiaga J, Bartolome J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Pardo M, Lecona M, Pico M, Longo I, Garcia-Morras P, Carreno V. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 October; 119(4): 798-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12406323

•

Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in oral lichen planus and oral cancer tissues. Author(s): Nagao Y, Sata M, Noguchi S, Seno'o T, Kinoshita M, Kameyama T, Ueno T. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 July; 29(6): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890556

•

Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Rhodus NL, Myers S, Kaimal S. Source: Northwest Dent. 2003 March-April; 82(2): 17-9, 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723426

•

Diagnosis of lichen planus pemphigoides in the absence of bullae on normalappearing skin. Author(s): Archer CB, Cronin E, Smith NP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 November; 17(6): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486711

18

Lichen Planus

•

Diagnostic quiz #47. Case no. 1. Lichen planus. Author(s): Baughman R, Claudio R, Jenson O. Source: Todays Fda. 2001 January; 13(1): 20, 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404931

•

Differential diagnosis in dentistry: plaque-type lichen planus. Author(s): Lynch DP. Source: J Houston Dist Dent Soc. 1988 April; : 6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3216122

•

Direct immunofluorescence in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions. Author(s): Raghu AR, Nirmala NR, Sreekumaran N. Source: Quintessence Int. 2002 March; 33(3): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921773

•

Disorder-specific changes in innervation in oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions. Author(s): Nissalo S, Hietanen J, Malmstrom M, Hukkanen M, Polak J, Konttinen YT. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 September; 29(8): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972344

•

Distribution of interferon-gamma mRNA-positive cells in oral lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Simark Mattsson C, Jontell M, Bergenholtz G, Heyden M, Dahlgren UI. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1998 November; 27(10): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831961

•

Distribution of interleukin-2, -4, -10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta mRNAs in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Simark-Mattsson C, Bergenholtz G, Jontell M, Eklund C, Seymour GJ, Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Dahlgren UI. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1999 June; 44(6): 499-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10401528

•

Distribution of mucosal pH on the bucca, tongue, lips and palate. A study in healthy volunteers and patients with lichen planus, Behcet's disease and burning mouth syndrome. Author(s): Yosipovitch G, Kaplan I, Calderon S, David M, Chan YH, Weinberger A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 June-July; 81(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558872

Studies

19

•

Drug-induced lichen planus. Author(s): Ellgehausen P, Elsner P, Burg G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1998 May-June; 16(3): 325-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9642527

•

Effective treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with thalidomide. Author(s): Camisa C, Popovsky JL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 December; 136(12): 1442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115153

•

Elevated alphafetoprotein in an hepatitis B seropositive African woman with hypertrophic zosteriform lichen planus. Author(s): Daramola OO, Otegbayo JA. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 October; 33(4): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620439

•

Epithelial cell proliferation in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Taniguchi Y, Nagao T, Maeda H, Kameyama Y, Warnakulasuriya KA. Source: Cell Proliferation. 2002 August; 35 Suppl 1: 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139713

•

Erosion and ulceration occurring on oral lichen planus. Comments on the article 'Erosive lichen planus: what is this?' by A. Rebora. Author(s): Kuffer R, Lombardi T. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(3): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571090

•

Erosive lichen planus of the vulva and vagina. Author(s): Amstey MS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 102(3): 645; Author Reply 645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962964

•

Erosive lichen planus of the vulva and vagina. Author(s): Lotery HE, Galask RP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 101(5 Pt 2): 1121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738123

•

Erosive Lichen planus: what is this? Author(s): Rebora A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 226-8; Discussion 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399667

20

Lichen Planus

•

Erosive oral lichen planus and salivary cortisol. Author(s): Rodstrom PO, Jontell M, Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Lindstedt G. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2001 May; 30(5): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334460

•

Erosive oral lichen planus with genital lesions: the vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome and the peno-gingival syndrome. Author(s): Rogers RS 3rd, Eisen D. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 January; 21(1): 91-8, Vi-Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622271

•

Erosive penile lichen planus responding to circumcision. Author(s): Porter WM, Dinneen M, Hawkins DA, Bunker CB. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 May; 15(3): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683298

•

Erosive perianal lichen planus responsive to tacrolimus. Author(s): Watsky KL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 42(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653920

•

Erythematosus actinic lichen planus: a new clinical form associated with oral erosive lichen planus and chronic active hepatitis B. Author(s): Skowron F, Grezard P, Merle P, Balme B, Perrot H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1032-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410730

•

Erythematous and reticular forms of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions differ in pathological features related to disease activity. Author(s): Karatsaidis A, Schreurs O, Helgeland K, Axell T, Schenck K. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2003 May; 32(5): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694351

Studies

21

•

Esophageal lichen planus: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Abraham SC, Ravich WJ, Anhalt GJ, Yardley JH, Wu TT. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2000 December; 24(12): 1678-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117791

•

Esophageal lichen planus: the Mayo Clinic experience. Author(s): Harewood GC, Murray JA, Cameron AJ. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 1999; 12(4): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770369

•

Evaluation of mast cells in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reaction. Author(s): Jose M, Raghu AR, Rao NN. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2001 July-September; 12(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11808069

•

Evaluation of premalignant potential in oral lichen planus using interphase cytogenetics. Author(s): Kim J, Yook JI, Lee EH, Ryu MH, Yoon JH, Hong JC, Kim DJ, Kim HS. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2001 February; 30(2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168849

•

Expression of apoptotic signaling proteins in leukoplakia and oral lichen planus: quantitative and topographical studies. Author(s): Tanda N, Mori S, Saito K, Ikawa K, Sakamoto S. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 September; 29(8): 385-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972347

•

Expression of RANTES and CCR1 in oral lichen planus and association with mast cell migration. Author(s): Zhao ZZ, Sugerman PB, Walsh LJ, Savage NW. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 March; 31(3): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903822

22

Lichen Planus

•

Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis C virus infection: the slowly unraveling picture of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mignogna MD, Fedele S, Lo Russo L, Ruoppo E, Adamo D, Lo Muzio L. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 September; 37(3): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175640

•

False-positive polymerase chain reaction results for human papillomavirus in lichen planus. Potential laboratory pitfalls of this procedure. Author(s): Boyd AS, Annarella M, Rapini RP, Adler-Storthz K, Duvic M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 July; 35(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8682962

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Sandhu K, Handa S, Kanwar AJ. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657027

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Katzenelson V, Lotem M, Sandbank M. Source: Dermatologica. 1990; 180(3): 166-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2187721

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Valsecchi R, Bontempelli M, di Landro A, Barcella A, Lainelli T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1990; 70(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1972851

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Lin AN, Srolovitz H, Billick RC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 February; 37(2): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956256

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Caro I. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 May; 120(5): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721518

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Copeman PW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 April; 117(4): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7212736

Studies

23

•

Familial lichen planus. Author(s): Malhotra YK, Kanwar AJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 June; 116(6): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7377800

•

Familial lichen planus. A case report. Author(s): Sodaify M, Vollum DI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 May; 98(5): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=656331

•

Familial lichen planus. A report of nine cases from four families with a brief review of the literature. Author(s): Mahood JM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 April; 119(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6838234

•

Familial lichen planus. Another disease or a distinct people? Author(s): Copeman PW, Tan RS, Timlin D, Samman PD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 May; 98(5): 573-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=656330

•

Familial lichen planus. More frequent than previously suggested? Author(s): Kofoed ML, Wantzin GL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 July; 13(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4031153

•

Fibrinoid necrosis and downward motion of colloid bodies in lichen planus (apoptosis). Author(s): Sumegi I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1979; 59(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=84463

•

Fluocinonide in an adhesive base for treatment of oral lichen planus. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Author(s): Voute AB, Schulten EA, Langendijk PN, Kostense PJ, van der Waal I. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 February; 75(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8426717

24

Lichen Planus

•

Fluticasone propionate spray and betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthrinse: a randomized crossover study for the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus. Author(s): Hegarty AM, Hodgson TA, Lewsey JD, Porter SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 August; 47(2): 271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140475

•

Folate and vitamin B12 levels in patients with oral lichen planus, stomatitis or glossitis. Author(s): Thongprasom K, Youngnak P, Aneksuk V. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944731

•

Follow-up studies in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Kovesi G, Banoczy J. Source: Int J Oral Surg. 1973; 2(1): 13-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4201917

•

Frequency of anti-HCV antibodies in patients with lichen planus. Author(s): Mahboob A, Haroon TS, Iqbal Z, Iqbal F, Butt AK. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 May; 13(5): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757670

•

Frontal fibrosing alopecia associated with cutaneous lichen planus in a premenopausal woman. Author(s): Faulkner CF, Wilson NJ, Jones SK. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 43(1): 65-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869213

•

Functional studies of skin mast cells in lichen planus. Author(s): Zalewska A, Brzezinska-Blaszczyk E, Omulecki A, Pietrzak A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 April; 289(5): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9164635

•

GB virus infection in patients with oral cancer and oral lichen planus. Author(s): Nagao Y, Sata M, Noguchi S, Suzuki H, Mizokami M, Kameyama T, Tanikawa K. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1997 March; 26(3): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9083939

Studies

25

•

Gene expression of differentiation-specific keratins (K4, K13, K1 and K10) in oral non-dysplastic keratoses and lichen planus. Author(s): Bloor BK, Seddon SV, Morgan PR. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 September; 29(8): 376-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972346

•

Generalized lichen amyloidosis associated with chronic lichen planus. Author(s): Hongcharu W, Baldassano M, Gonzalez E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 August; 43(2 Pt 2): 3468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901719

•

Generalized lichen nitidus appearing subsequent to lichen planus. Author(s): Kawakami T, Soma Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 June; 22(6): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7650243

•

Generalized lichen planus associated with hepatitis C virus immunoreactivity. Author(s): Bellman B, Reddy R, Falanga V. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 November; 35(5 Pt 1): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912576

•

Generalized lichen planus associated with primary biliar cirrhosis which resolved after liver transplantation. Author(s): Oleaga JM, Gardeazabal J, Sanz de Galdeano C, Diaz PJ. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747550

•

Generalized lichen planus in childhood: is dapsone an effective treatment modality? Author(s): Basak PY, Basak K. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 October-December; 44(4): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458814

•

Generalized lichen planus-like eruption due to acetylsalicylic acid. Author(s): Ruiz Villaverde R, Blasco Melguizo J, Mendoza Guil F, Martin Sanchez MC, Naranjo Sintes R. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 July; 17(4): 470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834467

26

Lichen Planus

•

Generalized severe lichen planus treated with azathioprine. Author(s): Verma KK, Sirka CS, Khaitan BK. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 November; 79(6): 493. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10598780

•

Giant keratoacanthoma arising in hypertrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Giesecke LM, Reid CM, James CL, Huilgol SC. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 44(4): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616493

•

Gingival erosive lichen planus: case report. Author(s): Dorta RG, de Souza JB, Oliveira DT. Source: Brazilian Dental Journal. 2001; 12(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210255

•

Gingival lichen planus: a diagnostic problem. Author(s): Rubira IR, Gobetti JP. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 1994 February; 76(2): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7932660

•

Glucose tolerance in patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Christensen E, Holmstrup P, Wiberg-Jorgensen F, Neumann-Jensen B, Pindborg JJ. Source: J Oral Pathol. 1977 May; 6(3): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=405465

•

Glucose tolerance studies in lichen planus. Author(s): Nigam PK, Sharma L, Agrawal JK, Singh G, Khurana SK. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 175(6): 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3319720

•

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lichen planus skin. Author(s): Ryan M, Phizackerley PJ, Ryan TJ, Ellis JP, Powell SM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 June; 94(6): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=949457

•

Granular cells in oral lichen planus. Author(s): van der Meij EH, van der Waal I. Source: Oral Diseases. 2001 March; 7(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355436

Studies

27

•

Griseofulvin in the treatment of oral lichen planus: adverse drug reactions, but little beneficial effect. Author(s): Matthews RW, Scully C. Source: Ann Dent. 1992 Winter; 51(2): 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1463308

•

Griseofulvin in the treatment of three cases of oral erosive lichen planus. Author(s): Aufdemorte TB, De Villez RL, Gieseker DR. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1983 May; 55(5): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6575336

•

Griseofulvin therapy of lichen planus. Author(s): Massa MC, Rogers RS 3rd. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(6): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6177168

•

Guess what! Solitary lichen planus-like benign keratosis. Author(s): Borgia F, Vaccaro M, D'Amico D, Guarneri C, Guarneri F, Cannavo S. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2001 January-February; 11(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174145

•

Heat shock protein expression in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Xu LJ, Walsh LJ, Seymour GJ. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1995 January; 24(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722915

•

Helicobacter pylori CagA seropositivity is not strongly associated with lichen planus. Author(s): Dauden E, Cabrera MM, Onate MJ, Pajares JM, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 1199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639425

•

Hepatitis C and its association with lichen planus and porphyria cutanea tarda. Author(s): Pereyo NG, Lesher JL Jr, Davis LS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 March; 32(3): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868738

•

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infection and oral lichen planus. Author(s): Grote M, Reichart PA, Berg T, Hopf U. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1998 December; 29(6): 1034-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875658

28

Lichen Planus

•

Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus in Nigerians: any relationship? Author(s): Daramola OO, George AO, Ogunbiyi AO. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 41(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12031030

•

Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: A case-control study of 340 patients. Author(s): Chuang TY, Stitle L, Brashear R, Lewis C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 1): 787-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534648

•

Hepatitis C virus and oral lichen planus/lichenoid reactions: lack of evidence for an association. Author(s): Roy KM, Dickson EM, Staines KS, Bagg J. Source: Clin Lab. 2000; 46(5-6): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853232

•

Hepatitis C virus infection and oral lichen planus: a report from The Netherlands. Author(s): van der Meij EH, van der Waal I. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 July; 29(6): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890555

•

Hepatitis C virus infection in Thai patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Klanrit P, Thongprasom K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Source: Oral Diseases. 2003 November; 9(6): 292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629329

•

Hepatitis C virus infection prevalence in lichen planus: examination of lesional and normal skin of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with lichen planus for the presence of hepatitis C virus RNA. Author(s): Erkek E, Bozdogan O, Olut AI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 September; 26(6): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678885

•

Hepatitis C virus RNA detection in oral lichen planus tissue. Author(s): Nagao Y, Kameyama T, Sata M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 May; 93(5): 850. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625153

Studies

29

•

Hepatitis C virus-associated oral lichen planus: no influence from hepatitis G virus co-infection. Author(s): Lodi G, Carrozzo M, Harris K, Piattelli A, Teo CG, Gandolfo S, Scully C, Porter SR. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2000 January; 29(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678715

•

High incidence of oral lichen planus in an HCV hyperendemic area. Author(s): Nagao Y, Sata M, Fukuizumi K, Ryu F, Ueno T. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 September; 119(3): 882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023364

•

High prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with HCV-associated oral lichen planus. Author(s): Nagao Y, Tsubone K, Kimura R, Hanada S, Kumashiro R, Ueno T, Sata M. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2002 March; 9(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836636

•

High rate of malignant transformation in atypical oral lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Manuel Gandara Rey J, Diniz Freitas M. Source: Medicina Oral : Organo Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Medicina Oral Y De La Academia Iberoamericana De Patologia Y Medicina Bucal. 2003 NovemberDecember; 8(5): 309; Author Reply 310. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649667

•

Histological improvement of oral Lichen planus in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon. Author(s): Nagao Y, Sata M, Suzuki H, Kameyama T, Ueno T. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 July; 117(1): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428615

•

Histopathological discriminant criteria between lichenoid drug eruption and idiopathic lichen planus: retrospective study on selected samples. Author(s): Van den Haute V, Antoine JL, Lachapelle JM. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 179(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2527767

•

Hypertrophic lichen planus and light sensitivity in an HIV-positive patient. Author(s): Pardo RJ, Kerdel FA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 November; 27(9): 642-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3229890

30

Lichen Planus

•

Images and diagnoses. Lichen planus. Author(s): Fitz-Henley M. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 December; 50(4): 332, 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11993031

•

Images in clinical medicine. Oral lichen planus as a clinical sign of graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Findler M, Garfunkel AA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 4; 349(23): 2223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657429

•

Immunohistochemical study of oral lichen planus associated with hepatitis C virus infection, oral lichenoid contact sensitivity reaction and idiopathic oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mega H, Jiang WW, Takagi M. Source: Oral Diseases. 2001 September; 7(5): 296-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117205

•

Implant retained overdentures for two patients with severe lichen planus: a clinical report. Author(s): Esposito SJ, Camisa C, Morgan M. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2003 January; 89(1): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589278

•

Induction of dramatic hyperpigmentation in a patient with generalized lichen planus treated with re-PUVA. Author(s): Carlin CS, Florell SR, Krueger GG. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2002 March-April; 6(2): 125-7. Epub 2002 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992185

•

Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES/CCL5 and IP-10/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self-recruiting mechanism. Author(s): Iijima W, Ohtani H, Nakayama T, Sugawara Y, Sato E, Nagura H, Yoshie O, Sasano T. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 July; 163(1): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819030

Studies

31

•

Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the clinical assessment of oral lichen planus. Author(s): van der Meij EH, Schepman KP, Plonait DR, Axell T, van der Waal I. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 February; 31(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896830

•

Investigation into a possible association between oral lichen planus, the human herpesviruses, and the human papillomaviruses. Author(s): OFlatharta C, Flint SR, Toner M, Butler D, Mabruk MJ. Source: Molecular Diagnosis : a Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Disease Through the Clinical Application of Molecular Biology. 2003; 7(2): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580227

•

Isolated lichen planus of the lip. Author(s): Cecchi R, Giomi A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 43(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423442

•

Isolated lichen planus of the lower lip. Author(s): Yu TC, Kelly SC, Weinberg JM, Scheinfeld NS. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 March; 71(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12661749

•

Keratin and involucrin expression in discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. Author(s): Ichikawa E, Watanabe S, Takahashi H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 August; 289(9): 519-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9341972

•

Keratin expression in cutaneous lichen planus. Author(s): Schofield JK, De Berker D, Milligan A, Rohloff W, Marren P, Davies MG, Burge S, Graham-Brown R, Leigh IM. Source: Histopathology. 1995 February; 26(2): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7537716

•

Keratin staining pattern in clinically normal and diseased oral mucosa of lichen planus patients. Author(s): Maeda H, Reibel J, Holmstrup P. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 August; 102(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7522339

32

Lichen Planus

•

Keratoacanthoma arising in hypertrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Badell A, Marcoval J, Gallego I, Moreno A, Peyri J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730785

•

Keratoacanthoma developing in hypertrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Chave TA, Graham-Brown RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 March; 148(3): 592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653757

•

Keratoacanthomas arising in hypertrophic lichen planus. A case report. Author(s): Allen JV, Callen JP. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 August; 117(8): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7259250

•

Keratosis lichenoides chronica is synonymous with lichen planus. Author(s): Kersey P, Ive FA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1982 January; 7(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094406

•

Keratosis lichenoides chronica: a variant of lichen planus. Author(s): Grunwald MH, Amichai B, Finkelstein E, Kachko L. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 October; 24(10): 630-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9375461

•

KH 1060 for the treatment of lichen planus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Author(s): Bouloc A, Revuz J, Bagot M, Wechsler J, Natta P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 October; 136(10): 1272. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030784

•

Koebner phenomenon due to sacred thread in lichen planus. Author(s): Joshi A, Agarwalla A, Agrawal S, Garg VK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 27(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721664

•

Lichen planus as a side effect of HBV vaccination. Author(s): Rebora A, Rongioletti F, Drago F, Parodi. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(1): 1-2. Review. Erratum In: Dermatology 1999; 198(2): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200042

Studies

33

•

Lichen planus evoked by periodontal surgery. Author(s): Katz J, Goultschin J, Benoliel R, Rotstein I, Pisanty S. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1988 April; 15(4): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3164335

•

Lichen planus following procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sherertz EF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 July; 42(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3203534

•

Lichen planus hypertrophicus with carcinoma breast in a male patient (a case report). Author(s): Choudhary SD, Gupta S, Jain VK, Bhatia KK, Dashore A. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1988 July; 33(3): 40-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3250929

•

Lichen planus of the vulva. Author(s): Soper DE, Patterson JW, Hurt WG, Fantl JA, Blaylock WK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 July; 72(1): 74-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3288931

•

Lichen planus pemphigoides in a 9-year-old child: Successful treatment with topical corticosteroids. Author(s): Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Salmhofer W, Kerl H. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 January-February; 16(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028008

•

Lichen planus pemphigoides presenting with a strikingly unilateral distribution. Author(s): Sapadin AN, Phelps RG, Fellner MJ, Kantor I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 37(12): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9888340

•

Lichen planus sera react non-specifically with second trimester fetal skin. Author(s): Camisa C, Rossana C, Lane AT. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988 June; 26(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057212

•

Lichen planus: common and uncommon manifestations. Author(s): Brown FH, Houston GD, Lubow RM. Source: Gen Dent. 1988 May-June; 36(3): 254-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3215501

34

Lichen Planus

•

Lymphocyte activation in oral lichen planus in situ. Author(s): Malmstrom M, Konttinen YT, Jungell P, Bergroth V, Segerberg-Konttinen M, Nordstrom D. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 March; 89(3): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3348168

•

Malignancy in oral lichen planus: a review of a group from the Malaysian population. Author(s): Yaacob HB, Tan PL, Ngeow WC. Source: J Oral Sci. 2002 June; 44(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227497

•

Malignant degeneration of oral lichen planus: our clinical experience and review of the literature. Author(s): Bruno E, Alessandrini M, Russo S, D'Erme G, Nucci R, Calabretta F. Source: An Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 2002; 29(4): 349-57. Erratum In: an Otorrinolaringol Ibero Am. 2002; 29(5): Preceding 419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462928

•

Malignant development of lichen planus-affected oral mucosa. Author(s): Holmstrup P, Thorn JJ, Rindum J, Pindborg JJ. Source: J Oral Pathol. 1988 May; 17(5): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144585

•

Malignant potential of the reticular form of oral lichen planus over a 25-year observation period in 55 patients from Slovenia. Author(s): Rode M, Kogoj-Rode M. Source: J Oral Sci. 2002 June; 44(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227495

•

Malignant transformation of atypical oral lichen planus: a review of 32 cases. Author(s): Lanfranchi-Tizeira HE, Aguas SC, Sano SM. Source: Medicina Oral : Organo Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Medicina Oral Y De La Academia Iberoamericana De Patologia Y Medicina Bucal. 2003 January-February; 8(1): 2-9. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556717

•

Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Larsson A, Warfvinge G. Source: Oral Oncology. 2003 September; 39(6): 630-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798408

Studies

35

•

Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising from a previous area of chronic hypertrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Ardabili M, Gambichler T, Rotterdam S, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K, Stucker M. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 February; 9(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639468

•

MIG is a dominant lymphocyte-attractant chemokine in lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Spandau U, Toksoy A, Goebeler M, Brocker EB, Gillitzer R. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 December; 111(6): 1003-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9856808

•

Mucosal staining after using topical tacrolimus to treat erosive oral lichen planus. Author(s): Shen JT, Pedvis-Leftick A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 February; 50(2): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726901

•

Multiple linear lichen planus in HIV patient. Author(s): Ruiz Villaverde R, Blasco Melguizo J, Naranjo Sintes R, Serrano Ortega S, Dulanto Campos MC. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224707

•

Nail changes in lichen planus may resemble those of yellow nail syndrome. Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cameli N. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 848-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10792266

•

Nail in lichen planus. Author(s): Ronchese F. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 April; 91(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9626083

•

Nail lichen planus in children: clinical features, response to treatment, and long-term follow-up. Author(s): Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cambiaghi S, Jorizzo M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 August; 137(8): 1027-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493095

36

Lichen Planus

•

Naproxen-induced lichen planus bullosus. Author(s): Ozkan S, Izler F, Fetil E, Dorak F, Gunes T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 July; 79(4): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430000

•

Narrow-band UVB for lichen planus treatment. Author(s): Taneja A, Taylor CR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 41(5): 282-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100704

•

Narrowband UVB therapy in the treatment of lichen planus. Author(s): Saricaoglu H, Karadogan SK, Baskan EB, Tunali S. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2003 October; 19(5): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535898

•

NF-kappaB expression in oral and cutaneous lichen planus. Author(s): Santoro A, Majorana A, Bardellini E, Festa S, Sapelli P, Facchetti F. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2003 November; 201(3): 466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595759

•

Nicotine gum for oral lichen planus. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Skinner RB, Rosenberg EW. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 27(11): 755. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138547

•

Non-specific oral ulceration resembling lichen planus. A case report. Author(s): Edwards GB, Mason GA, Barsley RE. Source: Lda J. 1989 Spring; 48(1): 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2622225

•

Nuclear and cellular volumetric alterations in oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions: a histomorphometric study. Author(s): Khoo SP, Primasari A, Saub R. Source: J Oral Sci. 2001 September; 43(3): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732734

•

Oral lichen planus and HLA A. Author(s): Ognjenovic M, Karelovic D, Cindro VV, Tadin I. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 December; 22 Suppl: 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951146

Studies

37

•

Oral lichen planus and HLA B. Author(s): Ognjenovic M, Karelovic D, Mikelic M, Tadin I, Vrebalov-Cindro V. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 December; 22 Suppl: 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951147

•

Oral lichen planus and HLA DR. Author(s): Ognjenovic M, Karelovic D, Cekic-Arambasin A, Tadin I, Vrebalov-Cindro V. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 December; 22 Suppl: 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951148

•

Oral lichen planus and intake of drugs metabolized by polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Author(s): Kragelund C, Thomsen CE, Bardow A, Pedersen AM, Nauntofte B, Reibel J, Torpet LA. Source: Oral Diseases. 2003 July; 9(4): 177-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974517

•

Oral lichen planus in patients infected or noninfected with hepatitis C virus: the role of autoimmunity. Author(s): Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Lodi G, Carbone M, Garzino-Demo P, Carbonero C, Porter SR, Scully C. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1999 January; 28(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890452

•

Oral lichen planus in patients with chronic liver diseases. Author(s): Friedrich RE, Heiland M, El-Moawen A, Dogan A, von Schrenck T, Loning T. Source: Infection. 2003 December; 31(6): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735379

•

Oral lichen planus part I: epidemiology, clinics, etiology, immunopathogeny, and diagnosis. Author(s): de Moura Castro Jacques C, Cardozo Pereira AL, Cabral MG, Cardoso AS, Ramos-e-Silva M. Source: Skinmed. 2003 November-December; 2(6): 342-7; Quiz 348-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673245

•

Oral lichen planus. Clinical aspects and management in fifty-two Brazilian patients. Author(s): Machado AC, Sugaya NN, Migliari DA, Matthews RW. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 September; 52(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649100

38

Lichen Planus

•

Oral lichen planus. Update for the general practitioner. Author(s): Stoopler ET, Sollecito TP, DeRossi SS. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 2003 June-July; 69(6): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13677863

•

Oral lichen planus: progress in understanding its malignant potential and the implications for clinical management. Author(s): Epstein JB, Wan LS, Gorsky M, Zhang L. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 July; 96(1): 32-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847441

•

Palmoplantar lichen planus presenting with vesicle-like papules. Author(s): Gunduz K, Inanir I, Turkdogan P, Sacar H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707472

•

Pemphigus foliaceus and oral lichen planus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and thymoma. Author(s): Ng PP, Ng SK, Chng HH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 July; 23(4): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894364

•

Plasma insulin response to oral glycaemic stimulus in lichen planus. Author(s): Nigam PK, Singh G, Agrawal JK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 July; 119(1): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3044435

•

Presence of HPV 16 sequences in oral lichen planus lesions. Author(s): Gonzalez-Moles MA, Rodriguez-Archilla A, Ruiz Avila I, Esteban F, Gonzalez-Moles S, Bravo M. Source: Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1998 April-September; 40(2-3): 92-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9861768

•

Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus, and normal oral mucosa. Author(s): Sand LP, Jalouli J, Larsson PA, Hirsch JM. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 May; 93(5): 586-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075209

Studies

39

•

Prevalence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in 1167 Iranian textile workers. Author(s): Jahanbani J. Source: Oral Diseases. 2003 November; 9(6): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629331

•

Prevalence of oral lichen planus in a group of hepatitis C patients. Author(s): Engin B, Oguz O, Mert A, Ozaras R, Tabak F, Senturk H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 29(7): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184649

•

Psychologic factors and oral lichen planus. A psychometric evaluation of 100 cases. Author(s): Rojo-Moreno JL, Bagan JV, Rojo-Moreno J, Donat JS, Milian MA, Jimenez Y. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1998 December; 86(6): 687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868726

•

Psychoneuroimmunology in oral biology and medicine: the model of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Prolo P, Chiappelli F, Cajulis E, Bauer J, Spackman S, Romeo H, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Christensen R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 966: 429-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114301

•

PUVA-induced lichen planus. Author(s): Nanda S, Grover C, Reddy BS. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 February; 30(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692384

•

Quantitation of tryptase- and chymase-containing mast cells in cutaneous lichen planus. Author(s): Harvima IT, Naukkarinen A, Harvima RJ, Aalto ML, Neittaanmaki H, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(5): 394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1721758

•

Quantitative analysis of contact sites between mast cells and sensory nerves in cutaneous psoriasis and lichen planus based on a histochemical double staining technique. Author(s): Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT, Aalto ML, Harvima RJ, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1991; 283(7): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1724896

40

Lichen Planus

•

Quantitative analysis of HCV RNA and genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C accompanied by oral lichen planus. Author(s): Nagao Y, Sata M, Itoh K, Tanikawa K, Kameyama T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 June; 26(6): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8817164

•

Quantitative assessment of apoptosis in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Bloor BK, Malik FK, Odell EW, Morgan PR. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 August; 88(2): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468464

•

Quantitative assessment of lymphocytes and plasma cells in leukoplakia, candidiasis, and lichen planus. Author(s): Lehner T. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1971 November-December; 50(6): 1661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5288907

•

Quantitative cellular and nuclear volumetric alterations in epithelium from lichen planus lesions of human buccal mucosa. Author(s): White FH, Jin Y, Yang L. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1994 May; 23(5): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046657

•

Quantitative cytological analysis of smears collected from lesions clinically resembling oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mollaoglu N, Cowpe JG, Walker R. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2001 August; 12(4): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11512550

•

Quantitative cytomorphologic analyses of Papanicolaou-stained smears from oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mollaoglu N, Cowpe JG, Walker R. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2001 April; 23(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332077

Studies

41

•

Quantitative studies on nonlymphoid mononuclear cell subpopulations in cutaneous infiltrates. I. Stage-related changes of dendritic nonlymphoid mononuclear cells, Langerhans' cells, and macrophages in lichen planus lesions. Author(s): De Panfilis G, Rowden G. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1986 February; 8(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706669

•

Quinidine-induced lichen planus. Author(s): Maltz BL, Becker LE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1980 March; 19(2): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358452

•

Re: McCreary CE, McCarten BE. Clinical management of oral lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37: 338-343. Author(s): Zakrzewska JM, Thornhill M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2001 April; 39(2): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11286458

•

Re: Mollaoglu N. Oral lichen planus: a review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 370377. Author(s): Zakrzewska JM. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2001 October; 39(5): 407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724026

•

Recent advances on the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The adhesion molecules. Author(s): Femiano F, Cozzolino F, Gaeta GM, De Luca P, Perfetto B, Baroni A. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 1999 April; 48(4): 151-9. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10431536

•

Reduced in vivo cell-mediated immune responses to mumps, tuberculin, and streptokinase/streptodornase but not to Candida albicans in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Simark-Mattsson C, Jontell M, Bergenholtz G, Dahlgren UI. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1999 November; 78(11): 1704-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576166

•

Reduction of epithelial dendritic cells in keratotic lesion of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Mravak-Stipetic M, Pirkic A, Vidas I. Source: Coll Antropol. 1998 December; 22 Suppl: 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951149

42

Lichen Planus

•

Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Thongprasom K, Luangjarmekorn L, Sererat T, Taweesap W. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1992 November; 21(10): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1460584

•

Relative incidence of intraoral pemphigus vulgaris, mucus membrane pemphigoid and lichen planus. Author(s): Zegarelli DJ, Sabbagh E. Source: Ann Dent. 1989 Summer; 48(1): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2675749

•

Relevant contact sensitivities in patients with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Yiannias JA, el-Azhary RA, Hand JH, Pakzad SY, Rogers RS 3rd. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 1): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10642670

•

Resolution of lichen planus following removal of amalgam restorations in patients with proven allergy to mercury salts: a pilot study. Author(s): Smart ER, Macleod RI, Lawrence CM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1995 February 11; 178(3): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7873305

•

Retroperitoneal round-cell liposarcoma associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus presenting as lichen planus pemphigoides-like eruption. Author(s): Krunic AL, Kokai D, Bacetic B, Kesic V, Nikolic MM, Petkovic S, Clark RE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 July; 36(7): 526-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9268753

•

Serum interleukin-6 level is a useful marker in evaluating therapeutic effects of levamisole and Chinese medicinal herbs on patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Sun A, Chia JS, Chang YF, Chiang CP. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 April; 31(4): 196-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076322

Studies

43

•

Severe generalized ulcerative lichen planus. Author(s): Matsuura A, Takenaka H, Yasuno H, Kishimoto S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735652

•

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in esophageal lichen planus. Author(s): Calabrese C, Fabbri A, Benni M, Areni A, Scialpi C, Miglioli M, Di Febo G. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 April; 57(4): 596-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665780

•

Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue arising in lichen planus: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Camisa C, Hamaty FG, Gay JD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 October; 62(4): 175-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798105

•

Subsets of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Lin SC, Hahn LJ, Kwan HW. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1988 April; 17(2): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2968408

•

Successful treatment of erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. Author(s): Kirtschig G, Van Der Meulen AJ, Ion Lipan JW, Stoof TJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207624

•

Successful treatment of lichen planus with low-molecular-weight heparin: a case series of seven patients. Author(s): Pacheco H, Kerdel F. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2001 June; 12(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243672

•

Successive linear, generalized, and oral lichen planus in a patient with chronic hepatitis C infection. Author(s): Gunning ST, Turiansky GW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 11901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639418

44

Lichen Planus

•

Superficial mycosis superimposing on isolated lichen planus of the lip: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Chiang CT, Chan HL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2002 April; 69(4): 305-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12080952

•

Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: a comparative study with long-term follow-up. Author(s): Carbone M, Goss E, Carrozzo M, Castellano S, Conrotto D, Broccoletti R, Gandolfo S. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2003 July; 32(6): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787038

•

The evaluation of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Koray M, Dulger O, Ak G, Horasanli S, Ucok A, Tanyeri H, Badur S. Source: Oral Diseases. 2003 November; 9(6): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629330

•

The frequency of different T-cell receptor V-families in oral lichen planus and lichenoid contact lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Bratel J, Dahlgren U, Simark Mattsson C, Jontell M. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1998 October; 27(9): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790094

•

The possible association between oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a clinical evaluation on 14 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Lo Muzio L, Mignogna MD, Favia G, Procaccini M, Testa NF, Bucci E. Source: Oral Oncology. 1998 July; 34(4): 239-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9813716

•

The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a prospective study. Author(s): van der Meij EH, Schepman KP, van der Waal I. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 August; 96(2): 164-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931088

Studies

45

•

Topical retinaldehyde treatment in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia. Author(s): Boisnic S, Licu D, Ben Slama L, Branchet-Gumila MC, Szpirglas H, Dupuy P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 2002; 24(4): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779246

•

Topical tetracycline treatment of erosive oral lichen planus. Author(s): Walchner M, Messer G, Salomon N, Plewig G, Rocken M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 January; 135(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923792

•

Treatment of lichen planus and lichen nitidus with itraconazole: reports of six cases. Author(s): Libow LF, Coots NV. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 November; 62(5): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9836059

•

Treatment of lichen planus. An evidence-based medicine analysis of efficacy. Author(s): Cribier B, Frances C, Chosidow O. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 December; 134(12): 1521-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875189

•

Treatment of severe lichen planus with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Frieling U, Bonsmann G, Schwarz T, Luger TA, Beissert S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 December; 49(6): 10636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639385

•

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to oral lichen planus. Author(s): Carrozzo M, Uboldi de Capei M, Dametto E, Fasano ME, Arduino P, Broccoletti R, Vezza D, Rendine S, Curtoni ES, Gandolfo S. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2004 January; 122(1): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962095

•

Ulcerative lichen planus of the sole with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Micalizzi C, Tagliapietra G, Farris A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 37(11): 862-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9865876

46

Lichen Planus

•

Ulcerative lichen planus: a case responding to recombinant platelet-derived growth factor BB and immunosuppression. Author(s): Wollina U, Konrad H, Graefe T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800147

•

Ultrastructural localization of the binding sites of antibasement membrane zone antibodies in lichen planus pemphigoides on 1.0 M sodium chloride-separated skin. Author(s): Ikeda S, Song Y, Yaguchi H, Naito K, Morioka S, Ogawa H, Muramatsu T. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1989; 281(7): 504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2692520

•

Unexpected low incidence of oral lichen planus in an HCV hyperendemic area of southern Italy. Author(s): Mignogna MD, Fedele S, Lo Russo L, Ruoppo E, Lo Muzio L. Source: Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 121(6): 1528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758548

•

Unilateral lichen planus located on the chest showing a patchy and linear distribution. Author(s): Kootiratrakarn T, Masu T, Aiba S, Tagami H. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625324

•

Unilateral lichen planus. Author(s): Saxena AK, Nigam PK. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 August; 42(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3416650

•

Unilateral linear lichen planus with mucous membrane involvement. Author(s): Hartl C, Steen KH, Wegner H, Seifert HW, Bieber T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 March; 79(2): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10228636

•

Unilateral multiple linear lichen planus following the Blaschko lines recurring after deliveries. Author(s): Krasowska D, Pietrzak A, Lecewicz-Torun B. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(4): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11455151

Studies

47

•

Upregulation of human beta-defensin 2 peptide expression in oral lichen planus, leukoplakia and candidiasis. an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Abiko Y, Jinbu Y, Noguchi T, Nishimura M, Kusano K, Amaratunga P, Shibata T, Kaku T. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2002; 198(8): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389997

•

Urolithiasis in lichen planus. Author(s): Kumar B, Sethuraman G, Khandelwal N, Kaur I. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(3): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592419

•

Verruciform xanthoma and concomitant lichen planus of the oral mucosa. A report of three cases. Author(s): Polonowita AD, Firth NA, Rich AM. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1999 February; 28(1): 626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10065655

•

Verrucous carcinoma arising in ulcerative lichen planus of the soles. Author(s): Mayron R, Grimwood RE, Siegle RJ, Camisa C. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 May; 14(5): 547-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3283189

•

Verrucous carcinoma in association with hypertrophic lichen planus. Author(s): Castano E, Lopez-Rios F, Alvarez-Fernandez JG, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Iglesias L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 January; 22(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330048

•

Verrucous carcinoma occurring in a lesion of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Warshaw EM, Templeton SF, Washington CV. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 April; 65(4): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795082

•

Vitiligo associated with a lichen planus border. Author(s): Baran R, Ortonne JP, Perrin C. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(2): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9094482

48

Lichen Planus

•

Vulval lichen planus in the practice of a vulval clinic. Author(s): Micheletti L, Preti M, Bogliatto F, Zanotto-Valentino MC, Ghiringhello B, Massobrio M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122067

•

Vulval lichen planus. Author(s): Lewis FM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 April; 138(4): 569-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640359

•

Vulval lichen planus: progression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia to invasive vulval carcinomas. Author(s): Jones RW, Rowan DM, Kirker J, Wilkinson EJ. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 June; 108(6): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426908

•

Vulvar dermatoses: lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, and vulval dermatitis/lichen simplex chronicus. Author(s): Ball SB, Wojnarowska F. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1998 September; 17(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9759675

•

Vulvar lichen planus associated with ulcerative colitis. A case report. Author(s): Giomi B, Pestelli E, Massi D, Caproni M, Fabbri P. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 March; 48(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698783

•

What is going on in lichen planus? Author(s): Black MM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1977 December; 2(4): 303-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=342148

•

What is the rationale for treating oral lichen planus? Author(s): McCartan B, McCreary C. Source: Oral Diseases. 1999 July; 5(3): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10483061

Studies

49

•

What lichen planus patients die of. A retrospective study. Author(s): Anonide A, Rebora A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 October; 28(8): 524-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2583890

•

What's your assessment? Lichen planus. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1992 December; 4(6): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1286002

•

Widespread lichen planus in association with Turner's syndrome and multiple endocrinopathies. Author(s): Kurgansky D, Burnett JW. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 August; 54(2): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956333

•

Wolf's isotopic response: a case of zosteriform lichen planus on the site of healed herpes zoster. Author(s): Shemer A, Weiss G, Trau H. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 September; 15(5): 445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11763387

•

Wolf's isotopic response: a case of zosteriform lichen planus. Author(s): Turel A, Ozturkcan S, Sahin MT, Turkdogan P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126068

•

Yeast species and biotypes associated with oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Author(s): Krogh P, Holmstrup P, Thorn JJ, Vedtofte P, Pindborg JJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 January; 63(1): 48-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3543797

•

Zosteriform lichen planus after herpes zoster. Author(s): Braun RP, Barua D, Masouye I. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9711434

50

Lichen Planus

•

Zosteriform lichen planus without evidence of herpes simplex virus or varicellazoster virus by polymerase chain reaction. Report of two cases. Author(s): Lutz ME, Perniciaro C, Lim KK. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9394999

•

Zosteriform Lichen planus. Author(s): Arfan-ul-Bari, Rahman SB. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 February; 13(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12685955

•

Zosteriform lichen planus. Author(s): Fink-Puches R, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Smolle J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(4): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864380

51

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LICHEN PLANUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lichen planus.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lichen Planus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

52

Lichen Planus

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lichen planus” (or a synonym): •

A case of oral lichen planus with chronic hepatitis C successfully treated by glycyrrhizin. Author(s): Department of Oral Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Nagao, Y Sata, M Tanikawa, K Kameyama, T Kansenshogaku-Zasshi. 1995 August; 69(8): 940-4 0387-5911

•

A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143. Source: Silverman, S Gorsky, M Lozada Nur, F Giannotti, K Oral-Surg-Oral-Med-OralPathol. 1991 December; 72(6): 665-70 0030-4220

•

Acitretin for hypertrophic lichen planus-like reaction in a burn scar. Author(s): Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia, Sydney. Source: Kossard, S Artemi, P Arch-Dermatol. 2000 May; 136(5): 591-4 0003-987X

•

Alteration in peripheral blood mononuclear cell function and serum cytokines in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Hellenic Pasteur Institute, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece. Source: Karagouni, E E Dotsika, E N Sklavounou, A J-Oral-Pathol-Med. 1994 January; 23(1): 28-35 0904-2512

•

Annular follicular lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Faculty of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Source: Valdes, F Centeno, P G Rodriguez, L Fernandez Redondo, V Toribio, J Cutis. 2002 March; 69(3): 208-9 0011-4162

•

Characterization of mononuclear cells of inflammatory infiltrates in oral tissues. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study of labial salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome and of oral lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus and in lichen planus. Source: Kilpi, A Proc-Finn-Dent-Soc. 1988; 84 Suppl 31-93 0355-4651

•

Cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA) and alpha e beta 7 integrins are expressed by mononuclear cells in skin and oral lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Oral Pathology, St Bartholomew's, London, UK. Source: Walton, L J Thornhill, M H Macey, M G Farthing, P M J-Oral-Pathol-Med. 1997 October; 26(9): 402-7 0904-2512

•

Effectiveness of glycyrrhizin for oral lichen planus in patients with chronic HCV infection. Author(s): Department of Oral Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Da Nagao, Y Sata, M Suzuki, H Tanikawa, K Itoh, K Kameyama, T JGastroenterol. 1996 October; 31(5): 691-5 0944-1174

•

Efficacy of acitretin in severe cutaneous lichen planus. Author(s): Dermatology Service, Hospital de Agudos Juan A. Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Viglioglia, P A Villanueva, C R Martorano, A D Cahuepe, A M Traballi, C A Geiger, J M J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1990 May; 22(5 Pt 1): 852-3 0190-9622

Nutrition

53

•

Efficacy of etretinate (Tigason) in symptomatic oral lichen planus. Author(s): Section of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Source: Gorsky, M Raviv, M Oral-Surg-Oral-Med-Oral-Pathol. 1992 January; 73(1): 52-5 0030-4220

•

Erosive lichen planus of the vulva. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. Source: Mann, M S Kaufman, R H Clin-Obstet-Gynecol. 1991 September; 34(3): 605-13 0009-9201

•

Eruptive lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Kanzaki, T Otake, N Nagai, M J-Dermatol. 1992 April; 19(4): 234-7 0385-2407

•

Etretinate suppresses ICAM-1 expression by lesional keratinocytes in healing cutaneous lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Simon, M Hunyadi, J Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1990; 282(6): 412-4 0340-3696

•

Immunopathological aspects of etretinate therapy in lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, FRG. Source: Simon, M J-Dermatol. 1990 May; 17(5): 282-6 0385-2407

•

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus. Author(s): Division of Evidence Based Medicine, NMRC Clinical Trials & Epidemiology Research Unit, 10 College Road, Singapore 169851, Singapore. [email protected] Source: Chan, E S Thornhill, M Zakrzewska, J Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD001168 1469-493X

•

Isolated lichen planus of the nails treated with etretinate. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Otaru City General Hospital, Japan. Source: Kato, N Ueno, H J-Dermatol. 1993 September; 20(9): 577-80 0385-2407

•

Levamisole and/or Chinese medicinal herbs can modulate the serum level of squamous cell carcinoma associated antigen in patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Author(s): School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Sun, A Chiang, C P J-Oral-Pathol-Med. 2001 October; 30(9): 542-8 0904-2512

•

Lichen planus pemphigoides: combination therapy with tetracycline and nicotinamide. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Source: Fivenson, D P Kimbrough, T L J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1997 April; 36(4): 638-40 0190-9622

•

Lichen planus with involvement of all twenty nails and the oral mucous membrane. Author(s): First Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Takeuchi, Y Iwase, N Suzuki, M Tsuyuki, S J-Dermatol. 2000 February; 27(2): 948 0385-2407

54

Lichen Planus

•

Lichen planus. Author(s): Division of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco. Source: Silverman, S Curr-Opin-Dent. 1991 December; 1(6): 769-72 1046-0764

•

Lichen planus--report of successful treatment with aloe vera. Source: Hayes, S M Gen-Dent. 1999 May-June; 47(3): 268-72 0363-6771

•

Nicergorine-induced lichen planus-like eruption. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, Ohtemachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Source: Hatano, Y Murakami, I Takayasu, S J-Dermatol. 1996 February; 23(2): 133-5 0385-2407

•

Oral lichen planus. An evolutive clinical and histological study of 45 patients followed up on for five years. Author(s): Department of Oral Medicine, Valencia University General Hospital, Spain. Source: Sanchis Bielsa, J M Bagan Sebastian, J V Jorda Cuevas, E Milian Masanet, M A Silvestre Donat, F J Bull-Group-Int-Rech-Sci-Stomatol-Odontol. 1994 Mar-June; 37(1-2): 45-9 0250-4693

•

Oral lichen planus: a review. Author(s): Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis 46202. Source: Bricker, S L Semin-Dermatol. 1994 June; 13(2): 87-90 0278-145X

•

PHA stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. Abnormality localized between interleukin-2 receptor ligand formation and gamma-interferon secretion. Author(s): Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Surgery, Finland. Source: Konttinen, Y T Jungell, P Bergroth, V Hampf, G Kemppinen, P Malmstrom, M JClin-Lab-Immunol. 1989 January; 28(1): 33-7 0141-2760

•

Primula dermatitis mimicking lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. Source: Lapiere, K Matthieu, L Meuleman, L Lambert, J Contact-Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 199 0105-1873

•

Sequential immunopathologic study of oral lichen planus treated with tretinoin and etretinate. Author(s): Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Source: Baudet Pommel, M Janin Mercier, A Souteyrand, P Oral-Surg-Oral-Med-OralPathol. 1991 February; 71(2): 197-202 0030-4220

•

Serum antioxidant micronutrient levels in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Nagao, T Warnakulasuriya, S Ikeda, N Fukano, H Yamamoto, S Yano, M Miyazaki, H Ito, Y J-Oral-Pathol-Med. 2001 May; 30(5): 264-7 0904-2512

•

Sialochemistry of whole, parotid, and labial minor gland saliva in patients with oral lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. Source: Gandara, B K Izutsu, K T Truelove, E L Mandel, I D Sommers, E E Ensign, W Y J-Dent-Res. 1987 November; 66(11): 1619-22 0022-0345

Nutrition

55

•

Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Description of an unusual clinical case due to glucocorticoid therapy for oral lichen planus. Author(s): Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples II. Source: Femiano, F Cozzolino, F Belnome, G De Luca, P Minerva-Stomatol. 1999 June; 48(6): 277-82 0026-4970

•

Suppressor cell function in oral lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia. Source: Sugerman, P B Rollason, P A Savage, N W Seymour, G J J-Dent-Res. 1992 December; 71(12): 1916-9 0022-0345

•

The epidermis of chronic idiopathic lichen planus during topical treatment with the vitamin D3 analogue KH 1060. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Glade, C P Van Der Vleuten, C J van Erp, P E De Jong, E M van de Kerkhof, P C Clin-Exp-Dermatol. 1998 January; 23(1): 14-8 0307-6938

•

The management of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Turin, Italy. Source: Carrozzo, M Gandolfo, S Oral-Dis. 1999 July; 5(3): 196-205 1354-523X

•

The therapy of oral lichen planus. Author(s): Dermatology Associates of Cincinnati, Inc., OH 45230. Source: Eisen, D Crit-Rev-Oral-Biol-Med. 1993; 4(2): 141-58 1045-4411

•

The treatment of oral aphthous ulceration or erosive lichen planus with topical clobetasol propionate in three preparations: a clinical and pilot study on 54 patients. Author(s): Institute of Dental Sciences, University of Ancona, Italy. [email protected] Source: Muzio, L L della Valle, A Mignogna, M D Pannone, G Bucci, P Bucci, E Sciubba, J J-Oral-Pathol-Med. 2001 November; 30(10): 611-7 0904-2512

•

Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients. Author(s): Danish Study Group on Acitretin, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland. Source: Laurberg, G Geiger, J M Hjorth, N Holm, P Hou Jensen, K Jacobsen, K U Nielsen, A O Pichard, J Serup, J Sparre Jorgensen, A et al. J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1991 March; 24(3): 434-7 0190-9622

•

Treatment of oral lichen planus. Source: Anonymous Lancet. 1990 October 13; 336(8720): 913-4 0140-6736

•

Treatment of vulvovaginal lichen planus with vaginal hydrocortisone suppositories. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Anderson, Melissa Kutzner, Susan Kaufman, Raymond H Obstet-Gynecol. 2002 August; 100(2): 359-62 0029-7844

56

Lichen Planus

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

57

CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LICHEN PLANUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning lichen planus.

Recent Trials on Lichen Planus The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to lichen planus.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Evaluation and Treatment of Oral Soft Tissue Diseases Condition(s): Aphthous Stomatitis; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Lichen Planus; Mouth Disease; Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Purpose - Excerpt: This study offers evaluation and treatment of patients with diseases of the mouth or systemic diseases that involve the mouth. The protocol is not designed to test new treatments; rather, patients will receive current standard of care treatments. The purposes of the study are: 1) to allow NIDCR's Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch staff to gain more knowledge about oral soft tissue diseases and possibly identify new avenues of research in this area; and 2) to establish a pool of patients who may be eligible for new studies as they are developed. (Participants in this protocol will not be required to join a new study; the decision will be voluntary.) Patients of any age with oral diseases or systemic diseases involving the mouth may be eligible for this study. Women of childbearing potential and women who are pregnant or breastfeeding will only have tests and procedures and receive medications that pose no greater than a minimal risk to the fetus. Participants will have a comprehensive dental and medical examination, including a physical examination of the head and neck. Additional tests and procedures that may be required for diagnosis and to guide treatment include the following: - Blood and urine tests - for routine laboratory studies, assessment of kidney and liver function, and detection of viruses, fungi, bacteria or parasites -

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

58

Lichen Planus

Electrocardiogram - to record the electrical activity of the heart - Biopsies - to examine tissue under the microscope. The method and number of biopsies depends on the individual's specific condition and the tissue to be removed. For all biopsies a local anesthetic (lidocaine with or without epinephrine) is injected at the biopsy site. A punch biopsy uses a small sharp cookie-cutter instrument to remove a small (about 1/10- to 1/5-inch) piece of skin. An excisional biopsy uses a small surgical knife or scalpel to remove a piece of tissue, usually requiring some stitches to close the wound. Diagnostic imaging - X-rays, photographs, or other tests as needed for diagnosis Treatments include tablets, injections and topically applied medications. All preparations are approved by the Food and Drug Administration and are commercially available. Patient follow-up may vary from one visit to intermittent visits over a number of years, depending on the patient's condition. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001601

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “lichen planus” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

Clinical Trials 59

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

61

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LICHEN PLANUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lichen planus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lichen planus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Lichen Planus By performing a patent search focusing on lichen planus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 6Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

62

Lichen Planus

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lichen planus: •

9-cis retinoic acid esters and amides and uses thereof Inventor(s): Purcell; William P. (Memphis, TN) Assignee(s): Molecular Design International (memphis, Tn) Patent Number: 5,837,728 Date filed: January 27, 1995 Abstract: Esters and amides of 9-cis-retinoic acid are synthesized, formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and administered for the treatment of acne vulgaris, cystic acne, hyper-pigmentation, hypo-pigmentation, psoriasis, dermal and epidermal hypoplasia and kerotoses, the reduction of wrinkling of the skin as an incident of aging and actinic damage, normalization of the production of sebum, the reduction of enlarged pores, promoting the rate of wound healing, limiting of scar tissue formation during healing and the like. They are additionally useful for treatment or amelioration of the same additional classes of skin disorders as is retinoic acid itself and other retinoids. These disorders include ichthyoses (e.g., ichthyosis hystrix, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and lamellar ichthyosis), follicular disorders (e.g., pseudofolliculites, senile comedones, nevus comidonicas, and trichostatis spinulosa), benign epithelial tumors (e.g., flat warts, trichoepithelioma, and molluscum contagiosum), perforated dematoses (e.g., elastosis perforans seripiginosa and Kyrles disease), and disorders of keratinization (e.g., Dariers disease, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis plantaris, pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen planus acanthosis nigricans, and psoriasis). The esters and amides of 9-cis-retinoic acid are also effective for the nonirritating treatment of effects attributable to aging and particularly to photodamage and photoaging. The use of these compounds extends to non-irritating treatments involving the retardation and reversal of additional dermal and cosmetic conditions which are ameliorated by tretinoin such as the effacement of wrinkles, improvement in appearance, namely color and condition of the skin, spots caused from exposure to the sun as well as other skin disorders. The esters and amides of 9-cis-retinoic acid are exceptionally active when compared to other retinoids employed for such indications, and are also exceptionally safe in effective therapeutic doses in contrast to other retinoids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of 9-cis retinoic acid and its esters and amides, and particularly to their uses for a variety of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments of the skin. The present invention particularly relates to 9-cis-retinoic acid esters which are effective in the treatment of acne and other skin disorders when administered either topically or orally and which show few if any side effects. The inventor of the present invention is one of the inventors of prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,677,120; 4,885,311; 4,994,491; 5,049,584; 5,124,356; and Re. 34,075. A number of dermal uses have been developed for a wide diversity of retinoids, including retinol (Vitamin A), retinal, all-trans-retinoic acid, and 13-cis-retinoic acid, as well as a variety of esters and similar derivatives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837728__

Patents 63

•

Composition and method for treating keratosic disorder of skin and mucosa Inventor(s): Aimoto; Kenji (Toyonaka, JP), Katsuragi; Yasuhiro (Toyonaka, JP), Sakano; Yasuo (Amagasaki, JP), Sato; Mitsunobu (Tokushima, JP), Sugihara; Kunio (Otsu, JP) Assignee(s): Sun Star Kabushiki Kaisha (takatsuki, Jp) Patent Number: 4,605,555 Date filed: September 20, 1984 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for treating keratosic disorders of skin and mucosa, particularly, lichen planus and leukoplakia, by topical or local administration which comprises an effective amount of human interferon, a trihydric or more higher polyhydric sugar alcohol, an organic acid buffer and, optionally, an anionic surfactant and albumin, and a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. A method for treating a human subject suffering from keratosic disorders of skin and mucosa by using this composition is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and a method for treating keratosic disorders of skin and mucosa. More particularly, it relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating keratosic disorders of skin and mucosa such as lichen planus and leukoplakia by topical or local application which contains as an active ingredient interferon and a method for treating such disorders using the composition. Interferon was firstly found as a material produced by living cells for inhibiting growth of virus. Since then, various studies on activities of interferon have been done and it has become clear that interferon has various aspects of biological activities. Further, according to recent technical progress, a large scale production of interferon derived from human cells or human interferon gene-recombining microbial cells and purification thereof for clinical application have become possible. Therefore, clinical application of human interferon in treatment of herpetic keratitis, hepatitis B, viral verruca, brain tumor, skin melanoma and the like has been promoted. However interferon is a fairly unstable material. Particularly, purified clinically applicable human interferon readily decreases its activity and is readily inactivated by an elevated temperature or mechanical pressure. Accordingly, clinical application of interferon is mainly performed by using lyophilized human interferon and reconstituting it with physiological saline, distilled water or the like to form an injection solution or eye drop when it is administrated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04605555__

•

Method for treating diseases mediated by proteases Inventor(s): Arndt; Kenneth A. (Newton Centre, MA), Galli; Stephen J. (Winchester, MA), McAloon; Maureen H. (Boston, MA), Sharpe; Richard J. (Gloucester, MA) Assignee(s): Arcturus Pharmaceutical Corporation (woburn, Ma) Patent Number: 5,637,616 Date filed: October 5, 1993 Abstract: A method for the topical or systemic treatment of disorders mediated by proteases which result in skin or mucosal lesions, and in particular, pemphigus, cicatricial pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid, lichen planus, and canker sores, is disclosed wherein the host is treated with an effective amount of N-acetyl ysteine or a derivative thereof, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier for systemic or topical delivery.

64

Lichen Planus

Excerpt(s): This invention is a method for the treatment of diseases mediated by proteases that includes the topical or systemic administration of an effective amount of N-acetylcysteine or a derivative or salt thereof. There are a number of diseases that affect the skin and mucosal membranes which have been found to be mediated by proteases. Examples of protease mediated disorders include lichen planus, canker sores (aphthous ulcers), and a number of bullous diseases, including but not limited to pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid. Lichen planus is a relatively common disease that results in cutaneous lesions and often oral lesions. Its prevalence averages between 0.5 and 1.0 percent in patients in large dental clinics (Arndt, K., in Fitzpatrick, Eisen, Wolff, Freedberg and Austen, Dermatology in General Medicine, 1987, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 967-973). The disease occurs primarily after the age of 20, with most cases presenting in 40 to 60 year old patients (Arndt, K. in Fitzpatrick, Eisen, Wolff, Freedberg and Austen, Dermatology in General Medicine, 1987, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 967-973). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05637616__ •

Method of treating immunoinflammatory disease Inventor(s): Caufield; Craig E. (Plainsboro, NJ), Musser; John H. (Alameda, CA), Sehgal; Surendra N. (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,286,730 Date filed: August 17, 1992 Abstract: This invention provides a method of treating immunionflammatory skin disease in a mammal in need thereof which comprises administering an antiimmunoinflammatory amount of rapamycin, alone or in combination with cyclosporin A, orally, parenterally, intranasally, intrabronchially, topically, transdermally, or rectally. As such, rapamycin, alone or in combination with cyclosporin A, is useful in treating skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, Lichen planus, Pemphigus, bulus pemphigoid, Epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, angioedemas, vasculitides, erythemas, cutaneous eosinphilias, and the like. Excerpt(s): Skin diseases such as contact hypersensitivity, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis are characterized by hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin disorders. A large population suffers from these disorders, psoriasis; for example, afflicts approximately 2% of the population in Western countries [Ziboh, V. A. Psoriasis: Hyperproliferative/Inflammatory skin disorder, Drug Development Research 13: 137146, (1988)]. Human skin diseases like psoriasis are characterized by histopathologically distinct patterns of infiltration by T cells, B cells, monocytes and granulocytes. These leukocyte cell infiltrations are the consequence of expression of intercellular adhesion molecules and release of cytokine and chemotactic factors by nonhematopoietically derived cells (e.g. keratinocytes) of the skin which in turn augment hyperplasia. Current treatment of immunologically mediated skin disorders involves the use of antiinflammatory agents such as glucocorticoids and antiproliferative agents such as methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and retinoids. Recently, use of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A has been reported to give clinical improvement of psoraisis. [Ellis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256: 3110-3116, (1986)]. However, its usefulness in psoriasis is limited due to high incidence of nephrotoxicity [Ellis, New England J. Med. 324: 277-84, (1991)], and the observation of relapse after cessation of the treatment with cyclosporin A

Patents 65

[Griffiths, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 23: 1242-1247, (1990)]. Rapamycin, a macrocyclic triene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus [U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,992] has been shown to prevent the formation of humoral (IgE-like) antibodies in response to an albumin allergic challenge [Martel, R., Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 55: 48 (1977)], inhibit murine T-cell activation [Staruch, M., FASEB 3: 3411 (1989)], and prolong survival time of organ grafts in histoincompatible rodents [Morris, R., Med. Sci. Res. 17: 877 (1989)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05286730__ •

Methods for the treatment of psoriasis and genital warts Inventor(s): Cheng; Yung-Chi (Woodbridge, CT), Chu; Chung K. (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): The University of Georgia Research Foundation Center (athens, Ga), Yale University (new Haven, Ct) Patent Number: 6,063,787 Date filed: January 26, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of (-)-(2S,4S)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3dioxolan-4-yl) cytosine to treat psoriasis, genital warts and other hyperproliferative keratinocyte diseases such as hyperkeratosis, ichthyosis, keratoderma or lichen planus. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the area of medicinal chemistry, and in particular is (-)(2S,4S)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cytosine (also referred to as (-)-OddC) or its derivative, and its use to treat cancer in animals, including humans. A tumor is an unregulated, disorganized proliferation of cell growth. A tumor is malignant, or cancerous, if it has the properties of invasiveness and metastasis. Invasiveness refers to the tendency of a tumor to enter surrounding tissue, breaking through the basal laminas that define the boundaries of the tissues, thereby often entering the body's circulatory system. Metastasis refers to the tendency of a tumor to migrate to other areas of the body and establish areas of proliferation away from the site of initial appearance. Cancer is now the second leading cause of death in the United States. Over 8,000,000 persons in the United States have been diagnosed with cancer, with 1,208,000 new diagnoses expected in 1994. Over 500,000 people die annually from the disease in this country. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06063787__

•

Oral mucosal composition comprising 5-aminosalicylic acid Inventor(s): Buser; Thomas (Ziefen, CH) Assignee(s): Tillotts Pharma AG (ziefen, Ch) Patent Number: 6,217,897 Date filed: April 5, 1999 Abstract: A topical spreadable composition comprising 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) as active and monoolein is provided for treatment ulcers, inflammation and lesions of the oral cavity. The composition is spread over and adheres to the lesion, and is preferably prepared in a water free state. Examples of indications that can be treated are oral Crohn's Disease, apthous ulcers, orofacial granulomatosis, oral ulcers associated with Behet's disease and oral lichen planus.

66

Lichen Planus

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a 5-aminosalicylate acid (5-ASA) composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of oral ulcerations, inflammation and lesions of the oral cavity, and in particular the use the glyceryl monooleate in the preparation of such compositions. Oral ulceration (or mouth ulcers) can be very painful and the resulting lesions can be mild or severe. There are various preparations for the treatment of oral ulcerations. For example carbenoxolone sodium can be helpful in promoting healing of mild oral lesions, lozenges and oral pastes containing corticosteroids are used for treating apthous non-specific ulcers, salicylates can be used in mild inflammatory and painful oral lesions, and benzydamine hydrochloride has a topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect and is used as a mouthwash or spray for oral ulcerations. A difficulty of treating oral ulcerations with preparations such as sprays, lozenges and mouthwash is that the active agent of the preparation is only transiently in contact with the ulcer. Even with gelatin based pastes, which have a protective effect for non-infected ulcers, it is difficult to keep them on the lesion for a prolonged period. An example of a mucoprotectant is orabase.TM. which contains carmellose sodium, pectin and gelatin. This composition, however, has an uncomfortable gritty mouthfeel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06217897__ •

Treatment of skin disorders Inventor(s): Bowser; Paul A. (Wirral, GB2), White; Richard J. (Wirral, GB2) Assignee(s): Lever Brothers Company (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 4,824,865 Date filed: January 12, 1987 Abstract: The use of a curative agent chosen from 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 2ketooctanoic acid and certain esters thereof in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of skin disorders such as Ichthyosiform dermatoses, Conradi's syndrome, Localized hyperkeratotic conditions, Dandruff, Callous forming disorders, Psoriasis, Eczema, Xerosis, Warts, Tinea pedis, Pityriasis, Lichen planus and simplex chronicus, Darier's disease, Pruritus, Seborrhoeic conditions and Scabies. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the treatment of certain skin disorders, and more particularly to the use of a curative agent chosen from a specific hydroxy acid, keto acid and derivatives thereof in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of certain specified skin disorders. The conventional treatment of skin disorders such as ichthyotic dermatoses, hyperkeratosis and related conditions has included topical application to the affected area of skin of ointments, creams, lotions or powders containing one or more of a wide variety of active ingredients such as organic and inorganic acids, steroids, fungicides, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory substances. Usually, remission of the disorder is slow and frequently incomplete. Complete remission and cure of some skin conditions can usually only be obtained by the use of potent drugs, such as steroids, having often severe contra indications which limit their widespread use without medical supervision. Also, the topical application of caustic chemicals in the treatment of localised conditions, such as warts, is often accompanied by pain or discomfort which also limits their use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04824865__

Patents 67

•

Uses for thyroid hormone compounds or thyroid hormone-like compounds Inventor(s): Lavin; Thomas N. (Watchung, NJ), Vahlquist; Anders B. (Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): Karo Bio AB (huddinge, Se) Patent Number: 6,221,911 Date filed: March 9, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of topically applied thyroid hormone compounds and thyroid hormone-like compounds which are receptor binding ligands, either agonists or antagonists, to improve the appearance of the skin and underlying subcutaneous fat and improve certain medical conditions when applied topically. These compounds can be used to treat skin conditions such as stria, cellulite, roughened skin, actinic skin damage, intrinsically aged skin, photodamaged kin, lichen planus, ichthyosis, acne, psoriasis, wrinkled skin, corticosteroid atrophy, collagen deficient skin, and to diminish the size and improve the appearance of skin scarring from surgical or naturally occurring wounds, and to reduce the incidence of hyperkeratotic scarring. The thyroid agonists and antagonists may also promote differentiation and amelioration of dedifferentiated skin in premalignant lesions. The thyroid agonists and antagonists can be active in all organisms which contain the thyroid hormone receptors, notably amphibians, birds and subjects. Combination with Vitamin D analogs, glucocorticoids, and retinoids will potentiate and modify the effects of the thyroid hormones for increased benefit. Side effects of thyroid hormones which occur when the hormone is given orally and prevent usefulness for the above conditions are prevented when the hormone is topically applied. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to skin care preparations containing thyroid hormone compounds thyroid hormone metabolites, derivatives of those compounds and other thyroid hormone receptor binding chemical entities and to the use of such compositions including to correct skin abnormalities, to improve the appearance of the skin, and to control subcutaneous fat deposition when applied to the skin. A wide variety of skin care preparations are currently available. There are currently available several preparations for the treatment of cellulite, a dimpling of the skin over excess superficial fat deposits, but these are believed to have doubtful efficacy. A wide variety of medically useful skin preparations are also currently available, comprising primarily glucocorticoids and retinoid topical medicaments, both of which have varying sideeffects and usefulness. There is a considerable number of skin conditions and diseases such as stria, cellulite, roughened skin, actinic skin damage, intrinsically aged skin, photodamaged skin, lichen planus, ichtyosis, acne, psoriasis, wrinkled skin, eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis, scleroderma, hyperkeratinizing disorders, keloids and skin scarring. Eczema (dermatitis) is an itchy inflammation of the superficial skin layers caused by an outside agent or by endogenous factors. The terms dermatitis and eczema are used interchangeably. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221911__

68

Lichen Planus

Patent Applications on Lichen Planus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lichen planus: •

Method of prophylaxis or treatment of antigen presenting cell driven skin conditions using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction Inventor(s): Cooper, Kevin D.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Wallner, Barbara P.; (Weston, MA) Correspondence: Louis Myers; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020009449 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: Methods of using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction in treating skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis in mammals, including humans. Such conditions include psoriasis, UV damage, e.g., photoaging, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T cell lymphoma such as mycosis fungoides, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, pyoderma gangrenosum, vitiligo, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and urticaria. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/862,022, filed Apr. 2, 1992 and of PCT/U.S. 92/08755, filed Oct. 6, 1992, which is a continuation-inpart of U.S. Ser. No. 07/770,969, filed Oct. 7, 1991, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. This invention relates to methods of using inhibitors of the CD2/LFA-3 interaction in treating skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis in mammals, including humans. Such conditions include psoriasis, UV damage, e.g., photoaging, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T cell lymphoma such as mycosis fungoides, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, lichen planus, alopecia areata, pyoderma gangrenosum, vitiligo, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and urticaria. There are numerous skin conditions characterized by increased T cell activation and abnormal antigen presentation in the dermis and epidermis. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the evolution of such inflammatory processes are poorly understood. However, it has become apparent that skin cells are important in the generation of a cutaneous inflammatory response (Kupper, "Immune and Inflammatory Processes in Cutaneous Tissues", J. Clin. Invest., 86, pp. 1783-89 (1990)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

7

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 69

•

Treatment of skin disorders with UV light and cooling Inventor(s): Irwin, Dean S.; (Del Mar, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 91614; US Patent Application Number: 20020183811 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: Skin disorders such as, for example, atopic dermatitis, dyshidrosis, eczema, lichen planus, psoriasis, and vitiligo, are treated by applying high doses of ultraviolet light to diseased regions of a patients skin. The dosage employed exceeds 1 MED, an MED being determined for the particular patient being treated, and may range from about 1 MED to about 20 MED or higher. The ultraviolet light has a wavelength within the range of between about 295 nanometers to about 320 nanometers and preferably is between about 300 nanometers and about 310 nanometers. High doses of ultraviolet light are restricted to diseased tissue areas so as to avoid risk of detrimental side affects in healthy skin, which is more susceptible to damage from UV light. Cooling the skin prior to and/or while exposing the skin to the UV light can be used to minimize tissue damage resulting from exposure to the UV light. Higher doses of UV light can therefore be employed without injurious affects. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 09/694,086, filed Oct. 20, 2000. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/272,277, filed Feb. 28, 2001. The invention relates a method and apparatus for treating skin disorders such as psoriasis, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for treating skin disorders involving exposing a patient's skin to high intensity ultraviolet (UV) light. Skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, dyshidrosis, eczema, lichen planus, psoriasis, and vitiligo, are conditions that commonly affect large populations at some time in their lives. For example, about 2% to 3% of the population of northern Europe is estimated to be afflicted with psoriasis. Although the disease's prevalence in the United States is not as well understood, it appears that between 150,000 and 260,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. This suggests that at least several million people suffer from the disease in the United States. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lichen planus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lichen planus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lichen planus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

71

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LICHEN PLANUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lichen planus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lichen planus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on lichen planus: •

Oral Mucosal Disorders Source: Torrance, CA: Homestead Schools, Inc. 2000. 76 p. Contact: Available from Homestead Schools, Inc. 23844 Hawthorne Boulevard, Suite 200, Torrance, CA 90505. (310) 791-9975. Fax (310) 791-0135. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.homesteadschools.com. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. Course No. 6480. Summary: Oral mucosal disorders are frequently encountered by the practicing dentist. This continuing education program for dentists focuses on oral mucosal disorders. Topics include the causes of chronic nonspecific mucosal lesions; recognized etiologic (causative) agents and their correlation with subtle lesional patterns; drugs commonly associated with lichenoid reactions; various dental materials known to cause oral allergic lesions; differential diagnosis, including medications associated with lichenoid reactions, dental materials, common sensitizers in dental materials, foods and oral

72

Lichen Planus

health care products, atypical lichen planus, and candidiasis; approaches to the classification of oral mucosal lesions; the etiology, appearance, diagnosis, and treatment of the four most common forms of candidosis, i.e., pseudomembranous, erythematosus, hyperplastic, and angular cheilosis; systemic and local factors that predispose a patient to develop candidosis; herpes simplex virus infection and its clinical manifestations; instructions on the proper use of topical steroids for the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers; the symptoms and diagnosis of recurrent herpetic infection; and over the counter products that can be used for oral ulcerations, including covering agents, local anesthetics, oxygenating agents, and cauteries and antiseptics. The document concludes with a posttest with which readers can qualify for continuing education credit. The document is illustrated with numerous black and white photographs. 15 figures. 13 tables 77 references. •

Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. 389 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This book is a clinically oriented atlas and text covering the symptoms and diseases of the oral mucosa and perioral skin. The authors focus on the essential aspects of each illness, concentrating on the clinical features that are important in the differential diagnosis. The authors include not only diseases confined to the oral mucosa but also those oral problems that may be signs of accompanying cutaneous (skin) or systemic diseases. Sixty-seven chapters are presented in three sections: the normal oral mucosa, general aspects of oral pathology, and diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Specific topics are inflammation of the lips, acquired diseases of the tongue, gingival hyperplasia, enlargement of the parotid gland, aphthous ulcers (stomatitis), pyostomatitis vegetans, disorders of pigmentation, urticaria and angioedema, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lichen planus, graft-versus-host disease, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, erythema multiforme, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome), vesicular and bullous autoimmune diseases, desquamative gingivitis, necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral mucosal hemorrhage, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, protozoal and parasitic diseases, mechanical damage, trauma, allergic and toxic contact stomatitis, occupational diseases of the oral mucosa, drug reactions and side effects, morphea and scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, plasma cell gingivitis, oral submucous fibrosis, halitosis, xerostomia, sialorrhea, selfinduced mucosal injuries, benign granulomatous processes, malignant granulomatoses, heterotopias and congenital malformations, genodermatoses and congenital syndromes, benign and malignant tumors, actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, paraneoplastic disorders, and oral signs of hematologic, nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Each chapter includes full-color photographs and references are provided in individual sections. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M).

•

Instructions for Patients. 5th ed Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. 598 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools);

Books

73

Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $52.00 (English); $49.95 (Spanish); plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This book is a compilation of instructions for patients, published in paperback format. The fact sheets each provide information in three sections: basic information, including a description of the condition, frequent signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, preventive measures, expected outcome, and possible complications; treatment, including general measures, medication, activity guidelines, and diet; and when to contact one's health care provider. Fact sheets are available on oral health topics including: herpangina, leukoplakia, lichen planus, salivary gland infection, benign mouth or tongue tumors, oral cancer, periodontitis, salivary gland tumors, Sjogren's syndrome, stomatitis, teething, temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), oral candidiasis (thrush), thumbsucking, glossitis (tongue inflammation), bruxism (tooth grinding), necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth), and trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). The fact sheets are designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. •

Clinician's Guide to Treatment of Common Oral Conditions. 4th ed Source: Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 1997. 30 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 2910 Lightfoot Drive, Baltimore, MD 21209-1452. (410) 602-8585. Website: www.aaom.com. PRICE: $21.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This monograph is intended as a handy, quick reference to the etiologic factors, clinical description, and currently accepted therapeutic management of common oral conditions. Conditions covered include chapped or cracked lips, cheilitis/cheilosis, candidiasis, denture sore mouth, burning mouth syndrome, taste disorders, xerostomia (dry mouth), gingival enlargement, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, erosive lichen planus, pemphigus and pemphigoid, herpes simplex, and varicella zoster (shingles). For each topic, the authors provide a summary of the etiology and treatment and detailed information about prescription drugs used to treat the condition. The monograph also includes information on the management of patients receiving antineoplastic agents, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. 46 references. (AA-M).

Chapters on Lichen Planus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lichen planus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lichen planus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lichen planus:

74

•

Lichen Planus

Erosive Lichen Planus Source: in Bottomley, W.K. and Rosenberg, S.W., eds. Clinician's Guide to Treatment of Common Oral Conditions. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 1997. p. 19-20. Contact: Available from American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM). 2910 Lightfoot Drive, Baltimore, MD 21209-1452. (410) 602-8585. Website: www.aaom.com. PRICE: $21.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter is from a quick reference guide to the management of some common oral conditions. This brief chapter discusses erosive lichen planus. The authors provide a summary of the etiology, clinical description, and rationale for treatment, then outline recommended prescription steroids and immunosuppressants used to treat the condition.

75

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LICHEN PLANUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lichen planus.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lichen planus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lichen planus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lichen planus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lichen planus: •

Metronidazole may be helpful in idiopathic lichen planus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 15, 2000

•

Oral Lichen Planus Linked To Risk Of Oral Cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 1997

76

Lichen Planus

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lichen planus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lichen planus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lichen planus” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

Periodicals and News

77

to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on lichen planus: •

Oral Lichen Planus Source: Oral Care Report. 11(4): 7. 2001. Contact: Available from Oral Care Report. c/o Dr. Chester W. Douglass, Department of Oral Health Policy, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Fax (617) 432-0047. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.colgateprofessional.com (full-text available online). Summary: This brief article reviews oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic, autoimmune disease that affects the oral mucosa. OLP manifests as mucosal lesions that vary in morphology (shape) and severity. Three different types of OLP are recognized: reticular, atrophic, and erosive. As the most severe form of the disease, erosive OLP can cause considerable pain, interfere with eating, and reduce the quality of life. The author summarizes treatment options, anticipated response to treatment, and side effects. There is currently no cure for OLP; standard treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroids is aimed at symptomatic relief. Patients with OLP must be followed closely, not only because of possible treatment side effects, but because they have a slightly increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. 1 figure. 1 reference.

Academic Periodicals covering Lichen Planus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lichen planus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lichen planus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

79

CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for lichen planus. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with lichen planus. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

80

Lichen Planus

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to lichen planus: Acitretin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Soriatane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203365.html

Chloroquine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aralen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202133.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

•

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Decadron Respihaler; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectosol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Isotretinoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Accutane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202309.html

Lidocaine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lidoderm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500058.html

Methoxsalen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 8-MOP; Oxsoralen-Ultra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202357.html

Methyldopa •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldomet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202359.html

Researching Medications

81

Penicillamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cuprimine; Depen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202445.html

Tretinoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vesanoid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203663.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Avita; Renova; Retin-A http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202574.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

83

APPENDICES

85

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

86

Lichen Planus

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

87

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

88

Lichen Planus

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4763 21 873 5 21 5683

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “lichen planus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

89

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Lichen Planus In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and lichen planus. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).19 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

90

Lichen Planus

To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for lichen planus: •

Lichen Planus, Familial Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=151620 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

Physician Resources

91

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

92

Lichen Planus

select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database20 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database21 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

20

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 21 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

93

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lichen planus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lichen planus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lichen planus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lichen planus”:

94

Lichen Planus

Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Gum Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gumdisease.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Oral Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html Psoriasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/psoriasis.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Scleroderma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scleroderma.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Tooth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on lichen planus. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general

Patient Resources 95

Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Lichen Planus Source: Schaumberg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 E. Woodfield Road, P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888) 462-DERM ext. 22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copies free. Summary: This brochure for patients discusses lichen planus, an uncommon inflammatory disease affecting the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair. Lichen planus appears on the skin as a reddish-purple, itchy rash usually found on the wrists and ankles. Lichen planus of the mouth most often affects the insides of the cheeks, gums, and tongue. Lichen planus can also affect the genitals and symptoms include redness and painful, open sores. When this condition affects the nails, nail loss, ridging, grooving, splitting, and thinning can occur. Lichen planus of the scalp is characterized by redness, irritation, and permanent hair loss in some cases. There is no cure for lichen planus but treatment can relieve the symptoms. Corticosteroids and antihistamines are used to treat itching on the skin. Various medications are used to treat the symptoms of oral lichen planus. Patients with open sores in their mouths should avoid spicy, acidic, and crispy foods.

•

Facts About Lichen Planus Source: Detroit, MI: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. Michigan National Bank Building, 15475 Gratiot Avenue, Detroit, MI 48205. (313) 371-8600. Website: www.aarda.org. PRICE: Single copy free; send self-addressed, stamped envelope. Summary: This brochure provides information on lichen planus, an inflammatory autoimmune skin disease which can affect the eyes, the skin, and mucosa lining of the mouth and genitalia. Lichen planus is not uncommon, accounting for approximately 5 percent of patients seen in an oral medicine clinic. In most patients, the disease is selflimited and usually remits within one or two years. The brochure reviews the affected population, the symptoms of lichen planus, diagnosis, treatment options, and a definition and description of autoimmunity. Treatment for lichen planus is usually patient specific and depends on the extent of the involvement of the disease and the frequency of reoccurrence of lesions or inflammation. Oral rinses with cyclosporine mouthwash have been used by some physicians to suppress disease activity and control inflammatory lesions in the mouth. The brochure concludes with a discussion of the work of the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA).

•

Information from Your Family Doctor: Lichen Planus Source: American Family Physician. 61(11): 3327-3328. June 1, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org.

96

Lichen Planus

Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have lichen planus with information on the etiology, manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this skin disease. The disease, which occurs in both sexes and all races, usually affects middle aged adults. Possible causes of lichen planus include hepatitis C virus infection and use of certain medications. The disease looks like purple or reddish purple bumps with flat tops on the skin. Lichen planus causes mild to intense itching. Diagnosis is based on blood test or skin biopsy results. Although there is no cure for lichen planus, medications such as prednisone and psoralen plus ultraviolet light can help improve the itching and rash. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lichen planus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lichen planus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lichen planus.

Patient Resources 97

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lichen planus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lichen planus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lichen planus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lichen planus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lichen planus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

99

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

100

Lichen Planus

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 101

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

102

Lichen Planus

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 103

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

104

Lichen Planus

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

105

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on lichen planus: •

Basic Guidelines for Lichen Planus Hepatitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001154.htm Hepatitis C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000284.htm Lichen planus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000867.htm Lupus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000435.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Lichen Planus Alopecia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm

106

Lichen Planus

Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itchy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Metallic taste Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003050.htm Mouth lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003059.htm Nail abnormalities Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003247.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Stria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003287.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Lichen Planus Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Skin lesion biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

Online Glossaries 107

Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm •

Nutrition for Lichen Planus Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm Vitamin A Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm

•

Background Topics for Lichen Planus Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

109

LICHEN PLANUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 9-cis retinoic acid: A drug being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate. [NIH]

Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]

110

Lichen Planus

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

Dictionary 111

proteins. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

112

Lichen Planus

Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with

Dictionary 113

cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzydamine: An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce postsurgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat. [NIH]

114

Lichen Planus

Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotypes: Causes septicemic and pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and sheep, usually in conjunction with a virus infection such as parainfluenza 3. Also recorded as a cause of acute mastitis in cattle. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.

Dictionary 115

There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

116

Lichen Planus

Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]

Dictionary 117

Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clobetasol: Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but

118

Lichen Planus

now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

Dictionary 119

Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]

120

Lichen Planus

Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dictionary 121

Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Clinics: Facilities where dental care is provided to patients. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis, Contact: A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms. [NIH] Dermatitis, Seborrheic: A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp. On the scalp, it generally appears first as small patches of scales, progressing to involve the entire scalp with exfoliation of excessive amounts of dry scales (dandruff). [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated

122

Lichen Planus

from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

Dictionary 123

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Excisional biopsy: A surgical procedure in which an entire lump or suspicious area is

124

Lichen Planus

removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH]

Dictionary 125

Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]

126

Lichen Planus

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]

Dictionary 127

Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH]

128

Lichen Planus

Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 129

Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU]

130

Lichen Planus

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]

Dictionary 131

Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravenous pyelography: IVP. X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH]

132

Lichen Planus

Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lichen Nitidus: A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 133

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU]

134

Lichen Planus

Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH]

Dictionary 135

Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Ulceration: Skin ulceration in workers who work with lime and lime solutions. [NIH]

Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH]

136

Lichen Planus

Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

Dictionary 137

Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Olfaction Disorders: Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH]

138

Lichen Planus

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigoid, Bullous: A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue

Dictionary 139

enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug. [NIH]

140

Lichen Planus

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called

Dictionary 141

tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases

142

Lichen Planus

in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]

Dictionary 143

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyoderma Gangrenosum: An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease

144

Lichen Planus

occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH]

Dictionary 145

Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinaldehyde: A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native transconfiguration. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested

146

Lichen Planus

as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]

Dictionary 147

Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]

148

Lichen Planus

Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

Dictionary 149

tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH]

150

Lichen Planus

Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Taste Disorders: Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with olfaction disorders. Additional potential etiologies include metabolic diseases; drug toxicity; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., taste bud diseases; facial nerve diseases; glossopharyngeal nerve diseases; and brain stem diseases). [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymoma: A tumor of the thymus, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest, behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are

Dictionary 151

concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

152

Lichen Planus

Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also

Dictionary 153

called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others.

154

Lichen Planus

[NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthoma: A tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma. [EU] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

155

INDEX 9 9-cis retinoic acid, 62, 109 A Abdomen, 109, 114, 132, 133, 138, 148, 153 Abdominal, 109, 138, 152 Abdominal Pain, 109, 152 Acantholysis, 109, 138 Acanthosis Nigricans, 62, 109 Acetylcysteine, 64, 109 Acitretin, 52, 55, 80, 109 Acne, 62, 67, 109, 151 Acne Vulgaris, 62, 109, 151 Actinic keratosis, 72, 109 Adjuvant, 109, 125 Adrenal Cortex, 109, 119, 128 Adrenal Glands, 109, 111 Adrenal Medulla, 109, 123 Adrenergic, 109, 123, 132, 149 Adverse Effect, 7, 109, 122, 147 Affinity, 110, 134, 147 Agar, 110, 140 Agonists, 67, 110 Albumin, 63, 65, 110, 140 Algorithms, 110, 114 Aloe, 54, 110 Alopecia, 24, 68, 105, 110 Alpha Particles, 110, 144 Alternative medicine, 76, 110 Ameliorated, 62, 110 Amino Acid Sequence, 110, 111 Amino Acids, 110, 134, 139, 140, 143 Amyloidosis, 25, 111 Analgesic, 66, 111, 113 Analog, 111, 125 Anatomical, 111, 129, 146 Androgens, 109, 111, 119 Anemia, 91, 111 Anesthesia, 111, 142 Anesthetics, 72, 111, 113, 123 Anionic, 63, 111 Anions, 110, 111, 131 Annealing, 111, 140 Antiallergic, 111, 119 Antibiotic, 65, 111, 150 Antibodies, 24, 29, 46, 65, 111, 128, 129, 133, 140 Antibody, 16, 110, 111, 118, 129, 133, 135, 144

Antifungal, 5, 111, 131 Antigen, 15, 16, 52, 53, 68, 110, 111, 112, 118, 120, 128, 129, 130, 133 Antigen-presenting cell, 15, 112, 120 Antihypertensive, 112, 132 Anti-infective, 112, 116, 147 Anti-inflammatory, 66, 112, 113, 119, 126, 141, 146, 151 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 112, 119 Antimetabolite, 112, 125 Antineoplastic, 73, 112, 119, 125 Antineoplastic Agents, 73, 112 Antioxidant, 54, 112 Antiproliferative, 64, 112 Antipyretic, 112, 113 Antiviral, 109, 112, 125, 130 Anus, 112, 115, 139 Anxiety, 44, 112 Aphthous Stomatitis, 57, 73, 112 Apoptosis, 10, 23, 40, 112 Aqueous, 112, 113, 120 Aromatic, 112, 134 Arterial, 112, 143 Arteries, 112, 114, 119, 134, 140 Arteritis, 72, 112 Articular, 112, 151 Aspergillosis, 112, 131 Astringents, 112, 134 Ataxia, 90, 91, 112, 150 Atopic, 64, 68, 69, 113 Atrophy, 67, 90, 109, 113 Atypical, 29, 34, 72, 113 Autoimmune disease, 72, 77, 113 Autoimmunity, 13, 37, 95, 113 B Bacillus, 113, 152 Bacteria, 57, 111, 113, 134, 143, 148, 152 Bacteriophage, 113, 140 Barbiturate, 113, 150 Basal Ganglia, 113, 125 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 113 Base, 23, 113, 120, 131 Basement Membrane, 4, 17, 113, 124, 132 Basophils, 113, 126, 132 Benign, 4, 27, 62, 72, 73, 107, 113, 125, 131, 136, 138, 144 Benzydamine, 66, 113 Bereavement, 5, 114

156

Lichen Planus

Bile, 114, 116, 125, 128, 133, 148 Bilirubin, 110, 114 Binding Sites, 46, 114 Biological response modifier, 114, 130 Biopsy, 4, 58, 96, 106, 114, 123 Biopsy specimen, 4, 114 Biotechnology, 7, 76, 87, 89, 90, 91, 114 Biotypes, 49, 114 Bivalent, 114, 134 Bladder, 114, 131, 142, 152 Blastomycosis, 114, 131 Blister, 114, 138 Blood pressure, 112, 114, 135, 147 Blood vessel, 114, 117, 127, 131, 133, 134, 147, 149, 150, 153 Body Fluids, 114, 122, 147 Bone Marrow, 114, 119, 126, 133, 135, 142 Bowel, 114, 115, 121, 152 Bowel Movement, 115, 121 Brachytherapy, 115, 130, 144 Brain Stem, 115, 150 Branch, 57, 103, 115, 120, 125, 133, 138, 148, 150 Bronchi, 115, 123, 151 Bruxism, 73, 115 Buccal, 40, 115, 128, 133, 148 Buccal mucosa, 40, 115 Bullous, 12, 13, 16, 64, 72, 115 Bupivacaine, 115, 132 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 18, 57, 73, 115 C Callus, 115, 131 Candidiasis, 40, 47, 72, 73, 115 Candidosis, 72, 115 Capsules, 115, 125 Carbenoxolone, 66, 115 Carbohydrate, 115, 119, 141 Carcinogens, 115, 137 Carcinoma, 3, 4, 5, 33, 47, 115 Cardiac, 115, 122, 123, 132, 136, 148 Carotene, 116, 145 Case report, 6, 11, 12, 21, 23, 26, 32, 33, 36, 43, 44, 48, 116, 117 Case series, 43, 116, 117 Cause of Death, 65, 116 Caustic, 66, 116, 147 Cell Adhesion, 116, 130 Cell Cycle, 13, 116 Cell Death, 112, 116, 136 Cell Division, 90, 113, 116, 120, 130, 135, 140 Cell proliferation, 13, 19, 116

Cerebellar, 113, 116, 144 Cerebral, 113, 115, 116, 123 Cerebrum, 116, 152 Character, 44, 116, 120 Cheilitis, 73, 116 Chemotactic Factors, 64, 116, 118 Chemotherapy, 73, 116 Chlorhexidine, 7, 116 Cholangitis, 15, 116 Chromatin, 112, 116, 123, 136 Chronic renal, 117, 140 Cicatricial, 63, 64, 68, 117 Circulatory system, 65, 117 Circumcision, 20, 117 CIS, 62, 117, 145 Clinical Medicine, 30, 117 Clinical study, 23, 117 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 57, 58, 87, 117, 119, 143, 144 Clobetasol, 6, 55, 117 Cloning, 114, 117 Coagulation, 117, 127, 132, 140 Cofactor, 117, 143 Cognitive restructuring, 117, 149 Colitis, 117 Collagen, 67, 113, 117, 124, 125, 128, 142 Collagen disease, 117, 128 Colloidal, 110, 118 Combination Therapy, 53, 118 Complement, 118, 130, 140 Complete remission, 66, 118, 145 Complete response, 5, 118 Computational Biology, 87, 89, 118 Conception, 118, 124 Concomitant, 47, 118 Cone, 118, 149 Congestion, 118, 123 Conjugated, 118, 120 Conjunctiva, 118, 131, 152 Connective Tissue, 114, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 133, 134, 145, 149 Consciousness, 111, 119 Contact dermatitis, 15, 68, 119 Contraindications, ii, 119 Controlled study, 32, 55, 119 Conventional therapy, 119 Conventional treatment, 66, 119 Cornea, 11, 119, 131, 154 Corneum, 119, 123, 129 Coronary, 119, 134 Coronary Thrombosis, 119, 134 Cortex, 113, 119, 123, 144

Index 157

Corticosteroid, 5, 44, 67, 117, 119, 141 Cortisol, 20, 44, 110, 119 Cortisone, 119, 141 Cranial, 119, 124, 126, 136, 152 Curative, 66, 119, 150 Cyclosporine, 5, 6, 95, 119 Cysteine, 109, 120 Cytochrome, 37, 120 Cytogenetics, 21, 120 Cytokine, 64, 120, 150 Cytoplasm, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123, 126, 134, 135, 136 Cytosine, 65, 120 Cytoskeleton, 120, 130 D Databases, Bibliographic, 87, 120 Decubitus, 120, 147 Decubitus Ulcer, 120, 147 Defense Mechanisms, 120, 130 Degenerative, 120, 127 Deletion, 112, 120 Denaturation, 120, 140 Dendrites, 120 Dendritic, 41, 120, 134 Dendritic cell, 41, 120 Dental Care, 121 Dental Clinics, 64, 121 Dental Materials, 71, 121 Dentists, 7, 71, 121 Depigmentation, 121, 153 Dermal, 62, 121, 132 Dermatitis, 15, 48, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 121, 122 Dermatitis, Contact, 64, 121 Dermatitis, Seborrheic, 64, 121 Dermatosis, 72, 121 Detergents, 121, 147 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 76, 121 Diarrhoea, 121, 128 Diffusion, 121, 129 Digestion, 114, 121, 133, 148 Digestive system, 59, 121 Digestive tract, 115, 121, 147, 148 Direct, iii, 4, 18, 79, 117, 121, 138, 145 Discoid, 31, 121 Dorsal, 121, 123, 141 Drug Interactions, 81, 121 Drug Tolerance, 121, 151 Drug Toxicity, 122, 150 Duct, 116, 122, 146 Dysplasia, 91, 122 Dystrophy, 90, 122

E Eczema, 66, 67, 69, 122 Edema, 113, 119, 122 Efficacy, 42, 45, 52, 53, 67, 122 Elastin, 117, 122 Electrolyte, 119, 122, 135, 147 Electrons, 112, 113, 122, 131, 137, 144 Emodin, 110, 122 Emollient, 122, 137 Endocarditis, 115, 122 Endotoxins, 118, 122, 131 End-stage renal, 117, 122, 140 Environmental Exposure, 122, 137 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 122 Enzymatic, 116, 118, 122, 140, 145 Enzyme, 122, 123, 140, 142, 143, 148, 150, 153 Eosinophils, 123, 126, 132 Epidermal, 5, 62, 123, 131, 132, 134, 153 Epidermal Growth Factor, 5, 123 Epidermis, 55, 68, 109, 114, 119, 123, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 138, 142, 143 Epidermoid carcinoma, 123, 148 Epinephrine, 58, 109, 123 Epithelial, 17, 19, 41, 62, 123, 127, 131, 132 Epithelial Cells, 17, 123, 127, 132 Epithelium, 40, 113, 123, 138, 154 Erythema, 12, 72, 119, 121, 123, 152 Erythema Multiforme, 72, 123 Erythrocytes, 111, 114, 123, 144 Esophageal, 21, 43, 123 Esophagus, 21, 121, 123, 148 Essential Tremor, 90, 123 Etretinate, 10, 53, 54, 109, 123 Evoke, 123, 148 Excisional, 58, 123 Excisional biopsy, 58, 123 Exfoliation, 121, 124 Exogenous, 122, 124 Extensor, 124, 143, 153 External-beam radiation, 124, 144 Extracellular, 118, 119, 124, 130, 147 Extracellular Matrix, 118, 119, 124, 130 F Facial, 124, 138, 150 Facial Nerve, 124, 138, 150 Facial Nerve Diseases, 124, 150 Family Planning, 87, 124 Fat, 67, 114, 116, 119, 120, 124, 132, 145, 146, 147, 149 Fatty acids, 110, 124, 142, 147 Febrile, 72, 124

158

Lichen Planus

Fetus, 57, 124, 152 Fibrinogen, 4, 124, 140, 150 Fibroblasts, 124, 130 Fibrosis, 72, 91, 124, 146 Flexor, 124, 132 Fluocinonide, 6, 23, 117, 124 Fluorescence, 4, 124 Fluorouracil, 64, 125, 132 Foam Cells, 125, 154 Fungi, 57, 111, 112, 125, 134, 154 Fungus, 115, 125, 136 G Gallbladder, 109, 121, 125 Gamma Rays, 125, 144 Gamma-interferon, 54, 125 Ganglion, 125, 154 Gastric, 123, 125 Gastrin, 125, 127 Gastrointestinal, 43, 123, 125, 149 Gelatin, 66, 125, 149 Gene, 25, 57, 63, 91, 92, 114, 125, 137, 151 Gene Expression, 91, 125, 151 General practitioner, 38, 125 Genetic testing, 125, 140 Genetics, 120, 125 Genital, 5, 20, 65, 126, 153 Genotype, 40, 126 Gingival Hyperplasia, 72, 126 Gland, 54, 72, 73, 109, 119, 126, 133, 138, 139, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150 Glossitis, 24, 73, 126 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 126, 150 Glucocorticoid, 55, 124, 126, 128, 141, 151 Glucose, 26, 90, 126, 127, 130 Glucuronic Acid, 126, 127 Glycoprotein, 124, 126, 132, 135, 152 Governing Board, 126, 141 Graft, 15, 30, 72, 126, 127, 136, 143 Graft-versus-host disease, 15, 30, 72, 126, 136, 143 Granulocytes, 64, 126, 153 H Habitual, 116, 126 Hair follicles, 126, 153 Half-Life, 109, 126 Halitosis, 72, 126 Heme, 114, 120, 126, 141, 152 Hemoglobin, 111, 123, 126, 127, 141 Hemoglobinuria, 90, 127 Hemolytic, 127, 148 Hemorrhage, 72, 127, 149 Hemostasis, 127, 130

Heparin, 43, 127 Hepatic, 110, 127, 141 Hepatitis, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 39, 40, 43, 52, 63, 96, 105, 127 Hepatocytes, 127 Hereditary, 127, 145 Heredity, 109, 125, 127 Herpes, 49, 50, 72, 73, 127 Herpes Zoster, 49, 127 Heterodimers, 127, 130 Heterotrophic, 125, 127 Hormonal, 113, 119, 127 Hormone, 67, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 140, 145, 150 Horny layer, 123, 127 Host, 63, 113, 115, 127, 152 Human papillomavirus, 22, 31, 128 Humoral, 65, 128 Humour, 128 Hybrid, 128 Hybridization, 17, 128 Hybridomas, 128, 130 Hydrocortisone, 5, 55, 128 Hydrogen, 113, 115, 120, 128, 135, 136, 137, 143 Hydroxylysine, 117, 128 Hydroxyproline, 117, 128 Hygienic, 128, 147 Hyperkeratosis, 62, 65, 66, 128, 139 Hyperpigmentation, 30, 128 Hyperplasia, 48, 64, 128, 132 Hypersensitivity, 9, 15, 64, 128, 145 Hypertrophy, 128, 129 Hypnotic, 113, 129, 150 Hypoplasia, 62, 129 I Ichthyosis, 62, 65, 67, 129 Id, 56, 90, 96, 102, 104, 129 Idiopathic, 29, 30, 55, 75, 129, 143 Immune response, 41, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119, 129, 149, 152, 153 Immune system, 112, 113, 129, 133, 152, 153 Immunodeficiency, 90, 129 Immunofluorescence, 4, 13, 18, 129 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 129 Immunologic, 116, 129, 144 Immunosuppressant, 125, 129 Immunosuppressive, 64, 126, 129, 150 Impairment, 112, 129, 134 Implant radiation, 129, 130, 144

Index 159

In situ, 17, 34, 129 In vitro, 129, 140, 150 In vivo, 41, 127, 129, 150 Incision, 129, 131 Infarction, 119, 129, 134, 140 Infection, 14, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 43, 52, 72, 73, 96, 114, 115, 116, 129, 133, 145, 149, 152, 153, 154 Infiltration, 64, 129, 142, 154 Ingestion, 126, 128, 130, 140 Innervation, 18, 124, 130 Inorganic, 66, 130, 135 Insulin, 38, 130 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 130 Integrins, 52, 130 Interferon, 18, 29, 45, 63, 125, 130 Interferon-alpha, 130 Interleukin-2, 11, 18, 54, 130 Interleukin-6, 42, 130 Intermittent, 58, 130, 141 Internal radiation, 130, 144 Interphase, 21, 130 Intestinal, 116, 130, 133 Intracellular, 129, 130, 142, 153 Intramuscular, 131, 151 Intravenous, 12, 131 Intravenous pyelography, 12, 131 Intrinsic, 110, 113, 131 Invasive, 48, 131 Involuntary, 113, 123, 131, 136, 151 Ions, 113, 122, 128, 131 Ischemia, 113, 120, 131 Itraconazole, 45, 131 J Joint, 57, 73, 112, 124, 131, 149 K Kb, 86, 131 Keratin, 31, 131, 146 Keratinocytes, 17, 53, 64, 131 Keratitis, 63, 131 Keratoacanthoma, 26, 32, 131 Keratoconjunctivitis, 11, 131 Keratosis, 16, 27, 32, 109, 131 Keto, 66, 131 Kidney Cortex, 131, 134 Kidney Disease, 59, 86, 91, 131 L Labetalol, 12, 132 Laminin, 113, 132 Large Intestine, 121, 132, 144, 147 Laser Surgery, 8, 132

Lesion, 3, 5, 7, 41, 47, 65, 66, 106, 114, 131, 132, 133, 135, 152 Leukemia, 90, 132, 142 Leukocytes, 113, 114, 116, 123, 126, 130, 132, 135, 136, 152 Leukoplakia, 5, 21, 39, 40, 45, 47, 49, 63, 72, 73, 132 Levamisole, 42, 53, 132 Library Services, 102, 132 Lichen Nitidus, 10, 25, 45, 132 Lidocaine, 58, 80, 132 Life cycle, 125, 132 Ligament, 132, 142 Ligands, 30, 67, 130, 132 Linkages, 127, 132, 148 Lip, 6, 31, 44, 132 Lipid, 125, 130, 131, 132, 154 Liposarcoma, 42, 132 Liver, 6, 25, 37, 57, 109, 110, 111, 114, 121, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134, 141 Liver Transplantation, 25, 133 Localization, 46, 129, 133 Localized, 8, 54, 66, 111, 129, 132, 133, 135, 140, 146, 152 Lupus, 8, 31, 33, 72, 105, 133, 149 Lymph, 117, 128, 133, 136, 149 Lymph node, 133, 136 Lymphatic, 129, 133, 134, 148, 150 Lymphatic system, 133, 148, 150 Lymphocyte, 15, 34, 35, 52, 111, 133 Lymphoid, 111, 133 Lymphoma, 68, 90, 133, 136 M Maintenance therapy, 6, 133 Malabsorption, 90, 133 Malignancy, 34, 109, 133, 138 Malignant, 4, 5, 14, 29, 34, 38, 65, 72, 90, 112, 133, 136, 144 Malignant tumor, 72, 133 Malnutrition, 110, 113, 133, 135 Mastication, 133, 152 Mastitis, 114, 133 Mediator, 130, 133 Medical Records, 134, 145 Medicament, 134, 149 MEDLINE, 87, 89, 91, 134 Melanin, 121, 134 Melanocytes, 128, 134, 136 Melanoma, 63, 90, 134 Melanosis, 15, 109, 134 Membrane, 4, 10, 42, 46, 53, 112, 118, 123, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 145, 149

160

Lichen Planus

Meningitis, 131, 134 Menopause, 134, 141 Mental Disorders, 59, 134 Mercury, 8, 15, 42, 134 Mesenchymal, 123, 134 Metabolite, 109, 134 Metallothionein, 10, 134 Metastasis, 65, 134 MI, 12, 68, 95, 107, 134 Microbiology, 113, 134 Microscopy, 113, 134 Migration, 21, 134 Mineralocorticoids, 109, 119, 135 Mitochondrial Swelling, 135, 136 Mitosis, 112, 135 Modification, 135, 144 Molecular, 29, 31, 43, 62, 87, 89, 114, 118, 120, 124, 127, 134, 135, 140, 152 Molecule, 111, 113, 114, 118, 135, 137, 144, 153 Monitor, 4, 7, 135, 136 Monoclonal, 128, 135, 144 Monocytes, 64, 125, 130, 132, 135, 150 Mononuclear, 41, 52, 135, 152 Morphology, 77, 135 Mouth Ulcer, 66, 135 Mucins, 135, 146 Mucocutaneous, 4, 5, 135 Mucolytic, 109, 135 Mucosa, 5, 31, 34, 38, 47, 63, 72, 77, 95, 133, 135, 148, 149 Mucosal Ulceration, 6, 135 Mucus, 42, 135, 152 Muscle Fibers, 135 Muscular Atrophy, 90, 135 Muscular Dystrophies, 122, 136 Mycophenolate mofetil, 45, 136 Mycosis, 44, 68, 136 Mycosis Fungoides, 68, 136 Myocardium, 134, 136 Myotonic Dystrophy, 90, 136 N NCI, 1, 58, 85, 117, 136 Necrosis, 18, 23, 45, 112, 129, 134, 136 Need, 3, 4, 64, 71, 73, 76, 97, 117, 136, 151 Neoplasia, 90, 123, 136 Neoplasm, 136, 152 Neoplastic, 128, 131, 133, 136 Nephropathy, 131, 136 Nerve, 109, 111, 112, 120, 124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 136, 137, 142, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154

Neural, 128, 136 Neuralgia, 73, 136 Neutrons, 110, 136, 144 Neutrophils, 126, 132, 136 Nevus, 62, 136 Nuclear, 36, 40, 113, 122, 125, 136 Nucleic acid, 120, 128, 137, 153 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 128, 137 Nucleus, 112, 113, 116, 120, 123, 125, 135, 136, 137, 143, 148, 150 Nursing Care, 137, 138 O Ocular, 68, 137 Ointments, 66, 137, 147 Olfaction, 137, 150 Olfaction Disorders, 137, 150 Oncogene, 90, 137 Oncogenic, 130, 137 Opsin, 137, 145 Oral Health, 7, 72, 73, 77, 137 Oral Hygiene, 126, 137 Organelles, 120, 134, 135, 137 Orofacial, 65, 137 Osmotic, 110, 135, 137 Oxidation, 112, 120, 137 P Palate, 18, 126, 137, 148 Palliative, 138, 150 Pancreas, 109, 121, 130, 138 Pancreatic, 90, 138 Pancreatic cancer, 90, 138 Papillary, 128, 138 Papillomavirus, 138 Parasite, 138 Parasitic, 72, 138 Parasitic Diseases, 72, 138 Parotid, 54, 72, 126, 138 Paroxysmal, 90, 138 Partial remission, 138, 145 Partial response, 5, 138 Particle, 138, 153 Patch, 132, 138 Pathogenesis, 4, 41, 138 Pathologic, 112, 114, 115, 119, 128, 138, 143, 153 Pathologic Processes, 112, 138 Patient Care Management, 4, 138 Patient Education, 94, 100, 102, 107, 138 Pelvic, 138, 142 Pemphigoid, Bullous, 63, 138 Pemphigus, 38, 42, 63, 64, 73, 109, 138 Penis, 132, 138, 141

Index 161

Peptide, 47, 131, 139, 140, 142, 143 Perception, 118, 139, 150 Perianal, 20, 139 Pericardium, 139, 149 Periodontitis, 7, 73, 139 Perioral, 72, 139 Peripheral blood, 43, 52, 54, 130, 139 Peripheral stem cells, 126, 139 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 125, 139 Pharmacologic, 111, 126, 139, 151 Phospholipids, 124, 139 Photosensitivity, 139, 141 Physical Examination, 57, 139 Physiologic, 126, 139, 142, 144 Pigment, 114, 121, 134, 139 Pigmentation, 62, 72, 128, 134, 139 Pilot study, 42, 55, 139 Pituitary Gland, 119, 139 Pityriasis, 62, 66, 139 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, 62, 139 Plants, 122, 126, 135, 140, 151 Plaque, 16, 18, 116, 140 Plasma, 38, 40, 72, 110, 111, 124, 125, 127, 135, 140, 146 Plasma cells, 40, 111, 140 Plasma protein, 110, 140 Plasminogen, 140, 148 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 46, 140 Platelets, 140 Poisoning, 122, 134, 140 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 72, 140 Polycystic, 91, 140 Polymerase, 22, 50, 140 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 22, 50, 140 Polymorphic, 37, 140 Polypeptide, 110, 117, 123, 124, 128, 140 Polysaccharide, 111, 141, 143 Porphyria, 27, 141 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 27, 141 Porphyria, Hepatic, 141 Porphyrins, 141 Posterior, 112, 121, 126, 137, 138, 141 Post-traumatic, 113, 141 Potentiate, 67, 141 Practice Guidelines, 88, 141 Precancerous, 5, 109, 141 Prednisolone, 141 Prednisone, 96, 141 Premalignant, 3, 21, 44, 67, 141 Premenopausal, 24, 141 Prepuce, 117, 141 Prevalence, 7, 28, 29, 38, 39, 64, 69, 141

Prickle, 109, 131, 142 Procainamide, 33, 142 Procaine, 132, 142 Progression, 48, 142 Progressive, 117, 121, 126, 136, 142, 152 Proline, 117, 128, 142 Promyelocytic leukemia, 142, 151 Prophylaxis, 66, 68, 123, 142, 152 Prospective Studies, 3, 142 Prospective study, 44, 52, 142 Prostaglandin, 142 Prostate, 90, 142 Protease, 64, 118, 142 Protein C, 110, 113, 131, 143 Protein S, 91, 114, 143, 150 Proteins, 13, 21, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 127, 128, 131, 135, 139, 140, 143, 147, 151, 153 Proteoglycans, 113, 143 Proteolytic, 118, 124, 143 Protocol, 7, 57, 143 Protons, 110, 128, 143, 144 Protozoa, 143 Protozoal, 72, 143 Pruritic, 122, 132, 143 Psoralen, 6, 96, 143 Psoriasis, 10, 13, 15, 16, 39, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 94, 109, 117, 123, 143, 151 Public Policy, 87, 143 Pulmonary, 114, 143, 149 Pulse, 135, 143 Purulent, 143, 153 Pustular, 109, 143 Pyoderma, 68, 143 Pyoderma Gangrenosum, 68, 143 Q Quality of Life, 77, 144 Quiescent, 144, 153 R Race, 134, 144 Radiation, 73, 122, 124, 125, 130, 144, 154 Radiation therapy, 73, 124, 130, 144 Radioactive, 126, 128, 129, 130, 136, 137, 144 Radiolabeled, 144 Radiotherapy, 115, 144 Randomized, 7, 24, 32, 122, 144 Randomized clinical trial, 7, 144 Receptor, 5, 44, 54, 67, 111, 118, 144 Recombinant, 46, 144, 153 Rectum, 112, 115, 121, 132, 142, 144, 149 Red blood cells, 123, 127, 141, 144

162

Lichen Planus

Red Nucleus, 113, 144 Refer, 1, 115, 118, 125, 127, 133, 136, 145 Regimen, 7, 122, 145 Relapse, 64, 145 Remission, 6, 66, 133, 145 Respiration, 135, 145 Reticular, 13, 20, 34, 77, 145 Retina, 145, 146 Retinal, 62, 118, 145 Retinaldehyde, 45, 145 Retinoblastoma, 90, 145 Retinoid, 67, 109, 123, 145 Retinol, 62, 145 Retrospective, 3, 5, 8, 29, 49, 145 Retrospective study, 5, 29, 49, 145 Rheumatism, 145 Rheumatoid, 45, 94, 117, 145 Rheumatoid arthritis, 45, 117, 145 Risk factor, 4, 73, 142, 146 Rods, 145, 146 S Salicylate, 146 Salicylic, 146 Salicylic Acids, 146 Saline, 63, 146 Saliva, 54, 146 Salivary, 20, 44, 52, 73, 121, 124, 138, 146, 149, 154 Salivary glands, 52, 121, 124, 146 Scalpel, 58, 146 Scleroderma, 67, 72, 94, 146 Sclerosis, 90, 117, 146 Screening, 15, 117, 146 Sebaceous, 146, 153 Sebaceous gland, 146, 153 Sebum, 62, 109, 146 Secondary tumor, 134, 146 Secretion, 54, 109, 119, 123, 128, 130, 135, 146 Segmental, 9, 146 Segmentation, 146 Seizures, 138, 146 Semen, 142, 146 Senile, 62, 109, 146 Sequencing, 140, 147 Serum, 42, 52, 53, 54, 110, 118, 135, 147, 152 Sex Determination, 91, 147 Shock, 27, 128, 147, 151 Side effect, 6, 32, 62, 67, 72, 77, 79, 109, 115, 147, 151 Signs and Symptoms, 73, 140, 145, 147

Skeleton, 131, 142, 147 Skin Abnormalities, 67, 147 Skin Care, 67, 147 Skin graft, 12, 147 Small intestine, 127, 147 Soaps, 147 Social Environment, 144, 147 Social Support, 147, 149 Sodium, 24, 46, 66, 135, 147 Soft tissue, 57, 114, 147 Somatic, 126, 128, 135, 147 Specialist, 97, 148 Species, 49, 113, 123, 128, 134, 135, 138, 144, 148, 149, 152 Spinous, 123, 131, 148 Spleen, 111, 133, 148 Sporadic, 141, 145, 148 Squamous, 3, 5, 15, 16, 35, 38, 43, 44, 53, 77, 123, 131, 148 Squamous cell carcinoma, 5, 15, 16, 35, 38, 43, 44, 53, 77, 123, 131, 148 Squamous cells, 148 Sterile, 148, 152 Steroid, 119, 148 Stimulus, 38, 130, 148 Stomach, 109, 115, 121, 123, 125, 127, 147, 148 Stomatitis, 24, 72, 73, 148 Strand, 10, 12, 140, 148 Streptococci, 148 Streptokinase, 41, 148 Stress, 4, 106, 119, 145, 148, 149, 152 Stress management, 5, 149 Stria, 67, 106, 149 Stroke, 59, 86, 149 Subacute, 129, 149 Subclinical, 129, 146, 149 Subcutaneous, 67, 122, 149 Submaxillary, 123, 149 Submucous, 72, 149 Subspecies, 148, 149 Substance P, 134, 146, 149 Suppositories, 55, 125, 149 Suppression, 117, 119, 149 Surfactant, 63, 149 Sympathomimetic, 123, 149 Symphysis, 142, 149 Symptomatic, 5, 24, 53, 77, 149 Synergistic, 149, 151 Systemic disease, 57, 72, 129, 149 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 38, 52, 117, 149

Index 163

T Tacrolimus, 5, 6, 9, 20, 35, 43, 150 Taste Disorders, 73, 150 Telangiectasia, 91, 150 Teratogenic, 123, 150, 151 Tetracycline, 45, 53, 150 Thalamic, 113, 150 Thalamic Diseases, 113, 150 Thalidomide, 19, 150 Therapeutics, 57, 81, 150 Thermal, 136, 140, 150 Thigh, 8, 150 Thrombin, 124, 143, 150 Thrombolytic, 140, 148, 150 Thrombolytic Therapy, 148, 150 Thrombosis, 130, 143, 149, 150 Thymoma, 38, 150 Thymus, 133, 150 Thyroid, 67, 150, 151 Thyroid Gland, 150, 151 Thyroid Hormones, 67, 150, 151 Thyroxine, 110, 151 Tic, 73, 151 Time Management, 149, 151 Tin, 55, 151 Tolerance, 26, 151 Tooth Loss, 7, 151 Toxic, iv, 72, 122, 151 Toxicity, 115, 121, 122, 134, 151 Toxicology, 88, 151 Toxins, 111, 122, 126, 129, 151 Trace element, 151 Trachea, 115, 150, 151 Transfection, 114, 151 Trauma, 72, 113, 136, 137, 150, 151 Tretinoin, 5, 54, 62, 81, 151 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 42, 151 Trigeminal, 73, 152 Tryptophan, 117, 152 Tubercle, 152 Tuberculin, 41, 152 Tuberculosis, 133, 146, 152 Tuberous Sclerosis, 91, 152 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 150, 152 Tumour, 18, 125, 152, 154 U Ulcer, 66, 120, 152 Ulceration, 6, 19, 36, 55, 66, 120, 135, 152 Ulcerative colitis, 48, 144, 152 Unconscious, 111, 120, 129, 152

Ureters, 131, 152 Urethra, 139, 142, 152 Urine, 57, 114, 123, 127, 131, 152 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 141, 152 Urticaria, 64, 68, 72, 152 Uterus, 152 V Vaccination, 32, 152 Vaccine, 109, 143, 152 Vagina, 5, 19, 115, 152, 153 Vaginal, 55, 153 Vaginitis, 5, 16, 115, 153 Varicella, 50, 73, 153 Vascular, 129, 150, 152, 153 Vasculitis, 140, 153 Vasoconstriction, 123, 153 Vector, 138, 153 Vein, 131, 136, 138, 153 Venous, 143, 153 Verruca, 63, 153 Vesicular, 72, 127, 153 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 153 Viral, 63, 72, 109, 137, 153 Virus, 10, 17, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38, 50, 63, 72, 96, 113, 114, 128, 130, 140, 153, 154 Virus Replication, 17, 153 Viscera, 136, 147, 153 Viscosity, 109, 153 Vitiligo, 9, 47, 68, 69, 143, 153 Vitro, 127, 153 Vivo, 153 Vulgaris, 10, 42, 109, 153 Vulva, 5, 19, 33, 53, 153 W Wart, 131, 153 White blood cell, 111, 132, 133, 135, 140, 153 Windpipe, 150, 154 Wound Healing, 62, 130, 154 X Xanthoma, 47, 154 Xerostomia, 72, 73, 154 X-ray, 58, 124, 125, 131, 136, 144, 154 Y Yeasts, 115, 125, 154 Z Zoster, 50, 73, 154

164

Lichen Planus

Lichen Planus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lichen Planus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents