Laryngitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LARYNGITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

Author: ICON Health Publications

23 downloads 325 Views 1MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

LARYNGITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Laryngitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83999-9 1. Laryngitis-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on laryngitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LARYNGITIS............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Laryngitis...................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LARYNGITIS ..................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Laryngitis .................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LARYNGITIS .............................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 29 General References ....................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LARYNGITIS ........................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patents on Laryngitis................................................................................................................... 33 Patent Applications on Laryngitis............................................................................................... 38 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LARYNGITIS ............................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 43 Chapters on Laryngitis ................................................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LARYNGITIS ................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 53 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 54 Academic Periodicals covering Laryngitis ................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 57 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 62 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87

viii Contents

Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 LARYNGITIS DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 125

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with laryngitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about laryngitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to laryngitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on laryngitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to laryngitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on laryngitis. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LARYNGITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on laryngitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and laryngitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Pressing Chest Pain With Wheezing and Laryngitis: New Face on an Old Disease Source: Gastrointestinal Diseases Today. 1(1): 1-8. July-August 1992. Summary: This article focuses on how to evaluate and treat patients who present with nontraditional manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Topics include taking the patient's medical history; diagnostic testing; the manifestation of chest pain and wheezing related to GER; management of the patient with GER, including environmental modifications such as raising the head of the patient's bed; drug therapy, including the use of cimetidine and omeprazole; and the use and indications for surgery. The article concludes with a commentary that discusses three issues: symptoms, testing, and management. Two algorithms are included.

4

Laryngitis

•

Chronic Heartburn, Asthma, Cancer, and Laryngitis are Linked to GERD Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 21(12): 35-38, 40-41. December 1997. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing, Inc. 99B Main Street, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (631) 288-4404. Fax (631) 288-4435. E-Mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article presents a symposium in which participants discuss the links between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the seemingly unrelated conditions of asthma, laryngitis, and some forms of cancer. GERD is in itself a potentially serious problem whose primary symptom is chronic heartburn. GERD affects some 19 million Americans and when untreated may be a precursor to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer. This symposium was called in response to a marked increase in the incidence of Barrett's esophagus and the fact that cancer of the esophagus is one of the more lethal cancers. Topics include a description of GERD, the objectives for gastroenterologists in this area, the physiology of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the role of hiatal hernia, the role of transient LES relaxation, delayed gastric emptying, stricture formation, Barrett's esophagus and the related mucosal changes, treating reflux disease (diet therapy, lifestyle changes, and reducing drug effects), the role of self care, and working with a physician for drug therapy. The authors note that lifestyle changes, followed strictly, can eliminate the symptoms of GERD in about 20 percent of cases. However, for most patients with GERD, self care measures are insufficient to treat the disease fully. The authors conclude with a brief description of the current drugs used to treat GERD. 3 figures.

•

Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Esophagitis, Acid Laryngitis, and Beyond Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 100(5): 95-97, 100, 106, 108, 113. November 1996. Summary: This article, the second of a four-part series on peptic acid disease, describes the most common esophageal and extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The authors also discuss various treatment options, emphasizing early, accurate diagnosis as crucial in appropriate treatment choice. Reflux of gastric contents can cause esophageal mucosal abnormalities, such as ulcers and peptic strictures, as well as pulmonary and otolaryngologic symptoms, including refluxinduced asthma and acid laryngitis. Left untreated, some complications can lead to more severe disorders, such as esophageal adenocarcinoma that develops in patients with Barrett's esophagus. The authors stress that accurate recognition of these diverse manifestations allows improved identification of patients at risk for reflux-related disorders and aids in proper evaluation and treatment. 1 table. 19 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Laryngitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to laryngitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to laryngitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore laryngitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for laryngitis: •

Project Title: AIRWAY GASTROESOPHAGOPHARYNGEAL REFLUX

PROTECTION

DURING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaker, Reza; Professor and Chief; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The goal of this subproject is to investigate pharyngoesophageal and laryngeal function in health and in conditions which lead to gastroesophagealpharyngeal reflux and laryngeal aspiration. Two specific objectives are listed: 1) to determine the pathophysiological basis of laryngeal complications of reflux and 2) to investigate the afferent sensory pathways in animals and humans which influence the occurrence and frequency of gastroesophago-pharyngeal reflux. These objectives will be met by performing 15 studies. These can be grouped into human and animal studies, and further subdivided as follows: Human studies of gastroesophageal-pharyngeal reflux and its consequences. These include: Characterization and quantification of gastroesophago-pharyngeal reflux, mechanisms of gastroesophago-pharyngeal reflux, studies of esophago-glottal closure reflux, stimulation of esophago-glottal reflex in response to gastroesophageal reflux. These studies will be performed in four groups of subject/patients: controls (male and female), patients with esophageal reflux but no laryngeal symptoms, patients with acid damage to the larynx (acid laryngitis), and patients with laryngeal symptoms but no endoscopic evidence of acid laryngitis. The results from each group will be compared. The presence of acid will be detected by intraluminal pH probes, sphincter function by specialized Dent sleeves, common cavity events and peristalsis by intraluminal pressure detectors, and glottal closure by nasal videoendoscopy. Human studies of other esophageal and pharyngeal reflexes include: studies of secondary peristalsis, pharyngo-UES contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallow, pharyngoglottal adduction reflex, inhibitory effect of pharyngeal water stimulation on esophageal peristalsis and bolus transport, and inhibitory effect of pharyngeal stimulation on LES tone and gastroesophageal reflux. These studies will utilize the same techniques and study the same control/patient groups as in the studies outlined above. In addition, secondary peristalsis will be stimulated by a barostat connected to a long thin non-compliant balloon. Videofluorography will also be used to document bolus transport. The last set of human studies examines esophageal sensation. In the same four groups of controls/patients, cerebral activation of the cortex by esophageal stimulation will be studied by fMRI. After stimulation with intraesophageal balloons, hot and cold water and acid, changes in cerebral blood flow will be documented by fMRI. Animal studies of pharyngeal and esophageal reflexes include: studies of the pharyngoesophageal inhibitory reflexes, studies of the pharyngoglottal closure reflex, determination of stimuli for pharyngo-UES, pharyngo-glottal, contractile reflexes, esophago-glottal and esophageal-UES contractile. These studies will be done in decerebrate cats. Laryngeal muscle function will be measured by electromyography or by direct observation. Nerves will be stimulated or transected to study pathways and mucosal anesthetic or capsaicin will disable mucosal receptors. In some studies,

6

Laryngitis

anesthetized opossums will be used so that inhibition of nitric oxide can be done by intra-arterial infusions of nitric oxide inhibitors. Isolated vagal fiber single unit electrode recordings will be made. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLEARANCE

MECHANISM

OF

GASTROESOPHAGEAL

REFLUX

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Massey, Benson T.; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The gastroesophageal junction is the first portal through which noxious gastric contents must pass if they are to cause injury to the upper aerodigestive tract. When reflux occurs excessively and clearance of reflux is impaired, patients can develop esophagitis, ulcers, stricture, adenocarcinoma, laryngitis, and aspiration pneumonia. Unfortunately, the mechanisms for initiating and suppressing reflux and the factors contributing to the altered clearance of the refluxate are poorly understood. The specific objectives of this subproject are to explore the following hypotheses: 1). Intragastric pressure is a major determination of whether reflux occurs, with reflux patients having lower threshold pressures for triggering reflux. 2). Afferent sensory pathways in the cardia of the stomach are important in triggering GERD. Agents can be delivered endoscopically to block these pathways and inhibit GER. 3). Esophageal longitudinal muscles play an active role in the reflux event. 4). Esophageal acidification alters the function of longitudinal esophageal muscles, so as to contribute to forming a hiatal hernia. 5). Longitudinal esophageal muscle function during primary and secondary peristalsis is abnormal in patients with reflux disease, and these abnormalities contribute to disturbances in esophageal bolus clearance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NONINVASIVE MICROSTRUCTURE

OPTICAL

IMAGING

OF

VOCAL

CORD

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wong, Brian J.; Otolaryngology; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The diagnosis and management of many true vocal cord (TVC) lesions requires biopsy or excision which exposes the patient to the risks of general anesthesia, TVC injury, and potential iatrogenic glottic speech impairment. Unfortunately, many TVC lesions cannot be diagnosed without a biopsy, and this is particularly true with early TVC cancer, where chronic laryngitis is often clinically indistinguishable from malignancy. This application addresses this problem by developing a non-contact imaging device to provide high-resolution cross-sectional images of the TVC using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). OCT is an emerging imaging modality that uses low-coherence light to construct high-resolution (10-20 microns), cross-sectional images of tissue to depths of up to 3 mm. The specific aims of this study include: 1) design a high speed OCT instrument coupled to a surgical microscope; 2) obtain in vivo morphometric measurement of human TVC microstructure (e.g.; thickness of epithelium, Reinke's space, etc.); and 3) correlate in vivo OCT images with histology obtained from biopsies. This study will enroll approximately 125 adult patients undergoing laryngeal microendoscopy at UC Irvine Medical Center over two years. In over 60%, a tissue biopsy specimen will be available

Studies

7

to allow correlation with conventional histology. Since many of these patients will have a biopsy to diagnose cancer, this study will also provide pilot information on the efficacy of OCT in diagnosing early TVC cancer, where the cardinal feature is invasion of the basement membrane. In addition to structural information on TVC microanatomy, the OCT device will provide functional images of specific tissue properties, including birefringence (collagen organization), using polarization-sensitive OCT, and microscopic blood flow, using Optical Doppler Tomography. We expect our instrument to: 1) image vocal cord microstructure including basement membrane integrity; 2) delineate the superficial and deep extent of both benign and malignant TVC neoplasms; and 3) facilitate real-time image guided microsurgery of the TVC, allowing more accurate tissue biopsies or surgery. Further, OCT imaging will provide a means of documenting the evolution of TVC pathology with 3-D images, thus complementing conventional endoscopy and stroboscopy. Application of OCT to microlaryngeal surgery may reduce iatrogenic phonatory disability by reducing trauma to delicate structures that accompanies conventional techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REFLUX SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

DISEASE

IN

PATIENTS

WITH

THROAT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaezi, Michael F.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is designed to provide Michael F. Vaezi, M.D., Ph.D., with a program of mentored, patient-oriented research that will facilitate his development as an independent physician scientist. This proposal outlines a series of studies designed to address the study hypothesis: there is a causal relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngeal symptoms and signs in patients with laryngitis. This award will allow Dr. Vaezi the unique opportunity to acquire cross-training in clinical design, epidemiology and biostatistics while pursuing a multidisciplinary, patient-oriented research project in better understanding an important clinical area. Laryngoscopic examination of patients with symptoms of hoarseness, sore throat, throat clearing and chronic cough commonly shows laryngeal abnormalities including laryngitis and vocal cord lesions including polyps, granuloma and carcinoma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease often is proposed as the etiology of these abnormalities. However, aggressive acid suppression improves symptoms and laryngeal findings in only some of these patients, highlighting the uncertainty of the relationship between acid reflux and laryngeal pathology. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic role of non-acidic gastric contents in the those whose acid reflux is suppressed with medication is unknown. The advent of new technologic advancement in the field of monitoring acidic and non-acidic reflux in an ambulatory setting will allow Dr. Vaezi to better understand the role of these potential gastric refluxates in causing laryngeal symptoms and injury. Therefore, to better understand the relationship between GERD and laryngeal injury, we propose three in-depth research protocols addressing the following aims: Aim #1: Identify specific laryngoscopic signs associated with GERD. Specific laryngeal signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease will be determined by identifying the signs found in normal subjects and comparing these subjects to reflux patients whose signs improve or resolve with acidsuppressive therapy. In 100 subjects with suspected acid-related laryngeal pathology, the response to aggressive acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors with and without H2-receptor antagonists will be tested with special interest in identifying

8

Laryngitis

potential predictors of response, optimum acid-suppressive regimen, dosing and duration of therapy. Aim #2: Identify potential pre-therapy predictors of successful response to GERD related ENT abnormalities. There are currently no data on predictors of response in this group of patients. A major reason for this has been the lack of a large scale trial in which different physiologic tests are performed prior to treatment. In this proposal, in addition to identifying demographic features, we will also perform esophageal manometry, esophageal and hypopharyngeal pH monitoring and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) pre- and post-therapy in order to identify potential predictors of successful response. Aim #3: Clarify the role of acidic and nonacidic esophageal reflux in causing laryngeal mucosal injury in patients with ENT complaints. This will be achieved using the state-of-the-art techniques of ambulatory multichannel intraluminal esophageal impedance and pH monitoring. These methods will be employed pre- and post-therapy on all patients to assess their potential clinical utility, especially in those unresponsive to medical therapy after aggressive acid suppression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with laryngitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for laryngitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

99mTc-sulfur colloid gastroesophageal scintigraphy with late lung imaging to evaluate patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Bestetti A, Carola F, Carnevali-Ricci P, Sambataro G, Tarolo GL. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 October; 41(10): 1597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037986&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

9

•

A case of reflux laryngitis controlled with proton pump blockade alone. Author(s): Rosenthal DI, Ruiz C. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 January; 79(1): 16. Erratum In: Ear Nose Throat J 2000 April; 79(4): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665185&dopt=Abstract

•

A case of toxoplasmatic rhinitis and laryngitis. Author(s): Li J, Li L, Wei Y, Chen H, Dong Y, Wang F. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1996 March; 109(3): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8758322&dopt=Abstract

•

A possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology of chronic laryngitis. Author(s): Borkowski G, Sudhoff H, Koslowski F, Hackstedt G, Radu HJ, Luckhaupt H. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1997; 254(9-10): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438124&dopt=Abstract

•

Absence of bacterial infection in the mucosal secretion in chronic laryngitis. Author(s): Ebenfelt A, Finizia C. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 November; 110(11): 1954-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081617&dopt=Abstract

•

Acid posterior laryngitis. Aetiology, histology, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Kambic V, Radsel Z. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 December; 98(12): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6512397&dopt=Abstract

•

Acoustic measurement of change in voice quality with treatment for chronic posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Hanson DG, Jiang JJ, Chen J, Pauloski BR. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1997 April; 106(4): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109716&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute laryngitis associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Nigro G, Midulla M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1983 July; 7(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6631034&dopt=Abstract

10

Laryngitis

•

Acute laryngitis in a professional singer. Author(s): Sataloff RT, Shaw A, Markiewicz A. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 July; 80(7): 436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480296&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute laryngitis in adults: diagnosis, etiology, treatment. Author(s): Schalen L. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 449: 31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3144113&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute laryngitis in adults: results of erythromycin treatment. Author(s): Schalen L, Eliasson I, Fex S, Kamme C, Schalen C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1992; 492: 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1632252&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute laryngitis. Author(s): Lynch JS, Roberti CG. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 2000 September-October; 4(5): 534-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933444&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute laryngitis. Author(s): Spiegel JR, Hawkshaw M, Markiewicz A, Sataloff RT. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 July; 79(7): 488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10935296&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute supraglottic laryngitis in adults. Author(s): Hanna GS. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1986 August; 100(8): 971-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3746118&dopt=Abstract

•

Adult herpetic laryngitis with concurrent candidal infection: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Zhang S, Farmer TL, Frable MA, Powers CN. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2000 May; 126(5): 672-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807340&dopt=Abstract

•

Air pollution and the etiology of laryngitis in children. Author(s): Fajstavr J, Lehovcova K, Fiala J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 5; 49 Suppl 1: S269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577819&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

•

Aspecific membranous laryngitis after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Di Girolamo S, Anselmi M, Piccini A, De Lauretis A, Passali D. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 January; 34(1-2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8770686&dopt=Abstract

•

Body build--is it a factor in acute subglottic laryngitis? Author(s): Chmielik M, Debska M, Partyka M, Arcimowicz M, Chmielik LP, Jakubczyk I, Wachulski B. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997 June 20; 40(2-3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225181&dopt=Abstract

•

Candida esophagitis and laryngitis in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Author(s): Kobayashi RH, Rosenblatt HM, Carney JM, Byrne WJ, Ament ME, Mendoza GR, Dudley JP, Stiehm ER. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 September; 66(3): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7422428&dopt=Abstract

•

Candida laryngitis appearing as leukoplakia and GERD. Author(s): Forrest LA, Weed H. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1998 March; 12(1): 915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619984&dopt=Abstract

•

Candida laryngitis in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Its association with Candida esophagitis. Author(s): Dudley JP, Kobayashi R, Rosenblatt HM, Byrne WJ, Ament ME, Stiehm ER. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1980 NovemberDecember; 89(6 Pt 1): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7458151&dopt=Abstract

•

Case report: candida infection presenting as laryngitis. Author(s): Lawson R, Bodey G, Luna M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1980 November-December; 280(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6935959&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in air humidity and the incidence of acute laryngotracheitis. Author(s): Grotto I, Shemesh E, Mimoui M. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 April; 4(4): 315-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001720&dopt=Abstract

12

Laryngitis

•

Chronic herpetic laryngitis with oropharyngitis. Author(s): Karnauchow PN, Kaul WH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1988 May-June; 97(3 Pt 1): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3377396&dopt=Abstract

•

Chronic rhinitis/laryngitis. Author(s): Turner WE. Source: N Z Med J. 1991 April 24; 104(910): 170. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2020467&dopt=Abstract

•

Chronic ulceration of the tongue and laryngitis: first clinical sign of asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Sah SP, Raj GA, Bahadur T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1999 September; 39(2): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609538&dopt=Abstract

•

Complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Esophagitis, acid laryngitis, and beyond. Author(s): Clark CL, Horwitz B. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1996 November; 100(5): 95-7, 100, 106-8 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917327&dopt=Abstract

•

Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis. Author(s): Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 December; 112(12): 2192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461340&dopt=Abstract

•

Cryptococcosis of the larynx in a patient with AIDS: an unusual cause of fungal laryngitis. Author(s): Browning DG, Schwartz DA, Jurado RL. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1992 July; 85(7): 762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1631697&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytomegaloviral laryngitis and probable malignant lymphoma of the larynx in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Siegel RJ, Browning D, Schwartz DA, Hudgins PA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992 May; 116(5): 539-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1316114&dopt=Abstract

Studies

13

•

Cytomegalovirus causing necrotizing laryngitis in a renal and cardiac transplant recipient. Author(s): Lopez-Amado M, Yebra-Pimentel MT, Garcia-Sarandeses A. Source: Head & Neck. 1996 September-October; 18(5): 455-7; Discussion 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864737&dopt=Abstract

•

Detection of Chlamydia pneumonia DNA in nasopharyngolaryngeal swab samples from patients with rhinitis and pharyngolaryngitis with polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Zhang G, Ning B, Li Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2000 February; 113(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775549&dopt=Abstract

•

Diagnosis and management of chronic laryngitis associated with reflux. Author(s): Hanson DG, Jiang JJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March 6; 108 Suppl 4A: 112S-119S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718463&dopt=Abstract

•

Diagnostic test with omeprazole in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Siupsinskiene N, Adamonis K. Source: Medicina (Kaunas). 2003; 39(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576765&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of meteorological parameters on acute laryngitis in adults. Author(s): Danielides V, Nousia CS, Patrikakos G, Bartzokas A, Lolis CJ, Milionis HJ, Skevas A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 September; 122(6): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403130&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of omeprazole on the course of associated esophagitis and laryngitis. Author(s): Jaspersen D, Weber R, Hammar CH, Draf W. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 December; 31(6): 765-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027637&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of pantoprazole on the course of reflux-associated laryngitis: a placebocontrolled double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Eherer AJ, Habermann W, Hammer HF, Kiesler K, Friedrich G, Krejs GJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 May; 38(5): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795454&dopt=Abstract

14

Laryngitis

•

Elevated creatine phosphokinase and creatine phosphokinase-MB in acute laryngitis. Author(s): Ilan Y, Hillman M, Oren R, Wolf D. Source: Keio J Med. 1991 March; 40(1): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2046207&dopt=Abstract

•

Empiric trial of high-dose omeprazole in patients with posterior laryngitis: a prospective study. Author(s): Wo JM, Grist WJ, Gussack G, Delgaudio JM, Waring JP. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 December; 92(12): 2160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399745&dopt=Abstract

•

Erythromycin in acute laryngitis in adults. Author(s): Schalen L, Eliasson I, Kamme C, Schalen C. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1993 March; 102(3 Pt 1): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8457123&dopt=Abstract

•

Esophagopharyngeal distribution of refluxed gastric acid in patients with reflux laryngitis. Author(s): Shaker R, Milbrath M, Ren J, Toohill R, Hogan WJ, Li Q, Hofmann CL. Source: Gastroenterology. 1995 November; 109(5): 1575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7557141&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of omeprazole in the treatment of reflux laryngitis: a prospective, placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Evans BA, Desper E, Mittal RK, Reibel JF, Levine PA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802014&dopt=Abstract

•

Ex juvantibus approach for chronic posterior laryngitis: results of short-term pantoprazole therapy. Author(s): Habermann W, Eherer A, Lindbichler F, Raith J, Friedrich G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1999 August; 113(8): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10748849&dopt=Abstract

•

Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngitis: a skeptic's view. Author(s): Nostrant TT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March 6; 108 Suppl 4A: 149S-152S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718469&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

Gastroesophageal reflux and posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Wilson JA, White A, von Haacke NP, Maran AG, Heading RC, Pryde A, Piris J. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1989 June; 98(6): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729821&dopt=Abstract

•

Gastroesophageal reflux laryngitis resistant to omeprazole therapy. Author(s): Bough ID Jr, Sataloff RT, Castell DO, Hills JR, Gideon RM, Spiegel JR. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1995 June; 9(2): 20511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620543&dopt=Abstract

•

Gastroesophageal reflux laryngitis. Author(s): Sataloff RT, Speigel JR, Hawkshaw M, Rosen DC. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1993 February; 72(2): 113-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8482250&dopt=Abstract

•

Granulomatous laryngitis of unknown etiology. Author(s): Haar JG, Chaudhry AP, Kaplan HM, Milley PS. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1980 July; 90(7 Pt 1): 1225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7392756&dopt=Abstract

•

Herpes laryngitis and tracheitis causing respiratory distress in a neonate. Author(s): Vitale VJ, Saiman L, Haddad J Jr. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1993 February; 119(2): 23940. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8381288&dopt=Abstract

•

Herpes simplex chronic laryngitis and vocal cord lesions in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Yeh V, Hopp ML, Goldstein NS, Meyer RD. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1994 September; 103(9): 726-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085735&dopt=Abstract

•

Herpes simplex viral laryngitis. Author(s): Vrabec JT, Molina CP, West B. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 June; 109(6): 611-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855577&dopt=Abstract

16

Laryngitis

•

High isolation rate of Branhamella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in adults with acute laryngitis. Author(s): Schalen L, Christensen P, Kamme C, Miorner H, Pettersson KI, Schalen C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980; 12(4): 277-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7006061&dopt=Abstract

•

Hoarseness. From viral laryngitis to glottic cancer. Author(s): Dettelbach M, Eibling DE, Johnson JT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1994 April; 95(5): 143-6, 151, 154 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153040&dopt=Abstract

•

Immunobiological aspects of acute subglottic laryngitis in children. Author(s): Cernelc D, Povhe B. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1983 January; 5(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840972&dopt=Abstract

•

Inefficacy of penicillin V in acute laryngitis in adults. Evaluation from results of double-blind study. Author(s): Schalen L, Christensen P, Eliasson I, Fex S, Kamme C, Schalen C. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1985 January-February; 94(1 Pt 1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3918495&dopt=Abstract

•

Interaction of sleep disturbances and gastroesophageal reflux in chronic laryngitis. Author(s): Konermann M, Radu HJ, Teschler H, Rawert B, Heimbucher J, Sanner BM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791245&dopt=Abstract

•

Langerhans and other immunocompetent cells in vocal cord epithelial hyperplastic lesions of patients with chronic laryngitis. Author(s): Ferluga D, Vodovnik A, Luzar B, Cor A, Perkovic T, Gale N, Kambic V. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 527: 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197489&dopt=Abstract

•

Lansoprazole treatment of patients with chronic idiopathic laryngitis: a placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): El-Serag HB, Lee P, Buchner A, Inadomi JM, Gavin M, McCarthy DM. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 96(4): 979-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316215&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Laryngeal mucosal histology in laryngomalacia: the evidence for gastro-oesophageal reflux laryngitis. Author(s): Iyer VK, Pearman K, Raafat F. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 August 20; 49(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10519702&dopt=Abstract

•

Late endemic syphilis: case report of bejel with gummatous laryngitis. Author(s): Pace JL, Csonka GW. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 June; 64(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3410469&dopt=Abstract

•

Lethal inflammatory pseudotumor masquerading as “laryngitis”. Author(s): Rodgers JL. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1980 October; 9(10): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7425409&dopt=Abstract

•

Loss of secondary esophageal peristalsis is not a contributory pathogenetic factor in posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Ulualp SO, Gu C, Toohill RJ, Shaker R. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 February; 110(2): 1527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219523&dopt=Abstract

•

Microsurgery and balneotherapy in the treatment of hyperplastic laryngitis. Author(s): Klonowski S, Klatka J, Horoch A, Kupisz K, Gieroba R, Stepulak A, Jakubowicz B, Zuchnik-Wrona A. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1999; 54: 419-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205803&dopt=Abstract

•

Moraxella catarrhalis in acute laryngitis: infection or colonization? Author(s): Hol C, Schalen C, Verduin CM, Van Dijke EE, Verhoef J, Fleer A, Van Dijk H. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174(3): 636-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8769627&dopt=Abstract

•

Observations on the pathogenesis of chronic non-specific pharyngitis and laryngitis. Author(s): Ward PH, Berci G. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1982 December; 92(12): 1377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7176789&dopt=Abstract

18

Laryngitis

•

Occupational laryngitis caused by formaldehyde: a case report. Author(s): Roto P, Sala E. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1996 March; 29(3): 275-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833780&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational laryngitis with immediate allergic or immediate type specific chemical hypersensitivity. Author(s): Sala E, Hytonen M, Tupasela O, Estlander T. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1996 February; 21(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674222&dopt=Abstract

•

Omeprazole for the treatment of posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Leite LP, Johnston BT, Castell DO. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 December; 99(6): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503099&dopt=Abstract

•

Omeprazole for the treatment of posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Kamel PL, Hanson D, Kahrilas PJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 April; 96(4): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166150&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcomes of acid suppressive therapy in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Shaker R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 January; 124(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228446&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcomes of antireflux therapy for the treatment of chronic laryngitis. Author(s): Hanson DG, Kamel PL, Kahrilas PJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1995 July; 104(7): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598368&dopt=Abstract

•

Paraglottic laryngitis in association with epiglottitis. Author(s): Healy GB, Hyams VJ, Tucker GF Jr. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1985 NovemberDecember; 94(6 Pt 1): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073741&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharyngeal pH monitoring in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R, Shaker R. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 May; 120(5): 672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229591&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Pharyngolaryngitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Author(s): Mattila PS, Carlson P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998; 30(2): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9730314&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Kern M, Shaker R. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 September; 108(9): 1354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738756&dopt=Abstract

•

Pilot study of the oral omeprazole test for reflux laryngitis. Author(s): Metz DC, Childs ML, Ruiz C, Weinstein GS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 January; 116(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9018256&dopt=Abstract

•

Posterior laryngitis: effects of treatment with omeprazole alone. Author(s): Rodriguez-Tellez M, Galera-Ruiz H, Arguelles-Arias F, Carmona I, MunozBorje F, Herrerias JM. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002 March; 94(3): 123-30. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185876&dopt=Abstract

•

Posterior laryngitis: where are we? Author(s): Alvarez Sanchez A. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002 March; 94(3): 117-22. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185875&dopt=Abstract

•

Prolonged ulcerative laryngitis. Author(s): Rakel B, Spiegel JR, Sataloff RT. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 2002 September; 16(3): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395997&dopt=Abstract

•

Prolonged ulcerative laryngitis. Author(s): Spiegel JR, Sataloff RT, Hawkshaw M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 May; 79(5): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832196&dopt=Abstract

•

Proximal esophageal pH-metry in patients with 'reflux laryngitis'. Author(s): Jacob P, Kahrilas PJ, Herzon G. Source: Gastroenterology. 1991 February; 100(2): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985028&dopt=Abstract

20

Laryngitis

•

Quantitative color analysis of laryngeal erythema in chronic posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Hanson DG, Jiang J, Chi W. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1998 March; 12(1): 7883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619981&dopt=Abstract

•

Recent advances in the treatment of bronchiolitis and laryngitis. Author(s): Klassen TP. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1997 February; 44(1): 249-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9057793&dopt=Abstract

•

Reflux laryngitis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Author(s): Ormseth EJ, Wong RK. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 October; 94(10): 2812-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520826&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of esophageal pH recording in management of chronic laryngitis: an overview. Author(s): Hanson DG, Conley D, Jiang J, Kahrilas P. Source: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 2000 October; 184: 4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051423&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe laryngitis and Reinke's edema. Author(s): Sataloff RT, Speigel JR, Hawkshaw M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1993 June; 72(6): 390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8344178&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe recurrent lupus laryngitis. Author(s): Raz E, Bursztyn M, Rosenthal T, Rubinow A, Karem E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 January; 92(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1731501&dopt=Abstract

•

Severe upper airway obstruction caused by ulcerative laryngitis. Author(s): Hatherill M, Reynolds L, Waggie Z, Argent A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 October; 85(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567944&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Some aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of acute laryngitis. Author(s): Ng ML, Gilbert HR, Lerman JW. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1997 September; 11(3): 356-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297681&dopt=Abstract

•

Steroid inhaler laryngitis: dysphonia caused by inhaled fluticasone therapy. Author(s): DelGaudio JM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2002 June; 128(6): 677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049563&dopt=Abstract

•

The prevalence of tuberculous laryngitis in pulmonary tuberculosis in Tanzanians. Author(s): Manni JJ. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1982 June; 34(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6981871&dopt=Abstract

•

The relation between recurrent acute subglottic laryngitis and asthma in children. Author(s): Cetinkaya F, Turgut S. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 January; 57(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165641&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous laryngitis in a Nigerian child. Author(s): Johnson AW, Mokuolu OA, Ogan O. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1993; 13(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7681653&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous laryngitis in childhood. Author(s): Chavalittamrong B, Ratanarapee S, Vitavasiri A, Talalak P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1982 July; 65(7): 388-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6815292&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous laryngitis. Author(s): Tong MC, van Hasselt CA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 November; 109(5): 965-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8247584&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous laryngitis: a series of 37 patients. Author(s): Bailey CM, Windle-Taylor PC. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1981 January; 91(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6779070&dopt=Abstract

22

Laryngitis

•

Tuberculous laryngitis--a one year harvest. Author(s): Gertler R, Ramages L. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1985 November; 99(11): 1119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4056598&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis and laryngitis. Author(s): Mukerjee CM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1989 April 17; 150(8): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2716693&dopt=Abstract

•

Tuberculous mastoiditis and laryngitis: a case report. Author(s): Bryan PA, Lancken JH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1989 January 2; 150(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909839&dopt=Abstract

•

Ulcerative fungal laryngitis. Author(s): Scheid SC, Anderson TD, Sataloff RT. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 March; 82(3): 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696232&dopt=Abstract

•

Upper airway obstruction caused by group G streptococcal laryngitis. Author(s): Nasri S, True LD, Abemayor E. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 January-February; 16(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7717474&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids and vanillylmandelic acid in children with subglottic laryngitis. Author(s): Grzegorzewski M, Soboczynski A, Wesolowski Z. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1980 March-April; 31(2): 163-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7389676&dopt=Abstract

23

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LARYNGITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and laryngitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Laryngitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

24

Laryngitis

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “laryngitis” (or a synonym): •

Dendritic cell influx differs between the subglottic and glottic mucosae during acute laryngotracheitis induced by a broad spectrum of stimuli. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Mainz Medical School, Germany. Source: Jecker, Peter Mann, Wolf J McWilliam, Andrew S Holt, Patrick G Ann-OtolRhinol-Laryngol. 2002 July; 111(7 Pt 1): 567-72 0003-4894

•

Diagnostic test with omeprazole in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Clinic of Othorhinolaryngology, Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital, Eiveniu 2, 3007 Kaunas, Lithuania. [email protected] Source: Siupsinskiene, N Adamonis, K Medicina-(Kaunas). 2003; 39(1): 47-55 1010-660X

•

Posterior laryngitis: effects of treatment with omeprazole alone. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain. [email protected] Source: Rodriguez Tellez, M Galera Ruiz, H Arguelles Arias, F Carmona, I Munoz Borje, F Herrerias, J M Rev-Esp-Enferm-Dig. 2002 March; 94(3): 123-30 1130-0108

•

Recent advances in the treatment of bronchiolitis and laryngitis. Author(s): Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. Source: Klassen, T P Pediatr-Clin-North-Am. 1997 February; 44(1): 249-61 0031-3955

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

25

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

27

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LARYNGITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to laryngitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to laryngitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to laryngitis: •

Acute croup in an older child. An unusual toxic origin. Author(s): Winograd HL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1977 October; 16(10): 884-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=891065&dopt=Abstract

•

Bio-feedback and the yawning breath pattern in voice therapy: a clinical trial. Author(s): Xu JH, Ikeda Y, Komiyama S. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1991; 18(1): 67-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1892458&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical application of acupoint renying (St 9). Author(s): Zhong J.

28

Laryngitis

Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1993 September; 13(3): 205-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8246598&dopt=Abstract •

Diagnosis and management of supra-esophageal complications of reflux disease. Author(s): Nostrant TT, Rabine JC. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2000 June; 2(3): 210-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10957932&dopt=Abstract

•

Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges. Author(s): Iliev D, Elsner P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194(4): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9252760&dopt=Abstract

•

Genetic transformation of the figwort, Scrophularia buergeriana Miq., an Oriental medicinal plant. Author(s): Park SU, Chae YA, Facchini PJ. Source: Plant Cell Reports. 2003 August; 21(12): 1194-8. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12910369&dopt=Abstract

•

Measuring and plugging: the magical containment and transfer of disease. Author(s): Hand WD. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1974 Summer; 48(2): 221-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4458835&dopt=Abstract

•

Microsurgery and balneotherapy in the treatment of hyperplastic laryngitis. Author(s): Klonowski S, Klatka J, Horoch A, Kupisz K, Gieroba R, Stepulak A, Jakubowicz B, Zuchnik-Wrona A. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 1999; 54: 419-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205803&dopt=Abstract

•

Prescribing on a single rubric. Author(s): Cohen D. Source: Homeopathy. 2002 July; 91(3): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322872&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapeutic methods used for otolaryngological problems during the Byzantine period. Author(s): Ramoutsaki IA, Papadakis CE, Ramoutsakis IA, Helidonis ES. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 June; 111(6): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090712&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 29

•

Thermal epiglottitis in adults: a new complication of illicit drug use. Author(s): Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 July-August; 15(4): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279700&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment failures and severe complications in children with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Armata J, Borkowski W, Kaczor Z. Source: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch. 1981; 108(3): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6169602&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to laryngitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

30

Laryngitis

•

Chinese Medicine Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gancao Jingao Alternative names: Liquorice Extract; Gancao JingaoExtractum Glycyrrhizae
Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

•

Herbs and Supplements Blood Root Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Collinsonia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Echinacea Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Golden Rod Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Solidago Virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sundew Alternative names: Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera ramentacea, Drosera intermedia, Drosera anglica Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyme Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Wild Indigo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

Alternative Medicine 31

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

33

CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LARYNGITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “laryngitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on laryngitis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Laryngitis By performing a patent search focusing on laryngitis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

34

Laryngitis

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on laryngitis: •

Gene encoding glycoprotein B of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Inventor(s): Keeler; Calvin L. (Newark, DE), Poulsen; David J. (Newark, DE) Assignee(s): University of Delaware (Newark, DE) Patent Number: 5,443,831 Date filed: November 19, 1993 Abstract: An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the gB glycoprotein of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus is disclosed. Also disclosed is incorporation of the gB gene into recombinant avipox virus for a vaccine used to immunize fowl. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to molecular biology, and in particular, to the isolation, sequencing and use of a viral glycoprotein gene. The gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence encoding an envelope glycoprotein of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus which is homologous to the gB glycoprotein of Herpes Simplex Virus, Type 1. The invention further relates to use of the viral gene including the preparation and use of certain novel products obtained from the isolated gene. Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) is the active agent of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). ILT is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of global economic significance in terms of mortality and loss of egg production. The clinical symptoms of ILT can vary , and both "mild" and "severe" forms of the disease have been reported. In herpesviruses, viral glycoproteins are involved in the processes of virus infection, maturation and transmission. Certain viral glycoproteins are not essential for viral growth, and are more likely related to viral tropism. Certain viral glycoproteins of ILTV have been preliminarily characterized based on molecular weight and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. York et al., Virology 161:340 (1987). Cloning and sequencing of any full-length ILTV glycoprotein gene has not been reported. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05443831__

•

Low virulence infectiouns laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus for vaccinating birds Inventor(s): Bagust; Trevor J. (Surry Hills, AU), McGavin; David R. (Putney, AU) Assignee(s): Arthur Webster Pty. Ltd. (New South Wales, AU) Patent Number: 5,436,005 Date filed: March 5, 1992 Abstract: An attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILT) that has the antigenic and virulence characteristics of ECACC at Accession No. V89042602, produces an average pock diameter on chorio-allantoic membrane of commercial eggs between 1.0 and 3. mm, exhibits substantially reduced virulence in comparison to ILT SA2 strain, and results in substantially less weight loss in poultry as compared to poultry infected with SA2. A method of producing this ILT virus by serially passaging ILT viral strain SA2 in primary cell cultures followed by serial passaging in embryonated eggs. A method for preventing infection by ILT virus in birds by administering a vaccine with an effective amount sufficient to elicit an immune response.

Patents 35

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus for use in vaccinating birds. Research has been largely directed toward the empirical induction of protection by live vaccines, together with studies on the protective capacity of humoral antibody against a virulent challenge. Inactivated ILT vaccines have also been used. However, due to the development of resistance and the difficulty in controlling the effect of virulent strains, new forms of vaccination and particularly new virulent strains of the virus are constantly being sought. The interaction between ILT virus and the host immune system does not generally include infection of leukocytes or viraemia. Cell-mediated immunity is clearly the major mediator of ILT vaccinal protection, with additive effects likely for virus-neutralizing activity detectable in tracheal washings. Protection-inducing components of the ILT virus particle are presently being identified. Antibody studies indicate a substantial antigenic similarity between the major envelope glycoproteins of the wild-type and vaccine strains of ILT viruses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05436005__ •

Methods for the cultivation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus Inventor(s): Petersen; Gary R. (Lakeville, MN), Welniak; Ellan (Eagan, MN) Assignee(s): Solvay Animal Health, Inc. (Mendota Heights, MN) Patent Number: 5,443,982 Date filed: July 13, 1993 Abstract: This invention involves a chemically transformed chicken hepatocyte derived cell line which is capable of efficiently supporting replication of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and methods for cultivating ILTV using this hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The virus harvested from these continuous cell culture methods can be used as a vaccine against ILTV infection. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for cultivating infectious laryngotracheitis virus and egg drop syndrome virus in a continuous cell line. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), the causative agent of a highly infectious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens, is a member of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesviridae and was first identified in 1930. ILTV is highly contagious with mortality rates as high as 70% and is therefore of considerable economic importance. Immunization is the only efficient way to prevent this disease. Available vaccines against ILTV have relied on the cultivation of live artificially attenuated ILTV, naturally occurring non-pathogenic forms of the virus, or subunits of the virus. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,444,293; 3,331,736; and 4,980,162 as well as patent applications WO 91 02053 and WO 92 03554 which all describe various ILTV vaccines. Egg Drop Syndrome virus (EDS), the causative agent in a disease which is characterized mainly by a serious decrease in the egg production in laying hen flocks, is an adenovirus. During the past few years, this disease has become economically important in Western Europe where the virus was first isolated (Van Eck et al. (1976) Avian Pathology 5:261-272). Inactivated vaccines, which may impart immunity to the virus, have been produced in primary cells of duck embryo fibroblast (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,444). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05443982__

36

Laryngitis

•

Nutritional supplement and methods of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom; Richard A. (Elkins Park, PA) Assignee(s): The Quigley Corporation (Doylestown, PA) Patent Number: 6,596,313 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for promoting the health of salivary glands and supporting the normal or healthy swallowing in a person includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, arthritis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration. A method of promoting the health of salivary glands, supporting the normal or healthy swallowing and/or treating sialorrhea in a person involves administering the nutritional supplement orally to a person one to six times daily, as needed. A method of treating symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea, arthritis and mucous membrane inflammation involves administering the nutritional supplement of the present invention orally to a patient one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the nutritional supplement should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes. A method of administering this nutritional supplement to a carrier carrying viruses to inhibit or exterminate the viruses includes the step of administering the nutritional supplement to the carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or to support normal or healthy swallowing, and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, ShyDrager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others. People have made much effort to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al reported using beta antagonists to control the excessive secretions of the oral salivary glands and achieve 75% success rates (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children being treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of medication (Arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions

Patents 37

whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596313__ •

Recombinant infectious laryngotracheitis virus Inventor(s): Keeler, Jr.; Calvin L. (1320 Barksdale Rd., Newark, DE 19711) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,279,965 Date filed: April 5, 1991 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with the preparation of an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) mutant which does not produce a functional thymidine kinase enzyme as a result of a mutation in the TK gene, and its preparation.The invention also relates to an ILTV mutant containing a heterologous gene encoding an antigen of an avian pathogen incorporated into the TK gene. Such an ILTV mutant can be applied as a vector vaccine to induce an immune response after infection of an appropriate host animal. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) mutant, a recombinant vector molecule comprising ILTV DNA, a host cell transformed with said recombinant vector molecule, a process for the preparation of said ILTV mutant, a cell culture infected with the ILTV mutant, a vaccine derived from the ILTV mutant as well as a process for the preparation of such a vaccine. Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease of poultry which has also been reported in pheasants and turkeys. Acute forms of the disease are characterized by signs of respiratory distress accompanied by gasping and expectoration of bloody exudate. In addition, the mucous membranes of the trachea become swollen and hemorrhagic. This epizootic form of the disease spreads rapidly and can affect up to 90-100% of an infected flock. Mortality generally averages between 10 and 20%. Milder forms of the disease are characterized by watery eyes, conjunctivitis, persistent nasal discharge and a reduction in egg production. In the absence of the acute signs of the disease laboratory confirmation must be obtained. Virus can be readily isolated from tracheal or lung tissue and the demonstration of intranuclear inclusion bodies in tracheal or conjunctival tissue is diagnostic of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. In addition, rapid identification can be made with the use of fluorescent antibodies. The etiological agent of ILT is infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alpha-herpesvirus containing a linear doublestranded DNA genome approximately 150 kilobase pairs (kb) in length. ILTV has been found to exist in two isomeric forms and exhibits the physical characteristics of class 2 herpesviruses such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05279965__

•

Sore throat spray Inventor(s): Coyne; James H. (Blaine, WA), Watkins; Mary Beth (Bellingham, WA) Assignee(s): Botanical Laboratories, Inc. (Ferndale, WA) Patent Number: 6,159,473 Date filed: June 24, 1998

38

Laryngitis

Abstract: A novel throat spray composition is provided that is useful for topical application to sore throats. The throat spray composition contains Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) as its main active ingredient, and is a suitable alternative to phenol-based over-the-counter throat sprays. Piper methysticum is used for its little known or utilized analgesic property, which provides a soothing and numbing effect to the throat. Additional ingredients include Echinacea angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, Lycopodium clavatum, Phytolacca decandra, Capsicum annum, Mentha piperita, and Phosphorus, which, together with Piper methysticum, offer temporary relief of sore throat pain, irritation, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms of hoarseness or laryngitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to non-prescription, homeopathic remedies, and, more particularly, to a throat spray free of phenol for sore throats. The over-the-counter (OTC) market has offered spray products for the treatment of sore throats for many years. The majority of these products utilize phenol as their active ingredient. Phenol is the simple alcohol derivative of benzene. Both of these chemicals are listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as extremely carcinogenic. A natural, non-carcinogenic throat spray that is an alternative to phenol is thus desired. Such a throat spray must work quickly and provide superior sore throat relief while at the same time have a taste that is acceptable to consumers. In addition to the technical difficulties in formulating such a product, it is important that the product meet the regulatory requirements of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) as a homeopathic drug product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159473__

Patent Applications on Laryngitis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to laryngitis: •

Medicinal composition and method of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard Allen; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida, Llc; Eight Penn Center, Suite 1350; 1628 John F. Kennedy BLVD.; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030031737 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. The composition includes ingredients to obtainable from turmeric extract, ginger root powder, and horseradish root powder. This composition can be orally administered a patient. The composition may further include ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea. This composition may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.A method of administering this composition orally to a patient to treat symptoms of a common cold,

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 39

a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea and mucous membrane inflammation is also disclosed. To treat these symptoms, the composition is administered to a patient suffering one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the composition should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicinal composition and method of using it. In modern non-herbal medicine, there are two major categories of antiinflammatory medicines: steroidal and non-steroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines are powerful medications, which are based on hormonal substances, such as cortisone. These medications have a stronger anti-inflammatory response than the nonsteroidal medicines. They can be taken as pills, injected into the bloodstream, or injected directly into a joint space. There are many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are the most common ones. There are side effects to both of these groups of medicines. They include stomach upset, stomach bleeding or ulcers, kidney problems, hearing problems and ankle swelling. Additionally, the steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can have more serious side effects including: loss of bone mass, cataracts, reduced ability to fight infection, swelling and weight gain, mood changes, high blood pressure, and problems with the bone marrow where blood cells are produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of preventing respiratory infections Inventor(s): Rezakhany, Saeed; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Saeed Rezakhany; 6933 Melvin DR; San Jose; CA; 95129; US Patent Application Number: 20030215533 Date filed: April 10, 2003 Abstract: A method is presented for prevention of various respiratory infections which can be caused by one or more pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) including, but not limited to, those causing the various forms of upper respiratory tract infection (common cold), influenza, bronchitis, laryngitis, etc. in human being, by using a non-toxic, easily accessible to public "effective formula" to attack the newly activated or the newly invading pathogen and rendering it ineffective. If the infection has already fully taken effect, the present method helps reduce the symptoms of the infection (illness) and its duration by preventing occurrence of secondary infections. This method may also be applied to other mammals. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of provisional application No. 60/371,882, filed Apr. 11, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is considered to be part of the disclosure of this application and is hereby incorporated by reference. Respiratory infections, particularly upper respiratory tract infections are very common and cause substantial suffering and hundreds of millions of dollars of economic loss every year. The majority of the pathogens contributing to upper respiratory tract infections are spread through air and through touching of the infected surfaces and then touching one's eyes or nose. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

40

Laryngitis

•

Nutritional supplements and methods of using same Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030185918 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for providing, and for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea, as well as inflammation and viral infectin, or to inhibit or exterminate a virus. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.Also disclosed are methods of providing nutrition, for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing, as well as methods for treating symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea. Methods of treating inflammation, and viral infections, as well as inhibiting or exterminating viruses are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting various health effects and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others. Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. Much effort has been made to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al. reported using beta antagonists to control excessive secretions of the oral salivary glands and reported a 75% success rate (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of the medication (arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 41

•

Recombinant infectious laryngotracheitis virus and uses thereof Inventor(s): Cochran, Mark D.; (Carlsbad, CA), Wild, Martha A.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Schering-plough Corporation; Patent Department (k-6-1, 1990); 2000 Galloping Hill Road; Kenilworth; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20030082788 Date filed: November 6, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a recombinant, attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus comprising the infectious laryngotracheitis viral genome which contains a deletion in the glycoprotein gG gene. This attenuated virus is useful as a vaccine against infectious laryngotracheitis virus.The present invention also provides a recombinant, attenuated infectious laryngotracheitis virus comprising the infectious laryngotracheitis viral genome which contains a deletion in the US2 gene, UL47-like gene, ORF4 gene or glycoprotein g60 gene.The present invention also provides a method for distinguishing chickens or other poultry vaccinated with a recombinant infectious laryngotracheitis virus which produces no glycoprotein gG from those infected with a naturally-occuring infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/126.597. filed Sep. 24, 1993 which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. Within this application several publications are referenced by arabic numerals within parentheses. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus is a herpesvirus that causes a respiratory illness of varying virulence in chickens. Live attenuated ILTV vaccines are available to protect against the disease, but several reports have implicated vaccine viruses in the possible recurrence and spread of the disease (65 and 72), limiting vaccination to use in uninfected birds early in an outbreak. In order to design a more efficacious, attenuated vaccine, the genomic organization of the ILTV virus has been studied. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with laryngitis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on laryngitis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning laryngitis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

43

CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LARYNGITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to laryngitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on laryngitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “laryngitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “laryngitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “laryngitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Reflux Laryngitis and Related Conditions by Robert Thayer Sataloff (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1401836135; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401836135/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

44

Laryngitis

From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

A practical treatise on laryngeal phthisis, chronic laryngitis, and diseases of the voice, by A. Trousseau and H. Belloc. Pathology and surgery; or, An exposition of the nature and treatment of local disease, by John Davies. Author: Trousseau, A. (Armand),; Year: 1875; Philadelphia, Carey; Hart, 1841

•

A treatise on diseases of the air passages: comprising an inquiry into the history, pathology, causes, and treatment, of those affections of the throat called bronchitis, chronic laryngitis, clergyman's sore throat, etc. Author: Green, Horace,; Year: 1905; New York, Putnam, 1852

•

Diagnosis of tuberculous laryngitis. Author: Dworetzky, Julius, 1886-; Year: 1917

•

Eight lectures on the homoeopathic treatment [microform]: of acute and chronic bronchitis, laryngitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, phthisis, pulmonalis, and pericarditis: delivered at the London Homeopathic Hospital Author: Hale, R. Douglas (Robert Douglas); Year: 1982; London: Turner and Co., 1877

•

Four lectures on practical medicine, and the homeopathic treatment of bronchitis, laryngitis, pleurisy, and pneumonia, delivered at the London Homeopathic Hospital. Author: Hale, R. Douglas (Robert Douglas).; Year: 1856; London, Turner, 1875

•

Reflux laryngitis and related disorders Author: Sataloff, Robert Thayer.; Year: 1999; San Diego: Singular Pub. Group, Inc., c1999; ISBN: 0769300146 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769300146/icongroupinterna

•

The diagnosis of tuberculous laryngitis. Author: Dworetzky, Julius,; Year: 1868; [New York? c1917]

•

The history, diagnosis, and treatment of edematous laryngitis. Author: Bartlett, Elisha,; Year: 1981; Louisville: Prentice; Weissinger, 1850

•

The invalid's guide, and consumptive's manual; or, Suggestions for the prevention and relief of consumption, asthma, catarrh, laryngitis, bronchitis, dyspepsia, and female complaints. Author: Fitch, Calvin M.; Year: 1852; New York, 1856

•

The most wonderful cures. Effected by the newly-discovered system of electro-vital remedies and treatment as practiced by the Troy Lung and Hygienic Institute, with an original description, embodying the views of the new and progressive philosophy, of the curability of consumption, catarrh bronchitis, laryngitis, asthma and throat diseases. Author: Stone, Andrew.; Year: 1862; Troy, Troy Lung and Hygienic Institute, 1868

•

Treatise on diseases of the larynx and trachea; embracing the different forms of laryngitis, hay fever, and laryngismus stridulus. Author: Hastings, John,; Year: 1850; London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1850

7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

45

Chapters on Laryngitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to laryngitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and laryngitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on laryngitis: •

Extraesophageal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: in Freston, J.W. Diseases of the Gastroesophageal Mucosa: The Acid-Related. Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press, Inc. 2001. p.177-192. Contact: Humana Press, Inc. 999 Riverview Dr., Suite 208 Totowa, NJ 07512. (973) 2561699. Fax (973) 256-8341. E-mail: [email protected] PRICE: $99.50, plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 089603965X. Summary: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease, characterized by the return of stomach acid contents back into the esophagus. This chapter on the extraesophageal manifestations of GERD is from a text that emphasizes the diagnosis and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases. Extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, encompassing a spectrum of lung (pulmonary) and otolaryngologic (ear, nose, throat) disorders, may be the primary or only symptom of GERD in some individuals. The implicated syndromes include posterior laryngitis, asthma, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonitis, chronic hoarseness, chest pain, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and dental disease. This chapter reviews current understanding of the extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, and presents what is known about the prevalence and treatment of the major syndromes that have been identified. 43 references.

•

Esophageal Symptoms and Their Clinical Importance Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 12-20. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: This chapter on esophageal symptoms and their clinical importance is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. The author stresses that the medical history is still the most important part of the patient evaluation and diagnostic workup. As cost containment becomes increasingly important and the use of therapeutic trials as diagnostic tools becomes more prevalent in the management of suspected esophageal disease, the history is even more crucial to the accurate evaluation of patients. Three symptoms (heartburn, dysphagia, and chest pain) are classically associated with esophageal disease. The increasing prevalence of HIV related infectious disease has made a fourth symptom, odynophagia (painful swallowing), increasingly important. Regurgitation and respiratory and otolaryngologic symptoms such as wheezing, cough, hoarseness, laryngitis, and sore throat may be indicative of

46

Laryngitis

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The author also discusses globus, the sensation of a lump in the throat, and its association with GERD (no true correlation has been reported in the literature). However, the author stresses that globus sensation should not be presumed to be an indication of a psychologic disorder until a thorough evaluation of the larynx and proximal esophagus has been performed. 9 figures. 5 tables. 43 references. •

Reflux and Other Gastroenterologic Conditions That May Affect the Voice Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 319-329. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter on gastroesophageal reflux and other gastroenterologic conditions that may affect the voice is from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice. Occult chronic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is an etiologic factor in a high percentage of patients with laryngological complaints. Although it is seen in otolaryngologic patients of all ages, the problem appears to be particularly common in professional singers. The authors discuss vocal fold anatomy and physiology, stomach and esophageal anatomy and physiology, historical perspectives on reflux laryngitis, pathophysiology, patient history, physical examination, tests for suspected reflux laryngitis, treatment, laparoscopic surgery for singers and other voice professionals, other laparoscopic techniques, and other gastroenterologic problems. 9 figures. 47 references.

•

Issues of the Voice Source: in Martin, K.L. Does My Child Have a Speech Problem? Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. 1997. p. 99-115. Contact: Available from Chicago Review Press. 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610. (312) 337-0747; Fax (312) 337-5985. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1556523157. Summary: This chapter on issues of the voice is from a guide that helps parents and teachers identify normal speech development and potential speech and language problems in children. Voice is defined as the involvement of the phonatory system (larynx and associated structures), respiratory system (breathing apparatus), and resonatory system (vibrating chambers or cavities) to produce audible sound. The chapter is written in a question-and-answer format, covering topics including how voice problems are distinguished from speech or language problems, the role of the vocal cords in producing voice, the primary causes of voice disorders, typical voice problems (involving quality, intensity, pitch, or resonance), teaching children about care of the voice, common vocal abuses or misuses, laryngitis and its causes, vocal nodules, and the therapeutic uses of vocal rest. After each section, the author offers related strategies for the parents to employ.

Books

•

47

How Vocal Abilities Can Be Limited by Non-Infectious Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems Source: in Thurman, L. and Welch, G., eds. Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education, Volumes 1-3. 2nd ed. Collegeville, MN: VoiceCare Network. 2000. p. 546-555. Contact: Available from National Center for Voice and Speech (NCVS). Book Sales, 334 Speech and Hearing Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Website: www.ncvs.org. PRICE: $75.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874141230. Summary: This chapter on noninfectious diseases and disorders of the respiratory and digestive systems is from a multi-volume text that brings a biopsychosocial approach to the study of the voice. The authors use the phrase 'bodyminds' to describe the interrelationship of perception, memory, learning, behavior, and health, as they combine to affect all environmental interactions, adaptations, and learning. The books are written for teachers, voice professionals, people who use their voices on an avocational basis, and interested members of the general public. This chapter describes the effects of smoking and other pollutants, sinusitis and rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis and other pulmonary (lung) diseases, the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution, normal and disordered nasal (nose) conditions, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, emphysema, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, the return of stomach acid to the esophagus and larynx). GERD can result in hoarseness, lowering of the average speaking pitch range, increased effort when singing, and a 'tired voice.' Asthma can affect voice primarily by decreasing the ability of the respiratory system to inhale and then pressurize the lung air to create sufficient breathflow between the vocal folds. Asthma symptoms can be triggered by inhalation of allergens or pollutant particles of irritant chemicals, infection, cold air, vigorous exercise, acute neuropsychobiological distress, or even vigorous singing. 68 references.

•

Pathologies of the Larynx: Voice Disorders Source: in Dworkin, J.P.; Meleca, R.J. Vocal Pathologies: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Case Studies. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 59-94. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 156593623X. Summary: This chapter on pathologies of the larynx is from a textbook on voice pathology that includes thumbnail descriptions of voice disorders, laboratory methods of evaluation, surgical and nonsurgical treatment techniques, video documentation of various laryngeal pathologies, numerous case studies, and a companion audio CD. This chapter comprehensively reviews many conditions that adversely affect laryngeal functioning. Sections cover etiologic factors associated with benign lesions, types of nonmalignant disturbances of the vocal folds, and malignant neoplasms. Abnormalities involving the subglottal and supraglottal regions that commonly impair phonation are also discussed. Specific conditions discussed include: vocal fold nodules, diffuse vocal fold swelling, vocal fold polyps, ventricular phonation, laryngitis, contact ulcers, laryngeal granulomas, presbylaryngis (bowing of the vocal folds), spastic dysarthria, flaccid dysarthria, neurapraxia of phonation, leukoplakia or hyperkeratosis of the vocal folds, laryngeal papilloma, vocal fold cysts, laryngeal web, and malignant neoplasms. Extensive black and white photographs illustrate the examples. 28 figures. 3 tables. 40 references. (AA-M).

48

Laryngitis

•

Speech Disorders Source: in Benson, D.F.; Ardila, A. Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. p. 281-292. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This chapter on speech disorders associated with aphasia is from a book that presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. The authors discuss a number of the more common speech disorders, with particular emphasis on those likely to co-occur with aphasia. Speech disorders discussed include mutism, including laryngitis, elective mutism, psychogenic mutism, aphemia, and hypophonia; motor speech disorders including those that are flaccid, dysphonia, dysarthria, spastic, ataxic, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, choreiform, dystonic, and mixed; and reiterative speech disorders, including stuttering, palilalia, echolalia, and logoclonia. The authors caution that some speech disorders mimic the verbal output of aphasics to a sufficient degree that an ability to separate the two becomes essential. Both diagnosis and treatment for speech disorders and for aphasia demand different approaches and the clinician must be aware of speech dysfunction when evaluating language problems. Mutism, varieties of motor speech disorder, scanning speech, and several types of reiterative speech disorders can occur in brain-damaged patients who are potential aphasics. 4 tables. (AA-M).

•

Hoarse Patient Source: in Jafek, B.W.; Stark, A.K., eds. ENT Secrets: Questions You Will Be Asked On Rounds, In the Clinic, In the OR, On Exams. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1996. p. 149-152. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus. Medical Publishers, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. (800) 962-1892 or (215) 546-7293; Fax (215) 790-9330; http://www.hanleyandbelfus.com. PRICE: $35.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560531592. Summary: This chapter on the evaluation and treatment of the hoarse patient is from a book that utilizes a question and answer format to review details of the specialty of otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat, or ENT). Hoarseness is a term that patients often use to describe a change in voice quality, ranging from voice harshness to voice weakness. Ideally, the term hoarseness refers to laryngeal dysfunction caused by abnormal vocal cord vibration. Topics discussed include the physiology of speech production, clinical signs in voice quality and frequency that may help to localize the speech abnormality, terms useful in characterizing hoarseness or voice change, common problems associated with hoarseness, chronic benign lesions that can cause hoarseness, treating chronic laryngitis, treating vocal cord nodules, treating laryngeal polyps and papillomas, infections that can cause hoarseness, questions to include in the evaluation of a patient with hoarseness, innervation of voice production, neurologic abnormalities that can cause hoarseness, neoplastic disorders of the vocal cords, problems arising from voice abuse, and differential diagnosis of laryngeal edema. The chapter focuses on helping readers acquire the vocabulary required to discuss hoarseness and voice disorders. 7 references.

Books

•

49

Irritated Larynx: Edema and Inflammation Source: in Brown, W.S.; Vinson, B.P.; Crary, M.A. Organic Voice Disorders: Assessment and Treatment. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1996. p. 193-218. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565932684. Summary: This chapter on the irritated larynx is from a textbook on the diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders. The author begins by defining acute and chronic laryngitis. Acute inflammation of the upper airways is one of the most common causes of organic voice disorders. The effects of the common cold and other viruses result in temporary but troublesome dysphonia. Chronic laryngitis refers to inflammatory conditions of the larynx distinguished by chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration. The author discusses the pathogenesis of laryngitis, viral laryngitis, vocal fold tear and hemorrhage, noninfective or nonspecific laryngitis, chronic nonspecific laryngitis, chronic hyperplastic laryngitis; onset and course of each of these types of the disorder; indications for drug therapy; voice evaluation (including the use of endoscopy, acoustic analysis, aerodynamics, and electroglottography); prognosis; and treatment options, including drug therapy and speech pathology. Prognosis for return of voice in acute laryngitis is excellent. In patients with long-standing inflammation and chronic changes of the vocal folds, normal voice qualities cannot be expected even with careful and aggressive management. Although considerable improvements may be made by interdisciplinary evaluation, medical intervention, rehabilitation, speech therapy, and occasionally surgery, the ultimate prognosis for the quality of the voice must be considered guarded. 11 figures. 7 tables. 18 references.

•

Voice Therapy for the Elderly Patient: Special Considerations Source: in Linville, S.E. Vocal Aging. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2001. p. 285-308. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning Group. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 842-3636. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $43.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939026. Summary: This chapter on voice therapy for the elderly patient is from a text devoted to the properties of the aging voice, with emphasis on diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders in elderly patients. In this chapter, the author summarizes some of the special considerations that should be factored in when treating voice disorders in this population. The author discusses the treatment of pathological conditions with a high frequency of occurrence in the elderly, including carcinoma (cancer) of the head and neck, neurologic voice disorders (peripheral and central), benign vocal lesions, inflammatory conditions, laryngitis sicca, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and trauma. Other topics include lifestyle variables, physiological conditioning, psychological issues, functional hypertensive dysphonia, and elderly voice problems and general health. The chapter includes five illustrative case examples. 85 references.

•

Common Infections and Inflammations and Other Conditions Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 429-439.

50

Laryngitis

Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, reviews common infections and inflammations and other conditions. Topics include upper respiratory tract infection without laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis with serious vocal fold injury, laryngitis without serious vocal fold damage, infection in the lower respiratory tract and elsewhere, Lyme disease, AIDS, and systemic diseases that may affect the voice. The author concludes by reminding readers that laryngeal manifestations of many systemic diseases may cause voice changes that cause the patient to seek medical attention for the first time. 1 figure. 48 references. •

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Norris, J., et al., eds. Handbook of Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, Inc. 1996. p. 501-542. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 346-7844 or (215) 646-8700; Fax (215) 646-4508. PRICE: $27.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348382. Summary: This chapter, from a layperson's handbook of diseases, presents information on ear, nose, and throat disorders. Disorders covered include adenoid enlargement, hearing loss, infectious myringitis, inflammation of the mastoid, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, motion sickness, nasal papillomas, nasal polyps, nosebleed, otosclerosis, septal perforation and deviation, sinus infection, sore throat, swimmer's ear, throat abscess, tonsillitis, vocal cord nodules and polyps, and vocal cord paralysis. For each disorder, the handbook provides a definition and then discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Numerous sidebars provide additional information on how to remove earwax, preventing congenital hearing loss, noiseinduced hearing loss and its prevention, coping with laryngitis, the anatomy of the inner ear in Meniere's disease, guarding against middle ear infection, teaching a child how to stop a nosebleed, dealing with a perforated or deviated septum, sinus surgeries, coping with sore throat, how to prevent swimmer's ear, and recovering from vocal cord surgery.

•

Diseases of the Larynx Source: in Tierney, L.M.; McPhee, S.J.; Papadakis, M.A., eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1999. 38th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1999. p. 244-247. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Companies. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10021. (800) 352-3566 or (212) 512-4100. Fax (212) 512-4105. Website: www.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838515509. Summary: This chapter, from a reference book of medical diagnosis and treatment, covers disease of the larynx. The authors review dysphonia, hoarseness and stridor; common laryngeal disorders, including epiglottitis, laryngeal papillomas, acute laryngitis, and gastroesophageal reflux and hoarseness; tumors of the larynx, including benign tumors of the larynx, laryngeal leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx; and vocal cord paralysis. For each disorder under consideration, the authors review the symptoms, the etiology (cause), treatment options (including drug therapy),

Books

51

and anticipated course of the disease. Each section also includes references for additional reading. 20 references. •

Management of Vocal Hypofunction and Resonation Disorders Source: in Stemple, J.C. Voice Therapy: Clinical Studies. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 76-99. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, P.O. Box 46908, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545; Fax (800) 535-9935; E-mail: [email protected].; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $33.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801647630. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on clinical voice therapy, discusses the management of vocal hypofunction and resonance disorders. The author notes that, while the majority of voice disorders fall into the category of vocal hyperfunction, hypoadduction of the vocal folds for either functional or organic reasons may occur. The chapter offers management approaches for laryngeal myasthenia, bowed vocal folds (senile laryngitis), vocal fold paralysis, hypernasality, hyponasality, and cleft palate. The author then reviews management strategies, including patient education, laryngeal muscle relaxation (tension reduction), respiratory support training, vocal function exercises, modification of telephone voice, elimination of throat clearing, hydration program, optimization of auditory acuity (hearing), caffeine reduction, visual biofeedback, singing, emotional and psychological support, environmental manipulation, Teflon injection, vocal fold medialization, pitch and loudness modification, articulation therapy, palatal surgery, and pharyngeal flap surgery. The chapter utilizes case studies extensively. 2 figures. 4 tables. 13 references. (AA-M).

53

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LARYNGITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover laryngitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on laryngitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to laryngitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “laryngitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for laryngitis: •

Asthma drug may bring on hoarseness, laryngitis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 2002

•

Fluticasone inhaler use may cause laryngitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 02, 2002

54

Laryngitis

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “laryngitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to laryngitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “laryngitis” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

Periodicals and News

55

to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on laryngitis: •

What Else Can We Attribute to GERD? Source: Digestive Health Matters. 3(4): 1-2. Fall 2001. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. Website: www.iffgd.org. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews some seldom discussed complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is characterized by the return (reflux) of gastric (stomach) acid backwards into the esophagus. The common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, unexplained chest pain, and inflammation and scarring of the lower esophagus (esophageal stricture) leading to swallowing difficulty. In this article, the author discusses other symptoms associated with GERD which may be common and can cause great distress. These symptoms are sore throat and cough, nocturnal choking, aspiration pneumonia, asthma, acid laryngitis, dental erosions, and reflux dyspareunia (heartburn during sexual intercourse). The author also considers problems with misdiagnosis and treatment options for these lesser-known complications of GERD. Treatment is focused on the rigorous prevention of reflux (drug therapy, lifestyle and dietary changes). 3 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Laryngitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to laryngitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering laryngitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

57

CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for laryngitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with laryngitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

58

Laryngitis

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to laryngitis: Bacillus Calmette-Guйrin (Bcg) Live for Cancer •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: Pacis; TheraCys http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202079.html

Baclofen •

Mucosal-Local - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202079.html

•

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202080.html

Balsalazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Colazal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500233.html

Barbiturates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500233.html

Barbiturates, Aspirin, and Codeine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascomp with Codeine No.3; Butalbital Compound with Codeine; Butinal with Codeine No.3; Fiorinal with Codeine No.3; Idenal with Codeine; Isollyl with Codeine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202104.html

Barium Sulfate •


Basiliximab •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Simulect http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203592.html

Becaplermin •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Regranex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203460.html

Belladonna Alkaloids and Barbiturates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antrocol; Barbidonna; Barbidonna No. 2; Barophen; Bellalphen; Butibel; Donnamor; Donnapine; Donnatal; Donnatal Extentabs; Donnatal No. 2; Donphen; Hyosophen; Kinesed; Malatal; Relaxadon; Spaslin; Spasmolin; Spasmophen; Spasquid; Susano http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202082.html

Bentiromide •


Researching Medications

Bentoquatam •

Topical - U.S. Brands: IvyBlock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202901.html

Benznidazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202901.html

Benzodiazepines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html

Benzonatate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tessalon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202085.html

Benzoyl Peroxide •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Triaz http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202086.html

Benzyl Benzoate •


Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents and Thiazide Diuretics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Corzide 40/5; Corzide 80/5; Inderide; Inderide LA; Lopressor HCT; Tenoretic 100; Tenoretic 50; Timolide 10-25; Ziac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202088.html

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Betaine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cystadane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203077.html

Bethanechol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Duvoid; Urabeth; Urecholine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202090.html

59

60

Laryngitis

Bexarotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Targretin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500095.html

Biotin •


Bismuth Subsalicylate •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Bismatrol; Pepto-Bismol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202092.html

Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline--for H. Pylori •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Helidac http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203633.html

Bleomycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Blenoxane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202093.html

Botulinum Toxin Type A •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Botox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202608.html

Botulinum Toxin Type B •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Myobloc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500271.html

Brimonidine •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alphagan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203130.html

Brinzolamide •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Azopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203544.html

Bromocriptine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Parlodel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202094.html

Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin Chloride; Airet; Alupent; Arm-a-Med Isoetharine; Arm-a-Med Metaproterenol; Asthmahaler Mist; AsthmaNefrin; Beta2; Brethaire; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Bronkometer; Bronkosol; Dey-Lute Isoetharine; Dey-Lute Metaproterenol; Isupr http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html


•

Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html

Bronchodilators, Theophylline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aerolate Sr; Asmalix; Choledyl; Choledyl SA; Elixophyllin; Lanophyllin; Phyllocontin; Quibron-T Dividose; Quibron-T/SR Dividose; Respbid; Slo-Bid Gyrocaps; Slo-Phyllin; Theo-24; Theobid Duracaps; Theochron; Theo-Dur; Theolair; Theolair-SR; Theo-Time; Th http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/201945.html

Bupropion •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Wellbutrin; Zyban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202098.html

Buserelin •


Buspirone •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: BuSpar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202100.html

Busulfan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Busulfex; Myleran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202101.html

Butalbital and Acetaminophen •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202102.html

Butalbital and Aspirin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Axotal; Butalgen; Fiorgen; Fiorinal; Fiormor; Fortabs; Isobutal; Isobutyl; Isolin; Isollyl; Laniroif; Lanorinal; Marnal; Vibutal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202103.html

Butalbital, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Codeine •


Butenafine •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Mentax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203496.html

Butorphanol •

61


62

Laryngitis

Caffeine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafcit; Caffedrine Caplets; Dexitac Stay Alert Stimulant; Enerjets; Keep Alert; Maximum Strength SnapBack Stimulant Powders; NoDoz Maximum Strength Caplets; Pep-Back; Quick Pep; Ultra Pep-Back; Vivarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202105.html

Decongestants and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Sinus Medicine; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Aspirin-Free Bayer Select Sinus Pain Relief Caplets; BC Cold Powder Non-Drowsy Fo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids •


Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acel-Imune; Certiva; Infanrix; Tripedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202201.html

Diphtheria Antitoxin •


Erythromycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ilotycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html

Influenza Virus Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: FluShield; Fluvirin; Fluzone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202297.html

Measles Virus Vaccine Live •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Attenuvax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202338.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing


63

information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

65

APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

68

Laryngitis

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

69

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

70

Laryngitis

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3573 35 925 5 0 4538

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “laryngitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

71

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

73

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on laryngitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to laryngitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to laryngitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “laryngitis”:

74

Laryngitis

•

Other guides Head and Neck Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandneckcancer.html Hearing Disorders & Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersdeafness.html Speech & Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechcommunicationdisorders.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html Voice Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to laryngitis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Sore Throat: Easing the Pain of a Sore Throat Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/healthfacts/163/ Sore Throats Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/sore_throat.cfm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Strep Screen/Throat Culture Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=nemours&article_set=22876&lic=16&c at_id=128 Strep Throat Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/strep/test.html Throat Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/515.html

•

Treatment Cleaning of Portable Humidifiers and Vaporizers at Home Source: National Jewish Medical and Research Center http://www.nationaljewish.org/medfacts/cleaning.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Doctor, Why am I Hoarse? Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/hoarse.cfm

Patient Resources

75

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/glossopharyngeal_neu ralgia.htm Laryngeal Papillomatosis: Quick Facts Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/laryngeal.asp Laryngitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00366 Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC, Thrush) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/candidiasis_opc_g.htm Post-Nasal Drip Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/nose/nasal.cfm Sore or Irritated Mouth or Throat Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MBC/content/MBC_6_2x_Sore_or_Irritated_Mo uth_or_Throat.asp?sitearea=MBC Strep Throat Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00260 Wallenberg's Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/wallenbergs.htm •

Children Croup Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00312 Epiglottitis Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ43C0NDDC&sub_ cat=199 Hoarse Voice in a Child Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00015 Sore Throats (Viral and Bacterial Sore Throats) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ4LP9BH4C& sub_cat=107 Strep Throat (Group A Streptococci Infections) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

76

Laryngitis

•

Organizations American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/

•

Teenagers Strep Throat Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on laryngitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

All About GERD: How It's Caused, How It's Treated, and How You Can Help Prevent Its Return Source: Deerfield, IL: TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. Medical Services, Bannockburn Lake Office Plaza, 2355 Waukegan Road, Deerfield, IL 60015. (800) 478-9526. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about the cause, treatment, and prevention of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a term used for several digestive conditions caused by regurgitation, or reflux, of acid and partly digested food from the stomach into the esophagus. The stomach is protected from acid, but the esophagus is not. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn; swallowing difficulties are also common. With reflux esophagitis, the lower end of the esophagus near the stomach becomes inflamed and sore. A more serious kind of esophagitis is called erosive esophagitis, in which a section of the lower esophagus is eroded by gastric acid. Causes of GERD include weak muscles between the esophagus and stomach, strongly acidic gastric juices, and pregnancy. Complications of GERD include sore throat or laryngitis, respiratory problems such as asthma or pneumonia, and esophageal strictures. Diagnosis is usually done with endoscopy. The brochure outlines dietary and lifestyle changes that may help ease GERD, and medications that may be prescribed,

Patient Resources

77

including antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. The brochure concludes with a summary of the information covered and space for readers to take notes. (AA-M). •

Heartburn Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 1996. 3 p. Contact: Available from GIDH-AGA Patient Education Center. P.O. Box 1274, West Caldwell, NJ 07007-9562. PRICE: 25 copies free to health care professionals for distribution to patients. Summary: This brochure provides patients with basic information about heartburn, the most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When the lower esophageal sphincter (a muscle located between the esophagus and stomach that normally opens after swallowing) either relaxes inappropriately or is very weak, the highly acidic contents of the stomach can back up, or reflux, into the esophagus. In addition to heartburn, symptoms of GERD may include persistent sore throat, laryngitis, nighttime or chronic cough, asthma, and a feeling of a lump in the throat. The author discusses how heartburn occurs, the symptoms of heartburn, tips to control heartburn, diagnostic tests used to confirm chronic disease, the interrelationship of hiatal hernia and heartburn, treatment options for heartburn, and the complications of longterm reflux and heartburn. The brochure concludes with a glossary of terms. 2 figures. 2 references. (AA-M).

•

Disorders of Vocal Abuse and Misuse Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). May 1999. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from NIDCD Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 99-4375. Summary: This fact sheet describes disorders of vocal abuse and misuse and how to prevent and manage them. Vocal abuse is any behavior or occurrence that strains or injures the vocal folds (or vocal cords). This may include excessive talking, throat clearing, coughing, inhaling irritants, smoking, screaming, or yelling. Vocal misuse is inappropriate voice usage such as speaking too loudly or at an abnormally high or low pitch. Frequent vocal abuse and misuse can damage the vocal cords and cause temporary or permanent changes in vocal function, voice quality, and even loss of voice. Written in a question and answer format, the fact sheet covers the physiology and anatomy of the voice; risk factors and populations at risk for these disorders; types of disorders of vocal abuse and misuse, including laryngitis, vocal nodules, vocal polyps, and contact ulcers; the diagnosis of these disorders, including the role of the otolaryngologist; treatment options, including the identification and elimination of damaging vocal behaviors, voice therapy, and surgery; and research on disorders of vocal abuse and misuse. The fact sheet concludes with a list of resource organizations through which readers can obtain additional information, including information about laryngeal cancer. 1 figure.

•

Hoarseness Prevention and Treatment Tips Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. (AAO-HNS). 1999. 4 p.

78

Laryngitis

Contact: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. (AAO-HNS). One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-4444. Fax (703) 6835100. PRICE: Single copy free (send self-addressed, stamped envelope); $20.00 for members; $25.00 for non-members per 100. Item Number 4763235. Summary: This patient education brochure provides information on abnormal voice changes known as hoarseness. The brochure discusses a general definition of hoarseness; the causes of hoarseness, including acute laryngitis, gastroesophageal reflux, smoking, and allergies; who treats hoarseness and other voice disorders; how to know when to see an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat or ENT doctor); how hoarseness is evaluated; how vocal disorders are treated; and prevention suggestions. The brochure concludes with a brief description of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. 3 figures.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to laryngitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to laryngitis. By consulting all of associations listed in

Patient Resources

79

this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with laryngitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about laryngitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “laryngitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “laryngitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “laryngitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “laryngitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

80

Laryngitis

81

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

82

Laryngitis

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

83

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

84

Laryngitis

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

85

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

86

Laryngitis

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

87

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on laryngitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Laryngitis Laryngitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001385.htm Supraglottitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000605.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Laryngitis Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm

88

Laryngitis

Drooling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003048.htm Dysphagia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Dysphasia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hoarseness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Loss of voice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Rhinorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003051.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Stridor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003074.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Laryngitis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm

Online Glossaries 89

Laryngoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003851.htm •

Background Topics for Laryngitis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Mucosa Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002264.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

91

LARYNGITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]

92

Laryngitis

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aphemia: Impaired or absent communication by speech, writing, or signs, due to dysfunction of brain centers in the dominant hemisphere, may be caused by exposure to industrial chemicals, or to ionizing radiation, or diving. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH]

94

Laryngitis

Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]

96

Laryngitis

Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catarrh: Inflammation of a mucous membrane, with a free discharge (Hippocrates); especially such inflammation of the air passages of the head and throat. [EU] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.

98

Laryngitis

Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

Dictionary 99

etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline

100 Laryngitis

is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echolalia: The pathological repetition by imitation of the speech of another. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.

102 Laryngitis

Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epizootic: A disease of high morbidity which is only occasionally present in an animal community: it affects a great number of animals in a large area of land at the same time and spreads with great rapidity over a wide territory. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Manometry: A test to measure muscle tone inthe esophagus. [NIH] Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus often caused by acid flowing back from the stomach. This condition may require surgery. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

Dictionary 103

Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also

104 Laryngitis

enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH]

Dictionary 105

Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced: Hearing loss from exposure to noise. The loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU]

106 Laryngitis

Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of

108 Laryngitis

digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngeal Mucosa: The mucous lining of the larynx; mainly stratified squamous epithelium in the upper part and ciliated columnar in the lower part of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngismus: Spasm of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended

Dictionary 109

between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastoiditis: Inflammation of the cavity and air cells in the mastoid part of the temporal bone. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen

110 Laryngitis

with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH]

Dictionary 111

Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

112 Laryngitis

Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Odynophagia: A painful condition of the esophagus. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical

Dictionary 113

treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or

114 Laryngitis

multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum

Dictionary 115

occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side. [EU] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]

116 Laryngitis

Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudorabies: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]

Dictionary 117

Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH]

118 Laryngitis

Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with

Dictionary 119

heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH]

120 Laryngitis

Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH]

Dictionary 121

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Tips to control heartburn: Avoid lying down 2 to 3 hours after eating. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of

122 Laryngitis

ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercular: Of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules. [EU] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle

Dictionary 123

and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viraemia: The presence of virus in blood or blood plasma. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] Voice Quality: Voice quality is that component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's voice when pitch and loudness are excluded. It involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. Some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

125

INDEX 1 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 22, 91 A Abdominal, 91, 100, 103, 113 Abscess, 50, 91, 118 Acceptor, 91, 121 Acetylcholine, 91, 97, 112 Acoustic, 9, 21, 36, 40, 49, 91 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 12, 15, 91 Acuity, 51, 91 Adduction, 5, 91 Adenocarcinoma, 4, 6, 91, 105 Adenosine, 91, 95 Adenovirus, 35, 91 Adhesions, 91, 115 Adverse Effect, 36, 40, 91, 118 Afferent, 5, 6, 91 Agonist, 91, 112 Airway, 20, 22, 92, 118, 123 Airway Obstruction, 20, 22, 92 Alertness, 92, 95 Algorithms, 3, 92, 95 Alkaloid, 92, 96, 112 Allergens, 47, 92 Alternative medicine, 54, 92 Amino Acid Sequence, 92, 93, 104 Amino Acids, 92, 102, 104, 115, 116, 120, 122 Ampulla, 92, 101 Anaesthesia, 92, 107 Analgesic, 38, 92, 106 Analytes, 74, 92 Anaplasia, 92 Anatomical, 92, 107, 117 Anesthesia, 6, 92 Anesthetics, 92, 104 Angina, 36, 40, 92 Ankle, 39, 92 Annealing, 92, 115 Anorexia, 93, 103 Antagonism, 93, 95 Antibacterial, 93, 119 Antibiotic, 93, 102, 113, 119 Antibodies, 37, 93, 109, 110, 114 Antibody, 35, 93, 97, 105, 106, 107, 110 Anticonvulsant, 93, 97 Antigen, 37, 92, 93, 98, 105, 106, 107, 109

Anti-inflammatory, 39, 93, 106 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 93 Antispasmodic, 93, 104 Aphasia, 48, 93 Aphemia, 48, 93 Apnea, 93 Arginine, 93, 112 Arterial, 6, 93, 116 Arteries, 93, 95, 99, 110 Articulation, 51, 93, 100 Aspiration, 5, 6, 55, 93 Aspirin, 39, 58, 61, 62, 93 Asymptomatic, 12, 94 Attenuated, 34, 35, 41, 94 Atypical, 94, 107 Auditory, 51, 94, 122 Autosuggestion, 94, 106 Avian, 35, 37, 94 B Bacteria, 39, 93, 94, 102, 103, 110, 119, 120, 122 Bacteriophage, 94, 123 Bacteriostatic, 94, 102 Bacterium, 94, 121 Base, 94, 104, 108, 121 Basement Membrane, 7, 94, 108 Basophils, 94, 109 Benign, 7, 47, 48, 49, 50, 94, 105, 111, 113 Benign tumor, 50, 94 Benzene, 38, 94 Bile, 94, 103, 104, 105, 109, 119 Bile Acids, 94, 104, 119 Biopsy, 6, 88, 94 Biopsy specimen, 6, 94 Biotechnology, 8, 44, 54, 69, 95 Blood pressure, 39, 95 Blood vessel, 95, 96, 101, 102, 118, 120, 121, 122 Bolus, 5, 6, 95 Bolus infusion, 95 Bone Marrow, 39, 94, 95, 109, 110 Bowel, 95, 100, 108 Bowel Movement, 95, 100 Bradykinin, 95, 112 Branch, 85, 95, 112, 113, 119, 121 Bronchi, 95, 121 Bronchioles, 95 Bronchiolitis, 20, 24, 95

126 Laryngitis

Bronchitis, 39, 44, 47, 95 Buccal, 95, 106, 109 C Caffeine, 51, 61, 62, 95 Calcium, 95, 96, 97 Candidiasis, 11, 75, 96 Candidosis, 96 Capsaicin, 5, 96 Carcinogenic, 38, 94, 96, 119 Carcinoma, 7, 49, 96 Cardia, 6, 96 Cardiac, 13, 95, 96, 101, 103, 111, 119 Case report, 10, 11, 17, 18, 22, 96 Cataracts, 39, 96 Catarrh, 44, 96 Caudal, 96, 115 Causal, 7, 96 Cell, 24, 28, 34, 35, 37, 91, 94, 95, 96, 98, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116, 120, 122, 123 Cell Division, 94, 96, 114 Central Nervous System, 91, 94, 95, 96, 103, 105, 116 Cerebral, 5, 36, 40, 96, 103, 118 Cerebral Palsy, 36, 40, 96, 118 Cerebrovascular, 36, 40, 96 Cerebrum, 96 Chest Pain, 3, 45, 55, 96 Cholinergic, 97, 112 Chronic Disease, 77, 97 Cimetidine, 3, 97 Cleft Palate, 51, 97 Clinical Medicine, 97, 115 Clinical trial, 5, 27, 69, 97, 116 Clonazepam, 36, 40, 97 Clonic, 97 Cloning, 34, 95, 97 Coal, 94, 97 Cochlea, 97, 107 Cofactor, 97, 116 Collagen, 7, 94, 97, 114, 116 Collapse, 97, 118 Complement, 97, 98 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 31, 98 Complementary medicine, 27, 98 Computational Biology, 69, 98 Congestion, 36, 38, 40, 88, 98, 102 Conjunctiva, 98, 107, 108 Conjunctivitis, 37, 98 Connective Tissue, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 117 Consciousness, 92, 98, 100

Constitutional, 98, 111 Constriction, 98, 123 Consumption, 44, 98, 103 Contamination, 98, 117 Contraindications, ii, 98 Coronary, 98, 99, 110 Coronary Thrombosis, 99, 110 Cortex, 5, 99, 103 Cortisone, 39, 99 Cranial, 99, 105, 112, 113, 114, 122 Creatine, 14, 99 Creatinine, 99 Croup, 27, 75, 99 Curative, 99, 121 Cutaneous, 96, 99, 108, 109 Cyclic, 95, 99, 104, 112 Cysteine, 99, 120 Cytochrome, 97, 99 D Databases, Bibliographic, 69, 99 Degenerative, 99, 105, 111 Deletion, 41, 99 Dementia, 91, 99 Denaturation, 100, 115 Diagnostic procedure, 33, 54, 100 Diaphragm, 100, 105 Diarrhoea, 100, 103, 106 Diffusion, 100, 107 Digestion, 94, 95, 100, 108, 109, 113, 119 Digestive system, 47, 100, 104, 111 Digestive tract, 100, 119 Dilatation, 100, 115, 122 Direct, iii, 5, 57, 97, 100, 117 Distal, 100, 101, 104, 116 Diuresis, 95, 100 Diving, 93, 100 Dorsal, 100, 115 Drug Interactions, 63, 100 Duct, 92, 100, 117 Duodenum, 94, 100, 101, 103, 113, 119 Dysarthria, 47, 48, 100 Dyspareunia, 55, 100 Dyspepsia, 44, 100 Dysphagia, 45, 88, 100 Dysphonia, 21, 48, 49, 50, 100, 123 Dyspnea, 88, 100, 115 Dystrophy, 36, 40, 100 E Echolalia, 48, 100 Edema, 20, 48, 49, 88, 101, 111 Efficacy, 7, 101 Effusion, 101, 115

Index 127

Elastin, 97, 101 Elective, 48, 101 Electrode, 6, 101 Electromyography, 5, 101 Emaciation, 91, 101 Embryo, 35, 101, 107 Emphysema, 47, 101 Empirical, 35, 101 Endemic, 17, 101 Endocarditis, 96, 101 Endoscope, 101 Endoscopic, 5, 101 Endoscopy, 7, 49, 76, 101 Endothelium, 101, 112 Endothelium-derived, 101, 112 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 101 Enzymatic, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105, 115 Enzyme, 37, 101, 104, 113, 115, 121, 123 Eosinophils, 101, 109 Epidermoid carcinoma, 101, 119 Epiglottis, 102 Epiglottitis, 18, 29, 50, 75, 102 Epithelial, 16, 91, 102, 108, 113 Epithelial Cells, 102, 108 Epithelium, 6, 94, 101, 102, 103 Epizootic, 37, 102 Erythema, 20, 88, 102 Erythrocytes, 95, 102 Erythromycin, 10, 14, 62, 102 Esophageal, 4, 5, 6, 8, 17, 19, 20, 28, 45, 46, 55, 76, 102, 104 Esophageal Manometry, 8, 102 Esophageal Stricture, 55, 76, 102 Esophagitis, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 76, 102, 104 Esophagus, 4, 45, 46, 47, 55, 76, 77, 100, 102, 104, 105, 109, 112, 114, 117, 119 Esterification, 91, 102 Evacuation, 102, 103 Expiratory, 102, 114 Exudate, 37, 102, 114 Eye Infections, 91, 102 F Family Planning, 69, 102 Fat, 95, 103, 117, 118 Fibrin, 103, 114 Fibrosis, 103, 117 Fissure, 97, 103 Flaccid, 47, 48, 103 Fold, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 103 Forearm, 95, 103 Fungi, 39, 102, 103, 110, 123 Fungus, 96, 103

G GABA, 97, 103 Gallbladder, 91, 100, 103, 104 Gas, 100, 103, 106, 111, 112, 116, 117 Gas exchange, 103, 117 Gasoline, 94, 103 Gastric, 4, 6, 7, 14, 45, 55, 76, 97, 103, 104, 105, 113 Gastric Acid, 14, 76, 97, 103 Gastric Emptying, 4, 103 Gastric Juices, 76, 103, 113 Gastric Mucosa, 45, 103 Gastrin, 97, 103, 105 Gastroenteritis, 9, 103, 117 Gastroenterology, 4, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24, 28, 45, 104 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 29, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 55, 76, 77, 78, 104 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 4, 7, 12, 29, 45, 46, 47, 55, 76, 77, 104 Gastrointestinal, 3, 55, 95, 104, 120 Gastrointestinal tract, 104 Gene, 34, 37, 41, 44, 91, 95, 104 Genetic Code, 104, 112 Genetic testing, 104, 115 Ginger, 36, 38, 40, 104 Gland, 36, 40, 99, 104, 113, 117, 119 Glycoprotein, 34, 41, 104, 108 Glycopyrrolate, 36, 40, 104 Governing Board, 104, 115 Graft, 104, 105 Granuloma, 7, 104 Gravis, 36, 40, 104 Growth, 34, 93, 94, 104, 109, 111, 112, 114, 122, 123 Guanylate Cyclase, 104, 112 H Hair follicles, 104, 123 Haloperidol, 36, 40, 105 Headache, 95, 105, 107 Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced, 50, 105 Heartburn, 4, 29, 45, 55, 76, 77, 105 Hemorrhage, 49, 105, 120 Hepatitis, 105, 107 Hepatocellular, 35, 105 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 35, 105 Hepatocyte, 35, 105 Hepatomegaly, 105, 107 Heredity, 104, 105 Heterotrophic, 103, 105 Hiatal Hernia, 4, 6, 77, 105 Histamine, 97, 105, 106

128 Laryngitis

Histology, 6, 9, 17, 105 Hoarseness, 7, 16, 38, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 77, 78, 88, 99, 105, 108 Homeopathic remedies, 38, 105 Homologous, 34, 105, 120 Hormonal, 39, 105 Hormone, 99, 103, 105, 110 Host, 35, 37, 94, 96, 105, 122, 123 Humoral, 35, 105 Humour, 105 Hydration, 51, 106 Hydrogen, 91, 94, 100, 106, 110, 116 Hydrolysis, 106, 115, 116 Hydroxycorticosteroids, 91, 106 Hydroxylysine, 97, 106 Hydroxyproline, 97, 106 Hyperaemia, 98, 106 Hyperkeratosis, 47, 106 Hyperplasia, 106, 111 Hypersensitivity, 18, 92, 106 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 92, 106 I Iatrogenic, 6, 106 Ibuprofen, 39, 106 Id, 25, 29, 74, 75, 78, 84, 86, 106 Idiopathic, 16, 106 Immune response, 34, 37, 93, 99, 106, 120, 122, 123 Immune system, 35, 105, 106, 109, 122, 123 Immunity, 35, 91, 107 Immunodeficiency, 91, 107 Immunoglobulin, 93, 107, 110 Impairment, 6, 100, 102, 107, 110 In vitro, 107, 115 In vivo, 6, 107 Incompetence, 104, 107 Indicative, 43, 45, 107, 113, 122 Induction, 35, 107 Infarction, 99, 107, 110 Infectious Mononucleosis, 11, 107 Infiltration, 49, 107 Influenza, 39, 62, 107 Ingestion, 36, 40, 106, 107, 115 Inhalation, 47, 60, 107, 115 Inner ear, 50, 107, 108 Innervation, 48, 107 Internal Medicine, 104, 107 Intestine, 95, 100, 105, 107, 108, 114 Intracellular, 95, 107, 108, 110, 112 Intrinsic, 94, 108 Invasive, 107, 108 Involuntary, 108, 111, 117, 123

Ionizing, 93, 108 Irritants, 77, 108 J Joint, 39, 93, 108 K Kb, 37, 68, 108 Keratoconjunctivitis, 108, 118 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 108, 118 Kilobase, 37, 108 L Labyrinth, 97, 107, 108, 113, 118, 122 Labyrinthitis, 50, 108 Lacrimal, 108, 118 Laminin, 94, 108 Large Intestine, 100, 108, 117 Laryngeal, 5, 6, 7, 17, 20, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 75, 77, 108 Laryngeal Mucosa, 8, 108 Laryngismus, 44, 108 Larynx, 5, 12, 27, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 102, 108, 120, 121, 122, 123 Lens, 96, 108 Lesion, 104, 109, 122 Lethal, 4, 17, 109, 111 Leukocytes, 35, 94, 95, 101, 109, 110, 112 Leukoplakia, 11, 47, 50, 109 Library Services, 84, 109 Life cycle, 103, 109 Light microscope, 109, 110 Liver, 91, 94, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109 Localized, 91, 107, 108, 109, 114, 122 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 4, 77, 104, 109 Lupus, 20, 109 Lymph, 101, 105, 107, 109, 114 Lymphadenopathy, 107, 109 Lymphatic, 101, 107, 109 Lymphocyte, 91, 93, 109, 110 Lymphocyte Count, 91, 109 Lymphoid, 93, 109, 121 Lymphoma, 12, 109 Lytic, 109, 123 M Malignancy, 6, 109 Malignant, 7, 12, 47, 91, 109, 111 Mastoiditis, 22, 109 Mediator, 35, 109 MEDLINE, 69, 110 Membrane, 7, 34, 36, 38, 40, 96, 98, 102, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118 Membrane Proteins, 110, 116 Memory, 47, 93, 99, 110

Index 129

Mental Retardation, 36, 40, 110 Metastasis, 110 Methionine, 110, 120 MI, 89, 110 Microorganism, 97, 110, 113, 123 Microscopy, 94, 110 Microsurgery, 7, 17, 28, 110 Modification, 51, 110 Molecular, 34, 69, 71, 95, 98, 110 Molecule, 34, 37, 93, 94, 98, 101, 106, 110, 116, 122 Monoclonal, 34, 110 Monoclonal antibodies, 34, 110 Monocytes, 109, 110 Mononuclear, 104, 107, 110, 111 Morphological, 101, 103, 111 Motion Sickness, 50, 111 Mucins, 111, 117 Mucociliary, 111, 118 Mucocutaneous, 11, 111 Mucosa, 45, 89, 103, 109, 111 Mucositis, 36, 39, 40, 111, 121 Muscle Relaxation, 51, 111 Muscular Dystrophies, 100, 111 Mustard Gas, 108, 111 Mutism, 48, 111 Myalgia, 107, 111 Myasthenia, 36, 40, 51, 111 Myocardium, 110, 111 Myotonic Dystrophy, 36, 40, 111 N Nasal Mucosa, 107, 111 Nasal Polyps, 50, 111 Nasopharynx, 16, 111 Nausea, 103, 111 Necrosis, 107, 110, 111 Need, 3, 45, 54, 79, 111, 121 Neoplasia, 111, 112 Neoplasm, 99, 111, 112, 113 Neoplastic, 48, 92, 109, 112 Nerve, 36, 40, 92, 107, 109, 112, 117, 119, 122 Nervous System, 91, 96, 109, 112, 114, 120 Neural, 91, 105, 112 Neuralgia, 36, 40, 75, 112 Neurologic, 48, 49, 112 Neuroma, 36, 40, 112 Neurons, 112, 120 Neutrophils, 109, 112 Nicotine, 36, 40, 112 Nitric Oxide, 6, 36, 40, 112 Nonmalignant, 47, 112

Nucleic acid, 34, 104, 112 O Odynophagia, 45, 112 Opacity, 96, 112 Opportunistic Infections, 91, 112 Ossicles, 112, 113 Otolaryngologist, 77, 78, 112 Otolaryngology, 6, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 112 Otorhinolaryngology, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21, 48, 112 Otosclerosis, 50, 113 P Palate, 97, 111, 113 Palliative, 113, 121 Palsy, 36, 40, 113 Pancreas, 91, 100, 104, 113 Pancreatic, 104, 113 Pancreatic Juice, 104, 113 Papillary, 106, 113 Papilloma, 47, 113 Paralysis, 50, 51, 88, 113, 118 Paranasal Sinuses, 113, 118 Particle, 35, 113 Patch, 109, 113, 121 Pathogen, 37, 39, 113 Pathogenesis, 17, 49, 113 Pathologic, 94, 96, 99, 106, 113 Pathologies, 47, 113 Pathophysiology, 20, 46, 113 Patient Education, 51, 76, 77, 78, 82, 84, 89, 113 Penicillin, 16, 93, 113 Pepsin, 97, 113 Pepsin A, 97, 113 Peptic, 4, 113 Perception, 47, 113 Perforation, 50, 114 Pericarditis, 44, 114 Pericardium, 114 Peripheral Nervous System, 100, 113, 114, 120 Peristalsis, 5, 6, 17, 114 Pharmacologic, 92, 114, 121 Pharyngitis, 17, 45, 114 Pharynx, 104, 107, 111, 114, 122 Phonation, 47, 114 Physical Examination, 46, 114 Physiologic, 8, 91, 114, 116 Physiology, 4, 46, 48, 77, 104, 114 Pitch, 46, 47, 51, 77, 114, 123 Plants, 92, 114, 121, 122

130 Laryngitis

Plasma, 93, 114, 123 Plasma cells, 93, 114 Platelet Aggregation, 112, 114 Platelets, 112, 114 Pleura, 114 Pleurisy, 44, 114 Pneumonitis, 45, 115 Poisoning, 103, 111, 115 Polyarthritis, 108, 115, 118 Polymerase, 13, 115 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 13, 115 Polypeptide, 92, 97, 113, 115 Polysaccharide, 93, 115, 116 Posterior, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 45, 100, 113, 115 Potentiate, 37, 40, 115 Practice Guidelines, 70, 115 Precursor, 4, 101, 115, 122 Prenatal, 101, 115 Prevalence, 21, 45, 115 Probe, 12, 115 Progressive, 44, 100, 104, 111, 115 Proline, 97, 106, 116 Prophylaxis, 116, 122 Prospective study, 14, 116 Protein S, 44, 95, 102, 104, 116 Proteins, 92, 93, 97, 102, 110, 113, 114, 116, 118, 121 Proteoglycans, 94, 116 Proton Pump, 7, 9, 77, 116 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 7, 77, 116 Protons, 106, 108, 116 Proximal, 19, 46, 100, 116, 118 Pseudorabies, 37, 116 Psychic, 116, 117 Psychogenic, 48, 116 Public Policy, 69, 116 Pulmonary, 4, 12, 21, 45, 47, 95, 98, 116, 117, 122 Pulmonary Artery, 95, 116, 122 Pulmonary Ventilation, 116, 117 R Radiation, 93, 108, 116 Radioactive, 106, 110, 116 Randomized, 14, 101, 116 Receptor, 7, 93, 97, 116 Recombinant, 34, 37, 41, 116, 122 Rectum, 95, 100, 103, 108, 117 Recurrence, 41, 117 Refer, 1, 95, 97, 103, 117, 118 Reflex, 5, 19, 117

Reflux, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 55, 76, 77, 104, 117 Refraction, 117, 119 Regimen, 8, 101, 117 Regurgitation, 45, 76, 104, 105, 117 Remission, 117 Respiratory System, 46, 47, 111, 117 Rheumatism, 106, 117 Rhinitis, 9, 12, 13, 47, 117 Risk factor, 77, 116, 117 Rotavirus, 9, 117 S Saliva, 36, 40, 117 Salivary, 36, 40, 100, 117, 118 Salivary glands, 36, 40, 100, 117, 118 Salivation, 104, 117 Sclerosis, 36, 40, 117 Screening, 97, 117 Sebaceous, 108, 117, 123 Sebaceous gland, 108, 117, 123 Secretion, 9, 37, 40, 97, 105, 108, 111, 117, 118 Seizures, 97, 117 Self Care, 4, 118 Semicircular canal, 107, 118 Senile, 51, 118 Septal, 50, 118 Septum, 50, 118 Septum Pellucidum, 118 Sequencing, 34, 115, 118 Serum, 97, 114, 118 Shock, 118, 122 Sicca, 49, 118 Side effect, 39, 57, 91, 118, 121 Sinusitis, 45, 47, 50, 118 Skeleton, 108, 118 Sleep apnea, 47, 118 Smooth muscle, 95, 105, 106, 118, 120 Soft tissue, 95, 118 Solvent, 94, 118 Somatic, 105, 114, 118, 122 Spastic, 47, 48, 118 Spasticity, 118 Specialist, 79, 119 Species, 96, 103, 110, 119, 120, 122, 123 Spectrum, 24, 45, 119 Speech Disorders, 48, 119 Sphincter, 5, 108, 119 Spinal cord, 96, 112, 114, 117, 119 Spirochete, 119, 120 Splenomegaly, 107, 119 Squamous, 50, 102, 108, 119

Index 131

Squamous cell carcinoma, 50, 102, 119 Squamous cells, 119 Squamous Epithelium, 108, 119 Steroid, 21, 99, 119 Stimulant, 62, 95, 105, 119 Stimulus, 101, 107, 117, 119, 121 Strand, 115, 119 Streptococcal, 22, 120 Streptococcus, 120 Stress, 4, 103, 111, 120 Stricture, 4, 6, 120 Stridor, 50, 88, 99, 120 Stroke, 36, 40, 68, 75, 120 Subacute, 107, 118, 120 Subclinical, 107, 117, 120 Subcutaneous, 101, 120 Substance P, 102, 117, 120 Sulfur, 8, 110, 120 Suppression, 7, 120 Suppressive, 7, 18, 120 Synaptic, 112, 120 Synaptic Transmission, 112, 120 Syphilis, 17, 120 Systemic, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 95, 96, 107, 120 Systemic disease, 50, 120 T Tear Gases, 108, 120 Temporal, 109, 121 Therapeutics, 63, 121 Thermal, 29, 115, 121 Threshold, 6, 121 Thrombosis, 116, 120, 121 Thymidine, 37, 121 Thymidine Kinase, 37, 121 Tips to control heartburn, 77, 121 Tolerance, 97, 121 Tonic, 97, 121 Tonsillitis, 50, 121 Tonsils, 121 Topical, 38, 58, 59, 61, 91, 121 Toxic, iv, 27, 39, 94, 107, 112, 121 Toxicity, 100, 121 Toxicology, 70, 121 Toxins, 93, 107, 110, 121 Trachea, 37, 44, 95, 108, 114, 120, 121 Tracheitis, 15, 121 Transdermal, 36, 40, 121 Transfection, 95, 121

Translation, 102, 121 Translocation, 102, 122 Transmitter, 91, 109, 122 Trauma, 7, 49, 102, 105, 111, 122 Tropism, 34, 122 Tryptophan, 97, 122 Tubercular, 122 Tuberculosis, 12, 21, 98, 109, 122 U Ulcer, 122 Ulceration, 12, 122 Unconscious, 92, 106, 122 Urine, 99, 100, 122 V Vaccination, 35, 41, 122 Vaccine, 34, 35, 37, 41, 62, 122 Vagal, 6, 122 Vagina, 96, 122 Vaginitis, 96, 122 Vagus Nerve, 122 Vascular, 101, 106, 107, 112, 122 Vasodilators, 112, 122 Vector, 37, 122 Venereal, 120, 122 Venous, 116, 122 Ventricle, 116, 122 Ventricular, 47, 122 Vestibule, 97, 107, 118, 122 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 123 Viraemia, 35, 123 Viral, 15, 16, 34, 40, 41, 49, 75, 76, 107, 123 Virulence, 34, 41, 94, 121, 123 Virulent, 35, 123 Virus, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 62, 91, 94, 107, 123 Vitro, 123 Vivo, 6, 123 Vocal cord, 6, 7, 15, 16, 46, 48, 50, 77, 114, 123 Voice Disorders, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 74, 78, 123 Voice Quality, 9, 48, 77, 123 Vulgaris, 38, 123 W Weight Gain, 39, 123 Wheezing, 3, 45, 123 White blood cell, 93, 107, 109, 114, 123 Y Yawning, 27, 123 Yeasts, 96, 103, 123

132 Laryngitis

Laryngitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Laryngitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents