Lactose - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LACTOSE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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LACTOSE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lactose: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84293-0 1. Lactose-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lactose. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LACTOSE ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lactose......................................................................................... 11 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 39 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LACTOSE ....................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lactose ....................................................................................... 103 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 108 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LACTOSE ................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 111 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 124 General References ..................................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LACTOSE ................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Dissertations on Lactose ............................................................................................................ 129 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 130 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LACTOSE .............................................................................................. 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Patents on Lactose...................................................................................................................... 131 Patent Applications on Lactose.................................................................................................. 159 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 190 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LACTOSE.................................................................................................. 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 191 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 192 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 195 Chapters on Lactose ................................................................................................................... 195 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON LACTOSE ....................................................................................... 197 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 197 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 197 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LACTOSE .................................................................... 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 199 Newsletters on Lactose............................................................................................................... 202 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 202 Academic Periodicals covering Lactose ...................................................................................... 204 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 209 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 211 The Genome Project and Lactose................................................................................................ 211 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 217 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 217 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 224

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 227 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 227 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 227 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 233 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 236 LACTOSE DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 237 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 317

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lactose is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lactose, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lactose, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lactose. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lactose, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lactose. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lactose.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lactose, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Influence of the Pharmacological Modification of Gastric Emptying on Lactose Digestion and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 13(1): 81-86. January 1999. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: In people who have difficulty digesting lactose (milk sugar), the ingestion of food that retards gastric emptying improves tolerance to lactose. This article reports on a randomized, double blind study undertaken to investigate the effects of the pharmacological modification of gastric emptying on the speed of development of lactose induced symptoms. After an overnight fast, 18 people who had trouble digesting

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lactose were given, at 1 week intervals, either propantheline, metoclopramide, or placebo (in identical capsules), 60 minutes before ingesting 50 g lactose colored with 1 g carmine dye (to measure gastrointestinal time). Gastrointestinal symptoms, urinary galactose excretion, and breath hydrogen and blood glucose concentrations were recorded. The propantheline induced prolongation of gastric emptying improved tolerance to lactose, compared with placebo or metoclopramide. The total hydrogen excretion increased by 15 percent after metoclopramide (as compared with placebo). Propantheline decreased this variable by 15 percent from placebo. Non-significant differences in blood glucose, urinary galactose, or gastrointestinal transit time were found. The authors conclude that delaying gastric emptying improves lactose intolerance in individuals who have trouble digesting lactose. 1 figure. 1 table. 16 references. (AA-M). •

Lactose Intolerance (editorial) Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 333(1): 53-54. July 6, 1995. Summary: In this letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, the author comments on a research report on lactose intolerance published in the same issue. The author of this editorial focuses on the difference between people who attribute abdominal symptoms to lactose intolerance and those who ignore the same symptoms. The research study found that, when lactose intake is limited to the equivalent of 240ml of milk or less per day, symptoms are likely to be negligible and the use of lactosedigestive aids unnecessary. The author of this editorial contends that the interplay of mind and body is critical in the development of abdominal symptoms. 14 references. (AA-M).

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Lactose Intolerance: Problems in Diagnosis and Treatment Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 28(3): 208-216. April 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. P.O. Box 1550, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: Lactose (milk sugar) malabsorption and lactase deficiency are chronic organic pathologic conditions characterized by abdominal pain and distention, flatulence (gas), and the passage of loose, watery stools. This article reviews problems in the diagnosis and treatment of lactose intolerance. Though malabsorption of sugar lactose can be determined by breath hydrogen test or jejunal biopsy, intolerance can be confirmed only by challenge with food containing lactose, and the response to it may not be immediate. The difficulty of making a positive diagnosis of these conditions has led to a proportion of lactose intolerant patients being misdiagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which has a remarkably similar symptom complex and for which there is no current pathophysiologic marker. The incidence of the two disorders is approximately equal, but the actual proportion of patients with IBS incorrectly diagnosed in this way varies as a function of the methodology used. Once the correct diagnosis is established, introduction of a lactose free dietary regime relieves symptoms in most patients. Symptom similarity and the resultant incorrect diagnosis of IBS may explain the refractory nature of some patients who are thought to have IBS and remain largely unaware of the relationship between food intake and symptoms. 4 tables. 80 references. (AA).

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Lactose Intolerance: Recognizing the Link Between Diet and Discomfort Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 95(1): 113-120. January 1994.

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Summary: Lactose intolerance is highly prevalent among certain ethnic populations and should be suspected when evaluating gastrointestinal complaints in members of these groups. In this article, the authors discuss methods of clinical evaluation and offer basic dietary recommendations for patients with lactose intolerance. Topics covered include the prevalence of lactose intolerance in the U.S. adult population; types of lactase deficiency, including primary, secondary, and congenital; the causes of lactose intolerance; clinical evaluation methods, including the lactose tolerance test, breath hydrogen test, and small-bowel biopsy; and dietary management and patient monitoring. The authors caution that lack of suspicion of the problem can lead to expensive and invasive diagnostic procedures, which may further aggravate patients' anxiety and result in iatrogenic complications. 1 figure. 3 tables. 11 references. (AA-M). •

When to Suspect Lactose Intolerance: Symptomatic, Ethnic, and Laboratory Clues Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 104(3): 109-111, 115-116, 122-123. September 1998. Summary: Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose (the sugar found in milk and dairy products). Lactose intolerance affects millions of people worldwide and should be suspected particularly when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms in ethnic populations in which it is prevalent. The authors of this article discuss symptoms and methods of detection and offer their recommendations for helping patients with this common disorder. Daily ingestion of less than 240 mL of milk is well tolerated by most adults with lactose intolerance. Some persons with normal lactase activity may become symptomatic after consuming products containing lactose. Lactose maldigestion can coexist in adults with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in children with recurrent abdominal pain. Management consists primarily of dietary changes. People who avoid dairy products should receive calcium supplementation and should be advised to read ingredient labels carefully. Several lactase replacement products are available, but their efficacy varies. One sidebar discusses hidden sources of lactose, listing common foods that may contain lactose. 4 tables. 21 references. (AA-M).

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Commonsense Approach to Lactose Intolerance Source: Patient Care. 31(7): 185-190, 195. April 15, 1997. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: Many adults avoid milk and milk products because they believe that even small quantities of lactose will cause diarrhea, bloating, and flatulence resulting from lactose intolerance. However, the author of this article stresses that nearly everyone can tolerate moderate amounts of lactose. A sizable fraction of people self-diagnosed as having lactose intolerance actually absorb lactose completely, and virtually all lactose malabsorbers tolerate moderate amounts of lactose without exhibiting discernible symptoms. The author describes the importance of milk in the adult diet, notably to counter the bone loss usually observed in middle and late adulthood. An additional section describes lactose digestion and lactase activity. One sidebar explores the physiology of lactose digestion in detail. Lactose digestive aids are available in several formulations at varying cost; these include lactase-containing drops and tablets that resist acid-peptic denaturation in the stomach. The author concludes by describing how the symptomatic and breath-hydrogen response of people with lactase nonpersistence appears to decrease when they regularly consume large amounts of lactose. This improved tolerance apparently reflects an adaptation by the colonic flora, resulting in

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increased metabolism of lactose via non-gas-forming reactions. 1 figure. 2 tables. 5 references. •

Weight-Gain Arrest Secondary to Lactose Intolerance Source: JAAPA. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 11(1): 19-20, 25. January 1998. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: There are many reasons that an infant may fail to grow, but food intolerance is often the culprit. This article explores problems of lactose intolerance in infants. Lactose intolerance is particularly significant in infants because milk is the major component of their diet. Severe symptoms of diarrhea, intestinal gas, and nausea can result in malnutrition and lack of weight gain. The authors help readers understand the mechanisms of lactose intolerance in order to better manage patients with this problem. The article begins with a case presentation of a 17 month old girl with a 10 month history of arrested weight gain. The authors use this case to demonstrate how the growth curves can be used to diagnose problems. Lactose intolerance results when the body cannot produce lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose. When this enzyme is absent or deficient, lactose accumulates in the gut. Subsequent fermentation in the gut produces gas and acidic contents. Familial investigations have established that the persistence of lactose absorption is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Secondary disaccharidase deficiency (SDD) is not hereditary. This disorder of the small intestine involves diffuse mucosal injury caused by several mechanisms and results in diminished activity of all the disaccharidases. The authors briefly review the diagnostic tests used to determine lactose intolerance. They also note that lactose tolerance can be spontaneously restored if the patient has no latent genetic predisposition to hereditary lactase deficiency (HLD) and if damage to the mucosa heals. 2 figures. 12 references.

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Managing Lactose Intolerance Source: Dairy Council Digest. 65(2): 7-12. March-April 1994. Contact: Available from National Dairy Council. O'Hare International Center, 10255 West Higgins Road, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018-5616. Summary: This article addresses the issues involved in managing lactose intolerance, the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from the inability to digest lactose, the predominant carbohydrate in human and cow's milks. The article provides information about development, causes and symptoms of lactose-reduced milk products; lactase activity in various ethnic and racial populations and age groups; diagnostic tests; dairy foods that may be tolerated; increasing tolerance of dairy foods; prevalence of lactose maldigestion; the dietary management of lactose maldigestion; and specific dairy items and their place in an adequate, well-tolerated diet. 1 table. 48 references.

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Breath Testing in Health and Disease: Lactose Maldigestion, Bacterial Overgrowth, Intestinal Transit Time and Helicobacter Pylori Infection Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 23(4): 72, 74, 76, 78, 80. April 1999. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing, Inc. 99B Main Street, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (631) 288-4404. Fax (631) 288-4435. E-Mail: [email protected].

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Summary: This article describes the use of breath testing, a convenient and reliable method of evaluating lactose maldigestion, bacterial overgrowth, intestinal transit time, and H. pylori infection. These tests are inexpensive, noninvasive, and present little risk to the patient. The normal colonic flora produces hydrogen (H2) gas from food processed in the gastrointestinal tract. A portion of the H2 is absorbed and excreted by the lungs. In bacterial overgrowth, the bacteria are located more proximally and expired H2 will increase sooner after ingestion of food. Maldigested lactose, present in lactose intolerant patients, provides more substrate and consequently increases expired H2. Helicobacter pylori bacteria produce an urease that hydrolyzes urea producing carbon dioxide. If radiolabeled urea is given to a patient with an active infection, radiolabeled CO2 will be discharged from the lungs. The authors conclude that breath testing is an effective diagnostic aid that is well suited for the gastroenterologic and primary care clinic. 7 references. •

Comparison of Symptoms After the Consumption of Milk or Lactose-Hydrolyzed Milk by People With Self-Reported Severe Lactose Intolerance Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 333(1): 1-4. July 6, 1995. Summary: This article reports on a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial in which researchers evaluated gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in 30 people (mean age, 29.4 years) who reported severe lactose intolerance and consistent symptoms after ingesting less than 240 ml (8 oz) of milk. The ability to digest lactose was assessed in all participants (21 had lactose malabsorption; 9 were able to absorb lactose). Subjects then received either 240 ml of lactose-hydrolyzed milk containing 2 percent fat, or 240 ml of milk containing 2 percent fat and sweetened with aspartame to approximate the taste of lactose-hydrolyzed milk; each type of milk was administered daily with breakfast for a 1-week period. Using a standardized scale, subjects rated the occurrence and severity of bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and recorded each passage of gas. During the study periods, GI symptoms were minimal. When the periods were compared, there were no statistically significant differences in the severity of the four GI symptoms measured. The authors conclude that people who identify themselves as severely lactose-intolerant may mistakenly attribute a variety of abdominal symptoms to lactose intolerance. When lactose intake is limited to the equivalent of 240 ml of milk or less per day, symptoms are likely to be negligible and the use of lactose-digestive aids unnecessary. 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Improved Lactose Digestion and Intolerance Among African-American Adolescent Girls Fed a Dairy-Rich Diet Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 100(5): 524-528. May 2000. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether African American girls who were fed a dairy rich diet for 21 days could adapt to lactose, experiencing an overall improvement in lactose tolerance as well as a decrease in hydrogen gas production. Seventeen of 21 girls (aged 11 to 15 years) enrolled in a calcium metabolism study chose to participate in the lactose tolerance study. Subjects consumed a dairy based diet averaging 1,200 mg calcium and 33 g lactose per day for 21 days. Lactose digestion was assessed by an 8 hour breath hydrogen test on days 1 and 21, and symptoms of intolerance (abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea) were evaluated hourly on a ranked scale during the breath hydrogen tests and once each evening during the 21 day feeding period. Results showed that 14 of the 17 subjects had lactose maldigestion. Breath hydrogen excretion decreased significantly from the beginning to the end of the 21 day period. Gastrointestinal symptoms were negligible

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during both the breath hydrogen tests as were symptoms during the 21 day period. The authors conclude that the diet was well tolerated by the subjects. Furthermore, the decrease in breath hydrogen suggests colonic adaptation to the high lactose diet. The results indicate that lactose maldigestion should not be a restricting factor in developing adequate calcium diets for this population. 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references. •

Lactose Intolerance and Chemotherapy Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 4-5. Fall 1992. Contact: Available from Jane Zukin. Commercial Writing Service, P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. Summary: This article reviews chemotherapy used to treat cancer and special implications for cancer patients who have lactose intolerance. Topics covered include the role of nutrition in cancer therapy; consulting a dietitian for recommendations; the role of the family; problems with nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy; problems with lactose absorption in all patients undergoing chemotherapy; secondary lactose intolerance; and recommendations for treating mouth sores caused by chemotherapy. 2 references.

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Lactose Intolerance: Pinpointing the Source of Nonspecific Gastrointestinal Symptoms Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 89(8): 175-184. June 1991. Summary: This article reviews the condition of lactose intolerance, focusing on the role of lactose intolerance in nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms. The authors explain how children and adults lose the ability to absorb lactose and describe clinical symptoms of malabsorption, objective methods to diagnose it, and practical ways to avoid the symptoms. The authors recommend the hydrogen breath test as a simple, noninvasive, accurate, and inexpensive method for diagnosis. They note that in addition to traditional dietary restriction of lactose, treatment may consist of alterations in dietary fat content or caloric density to reduce symptoms and use of dairy products or additives that provide lactase activity. (AA-M).

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Recognizing and Alleviating the Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 16-20. November-December 1999. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the symptoms of lactose intolerance and offers strategies for alleviating those symptoms. The author notes that many adults lose their ability to digest milk after childhood. The culprit, a sugar called lactose that is found in dairy products, cannot be absorbed by the body unless it is broken down by an enzyme called lactase in the digestive system. Most people produce less lactase as they age, and this can result in a very uncomfortable, but rarely dangerous, disorder called lactose intolerance. Without the help of a physician, lactose intolerance can be a tricky disorder to diagnose for a number of reasons: the symptoms are similar to many other food intolerance problems, and the different tolerance levels in different people. Lactose can be present in many different foods and even in medications (20 percent of prescription drugs and about 6 percent of over the counter medications contain lactose). The article

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outlines the diagnostic tests used to confirm lactose intolerance and then offers suggestions for readers who definitely are lactose intolerant. The author cautions that eliminating all dairy products can cause other problems, including a shortage of calcium and other nutrients. For most people with lactose intolerance, eliminating some, but not necessarily all, dairy products is an options. Research studies have shown that people with confirmed low levels of lactase can still consume one serving of milk with a meal or as many as two servings per day when divided between breakfast and dinner, without experiencing symptoms. In addition, some dairy products have less lactose than others. Over the counter drops and tablets containing lactase also are available to assist with the digestion of dairy products without discomfort. The article concludes with the web sites of organizations from which readers can get additional information. 3 tables. 3 references. •

Lactose Intolerance and Children Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 6. July-August 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article discusses lactose intolerance and children. True infancy lactose intolerance is rare because most full-term babies are born with a sufficient amount of lactase, the enzyme required for the body to break down lactose (milk sugar). Once a young child does start to lose his ability to produce lactase, the symptoms he experiences when encountering lactose levels higher than he can tolerate are similar to those manifested in adults: gas, bloating, diarrhea, or abdominal cramping, anywhere between 30 minutes and a few hours after ingestion. The author briefly discusses issues of diagnosis, and the differences between lactose intolerance and milk allergy.

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Will My Child Outgrow Lactose Intolerance? Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. Winter 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article discusses problems children may have with milk: lactose intolerance and milk allergy. The author clarifies the differences between the two, focusing on the likelihood of remission and changing ability to ingest milk and milk products as a child matures. The author cautions that continual ingestion of cow's milk protein by children sensitive to it can cause damage to the intestinal lining that may be permanent.

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Lactose Intolerance and Ovarian Cancer Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 3-4. Spring 1991. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article reports on a recent research theory that excess galactose (a component of lactose) may cause a hormonal imbalance that triggers ovarian tumors. If

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this theory is correct, avoiding lactose-rich foods may reduce the threat of ovarian cancer in patients with low levels of the enzyme needed to metabolize galactose. •

Got Lactose Intolerance? Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 4(1):20. January-February 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief newsletter article familiarizes readers with lactose (milk sugar) intolerance and how to determine the level of one's own lactose intolerance. The author reports on a recent study in which a group of self-diagnosed individuals were tested for lactose intolerance and 31 percent comfortably digested two cups of milk. For those with severe lactose intolerance, total avoidance of milk products may be necessary. However, there are degrees to lactase deficiency. Lactase is the enzyme in the human digestive system that breaks down lactose. Symptoms of lactose intolerance occur only when the individual takes in more lactose than can be broken down by the lactase in their system. The author stresses than an unnecessary restriction to one's diet is not appropriate unless a physician has diagnosed lactose intolerance. When trying to determine the body's level of tolerance, the best method is trial and error. Once a person knows his or her level of tolerance, they can work toward improving their tolerance for dairy foods by consistently including them in the diet, spread throughout the day so as not to overwhelm the body. The article concludes with the websites of three organizations through which readers can get additional information. 3 references.

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Lactose Intolerance: The Full Story Source: Ostomy Quarterly. 32(2): 24-26. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association, Inc. 36 Executive Park, Suite 120, Irvine, CA 92714-6744. (800) 826-0826 or (714) 660-8624. Summary: This newsletter article familiarizes readers with lactose intolerance. Topics include causes; diagnostic tests; foods that contain lactose; medications that contain lactose; and treatment options. The article concludes with a list of resources through which readers can obtain additional information. 1 table.

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Allaying Fears and Fallacies About Lactose Intolerance Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 98(6): 671-676. June 1998. Summary: This review article is intended to help dietetic professionals alleviate clients fears about lactose intolerance and recommend dietary strategies to improve tolerance. Public awareness and misunderstanding of lactose intolerance are at an all-time high. Many people erroneously believe that they develop gastrointestinal symptoms after ingesting lactose. Consequently, lactose-containing foods such as milk and other dairy products may be eliminated unnecessarily from the diet. Because these foods are a major source of calcium, low intake can compromise calcium nutrition. This, in turn, can increase the risk of major chronic diseases such as osteoporosis (porous bones) and hypertension. Scientific study indicates that the prevalence of lactose intolerance is grossly overestimated. Other physiologic and psychologic factors can contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms that mimic lactose intolerance. Scientific findings also indicate that people with laboratory-confirmed low levels of lactase can consume one serving of milk with a meal or two servings of milk per day in divided doses at

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breakfast and dinner without experiencing symptoms. Several dietary strategies are available to help lactose maldigesters include milk and other dairy foods in their diet without experiencing symptoms. These include the use of lactose-reduced or lactose-free dairy foods, lactose digestive aids, and a gradual increase in intake of dairy foods. 2 tables. 57 references. (AA).

Federally Funded Research on Lactose The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lactose. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lactose. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lactose. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lactose: •

Project Title: POTENTIAL

A

MODEL

SYSTEM

FOR

PREDICTING

EVOLUTIONARY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Barry G.; Professor; Biology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: In order to predict whether organisms will evolve resistance to new antibiotics or whether organisms in live vaccines will re-evolve virulence we need to predict evolutionary changes that are the consequence of defined selections for new or improved biological functions. The proposed project seeks to answer the questions "What information about a microorganism do we require in order to accurately predict which genes will mutate, and what mutations will occur, in order for that organism to evolve a new function in response to a specific selective pressure?" The model system will be the evolution of a Lac PTS/phospho-beta- galactosidase system for the catabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli. Two distinct functions are required: (1) an EIIlac for transport and phosphorylation of lactose and (2) a phospho-beta-galactosidase enzyme to cleave the phosphorylated lactose. There are five distinct gene systems, each of them for the catabolism of beta-glucoside sugars, that are good candidates to evolve the new lactose-specific functions. There are four different kinds of information that can be used to predict which genes, and which sites within those genes, will evolve: (1) functional comparison approach, (2) the sequence/phylogeny approach, (3) the biochemical approach. (4) the fitness measurement approach, (5) the in vitro sexual-PCR approach. First the data required to make predictions according to each of those 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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approaches will be obtained for each of the four gene systems. It is likely that the EIIlac function and the phospho beta-galactosidase functions will evolve from different genes systems. Therefore strains that express each of the possible pairs of gene systems will be used to select spontaneous mutants that express the evolved Lac PTS/phospho-betagalactosidase system. The resulting mutants will then be characterized to determine which kind of data most accurately predicted the eventual evolutionary outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Izaguirre, Jesus; University of Illinois UrbanaChampaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Biological systems often represent macromolecular assemblies that require enormous resources to be simulated by all-atom methods. To simulate such aggregates, one has to use reduced representations of proteins and DNA. One such representation is an elastic rod model of DNA. We applied a classical Kirchhoff system of equations [30] to describe DNA in terms of its center-line, curvatures and twist*. We used a continuation method [31] to solve the equations, modifying parameters and boundary conditions from the values for which an exact solution is known to the desired values. A particular challenge was to use the anisotropic model of DNA cross-section, as such representation renders the DNA twist non-uniformly distributed along the center-line. In addition, we modified the equations to include the intrinsic twist and curvatures of DNA. We applied the method to the DNA segment bound by lactose repressor (see the Highlight section of this report). The use of boundary condit ions obtained from the crystal structure [25] revealed two possible shapes of the DNA loop. The successful solution of the Kirchhoff system of equations suggests that they may be applied to other biological systems, e.g., DNA wrapped around nucleosomes. Since the bifurcation of the solution to the Kirchhoff equations may pose a problem in future applications, we have modified the equations by extracting the oscillatory component of the solution caused by the intrinsic twist of the DNA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALLOSTERIC TRANSITION IN LACTOSE REPRESSOR PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, Kathleen S.; Professor and Dean; Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Biological systems universally employ cascades of binding or catalytic events to transmit information. The central players in these cascades are proteins with binding sites for "input" ligands that change binding or catalysis at "outplt" sites. Allosteric mechanisms serve as the switch by which an input signal is converted to an output signal-most commonly through conformational changes or coupled binding/folding. This pivotal signalling process is poorly understood at the atomic level, especially for multi-domain transcription factors. We propose detailed examination of this switching pathway in the lactose repressor protein (LacI). LacI inhibits transcription of the lac metabolic enzymes by binding tightly to specific operator sites within the E. coli genome. When LacI binds inducer sugar, DNA binding is diminished and the metabolic genes are transcribed. Recent crystallographic structures for various liganded forms of LacI provide snapshots of the conformational states of LacI, but give no direct information on the molecular pathway(s) between these states. A unique opportunity

Studies

13

exists to couple recent structural information and the vast phenotypic data on LacI mutants with detailed biochemical and biophysical characterization methods developed in our laboratory to explore allosteric signal transmission in LacI at the atomic level. Ligand binding information must flow through the structure of LacI between the widely separated inducer and DNA binding sites. Structurally, this linkage is provided by the hinge helix, which is folded only in the operator-bound form of LacI. Although the end states for the LacI allosteric change are known, the molecular mechanism of signal propagation remains unknown. This proposal is designed to elucidate the structural changes within LacI in response to DNA and inducer binding and to establish the allosteric pathway for this multi-domain transcription factor. The key hypotheses to be explored are: (1) DNA sequence influences binding and allostery through effects on hinge helix folding, (2) differences between inducer and anti-inducer ligands derive from their differential effect on hinge helix folding, and (3) specific amino acid changes can disrupt the allosteric pathway and block communication between the inducer and operator sites. To examine the local structures altered in the LacI allosteric mechanism, hydrogen exchange techniques will be added to our experimental repertoire of thermodynamic, chemical, and genetic methods. With this addition, all tools are in place to uniquely detail the allosteric structural changes of a genetic regulatory protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOCOMPUTING: REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Levy, Ronald M.; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: A group of investigators with complementary expertise in molecular biology, structural biology, statistical physics, control theory, computer modeling, and computer science, propose to develop computational models for complex systems involved in the regulation of gene expression. Two initial research projects are proposed: Project I will focus on the structural and mechanistic basis of the first, and most highly regulated, step in gene expression: i.e., transcription. A combination of high-resolution structural methods, biophysical and biochemical methods, and molecular modeling will be used to construct structural models of the nanometer-scale supramolecular assembles involved in transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Computational-chemistry methods will be used to infer equilibrium and dynamic properties of assemblies, and statistical-mechanical methods will be used to incorporate information about all structural and reaction-state microstates important for transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Computational-chemistry methods will be used to infer equilibrium and dynamic properties of assemblies, and statistical- mechanical methods will be used to incorporate information about all structural and reaction-state microstates microstates important for transcription initiation, elongation, and regulation. Small-molecule inhibitors of protein-DNA interactions occurring in individual structural microstates will be designed, synthesized, and characterized. Project II, which will be tightly integrated with Project I, will focus on comprehensive quantitative simulation of two model biological regulatory networks: i.e., regulation of lactose and galactose assimilation in bacteria, and regulation of lytic and lysogenic developmental pathways in bacteriophage lambda. For each regulatory network, a multi-step analysis will be performed, with the first step involving simulation of the central circuitry of the regulatory network, and with successive steps involving simulation of first step involving simulation of the central circuitry of the regulatory

14

Lactose

network, and with successive steps involving simulation of sensory components that mediate transfer of information among he central circuitry, the cell, and the cellular environment. Inputs for simulations will include structural and mechanistic information from Project I, and quantitative data from systematic population and single-cell measurements of RNA levels, protein levels, small-molecule-effector levels, promoter activities, and protease activities. Simulations will be performed using direct, reverseengineering, and hybrid methods. Simulations will be tested by comparing predicted and observed effects of perturbations of regulatory networks. The results to be obtained will contribute to understanding transcriptional regulation, will contribute development of approaches to simulate complex biological regulatory networks, and will contribute to development of approaches to predict effects of small-molecule agents on complex biological systems. The organizational infrastructure of the effort will be closely affiliated with the Rutgers University Initiative for Research and Education at the Biological/Mathematical/Physical-Sciences Interface (BioMaPS), which provides for establishment of a graduate courses, summer research internships, and seminars at the BioMaPS interface, and for recruitment of additional faculty members in biological computing and modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRAIN H2D MRS: IMPLEMATION AND INITIAL APPLICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Zhiyue J.; Assistant Professor; Radiology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The long-term objective is to apply 2D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques in studies of pediatric neurological disorders. 1H MRS is valuable for evaluating neurological brain diseases. However, there are limitations in current clinical 1H MRS examinations. Most peaks are crowded in a narrow aliphatic spectral window, and numerous low concentration metabolites are overshadowed by a few metabolites present in higher levels, and much valuable information is lost. Most metabolites have coupled spins, and 2D MRS separates the peaks in a second frequency dimension, greatly increasing the information content of the data. Application of 2D MRS in clinical examinations will enhance the abilities for diagnoses and patient management, and improve the understanding of disease processes. The specific aims are: (1) to implement 2D spin-echo double-quantum MRS pulse sequences for in vivo measurement of brain metabolites in 1.5T clinical scanners: (1a) to implement a localized pulse sequence optimized for GABA measurement; (1b) to implement localized pulse sequences for general detection of metabolites; (1c) to implement whole-brain measurement pulse sequences for general detection of metabolites. (2) to assign and evaluate peaks detected in the normal brain: (2a) to acquire spectra from metabolite solutions; (2b) to acquire brain spectra and baselines due to macromolecules in a group of adult normal volunteers; (2c) to assign the in vivo peaks and measure metabolite levels, and to determine optimal pulse sequences for studies of Aim 3; (2d) to acquire age-matched control spectra from normal children. (3) to explore the utility of the 2D MRS techniques in patients between the ages of 7 and 11 years: (3a) to study the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD) on brain GABA levels in seizure patients; (3b) to measure the brain?s level of branched chain amino-acids (BCAA) and keto-acids (BCKA) in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD); (3c) to test the hypothesis that low levels of brain galactitol are present even under a lactose restrictive diet; (3d) to study unassigned, unusual spectral peaks found in routine clinical MRS examinations. A localized 1D double-quantum filtered MRS pulse sequence will be

Studies

15

modified into several 2D double quantum MRS pulses for localized and whole brain measurement. Different pulse parameters will be used for different types of spin systems. A frequency selective coherent transfer pulse will be used for optimal detection of GABA, and a broadband coherent transfer pulse will be used for all other 2D pulse sequences. The measurement procedures will be applied to normal subjects first. MRS measured GABA level before and after initiation of KD therapy will be compared in seizure patients and correlated with response. The MRS measurement of BCAAs and BCKAs will be conducted during metabolic crisis and in normal conditions in MSUD and correlated with clinical condition and serum BCAA and urine BCKA. In galactosemia, 2D MRS will be used to look for low levels of galactitol, and the MRS results will be correlated with the urine galactitol levels. 2D MRS will also be used to characterize unusual peaks found in clinical practice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BREAST CARCINOMA GLYCOPROTEIN CHANGES CAUSED BY ONCOGENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Pierce, Michael; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A series of (LacNAc)n oligomers with n=1-4 (at first with [13C] in natural abundance then enriched in [13C]-Gal and/or [13C]-GlcNAc at specific sites in the sequence) have been prepared by enzymatic synthesis using the appropriate glycosyltransferases and sugar nucleotide substrates. Specifically, oligo-Nacetyllactosamine synthesis was performed using human milk ?(1,4)galactosyltransferase and a system of coupled reactions that produce UDP-Gal (the sugar nucleotide substrate for this enzyme) needed to elongate lactose/lactosamine. To date, hexamers of the lactosamine series and octamers of the lacto-neotetraose series have been synthesized and their structures confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Specific labeling of targeted residues is required in order to differentiate between identical residues and to locate where on the polylactosamine chain interactions are occurring. This work was begun by synthesizing a tetra-N-acetyllactosamine containing a terminal [1-13C]-galactosyl residue. The next synthetic step is to extend the length and place a labeled galactosyl residue at specific points within the chain. We can then confirm whether the galectin always prefers the terminal residues when presented with a longer repeating oligolactosamine. A paper has been submitted to Glycobiology describing this work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BUILDING BETTER BONES IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zemel, Babette S.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Increased calcium intake has proven effective in increasing bone mineral density in children, but the effect disappears when calcium supplements are discontinued. Increased dietary calcium from daily and other food sources may have an even greater impact on bone density than that achieved by calcium supplements, but achieving sustained increased calcium from food sources has not been demonstrated. In addition, the effects of baseline characteristics of calcium intake and bone density and puberty status may influence the response to intervention. This study will develop and

16

Lactose

implement a Behavioral Modification-Nutrition Education (BM-NE) Intervention Program aimed at increasing dietary calcium Male and female subjects (n=154), ages 710 years (Tanner stage I or II), will be randomly assigned to participate in an intensive BM-NE intervention group to increase intake to 1500 mg/d or a group that will receive usual care (UC) as counseling on bone health. The BM-NE Program will consist of five separate group sessions for parents and children over a five to six week period, and use individualized plans to increase calcium intake. Participants will be recruited into two groups: a group of healthy children (i.e.,no known chronic disease or previous oral steroid exposure) with no known risk factors, and a group of healthy children with potential risk factors for low bone density (previous fracture from usual childhood activities, daily refusal, or lactose intolerance, family history of osteoporosis). These two groups will be equally represented in their assignment to BM-NE and UC groups. This latter strategy will be used to determine whether the presence of risk factors influences participant compliance with the programs. We hypothesize that (a) at the end of 36 months the BM-NE group will have increased dietary calcium of at least 300 mg/d in the no-risk BM-NE group compared to those receiving UC, (b) baseline calcium intake and presence of risk factors will be associated with changes in calcium intake over the course of the study, and (c) after controlling for important co-variates such as increases in body size and sexual and skeletal maturation, changes in BMD will be associated with calcium intake and physical activity. These findings will help define important behavioral strategies for increasing peak bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis later in life that can be implemented in a short period of time with long-lasting effects. Furthermore, it will help quantify the impact of increased dietary calcium on bone density during growth and development with possible identification of the characteristics of children most in need of and responsive to this treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CALCIFICATION OF ELASTIN-- MECHANISMS AND PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Vyavahare, Naren R.; Associate Professor; Bioengineering; Clemson University 300 Brackett Hall Clemson, Sc 296345702 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract): Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the estimated costs of current treatments are 260 billion dollars. Pathologic calcification occurs in a variety of cardiovascular diseases as an end-stage process. The mechanisms of this type of calcification are incompletely understood and no therapy is available to prevent calcification. Elastin, one of the major structural proteins present in the ECM or arterial walls, is prone to calcification in a number of diseases such as advanced atherosclerosis, age related arterial hardening, and bioprosthetic heart valve (BPHV) clacification. The overall objectives of this research are the following: (A) Understanding the basic mechanism of elastin calcification as it has important implications in arteriosclerosis and BPHV calcification. (B) To discover therapies for preventing calcification based on the basic understanding of the mechanism. (C) Understanding ECM function in cardiovascular calcification using elastin as a model structural protein. The PI has developed a rat subdermal implant model, where a purified elastin implant undergoes severe pathologic calcification within 21 days. He has shown that such elastin calcification also occurs in a circulatory rat aortic allograft model. The following hypotheses will be studied using these two animal models. I: Post-implant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling events have a mechanistic role is elastin oriented calcification. II: Blocking of specific ECM signaling events in elastin calcification process will inhibit

Studies

17

calcification. This will include site-specific delivery of lactose (to supress elastin receptor activation), MMP inhibitor (to suppress general MMP activity), adenovirus AdCMV.hTIMP-2 (to overexpress tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 or TIMP-2), and anti-sense oligonuclotide for translation initiation site of tenascin mRNA (to suppress tenascin expression). III: Aluminum ions bind to elastin and alter its structure such that post-implant ECM remodeling events are modulated leading to inhibition of calcification. The experiments will include rat subdermal implantation of purified elastin (extracted from porcine aorta) and rat aortic allograft implants. The time-specific ECM remodeling events will be studied from 1 day to 90 days in terms of MMP activity (MMP-2 and MMP-9 by immunohistochemistry and zymography) TN-C expression (by immunohistochemistry, western blots and RNAase protection assays), and alkaline phosphatase activity and elastin degradation. The in vitro studies will include elastin conformational studies with FT-IR, NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopies, study of elastin-MMP interactions by surface plasmon resonance analysis and elastolysis experiments with MMPS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARBOHYDRATE BINDING PROTEIN 35 Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, John L.; Professor; Biochemistry; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project proposes to continue our studies on Carbohydrate Binding Protein 35, which has been renamed galectin-3 (Mr-30,000). The galectins comprise a family of galactose/lactose-specific saccharide-binding proteins that share characteristic amino acid sequences in the carbohydrate recognition domain of the polypeptides. Our interest in galectin-3 stemmed from the observation that the protein could be found in the nucleus, in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex. Using nuclear extracts (NE) derived from HeLa cells, capable of carrying out splicing of pre-mRNA in a cell-free assay, depletion and reconstitution experiments demonstrated that galectin-3 was a splicing factor. In the course of these studies, we found another member of the galectin family, galectin-1 (Mr -14,000), was also detected in the nucleus and that it, too, served as a splicing factor. The activities of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the splicing assay were redundant. A yeast two-hybrid screen has identified Gemin4 as an interacting ligand of galectin-1. Gemin4 is one component of a macromolecular complex, the SMN (Survival of Motor Neuron) complex, which has been visualized in subnuclear structures designated as gems. The function of the SMN complex is to supply snRNPs in the assembly of spliceosomes. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that the SMN complex contains both galectins-1 and -3. Thus, we now have in vivo evidence that galectins interact with a protein complex involved in splicing. On the basis of these and other observations, the specific objectives of the proposed research include: (1) to delineate and characterize the components and interactions of the SMN complex, on which Gemin4 and galectins-1 and -3 have been found; (2) to test for a role of galectins-1/-3 in the early steps of spliceosome assembly; (3) to test for an in vivo effect of galectin-3 and Gemin4 on pre-mRNA splicing; and (4) to continue our studies on the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling properties of galectin-3, in terms of import signals and in terms of a possible role in mRNA transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CELLULAR TUBERCULOSIS

NECROSIS

INDUCED

BY

MYCOBACTERIUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: King, C Harold.; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 14-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): A key step in the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis is its ability to cause caseating necrosis, parenchymal lung destruction, and cavity formation, which develop into the characteristic necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis of tuberculosis. M tuberculosis is cytotoxic to epithelial cells in vitro, and we have shown that this cytotoxicity is associated with cell membrane permeation to lactose dehydrogenase and is mediated by necrosis of lung epithelial cells after infection with virulent mycobacteria (Dobos, K. M., Quinn, F. D. and King, C. H. 2000, Infect. Immun. 68:6300-6310). Interestingly, the attenuated M bovis BCG does not induce necrosis in this epithelial cell model suggesting that necrosis is related to the virulence of mycobacteria. Our working hypothesis is that M tuberculosis possesses factors that cause necrosis. We intend to identify the genes that encode or synthesize such factors and determine their functions. Towards this goal, we have been successful in isolating two such (necrosis-deficient) mutants with insertions into genes that have no known function by screening a transposon library of the Erdman strain of M tuberculosis (TN5370) for mutants that have lost their ability to cause cell membrane permeation and necrosis. Both nec mutants possess extremely interesting phenotypes when grown in mice. The first mutant (necA) appears to be highly attenuated for growth and virulence in SCID mice. This is an important result as it suggests that we have identified a gene whose product either directly causes necrosis or induces necrosis and thus should enhance our understanding of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Interestingly, the second mutant (necB) appears to kill SCID mice more rapidly than the parental strain. We intend to characterize these mutants, characterize the functions of the gene products, and extend this mutant isolation strategy to identify a large battery of mutants defective for necrosis of host cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF OVARIAN CANCER IN TWO RISK GROUPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodman, Marc T.; Professor; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: In this five-year project, laboratory analyses will be performed to characterize study subjects for known polymorphisms in genes regulating steroid metabolism, catecholestrogen formation, and detoxification of oxidative damage. Banked DNA samples from 441 ovarian cancer cases and 430 controls will be used to test the following hypotheses: 1) high-activity genotypes for the steroid metabolism genes CYP17 and EDH17B2 that increase concentrations of estrogen are associated with a greater risk of ovarian cancer; 2) high-activity genotypes for CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and MnSOD that increase contentrations of 4- hydroxylated catecholestrogens and oxidative stress, or low-activity genotypes for COMT and GST that decrease the detoxification of activated catecholestrogens, are positively associated with ovarian cancer risk; 3) high-activity genotypes for AhR and CYP1A2 that increase concentrations of 2-hydroxylated catecholestrogens are inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk. Dr. Anna Wu, the

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19

P.I. on the Los Angeles sub-contract during the first cycle of this grant, will assist with statistical analysis and the interpretation of results. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF CALCIUM BINDING IN NON EF HAND PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berliner, Lawrence J.; Professor and Chair; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver Box 101562 Denver, Co 80208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Biochemists and structural biologists have learned a tremendous amount about a common group of calcium-binding proteins containing the "EF-han motif" (troponin C, parvalbumin, calmodulin, etc.) from which there is a relative wealth on information on their structures and function. However another unique group of proteins exist, the calcium-binding a-lactalbumins and lysozymes, which are "non-classical" calcium-binding proteins which have a unique and distinct coordination geometry. The overall topography and role of the cation binding loop in the calcium-binding alphalactalbumins has yet to b fully understood. Furthermore, the alpha-lactalbumins are unique in their high propensity to form the intermediate "molten globule" folding state. They also bind the metal ion zinc at another distinct site, which modulates the conformational properties of the calcium bound form. The aims of this project are to unravel the structural and functional properties of the calcium binding properties of this milk protein, which modifies the specificity of the enzyme galactosyl transferase in lactose biosynthesis. The specific aims of this project are to: 1. Unravel the determinants involved in calcium binding (and in the folding an structural integrity of the protein). 2. Determine which residues of the protein are buried in membranes. 3. Determine the role of the amino acids involved in zinc binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Grand, Richard J.; Director; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-1982; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The central focus of this research is to understand the mechanisms controlling the expression of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), an intestinal, microvillus membrane glycoprotein membrane glycoprotein important for the nutrition of mammalian neonates. The genetic expression, enzymatic activity, and intracellular processing of LPH are paradigms for critical processes in the enterocyte, and are all determined by the DNA sequence of the LPH gene. During the last funding period, we have defined the function of 2 kb of the rat LPH promoter in transgenic mice, and identified important cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter, one of which exhibits cell-specific repressor activity. Studies of mRNA localization demonstrate specific patterns, suggesting that the localization of LPH mRNA is important for the distribution of its encoded protein. The hypothesis underlying the proposed experiments are: 1) that hierarchical function of positive and negative factors regulates LPH gene transcription, 2) that cis-acting polymorphism(s) are involved in the genesis of human lactase persistence, and 3) that vectorial movement of LPH mRNA to the apical pole of the enterocyte is a regulated pathway, perhaps involving the cytoskeleton. These concepts form the basis of the specific aims of the present proposal: I) Define the mechanisms of transcriptional control of LPH gene expression: elucidate the individuals and combined

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effects of specific transcription factors on LPH gene expression, identify the mechanisms of cell-specific negative regulation of the LPH gene, and define candidate elements identified by DNA polymorphisms in the human LPH gene that determine lactase persistence. II) Identify the critical sequence elements in the 3'-UTRs of LPH and other enterocyte mRNAs responsible for their intracellular localization: define the sequences necessary and sufficient for mRNA localization by mapping and mutational analysis of the 3'-UTRs and intracellular translocation studies using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer techniques, characterize mRNA binding proteins required for vectorial mRNA transport, and define the role of the cytoskeleton in localization of mRNA transport, and define the role of the cytoskeleton in localization of mRNAs in enterocytes. Taken together, the studies described in this application should provide an integrated understanding of the role of 5' and 3' regulatory elements and their binding proteins in the transcriptional and post- transcriptional regulation of LPH gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSCRIPTION

REGULATION

OF

LACTASE

GENE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sibley, Eric; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-AUG-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Taken from the applicant's Abstract) The broad objective of this proposal is to foster the development of an independent and productive investigator in the area of molecular and developmental biology of the gastrointestinal tract. The long term research goal of this proposal is to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating the maturational decline in intestinal lactase gene transcription. Intestinal lactase is the enterocyte disaccharidase responsible for digestion of lactose, the primary carbohydrate in milk. Lactase activity is maximal prior to weaning and then declines significantly during maturation. Decreased lactase activity combined with excessive milk consumption results in symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption in most mature mammals, including humans. The mechanisms involved in regulating this maturational decline in intestinal lactase activity have not been fully defined. Recent reports suggest that control of the decline in lactase is primarily at the level of gene transcription. In addition, our preliminary data suggest that a lactase promoter cis element is bound differentially during intestinal maturation by at least two distinct nuclear proteins. Our hypothesis, based on this data, is that the maturational decline in lactase expression is mediated by differential interaction between its promoter and specific nuclear transcription factors. Specific research objectives, therefore, are aimed at characterization of lactase gene regulatory elements and identification of nuclear proteins interacting with those elements. We aim to characterize the lactase DNA regulatory elements by analyzing expression of genomic deletions linked to a reporter gene and expressed in transgenic mice. We will identify nuclear proteins interacting with lactase gene fragments using DNase I hypersensitivity, footprint, and gel shift assays. We aim to functionally characterize the proteins by altering their expression in cell culture and in transgenic mice and assaying for transcriptional activity. The candidate, having delineated an area of research inquiry, will conduct the research with the advice and guidance of a mentor in the field of developmental biology. The research experience, supplemented with coursework and seminars in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, will provide the candidate with the tools needed to transition to a career as an independent and productive scientist performing research on the molecular biology of intestinal development.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASES--STRUCTURE AND REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Brew, Keith; Professor; Biomedical Sciences; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Glycosyltransferases catalyze the synthesis of specific oligosaccharide structures on cells and extracellular molecules that have crucial roles in biological recognition processes in normal and pathological states; some also act as membranebound carbohydrate receptors and others are important in the regulation of development. However, there is little information available on the structures, interactions, and mechanisms of these important enzymes. Two galactosyltransferases will be investigated that catalyze reactions in which the configuration of the transferred monosaccharide is retained and inverted, respectively. However, shared sequence motifs suggest that, at least parts of these enzymes may be distantly related. AlphaGalactosyltransferase catalyze the synthesis of a galactosyl- alpha-1,3-galactosyl-betaOR structure; this enzyme is inactivated in humans and about 1 percent of endogenous antibodies are directed against the product of its action, the alpha-gal epitope, and represent a major barrier to the xenotransplantation of organs. The mechanism of this enzyme and its structural basis will be investigated by kinetic, mutational and collaborative X-ray diffraction analysis of available crystals that diffract to 2.0 Angstrom units resolution. The results will provide information about the basis of specificity in homologous enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of blood group A and B glycans and Forrssman glycolipid. Beta-4- Galactosyltransferase-1, is one of six homologous enzymes in humans that catalyze the transfer of beta-galactose to N- acetylglucosamine or glucose in glycoproteins and glycolipids. The binding of alpha-lactalbumin, a mammary specific protein that is homologous with lysozyme, modulates the specificity of the enzyme to allow it to catalyze lactose biosynthesis (galactose transfer to glucose) during lactation. Structural and mutational approaches will be used to investigate the basis of regulation through this protein-protein interaction. A new homologue of alphalactalbumin and lysozyme has been identified as a testis- expressed cDNA. This lacks the lysozyme catalytic site and has some similarities to alpha-lactalbumin, raising the possibility that it could be a novel glycosyltransferase regulatory protein. The activity and structure will be investigated using a recombinant form of this protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NAESLUNDII

GENE

REGULATION

OF

FIMBRIAE

IN

ACTINOMYCES

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pina, Sophia E.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Actinomyces naeslundii is a resident of the normal oral flora, however, it also has the potential to cause disease, namely root caries and periodontitis (3, 4). Colonization by A. naeslundii can begin during infancy; it can adhere to salivary proline rich proteins on a tooth surface via type 1 fimbriae and/or to surrounding Streptococcus species such as S. oralis via the type 2 fimbriae. In addition, adherence by type 2 fimbriae is associated with lactose sensitive receptors in the host, such as those on mucosal epithelial cells, erythrocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (55, 57). Since little is known about the fimbriae associated adherence mechanisms in gram-positive

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bacteria, studies ofA. naeslundii type 1 and type 2 fimbriae make this organism an ideal model to investigate adherence to host cells as well as aggregation to surrounding bacterial cells in a biofilm. This investigation will examine the effects of environmental signals on the synthesis of type 1 and type 2 fimbriae to test the hypothesis that environmental factors can regulate gene expression of fimbriae. The focus of this proposal will include: Aim 1. Determination of environmental signals that regulate fimbrial biosynthesis Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR will be used to monitor the expression of the type 1 and type 2 fimbrial genes ofA. naeslundii while growing in different conditions in a continuous culture system. Aim 2. Characterization of the type 2 fimbrial promoter The transcriptional start site for the type 2 fimbrial locus will be mapped by primer extension and S 1 nuclease experiments. The type 2 fimbrial promoter regions will then be cloned into a reporter gene vector for use, in future grant periods, in promoter mutation studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HORMONES, DIET AND RISK OF OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hankinson, Susan E.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We propose to conduct detailed analyses of both hormonal and dietary frisk factors for ovarian cancer using data collected since 1976 in the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort. From 1976-2004, we expect 737 incident ovarian cancer cases to be confirmed in total. Specifically, we propose to evaluate body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, antioxidant intake, time since last use of oral contraceptives and duration of postmenopausal hormone use in relation to ovarian cancer risk. In addition, using a nested case-control design, we will examine relationships between plasma insulin-like growth factor I (and its binding proteins) and ovarian cancer using blood samples collected from 32,826 cohort members in 1989-90. Using germline DNA from either archived buffy coat, buccal cell specimens or tissue (the latter two to be collected as part of this program project), we propose to evaluate ovarian cancer risk in relation to several specific genetic polymorphisms and gene- environment interactions (galactose-1phosphate uridyl transferase [GALT] and lactose intake; GAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene and oral contraceptive use). In addition, we propose to establish a bank of tumor tissue from women with incident ovarian cancer, and to assess several ovarian cancer risk factors according to over-expression of mutant p53 protein in the tumor tissue. Overall, the prospective nature and large size of the cohort, the high follow-up rates over more than 24 years, the detailed and repeated measured exposure data, and the availability of both germline DNA and tumor tissue from a subset of the cohort provide a unique opportunity to test several important hypotheses related to risk of ovarian cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF GONOCOCCAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Griffiss, John M.; Associate Professor; Northern California Institute Res & Educ 4150 Clement Street (151-Nc) San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: This project continues studies of how lipooligosaccharide (LOS) mimicry of human glycosphingolipids (GSL) enables the transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in

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order to find ways to prevent it. LOS are outer membrane glycolipids that have a glycose moiety that consists of proximal Basal Region and three short distal chains, termed alpha beta and gamma. Many alpha chain oligosaccharides are structurally identical to those of lacto- (Lac-R), globo- (Pk (Gb3) and P1), paraglobo- (lacto-Nneotetraose (LNnT)), and gangliosyl (Ga1NAcbeta1 yields 3LNnT) series GSL. LOS are involved in attachment to and invasion of epithelial cells and in evasion of immune clearance mechanisms. Gonococci shed during gonorrhoea make larger LOS. The higher Mr LOS made by MS11mkC - a strain used in human experimentation -have polylactosamine structures. Polylactosaminylation explains the higher Mr molecules of this variant, but not those of others. Some serum resistant (serr) gonococcal strains extend the LOS beta chain to form an alpha-lactose that is parallel to the beta-lactose of the alpha chain, and meningococci can extend the gamma chain. We will structure higher Mr LOS made by clinical isolates; LOS made by serr strains, and LOS that appear to have higher order (Gb4 and P1) globosyl oligosaccharides that are isobaric (same Mr) with paraglobosyl and gangliosyl LOS, respectively. We particularly want to know whether higher Mr LOS have parallel GSL-like antennae that could cross-link epithelial cell receptors. We will continue to rely on mass spectrometric techniques. We know little about gonococcal LOS lipoidal moieties. This information is needed because the lipoidal moiety influences the conformation of the glycose moiety in ways that affects the latter's ability to bind glycoproteins, including antibodies. Available structural information from degraded LOS leaves known O-acyl lipoidal moiety heterogeneity unexplored. We will develop methods that allow us to structure intact LOS without prior degradation. MAbs have been used extensively in studies of gonococcal pathogenesis as surrogates for glycose structures; however, we do not have mAbs that discriminate among known glycose structures, much less for those that have yet to be found. We want to expand our library of mAbs to include additional specificities. These mAbs will be necessary for complete studies of the role of LOS in pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LACTOSE SYNTHESIS REGULATION: ROLE OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Haney, Peter M.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Glucose is the major precursor for lactose and lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland, and determines the volume and energy content of milk. The long-term objective is to understand, at the molecular and cellular levels, the mechanisms and regulation of glucose transport in milk synthesis and secretion. Specific aims are: 1) to investigate the developmental regulation of glucose transport in the mammary gland; 2) to study the developmental and hormonal regulations of glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells in vitro; 3) to identify novel proteins involved in glucose transport in lactating mammary gland epithelia; and 4) to determine the role o glucose transport as a control mechanism and determinant of flux for the pathway of lactose synthesis. An improved understanding of the regulation of milk synthesis and secretion would form the basis for rational interventions t monitor and improve lactational performance, thereby prolonging the duration o breast feeding. Experiments will be performed in established cell lines, primary cells and intact and reconstituted mammary glands. Molecular cell biology techniques will be used to define developmental changes in the amount and subcellular localization of glucose transporter (GLUT1) and to identify other glucose transporters or protein affecting glucose transporter trafficking. These will

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Lactose

be related to changes in glucose transport activity an lactose synthesis that are essential for milk production. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METABOLIC ADAPTATION AND CONTROL OF LACTATION IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Haymond, Morey W.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Over the last two decades, renewed interest and expertise in and about breastfeeding has occurred in the U.S. and Western Europe. Human milk is universally accepted as the ideal food for infants and breastfeeding has real and potential benefits for the mother, the infant and to their relationship. In the United States only 50 percent of women choose to breastfeed their infants despite all of the real and potential advantages to both the infant and mother. A number of these women have been unsuccessful in their attempts to breastfeed (insufficient milk syndrome) and others are known to be at high risk of breastfeeding failure (women with premature infants and teenage mothers). The primary determinant of milk volume is lactose production. If we could understand the factors which regulate lactose production, we might be better able to design interventional strategies for individuals struggling to breastfeed successfully. The present proposal is designed to determine the metabolic consequences of breastfeeding in women and to determine the metabolic precursors of lactose and the hormone substrate factors regulating lactose synthesis, a major determinant of milk volume in humans. The two overriding hypotheses to be tested are: 1. The carbohydrate demands of lactose production result in an increase in maternal glucose production and/or a sparing of maternal glucose by increased lipolysis and ketogenesis, 2. The glucose and galactose in human lactose are partially derived from gluconeogenesis within the breast, and this process is regulated by both hormones and substrate availability. To test the first hypothesis eight lactating and eight control women will be studied to determine whether: a) the rates of maternal glucose production and gluconeogenesis are increased in both the fed and fasted state when compared to nonlactating women; and b) the rates of lipolysis and ketogenesis are increased (an accelerated state of fasting) in the nursing mothers when compared to non-lactating women. The second hypothesis will be tested employing a nearly identical study design in three separate protocols. In the first of these, we will determine whether a significant portion of the glucose and galactose in breast milk lactose is derived from sources of carbon other than plasma glucose. In the second one, we will determine whether rhGH treatment for 7 days increases: a. Hepatic gluconeogenesis in both lactating and nonlactating women and b. lactose (milk) production, in part, by increasing gluconeogenesis in the breast. In the final protocol, we will determine if an infusion of amino acids or of glucose for a period of 12 hrs will increase or decrease, respectively, the fraction of galactose carbon derived from gluconeogenesis in breast of lactating women. Understanding the metabolic consequences of lactation on maternal metabolism and the regulation of lactose synthesis will give new insights into the regulation of human milk production, thus, providing new strategies to improve the number of successfully breastfeeding women and to help those women who in the past have struggled and/or failed breastfeeding their infants. This, in turn, will have significant health and economic impact. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY & STRUCTURE OF THE LACTOSE CARRIER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brooker, Robert J.; Biotechnology Institute; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: All living cells must transport essential solutes across a semi-permeable membrane. A central pathway for the uptake of many different types of hydrophilic solutes is via membrane bound proteins that function as cation/solute cotransporters or symporters. These include uptake systems for sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and other small molecules. Human genetic diseases, such as type I cystinuria, involve defects in Na+/solute cotransporters. The broad aim of the proposed research is to understand the relationship between the biochemical structure of the H+/lactose permease found in Escherichia coli and its molecular mechanism of cotransporting H+ and lactose across the membrane. Our work utilizes FT-IR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, suppressor mutants, truncated versions of the lactose permease, and biochemical labeling methods. The first two aims use difference FT-IR spectroscopy to understand the mechanism of H+/lactose coupling and the nature of conformational changes associated with transport. Aims three and four complement this spectroscopy work by the analysis of site-directed mutations and suppressor mutations. A fifth aim will determine if two halves of the lactose permease work together to facilitate lactose transport. And finally a sixth aim will determine if a conserved motif plays a role in the positioning of transmembrane segments in the lactose permease. Ultimately, it is hoped that the molecular features of the lactose permease will be of general significance so that our results can be extended to provide a better understanding of other cation/solute cotransport systems in bacteria, fungi, plant, and animal cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MIMOTOPE CONVERSION OF HIV-1 CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kieber-Emmons, Thomas; Professor of Pathology; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: Carbohydrate antigens have been the basis for eliciting protective immune responses against many pathogens, yet this approach has not been adequately assessed in HIV research. Anti- carbohydrate antibodies may facilitate the inhibition of infected cell binding to dendritic cells on mucosa to thwart early infection. We have developed a program concerned with the inter- conversion of carbohydrate epitopes associated with HIV into a peptide based vaccine strategy to augment carbohydrate cross- reactive systemic and mucosal responses. In specific aim 1, we test the hypothesis that immunity induced by peptide mimeotopes of HIV-1 associated carbohydrate antigens differs qualitatively and quantitatively from the immunity induced by the carbohydrate antigen itself. Of interest is the evaluation of polyclonal responses in terms of i. kinetics of antibody induction; ii. Carbohydrate/gp120 reactive isotype profiles; and iii. Carbohydrate/gp120 reactive antibody affinity/avidity. Evaluation of serum binding to epitopes exposed on native forms of gp120 and gp160, and heterologous strains of monomeric gp120 and cell surface-expressed oligomeric gp120/gp41 are evaluated. In specific aim 2, we explore ways to enhance carbohydrate reactive titers and expand on the breadth of HIV immunoreactivity. Systemic and mucosal responses are evaluated following priming with mimetic or carbohydrate formulations and boosting with

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Lactose

oligomeric-gp160 formulates. Serum and mucosal lavages are tested for i. Neutralization of Lab and primary isolates ii. Inhibition of Dendritic cell adherence and infection iii. Evaluation of serum antibody binding to gp120 epitopes as in aim 1 are also evaluated. In specific aim 3, systematic approaches involving molecular modeling and phage display libraries are used to analyze and exploit topological similarities to further define prototypic peptide mimeotope templates of HIV-1 associated carbohydrate antigens. In this aim, topological relationships between HIV-1 associated mannosyl and lactoseries carbohydrate structures are correlated with binding properties of peptide mimeotopes reactive with selected lectins and a highly effective carbohydrate reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibody 2G12. We further define variants of peptides that display high affinity binding to these receptors by 1.) Synthesizing and biopanning defined peptide array libraries representative of secondary structure elements reflective of carbohydrate and peptide structures; and 2.)Evaluation of the affinity of ligand binding by Biacore and computer modeling studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MINIMAL ENTERAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS IN NEONATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Burrin, Douglas G.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-DEC-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The long-term goals are to quantify the enteral nutrient requirements for neonatal intestinal growth and function and identify the cellular mechanisms that mediate the intestinal trophic response. The work outlined in the proposed studies will test four hypotheses: 1) Maintaining the circulating concentration of GLP-2 at a level typical of the enterally fed pigs, will restore intestinal growth and structure in TPN-fed neonatal pigs. 2) Within this physiological range, GLP-2 acutely activates cellular signaling pathways that lead to a suppression of intestinal proteolysis and apoptosis, and that these cellular processes are the primary mediators of the intestinal trophic effects of GLP-2. 3) The maintenance of physiological levels of GLP-2 during a period of TPN will up regulate the intestinal capacity of lactose digestion and glucose absorption. 4) In utero, the fetal intestine is unresponsive to GLP-2. These hypotheses will be tested using a TPN-fed, colostrum-deprived, neonatal pig model with these aims: Aim 1: Quantify the physiological dose response of GLP-2 on intestinal mass and morphology. Aim 2: Determine the intestinal expresson of protease genes (lysosomal, ubiquitinproteasomal, and calcium-activated) and activity of apoptotic signaling pathway intermediataes (Pl-3 kinase/PKB, Bcl-2, caspases) in pigs infused with physiological GLP-2 dose for 3, 6, or 48 hours. Also, to measure the in vivo kinetics of intestinal protein synthesis and proteolysois, based on the portal balance of 13C-phenylalanine, after 6, 48, and 168 hours of GLP-2 infusion. Aim 3: Determine the brush-border and basolateral membrance glucose transport activity and the abundance and synthesis rate of lactase, SGLT-1 and GLUT2, based on the kinetics of 13C/H-leucine incorporation, in pigs given a physiological GLP-2 dose for 7 days. Also, measure the in vivo kinetics of intestinal lactose digestion and glucose absorption, based on the portal balance of galactose and 13C-glucose, in pigs given physiological GLP-2 dose for 7 days. Aim 4: Determine the intestinal trophic (protein metabolism/cell turnover) and functional (lactase/glucose transport activity) responsiveness to a physiological GLP-2 dose given to fetal (in utero) and newborn pigs between 106 and 112 days gestational age. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODELS OF REGULATORY NETWORKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ebright, Richard H.; Investigator; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF ACTINOMYCES FIMBRIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mattingly, Stephen J.; Pediatric Dentistry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Actinomyces spp. Are one of the primary colonizers of the oral cavity and persist from infancy to adulthood. These organisms attach tenaciously to both hard and soft tissue surfaces in this ecological niche. The actinomyces type 1 fimbriae bind to salivary proline rich proteins that coat the tooth enamel. In contrast, type 2 fimbriae are associated with lactose-sensitive binding to glycoproteins present on mucosal epithelial cells and to cell wall polysaccharide of certain oral Streptococci. The genetic basis of these bacteria-host receptor interactions, however, remains to be elucidated. The recent development of genetic methodologies for the construction of isogeneic mutants have provided the crucial tools necessary to begin an analysis of the genes involved in the synthesis and function of these cell surface components. The expression of both type 1 and type 2 fimbriae by A. Biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria. The focus of this application will be on three major areas: 1) to continue the genetic analysis of Actinomyces type 1 Fimbriaeassociated genes and gene products, and to determine their role in fimbriae biosynthesis and function; 2) to identify a chromosomal DNA region(s) encoding the genes involved in the synthesis and function of Actinomyces type 2 fimbriae using strategies developed previously in the study of the type 1 fimbrial gene cluster. The products of the fimbrialassociated genes will be expressed and their functions determined; and 3) to study the regulation of Actinomyces type 1 and type 2 fimbrial gene expression by bacterial in continuous culture under various environmental and physiological growth conditions that most closely simulate the natural oral micro environment. The intent is that results of these studies should provide insight into the mechanism of fimbriae-mediated adherence and persistence of these bacteria in the oral cavity. Moreover, these studies should provide new knowledge on fimbriae structure and biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MULTISTABILITY AND NOISE IN GENE REGULATORY MODULES Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Oudenaarden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139

Alexander;

Physics;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The general objective of this proposal is to develop a general protocol to dissect complex gene regulatory networks into elementary modules by integrating stochastic mathematical models with quantitative gene expression experiments in single cells. Gene regulatory networks, especially containing regulatory feedback, exhibit multistability. As genetic regulatory reactions involve small number of molecules, gene expression is stochastic and genetic noise leads to random transitions

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Lactose

between the stable states. Therefore, a successful protocol for dissecting complex gene regulatory networks into elementary modules must include both stochastic mathematical methods and gene expression experiments performed on single cells. Both aspects are described in this proposal and are concentrated towards the following three specific aims: (1) Develop a stochastic mathematical model that successfully predicts the connectivity of synthetic genetic networks based on the experimentally obtained multistable dynamics. The expression dynamics of a collection of genetic synthetic networks with arbitrary connectivity will be quantified. Each gene will be monitored by a separate fluorescent protein reporter. As these synthetic networks are well isolated from other genetic modules in the cell, they are ideal calibration tools for mathematical models. (2) Identify the functional role of genetic noise on the bistability of the lactose uptake system of E. coll. The genetic regulation of lactose uptake is, in its simplest form, a positive feedback module leading to two stable states. Preliminary experimental data strongly suggest the presence of these two stable states and demonstrate that genetic noise induces stochastic transitions between the states. The functional role of noise in the context of evolution will be addressed by constructing mathematical models and experiments that explore the fitness of a bistable population in a fluctuating environment. (3) Identify multi-stability in the PTS system of E. coil and explore robustness of different stable states against stochastic fluctuations. The genetic architecture of the PTS system may be modeled as multiple positive feedback loops competing for the same phosphate flux. Mathematical methods will be developed that quantify the multistable behavior of this system illustrated by genetic phase diagrams. The predicted phase diagrams, reflecting the genetic wiring, will be validated by single cell gene expression experiments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEAR-INFRARED VCD OF CHIRAL PHARMACEUTICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nafie, Laurence A.; Distinguished Professor; Chemistry; Syracuse University 113 Bowne Hall Syracuse, Ny 13244 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: APPLICANT'S The objective of the proposed research is to apply Fourier transform near-infrared vibrational circular dichroism (FT-near-IRVCD), as a new in situ probe of molecular chirality, to the analysis of pharmaceutical molecules and final formulated pharmaceutical products. Currently, there is no available technology for the determination of enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration or conformational states of chiral pharmaceutical molecules in situ as formulated products. We propose to combine the existing related technologies of FT mid-IR VCD spectroscopy, conventional FT nearIR absorption and reflection spectroscopy, and solid-phase mid-IR and UV-visible CD sampling methods to yield a new methodology for probing chiral pharmaceuticals. FTVCD instrumentation in the mid-infrared region has recently become commercially available as a sensitive probe of molecular structure and chirality. FT-near-IR spectroscopy has shown remarkable sensitivity and sampling flexibility in recent years for the determination of quality-control factors in wide varieties of products, such as food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The resulting new spectroscopic technique, FTnear-IR VCD, will possess the analytical capability to probe enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration, molecular conformation, and particle-size distribution in solids, in final formulated chiral pharmaceuticals, as well as any prior step in the synthesis and production process. In addition to solution-phase sampling, we will investigate the use of mulls, pellets, powders, films and spin-coated samples. The use of dual polarization modulation methods developed recently by the principal investigator to automatically

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correct CD baselines, will suppress birefringence effects in all solid samples, thus eliminating many problems of reproducibility in solid-phase CD sampling. Where possible, near-IR VCD will be correlated to mid-IR VCD using frequency assignments and 2D-FT-mid-IR/near-IR correlation spectroscopy. The research will proceed in stepwise fashion from existing mid-IR instrumentation and methods to the development of new near-IR instrumentation and methods. With FT-near-IR-VCD technology in hand, we will then develop sensitive analytical measures of first pure chiral pharmaceutical samples, including protein pharmaceuticals, and then excipients of various kinds. Pharmaceutical molecules of particular interest are propranolol, ephedra drugs, including ephedrine, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, N-methyl ephedrine and N-methyl pseudoephedrine, the analgesics ibuprofen and naproxen, and cyclosporins and selected protein pharmaceuticals. The excipients to be studied include dextrose (glucose), sucrose, lactose, cyclodextrins and cellulose. After these studies, we will measure FT-near-IR-VCD of excipient-supported final pharmaceutical products. The sensitivity of FT-near-IR VCD to particle size, moisture Content and aggregation in protein pharmaceuticals will be determined. The ratio of pharmaceutical to excipient will be varied until proportions equivalent to those used for human administration are achieved. This will permit in situ quality of control of chiral and physical properties in final-stage pharmaceutical products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NELFINAVIR NONSECRETORY

INDUCED

DIARRHEA--SECRETORY

VS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Flexner, Charles W.; Associate Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of this study is to determine the mechanism of nelfinavirassociated diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals. Diarrhea was defined as 300 grams/24 hours. Prior to hospitalization, patients were screened with a 24-hour stool collection. Stool specimens were analyzed for ova and parasite, culture, and C. difficile toxin. Subjects were placed in a lactose free diet 5 days prior to coming in to the hospital and during the inpatient phase (in order to eliminate other potential causes of diarrhea). Eligible patients were hospitalized for a 48-hour stool collection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW APPROACHES TO MEMBRANE PROTEIN STRUCTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaback, H R.; Howard Hughes Medical Inst Investigator; Physiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: A highly significant percentage of the genomes sequenced thus far are thought to encode polytopic transmembrane proteins which catalyze a multitude of essential cellular functions, energy and signal transduction in particular. Many are important with regard to human disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis, drug resistance), and many widely prescribed drugs (eg. Prozac and Prilosec) are targeted to membrane transport proteins. Although progress over the last 20 years has led to the characterization, purification and modification of this class of proteins, only a few have been studied at a level useful for understanding mechanism. Furthermore, many membrane proteins require conformational flexibility in order to function, making it imperative to obtain

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Lactose

dynamic structural information. The objectives of this application are to continue to utilize the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as a paradigm for structure/function studies on transmembrane proteins. Only 6 amino acid residues are irreplaceable with respect to mechanism, and application of novel site-directed biochemical and biophysical approaches has yielded a helix packing model to a resolution approximating 4 Angstrom units. Further efforts will be made to refine and extend the structure using these methods. In addition, newly developed approaches using site-directed fluorescence resonance energy transfer and solid-state 19F-NMR will be introduced. Ligand-induced conformational changes in certain helices can also be demonstrated, and these studies will be extended to the remainder of the molecule in order to delineate overall structural changes that result from ligand binding. The substrate binding site is located at the interface between helices IV and V, and specificity is directed towards the galactosyl moiety of the substrate. A spin-labeled galactoside that binds to the permease with high affinity has been synthesized and will be used to further define the substrate binding site. Ligands that bind but are not translocated are also being synthesized in order to study binding from the inner and outer surface of the membrane in the absence of translocation. Site-specific alkylation combined with mass spectrometry will be used to determine changes in the protonation of His322 (helix X) upon ligand binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NIR INSTRUMENT FOR CHEESE ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chapman, Curtis F.; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A near-infrared instrument based on the Frequency Domain Photon Migration (FDPM) concept has been applied to the analysis of cheese. This instrument is unique because it can quantitatively determine the wavelength dependence of material absorption and scattering in a single measurement. Quantitative measurements of absorption and scattering have been performed on milk samples using a high bandwidth, multi-wavelength, diode-laser-based FDPM instrument. Scattering and absorption measurements are correlated to concentrations of fat, protein, lactose and water. Measurements on cheese have been made which will provide essential design information on modulation frequencies and optical wavelengths (diode lasers) for developing a portable instrument specifically dedicated to the analysis of cheese products and processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NMR ANALYSIS OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND Principal Investigator & Institution: Levery, Steven B.; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: NMR analysis was performed on a Bruker DRX-600 spectrometer. The sample was deuterium-exchanged by lyophilization from D2O and dissolved in 0.5 mL D2O. The 1H-NMR 1-D spectrum was obtained at 25(C using presaturation of the residual HOD signal. Chemical shifts were measured relative to an internal acetone standard ((=2.225 ppm). The 1H-NMR spectrum was similar (but not identical) to that of a known lactose-series pentasaccharide. Analysis of the data suggested that the sample was a reducing end-modified derivative of the known lactose-series compound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POOLING OF PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF DIET AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunter, David J.; Director; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by Applicant) In this application, the aims of the Pooling of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer Project (referred to as the Pooling Project) will expand to examine dietary associations with pancreatic and ovarian cancers in large, prospective cohort studies. Expansion of the Pooling Project to these cancers with intermediate incidence rates will take advantage of the statistical power from combining data from multiple studies and the ability to examine a wide range of intakes and subgroup detail. The pooled analyses also allow standardized analytic approaches with standardized categorization of exposures and covariates across studies. Additional analyses of colorectal cancer, a cancer site that is being evaluated as part of the current grant cycle, also will be conducted. The 11 studies comprising the Pooling Project are the Adventist Health Study, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Canadian National Breast Screening Study, Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, Iowa Women?s Health Study, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Netherlands Cohort Study, New York State Cohort, New York University Women?s Health Study, Nurses? Health Study, and Sweden Mammography Cohort. Analyses will include 4,949 colorectal cancer cases and an estimated 1,553 pancreatic and 1,908 ovarian cancer cases. For colorectal cancer, associations with specific carotenoids and grains will be examined. For pancreatic cancer, analyses will evaluate associations with intakes of fruits, vegetables, specific carotenoids, grains, fiber, alcohol, and meat. Analyses of ovarian cancer risk and intakes of lactose, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, fat, eggs, and cholesterol and body mass index will be conducted. The ongoing annual meetings, and frequent communication among investigators, will be used to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the findings. These analyses will take full advantage of extensive data already collected to provide powerful insight into the relation between diet and the risk of pancreatic, ovarian, colorectal cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitehead, William E.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, is the most common gastrointestinal disorder, affecting 9.4 percent of the population. Fifty to 60 percent of IBS patients report pain at abnormally low volumes of rectal distention, suggesting that visceral hyperalgesia may be the mechanism for IBS. A cognitive behavioral model is presented which accounts for increased pain sensitivity in IBS by two hypotheses: (1) Two cognitive traits--selective attention on gastrointestinal sensations and attribution of disease significance to these sensations--are the mechanisms by which stress and other factors influence pain perception. (2) Childhood social learning in the form of increased attention for somatic complaints and modeling of sick role behavior by parents, is the most important determinant of selective attention and disease attribution. The differential recall of previously memorized words, depending on their content, will be used to develop a test for selective attention. Words describing gastrointestinal sensations plus control words

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Lactose

describing respiratory sensations and neutral words will be tested for a prior probability of recall by healthy subjects. Then IBS patients, patients with lactose malabsorption (an enzyme deficiency producing chronic gastrointestinal symptoms similar to IBS), patients with asthma, and healthy controls will memorize these words, and 15 minutes later will be tested for recall. Other techniques for assessing selective attention which will be compared to the recall task are the Stroop Color Test and recognition of words in the above categories presented briefly by a tachistoscope. The test of disease attribution will be developed by presenting the same gastrointestinal and respiratory sensations and asking subjects to rate whether they could be symptoms of disease. After developing valid and reliable measures, new samples of IBS patients, lactose intolerant patients, and controls will complete these tests of reinforcement and modeling of gastrointestinalrelated sick role behavior and tests of rectal distention pain thresholds. A subsequent study will determine whether experimental stress increases pain sensitivity and progressive muscle relaxation decreases pain sensitivity in IBS patients, and whether these psychological influences on perceptions are associated with changes in selective attention to gastrointestinal sensations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF AKT AND GLUCOSE TRANSPORT BY PROLACTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Steven M.; Associate Professor; Pathology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lactation is of great importance to survival of newborn animals. Prolactin plays a critical role in this process by regulating the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells into secretory epithelial cells. Much of the research on prolactin signal transduction has focused upon its role in regulating the transcription of milk protein genes. However, since milk is 25 - 30% fat and about 3% lactose, pathways that control glucose availability and lipid biosynthesis are likely to be critical for optimal milk production. Our previous studies indicate that the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt, plays a critical role in suppressing apoptosis in the involuting mammary gland. We hypothesize that prolactin regulates glucose transport and lipid biosynthesis and the Akt protein kinase is required for prolactin-mediated activation of glucose transport. In this grant we propose to map the region(s) of the prolactin receptor that are required for activation of Akt and glucose transport. We will focus on phosphorylated tyrosine residues because the binding of signaling molecules to these sites often regulates their activation, particularly SH2 domain containing molecules. We will use a chimeric prolactin receptor whose activation can be controlled by a chemical dimerizer. This chimeric receptor will be expressed in mammary epithelial cells to map the regions that regulate glucose transport and Akt activation. Transgenic mice will be generated that express the chimeric prolactin receptor in the mammary gland to test the function of specific receptor mutants. These studies will be done under conditions where the production of prolactin by the pituitary is blocked thereby preventing activation of the endogenous prolactin receptor. Mammary gland development is altered in Src-/- mice but not in Fyn-/- mice. Primary mammary epithelial cells derived from Src-/- and Fyn-/- mice will be used to determine the role of these kinases in regulating Akt activation, and glucose transport. We will also test the role of specific signaling molecules (c-Cbl, Cbl-B, IRS-1, Gab2, Gab3, SHP 1, and SHP2) in regulating the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and glucose transport. Finally, we will

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determine the mechanisms by which prolactin increases glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells. Until now, the mechanisms by which glucose transport in mammary epithelial cells is regulated have remained a mystery. These studies should provide important information about other roles for prolactin in the mammary gland and identify the mechanisms by which prolactin regulates these diverse processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS SUGAR TRANSPORT & BIOFILM FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ajdic, Dragana; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Sugar transport and metabolism by Streptococcus mutans is directly related to the onset and formation of human dental caries (tooth decay). In S. mutans, sugar substrates are taken up by ABC transporters (e.g., the maltose transport and multiple sugar metabolism transport (MSM) systems), by specific permeases, and most commonly by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-sugar phosphotransferase systems (PTS). To better understand this important dental pathogen, we have sequenced the entire DNA sequence of the genome of strain UA159 at the University of Oklahoma. Detailed computational analyses of the S. mutans genome showed the presence of five ABC transporters and fourteen PTS systems for the probable transport of sugars or sugar alcohols including glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose and fructose. Since the uptake and metabolism of carbohydrates is the key step in the formation and release of cariogenic acid, and since completion of the genomic DNA sequence of S. mutans strain UA159 now permits us to locate all of the predicted coding regions, this proposed work will examine the global gene response in S. mutans. Additionally, because S. mutans grows in a plaque that is a natural biofilm, it is crucial to determine the alterations in gene expression in biofilm cultures. Therefore, the specific aims of this proposal are to 1) analyze the differences in global gene expression observed when S. mutans UA159 is grown in the presence of the most common dietary sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, and fructose) in planktonic culture and in biofilm, and 2) identify multiple transporters for the same sugar (as well as genes influenced by transport systems) in S. mutans planktonic and biofilm cultures by individually inactivating those systems. We hypothesize that many genes will have differential patterns of expression in response to the availability of carbohydrate source and culture state. The information obtained from the proposed study should dramatically advance our understanding of this important human pathogen and facilitate new approaches for treatment and intervention aimed at reducing the incidence of dental caries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Mitchell; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-range goal of our research is to understand the structural basis of gene regulation and how repressors, activators, and antiterminators regulate transcription. Over the years, we have focused on the two paradigms, the lactose operon of E-coli and the "genetic switch" of bacteriophage lambda. This grant originally funded the three-dimensional structure determination of

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Lactose

the intact lac repressor, the lac repressor bound to the gratuitous inducer 1-isopropyl-Dthiogalactoside (IPTG) and the lac repressor complexed with a 21 base-pair symmetric operator DNA. These three structures have provided a detailed structural model for repressor in the induced and the repressed states, and a framework for understanding a wealth of biochemical and genetic information (Lewis et al., 1996). Building upon these results, we designed new experiments and solved structures to probe more deeply the function of this protein. In this last granting period, we also resumed earlier studies of the repressor from phage lambda (Bell et al., 2000) and provided structural insight as to the molecular basis of this genetic switch. In this funding period, we plan to continue our studies on proteins that regulate transcription. The long-range goal of our research is to understand the structural basis of gene regulation and how repressors, activators, and anti-terminators regulate transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dowhan, William; Professor, & Holder of the Johns S. Dunn; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Several members or the Major Facilitator Supertamily (MFS) are detective in active solute transport when expressed in mutants of Escherichia co/i lacking phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The molecular basis for dysfunction in lactose permease (LacY) was established to be a requirement for PE as a molecular chaperone in the conformational maturation of LacY after membrane insertion. A large cytoplasmic domain in the middle of LacY when assembled in PElacking cells is topologically mis-assembled and exposed to the periplasm. A major aim of this proposal is to establish the molecular determinants within polytopic membrane proteins that in cooperation with membrane lipid composition and the protein assembly machinery dictate the topological organization of membrane proteins. The primary molecular probe will be accessibility of single cysteine replacements within a cysteinelacking derivative of LacY. The topological organization of LacY and its interaction with PE will be studied using both in vivo and in vitro assembly of LacY in the presence and absence of PE. The structural and functional properties of LacY will be studied in proteoliposomes reconstituted from defined lipid components. Interaction between lipids and LacY will be studied in detergent-lipid mixed micelles. Site directed mutagenesis aimed at putative topogenic signals within LacY will be used to define elements within LacY that determine its topology. Second site suppressors of dysfunction of LacY will be isolated to identify elements of LacY and other components that determine protein topology. The phenylalanine permease and the aromatic amino acid permease are dysfunctional in PE-lacking cells. The same approaches will be used to study the molecular basis for the dysfunction of these transporters and to establish the generality of the involvement of PE in assembly of members of the MFS. The development of strains lacking FE has provided versatile biological reagents to probe the role of lipids in cell function. To broaden the scope of reagents available to study the role of lipids, E. co/i strains will be developed that either contain or replace native lipids with lipids (monoglucosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol) found in other organisms. The proposed experiments are expected to define at the molecular level the role of PE and other lipids in the assembly, organization, and function of polytopic membrane proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE AND REGULATION OF PROTEIN/DNA ASSEMBLIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Duyne, Gregory D.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The growth, development, and metabolism of healthy cells depends on the precise regulation of gene expression and error-free maintenance of the genome. A detailed understanding of the underlying principles of protein-DNA recognition and protein-DNA architectures is therefore crucial for understanding how diseases can result from failures in these systems. The proposed research addresses the question of how an oligomeric DNA-binding protein, which can in principle adopt a highly symmetric conformation, binds to a DNA recognition element that can be at most twofold symmetric. The tetrameric tumor suppresser p53, the trimeric heat shock transcription factor HSF, and the tetrameric lactose repressor are well-studied examples of such oligomeric proteins. In each case, the protein uses multiple DNA-binding domains to bind sequences composed of direct and inverted repeats of a recognition element. In the proposed research, the hexameric arginine repressor (ArgR) will serve as a model system for studying the architecture of an oligomeric protein-DNA assembly. ArgR plays a multifuctional role in the bacterial cell, serving as the master regulator of the arginine biosynthetic genes as well as playing an obligatory architectural role in mediating site-specific recombination events. In the presence of the corepressor Larginine, ArgR uses four of its six DNA-binding domains to recognize DNA operators composed of a tandem repeat of palindromic "Arg boxes". The ArgR DNA-binding domains are members of the winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) family of DNA-binding motifs. This growing family includes domains found in histone H5, the ets family, HNF3/forkhead, and the heat shock transcription factor. In order to build a structural framework for understanding the basic principles of how oligomeric proteins recognize complex DNA sequences, and how multiple wHTH domains interact at the DNA surface, X-ray diffraction methods will be used to determine structures of (i) ArgR in the low affinity DNA-binding state, (ii) ArgR in the high affinity state with bound corepressor, (iii) an ArgR superrepressor, (iv) an ArgR-DNA complex representative of the architectural role of ArgR in site-specific recombination, and (v) an ArgR-DNA complex formed with a tandem Arg box operator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE PHOSPHOPROTEINS

DETERMINATION

OF

HUMAN

P32

Principal Investigator & Institution: Weaver, Arthur J.; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In the past year we completed the refinement and publication of C3d a C3 fragment and ligand for the CR2 receptor (see Science below). The structure was solved by MAD phasing at the Se edge from data collected at CHESS. The structure contains 8 selenium atoms and in collaboration with with Dr. David Smith, the data was used to illustrate the utility of the SnB method for determining the selenium substructure. The structure provides a model for the activation of C3 as well as insight into the basis for interaction with the CR2 receptor. We have also completed the refinement and publication of the CRD of human galectin-3 in complex with lactose and NAcetylactosamine from data collected at CHESS. These molecules are important in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Our structure has defined the basis for

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carbohydrate-binding, and in addition provided insight into the mode of oligomerization, shown by this lectin. In addition, we collected data at CHESS on a Ctype lectin and crystals of a CRE recombinase-DNA complex. In both cases the solution of these structures is in progress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATE LIGANDS FOR ADHESION MOLECULE L SELECTIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Steven D.; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Note: There is a continution page for this abstract in Microwoft Word, and there are figures to be pasted in. Introduction. The selectins are a family of three adhesion molecules (L-, E- and P-selectin) thatare involved in the initial attachment of blood-borne leukocytes to endothelial cells during the process of emigration from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue. All three selectins bindto carbohydrate-based ligands on opposing cells in a calcium-dependent manner. L-selectin is unique among the selectins by virtue of its constitutive expression on all classes of circulating leukocytes. In addition, L-selectin plays a key role in leukocyte recruitment during a number of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, focusing a tremendous amount of interest on the nature of the carbohydrate ligands on opposing endothelial cells. We have initiated a program aimed at the structural identification of carbohydrate ligands for L-selectin. Our approach involves analysis of the oligosaccharide structures on biological selectin ligands and the chemical synthesis of identified structures to directly demonstrate functional activity. Mass spectrometry is central to the characterization of our synthetic products, and will be the principal analytical tool in the direct structural identification of the carbohydrate epitopes on biological L-selectin ligands. Results and Discussion. Previous work in this laboratory has led to the molecular identification of two biological glycoprotein ligands for L-selectin, termed GlyCAM-1 and CD34. The oligosaccharides on these glycoproteins are sulfated and sialylated, two modifications which were shown to be essential for L-selectin recognition. Preliminary characterization of the oligosaccharides on GlyCAM-1 using metabolic radiolabeling techniques has revelealed the presence of a novel capping group, 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis x [NeuAca2,3(SO4-6)Galb1,4(Fuca1,3)GlcNAc, 1]. Thus, it is hypothesized that sulfation of the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide on the 6'-position imparts high affinity binding activity to L-selectin. To test this hypothesis, we have designed a chemical/enzymatic synthesis for sulfated oligosaccharides related to structure 1. Our first target is compound 6 (scheme 1), in which the sialic acid residue of structure 1 has been replaced with a synthetically more accessible sulfate ester. The synthetic route begins with selective protection of the readily available disaccharide lactose (2) to afford derivative 3 in three steps. The 3'-, 4'- and 6'-positions are then selectively liberated with acid to afford compound 4. Chemical sulfation proceeds selectively at the 3'- and 6'-positions yielding, after deprotection, disulfated intermediate 5. The structures of intermediates 2-5 have been assigned in part using mass spectrometry. Finally, enzymatic fucosylation using a recombinant fucosyltransferase (FucT V) and GDP-fucose will afford target moledule 6. Currently, we have completed the synthesis of 5 and tested this intermediate for Lselectin binding activity. Preliminary results indicate that compound 5 binds to Lselectin more potently thansimilar derivatives lacking the sulfate ester at the 6'-position. Thus, this key sulfate ester appears to contribute significantly to L-selecting binding activity. We anticipate that synthetic oligosaccharides such as compound 6 will be even

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more potent as L-selectin antagonists, and may demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Finally, we plan to complement our metabolic radiolabeling analysis of the GlyCAM-1 oligosaccharides with direct characterizat ion by mass spectrometry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON COMPLEX NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kishi, Yoshito; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) The major objective in this research is to make significant contributions to organic chemistry and medicine through chemical studies on physiologically active natural and man-made organic compounds. Organic synthesis plays the major role in all of the proposed research topics, including: 1. stereochemical assignment of acyclic compounds through organic synthesis (universal spectroscopic database creation, mycolactone, australifungin, tethered maitotoxin analogs, and others); 2. total synthesis of pinnatoxins and related natural products (pinnatoxins B and C, spirolides, gymnodimine, azaspiracid, immobilized pinnatoxins, and others); 3. covalently cross-linked Watson-Crick base pair models; 4. conformational analysis of C-and O-glycopyranosides (human blood antige, lactose, synthetic 3-Omethyl-D-mannose-containing polysaccarides (MMP), and others); 5. immobilized tetrodotoxin; 6. total synthesis of batrachotoxin, aranotin, and YW3699. We believe that the power of organic chemistry is most effectively extended by challenging these complex systems, and much of the progress of medicine critically depends upon the extension of the power of organic chemistry. It is also our specific objective to develop practical and efficient syntheses of certain natural products and their analogs, which have high physiological activity, but are not available in appreciable amounts from natural sources. These studies are again expected to stimulate progress in medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TARGETING CARCINOMA

ENDOGENOUS

ANTIBODIES

TO

OVARIAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cho, Moo J.; Associate Professor; Drug Delivery & Disposition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Humans and Old World primates naturally produce a significant amount of antibodies which recognize a particular galactosyl epitope, GAL alpha 1-3GAL. We have been interested in testing if these anti-Gal antibodies can be targeted to undesirable cancerous cells. Specifically we wish to explore a possibility of redirecting these endogenous antibodies to ovarian carcinoma cells which overexpress folate receptor isotype alpha (FR-alpha) by means of chemical conjugates of folic acid to the galactosyl epitope. The end result should be the cytolysis of the target cell. Towards this goal, the present application is concerned with the total synthesis of the folatedigalactose conjugates and development of an ovarian cancer model in immune competent mice. Preparation of the conjugate which can mediate anti-Gal binding to FR+ cells with high avidity is the main chemistry goal of the project. Our strategy is to introduce multiple copies, 2 and 4 copies, of the epitopes to one molecule of folic acid at an optimal distance between them. Chemical synthesis will be carried out on a solidphase support. The conjugates will be tested with FR+/Gal- human nasopharyngeal

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carcinoma KB cells for their ability of promoting the anti-Gal binding to FR on the cell surface. Specificity of the interaction will be tested in the presence of free folic acid or free disaccharide as well as with a conjugate that contains lactose instead of GAL alpha 1-3GAL. The antibody binding will be conveniently characterized by means of FACS procedure. The biological goal of this project is to develop a mouse model of ovarian cancer that is suitable for testing anti-tumor activity of our folate conjugates in vivo. Since normal mice express the galactosyl epitopes in their tissue, we will have to use alpha 1,3-GALactosyltransferase-knockout (GT/KO) mice. It is known that GT/KO mice produce anti-Gal as in humans. We plan to transform the ovarian epithelial cells harvested from these mice in culture to tumor-forming cell lines following a procedure we have recently developed. They will be then transfected with murine cDNA encoding full length FR-alpha. Finally these GAL-/FR+cells will be introduced into peritoneum of healthy GT/KO mice. Our current approach to immunotherapy of ovarian cancer is unique in that we are using naturally occurring endogenous antibodies. Immune modulators in this application are all small molecules with MW < 3 kDa, rendering pharmacokinetic properties most favorable for sustained activity in peritoneal cavity as well as reduced potential side effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIALISTS AND GENERALISTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dean, Antony M.; Biotechnology Institute; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): An understanding of microbial evolution is seen as increasingly important to an understanding of disease and the design of effective therapies. As such, this proposal aims to investigate the genetic, biochemical and physiological mechanisms underpinning evolution in microbes. Of particular interest is an assessment of the degree to which adaptive evolution is predictable. For if evolution is predictable, more efficacious therapies might be designed, undesirable evolutionary outcomes (e.g. multi-drug resistance) avoided, the origin and evolution of epidemics better understood, and as a consequence better strategies in public health implemented. An understanding of microbial evolution remains elusive because studies are either overwhelmed by complexity or reduced to the trivially predictable. However, the lactose pathway of E. coli represents a unique balance between complexity and simplicity. It is sufficiently complex that a diversity of adaptive responses - specialists, generalists, commensals - arise, yet it is sufficiently simple that each can be analyzed in detail. This balance between complexity and simplicity enables the predictability of adaptive evolution to be investigated. Strong frequency dependent selection maintains variation in lactose operons of E. coli during competition for limiting mixtures of galactosides. Long-term chemostat competition experiments reveal that new adaptations may intensify the frequency dependence or they may diminish it to the point whereby the polymorphism is lost. Balanced polymorphisms can arise from within a single clone. The evolution of specialists towards particular galactosides promotes polymorphism and suggests that trade-offs at the molecular level govern the evolution of diversity. The evolution of generalists (strains capable of efficiently metabolizing all galactosides) destabilizes polymorphisms and demonstrates that trade-offs are not inevitable. The genetic, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that promote the appearance, and loss, of these polymorphisms will be determined. Replicate experiments will determine the predictability of evolutionary outcomes. Evolved strains will be analyzed to determine the population level interactions that result in stabilizing or destabilizing the

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polymorphisms. Biochemical studies will determine the physiological basis for the evolution of specialists and generalists, and to determine the molecular causes of tradeoils. Mutational changes will be sequenced to determine the predictably of evolution at the molecular level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRAL MEMBRANE AND GLYCOPROTEIN STRUCTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Stephen C.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1977; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the applicant's abstract) Emerging Infections: To study the mechanism by which influenza virus strains can emerge as infectious to humans, we plan to examine the X-ray structure and function of hemagglutinins from viral strains apparently limited to infecting animal reservoirs and for comparison human infectious strains from the major pandemics. Preferences for different sialoside linkages on cellular receptors correlate with the spread of infection in animals versus humans. One goal is to help explain observations like why outbreaks in the past two years in Hong Kong of avian virus infections in humans did not spread into the human population. Viral Entry Mechanisms: To investigate membrane fusion by influenza virus, we plan crystal structure studies of protein/detergent complexes of intact HA and HA2 and mechanistic studies of the interaction of HA with membranes and of intermediates in the fusion reaction. The hypothesis that HA2 in the low pH conformation observed by crystallography is membrane fusion active will also be tested with intact recombinant HA2 molecules transfected in cells suitable for membrane fusion assays. The hypothesis that the N- and C-terminal segments of HA1 plus all of HA2 (BHA's stem) was an ancestral membrane fusion protein will be tested by engineering such a protein, testing whether it can be proteolytically primed and activated by low pH, and whether the HA1 segments have a role, such as in the assembly of a putative multi-trimer containing pore. M2 Ion Channel: To generate structural information about the ion channel protein M2 of influenza virus we propose crystallization in detergent of bacterially expressed and refolded M2 tetramers that we have produced; and/or a tetramer of a channel-active synthetic transmembrane helix. Complexes with the inhibitory drug, amantadine, will also be studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Lactose

text articles. The following is a sample of items found for lactose in the PubMed Central database: •

A mutant Ebg enzyme that converts lactose into an inducer of the lac operon. by Rolseth SJ, Fried VA, Hall BG.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=294136

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Amino acid substitution in the lactose carrier protein with the use of amber suppressors. by Huang AM, Lee JI, King SC, Wilson TH.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206383

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Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12. by Zieg J, Kushner SR.; 1977 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235400

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Arg-302 facilitates deprotonation of Glu-325 in the transport mechanism of the lactose permease from Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Kaback HR.; 2001 May 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33423

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ATP-Dependent Phosphorylation of Serine-46 in the Phosphocarrier Protein HPr Regulates Lactose/H+ Symport in Lactobacillus brevis. by Ye JJ, Reizer J, Cui X, Saier MH Jr.; 1994 Apr 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43523

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Autoregulation of GAL4 transcription is essential for rapid growth of Kluyveromyces lactis on lactose and galactose. by Czyz M, Nagiec MM, Dickson RC.; 1993 Sep 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=310076

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Bacteremia caused by a lactose-fermenting, multiply resistant Salmonella typhi strain in a patient recovering from typhoid fever. by Cohen SL, Wylie BA, Sooka A, Koornhof HJ.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269260

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Binding-protein-dependent lactose transport in Agrobacterium radiobacter. by Greenwood JA, Cornish A, Jones CW.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208659

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Bioenergetic consequences of lactose starvation for continuously cultured Streptococcus cremoris. by Poolman B, Smid EJ, Veldkamp H, Konings WN.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211968

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cAMP receptor protein --cAMP plays a crucial role in glucose --lactose diauxie by activating the major glucose transporter gene in Escherichia coli. by Kimata K, Takahashi H, Inada T, Postma P, Aiba H.; 1997 Nov 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24238

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Changing the lactose permease of Escherichia coli into a galactose-specific symporter. by Guan L, Sahin-Toth M, Kaback HR.; 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124451

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Characterization of lactose transport in Kluyveromyces lactis. by Dickson RC, Barr K.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217597

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Characterization of Lactose-Fermenting Revertants from Lactose-Negative Streptococcus lactis C2 Mutants. by Cords BR, McKay LL.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245687

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Characterization of SotA and SotB, Two Erwinia chrysanthemi Proteins Which Modify Isopropyl-[beta]-d-Thiogalactopyranoside and Lactose Induction of the Escherichia coli lac Promoter. by Condemine G.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94421

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Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis lactose operon promoter: contribution of flanking sequences and LacR repressor to promoter activity. by van Rooijen RJ, Gasson MJ, de Vos WM.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205848

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Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Leloir Pathway. by Grossiord BP, Luesink EJ, Vaughan EE, Arnaud A, de Vos WM.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142802

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Cloning and Characterization of Sialidases with 2-6[prime prime or minute] and 23[prime prime or minute] Sialyl Lactose Specificity from Pasteurella multocida. by Mizan S, Henk A, Stallings A, Maier M, Lee MD.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94810

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Cloning and characterization of the repressor gene of the Staphylococcus aureus lactose operon. by Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213972

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Co-induction of beta-galactosidase and the lactose-P-enolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans. by Hamilton IR, Lo GC.; 1978 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218523

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Comparison of Fecal Coliform Agar and Violet Red Bile Lactose Agar for Fecal Coliform Enumeration in Foods. by Leclercq A, Wanegue C, Baylac P.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123840

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Comparison of lactose uptake in resting and energized Escherichia coli cells: high rates of respiration inactivate the lac carrier. by Ghazi A, Therisod H, Shechter E.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217435

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Conformational flexibility at the substrate binding site in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. by Weinglass AB, Kaback HR.; 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18007

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Construction of lactose-utilizing Xanthomonas campestris and production of xanthan gum from whey. by Fu JF, Tseng YH.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184322

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Control of Lactose Transport, [beta]-Galactosidase Activity, and Glycolysis by CcpA in Streptococcus thermophilus: Evidence for Carbon Catabolite Repression by a NonPhosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System Sugar. by van den Bogaard PT, Kleerebezem M, Kuipers OP, de Vos WM.; 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94730

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Cooperative Binding of Lactose and the Phosphorylated Phosphocarrier Protein HPr(Ser-P) to the Lactose/H+ Symport Permease of Lactobacillus brevis. by Ye JJ, Saier MH Jr.; 1995 Jan 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42751

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Correlation of Activities of the Enzymes [alpha]-Phosphoglucomutase, UDPGalactose 4-Epimerase, and UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase with Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03. by Degeest B, De Vuyst L.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92180

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Independent Mutants of the Lactose Operon of Escherichia coli. by Arditti R, Grodzicker T, Beckwith J.; 1973 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251822

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Deduction of consensus binding sequences on proteins that bind IIAGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system by cysteine scanning mutagenesis of Escherichia coli lactose permease. by Sondej M, Sun J, Seok YJ, Kaback HR, Peterkofsky A.; 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22326

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Delayed Lactose Fermentation by Enterobacteriaceae. by Goodman RE, Pickett MJ.; 1966 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276241

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Detection and characterization of lactose-utilizing Lactococcus spp. in natural ecosystems. by Klijn N, Weerkamp AH, de Vos WM.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167339

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Detection and characterization of Tn2501, a transposon included within the lactose transposon Tn951. by Michiels T, Cornelis G.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215521

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Detection of beta-glucuronidase in lactose-fermenting members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and its presence in bacterial urine cultures. by Hansen W, Yourassowsky E.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271541

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Determination of the promoter strength in the mixed transcription system: promoters of lactose, tryptophan and ribosomal protein L10 operons from Escherichia coli. by Kajitani M, Ishihama A.; 1983 Feb 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325745

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Diagnostic and Public Health Dilemma of Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium in Cattle in the Northeastern United States. by McDonough PL, Shin SJ, Lein DH.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86381

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Differences in the binding specificities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa M35 and Escherichia coli C600 for lipid-linked oligosaccharides with lactose-related core regions. by Rosenstein IJ, Yuen CT, Stoll MS, Feizi T.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258280

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Distinct galactose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in Streptococcus lactis. by Park YH, McKay LL.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216524

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Distribution and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios in coastal waters of the southeastern United States. by Oliver JD, Warner RA, Cleland DR.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242203

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Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Other Lactose-Fermenting Vibrios in the Marine Environment. by Oliver JD, Warner RA, Cleland DR.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242401

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Diversity of Streptococcus salivarius ptsH Mutants That Can Be Isolated in the Presence of 2-Deoxyglucose and Galactose and Characterization of Two Mutants Synthesizing Reduced Levels of HPr, a Phosphocarrier of the Phosphoenolpyruvate:Sugar Phosphotransferase System. by Thomas S, Brochu D, Vadeboncoeur C.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95391

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DNA-DNA homology among lactose- and sucrose-fermenting transconjugants from Lactococcus lactis strains exhibiting reduced bacteriophage sensitivity. by Steele JL, Murphy MC, Daly C, McKay LL.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203090

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Duplication of the pepF gene and shuffling of DNA fragments on the lactose plasmid of Lactococcus lactis. by Nardi M, Renault P, Monnet V.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179235

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Effect of isopropylthiogalactoside on induction of the galactose operon by D-fucose in a lactose deletion mutant of Escherichia coli. by McBrien DC, Moses V.; 1966 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316049

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Effect of Lactose Concentration on the Efficiency of Plating of Bacteriophages on Streptococcus cremoris. by Terzaghi EA, Terzaghi BE.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242864

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Effect of Oxygen on Lactose Metabolism in Lactic Streptococci. by Smart JB, Thomas TD.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203702

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Effect of penicillin and virginiamycin on drug resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric flora. by Gaines SA, Rollins LD, Williams RD, Selwyn M.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283804

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Efficient ethanol production from glucose, lactose, and xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli. by Alterthum F, Ingram LO.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202984

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Elements Involved in Catabolite Repression and Substrate Induction of the Lactose Operon in Lactobacillus casei. by Gosalbes MJ, Monedero V, Perez-Martinez G.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93881

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Exclusive presence of lactose-sensitive fimbriae on a typical strain (WVU45) of Actinomyces naeslundii. by Cisar JO, David VA, Curl SH, Vatter AE.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261554

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Expression and regulation of lactose genes carried by plasmids. by Guiso N, Ullmann A.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232974

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Expression of a Lactose Transposon (Tn951) in Zymomonas mobilis. by Carey VC, Walia SK, Ingram LO.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239535

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Extracellular beta-galactosidase activity of a Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 mutant able to catabolize lactose. by Javorsky P, Lee SF, Gibbins AM, Forsberg CW.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185048

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Fermentation of Glucose, Lactose, Galactose, Mannitol, and Xylose by Bifidobacteria. by de Vries W, Stouthamer AH.; 1968 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252320

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Fermentation of lactose by yeast cells secreting recombinant fungal lactase. by Ramakrishnan S, Hartley BS.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195890

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Fermentation of raffinose by lactose-fermenting strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and by sucrose-fermenting strains of Escherichia coli. by Cornelis G, Luke RK, Richmond MH.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274889

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Formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in procaryotic protein synthesis: in vivo polarity in lactose operon expression. by Petersen HU, Joseph E, Ullmann A, Danchin A.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222403

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Frequency of tetracycline resistance determinant classes among lactose-fermenting coliforms. by Marshall B, Tachibana C, Levy SB.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185392

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Functional Complementation of Internal Deletion Mutants in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Bibi E, Kaback HR.; 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48484

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Functional Interactions between Putative Intramembrane Charged Residues in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Dunten RL, Gonzalez A, Kaback HR.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50376

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Galactose and Lactose Genes from the Galactose-Positive Bacterium Streptococcus salivarius and the Phylogenetically Related Galactose-Negative Bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus: Organization, Sequence, Transcription, and Activity of the gal Gene Products. by Vaillancourt K, Moineau S, Frenette M, Lessard C, Vadeboncoeur C.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139519

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Galactose Expulsion during Lactose Metabolism in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FD1 Due to Dephosphorylation of Intracellular Galactose 6-Phosphate. by Benthin S, Nielsen J, Villadsen J.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201467

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Galactose transport in Streptococcus thermophilus. by Hutkins R, Morris HA, McKay LL.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291746

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Galactosidase Activity of Lactose-positive Neisseria. by Corbett WP, Catlin BW.; 1968 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251971

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Genetic Construction of Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris. by Walsh PM, Haas MJ, Somkuti GA.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239654

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Genetic Evidence for the Physiological Significance of the -Tagatose 6-Phosphate Pathway of Lactose and -Galactose Degradation in Staphylococcus aureus. by Bissett DL, Anderson RL.; 1974 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245671

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Glucose Effect and the Galactose Enzymes of Escherichia coli: Correlation Between Glucose Inhibition of Induction and Inducer Transport. by Adhya S, Echols H.; 1966 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276297

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Glucose represses the lactose-galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis through a SNF1 and MIG1- dependent pathway that modulates galactokinase (GAL1) gene expression. by Dong J, Dickson RC.; 1997 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146954

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Glucose repression of lactose/galactose metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis is determined by the concentration of the transcriptional activator LAC9 (K1GAL4) [corrected]. by Zachariae W, Kuger P, Breunig KD.; 1993 Jan 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309066

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Glucose-Lactose Diauxie in Escherichia coli. by Loomis WF Jr, Magasanik B.; 1967 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276614

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Halophilic, lactose-positive Vibrio in a case of fatal septicemia. by Mertens A, Nagler J, Hansen W, Gepts-Friedenreich E.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272997

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Heterofermentative Carbohydrate Metabolism of Lactose-Impaired Mutants of Streptococcus lactis. by Demko GM, Blanton SJ, Benoit RE.; 1972 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251568

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Identification of a new genetic determinant for cell aggregation associated with lactose plasmid transfer in Lactococcus lactis. by van der Lelie D, Chavarri F, Venema G, Gasson MJ.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182685

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Identification of a new insertion element, similar to gram-negative IS26, on the lactose plasmid of Streptococcus lactis ML3. by Polzin KM, Shimizu-Kadota M.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213975

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Identification of the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-specific laminin-binding protein of Helicobacter pylori. by Valkonen KH, Wadstrom T, Moran AP.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175069

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Induction of lactose transport in Escherichia coli during the absence of phospholipid synthesis. by Weisberg LJ, Cronan JE Jr, Nunn WD.; 1975 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235753

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Induction of the Lactose Transport System in a Lipid-Synthesis-Defective Mutant of Escherichia coli. by Hsu CC, Fox CF.; 1970 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248096

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Influence of Reduced Water Activity on Lactose Metabolism by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris at Different pH Values. by Liu SQ, Asmundson RV, Gopal PK, Holland R, Crow VL.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106286

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Influence of the Lactose Plasmid on the Metabolism of Galactose by Streptococcus lactis. by LeBlanc DJ, Crow VL, Lee LN, Garon CF.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218370

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Inhibition of coaggregation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis by lactose and related sugars. by Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260790

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Inorganic salts resistance associated with a lactose-fermenting plasmid in Streptococcus lactis. by Efstathiou JD, McKay LL.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235201

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Insertional Mutagenesis of Hydrophilic Domains in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by McKenna E, Hardy D, Kaback HR.; 1992 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50676

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Integrative Food-Grade Expression System Based on the Lactose Regulon of Lactobacillus casei. by Gosalbes MJ, Esteban CD, Galan JL, Perez-Martinez G.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92386

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Involvement of Phosphoenolpyruvate in Lactose Utilization by Group N Streptococci. by McKay LL, Walter LA, Sandine WE, Elliker PR.; 1969 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250061

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Involvement of the central loop of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli in its allosteric regulation by the glucose-specific enzyme IIA of the phosphoenolpyruvatedependent phosphotransferase system. by Hoischen C, Levin J, Pitaknarongphorn S, Reizer J, Saier MH Jr.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178473

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Isolation and Characterization of a Lactose-Positive Strain of Proteus morganii. by Tierno PM Jr, Steinberg P.; 1975 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274958

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Isolation and Characterization of Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Obtained from Lactose-Fermenting Salmonella Strains. by Synenki RM, Wohlhieter JA, Johnson EM, Lazere JR, Baron LS.; 1973 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246474

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Isolation of a hybrid F' factor-carrying Escherichia coli lactose region and Salmonella typhimurium histidine region, F42-400 (F' ts114 lac+, his+): its partial characterization and behavior in Salmonella typhimurium. by Rao RN, Pereira MG.; 1975 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235798

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Kinetics of Induction of the Lactose Operon on an Episome in Salmonella typhimurium. by Ballesteros-Olmo A, Kovach JS, Van Knippenberg P, Goldberger RF.; 1969 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315318

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Lactobacillus casei 64H Contains a Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System for Uptake of Galactose, as Confirmed by Analysis of ptsH and Different gal Mutants. by Bettenbrock K, Siebers U, Ehrenreich P, Alpert CA.; 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103553

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Lactose and -Galactose Metabolism in Group N Streptococci: Presence of Enzymes for Both the -Galactose 1-Phosphate and -Tagatose 6-Phosphate Pathways1. by Bissett DL, Anderson RL.; 1974 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246560

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Lactose and melibiose metabolism in Erwinia chrysanthemi. by Gray JS, Lindner WA, Brand JM, Mildenhall JP.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213567

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Lactose carrier mutants of Escherichia coli with changes in sugar recognition (lactose versus melibiose). by Varela MF, Brooker RJ, Wilson TH.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179430

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Lactose inhibits the growth of Rhizobium meliloti cells that contain an actively expressed Escherichia coli lactose operon. by Timblin CR, Kahn ML.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215578

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Lactose metabolism by Staphylococcus aureus: characterization of lacABCD, the structural genes of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway. by Rosey EL, Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208343

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Lactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans: evidence for induction of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway. by Hamilton IR, Lebtag H.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216758

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Lactose metabolism in Erwinia chrysanthemi. by Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, RobertBaudouy J.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218981

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Lactose metabolism in Lactobacillus bulgaricus: analysis of the primary structure and expression of the genes involved. by Leong-Morgenthaler P, Zwahlen MC, Hottinger H.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207726

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Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: phosphorylation of galactose and glucose moieties in vivo. by Thompson J.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216715

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Lactose metabolism in Streptococcus lactis: studies with a mutant lacking glucokinase and mannose-phosphotransferase activities. by Thompson J, Chassy BM, Egan W.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218977

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Lactose metabolism involving phospho-beta-galactosidase in Klebsiella. by Hall BG.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218092

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Lactose permease mutants which transport (malto)-oligosaccharides. by Olsen SG, Greene KM, Brooker RJ.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206723

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Lactose Permeation Via the Arabinose Transport System in Escherichia coli K-12. by Messer A.; 1974 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245759

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Lactose transport in Streptococcus mutans: isolation and characterization of factor IIIlac, a specific protein component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system. by Vadeboncoeur C, Proulx M.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261454

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Lactose Uptake Driven by Galactose Efflux in Streptococcus thermophilus: Evidence for a Galactose-Lactose Antiporter. by Hutkins RW, Ponne C.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182826

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Lactose Variability of Escherichia coli in Thermally Stressed Reactor Effluent Waters. by Kasweck KL, Fliermans CB.; 1978 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243131

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Lactose-fermenting Salmonella. by Gonzalez AB.; 1966 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=316096

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Lactose-fermenting, multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains isolated from a patient with postoperative typhoid fever. by Kohbata S, Takahashi M, Yabuuchi E.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270931

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Lactose-positive Vibrio in seawater: a cause of pneumonia and septicemia in a drowning victim. by Kelly MT, Avery DM.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273379

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Lactose-sensitive and -insensitive cell surface interactions of oral Streptococcus milleri strains and actinomyces. by Eifuku H, Kitada K, Yakushiji T, Inoue M.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257766

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lacY mutant of Escherichia coli with altered physiology of lactose induction. by Flagg JL, Wilson TH.; 1976 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232758

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Lag in adaptation to lactose as a probe to the timing of permease incorporation into the cell membrane. by Koch AL.; 1975 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235912

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Lysis of Escherichia coli mutants by lactose. by Alexander JK.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216692

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Mechanisms of Lactose Utilization by Lactic Acid Streptococci: Enzymatic and Genetic Analyses. by McKay L, Miller A III, Sandine WE, Elliker PR.; 1970 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247630

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Metabolism of Lactose by Staphylococcus aureus and Its Genetic Basis. by Morse ML, Hill KL, Egan JB, Hengstenberg W.; 1968 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315162

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Metabolism of lactose by Staphylococcus aureus. by Hengstenberg W, Penberthy WK, Hill KL, Morse ML.; 1968 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252586

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Microbial Ecophysiology of Whey Biomethanation: Intermediary Metabolism of Lactose Degradation in Continuous Culture. by Chartrain M, Zeikus JG.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238836

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Molecular and genetic characterization of lactose-metabolic genes of Streptococcus cremoris. by Inamine JM, Lee LN, LeBlanc DJ.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215952

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Molecular characterization of the integration of the lactose plasmid from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK11 into the chromosome of L. lactis subsp. lactis. by Petzel JP, McKay LL.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195182

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Molecular cloning of the lactose-metabolizing genes from Streptococcus lactis. by Harlander SK, McKay LL, Schachtele CF.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241516

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Mutant of Escherichia coli Exhibiting a Cold-sensitive Phenotype for Growth on Lactose. by Squires CK, Ingraham JL.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249716

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Mutations Partially Inactivating the Lactose Repressor of Escherichia coli. by Shineberg B.; 1974 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245633

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N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding fibrillar hemagglutinin of Campylobacter pylori: a putative colonization factor antigen. by Evans DG, Evans DJ Jr, Moulds JJ, Graham DY.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259668

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Nature of Lactose-fermenting Salmonella Strains Obtained from Clinical Sources. by Easterling SB, Johnson EM, Wohlhieter JA, Baron LS.; 1969 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315354

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Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the lacR, lacABCD, and lacFE genes encoding the repressor, tagatose 6-phosphate gene cluster, and sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components of the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans. by Rosey EL, Stewart GC.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207683

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Organization and Stability of a Polytopic Membrane Protein: Deletion Analysis of the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli. by Bibi E, Verner G, Chang C, Kaback HR.; 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52276

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Outbreak of food poisoning caused by lactose-fermenting Salmonella tuebingen. by Dube SD.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272720

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PERMEABILITY AND METABOLISM OF LACTOSE IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA. by Lester G, Azzena D, Hechter O.; 1962 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=277840

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Permease-specific mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli that release the glycerol, maltose, melibiose, and lactose transport systems from regulation

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by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. by Saier MH Jr, Straud H, Massman LS, Judice JJ, Newman MJ, Feucht BU.; 1978 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222173 •

Phosphorylation and Functional Properties of the IIA Domain of the Lactose Transport Protein of Streptococcus thermophilus. by Gunnewijk MG, Postma PW, Poolman B.; 1999 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93420

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pJT2: unusual H1 plasmid in a highly virulent lactose-positive and chloramphenicolresistant Salmonella typhimurium strain from calves. by Timoney JF, Taylor DE, Shin S, McDonough P.; 1980 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284027

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Plasmid carriage in Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting marine vibrios. by Davidson LS, Oliver JD.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203455

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Plasmid linkage of the D-tagatose 6-phosphate pathway in Streptococcus lactis: effect on lactose and galactose metabolism. by Crow VL, Davey GP, Pearce LE, Thomas TD.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217343

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Plasmid-Determined Ability of a Salmonella tennessee Strain to Ferment Lactose and Sucrose. by Johnson EM, Wohlhieter JA, Placek BP, Sleet RB, Baron LS.; 1976 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233379

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Plasmids in Streptococcus lactis: evidence that lactose metabolism and proteinase activity are plasmid linked. by Efstathiou JD, McKay LL.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170002

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Plasmids, loss of lactose metabolism, and appearance of partial and full lactosefermenting revertants in Streptococcus cremoris B1. by Anderson DG, McKay LL.; 1977 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=234935

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Possible mechanisms underlying the slow lactose fermentation phenotype in Shigella spp. by Ito H, Kido N, Arakawa Y, Ohta M, Sugiyama T, Kato N.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183896

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Production of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. by Onishi N, Yamashiro A, Yokozeki K.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167709

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Production of High-Viscosity Whey Broths by a Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris Strain. by Schwartz RD, Bodie EA.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238783

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Properties and Purification of an Active Biotinylated Lactose Permease from Escherichia coli. by Consler TG, Persson BL, Jung H, Zen KH, Jung K, Prive GG, Verner GE, Kaback HR.; 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47049

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Properties of a Streptococcus lactis strain that ferments lactose slowly. by Crow VL, Thomas TD.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215124

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Properties of Lactose Plasmid pLY101 in Lactobacillus casei. by Shimizu-Kadota M.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204236

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Properties of Permease Dimer, A Fusion Protein Containing Two Lactose Permease Molecules from Escherichia coli. by Sahin-Toth M, Lawrence MC, Kaback HR.; 1994 Jun 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44007

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Properties of the lactose transport system in Klebsiella sp. strain CT-1. by Imai K, Hall BG.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217159

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Pseudoreversion of lactose operator-constitutive mutants. by Norwood WI, Sadler JR.; 1977 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235178

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Reconstitution of an active lactose carrier in vivo by simultaneous synthesis of two complementary protein fragments. by Wrubel W, Stochaj U, Sonnewald U, Theres C, Ehring R.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213202

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Regulation and Adaptive Evolution of Lactose Operon Expression in Lactobacillus delbrueckii. by Lapierre L, Mollet B, Germond JE.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134810

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Regulation of Lactose Utilization Genes in Staphylococcus xylosus. by Bassias J, Bruckner R.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107164

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Regulation of lactose-phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system and beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase activities in Lactobacillus casei. by Chassy BM, Thompson J.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217591

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Regulation of product formation during glucose or lactose limitation in nongrowing cells of Streptococcus lactis. by Fordyce AM, Crow VL, Thomas TD.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241513

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Regulation of the Synthesis of the Lactose Repressor. by Edelmann PL, Edlin G.; 1974 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245824

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Relationships Between the Regulation of the Lactose and Galactose Operons of Escherichia coli. by Williams B, Paigen K.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249758

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Replication and temperature-sensitive maintenance functions of lactose plasmid pSK11L from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. by Horng JS, Polzin KM, McKay LL.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212525

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Repression and catabolite repression of the lactose operon of Staphylococcus aureus. by Oskouian B, Stewart GC.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213359

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Requirement for Phosphoglucomutase in Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Glucoseand Lactose-Utilizing Streptococcus thermophilus. by Levander F, Radstrom P.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92932

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Restriction and modification activities from Streptococcus lactis ME2 are encoded by a self-transmissible plasmid, pTN20, that forms cointegrates during mobilization of lactose-fermenting ability. by Higgins DL, Sanozky-Dawes RB, Klaenhammer TR.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211312

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Restriction endonuclease analysis of the lactose plasmid in Streptococcus lactis ML3 and two recombinant lactose plasmids. by Walsh PM, McKay LL.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244177

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Restriction enzyme analysis of lactose and bacteriocin plasmids from Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis WM4 and cloning of BclI fragments coding for bacteriocin production. by Harmon KS, McKay LL.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203827

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Role of conserved residues in hydrophilic loop 8-9 of the lactose permease. by Pazdernik NJ, Jessen-Marshall AE, Brooker RJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178755

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Role of Galactose or Glucose-1-Phosphate in Preventing the Lysis of Streptococcus diacetilactis. by Moustafa HH, Collins EB.; 1968 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252057

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Role of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in the regulation of lactose uptake. by Liberman ES, Bleiweis AS.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264330

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Salt tolerance of lactose-grown Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying Escherichia coli lac genes. by Datta AR, MacQuillan AM.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203685

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Selection of Galactose-Fermenting Streptococcus thermophilus in Lactose-Limited Chemostat Cultures. by Thomas TD, Crow VL.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240362

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Sequential Truncation of the Lactose Permease Over a Three-Amino Acid Sequence Near the Carboxyl Terminus Leads to Progressive Loss of Activity and Stability. by McKenna E, Hardy D, Pastore JC, Kaback HR.; 1991 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51365

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Serum antibody responses to the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin of Campylobacter pylori. by Evans DJ Jr, Evans DG, Smith KE, Graham DY.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313158

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Simplified scheme for identification of prompt lactose-fermenting members of the Enterobacteriaceae. by Hicks MJ, Ryan KJ.; 1976 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274512

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Stabilization of Lactose Metabolism in Streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Baldwin KA.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291226

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Structures and Properties of Gellan Polymers Produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 from Lactose Compared with Those Produced from Glucose and from Cheese Whey. by Fialho AM, Martins LO, Donval ML, Leitao JH, Ridout MJ, Jay AJ, Morris VJ, Sa-Correia I.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91366

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Studies on [beta]-Galactoside Transport in a Proteus mirabilis Merodiploid Carrying an Escherichia coli Lactose Operon. by Stubbs J, Horwitz A, Moses V.; 1973 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246400

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Sucrose transport by the Escherichia coli lactose carrier. by Heller KB, Wilson TH.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216662

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Suppressor analysis of mutations in the loop 2-3 motif of lactose permease: evidence that glycine-64 is an important residue for conformational changes. by Jessen-Marshall AE, Parker NJ, Brooker RJ.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179011

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Suppressor Scanning at Positions 177 and 236 in the Escherichia coli Lactose/H + Cotransporter and Stereotypical Effects of Acidic Substituents That Suggest a Favored Orientation of Transmembrane Segments Relative to the Lipid Bilayer. by King SC, Li S.; 1998 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107231

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The binding of cyclic AMP receptor protein to two lactose promoter sites is not cooperative in vitro. by Hudson JM, Fried MG.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207156

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The General Stress Sigma Factor [final sigma]S of Escherichia coli Is Induced during Diauxic Shift from Glucose to Lactose. by Fischer D, Teich A, Neubauer P, HenggeAronis R.; 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107704

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The increased level of [beta]1,4-galactosyltransferase required for lactose biosynthesis is achieved in part by translational control. by Charron M, Shaper JH, Shaper NL.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24530

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The lactose transport protein is a cooperative dimer with two sugar translocation pathways. by Veenhoff LM, Heuberger EH, Poolman B.; 2001 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150208

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The putative neuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin HpaA of Helicobacter pylori CCUG 17874 is a lipoprotein. by O'Toole PW, Janzon L, Doig P, Huang J, Kostrzynska M, Trust TJ.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177441

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Thermosensitive plasmid replication, temperature-sensitive host growth, and chromosomal plasmid integration conferred by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris lactose plasmids in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. by Feirtag JM, Petzel JP, Pasalodos E, Baldwin KA, McKay LL.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182745

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Thiogalactoside transacetylase of the lactose operon as an enzyme for detoxification. by Andrews KJ, Lin EC.; 1976 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=232886

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Tn2501, a component of the lactose transposon Tn951, is an example of a new category of class II transposable elements. by Michiels T, Cornelis G, Ellis K, Grinsted J.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211824

Studies

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Topology of allosteric regulation of lactose permease. by Seok YJ, Sun J, Kaback HR, Peterkofsky A.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28337

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Transcriptional Regulation and Evolution of Lactose Genes in the Galactose-Lactose Operon of Lactococcus lactis NCDO2054. by Vaughan EE, Pridmore RD, Mollet B.; 1998 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107515

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Transduction of Lactose Metabolism in Streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Cords BR, Baldwin KA.; 1973 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246325

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Transductional evidence for plasmid linkage of lactose metabolism in streptococcus lactis C2. by McKay LL, Baldwin KA, Efstathiou JD.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170003

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Transgalactosylation activity of ebg beta-galactosidase synthesizes allolactose from lactose. by Hall BG.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=220091

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Transport and Metabolism of Lactose, Glucose, and Galactose in Homofermentative Lactobacilli. by Hickey MW, Hillier AJ, Jago GR.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238968

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Transport by the lactose permease of Escherichia coli as the basis of lactose killing. by Dykhuizen D, Hartl D.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222459

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Transport of alpha-p-nitrophenylgalactoside by the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli. by Putzrath RM, Wilson TH.; 1979 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218395

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Unclassified, Lactose-Fermenting, Urease-Producing Member of the Family Enterobacteriaceae Resembling Escherichia coli. by Washington JA II, Maker MD.; 1975 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274128

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Unliganded maltose-binding protein triggers lactose transport in an Escherichia coli mutant with an alteration in the maltose transport system. by Merino G, Shuman HA.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179730

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Unusual Organization for Lactose and Galactose Gene Clusters in Lactobacillus helveticus. by Fortina MG, Ricci G, Mora D, Guglielmetti S, Manachini PL.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161534

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Use of droplet plating method and cystine-lactose-lactng electrolyte-deficient medium in routine quantitative urine culturing procedure. by Neblett TR.; 1976 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274453

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Virulence factors of lactose-negative Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Somalia. by Nicoletti M, Superti F, Conti C, Calconi A, Zagaglia C.; 1988 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266325

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lactose, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lactose (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case-control study of galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to ovarian cancer. Author(s): Cramer DW, Greenberg ER, Titus-Ernstoff L, Liberman RF, Welch WR, Li E, Ng WG. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 January; 9(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10667469&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 July 6; 333(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776987&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the performance of cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar with Oxoid chromogenic urinary tract infection (CUTI) medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of organisms from urine. Author(s): Fallon D, Andrews N, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howe S, Iliffe A, Nye KJ, Warren RE. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 July; 55(7): 524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101200&dopt=Abstract

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A metabolic balance study in term infants fed lactose-containing or lactose-free formula. Author(s): Moya M, Lifschitz C, Ameen V, Euler AR. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 November; 88(11): 1211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10591421&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 to treat lactose intolerance. Author(s): Saltzman JR, Russell RM, Golner B, Barakat S, Dallal GE, Goldin BR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925136&dopt=Abstract

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A toxicological review of lactose to support clinical administration by inhalation. Author(s): Baldrick P, Bamford DG. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 July; 35(7): 719-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9301657&dopt=Abstract

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A visual screening method for lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Buttery JE, Ratnaike RN, Chamberlain BR. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1994 November; 31 ( Pt 6): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880076&dopt=Abstract

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Abdominal pain associated with lactose ingestion in children with lactose intolerance. Author(s): Gremse DA, Greer AS, Vacik J, DiPalma JA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 May; 42(4): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800728&dopt=Abstract

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Abdominal symptoms and lactose: the discrepancy between patients' claims and the results of blinded trials. Author(s): Suarez F, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694029&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption of lactose, glucose polymers, or combination in premature infants. Author(s): Shulman RJ, Feste A, Ou C. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 October; 127(4): 626-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562290&dopt=Abstract

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Acquired lactose intolerance: a seldom considered cause of diarrhea in the palliative care setting. Author(s): Noble S, Rawlinson F, Byrne A. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2002 June; 23(6): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067764&dopt=Abstract

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Actinomyces serovar WVA963 coaggregation-defective mutant strain PK2407 secretes lactose-sensitive adhesin that binds to coaggregation partner Streptococcus oralis 34. Author(s): Klier CM, Roble AG, Kolenbrander PE. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 1998 December; 13(6): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872108&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptation of lactose maldigesters to continued milk intakes. Author(s): Johnson AO, Semenya JG, Buchowski MS, Enwonwu CO, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 December; 58(6): 879-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249871&dopt=Abstract

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Allaying fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. Author(s): McBean LD, Miller GD. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 June; 98(6): 671-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627625&dopt=Abstract

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Alpha-lactose monohydrate single crystals as hosts for matrix isolation of guest biopolymers. Author(s): Wang HC, Kurimoto M, Kahr B, Chmielewski J. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 September; 9(9): 2279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553466&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of sialyllactoses in blood and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Fu D, Zopf D. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1999 April 10; 269(1): 113-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094781&dopt=Abstract

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Applicability of short hydrogen breath test for screening of lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Casellas F, Malagelada JR. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 July; 48(7): 1333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870791&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial glycopolypeptide conjugates: simple synthesis of lactose- and N,N'diacetylchitobiose-substituted poly(L-glutamic acid)s through N-beta-glycoside linkages and their interaction with lectins. Author(s): Kobayashi K, Tawada E, Akaike T, Usui T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1997 August 29; 1336(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305781&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of intestinal permeability: enzymatic determination of urinary mannitol, raffinose, sucrose and lactose on Hitachi analyzer. Author(s): Hessels J, Snoeyink EJ, Platenkamp AJ, Voortman G, Steggink J, Eidhof HH. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 January; 41(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636047&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of lactose tests. Author(s): Lember M. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 December 15; 66(12): 2206, 2208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507158&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of optimal dose of lactose for lactose hydrogen breath test in Indian adults. Author(s): Rana S, Bhasin DK, Gupta D, Mehta SK. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1995 January; 14(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860110&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of the influence of hydrogen nonexcretion on the usefulness of the hydrogen breath test and lactose tolerance test. Author(s): Hammer HF, Petritsch W, Pristautz H, Krejs GJ. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1996; 108(5): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901127&dopt=Abstract

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Assisting families in making appropriate feeding choices: cow's milk protein allergy versus lactose intolerance. Author(s): Baron ML. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 September-October; 26(5): 516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026343&dopt=Abstract

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Association of dairy products, lactose, and calcium with the risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Terada K, Wilkens LR, Murphy S, Hankin JH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 July 15; 156(2): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117706&dopt=Abstract

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Association of dietary lactose and calciuria. Author(s): Brandao AN, Goncalves I, Cruz AS, Mota HC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 January; 18(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166856&dopt=Abstract

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Association of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity and N314D genotype with the risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Goodman MT, Wu AH, Tung KH, McDuffie K, Cramer DW, Wilkens LR, Terada K, Reichardt JK, Ng WG. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October 15; 156(8): 693-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370157&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment of Fusobacterium nucleatum PK1594 to mammalian cells and its coaggregation with periodontopathogenic bacteria are mediated by the same galactose-binding adhesin. Author(s): Weiss EI, Shaniztki B, Dotan M, Ganeshkumar N, Kolenbrander PE, Metzger Z. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2000 December; 15(6): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154434&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteroides forsythus hemagglutinin is inhibited by N-acetylneuraminyllactose. Author(s): Murakami Y, Higuchi N, Nakamura H, Yoshimura F, Oppenheim FG. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2002 April; 17(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929561&dopt=Abstract

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Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase and lactose biosynthesis: recruitment of a housekeeping gene from the nonmammalian vertebrate gene pool for a mammary gland specific function. Author(s): Shaper NL, Charron M, Lo NW, Shaper JH. Source: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 1998 July; 3(3): 315-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819517&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and lactose synthase: molecular mechanical devices. Author(s): Ramakrishnan B, Boeggeman E, Qasba PK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 March 15; 291(5): 1113-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883930&dopt=Abstract

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Bone density in axial and appendicular skeleton in patients with lactose intolerance: influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status. Author(s): Segal E, Dvorkin L, Lavy A, Rozen GS, Yaniv I, Raz B, Tamir A, Ish-Shalom S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805246&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral content and dietary calcium intake in children prescribed a low-lactose diet. Author(s): Stallings VA, Oddleifson NW, Negrini BY, Zemel BS, Wellens R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 May; 18(4): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071779&dopt=Abstract

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Breast growth and the urinary excretion of lactose during human pregnancy and early lactation: endocrine relationships. Author(s): Cox DB, Kent JC, Casey TM, Owens RA, Hartmann PE. Source: Experimental Physiology. 1999 March; 84(2): 421-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226182&dopt=Abstract

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Breath hydrogen responses in infants using lactose-rice formula and regular lactose formula. Author(s): Wu TC, Hwang B, Lee PS. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001 November-December; 42(6): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811219&dopt=Abstract

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Breath testing to evaluate lactose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome correlates with lactulose testing and may not reflect true lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Pimentel M, Kong Y, Park S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 98(12): 2700-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14687820&dopt=Abstract

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Burning issues. A guide for patients. Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Bursey RF. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1999 March; 13(2): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203425&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Manson JE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 25(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712759&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium and zinc absorption from lactose-containing and lactose-free infant formulas. Author(s): Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Davila PM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 76(2): 442-6. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2002 November; 76(5): 1142. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145020&dopt=Abstract

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Can ethanol be omitted from the lactose absorption test? Author(s): Buttery JE, Ratnaike RN. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1995 December; 28(6): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595708&dopt=Abstract

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Can the elimination of lactose from formula improve feeding tolerance in premature infants? Author(s): Griffin MP, Hansen JW. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 135(5): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10547247&dopt=Abstract

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Cell death by overload of the elastin-laminin receptor on human activated lymphocytes: protection by lactose and melibiose. Author(s): Peterszegi G, Texier S, Robert L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999 February; 29(2): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093004&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of women with a family history of ovarian cancer. I. Galactose consumption and metabolism. Author(s): Cramer DW, Muto MG, Reichardt JK, Xu H, Welch WR, Valles B, Ng WG. Source: Cancer. 1994 August 15; 74(4): 1309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8055453&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of a targeted gene carrier, lactose-polyethylene glycol-grafted polyL-lysine and its complex with plasmid DNA. Author(s): Choi YH, Liu F, Choi JS, Kim SW, Park JS. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 1999 November 1; 10(16): 2657-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566893&dopt=Abstract

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Chemotherapy-induced lactose intolerance in adults. Author(s): Parnes HL, Fung E, Schiffer CA. Source: Cancer. 1994 September 1; 74(5): 1629-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062196&dopt=Abstract

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Cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy: methodology and normal values using a lactosefree fatty-meal food supplement. Author(s): Ziessman HA, Jones DA, Muenz LR, Agarval AK. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 44(8): 1263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902416&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic consumption of fresh but not heated yogurt improves breath-hydrogen status and short-chain fatty acid profiles: a controlled study in healthy men with or without lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Rizkalla SW, Luo J, Kabir M, Chevalier A, Pacher N, Slama G. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 December; 72(6): 1474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101474&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical picture of hypolactasia and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Villako K, Maaroos H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 36-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042017&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical tolerance to lactose in children with cow's milk allergy. Author(s): Fiocchi A, Restani P, Leo G, Martelli A, Bouygue GR, Terracciano L, Ballabio C, Valsasina R. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 August; 112(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897287&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning of a human UDP-galactose:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 3betagalactosyltransferase catalyzing the formation of type 1 chains. Author(s): Kolbinger F, Streiff MB, Katopodis AG. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998 January 2; 273(1): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9417100&dopt=Abstract

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Co-adhesion of oral microbial pairs under flow in the presence of saliva and lactose. Author(s): Bos R, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1996 February; 75(2): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655779&dopt=Abstract

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Coincidental malabsorption of lactose, fructose, and sorbitol ingested at low doses is not common in normal adults. Author(s): Ladas SD, Grammenos I, Tassios PS, Raptis SA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 December; 45(12): 2357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258556&dopt=Abstract

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Colchicine-induced lactose malabsorption in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Author(s): Fradkin A, Yahav J, Zemer D, Jonas A. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1995 October; 31(10): 616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7591685&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694025&dopt=Abstract

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Colonically adapted lactose maldigesters may bias dietary studies of colorectal cancer. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 January; 43(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508532&dopt=Abstract

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Common architecture of the primary galactose binding sites of Erythrina corallodendron lectin and heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli in relation to the binding of branched neolactohexaosylceramide. Author(s): Teneberg S, Berntsson A, Angstrom J. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2000 September; 128(3): 481-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965049&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative cross-linking activities of lactose-specific plant and animal lectins and a natural lactose-binding immunoglobulin G fraction from human serum with asialofetuin. Author(s): Gupta D, Kaltner H, Dong X, Gabius HJ, Brewer CF. Source: Glycobiology. 1996 December; 6(8): 843-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023547&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of exogenous lactase (beta-galactosidase) preparations on in vivo lactose digestion. Author(s): Lin MY, Dipalma JA, Martini MC, Gross CJ, Harlander SK, Savaiano DA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 November; 38(11): 2022-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8223076&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a portable breath hydrogen analyser (Micro H2) with a Quintron MicroLyzer in measuring lactose maldigestion, and the evaluation of a Micro H2 for diagnosing hypolactasia. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Poussa T, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1998 May; 58(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9670345&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a rice-based, mixed diet versus a lactose-free, soy-protein isolate formula for young children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Maulen-Radovan I, Brown KH, Acosta MA, Fernandez-Varela H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965421&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of fecal coliform agar and violet red bile lactose agar for fecal coliform enumeration in foods. Author(s): Leclercq A, Wanegue C, Baylac P. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 April; 68(4): 1631-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916678&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of lactose intolerance in healthy Kuwaiti and Asian volunteers. Author(s): Al-Sanae H, Saldanha W, Sugathan TN, Majid Molla A. Source: Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2003 July-September; 12(3): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766333&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of soy-based formulas with lactose and with sucrose in the treatment of acute diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Fayad IM, Hashem M, Hussein A, Zikri MA, Zikri MA, Santosham M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401799&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Nye KJ, Fallon D, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howe S, Turner T, Warren RE, Andrews N; Public Health Laboratory Service (Midlands) Bacterial Methods Evaluation Group. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564242&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of yoghurt, heat treated yoghurt, milk and lactose effects on plasmid dissemination in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Maisonneuve S, Ouriet MF, Duval-Iflah Y. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2001 June; 79(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520006&dopt=Abstract

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Conjugation of plasmid DNAs with lactose via diazocoupling enhances resistance to restriction enzymes and acquires binding affinity to galactose-specific lectin. Author(s): Akasaka T, Matsuura K, Emi N, Kobayashi K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 July 5; 260(2): 3238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403769&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of plasma galactose and glucose to milk lactose synthesis during galactose ingestion. Author(s): Sunehag A, Tigas S, Haymond MW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 2259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519857&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of lactose maldigestion, lactose intolerance, and milk intolerance. Author(s): Johnson AO, Semenya JG, Buchowski MS, Enwonwu CO, Scrimshaw NS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 March; 57(3): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438774&dopt=Abstract

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Crystal structures of guinea-pig, goat and bovine alpha-lactalbumin highlight the enhanced conformational flexibility of regions that are significant for its action in lactose synthase. Author(s): Pike AC, Brew K, Acharya KR. Source: Structure (London, England). 1996 June 15; 4(6): 691-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8805552&dopt=Abstract

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Crystal structures of the bovine beta4galactosyltransferase catalytic domain and its complex with uridine diphosphogalactose. Author(s): Gastinel LN, Cambillau C, Bourne Y. Source: The Embo Journal. 1999 July 1; 18(13): 3546-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393171&dopt=Abstract

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Dairy sensitivity, lactose malabsorption, and elimination diets in inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Mishkin S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 564-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022546&dopt=Abstract

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Demand theory of gene regulation. II. Quantitative application to the lactose and maltose operons of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Savageau MA. Source: Genetics. 1998 August; 149(4): 1677-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9691028&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of the interaction between the CD23 molecule and the galactose residue of glycoproteins. Author(s): Kijimoto-Ochiai S, Horimoto E, Uede T. Source: Immunology Letters. 1994 April; 40(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523289&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the minimum dose of lactose drug carrier that can be sensed during inhalation. Author(s): Higham MA, Sharara AM, Magee RP, Ind PW. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 September; 40(3): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527293&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Arola H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 26-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042016&dopt=Abstract

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Diet does not ensure normal development in galactosemia. Author(s): Widhalm K, Miranda da Cruz BD, Koch M. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997 June; 16(3): 204-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9176825&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary calcium intake in lactose maldigesting intolerant and tolerant AfricanAmerican women. Author(s): Buchowski MS, Semenya J, Johnson AO. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 February; 21(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838887&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review of epidemiology. Author(s): Segall JJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 October; 46(3): 197-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814174&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose intake, lactose intolerance, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in southern Ontario (Canada). Author(s): Risch HA, Jain M, Marrett LD, Howe GR. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1994 November; 5(6): 540-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827241&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and tolerance of lactose from yoghurt and different semi-solid fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in lactose maldigesters--is bacterial lactase important? Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau P, Zidi S, Briet F, Pochart P, Rambaud JC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 50(11): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933119&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbed galactose metabolism in elderly and diabetic humans is associated with cataract formation. Author(s): Birlouez-Aragon I, Ravelontseheno L, Villate-Cathelineau B, Cathelineau G, Abitbol G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1993 August; 123(8): 1370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8336207&dopt=Abstract

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Do patients with short-bowel syndrome need a lactose-free diet? Author(s): Marteau P, Messing B, Arrigoni E, Briet F, Flourie B, Morin MC, Rambaud JC. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 January; 13(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058441&dopt=Abstract

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Does lactose intolerance predispose to low bone density? A population-based study of perimenopausal Finnish women. Author(s): Honkanen R, Pulkkinen P, Jarvinen R, Kroger H, Lindstedt K, Tuppurainen M, Uusitupa M. Source: Bone. 1996 July; 19(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8830983&dopt=Abstract

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Does lactose maldigestion really play a role in the irritable bowel? Author(s): Tolliver BA, Jackson MS, Jackson KL, Barnett ED, Chastang JF, DiPalma JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 July; 23(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835892&dopt=Abstract

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Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes? Author(s): Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250664&dopt=Abstract

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Double-lectin site ricin B chain mutants expressed in insect cells have residual galactose binding: evidence for more than two lectin sites on the ricin toxin B chain. Author(s): Fu T, Burbage C, Tagge E, Chandler J, Willingham M, Frankel A. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 1996 November-December; 7(6): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950484&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a lactose-containing sweetener on root dentine demineralization in situ. Author(s): Aires CP, Tabchoury CP, Del Bel Cury AA, Cury JA. Source: Caries Research. 2002 May-June; 36(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065968&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of buccal administration of a lactose-containing nitroglycerin tablet (Suscard) on plaque pH. Author(s): Lingstrom P, Birkhed D. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 December; 102(6): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871354&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of human milk sialyllactose on cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Portelli J, Gordon A, May JT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 January; 17(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9512191&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactase preparations in asymptomatic individuals with lactase deficiency-gastric digestion of lactose and breath hydrogen analysis. Author(s): Gao KP, Mitsui T, Fujiki K, Ishiguro H, Kondo T. Source: Nagoya J Med Sci. 2002 May; 65(1-2): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083287&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactic acid bacteria on the intestinal production of lactate and short-chain fatty acids, and the absorption of lactose. Author(s): Hove H, Nordgaard-Andersen I, Mortensen PB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 January; 59(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8279407&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactose, lactulose and bisacodyl on gastrointestinal transit studied by metal detector. Author(s): Ewe K, Ueberschaer B, Press AG, Kurreck C, Klump M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1995 February; 9(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766747&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of milks inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus or a yogurt starter culture in lactose-maldigesting children. Author(s): Montes RG, Bayless TM, Saavedra JM, Perman JA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1995 August; 78(8): 1657-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8786251&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of predominant methanogenic flora on the outcome of lactose breath test in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Author(s): Vernia P, Camillo MD, Marinaro V, Caprilli R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 57(9): 1116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947430&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of yogurt on symptoms and kinetics of hydrogen production in lactosemalabsorbing children. Author(s): Shermak MA, Saavedra JM, Jackson TL, Huang SS, Bayless TM, Perman JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 November; 62(5): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572723&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of glucose, galactose, and lactose ingestion on the plasma glucose and insulin response in persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ercan N, Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Redmon JB, Sheridan KJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1993 December; 42(12): 1560-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8246770&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Author(s): Kleessen B, Sykura B, Zunft HJ, Blaut M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129468&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lactose intake on lactose digestion and colonic fermentation in preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL, McClead RE, Cordero L Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 September; 133(3): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9738725&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of milk viscosity on gastric emptying and lactose intolerance in lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau PR, Briet FB, Flourie B, Briend A, Rambaud JC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 July; 66(1): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209179&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of traditional rice-lentil-yogurt diet, lactose free milk protein-based formula and soy protein formula in management of secondary lactose intolerance with acute childhood diarrhoea. Author(s): Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA, Molla AM. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1996 June; 42(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699577&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of ratio of urinary N-acetylneuraminlactose to free sialic acid in some advanced cancer patients. Author(s): Shimada I, Shoji M, Futatsuya R, Katoh T, Kominato Y, Sakamoto T, Fujikura T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 February; 30(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719410&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous synthesis of galactose in normal men and patients with hereditary galactosaemia. Author(s): Berry GT, Nissim I, Lin Z, Mazur AT, Gibson JB, Segal S. Source: Lancet. 1995 October 21; 346(8982): 1073-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7564790&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the pathogenesis of flatulence and abdominal cramps in patients with lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Hammer HF, Petritsch W, Pristautz H, Krejs GJ. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1996; 108(6): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8650927&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for a lactose-mediated association between two nuclear carbohydratebinding proteins. Author(s): Seve AP, Felin M, Doyennette-Moyne MA, Sahraoui T, Aubery M, Hubert J. Source: Glycobiology. 1993 February; 3(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8448382&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for subsites in the galectins involved in sugar binding at the nonreducing end of the central galactose of oligosaccharide ligands: sequence analysis, homology modeling and mutagenesis studies of hamster galectin-3. Author(s): Henrick K, Bawumia S, Barboni EA, Mehul B, Hughes RC. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 January; 8(1): 45-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451013&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence that lactose binding to CBP35 disrupts its interaction with CBP70 in isolated HL60 cell nuclei. Author(s): Seve AP, Hadj-Sahraoui Y, Felin M, Doyennette-Moyne MA, Aubery M, Hubert J. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1994 July; 213(1): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8020591&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting the ability of a high beta-galactosidase yogurt to enhance lactose absorption. Author(s): Kotz CM, Furne JK, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1994 December; 77(12): 3538-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699133&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aquagenic urticaria associated with familial lactose intolerance. Author(s): Treudler R, Tebbe B, Steinhoff M, Orfanos CE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271310&dopt=Abstract

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Fecal hydrogen production and consumption measurements. Response to daily lactose ingestion by lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 February; 42(2): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9052518&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation, fermented foods and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Solomons NW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 56 Suppl 4: S50-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556948&dopt=Abstract

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Fixed drug eruption caused by lactose in an injected botulinum toxin preparation. Author(s): Cox NH, Duffey P, Royle J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 1): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025759&dopt=Abstract

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Folate therapy in acquired lactose intolerance diarrhoea. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 May; 47(5): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8225457&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of lactose-resistant aggregates of human platelets induced by the mistletoe lectin and differential signaling responses to cell contact formation by the lectin or thrombin. Author(s): Samal AB, Timoshenko AV, Loiko EN, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 1998 May; 63(5): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632885&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of oligosaccharides from lactose by Bacillus circulans beta-galactosidase. Author(s): Yanahira S, Kobayashi T, Suguri T, Nakakoshi M, Miura S, Ishikawa H, Nakajima I. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1995 June; 59(6): 1021-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7612988&dopt=Abstract

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Fructooligosaccharides and lactulose cause more symptoms in lactose maldigesters and subjects with pseudohypolactasia than in control lactose digesters. Author(s): Teuri U, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 May; 69(5): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232639&dopt=Abstract

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Fructose and sorbitol malabsorption in ambulatory patients with functional dyspepsia: comparison with lactose maldigestion/malabsorption. Author(s): Mishkin D, Sablauskas L, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 December; 42(12): 2591-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9440643&dopt=Abstract

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Galactosaemia and allelic variation at the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene: a complex relationship between genotype and phenotype. Author(s): Tyfield LA. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 December; 159 Suppl 3: S204-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216901&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-1-phosphate in the pathophysiology of galactosemia. Author(s): Gitzelmann R. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S45-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671964&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) genotype and phenotype, galactose consumption, and the risk of borderline and invasive ovarian cancer (United States). Author(s): Cozen W, Peters R, Reichardt JK, Ng W, Felix JC, Wan P, Pike MC. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 March; 13(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936817&dopt=Abstract

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Galactosemia in infancy: diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Author(s): Chung MA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1997 November-December; 23(6): 563-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429512&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-specific lectin from Viscum album as a mediator of aggregation and priming of human platelets. Author(s): Samal AB, Gabius HJ, Timoshenko AV. Source: Anticancer Res. 1995 March-April; 15(2): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763007&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy for lactose intolerance. Author(s): Freeman HJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1999 April; 13(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10331929&dopt=Abstract

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Gene therapy of cystic fibrosis (CF) airways: a review emphasizing targeting with lactose. Author(s): Klink DT, Glick MC, Scanlin TF. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 2001 September; 18(9): 731-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386459&dopt=Abstract

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Gentamicin release from modified acrylic bone cements with lactose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Author(s): Virto MR, Frutos P, Torrado S, Frutos G. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 January; 24(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417181&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosaminoglycan mimetic biomaterials. 4. Synthesis of sulfated lactose-based glycopolymers that exhibit anticoagulant activity. Author(s): Sun XL, Grande D, Baskaran S, Hanson SR, Chaikof EL. Source: Biomacromolecules. 2002 September-October; 3(5): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217054&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden sources of galactose in the environment. Author(s): Acosta PB, Gross KC. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S87-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671974&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of lactose absorbers in Northern Sardinian patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Meloni GF, Colombo C, La Vecchia C, Pacifico A, Tomasi P, Ogana A, Marinaro AM, Meloni T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 March; 73(3): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237935&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of lactose absorbers in patients with presenile cataract from northern Sardinia. Author(s): Meloni G, Ogana A, Mannazzu MC, Meloni T, Carta F, Carta A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 July; 79(7): 709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662646&dopt=Abstract

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How much lactose is low lactose? Author(s): Hertzler SR, Huynh BC, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 March; 96(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8613657&dopt=Abstract

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Human milk oligosaccharides: an enzymatic protection step simplifies the synthesis of 3'- and 6'-O-sialyllactose and their analogues. Author(s): Rencurosi A, Poletti L, Guerrini M, Russo G, Lay L. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2002 March 15; 337(6): 473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890885&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrogen excretion upon ingestion of dairy products in lactose-intolerant male subjects: importance of the live flora. Author(s): Pelletier X, Laure-Boussuge S, Donazzolo Y. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 55(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423928&dopt=Abstract

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I. Glucose galactose malabsorption. Author(s): Wright EM. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1998 November; 275(5 Pt 1): G879-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9815014&dopt=Abstract

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Ibuprofen augments gastrointestinal symptoms in lactose maldigesters during a lactose tolerance test. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Nevala R, Vapaatalo H, Moilanen E, Korpela R. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 September; 13(9): 1227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468706&dopt=Abstract

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Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect? Author(s): Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC. Source: Gut. 1997 November; 41(5): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414969&dopt=Abstract

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Improved lactose digestion and intolerance among African-American adolescent girls fed a dairy-rich diet. Author(s): Pribila BA, Hertzler SR, Martin BR, Weaver CM, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 May; 100(5): 524-8; Quiz 52930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812376&dopt=Abstract

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Improved parameters of lactose maldigestion using lactulose. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Rivard J, Fokeeff K. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 July; 46(7): 1509-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478504&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of lactose digestion by humans following ingestion of unfermented acidophilus milk: influence of bile sensitivity, lactose transport, and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Mustapha A, Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 August; 80(8): 1537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9276791&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of lactose digestion in humans by ingestion of unfermented milk containing Bifidobacterium longum. Author(s): Jiang T, Mustapha A, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 May; 79(5): 750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792277&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. Author(s): Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 October; 14(5): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906576&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo lactose and lactulose effects on colonic fermentation and portalsystemic encephalopathy parameters. Author(s): Uribe-Esquivel M, Moran S, Poo JL, Munoz RM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1997; 222: 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145447&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro lactose fermentation by human colonic bacteria is modified by Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation. Author(s): Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8): 1489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237942&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo lactose digestion in preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL, McClead RE, Cordero L Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 64(5): 700-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901788&dopt=Abstract

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Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin. Author(s): Mishkin B, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 July; 92(7): 1148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219788&dopt=Abstract

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Ineffectiveness of breath methane excretion as a diagnostic test for lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Myo-Khin, Bolin TD, Khin-Mar-Oo, Tin-Oo, Kyaw-Hla S, Thein-Myint T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1999 May; 28(5): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328120&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of loperamide on lactose handling and oral-caecal transit time. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Salomon R, Seidman E. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1996 October; 10(5): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899085&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of the pharmacological modification of gastric emptying on lactose digestion and gastrointestinal symptoms. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Nevala R, Korpela R. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 January; 13(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892883&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of cholera toxin by human milk fractions and sialyllactose. Author(s): Idota T, Kawakami H, Murakami Y, Sugawara M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1995 March; 59(3): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766178&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adherence by a peptide derived from neuraminyl lactose binding adhesin. Author(s): Chaturvedi G, Tewari R, Mrigank, Agnihotri N, Vishwakarma RA, Ganguly NK. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 December; 228(1-2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855744&dopt=Abstract

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Interregional foodborne salmonellosis outbreak due to powdered infant formula contaminated with lactose-fermenting Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Usera MA, Echeita A, Aladuena A, Blanco MC, Reymundo R, Prieto MI, Tello O, Cano R, Herrera D, Martinez-Navarro F. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 August; 12(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891542&dopt=Abstract

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Intolerance to lactose and other dietary sugars. Author(s): Swallow DM, Poulter M, Hollox EJ. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 April; 29(4 Pt 2): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259342&dopt=Abstract

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Irritable bowel syndrome and lactose maldigestion in recurrent abdominal pain in childhood. Author(s): Gremse DA, Nguyenduc GH, Sacks AI, DiPalma JA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 August; 92(8): 778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456715&dopt=Abstract

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Irritable bowel syndrome: is the search for lactose intolerance justified? Author(s): Parker TJ, Woolner JT, Prevost AT, Tuffnell Q, Shorthouse M, Hunter JO. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 March; 13(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293439&dopt=Abstract

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Is lactose intolerance implicated in the development of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhoea in previously asymptomatic people? Author(s): Parry SD, Barton JR, Welfare MR. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 November; 14(11): 1225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439117&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a relationship between urinary lactose excretion and lactation performance? Author(s): Murtaugh M, Tangney CC, Kerver J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 March; 98(3): 264. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508005&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated rat hepatocytes bind lactoferrins by the RHL-1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in a galactose-independent manner. Author(s): Bennatt DJ, Ling YY, McAbee DD. Source: Biochemistry. 1997 July 8; 36(27): 8367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204884&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization from porcine serum of a soluble sulfotransferase responsible for 6-O-sulfation of the galactose residue in 2'-fucosyllactose: implications in the synthesis of the ligand for L-selectin. Author(s): Huynh QK, Shailubhai K, Boddupalli H, Yu HH, Broschat KO, Jacob GS. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1999 July; 16(7): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10619708&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of a lactose-binding protein with monocyte/macrophage chemotactic activity. Biological and physicochemical characteristics. Author(s): Yamanaka T, Saita N, Kawano O, Matsumoto M, Kohrogi H, Suga M, Ando M, Hirashima M. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 122(1): 66-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859471&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization of a D-galactose-binding lectin from seeds of Erythrina speciosa. Author(s): Konozy EH, Bernardes ES, Rosa C, Faca V, Greene LJ, Ward RJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 February 15; 410(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573281&dopt=Abstract

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Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Hertzler SR, Clancy SM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728216&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose (mal)digestion evaluated by the 13C-lactose digestion test. Author(s): Vonk RJ, Lin Y, Koetse HA, Huang C, Zeng G, Elzinga H, Antoine J, Stellaard F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 February; 30(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651839&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose absorption in patients with ovarian cancer. Author(s): Meloni GF, Colombo C, La Vecchia C, Ruggiu G, Mannazzu MC, Ambrosini G, Cherchi PL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 July 15; 150(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412963&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and benign ovarian tumours in a case-control study. Author(s): Britton JA, Westhoff C, Howe GR, Gammon MD. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 December; 83(11): 1552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076667&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose digestion capacity in Tokelauans: a case for the role of gene flow and genetic drift in establishing the lactose absorption allele in a Polynesian population. Author(s): Cheer SM, Allen JS, Huntsman J. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2000 September; 113(1): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954625&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose does not enhance calcium bioavailability in lactose-tolerant, healthy adults. Author(s): Zittermann A, Bock P, Drummer C, Scheld K, Heer M, Stehle P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 April; 71(4): 931-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731499&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose hydrolysis and calcium absorption in premature feeding. Author(s): Vento M, Moya M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 June; 142(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838211&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose in buspirone. Author(s): Pao M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 November; 38(11): 1327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560214&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose in formulas for preterm infants. Author(s): Kien CL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 January; 138(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148537&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and intestinal villi morphology in Thai people. Author(s): Thong-Ngam D, Suwangool P, Prempracha J, Tangkijvanich P, Vivatvekin B, Sriratanabun A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 August; 84(8): 1090-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758841&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Turnbull GK. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 July-August; 16(7-8): 6656. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906590&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance and neuromuscular symptoms. Author(s): Chaudhuri A. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 5; 356(9228): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981918&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in active Crohn's disease: clinical value of duodenal lactase analysis. Author(s): von Tirpitz C, Kohn C, Steinkamp M, Geerling I, Maier V, Moller P, Adler G, Reinshagen M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 34(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743245&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in different types of irritable bowel syndrome in north Indians. Author(s): Rana SV, Mandal AK, Kochhar R, Katyal R, Singh K. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2001 October-December; 22(4): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963325&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Rusynyk RA, Still CD. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001 April; 101(4 Suppl Pt 1): S10-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392211&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Swagerty DL Jr, Walling AD, Klein RM. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 May 1; 65(9): 1845-50. Review. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician. 2003 March 15; 67(6): 1195. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018807&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau P, Korpela R. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 April; 19(2 Suppl): 165S-175S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759141&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Author(s): Kearney P, Malone A. Source: Ir Med J. 1996 May-June; 89(3): 84, 86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707526&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance. Strategies for symptom management. Author(s): McMahan S, South C, Crespin S. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 June; 10(6): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400367&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a new perspective. Author(s): Franz KB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 November; 100(11): 1303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11103648&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a risk factor for reduced bone mineral density and vertebral fractures? Author(s): Kudlacek S, Freudenthaler O, Weissboeck H, Schneider B, Willvonseder R. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002; 37(12): 1014-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522532&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: a self-fulfilling prophecy leading to osteoporosis? Author(s): Savaiano D. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 June; 61(6 Pt 1): 221-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903833&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: analysis of underlying factors. Author(s): Vonk RJ, Priebe MG, Koetse HA, Stellaard F, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Antoine JM, Zhong Y, Huang CY. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 January; 33(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492455&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Patel YT, Minocha A. Source: Compr Ther. 2000 Winter; 26(4): 246-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126094&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance-a confusing clinical diagnosis. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R, Teuri U. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648279&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption and intolerance and peak bone mass. Author(s): Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Cecchetti L, Minguzzi L, Strocchi A, Corazza GR. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 122(7): 1793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055586&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly. Author(s): Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 36(12): 1274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761016&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption, irritable bowel syndrome and self-reported milk intolerance. Author(s): Vernia P, Di Camillo M, Marinaro V. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 April; 33(3): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407668&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose maldigestion and calcium from dairy products. Author(s): Grant WB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 August; 70(2): 301-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426712&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose maldigestion, calcium intake and osteoporosis in African-, Asian-, and Hispanic-Americans. Author(s): Jackson KA, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 April; 20(2 Suppl): 198S-207S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349943&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Author(s): Andre S, Ortega PJ, Perez MA, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Source: Glycobiology. 1999 November; 9(11): 1253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536041&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-derived oligosaccharides in the milk of elephants: comparison with human milk. Author(s): Kunz C, Rudloff S, Schad W, Braun D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1999 November; 82(5): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673912&dopt=Abstract

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Lactosylated poly-L-lysine targets a potential lactose receptor in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Author(s): Klink D, Yu QC, Glick MC, Scanlin T. Source: Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2003 January; 7(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573620&dopt=Abstract

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Low digestible carbohydrates (polyols and lactose): significance of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions in the rat. Author(s): Lynch BS, Tischler AS, Capen C, Munro IC, McGirr LM, McClain RM. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1996 June; 23(3): 256-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8812969&dopt=Abstract

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Lowering the milk lactose content in vivo: potential interests, strategies and physiological consequences. Author(s): Vilotte JL. Source: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 2002 March-April; 42(2): 127-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216958&dopt=Abstract

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Management of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Tamm A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 55-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042018&dopt=Abstract

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Management of lactose maldigestion by consuming milk containing lactobacilli. Author(s): Lin MY, Yen CL, Chen SH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 January; 43(1): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9508514&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of lactose consumption reliability and comparison of two methods. Author(s): Cooper GS, Busby MG, Fairchild AP. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 1995 November; 5(6): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8680610&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic inhibitors as tools to delineate participation of distinct intracellular pathways in enhancement of lactose-induced dissociation of neutrophil and thymocyte aggregates formed by mediation of a plant lectin. Author(s): Timoshenko AV, Gorudko IV, Kaltner H, Cherenkevich SN, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 October; 43(3): 477-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352065&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of lactose in the human body. Author(s): Arola H, Tamm A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1994; 202: 21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042015&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolites of lactose synthesis in milk from diabetic and nondiabetic women during lactogenesis II. Author(s): Arthur PG, Kent JC, Hartmann PE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 July; 19(1): 100-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965458&dopt=Abstract

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Methane and hydrogen exhalation in normal children and in lactose malabsorption. Author(s): Tormo R, Bertaccini A, Conde M, Infante D, Cura I. Source: Early Human Development. 2001 November; 65 Suppl: S165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755048&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption for the lactose intolerant: a clarification. Author(s): Rose S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 September; 100(9): 1007; Author Reply 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019344&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption for the lactose intolerant: a clarification. Author(s): Coughlin C. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 September; 100(9): 1006-7; Author Reply 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019343&dopt=Abstract

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Milk consumption, galactose metabolism and ovarian cancer (Australia). Author(s): Webb PM, Bain CJ, Purdie DM, Harvey PW, Green A. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 1998 December; 9(6): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189050&dopt=Abstract

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Milk fat does not affect the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Lember M, Korpela R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 September; 51(9): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306091&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of colonic fermentation by bifidobacteria and pH in vitro. Impact on lactose metabolism, short-chain fatty acid, and lactate production. Author(s): Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 November; 42(11): 2370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9398819&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis for glucose-galactose malabsorption. Author(s): Wright EM, Turk E, Martin MG. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002; 36(2-3): 115-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139397&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human beta 1,4-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase, beta 4GalNAc-T3, responsible for the synthesis of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, galNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc. Author(s): Sato T, Gotoh M, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kubota T, Kikuchi N, Ishizuka Y, Iwasaki H, Togayachi A, Kudo T, Ohkura T, Nakanishi H, Narimatsu H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 November 28; 278(48): 47534-44. Epub 2003 September 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966086&dopt=Abstract

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Myths & facts. about lactose intolerance. Author(s): McConnell EA. Source: Nursing. 1999 March; 29(3): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10205513&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal diabetes mellitus with hypergalactosemia. Author(s): Kentrup H, Altmuller J, Pfaffle R, Heimann G. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1999 October; 141(4): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526252&dopt=Abstract

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Number of breath samples required for detection of lactose intolerance by lactose hydrogen breath test. Author(s): Rana S, Bhasin DK, Sachdev A, Singh K. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997 July; 16(3): 118. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248196&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing caries and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Juambeltz JC, Kula K, Perman J. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1993 November-December; 60(4): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126301&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements used in weight-reduction programs increase intestinal gas in persons who malabsorb lactose. Author(s): Suarez FL, Zumarraga LM, Furne JK, Levitt MD. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 101(12): 1447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762740&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Devogelaer JP, Mainguet P, Faille I. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 June; 63(6): 460. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817761&dopt=Abstract

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Overcoming the barrier of lactose intolerance to reduce health disparities. Author(s): Jarvis JK, Miller GD. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 February; 94(2): 55-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853047&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of lactose maldigestion (lactase nonpersistence). Author(s): Inman-Felton AE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 April; 99(4): 481-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207405&dopt=Abstract

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Partial deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. Author(s): Gitzelmann R, Bosshard NU. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S40-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671963&dopt=Abstract

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Partial effect of bromocriptine on lactose and galactose synthesis in a pregnant woman heterozygous for galactosaemia. Author(s): Odievre M, Brivet M, Riviere MF, Labrune P. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 2001 August; 24(4): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596654&dopt=Abstract

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Pathways for lactose/galactose catabolism by Streptococcus salivarius. Author(s): Chen YY, Betzenhauser MJ, Snyder JA, Burne RA. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 March 19; 209(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007657&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent diarrhoea: associated infection and response to a low lactose diet. Author(s): Ashraf H, Ahmed S, Fuchs GJ, Mahalanabis D. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 48(3): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164597&dopt=Abstract

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Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults. Author(s): Holden C, Mace R. Source: Human Biology; an International Record of Research. 1997 October; 69(5): 60528. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299882&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma galactose and galactitol concentration in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia: determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Ning C, Segal S. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 November; 49(11): 1460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092512&dopt=Abstract

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Poly(DMAEMA-NVP)-b-PEG-galactose as gene delivery vector for hepatocytes. Author(s): Lim DW, Yeom YI, Park TG. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2000 September-October; 11(5): 688-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995213&dopt=Abstract

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Possible therapeutic use of loperamide for symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Szilagyi A, Torchinsky A, Calacone A. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 July-August; 14(7): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978944&dopt=Abstract

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Prebiotics or probiotics for lactose intolerance: a question of adaptation. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393148&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy-exaggerated galactosemia and congenital cataracts. Author(s): Ramakrishnan S, Sulochana KN, Punitham R, Kar B, Ravishankar K, Vasanthi SB, Lakshminarayanan P. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1998 November-December; 65(6): 919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773961&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Galicia. Author(s): Leis R, Tojo R, Pavon P, Douwes A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1997 September; 25(3): 296300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285380&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex. Author(s): Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1994 July; 39(7): 1519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026265&dopt=Abstract

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Primary structure of the soluble lactose binding lectin L-29 from rat and dog and interaction of its non-collagenous proline-, glycine-, tyrosine-rich sequence with bacterial and tissue collagenase. Author(s): Herrmann J, Turck CW, Atchison RE, Huflejt ME, Poulter L, Gitt MA, Burlingame AL, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 December 15; 268(35): 26704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8253805&dopt=Abstract

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Production and simple purification of a protein encoded by part of the gag gene of HIV-1 in the Escherichia coli HB101F+ expression system inducible by lactose and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. Author(s): Liska V, Dyr JE, Suttnar J, Hirsch I, Vonka V. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 June 3; 656(1): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7952023&dopt=Abstract

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Production of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. Author(s): Onishi N, Yamashiro A, Yokozeki K. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1995 November; 61(11): 4022-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526516&dopt=Abstract

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Products of DNA mismatch repair genes mutS and mutL are required for transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Mellon I, Champe GN. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 February 6; 93(3): 1292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8577757&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of lactose absorption during cancer chemotherapy: feasibility of a yogurt-supplemented diet in lactose malabsorbers. Author(s): Pettoello-Mantovani M, Guandalini S, diMartino L, Corvino C, Indolfi P, Casale F, Giuliano M, Dubrovsky L, Di Tullio MT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1995 February; 20(2): 18995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7714685&dopt=Abstract

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Protein domain mapping by lambda phage display: the minimal lactose-binding domain of galectin-3. Author(s): Moriki T, Kuwabara I, Liu FT, Maruyama IN. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 November 19; 265(2): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558859&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary deposition of lactose carriers used in inhalation powders. Author(s): Karhu M, Kuikka J, Kauppinen T, Bergstrom K, Vidgren M. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 February 25; 196(1): 95-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675711&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and cell attachment activity of a D-galactose-binding lectin from the skin of sea hare, Aplysia kurodai. Author(s): Ozeki Y. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 August; 45(5): 989-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9739463&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative assessment of whole body galactose metabolism in galactosemic patients. Author(s): Berry GT, Nissim I, Gibson JB, Mazur AT, Lin Z, Elsas LJ, Singh RH, Klein PD, Segal S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 August; 156 Suppl 1: S43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266215&dopt=Abstract

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Raising milk energy content retards gastric emptying of lactose in lactose-intolerant humans with little effect on lactose digestion. Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau PR, Briet FB, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rambaud JC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 December; 127(12): 2316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9405580&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized multicenter trial documenting the efficacy and safety of a lactose-free and a lactose-containing formula for term infants. Author(s): Heubi J, Karasov R, Reisinger K, Blatter M, Rosenberg L, Vanderhoof J, Darden PM, Safier J, Martin T, Euler AR. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 February; 100(2): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670394&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent abdominal pain and lactose maldigestion in school-aged children. Author(s): DiPalma AM, DiPalma JA. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 1997 September-October; 20(5): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384061&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between lactose digestion, gastrointestinal transit time and symptoms in lactose malabsorbers after dairy consumption. Author(s): Labayen I, Forga L, Gonzalez A, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Nutr R, Martinez JA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 April; 15(4): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284784&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between methane production and breath hydrogen excretion in lactosemalabsorbing individuals. Author(s): Montes RG, Saavedra JM, Perman JA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1993 March; 38(3): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8444074&dopt=Abstract

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Requirement of cell growth for gene expression induced by the lactose and tetracycline repressor-operator combination system in a human T cell line. Author(s): Iwanaga R, Ohtani K, Nakamura M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 September 24; 276(2): 546-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11027511&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1591-602. Review. Erratum In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197838&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: the treatment of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1995 December; 9(6): 589-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824645&dopt=Abstract

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Ricin toxin contains at least three galactose-binding sites located in B chain subdomains 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 2 gamma. Author(s): Frankel AE, Burbage C, Fu T, Tagge E, Chandler J, Willingham MC. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 November 26; 35(47): 14749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942636&dopt=Abstract

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Role of irritable bowel syndrome in subjective lactose intolerance. Author(s): Vesa TH, Seppo LM, Marteau PR, Sahi T, Korpela R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 April; 67(4): 710-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9537618&dopt=Abstract

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Selective uptake by cancer cells of liposomes coated with polysaccharides bearing 1aminolactose. Author(s): Matsukawa S, Yamamoto M, Ichinose K, Ohata N, Ishii N, Kohji T, Akiyoshi K, Sunamoto J, Kanematsu T. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 July-August; 20(4): 2339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953294&dopt=Abstract

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Senile cataractic lenses do not accumulate galactitol in either lactose tolerant or intolerant subjects. Author(s): Wacker H, Soldati L, Simonelli F, Richter C, Gazzaniga A, Auricchio S, Semenza G. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1993 October 29; 220(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287555&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory characteristics and acceptability of lactose-reduced baked custards made with an egg substitute. Author(s): Wu VT, Brochetti D, Duncan SE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 December; 98(12): 1467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850121&dopt=Abstract

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Should we test for lactose malabsorption? Author(s): Suarez F, Levitt MD. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 April; 29(2): 113-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646189&dopt=Abstract

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Structure-function analysis of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Essential residues lie in a predicted active site cleft resembling a lactose repressor fold. Author(s): Hagen FK, Hazes B, Raffo R, deSa D, Tabak LA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 March 5; 274(10): 6797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037781&dopt=Abstract

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Study design of an investigation of lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Barnard ND. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 June; 69(6): 1289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357754&dopt=Abstract

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Sugar nucleotide concentrations in red blood cells of patients on protein- and lactoselimited diets: effect of galactose supplementation. Author(s): Gibson JB, Berry GT, Palmieri MJ, Reynolds RA, Mazur AT, Segal S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 May; 63(5): 704-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615352&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of lactose intolerance - forget about the cause? Author(s): Allard JP. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 July-August; 14(7): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978942&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new sialyl Lewis X mimetic derived from lactose. Author(s): Chervin SM, Lowe JB, Koreeda M. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 August 9; 67(16): 5654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153264&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of beta-galactose-conjugated chlorins derived by enyne metathesis as galectin-specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Author(s): Zheng G, Graham A, Shibata M, Missert JR, Oseroff AR, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2001 December 28; 66(26): 8709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749598&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic infections in three infants due to a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow. Author(s): Ruiz J, Nunez ML, Sempere MA, Diaz J, Gomez J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 May; 14(5): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7556238&dopt=Abstract

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Temperature of a test solution influences abdominal symptoms in lactose tolerance tests. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Nevala R, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2000 February; 60(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757456&dopt=Abstract

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Terminal alpha-linked galactose rather than N-acetyl lactosamine is ligand for bovine heart galectin-1 in N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. Author(s): Appukuttan PS. Source: Journal of Molecular Recognition : Jmr. 2002 July-August; 15(4): 180-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382235&dopt=Abstract

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Test for lactose intolerance. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 July; 22(7): 1272. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8373318&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical relevance of lactose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Bohmer CJ, Tuynman HA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1996 October; 8(10): 10136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930569&dopt=Abstract

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The connection between lactose and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Seely S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1995 February; 48(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7775002&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a lactose-restricted diet in patients with a positive lactose tolerance test, earlier diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. Author(s): Bohmer CJ, Tuynman HA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 August; 13(8): 941-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507359&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of different concentrations of lactose powder on the airway function of adult asthmatics. Author(s): Thoren P, Wallin A, Whitehead PJ, Sandstrom T. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 November; 95(11): 870-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716200&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose derivatives on intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Author(s): Kontula P, Suihko ML, Von Wright A, Mattila-Sandholm T. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 February; 82(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068946&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose maldigestion on the stools of young Tswana children. Author(s): de Villiers FP. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1995 February; 41(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723134&dopt=Abstract

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The frequency distribution of lactose malabsorption among adult populations from the eastern and western Egyptian deserts. Author(s): Hussein L, Ezzilarab A. Source: Biochemical Genetics. 1994 October; 32(9-10): 331-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702547&dopt=Abstract

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The human HIP gene, overexpressed in primary liver cancer encodes for a C-type carbohydrate binding protein with lactose binding activity. Author(s): Christa L, Felin M, Morali O, Simon MT, Lasserre C, Brechot C, Seve AP. Source: Febs Letters. 1994 January 3; 337(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8276102&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of HIV infection on lactose absorptive capacity. Author(s): Corazza GR, Ginaldi L, Furia N, Marani-Toro G, Di Giammartino D, Quaglino D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 July; 35(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279721&dopt=Abstract

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The increased level of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase required for lactose biosynthesis is achieved in part by translational control. Author(s): Charron M, Shaper JH, Shaper NL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 December 8; 95(25): 14805-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9843970&dopt=Abstract

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The inducible lactose operator-repressor system is functional in the whole animal. Author(s): Wu JD, Hsueh HC, Huang WT, Liu HS, Leung HW, Ho YR, Lin MT, Lai MD. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 1997 January; 16(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022041&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance in Chinese children of different ages. Author(s): Yang Y, He M, Cui H, Bian L, Wang Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2000 December; 113(12): 1129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776151&dopt=Abstract

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The pro-region of human intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase is enzymatically inactive towards lactose. Author(s): Naim HY. Source: Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1995 April; 376(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626235&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between lactose tolerance test results and symptoms of lactose intolerance. Author(s): Hermans MM, Brummer RJ, Ruijgers AM, Stockbrugger RW. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 June; 92(6): 981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177514&dopt=Abstract

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The resistance to betalactam antibiotics of lactose-positive and lactose-negative strains of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Janicka G, Wojciechowska D, Harenska K, Porada J, Klyszejko C. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol. 1997; 46(4): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9516987&dopt=Abstract

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The role of galactose, lactose, and galactose valency in the biorecognition of N-(2hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers by human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Author(s): David A, Kopeckova P, Kopecek J, Rubinstein A. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 August; 19(8): 1114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240936&dopt=Abstract

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The role of polyols in the pathophysiology of hypergalactosemia. Author(s): Berry GT. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1995; 154(7 Suppl 2): S53-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671966&dopt=Abstract

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Thermodynamic analysis of the binding of galactose and poly-N-acetyllactosamine derivatives to human galectin-3. Author(s): Bachhawat-Sikder K, Thomas CJ, Surolia A. Source: Febs Letters. 2001 June 29; 500(1-2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434930&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance and absorption of lactose from milk and yogurt during short-bowel syndrome in humans. Author(s): Arrigoni E, Marteau P, Briet F, Pochart P, Rambaud JC, Messing B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 December; 60(6): 926-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7985635&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to small amounts of lactose in lactose maldigesters. Author(s): Vesa TH, Korpela RA, Sahi T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 64(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694020&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance. Author(s): Suarez FL, Savaiano D, Arbisi P, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129483&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of lactose intolerance with exogenous beta-D-galactosidase in pellet form. Author(s): Xenos K, Kyroudis S, Anagnostidis A, Papastathopoulos P. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1998 April-June; 23(2): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725505&dopt=Abstract

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Unethical promotion of lactose-free formula. Author(s): Tahir KI. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 26; 353(9171): 2247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393018&dopt=Abstract

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Uridine diphosphate hexoses in leukocytes and fibroblasts of classic galactosemics and patients with other metabolic diseases. Author(s): Gibson JB, Reynolds RA, Palmieri MJ, States B, Berry GT, Segal S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1994 November; 36(5): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877880&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of lactose and oligosaccharides in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. Author(s): Rudloff S, Pohlentz G, Diekmann L, Egge H, Kunz C. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 May; 85(5): 598-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827106&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium as an index of absorption is not affected by lactose intake in healthy adults. Author(s): Brink EJ, van Beresteijn EC, Dekker PR, Beynen AC. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1993 May; 69(3): 863-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329360&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary galactonate in patients with galactosemia: quantitation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Wehrli SL, Berry GT, Palmieri M, Mazur A, Elsas L 3rd, Segal S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1997 December; 42(6): 855-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396569&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose excretion increases with estimated milk production. Author(s): Murtaugh MA, Kerver J, Tangney CC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1996 December; 23(5): 6314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985859&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose excretion is not an index of lactation performance. Author(s): Yoon JS, Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Woodhouse LR, King JC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1996 November; 96(11): 1179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906146&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary lactose: changes postpartum and relation with breast milk production. Author(s): Kalkwarf HJ, Kalis M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 March; 65(3): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062524&dopt=Abstract

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Urine and plasma galactitol in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia. Author(s): Palmieri M, Mazur A, Berry GT, Ning C, Wehrli S, Yager C, Reynolds R, Singh R, Muralidharan K, Langley S, Elsas L 2nd, Segal S. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 October; 48(10): 1294-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535394&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the lactose H2 breath test to monitor mucosal healing in coeliac disease. Author(s): Murphy MS, Sood M, Johnson T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951999&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of urinary galactose for diagnosis of hypolactasia. Author(s): Alvarez-Coca J, Perez-Miranda M, Iritia M, Escobar H, Jimenez-Alonso I, Pajares JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 July; 23(1): 79-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835913&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization and acid production of beta-galactosyllactose by oral streptococci and human dental plaque. Author(s): Hata S, Hata H, Kanou N, Saito T, Kamiyama K, Mayanagi H. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2001 February; 16(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169141&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) associated with the N314D mutation of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT). Author(s): Cramer DW, Goldstein DP, Fraer C, Reichardt JK. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1996 March; 2(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238673&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24 h and throughout the first year of lactation. Author(s): Mitoulas LR, Kent JC, Cox DB, Owens RA, Sherriff JL, Hartmann PE. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 88(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117425&dopt=Abstract

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Variations of neutral oligosaccharides and lactose in human milk during the feeding. Author(s): Thurl S, Henker J, Taut H, Tovar K, Sawatzki G. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1993 December; 32(4): 262-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8128747&dopt=Abstract

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Wedgelike glycodendrimers as inhibitors of binding of mammalian galectins to glycoproteins, lactose maxiclusters, and cell surface glycoconjugates. Author(s): Andre S, Pieters RJ, Vrasidas I, Kaltner H, Kuwabara I, Liu FT, Liskamp RM, Gabius HJ. Source: Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology. 2001 November 5; 2(11): 822-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948868&dopt=Abstract

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When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues. Author(s): Srinivasan R, Minocha A. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1998 September; 104(3): 109-11, 115-6, 122-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9742907&dopt=Abstract

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Wide variations in the testing of lactose tolerance: results of a questionnaire study in Finnish health care centres. Author(s): Peuhkuri K, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2000 July; 60(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943599&dopt=Abstract

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X-ray crystal structure of the human dimeric S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, in complex with lactose at 2.9-A resolution. Author(s): Lobsanov YD, Gitt MA, Leffler H, Barondes SH, Rini JM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993 December 25; 268(36): 27034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262940&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lactose.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lactose The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on lactose: •

Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Nutrition Research Centre, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA (United Kingdom) Source: Shaw, A.D. Brooks, J.L. Dickerson, J.W.T. Davies, G.J. Nutrition-ResearchReviews (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 11(2) page 279-309.

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Lessons in comparative physiology: lactose intolerance. Source: Filer, L.J. Jr. Reynolds, W.A. Nutrition-today (USA). (Mar-April 1997). volume 32(2) page 79-81.

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Nutritional origin of cataracts. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (November 1984). volume 42(11) page 377-379.

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The role of milk in human health: an Australian perspective. Source: Towers, P.A. Harden, T.J. Nichol, A.W. Halley, S. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 219-225.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

Can't stomach milk? Keep lactose intolerance at bay. Source: Lepke, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. October 1993. volume 16 (10) page 2. 0893-4452

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Efficacy of exogenous lactase for lactose intolerance. Source: Nutrition-reviews (USA). (April 1988). volume 46(4) page 150-152. digestive disorders galactosidases metabolic disorders prevention children 0029-6643

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Lactose digestion and maldigestion: implications for dietary habits in developing countries. Source: Vorster, H.H. Cummings, J.H. Jerling, J.C. Nutr-res-rev. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. : CAB International. December 1997. volume 10 page 137-149. 0954-4224

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Lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester 01655, USA. Source: Mascolo, R Saltzman, J R Nutr-Revolume 1998 October; 56(10): 306-8 0029-6643

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Marketers milk misconceptions on lactose intolerance. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 1983-c1997. December 1994. volume 12 (10) page 4-7. 0747-4105

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More lactose in your life? Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1999 January 5; 5(1): 6 1081-5880

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Most frequently asked questions about lactose intolerance. Author(s): Cornell University Medical College. Source: Levine, B. Nutrition-today (USA). (April 1996). volume 31(2) page 78-79.

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lactose” (or a synonym): •

Absorption of immunoglobulins from dried and freeze-dried cows colostrum supplemented with bioactive compounds. Author(s): Akademia Rolnicza, Wroclaw (Poland)

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Source: Szulc, T. Zachwieja, A. Dobicki, A. Kucera, J. Acta-Universitatis-Agriculturae-etSilviculturae-Mendelianae-Brunensis (Czech Republic). (2001). volume 49(5) page 17-23. •

Changes in ewe milk composition depending on lactation stage and feeding season. Author(s): University of J.J. Strossmayer, Osijek (Croatia). Faculty of Agriculture Source: Antunovic, Z. Steiner, Z. Sencic, D. Mandic, M. Klapec, T. Czech-Journal-ofAnimal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (February 2001). volume 46(2) page 75-82.

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Effect of culture-containing dairy products on intestinal microflora, human nutrtion and health. Current knowledge and future perspectives. Author(s): Arla Forskning and Utveckling AB, Stockholm (Sweden) Source: Fonden, R. Mogensen, G. Tanaka, R. Salminen, S. Bulletin-FIL-IDF (Belgium). International Dairy Federation. (2000). (no.352) page 5-30.

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Effect of vitamin E and selenium administration on sheep milk quality. Author(s): Perugia Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Pauselli, M. Bolla, A. Casoli, C. Duranti, E. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 505-507.

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Relationship between somatic cells count - whey protein and coagulation properties in sheep milk [Sardinia]. Author(s): Sassari Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani per la Fecondazione Artificiale, Milan (Italy) Source: Nudda, A. Battacone, G. Murgia, P. Pulina, G. Feligini, M. Proceedings-of-theASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 511-513.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for efficient conversion of lactose in salted and unsalted cheese whey into ethanol. Author(s): Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Tahoun, M K el Nemr, T M Shata, O H Nahrung. 2002 October; 46(5): 321-6 0027-769X

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Alpha-lactose monohydrate single crystals as hosts for matrix isolation of guest biopolymers. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA. Source: Wang, H C Kurimoto, M Kahr, B Chmielewski, J Bioorg-Med-Chem. 2001 September; 9(9): 2279-83 0968-0896

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Breath hydrogen responses in infants using lactose-rice formula and regular lactose formula. Author(s): Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Wu, T C Hwang, B Lee, P S Acta-Paediatr-Taiwan. 2001 Nov-December; 42(6): 328-32

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

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Source: Manson, J E Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 April; 25(6): 8 1052-1577 •

Calcium needs and lactose intolerance. Source: Perman, J.A. Carnat-Nutr-Educ-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1992. volume 3 page 65-75. 1049-4901

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Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of lactitol in rats: comparison with lactose. Source: Woutersen, R.A. Low digestibility carbohydrates : proceedings of a workshop held at the TNO-CIVO Institutes, Zeist, the Netherlands, 27-28 November 1986 / editing committee, D.C. Leegwater, VolumeJ. Feron & R.J.J. Hermus. Wageningen : Pudoc, 1987. page 51-60. ISBN: 9022009203

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Comparative evaluation of co-processed lactose and microcrystalline cellulose with their physical mixtures in the formulation of folic acid tablets. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Catholic University of Leuven, O&N Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Michoel, A Rombaut, P Verhoye, A Pharm-Dev-Technol. 2002 January; 7(1): 7987 1083-7450

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Comparison of the performance of lactose and mannitol selenite enriched broths, subcultured to DCA and XLD agars, in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Author(s): Public Health Laboratory (Midlands), Group Headquarters, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital. [email protected] Source: Nye, K J Fallon, D Frodsham, D Gee, B Howe, S Turner, T Warren, R E Andrews, N Commun-Dis-Public-Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 285-8 1462-1843

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Comparison of yoghurt, heat treated yoghurt, milk and lactose effects on plasmid dissemination in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche de Jouy en Josas, Unite d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Systeme Digestif, France. Source: Maisonneuve, S Ouriet, M F Duval Iflah, Y Antonie-Van-Leeuwenhoek. 2001 June; 79(2): 199-207 0003-6072

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Dairy science to the defense: now military personnel and others can enjoy a lowlactose powdered milk. Source: Stanley, D. Agric-res. Washington, D.C. : Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. October 1995. volume 43 (10) page 10-11. 0002-161X

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Effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation on growth performance and histology of the immune system in broilers. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Gulsen, N Coskun, B Umucalilar, H D Inal, F Boydak, M Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 April; 56(2): 131-9 0003-942X

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Effect of mastitis on milk lactose, chloride and koestler's number. Author(s): Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Dept. of Botany Source: Morsi, N.M. El Gazzar, H. Saleh, Y. Hanafi, A. Pakistan-Journal-of-BiologicalSciences (Pakistan). (January 2000). volume 3(1) page 20-23. mastitis milk proximate composition lactose chlorides streptococcus species enterococcus 1028-8880

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Effect of yogurt and bifidus yogurt fortified with skim milk powder, condensed whey and lactose-hydrolysed condensed whey on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats. Source: Beena, A. Prasad, V. J-dairy-res. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1929. August 1997. volume 64 (3) page 453-457. 0022-0299

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High-resolution crystal structures of Erythrina cristagalli lectin in complex with lactose and 2'-alpha-L-fucosyllactose and correlation with thermodynamic binding data. Author(s): Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Center for Structural Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, P. O. Box 462, SE-405-30 Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Svensson, C Teneberg, S Nilsson, C L Kjellberg, A Schwarz, F P Sharon, N Krengel, U J-Mol-Biol. 2002 August 2; 321(1): 69-83 0022-2836

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Lactose: truth or intolerances. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. April 1991. volume 18 (3) page 8-9. 0199-5510

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Nutritional significance of lactose. II. Metabolism and toxicity of galactose. Source: Flynn, A. Dev-Dairy-Chem. London: Applied Science Publishers. 1985. volume 3 page 133-141.

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Nutritive value of chicken and corn flour mixtures in formulas for infants with lactose intolerance. Source: Cornejo, L. Hernandez, M. Sotelo, A. Cereal-chem. St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1924-. Sept/October 1993. volume 70 (5) page 572-575. 0009-0352

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Purification and characterization of three galactose specific lectins from mulberry seeds (Morus sp.). Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. [email protected] Source: Yeasmin, T Tang, M A Razzaque, A Absar, N Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 December; 268(23): 6005-10 0014-2956

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The combination of molecular dynamics with crystallography for elucidating proteinligand interactions: a case study involving peanut lectin complexes with T-antigen and lactose. Author(s): Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India. Source: Pratap, J V Bradbrook, G M Reddy, G B Surolia, A Raftery, J Helliwell, J R Vijayan, M Acta-Crystallogr-D-Biol-Crystallogr. 2001 November; 57(Pt 11): 1584-94 09074449

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The diversion of lactose carbon through the tagatose pathway reduces the intracellular fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and growth rate of Streptococcus bovis. Source: Bond, D.R. Tsai, B.M. Russell, J.B. Appl-microbiol-biotechnol. Berlin, Germany : Springer Verlag. May 1998. volume 49 (5) page 600-605. 0175-7598

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The effect of different concentrations of lactose powder on the airway function of adult asthmatics. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Lycksele Hospital, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Thoren, P Wallin, A Whitehead, P J Sandstrom, T Respir-Med. 2001 November; 95(11): 870-5 0954-6111

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The influence of excipients on the stability of the moisture sensitive drugs aspirin and niacinamide: comparison of tablets containing lactose monohydrate with tablets containing anhydrous lactose. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Source: Du, J Hoag, S W Pharm-Dev-Technol. 2001; 6(2): 159-66 1083-7450

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The influence of moderate lactose intake on intestinal lactase activity, protein utilization and energy digestibility in rats. Source: Smulikowska, S. Eggum, B.O. Wolstrup, J. Z-Tierphysiol-TierernahrFuttermittelkd-J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr. Hamburg, W. Ger. : Paul Parey. April 1985. volume 53 (5) page 225-232. 0044-3565

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The isolation of lactic acid bacteria from human colonic biopsies after enrichment on lactose derivatives and rye arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. Source: Kontula, P. Suihko, M.L. Suortti, T. Tenkanen, M. Mattila Sandholm, T. Wright, A. von. Food-microbiol. London; Orlando : Academic Press, c1984-. February 2000. volume 17 (1) page 13-22. 0740-0020

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Nutrition

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to lactose; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Food and Diet Almond Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Multi-Grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oat Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lactose. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lactose and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lactose” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lactose: •

A genetic study of lactose digestion in Nigerian families. Author(s): Ransome-Kuti O, Kretchmer N, Johnson JD, Gribble JT. Source: Gastroenterology. 1975 March; 68(3): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112447&dopt=Abstract

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A putative carbohydrate-binding domain of the lactose-binding Cytisus sessilifolius anti-H(O) lectin has a similar amino acid sequence to that of the L-fucose-binding Ulex europaeus anti-H(O) lectin. Author(s): Konami Y, Yamamoto K, Osawa T, Irimura T. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1995 April; 12(2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620329&dopt=Abstract

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An institutional outbreak of Salmonellosis due to lactose-fermenting Salmonella newport. Author(s): Anand CM, Finlayson MC, Garson JZ, Larson ML.

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Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980 November; 74(5): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7446468&dopt=Abstract •

Analysis of tumour necrosis factor alpha-specific, lactose-specific and mistletoe lectin-specific binding sites in human lung carcinomas by labelled ligands. Author(s): Kayser K, Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Hagemeyer O. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1992; 421(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1329310&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition in the growing rat as affected by dietary lactose, calcium, buffering capacity and EDTA. Author(s): Ali RA, Evans JL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1971 October; 33(4): 765-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4999154&dopt=Abstract

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By the way, doctor. I've started drinking soy milk instead of cow's milk because I've developed an intolerance to lactose. I know there are so-called phytoestrogens in soy products and that they are probably of some benefit to me. However, is there a problem for my husband? Author(s): Manson JE. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 25(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712759&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium utilization and feed deficiency in the growing rat as affected by dietary calcium, buffering capacity, lactose and EDTA. Author(s): Evans JL, Ali R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1967 August; 92(4): 417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4964543&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate binding activities of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: IV. Effect of lactose and flavones on the expression of the lectin, BJ38. Author(s): Loh JT, Ho SC, Wang JL, Schindler M. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1994 August; 11(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7873932&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of purified, reconstituted site-directed cysteine mutants of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli. Author(s): van Iwaarden PR, Driessen AJ, Menick DR, Kaback HR, Konings WN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991 August 25; 266(24): 15688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1874727&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical modification of the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli by plumbagin, phenylarsinoxide or diethylpyrocarbonate affects the binding of galactoside. Author(s): Neuhaus JM, Wright JK. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1983 December 15; 137(3): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6363064&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic diarrhea and soy formulas. Inhibition of diarrhea by lactose. Author(s): Donovan GK, Torres-Pinedo R. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 October; 141(10): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3630992&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience and research with the non-lactose bacillus proteus. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1964 January-February; 57: 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14109172&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical proving and research of the non lactose bacillus gaertner co. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1963 November-December; 56: 381-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14070440&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical proving and research of the non lactose Bacillus Gaertner Co. Author(s): GRIGGS WB. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1963 July-August; 56: 296-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13950434&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical trial of home available, mixed diets versus a lactose-free, soy-protein formula for the dietary management of acute childhood diarrhea. Author(s): Alarcon P, Montoya R, Perez F, Dongo JW, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1991 February; 12(2): 22432. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2051273&dopt=Abstract

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Common architecture of the primary galactose binding sites of Erythrina corallodendron lectin and heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli in relation to the binding of branched neolactohexaosylceramide. Author(s): Teneberg S, Berntsson A, Angstrom J. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2000 September; 128(3): 481-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965049&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative cross-linking activities of lactose-specific plant and animal lectins and a natural lactose-binding immunoglobulin G fraction from human serum with

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asialofetuin. Author(s): Gupta D, Kaltner H, Dong X, Gabius HJ, Brewer CF. Source: Glycobiology. 1996 December; 6(8): 843-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023547&dopt=Abstract •

Comparison of a rice-based, mixed diet versus a lactose-free, soy-protein isolate formula for young children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Maulen-Radovan I, Brown KH, Acosta MA, Fernandez-Varela H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965421&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of inhibitory effect of galactose analogs on the binding and cytotoxicity of an anti-globotriaosylceramide monoclonal antibody coupled or not coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein. Author(s): Junqua S, Wils P, Mishal Z, Le Pecq JB. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1987 April; 17(4): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2436922&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of lactose uptake in resting and energized Escherichia coli cells: high rates of respiration inactivate the lac carrier. Author(s): Ghazi A, Therisod H, Shechter E. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1983 April; 154(1): 92-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6403513&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of soy-based formulas with lactose and with sucrose in the treatment of acute diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Fayad IM, Hashem M, Hussein A, Zikri MA, Zikri MA, Santosham M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401799&dopt=Abstract

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Control of adhesion and detachment of parenchymal liver cells using lactose-carrying polystyrene as substratum. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Kobayashi K, Akaike T. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. 1992; 3(6): 499-508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1419977&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review of epidemiology. Author(s): Segall JJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1994 October; 46(3): 197-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814174&dopt=Abstract


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Dietary management of lactose intolerance--lactase treated milk versus soya milk. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 January; 47(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8514340&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary treatment of lactose intolerance in infants and children. Author(s): Sinden AA, Sutphen JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1991 December; 91(12): 1567-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1960350&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the hydrolysis of lactose and other substrates by beta-D-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. Author(s): Kim SH, Lim KP, Kim HS. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 October; 80(10): 2264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361198&dopt=Abstract

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Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes? Author(s): Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250664&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of cecal cultures encapsulated in alginate beads or lyophilized in skim milk and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. Author(s): Hollister AG, Corrier DE, Nisbet DJ, Deloach JR. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 January; 73(1): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8165174&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary calcium supplementation with lactose on bone in vitamin Ddeficient rats. Author(s): Schaafsma G, Visser WJ, Dekker PR, Van Schaik M. Source: Bone. 1987; 8(6): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3449111&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary calcium, buffering capacity, lactose and EDTA on pH of and calcium absorption from gastrointestinal segments in the growig rat. Author(s): Ali R, Evans JL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1967 November; 93(3): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4965712&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fat and lactose supplementation on digestion in dairy cows. 1. Nonlipid components. Author(s): Doreau M, Bauchart D, Kindler A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1987 January; 70(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571627&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fat and lactose supplementation on digestion in dairy cows. 2. Long-chain fatty acids. Author(s): Bauchart D, Doreau M, Kindler A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1987 January; 70(1): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571628&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fiber on breath hydrogen response and symptoms after oral lactose in lactose malabsorbers. Author(s): Nguyen KN, Welsh JD, Manion CV, Ficken VJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982 June; 35(6): 1347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282106&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of iron and lactose supplementation of milk on the Maillard reaction and tryptophan content. Author(s): Birlouez-Aragon I, Moreaux V, Nicolas M, Ducauze CJ. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1997 May-June; 14(4): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205567&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactose supplement on digestion of lucerne hay by sheep. II. Absorption of magnesium and calcium in the stomach. Author(s): Rayssiguier Y, Poncet C. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1980 July; 51(1): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410271&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of quercitrin on lactose-induced chronic diarrhoea in rats. Author(s): Galvez J, Sanchez de Medina F, Jimenez J, Torres MI, Fernandez MI, Nunez MC, Rios A, Gil A, Zarzuelo A. Source: Planta Medica. 1995 August; 61(4): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480174&dopt=Abstract

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Effective reduction of lactose maldigestion in preschool children by direct addition of beta-galactosidases to milk at mealtime. Author(s): Barillas C, Solomons NW. Source: Pediatrics. 1987 May; 79(5): 766-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3106927&dopt=Abstract


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Effects of magnesium and lactose supplementation on bone metabolism in the Xlinked hypophosphatemic mouse. Author(s): Marie PJ, Travers R. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1983 February; 32(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6827987&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of traditional rice-lentil-yogurt diet, lactose free milk protein-based formula and soy protein formula in management of secondary lactose intolerance with acute childhood diarrhoea. Author(s): Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA, Molla AM. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1996 June; 42(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699577&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental influences on lactose tolerance. Author(s): Johnson RC, Ayau EP, Ching CA, Nagoshi CT, Yuen S, Huang YH, Fjelstad K. Source: Behavior Genetics. 1987 July; 17(4): 313-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3675524&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the fraction of the lactose in a high lactose diet available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of the rat. Author(s): Kim KI, Benevenga NJ, Grummer RH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1978 January; 108(1): 79-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=619046&dopt=Abstract

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Fertility of unfrozen and frozen stallion spermatozoa extended in EDTA-lactose-egg yolk and packaged in straws. Author(s): Loomis PR, Amann RP, Squires EL, Pickett BW. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1983 March; 56(3): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6404879&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of lactose-resistant aggregates of human platelets induced by the mistletoe lectin and differential signaling responses to cell contact formation by the lectin or thrombin. Author(s): Samal AB, Timoshenko AV, Loiko EN, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 1998 May; 63(5): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632885&dopt=Abstract

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Galactose-specific lectin from Viscum album as a mediator of aggregation and priming of human platelets. Author(s): Samal AB, Gabius HJ, Timoshenko AV.

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Source: Anticancer Res. 1995 March-April; 15(2): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7763007&dopt=Abstract •

Galactose-specific receptors on liver cells. I. Hepatocyte and liver macrophage receptors differ in their membrane anchorage. Author(s): Kempka G, Kolb-Bachofen V. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1985 October 30; 847(1): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996612&dopt=Abstract

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Immobilization and characterization of beta-galactosidase from the plant gram chicken bean (Cicer arietinum). Evolution of its enzymatic actions in the hydrolysis of lactose. Author(s): Sun S, Li X, Nu S, You X. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 March; 47(3): 819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552372&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of mammary gland lactose secretion by colchicine and vincristine. Author(s): Guerin MA, Loizzi RF. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1978 May; 234(5): C177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=645891&dopt=Abstract

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Is cow's milk suitable for the dietary supplementation of rural Gambian children? 1. Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Erinoso HO, Hoare S, Spencer S, Lunn PG, Weaver LT. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1992; 12(4): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1283664&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of beta-galactoside specific lectin from Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) with lactose-BSA-sepharose 4B and changes of lectin conformation. Author(s): Park WB, Ju YJ, Han SK. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1998 August; 21(4): 429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875471&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of lactose-binding lectins from the venoms of the snakes Lachesis muta and Dendroaspis jamesonii. Author(s): Ogilvie ML, Dockter ME, Wenz L, Gartner TK. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1986 December; 100(6): 1425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571179&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation, purification & properties of lactose binding agglutination factor from rabbit skeletal muscle. Author(s): Liang RT, Shi YX.


Source: Sci Sin [b]. 1984 March; 27(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6206562&dopt=Abstract •

Isolation, purification, and physicochemical characterization of a D-galactose-binding lectin from seeds of Erythrina speciosa. Author(s): Konozy EH, Bernardes ES, Rosa C, Faca V, Greene LJ, Ward RJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 February 15; 410(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573281&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. II. Isomerization of Dgalactose 6-phosphate to D-tagatose 6-phosphate by a specific D-galactose-6phosphate isomerase. Author(s): Bissett DL, Wenger WC, Anderson RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980 September 25; 255(18): 8740-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410391&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. IV. Isolation and properties of a class I D-ketohexose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase that catalyzes the cleavage of D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate. Author(s): Bissett DL, Anderson RL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1980 September 25; 255(18): 8750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7410392&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose intolerance in persistent diarrhoea during childhood: the role of a traditional rice-lentil (Khitchri) and yogurt diet in nutritional management. Author(s): Bhutta ZA, Nizami SQ, Isani Z. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1997 January; 47(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056732&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose transport in Escherichia coli cells. Evidence in favor of a permease-catalyzed efflux of lactose without protons. Author(s): Therisod H, Ghazi A, Houssin C, Shechter E. Source: Febs Letters. 1982 April 19; 140(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282632&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Author(s): Andre S, Ortega PJ, Perez MA, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Source: Glycobiology. 1999 November; 9(11): 1253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536041&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic inhibitors as tools to delineate participation of distinct intracellular pathways in enhancement of lactose-induced dissociation of neutrophil and thymocyte aggregates formed by mediation of a plant lectin. Author(s): Timoshenko AV, Gorudko IV, Kaltner H, Cherenkevich SN, Gabius HJ. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 October; 43(3): 477-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352065&dopt=Abstract

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Modification by site-directed mutagenesis of the specificity of Erythrina corallodendron lectin for galactose derivatives with bulky substituents at C-2. Author(s): Arango R, Rodriguez-Arango E, Adar R, Belenky D, Loontiens FG, Rozenblatt S, Sharon N. Source: Febs Letters. 1993 September 13; 330(2): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365483&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis of recognition by Gal/GalNAc specific legume lectins: influence of Glu 129 on the specificity of peanut agglutinin (PNA) towards C2-substituents of galactose. Author(s): Sharma V, Srinivas VR, Adhikari P, Vijayan M, Surolia A. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 October; 8(10): 1007-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719681&dopt=Abstract

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NMR investigations of protein-carbohydrate interactions: insights into the topology of the bound conformation of a lactose isomer and beta-galactosyl xyloses to mistletoe lectin and galectin-1. Author(s): Alonso-Plaza JM, Canales MA, Jimenez M, Roldan JL, Garcia-Herrero A, Iturrino L, Asensio JL, Canada FJ, Romero A, Siebert HC, Andre S, Solis D, Gabius HJ, Jimenez-Barbero J. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2001 December 19; 1568(3): 225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786229&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing caries and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Juambeltz JC, Kula K, Perman J. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1993 November-December; 60(4): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8126301&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional consequences of low dose milk supplements consumed by lactosemalabsorbing children. Author(s): Brown KH, Khatun M, Parry L, Ahmed MG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1980 May; 33(5): 1054-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6892752&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements used in weight-reduction programs increase intestinal gas in persons who malabsorb lactose. Author(s): Suarez FL, Zumarraga LM, Furne JK, Levitt MD.


Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 101(12): 1447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762740&dopt=Abstract •

On the interaction of alpha-lactalbumin and galactosyltransferase during lactose synthesis. Author(s): Powell JT, Brew K. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1975 August 25; 250(16): 6337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=808542&dopt=Abstract

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Prebiotics or probiotics for lactose intolerance: a question of adaptation. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 July; 70(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393148&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of viridans streptococci exhibiting lactose-inhibitable coaggregation with oral actinomycetes. Author(s): Kolenbrander PE, Williams BL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1983 August; 41(2): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6409806&dopt=Abstract

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Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biologic and cultural interrelations. II. A culture historical hypothesis. Author(s): Simoons FJ. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1970 August; 15(8): 695-710. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468838&dopt=Abstract

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Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interrelations. I. Review of the medical research. Author(s): Simoons FJ. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1969 December; 14(12): 819-36. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4902756&dopt=Abstract

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Proteus--a Bach nosode. A non-lactose fermenting colibacillus. Author(s): Schmidt RA. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1965 September-October; 58(9): 261-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5897832&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and properties of two lactose hydrolases from Trichosporon cutaneum. Author(s): West M, Emerson GW, Sullivan PA.

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Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1990 August; 136 ( Pt 8): 1483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2124610&dopt=Abstract •

Quantitative measurements of the proton-motive force and its relation to steady state lactose accumulation in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Ahmed S, Booth IR. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1981 December 15; 200(3): 573-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282253&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent abdominal pain and lactose absorption in children. Author(s): Lebenthal E, Rossi TM, Nord KS, Branski D. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 June; 67(6): 828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7195004&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of lactose catabolism in Streptococcus mutans: purification and regulatory properties of phospho-beta-galactosidase. Author(s): Calmes R, Brown AT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1979 January; 23(1): 68-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=33899&dopt=Abstract

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Reproductive defects are corrected in vitamin d-deficient female rats fed a high calcium, phosphorus and lactose diet. Author(s): Johnson LE, DeLuca HF. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8): 2270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163674&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Author(s): Szilagyi A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1591-602. Review. Erratum In: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197838&dopt=Abstract

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Role of a soy-based lactose-free formula in the outpatient management of diarrhea. Author(s): Santosham M, Goepp J, Burns B, Reid R, O'Donovan C, Pathak R, Sack RB. Source: Pediatrics. 1991 May; 87(5): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2020505&dopt=Abstract

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Role of soy-based, lactose-free formula during treatment of acute diarrhea. Author(s): Santosham M, Foster S, Reid R, Bertrando R, Yolken R, Burns B, Sack RB. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 August; 76(2): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4022702&dopt=Abstract


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Sensitivity of efflux-driven carrier turnover to external pH in mutants of the Escherichia coli lactose carrier that have tyrosine or phenylalanine substituted for histidine-322. A comparison of lactose and melibiose. Author(s): King SC, Wilson TH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1990 February 25; 265(6): 3153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2105944&dopt=Abstract

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Structure of a legume lectin with an ordered N-linked carbohydrate in complex with lactose. Author(s): Shaanan B, Lis H, Sharon N. Source: Science. 1991 November 8; 254(5033): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1948067&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis, utilization and degradation of lactose operon mRNA in Escherichia coli. Author(s): Leive L, Kollin V. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 1967 March 14; 24(2): 247-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4961803&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of a kaolin-pectin adsorbent on stool losses of sodium, potassium, and fat during a lactose-intolerance diarrhea in rats. Author(s): McClung HJ, Beck RD, Powers P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 April; 96(4): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7359292&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lactose supplementation and source on feed intake and production characteristics of laying hens. Author(s): Gleaves EW, Salim AA. Source: Poultry Science. 1982 December; 61(12): 2390-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6984508&dopt=Abstract

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The fraction of dietary lactose available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of pigs. Author(s): Kim KI, Jewell DE, Benevenga NJ, Grummer RH. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1978 June; 46(6): 1658-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=99416&dopt=Abstract

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The response to dietary treatment of patients with chronic post-infectious diarrhea and lactose intolerance. Author(s): Lifshitz F, Fagundes-Neto U, Ferreira VC, Cordano A, Ribeiro Hda C. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990 June; 9(3): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2358619&dopt=Abstract

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Thermodynamics of carbohydrate binding to galectin-1 from Chinese hamster ovary cells and two mutants. A comparison with four galactose-specific plant lectins. Author(s): Gupta D, Cho M, Cummings RD, Brewer CF. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 December 3; 35(48): 15236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8952472&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a hydrolysable probe, [14C]lactose, to distinguish between pre-lysosomal and lysosomal steps in the autophagic pathway. Author(s): Hoyvik H, Gordon PB, Seglen PO. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1986 September; 166(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743649&dopt=Abstract

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Use of chestnut in the feeding of infants allergic to cow's milk or intolerant to lactose. Author(s): Osvaath P, Kerese I, Szendrey A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1976 November-December; 4(6): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1037070&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/


The following is a specific Web list relating to lactose; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Alternative Therapy Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactase Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Metoclopramide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org


General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LACTOSE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to lactose. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “lactose” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lactose, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Lactose ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to lactose. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Study of Within Herd Variability in Milk Fat, Protein and Lactose Content of Bulk Milks in British Columbia and Factors Affecting the Design of Herd Milk Sampling Programs by Williams, Christopher John; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17244

•

An Investigation of Water Vapor Uptake Kinetics by Different Forms of Lactose, Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) by Disi, Hasan A., PhD from Long Island University, the Brooklyn Center, 2003, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086797

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Lactose Hydrolysis by Disrupted Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria by Vasiljevic, Todor, PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 2003, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ82176

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LACTOSE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lactose” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lactose, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Lactose By performing a patent search focusing on lactose, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lactose: •

.beta.-D-galactosidase microencapsulated with fatty acid ester and milk containing the same Inventor(s): Kwak; Hae-Soo (Seoul, KR), Lim; Mi-Ri (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Anigen Co., Ltd. (kr) Patent Number: 6,491,955 Date filed: May 4, 2000 Abstract: A.beta.-D-galactosidase which is encapsulated with fatty acid ester, does not exert its hydrolysis function in milk but hydrolyze lactose in the human body. Hence, the milk containing the encapsulated.beta.-D-galactosidase, does not change in sweetness with storage and is digestible to the.beta.-D-galactosidase-deficient people. In addition, the milk can maintain its characteristic taste without off-flavor by virtue of the excellent feature of fatty acid ester. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fatty acid ester-microencapsulated.beta.-Dgalactosidase and milk containing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to easy digestion of milk by adding.beta.-D-galactosidase microencapsulated with fatty acid ester. In milk, lactose is contained at an amount of about 4.8-5.2%. After ingestion of milk, lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose, which are both well absorbed in the small intestine, by.beta.-D-galactosidase an enzyme produced in the small intestine. Nearly all infants and children are able to digest lactose. In contrast, a majority of adults in certain population groups are deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase, which makes them intolerant of milk. In a.beta.-D-galactosidase-deficient adult, lactose accumulates in the lumen of the small intestine after ingestion of milk because there is no mechanism for the uptake of this disaccharide. The large osmotic effect of the unabsorbed lactose leads to an influx of fluid into the small intestine. At the caecum, the unabsorbed lactose is fermented to organic acids by the enteric bacteria. Hence, the clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance are abdominal distention, nausea, cramping, pain, and watery diarrhea.beta.-D-galactosidase deficiency, whose reason is not clearly revealed, appears to be inherited and postnatal. The prevalence of.beta.-D-galactosidase deficiency in human populations varies greatly. For example, 3% of Danes are deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase, compared with 97% of Thais and 84% of Koreans. About twothirds of the population the world over are reported to be problematic in digesting milk. The adults deficient in.beta.-D-galactosidase are reluctant to take milk. It is nutritiously beneficial, particularly, in an aspect of calcium metabolism, for older people to ingest milk, but most of them do not ingest the recommended daily amount (500 ml/day). In order to help the lactose of milk ve digested and well absorbed in the body,.beta.-Dgalactosidase would be added to the milk. However, the glucose and galactose resulting from the hydrolysis action of the enzyme makes the milk too sweet for the consumers to drink. Hence, it is necessary that the.beta.-D-galactosidase added be designed to hydrolyze the lactose only after ingestion of milk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491955__

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•

Alkylpolyglucosides containing pseudomonas microorganism

disinfectant

compositions

active

against

Inventor(s): Gluck; Bruno Anthony (North Gosford, AU) Assignee(s): Novapharm Research (australia) Pty. (rosebery, Au) Patent Number: 6,531,434 Date filed: March 23, 2000 Abstract: An antiseptic cleansing composition comprising an antimicrobial agent, an effective amount of an alkylpolysaccharide surfactant, at least one alkyl alcohol and at least on aryl alcohol. Suitable surfactant alkylpolysaccharides may contain one or more sugar units selected from the group consisting of maltose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, gulose, idose, talose, allose, altrose, sucrose, fructose, sorbose, levulose, lactose, allulose, tagatose, alloheptulose, sedoheptulose, glucoheptulose, mannoheptulose, guloheptulose, idoheptulose, galactoheptulose, taloheptulose and derivatives thereof. Suitable antimicrobial agents include chlorohexidine, chlorohexidine salt, chlorophenol derivative, octenidindihydrochloride (CH.sub.3 -(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --NHOH--(CH.sub.2).sub.10 --NO--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.7 --CH.sub.3) or any salt thereof, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a disinfectant cleansing composition. It is known that infection is spread via skin contact through the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Hitherto, in order to reduce the presence of such organisms it has been known to scrub the skin with a solution containing a surfactant followed by application of an antiseptic. In recent years it has been suggested that it would be desirable to combine the washing and disinfectant actions in a single operation by providing a composition comprising both an antimicrobial agent and a surfactant. It has been found however that many antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine [N,N'-bis(4chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino 2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide]digluconate and other chlorhexidine salts are incompatible with anionic surfactants, and are reduced in their antimicrobial activity by nonionic surfactants, thus requiring addition of more antimicrobial agent in order to retain sufficient biocidal activity at the amount of surfactant required for satisfactory foam formation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531434__ •

Composition containing ascorbic acid Inventor(s): Ichihara; Junji (Takatsuki, JP), Itakura; Yasushi (Nara, JP), Noguchi; Hiroshi (Kawanishi, JP), Taiji; Mutsuo (Takatsuki, JP), Yamaga; Hiroshi (Suita, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 6,399,658 Date filed: June 9, 1999 Abstract: L-ascorbic acid, L-ascorbic acid derivatives and salts thereof can reduce lactic acid levels in blood, and are useful for treating lactic acidosis and the like caused by administration of amoxapine, theophylline, metformin, phenformin, buformin, nalidixic acid, hopantenic acid, azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine, high caloric transfusion, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, xylitol, lactose, sorbitol or the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition containing L-ascorbic acid, an L-ascorbic acid derivative or a salt thereof as an active ingredient. The composition of

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the present invention has the effect of reducing lactic acid levels in blood, and is useful, for example, for reducing side effect caused by a drug which has lactic acidosis as a side effect. Lactic acidosis is a state in which the lactic acid level in blood is 45 mg/dL or more, and pH of arterial blood is 7.25 or less. As to clinical symptoms, though lactic acidosis usually does not result in any symptoms in the early stage, later there appear, for example, low blood pressure, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, diarrhea, muscular ache, the state of hyperventilation and circulatory disorder etc. These symptoms often occur especially severely in elderly persons and patients with cardiac or renal disease etc. Certain kind of drugs and medical supplements are known to cause lactic acid levels to increase in blood as a side effect and to induce lactic acidosis. After lactic acidosis occurs, usage of the drugs and the medical supplements may be restricted, because of the possibility that they might worsen renal failure etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399658__ •

Compressed nitroglycerin tablet and its method of manufacture Inventor(s): Capella; Roberto L. (Landing, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 6,500,456 Date filed: May 22, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a stable nitroglycerin containing pharmaceutical composition, preferably a tablet which is prepared by direct compression technology. The formulation closely replicates the properties of nitroglycerin molded sublingual tablets (e.g. adequate disintegration and sublingual absorption), while reducing the problems experienced with compressed tablets (e.g. friability and weight variations). The stable tablets are characterized by a decreased migration of nitroglycerin, decreased potency loss, excellent content uniformity when stored. The preferred combination of components are: nitroglycerin/lactose dilution, hydrous lactose, glyceril monostearate, fumed silica, pregelantinized starch and calcium stearate. The preferred process employs direct compression technology to yield composition showing adequate disintegration, bioavailability and improved stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a nitroglycerin containing pharmaceutical composition, preferably a direct compressed tablet, stabilized by the presence of glyceryl monostearate. The formulation closely replicates the properties of nitroglycerin molded sublingual tablets (e.g., adequate disintegration and sublingual absorption), while reducing the problems experienced with compressed tablets (e.g., friability and weight variations). The stable tablets are characterized by a decreased migration of nitroglycerin, decreased potency loss, excellent content uniformity when stored. The preferred combination of components are: nitroglycerin/lactose dilution, hydrous lactose, glyceryl monostearate, fumed silica, pregelatinized starch and calcium stearate. The preferred process employs direct compression technology to yield a stabilized composition showing adequate disintegration and bioavailability. The stabilization of nitroglycerin in solid dosage forms has been a subject of scientific interest for more than twenty years. This interest can be attributed to the finding that nitroglycerin, which is a liquid at normal temperatures, easily migrates from tablets to other tablets and/or to the container and container components. Nitroglycerin will migrate to the cap-liner and to other tablets such as aspirin if the two products are stored together in the same container. Plastics have various affinities for nitroglycerin depending on their polarity; hence tablets have not been successfully marketed in unit

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dose containers. In fact, the USP states that nitroglycerin tablets must be stored in glass containers. Various attempts have been made to improve the molded tablet formulation to assure better stability. However, as of now, significant improvements have not been made in marketed products. In 1973, Parke-Davis & Co. added polyethylene glycol 3350 to molded tablet formulations. While this additive reduced the migration and loss of nitroglycerin to some degree, the content uniformity range increased upon storage. Hence, after one or two years' shelf life, there was a risk of not meeting USP limits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500456__ •

Controlled release formulation of divalproex sodium Inventor(s): Bollinger; J. Daniel (Libertyville, IL), Cheskin; Howard S. (Glencoe, IL), Engh; Robert K. (Kenosha, WI), Poska; Paul Richard (Mundelein, IL), Qiu; Yihong (Gurnee, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 6,528,091 Date filed: May 10, 2002 Abstract: A controlled release tablet formulation which permits once daily dosing in the treatment of epilepsy comprises from about 50 weight percent to about 55 weight percent of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of valproic acid, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester of valproic acid, divalproex sodium, and valpromide; from about 20 weight percent to about 40 weight percent hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; from about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent lactose, from about 4 weight percent to about 6 weight percent microcrystalline cellulose, and from about 1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent silicon dioxide having an average particle size ranging between about 1 micron and about 10 microns; all weight percentages based upon the total weight of the tablet dosage form. Also disclosed are pre-tableting granular formulations, methods of making the granular formulations and tablets, and a method of treating epilepsy employing the controlled release tablet formulations of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations. More particularly, the present invention concerns a formulation comprising valproic acid, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or amide thereof or divalproex sodium, in a controlled release tablet formulation. 2-Propylpentanoic acid, more commonly known as valproic acid (VPA), its amide, valpromide (VPO), and certain salts and esters of the acid are effective in the treatment of epileptic seizures or as antipsychotic agents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,731 to Meade discloses an oligomer having a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium valproate and valproic acid containing 4 units, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,326 to Meade discloses a stable, non-hygroscopic solid form of valproic acid which comprises an oligomer having 1:1 molar ratio of sodium valproate and valproic acid and containing four to six units. Divalproex sodium (sodium hydrogen divalproate) is one of the most widely accepted antiepileptic agents currently available. However, despite its efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, valproic acid has been shown to exhibit an elimination halflife which is shorter than other commonly used antiepileptic agents. Half-lives for the drug of between six and seventeen hours in adults and between four and fourteen hours in children have been reported. This leads to substantial fluctuations in the plasma concentration of the drug, especially in chronic administration. To maintain reasonably stable plasma concentrations, it is necessary to resort to frequent dosing, and the resulting inconvenience to the patient often results in lowered compliance with the

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prescribed dosing regimen. Moreover, widely fluctuating plasma concentrations of the drug may result in administration of less than therapeutic amounts of the drug in a conservative dosing regimen, or amounts too large for the particular patient in an aggressive dosing regimen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528091__ •

Energetic rehydration fluid composition in particular for young animals no longer able to digest milk normally Inventor(s): Demigne; Christian (Ceyrat, FR), Remesy; Christian (Clermont-Ferrand, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National DE LA Recherche Agronomique (inra) (paris, Fr) Patent Number: 6,616,939 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a rehydration fluid composition, useful in particular for feeding young animals no longer able to digest milk, comprising lactose or glucose or a product based on lactose or glucose: a mineral supplement ensuring restoration of digestive losses. The invention is characterised in that the composition further comprises an efficient quantity of soluble vegetable proteins and vegetable lipids ensuring suitable appropriate energy intake. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an energy-supplying rehydrating composition which can be used in particular for young animals, especially young ruminants, no longer able to digest milk normally. Diarrhea in calves constitutes the main cause of morbidity during the first weeks of life, thus causing considerable economic losses for this cattle farm. Whatever its origin (nutritional, bacterial or viral), diarrhea is most commonly revealed by symptoms of severe dehydration of the animal and of digestive and metabolic modifications, these phenomena doubtless being linked. In conditions of diarrhea or in situations of stress likely to profoundly disturb the course of digestion, it is well known that it is necessary to partially or totally eliminate milkbased food. Specifically, the digestion of milk can be affected by disturbances in the emptying of the rennet stomach and, in this case, the administration of milk tends to worsen the physiological state since this may lead to total blocking of the functioning of the rennet stomach, which compromises the subsequent taking of any oral treatment. Even though the processes of coagulum formation in the rennet stomach are not entirely destroyed, the possibilities for digesting proteins and lipids in the small intestine are decreased given the poor condition of the intestinal mucous membrane or insufficient pancreatic secretion. Even if the calf suffering from digestive problems manages to partially digest the milk-based food, this does not allow it to have an optimum amount of water and of minerals to deal with the exacerbated intestinal losses of water and of electrolytes. The mineral composition of milk appears to be intended for ensuring rapid growth of the various tissues, in particular of the bone tissues. For this reason, milk is rich in the phosphorus and calcium which are required for constructing bone, and in potassium, the major cation of the intracellular medium. The relative lack, in milk, of sodium and of chloride, which are lost in very high amounts during diarrhea, makes this food unsuitable for compensating the very high digestive losses of these minerals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616939__

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Erythritol-producing yeast strains Inventor(s): Chu; Wen-Shen (Hsinchu, TW), Hsu; Wen-Haw (Hsinchu, TW), Lin; ShieJea (Hsinchu, TW), Liou; Guey-Yuh (Hsinchu, TW), Wen; Chiou-Yen (Hsinchu, TW) Assignee(s): Food Industry Research & Development Institute (hsinchu, Tw) Patent Number: 6,300,107 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: A yeast strain capable of converting glucose to erythritol, said strain having the following identifying characteristics: an absence of motile spores; septate mycelia; asexual reproduction; an absence of reniform cells; conidia optionally formed on short denticles but not on elongate stalks; an absence of ballistoconidia; non-monopolar budding on a broad base; acropetal chains of blastoconidia; dark brown, thick-walled chlamydospores; an ability to assimilate sucrose, glycerol and maltose; an inability to assimilate lactose; an inability to ferment galactose; an ability to grow in a vitamin-free medium; and an ability to grow at 25.degree. C. to 36.degree. C. Excerpt(s): Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is 60-80% as sweet as sucrose. Yet, it has a calorific value only about one tenths that of sucrose and does not contribute to dental caries. Also, unlike many sugar alcohols, it does not cause diarrhea. Further, erythritol possesses excellent processing properties: It is heat-stable; and it does not react with amino groups and therefore does not cause browning of organic substance. Erythritol can be found in lichen, hemp leaves, mushrooms, fermentative foods (e.g., wine and soy sauce), and microorganisms. Among erythritol-producing microorganisms are yeast strains of the Pichia, Candida, Torulopsis, Trogonopsis, Moniliella, Aureobasidium, and Trichosporon genera. The present invention relates to new yeast strains which are capable of converting glucose into erythritol in a simple medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300107__

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Fast-dissolving galanthamine hydrobromide tablet Inventor(s): De Conde; Valentin Florent Victor (Lommel, BE), Gilis; Paul Marie Victor (Beerse, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica N.v. (beerse, Be) Patent Number: 6,358,527 Date filed: June 1, 2000 Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a fast-dissolving tablet for oral administration comprising as an active ingredient a therapeutically effective amount of galanthamine hydrobromide (1:1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, characterized in that said carrier comprises a spray-dried mixture of lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose (75:25) as a diluent, and a disintegrant; and with a direct compression process of preparing such fast-dissolving tablets. Galanthamine, a tertiary alkaloid, has been isolated from the bulbs of the Caucasian snowdrops Galantanus woronowi (Proskurnina, N. F. and Yakoleva, A. P. 1952, Alkaloids of Galanthus woronowi II. Isolation of a new alkaloid. (In Russian.) Zh. Obschchei Khim. (J. Gen. Chem.) 22, 1899-1902). It has also been isolated from the common snowdrop Galanthus nivalis (Boit, 1954). The chemical name of galanthamine is [4aS-(4a.alpha., 6.beta., 8aR*)]-4a, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6Hbenzofuro[3a, 3, 2-ef][2]benzazepin-6ol; both the base compound and its hydrobromide

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are laevorotatory. Galanthamine is a well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which is active at nicotinic receptor sites but not on muscarinic receptor sites. It is capable of passing the blood-brain barrier in humans, and presents no severe side effects in therapeutically effective dosages. Galanthamine has been used extensively as a curare reversal agent in anaesthetic practice in Eastern bloc countries (cf. review by Paskow, 1986) and also experimentally in the West (cf. Bretagne and Valetta, 1965: Wislicki, 1967; Consanitis, 1971). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358527__ •

Fireproof, non-exploding nitroglycerine and solid mixtures containing anhydrous lactose Inventor(s): Heinzelmann; Walter (Odenthal, DE), Ruloff; Cornelius (Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff-und Systemtechnik (troisdorf, De) Patent Number: 6,335,365 Date filed: April 28, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to fireproof, non-explosive solids mixtures containing nitroglycerin and anhydrous lactose that do not have to be classified as an explosive in accordance with ADR/RID, IATA, IMCO and/or UN guidelines, to methods for the preparation of such solids mixtures and to the use of anhydrous lactose for the preparation of fireproof, non-explosive solid mixtures containing nitroglycerin and lactose that do not have to be classified as an explosive in accordance with ADR/RID, IATA, IMCO and/or UN guidelines. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 of Germany-198 19012.3, filed Apr. 29, 1998. The subject-matter of the present invention is the use of lactose as excipient of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, propantriol-1,2,3trinitrate) is a well-known liquid nitrate ester which has found widespread use as an active ingredient of a drug in numerous medicaments for coronary therapy that can be formulated both for a fast action in emergency cases and for a slow release of the active ingredient for an extended protection against angina pectoris attacks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335365__

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Hepatocellular chimeraplasty Inventor(s): Bandyopadhyay; Paramita (Minneapolis, MN), Kren; Betsy T. (Minneapolis, MN), Roy-Chowdhury; Jayanta (New Rochelle, NY), Steer; Clifford J. (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (minneapolis, Mn), Yeshiva University (bronx, Ny) Patent Number: 6,524,613 Date filed: June 30, 1998 Abstract: The present invention concerns compositions and methods for the introduction of specific genetic changes in endogenous genes of the cells of an animal. The genetic changes are effected by oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives and analogs, which are generally less than about 100 nucleotides in length. The invention provides for macromolecular carriers, optionally incorporating ligands for clathrin coated pit receptors. In one embodiment the ligand is a lactose or galactose and the

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genetic changes are made in hepatocytes. By means of the invention up to 40% of the copies of a target gene have been changed in vitro. Repair of mutant genes having a Crigler-Najjar like phenotype and Hemophilia B phenotype were observed. Excerpt(s): The inclusion of a publication or patent application in this specification is not an admission that the publication or the invention, if any, of the application occurred prior to the present invention or resulted from the conception of a person other than the present inventors. The published examples of recombinagenic oligonucleobases are termed Chimeric Mutational Vectors (CMV) or chimeraplasts because they contain both 2'-O-modified ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. An oligonucleotide having complementary deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides and containing a sequence homologous to a fragment of the bacteriophage M13mp19, was described in Kmiec, E. B., et al., November 1994, Mol. and Cell. Biol. 14, 7163-7172. The oligonucleotide had a single contiguous segment of ribonucleotides. Kmiec et al. showed that the oligonucleotide was a substrate for the REC2 homologous pairing enzyme from Ustilago maydis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524613__ •

Incorporation of supersaturated lactose in process cheese and product thereof Inventor(s): Han; Xiao-Qing (Naperville, IL), Spradlin; Joseph E. (Hot Springs, AK) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (northfield, Il) Patent Number: 6,214,404 Date filed: June 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of preparing a process cheese containing lactose wherein the cheese remains free of lactose crystals. The method includes a step in which a dairy liquid is heated at a temperature, and for a duration in time, that are sufficient to inhibit or prevent crystallization of the lactose after formation of the process cheese. The ratio of dairy liquid to cheese is from about 1:1 to about 3:1 by weight. The invention additionally discloses the lactose-containing process cheese stabilized against the formation of lactose crystals, prepared by the process of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to utilization of whey in the preparation of a process cheese. Whey, a by-product arising from the manufacture of cheese, contains significant amounts of lactose, which if incorporated into cheese products at relatively high levels, may crystallize during storage and produce an undesirable gritty texture. The invention describes a process that prevents or inhibits the crystallization of lactose from a state of supersaturation when lactose-containing whey is incorporated into a process cheese product. This process allows whey to be incorporated in process cheese without reducing the level of lactose in the whey prior to the incorporation step. Cheese compositions are prepared from dairy liquids by processes that include treating the liquid with a coagulating or clotting agent. The coagulating agent may be a curding enzyme, an acid, or a suitable bacterial culture, or it may include such a culture. The coagulum or curd that results generally incorporates transformed casein, fats including natural butter fat, and flavorings that arise especially when a bacterial culture is used. The curd is separated from the liquid whey, which contains substances not affected by the coagulation, and which therefore are not incorporated into the coagulum. Whey is thus a byproduct of manufacturing and commercial processes that produce food products such as cheeses. Whey contains soluble substances, such as lactose, and

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proteins, such as.beta.-lactoglobulin and.alpha.-lactalbumin, with molecular weights of about 18 kDa and about 14 kDa, respectively; other proteins include serum albumin, immunoglobulins, and K casein digestion products. Since large quantities of whey are available from the side streams of the food producing processes mentioned above, it would be desirable to increase utilization of the components of whey in the manufacture of dairy products in order to increase the utilization of the raw milk starting material and thereby enhance overall efficiency. The inability of whey proteins to be retained in the coagulum is an important factor contributing to a lack of efficiency in the production of cheese. Such problems have been recognized for many years. Several methods have been proposed with the objective of recovering whey proteins in cheese products. Many of them include process steps that, although not emphasized, retain or concentrate lactose as well. For example, whey proteins have been concentrated or dried from whey, and then recombined with cheese (see, e.g., Kosikowski, Cheese and Fermented Foods, 2nd ed., Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1977, pp. 451-458). Unfortunately, in such procedures the recovered whey constituents do not have the appropriate physical and chemical properties conducive to making high quality natural cheeses or process cheeses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214404__ •

Incorporation of whey into process cheese Inventor(s): Han; Xiao-Qing (Naperville, IL), Spradlin; Joseph E. (Hot Springs, AR) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (northfield, Il) Patent Number: 6,270,814 Date filed: June 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides a process cheese product made with a cheese and dairy liquid that includes casein, whey protein, and lactose, wherein at least a portion of the casein and/or whey protein in the dairy liquid is crosslinked via.gamma.carboxyl-.epsilon.-amino crosslinks prior to being combined with the cheese, and wherein the lactose in the process cheese product remains dissolved in the aqueous phase upon storage. According to the invention, this product is provided by a process that includes the important step of contacting the dairy liquid with a transglutaminase for a time, and under conditions, sufficient to crosslink at least a portion of the casein and/or whey protein to provide crosslinked protein conjugates in the dairy liquid. The invention furthermore provides the process for making the process cheese product. Advantageously, the process permits replacing part of the cheese proteins with the crosslinked proteins of the dairy liquid. Additionally, crystallization of lactose in the process cheese product is significantly inhibited such that lactose levels higher than commonly introduced in cheese products may be employed in the process cheese of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method that increases the incorporation of whey proteins and lactose into process cheese. The method applies transglutaminase crosslinking of whey and milk proteins prior to blending with cheese to provide a process cheese. The resulting process cheese includes a significant proportion of whey protein and supersaturated lactose in the moisture phase. Cheese compositions are generally prepared from dairy liquids by processes that include treating the liquid with a coagulating or clotting agent. The coagulating agent may be a curding enzyme, an acid, or a suitable bacterial culture or it may include such a culture. The coagulum or curd that results generally incorporates transformed casein, fats including natural butter

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fat, and flavorings that arise especially when a bacterial culture is used. The curd is usually separated from the whey. The resulting liquid whey generally contains soluble proteins not affected by the coagulation; such proteins are, of course, not incorporated into the coagulum. Whey also includes low molecular weight components, such as lactose and salts. The inability of whey proteins to be retained in the coagulum is an important factor contributing to a lack of efficiency in production of cheese curds, and to a reduction in overall yield relating to the incorporation of all the protein solids that are present in the starting dairy liquids into resulting cheese curds. Furthermore, lactose is incorporated with difficulty into cheese products because, under the conditions prevalent in cheese during storage, lactose crystallizes from the aqueous phase, thereby producing a graininess that detracts from the overall organoleptic quality of the cheese product. Nevertheless, increased incorporation of lactose into cheese products would increase the efficiency of use of all the nutritive components present in the starting dairy liquids. These problems have been recognized for many years. Several methods were proposed early with the objective of recovering whey proteins in cheese products. For example, whey proteins have been concentrated or dried from whey, and then recombined with cheese (see, e.g., Kosikowski, Cheese and Fermented Foods, 2nd ed., Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1977, pp. 451-458). Unfortunately the whey recovered from such procedures does not have the appropriate physical and chemical properties conducive to making good quality natural cheeses or process cheeses. An alternative approach has been to coprecipitate whey proteins with casein, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,304. Again, however, the final product of this process lacks the proper attributes for making processed and imitation cheeses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270814__ •

Intestinal activation food using natto powder Inventor(s): Minakawa; Hiromichi (Mito, JP) Assignee(s): Unicafe Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,537,543 Date filed: November 17, 2000 Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to offer an intestinal activation food product containing natto powder that delivers the natto bacteria live.to the intestines and produces an adequate intestinal regulating effect by enhancing the mitotic growth of the natto bacteria delivered to the intestines and, furthermore, a product that is easy to take without causing the offensive smell peculiar to natto during storage. For this reasons, the intestinal activation food product containing natto powder in accordance with this invention is a uniform blend obtained by blending to 15 wt. % of natto powder containing the natto bacteria with 50 wt. % of lactose as the growth factor substance, 30 wt. % of 300 mesh particle size coffee powder as the porous substance and 5 wt. % of sporophyte-containing lactic acid bacilli as the germination inducing substance and filling 0.5 g of this mixture into a hard capsule. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intestinal activation food product using natto powder, and more specifically, to an intestinal activation food product containing in a readily digestible form natto bacteria which are contained in natto, a food well known for its health values to the human body. Some 100 species of intestinal bacteria are said to be present in the intestinal tract at a level of around a hundred trillion organisms and their different functions include the synthesis of hormones and vitamins and the formation of vitamins and enzymes, minerals and proteins as well as the

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regulation of intestinal activity and the maintenance of human life. Among these intestinal bacteria there are some that are beneficial to human health and some that are injurious, the former being known as Good Bacteria (effective or beneficial bacteria) and the latter as Bad Bacteria, with the natto bacteria being representative of the Good Bacteria. Natto bacteria, a variety of the hay bacteria, are used in the making of natto by fermenting soybeans and breaking them down. They have a variety of effects, including a powerful antibacterial action that controls the growth of Bad Bacteria entering the body and killing them, an enhancement in digestive food absorption by controlling the action of the intestinal decomposing bacteria that are the cause of constipation and diarrhea, an enhancement of physical stamina, a carcinostatic effect, the prevention of blood pressure rises, the prevention of thrombus formation, the prevention of osteoporosis, and improvement of pancreatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537543__ •

L-carnitine agent Inventor(s): Idota; Tadashi (Kawagoe, JP), Ozaki; Kiyoko (Kariya, JP), Shimatani; Masaharu (Sayama, JP), Yakabe; Takafumi (Tsurugashima, JP) Assignee(s): Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. (hokkai-do, Jp) Patent Number: 6,472,011 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: An L-carnitine agent has an indispensable function in the body and utility as a material for pharmaceutical agents or food and drink. By subjecting milk or modified milk products of mammals from which casein is removed, to the treatment of desalting and partial removal of lactose followed by drying, L-carnitine content, lactose content, and ash content are adjusted to 0.1.about.100 mmol/100 g, 20.about.95 g/100 g, and 5 g/100 g or less, respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an L-carnitine agent and a method for producing thereof, wherein the starting material is milk or modified milk products of mammals. The L-carnitine agent of the present invention is characterized by features including simple handling, use of milk or modified milk products of mammals as a starting material, the absence of toxic D-carnitine, and thus superior safety. L-carnitine is a water-soluble compound which easily forms fatty-acids and ester via alcohol residue in the molecules, and is also referred to as Vitamin BT. Major function of L-carnitine in the body is the oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Upon acting as a shuttle, Lcarnitine transports fatty acids into and out of mitochondria via mitochondrial membrane. Thus, L-carnitine is an indispensable component for energy production in the body. L-carnitine is biologically synthesized from lysine and methionine in the body. However, only 25% of the total metabolic turnover of L-carnitine is endogenously synthesized in the body. Therefore, the remaining 75% metabolic turnover is derived from food. Although the amount of endogenous L-carnitine is normally reported to be sufficient for older children or adults, it is observed that hypercatabolism of fat is enhanced at time of fasting even for healthy children, consequently increasing acyl CoA, and resulting in the increase of esterified L-carnitine. For pediatric patients with organic acidemia, for example, propionicacidemia or methylmalonicacidemia, the level of acylL-carnitine such as propionyl-L-carnitine is increased. Unlike free L-carnitine, acyl-Lcarnitine is readily excreted into urine, thereby resulting in L-carnitine deficiency. Moreover, even with total carnitine concentration in blood within the normal range, the relative amount of free L-carnitine decreases due to the increase of acyl-L-carnitine. The

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administration of L-carnitine to such pediatric patients results in enhancement of the conversion of acyl CoA, such as propionyl CoA, deposited in blood into acyl-Lcarnitine. Hence the recovery of mitochbndrial function is observed due to the excretion of toxic propionyl group and the increase in free CoA. Thus the administration of Lcarnitine has therapeutic efficacy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472011__ •

Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier Inventor(s): Naito; Albert T. (2776 Cibola, Costa Mesa, CA 92626) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,294,520 Date filed: March 27, 1989 Abstract: A material which has the ability to effect it's passage, at least in part, and the ability to transport other materials through the blood-brain barrier which includes any one or more pure sugars or pure amino sugars from the group consisting of meso ethritol, zylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-insoitol, L(-) fructose, D(-) mannitol, sorbitol, D(+) glucose, D(+) arabinose, D(-) arabinose, celloboise, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+)rhamnose, D(+) melibiose, D(-) ribose, adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(-) arabitol, D(+) fucose, L(-) fucose, D(-) lyxose, L(+) lyxose, L(-) lyxose, D(+) glucosamine, D mannosamine, and D galactosamine; and any one or more amino acids from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. For use in the research or treatment of a subject that material is combined with one or more of the substances beta carotene, xanthophyll, lecithin, calcium, somatostatin, vasopressin, endorphin, enkephalin, acetyl-L-carnitine, GABA, dynorphin, L-tryptophan, choline, thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, L-arginine, hydroxyproline, NGF, methionine, cystine, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, vitamins A, B, C, D and E, and selenium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to materials and methods for passing, and transporting other substances, through the blood-brain barrier. If one accepts the premise that most physiological functions are controlled by the brain and the medium of that control is electrical signalling as an incident to chemical activity in the brain, then it seems logical to conclude that an absence in the brain of the chemicals required for that activity can result in signal failure and consequent physiological disfunction. It is possible also to conclude that a genetic trait which interferes with such chemical activity can result in signal failure and disfunction. It is also possible to conclude that the presence of a given substance in the brain may interfere chemically with the proper generation of control signals. Such considerations, the search for an understanding of the mechanism of drug dependence, drunkenness, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and other disorders, some associated with the brain and others apparently not, have lead many researchers to look for a relation between such disorders and availability of chemicals in the brain. The medical literature includes descriptions that comparison of brain tissue of persons who succumbed to a given disease with that of persons who died of unrelated causes suggest a relation between a given chemical and the disease. Thus lack of lithium has been mentioned in connection with schizophrenia and lack of neuropeptides has been mentioned in connection with Alzheimer's disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294520__

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Method for dispensing S-adenosyl-methionine in a micro fine powdered form by inhalation Inventor(s): Pera; Ivo E. (1400 St. Charles Pl., Pembroke Pines, FL 33026) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,645,469 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A method is provided for dispensing dry micro powdered SAMe compositions (or SAM or AdoMet), an abbreviation for S-adenosyl-methionine, wherein SAMe, as active ingredient is contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose, with a membrane permeation enhancer such as lactose. The compound is administered via a conventional dry powder inhaler to deliver said the compound into the subject's respiratory tract in order to enhance prophylactic and therapeutic effects of SAMe, without the Aid or use of propellants, chlorinated, halogenated, gases, liquids, vapors, aerosol, spray, vaporization, or any other similar devices or delivery methods. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of and priority to European Patent Application No. EP 01125055.2, filed Mar. 1, 2001. The present invention relates generally to the technical sector of chemistry and pharmacology and particularly to a new method for dispensing a medicine. It doesn't consist of a therapeutic treatment, since the therapeutic function of the S-Adenosilmetionina (SAMe) is already known, but it discloses a new use, by means of a method for dispensing it through the respiratory tract. The assimilation of an adequate quantity of physiologically important SAdenosylmethionine is essential to the health of people. Failure of the body to assimilate the necessary amount of such SAMe which acts as a methyl donor in over 35 methylation reactions involving DNA, proteins, phospholipids and catechol and indole amines, that can lead to the improvement of the biochemical reactions of the body functions and the metabolic processes as well as to the prevention or cure of variety of diseases and associated symptoms. SAMe=S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, S-(5'deoxyadenosine-5')-methionine, active methionine, active methyl, abbreviated as S-AdoMet, SAM: a reactive sulfonium compound which is the most important methylating agent in cellular metabolism (transmethylation). It is formed by activation of Lmethionine with ATP: Met+ATP-SAM+PP.sub.1 +P.sub.1. The adenosine residue of the ATP is transformed to the methionine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645469__

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Method for pulmonary and oral delivery of pharmaceuticals Inventor(s): Schultz; Robert (San Diego, CA), Ward; Gary (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 6,616,914 Date filed: July 17, 2001 Abstract: In a powder formulation for use in a dry powder inhaler, a pharmaceutical acts as its own carrier, so that use of lactose or other excipients are not needed. The dry powder formulation has a single active pharmaceutical compound having two major populations in particle size distribution: microfine particles of the active pharmaceutical, of 1-10 microns in diameter, and larger carrier particles, also of the active pharmaceutical compound. The carrier particles provide a long acting, delayed onset,

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and optionally therapeutic effect via the GI tract, while the microfine particles provide a fast onset effect via the lung. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is inhalers and pharmaceutical formulations for use in inhalers. Dry powder inhalers have been successfully used to deliver pharmaceuticals into the lungs, primarily for treatment of asthma and other pulmonary conditions. Use of an inhaler for delivery of a pharmaceutical is advantageous as it is relatively simple, fast, comfortable, and pain-free for the patient. Due to the nature of the absorption within the lungs, inhaled pharmaceuticals tend to be very fast acting. Inhalation usually provides a very fast rise of the level of the pharmaceutical in the blood, when compared to other delivery techniques, such as oral or transdermal delivery. For example, albuterol is a bronchodialator which acts rapidly when inhaled to treat an asthma attack, a condition for which treatment with a solid oral dosage form may be too slow. While this rapid absorption is often advantageous, it can also require relatively frequent dosing via inhalation, to provide a sustained effect. In contrast, oral delivery, which provides absorption of the drug via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, generally provides a much more slowly acting, but also often a more sustained, therapeutic effect. For many pharmaceuticals, the delay in the onset of the therapeutic effect is a significant disadvantage. Thus, each pharmaceutical delivery route (via the GI tract, and via inhalation into the lungs) has advantages and disadvantages, depending on the pharmaceutical used and the therapeutic effect desired. However, the advantages of each route have not, until now, been combined, to achieve the advantages of both routes, in a single dose or step. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616914__ •

Method for the manufacture of cheese, quark and yogurt products from soybeans Inventor(s): Hansen; Wilhem (In de Simp 2a, D-25421 Pinneberg, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,254,900 Date filed: November 18, 1998 Abstract: A process for producing cheese, curd or yogurt products from soya beans involving the steps: (a) preparation of soya milk from soya beans; (b) addition of vegetable sugar to the soya milk in the proportion of about 1 to 5 wt %; (c) emulsifying vegetable fats and/or oils in a total proportion of some 15 wt % in the soya milk; (d) preparation of a culture cocktail with a pH between about 3.8 and 4.5 by the addition of commercially available cheese cultures and animal lactose in a proportion of some 10 wt % of the vegetable sugar added in step (b) to the soya milk as in step (a); (e) addition of the culture cocktail to the soya milk as per step (c) to curdle it and ferment it as desired, and (f) subsequent ripening and final processing in a known manner to provide the desired cheese, curd or yogurt product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of cheese, quark, cottage cheese or curd and yogurt products from soybeans or from the beans of other legumes. Soy products are well-known and are widely used in many different forms. The 100% vegetable protein obtained from the soybean can be easily digested and is a valuable substitute for animal protein in various applications. Soy products also contain substantially no cholesterol and substantially no animal fats, excessive amounts of which substances can have a harmful effect on health. Soy products can also be particularly important for people who are allergic to the protein in animal milk or who

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cannot digest cholesterol or lactose, or who are diabetic. Soybean protein can also be significantly easier to digest than animal milk protein by people suffering from stomach and intestinal illnesses. Finally, there has been a constant increase in the number of people who, for a variety of reasons, are required to or choose to eat vegetarian food exclusively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254900__ •

Method of causing selective immunosuppression using HL-60-related lectins Inventor(s): Bringman; Tim (Solana Beach, CA), Couraud; Pierre-Olivier (Auffargis, FR), Nedwin; Glenn (Davis, CA), Seilhammer; Jeffrey J. (Milpitas, CA) Assignee(s): Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 6,245,334 Date filed: January 21, 2000 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of autoimmune conditions include as an active ingredient a soluble lectin having a molecular weight of about 14 kilodaltons or a fragment thereof. The lectin or fragment binds.beta.galactoside-containing moieties independent of the presence or absence of Ca.sup.+2, stimulates hemagglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes in standard lectin assays wherein the stimulation is inhibited by lactose or thiogalactoside, has an amino acid sequence containing at least one N-glycosylation site and is at least 90% homologous to the amino acid sequence shown in positions 2-135 of FIG. 1 or the relevant portions thereof. The composition is used for treatment of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as modulating the immune response in an allergic reactions or to organ or tissue transplant rejection. The inventive composition can be combined with general immunosuppressants. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of carbohydrate-binding proteins as regulators of cell differentiation and immunity. In particular, it concerns a pharmaceutical composition where the active ingredient is a soluble lectin of about 14 kD or a fragment thereof which can be isolated from human HL-60 cells or placenta tissue. Recombinant materials and methods to produce these inventive lectins are alsoprovided. This invention is also directed to methods to treat autoimmune diseases and to prevent transplant rejection. Lectins are defined as proteins which specifically bind carbohydrates qf various types. Initial interest was focused on those isolated from plants such as concanavalin A and ricin agglutinin. These lectins, it was found, were useful in protein purification procedures due to the glycosylation state of a number of proteins of interest. Among the soluble lectins, there appear to be a number of varieties with varying molecular weights and/or carbohydrate specificities. Sparrow, C. P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 252:7383-7390 describe three classes of soluble lectins from human lung, one of 14 kD, one of 22 kD, and a third of 29 kD. All of theselectins are specific to.beta.-D-galactosides. The carbohydrate specificities of the 14 kD class are for the most part similar, but the larger molecular weight species tend to have different specificities. Other species are also noted as showing more than one soluble.beta.-D-galactosidebinding lectin, including mouse (Roff, C. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1983) 258:10637-10663); rat (Cerra, R. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1985) 260:10474-10477) and chickens (Beyer, E. C., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1980) 255:4236-4239). Among the various.beta.-D-galactosidespecific soluble lectins, ligand specificity is considerably different, and the approximately 14 kD group appears distinct from the 22 kD and 29 kD representatives described by Sparrow, et al., supra. Recently, however, interest has focused on a group

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of lactose-extractable lectins which bind specifically to certain.beta.-D-galactoside containing moieties and are found in a wide range of mammalian, in-vertebrate, avian, and even microbial sources. All of the lectins in this class appear to contain subunits with molecular weights of about 12-18 kD. Furthermore, these lectins can be readily classified by virtue of a simple diagnostic test: their ability to agglutinate trypsin-treated rabbit red blood cells is specifically inhibited by certain.beta.-D-galactose-containing moieties. Thus, although the lectins themselves agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes, the agglutination can be inhibited by, for example, lactose, thiodigalactoside and certain other.beta.-D-galactose containing moieties. Other common characteristics include no requirement for metal ions in effecting agglutination and the required presence of a reducing agent such as a thiol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245334__ •

Methods and formulations for making bupropion hydrochloride tablets using direct compression Inventor(s): Kumar; Vijai (Morris Plains, NJ), McGuffy; Kevin Scott (Stanhope, NJ) Assignee(s): Pharmalogix, Inc. (denville, Nj) Patent Number: 6,238,697 Date filed: December 21, 1998 Abstract: Methods and formulations for making extended release bupropion hydrochloride tablets using direct compression, and tablets formed thereby, are provided which combine bupropion hydrochloride, binders such as polyethylene oxide or hydroxypropyl cellulose, a filler such as lactose, glidants and lubricants under low shear conditions to form hard, chip-resistant tablets which exhibit improved cohesiveness and are easily and reproducibly formed without adhering to the compression punches and dies. Excerpt(s): Pharmaceutical manufacturers are continuously attempting to improve methods for delivering drugs to enhance and sustain their effects in human therapy. A significant development in drug delivery systems occurred in 1972 with the development of osmotic delivery systems as described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770 and 3,916,899. Modifications to the rate-controlling osmotic delivery systems of the prior art are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,263 and 4,902,514. Such modified osmotic delivery systems use a semi-permeable wall to surround an interior containing the drug to be delivered. The external wall is permeable to the passage of an external fluid and may not be permeable to the drug. Such systems may include at least one outlet in the wall for delivering the drug through the osmotic system. The systems operate by absorbing gastric fluid through the semi-permeable wall into the interior of the dosage form at a rate determined by the permeability of the semi-permeable wall and the osmotic pressure gradient across the semi-permeable wall. The absorbed fluid produces an aqueous solution containing the drug that is then delivered to the body through at least one opening in the wall. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,263 discloses an osmotic device form for delivering isradipine to a biological receptor site in a rate-controlled amount over a prolonged period for cardiovascular therapy. The pharmaceutical dosage form adapted, designed, and shaped as an osmotic drug delivery system is manufactured by wet granulation and includes two compositions which form a bi-layered tablet coated by a semi-permeable wall. The first composition includes the drug and contains polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 200,000 which is screened through a 40 mesh screen. Specific amounts of isradipine and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose having a molecular

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weight of 11,200 are added to the polyethylene oxide and slowly mixed with denatured, anhydrous ethanol using a conventional mixer. The wet granulation formed is then passed through a 20 mesh screen, dried at room temperature and passed through the 20 mesh screen again. Magnesium stearate is then added to the granulation and mixed in a roller mill. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238697__ •

Milk protein dispersions Inventor(s): Huang; Victor T. (Moundsview, MN), Rosenwald; Diane R. (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): The Pillsbury Company (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,635,302 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: Soluble sugar can be added to a milk protein dispersion with reduced lactose to slow viscosity buildup and gelation. Preferably, greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar is added to the milk protein dispersion. The resulting milk protein dispersion generally has greater than about 6 percent by weight protein, less than about 20 percent by weight lactose and greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar. Preferred milk protein dispersions are low fat. The milk protein dispersions are suitable for storage for at least several days without viscosity build-ups that inhibit processing. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the formation of aqueous dispersions of milk protein. More particularly, the invention relates to the formation of milk protein dispersions with a high protein concentration, a low lactose concentration and relatively low viscosity. In frozen dessert products, the presence of significant concentrations of lactose can lead to an undesirable sandy texture due to the formation of lactose crystals upon the freezing of the dairy product. Thus, it is desirable to keep lactose levels low. If lactose is removed from the milk product, the concentration of the other constituents in the milk, particularly the milk protein, increases. High protein concentrations, however, can lead to large increases in viscosity and possibly gelation of the milk product in a relatively short period of time. The large viscosity increase makes processing difficult and can force completion of the product in an undesirably short period of time following the production of the milk protein dispersion. In a first aspect, the invention pertains to an aqueous milk protein dispersion comprising greater than about 8.5 percent by weight protein and greater than about 3 percent by weight soluble sugar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635302__

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Nutritional products containing modified starches Inventor(s): Kaplan; Murray L. (Ames, IA), Robyt; John F. (Ames, IA), Sharp; Rickey L. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 6,676,984 Date filed: October 8, 1998 Abstract: Modified starch materials having a number average molecular weight of at least 10,000 for nutritional products provide a relatively slow release of metabolizable carbohydrates, giving a source of carbohydrate energy over a longer period of time than

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can be obtained from glucose and other carbohydrates such as lactose, fructose, or sucrose. Such modified starch material possess altered processing and pasting profile characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nutritional products containing modified starches and, more particularly, to water-soluble modified starches and to nutritional products including such starches characterized by highly desirable properties. Carbohydrates are used as the major energy source in a variety of nutritional products ranging from, for example, liquid nutritional supplements for adults with compromised digestive functions, infant formulas, and carbohydrate supplements for exercise and athletic activity. Carbohydrate supplements are likewise included in a variety of solid nutritional products. The carbohydrates previously used as such supplements generally comprise glucose (dextrose), fructose, lactose, sucrose, and glucose polymers. Such carbohydrates typically are of relatively low molecular weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676984__ •

Orally administered antimicrobial pharmaceutical formulations of ciprofloxacin Inventor(s): Lee; Fang-Yu (Tachia, TW) Assignee(s): Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd. (taichung, Tw) Patent Number: 6,262,072 Date filed: October 12, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides three orally administered ciprofloxacin formulations: The first formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 0.3-10 wt % of pregelatinized starch as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.52 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The second formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-5 wt % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The third formulation comprises 60-75 wt % of ciprofloxacin or at least one of pharmacologically acceptable salt; 1-8 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol as binder; 5-30 wt % of lactose as diluent; 1-10 wt % of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant; and 0.5-2 wt % of magnesium stearate as lubricant. The ciprofloxacin or its pharmacologically acceptable salts, the binder, the diluent, the disintegrant, and the lubricant are first mixed in a dry state to form a powder mixture, followed by mixing with a water-solvent solution to convert the dry powder mixture into a wet powder mixture before grinding and granulating the wet powder mixture into wet granules, which are further dried to form dry granules. The above three formulations do not contain cellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to orally administered antimicrobial formulations which contain, as an active ingredient, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarb oxylic acid (also called ciprofloxacin) or its pharmacologically acceptable salts (preferably, HCl salt monohydrate) in a solid dosage form. The ciprofloxacin is combined with effective amounts of binders (preferably, pregelatinized starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or polyvinyl alcohol), diluents (preferably, lactose), disintegrants (preferably, sodium starch glycolate), wetting agent (preferably, sodium lauryl sulfate), and lubricants (preferably, magnesium stearate) to form granules or tablets. This invention also relates to methods for making the ciprofloxacincontaining tablets or granules using dry-wet-dry granulation processing before

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compression to tablets with granulation performed in a wet state. The tablets or capsules made from these formulations possess superior biological availability and excellent storage stability. 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid (also known as ciprofloxacin) belong to the class of quinolones, which are known to possess a broad antibacterial spectrum against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, in particular against Enterobacteriaceae. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,284,629, 4,499,091, 4,704,459, 4,668,784, 4,670,444, 5,286,754, and 5,840,333). Ciprofloxacin is a chemotherapeutic agent. Its use as an antimicrobial agent has distinct advantages over the use of antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and tetracyclines) in that ciprofloxacin does not induce tolerance or resistance in bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is also known to have low toxicity to humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262072__ •

Probiotic mixture intended for monogastric animals to control intestinal flora populations Inventor(s): Brown; Patrick K. (Fulton, IL), Spangler; David A. (Fulton, IL), Witzig; Thomas E. (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Agri-king, Inc. (fulton, Il), Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (rochester, Mn) Patent Number: 6,524,574 Date filed: May 29, 1998 Abstract: A mixture of probiotics effective to reduce the contamination of enteric bacteria in humans and other monogastric animals. The mixture of probiotics includes a lactic acid-producing bacteria and a yeast, and may advantageously be supplemented with a source of nutrients, such as lactose, in certain applications. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterial component is at least one strain of Enterococci, the yeast is at least one strain of Saccharomyces, and a high lactose whey. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a mixture of probiotics to be fed to monogastric animals and, more specifically, a mixture of facultative anaerobic probiotic organisms affecting and controlling or inhibiting the colonization of deleterious bacteria in the intestines of monogastric animals and humans. Probiotics are defined as microbes that are fed to animals to improve the microbial populations in the intestines of animals or humans. Most prior art probiotics are lactic acid-producing bacteria. The probiotics of the present invention include both bacteria and yeasts. Probiotics have been fed to animals to reduce or replace the potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria with nonpathogenic species. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524574__

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Process aid for preparing a flowable slurry Inventor(s): Marko; Ollie William (Milton, KY) Assignee(s): Dow Corning Corporation (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 6,478,870 Date filed: July 19, 2001

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Abstract: A process for preparing a flowable slurry comprising mixing 25-70 wt. % water; an alkaline material selected from the group consisting of chlorosilicon manufacturing byproducts, direct process residue gels, cement kiln dust, and mixtures thereof; and a process aid selected from the group consisting of sucrose, raffinose, lignin, methylglucopyranoside, lactose, fructose, sodium polyphosphate, trehalose and mixtures thereof to form a flowable slurry. This slurry is especially useful in the manufacture of cement. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a process for preparing a flowable slurry comprising mixing an alkaline material selected from the group consisting of chlorosilicon manufacturing byproducts, direct process residue gels, cement kiln dust and mixtures thereof, optionally clay, about 25 to 70 wt. % water and a process aid selected from the group consisting of sucrose, raffinose, lignin, methylglucopyranoside, lactose, fructose, sodium polyphosphate, trehalose and mixtures thereof to form the flowable slurry. The process is especially useful as an economical and an environmentally sound method for recycling alkaline raw materials for cement manufacture. The preparation of portland cement is well known in the art. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement characterized by the ability to set and harden in water. Generally, portland cement is manufactured by mixing suitable raw materials with water, burning at suitable temperatures to effect clinker formation, and grinding the resulting clinkers to the fineness required for hardening by reaction with water. The burning operation generates a fine alkaline particulate byproduct called cement kiln dust that is difficult to recycle. Cement kiln dust typically comprises about 1-3 wt. % or more of the above product from the cement production operation. The portland cement resulting from the above process consists mainly of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate. These two materials are primarily derived from two raw materials: one rich in calcium such as limestone, chalk, marl, oyster or clam shells; and the other rich in silica such as clay, shale, sand or quartz. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06478870__ •

Process for crystallizing amorphous lactose in milk powder Inventor(s): Baker; Brian S. (Millersberg, PA), Cook; Brandt C. (New Cumberland, PA), Zerphy; Gregory T. (Elizabethtown, PA) Assignee(s): Hershey Foods Corporation (hershey, Pa) Patent Number: 6,548,099 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: The present process is directed to a method of crystallizing the lactose in milkfat which comprises (a) mixing the milk powder with water in an amount sufficient to initiate crystallization when subjected to shearing and heating, and (b) subjecting the product of (a) to shearing and heating under conditions effective to crystallize the lactose, said heating being conducted at a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of the lactose and below the temperature at which the product will have a burnt flavor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for crystallizing amorphous lactose in dried whole milk powder and to the chocolate products prepared therefrom. Dried whole milk powder is derived from whole milk and is used for a great variety of purposes. For example, whole milk powder is an ingredient in bakery products, such as dry baking mixes for the preparation of home-made cakes and the like. It is also used in the production of confectionary products, such as chocolate, e.g., milk chocolate, white

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chocolate, semi-sweet-chocolate, and the like. The process of making milk chocolate requires several steps. In the first step, a nutritive carbohydrate sweetener, such as granulated sucrose is combined and mixed with cocoa butter, chocolate liquor and whole milk powder to form a paste. Next, in the refining step, essentially a fine grinding operation, the coarse paste from the mixer is passed between steel rollers and converted into a refined flake. The refining step breaks up the crystalline nutritive carbohydrate sweetener, cocoa butter, and milk solids such that the sizes of the particles are significantly reduced. This particle size reduction results in the desired smoothness of the chocolate. The third step is the conching step, which is a mixing-kneading step. In the conching step, the mixture is slurried while heating to give the final desired consistency of the milk chocolate. This mixing-kneading process allows moisture and volatile components to escape while smoothing the chocolate paste and is critical to the flavor and texture development of the chocolate. In the next step, i.e., the standardizing and finishing step, additional fat and emulsifier are added to the conched mixture to adjust the viscosity to the final specifications. The final step in obtaining the desired rheology of the chocolate is the tempering step, a process of inducing satisfactory crystal nucleation of the liquid fat in the chocolate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548099__ •

Production of bioproteins for zootechnical use from whey and waste of dairy industries Inventor(s): Reverso; Riccardo (Via Mazzoni, 4, 15100 Alessandria, IT) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,224,915 Date filed: February 25, 1999 Abstract: The aim of the present invention is to obtain bioproteins derived from whey and/or wheyey residues and waste of the dairy industry. The obtainment of these bioproteins therefore entails the treatment of the whey and/or wheyey residues and includes a method for eliminating the lactose contained in milk in order to subsequently be able to extrapolate the proteins therefrom so that they constitute a product which is reusable and, in particular, generally digestible. In order to provide the treatment according to the invention, there are also particular plant stages for performing this elimination at the cellular level. It is particularly important for the invention that specific microorganisms are used which perform the elimination at the cellular level of the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for eliminating the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues and waste in order to then extrapolate proteins therefrom so that said proteins constitute a product which is reusable and in particular generally digestible. Another aspect of the invention relates to the plant stages for performing this elimination at the cellular level. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the processing of whey and/or wheyey residues, comprising lactose elimination to be able to recover the proteins of interest. Finally, another aspect of the invention is the use of particular microorganisms which perform the elimination, at the cellular level, of the lactose contained in whey and/or wheyey residues. The need to produce proteins to be added to fodder used in intensive livestock rearing is a serious problem, since obtaining noble proteins is becoming increasingly onerous. In recent times there has been a decrease in the availability of fishmeal and meatmeal flours owing to limited exports from foreign countries. Furthermore, the conditioning of dairy

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industry waste per se is a cost which affects the community without often providing the expected environmental result, since the proposals for disposal do not always fully solve the problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06224915__ •

Sand reclamation Inventor(s): Simpson; Robert (Staffordshire, GB), Ward; Stuart P. (Warwickshire, GB) Assignee(s): Foseco International Limited (swindon, Gb) Patent Number: 6,286,580 Date filed: June 11, 1999 Abstract: A carbohydrate is added to sand, which has been used to make foundry moulds or cores, and which has been bonded using an alkaline resol phenolformaldehyde resin, prior to reclamation of the sand by a thermal reclamation. The thermal reclamation may be done in other equipment, for example, a rotary thermal reclamation unit, but is preferably done in a fluidized bed reclamation unit. The carbohydrate is preferably water soluble and is added to the used sand as an aqueous solution. The carbohydrate may be for example a monosaccharide, such as glucose, mannose, galactose or fructose, or a disaccharide such as sucrose, maltose or lactose. The carbohydrate may also be a carbohydrate derivative such as a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, xylitol, mannitol or sorbitol), a sugar acid (e.g., gluconic acid), or a polysaccharide derivative (e.g., a starch hydrolysate, i.e., a glucose syrup or a dextrin). The amount of carbohydrate used in the reclamation process is usually of the order of 0.25% to 5.0% by weight based on the weight of used sand. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the reclamation of sand, for example silica sand, which has been used to produce moulds and cores in foundries, and in particular to the reclamation of sand which has been bonded with an alkaline resol phenol-formaldehyde resin in order to produce the moulds and cores. When used to make foundry moulds and cores sand is mixed with one of a variety of binders such as bentonite clay, sodium silicate or a resin. Due to the effect of exposure to metal casting temperatures and contact with molten metal the sand becomes contaminated with binder decomposition products, metallic particles and other debris. The sand must therefore be replaced by new sand when making further moulds and cores, or if the sand is to be reused it must first be treated to remove at least some of the contaminants. Due to the cost of virgin sand and the cost of disposal of used sand, and also due to the strict regulations which now exist governing the disposal of waste materials in land fill sites, foundries now wish to increase the level of reclaimed sand which they use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06286580__

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Secretin and secretin pharmaceuticals for treating lactose intolerance Inventor(s): Rogoff; Joseph A. (12812 Panorama View, Santa Ana, CA 92705), Warner; F. Jack (442 Pebble Beach Pl., Fullerton, CA 92835) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,599,882 Date filed: November 3, 2000 Abstract: A method for treating lactose intolerance wherein the hormone secretin, or an acceptable pharmaceutical synthetic thereof, is administered to a person suffering from lactose intolerance. Patients so treated exhibit greatly improved digestion of lactose. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical and a method for treating lactose intolerance. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of the hormone secretin, or an acceptable pharmaceutical synthetic thereof, in the treatment of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is the inability to properly digest lactose, the predominant sugar of milk. Lactose is also known as milk sugar. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal bloating, gaseousness, cramping and diarrhea following the consumption of food containing dairy products or by-products (such as whey). Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough lactase, an enzyme normally produced by the epithelial cells that line the small intestine, to break down the lactose so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. When insufficient amounts of lactase are produced, lactose, passes through the intestines unchanged. Undigested lactose creates an osmotic imbalance which results in less water being reabsorbed by the intestinal lining. It also encourages rapid growth of intestinal bacteria that produce large amounts of gas. Those two factors cause the abdominal bloating, gaseousness, cramping, diarrhea and other symptoms of lactose intolerance, which begin about 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating or drinking foods containing lactose. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose each individual can tolerate. While not all persons deficient in lactase have symptoms, those who do are considered to be lactose intolerant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599882__

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Skimmed milk powder substitute Inventor(s): Cordts; Hans-Ulrich (Eisendorf, DE), Kruger; Christof Friedrich Karl (Hamburg, DE), Laverty; Richard James (Hamburg, DE), Pipa; Fernando (Tangstedt, DE) Assignee(s): Nzmp (germany) Gmbh (rellinger, De), Xyrofin OY (espoo, Fi) Patent Number: 6,592,927 Date filed: September 20, 2000 Abstract: Provided is a skimmed milk powder substitute which comprises an intimate mixture of protein and a non-fermentable sweetening and/or bulking agent. The powder includes 0-40 weight parts of lactose and 0-10 weight parts of fat per 100 weight parts of protein. The powder is prepared by forming an aqueous solution or dispersion of the components including protein and the sweetening/bulking agent followed by drying, e.g. by spray drying. The skimmed milk powder substitute is useful as an ingredient in the manufacture of food, in particular chocolate.

Patents 155

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skimmed milk powder substitute, and more particularly to a skimmed milk powder substitute useful in the manufacture of foods having a reduced content of fermentable sugars, such as confectionary, particularly chocolate. There is increasing awareness in today's society that consumption of sugar-rich foods, whilst providing a good deal of pleasure, is unfortunately not conducive to good health. Such-foods have been shown to be a principal cause of tooth decay due to the fermentation of the sugars to acids within the mouth by endogenous bacteria. Additionally, excessive consumption of such foods results in obesity. Whilst the simplest solution to this problem would be for consumers to abstain from or restrict their consumption of such sugar-rich foods, this solution has unsurprisingly not found mass appeal. Accordingly, food manufacturers are constantly investigating ways to reduce the sugar content of their foods in order to promote them as healthier alternatives to the corresponding sugar-rich products. For instance, the production of various confectionary products containing reduced sucrose contents is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,146, WO 93/02566, EP-A-0 026 119 and EP-A-0 317 917. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592927__ •

Sustained release pharmaceutical matrix tablet of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of diclofenac and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Odidi; Amina (2136 Opal Court, Mississauga, Ontario, CA), Odidi; Isa (2136 Opal Court, Mississauga, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,312,724 Date filed: April 3, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel sustained release composition and method for making such a composition of diclofenac and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The composition of the present invention provides a sustained release formulation of diclofenac and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which is suitable for once daily administration and provides controlled and long lasting in vivo release. The composition comprises: (a) about 5-25% by weight of hydroxyethyl cellulose; (b) about 5-75% by weight of lactose; (c) about 0-3% by weight of silicone dioxide; (d) about 0.5-5% by weight of PVP; (e) about

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Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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