A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Kelp: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83950-6 1. Kelp-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on kelp. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KELP .......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Kelp ............................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND KELP .................................................................................................. 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 Finding Nutrition Studies on Kelp ................................................................................................ 7 Federal Resources on Nutrition ..................................................................................................... 9 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KELP .......................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 15 General References ....................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON KELP ............................................................................................ 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Dissertations on Kelp................................................................................................................... 17 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON KELP ...................................................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Patents on Kelp ............................................................................................................................ 19 Patent Applications on Kelp ........................................................................................................ 44 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON KELP .......................................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 51 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 52 Chapters on Kelp .......................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 73 KELP DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................................... 75
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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 105
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with kelp is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about kelp, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to kelp, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on kelp. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to kelp, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on kelp. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KELP Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on kelp.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and kelp, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
FDA Bans Diet Pill Ingredient After Nearly 20 Years Source: Obesity and Health. 6(1);22-2; January/February 1992. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article reports the banning of 111 diet pill ingredients as not generally recognized as safe and effective for over-the-counter sales. The ban includes arginine, kelp, lysine, and phenyalalanin. Also banned is guar gum which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) calls a safety hazard. The ban does not include two other weight control ingredients: phenylpropanolamine and benzocaine.
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Federally Funded Research on Kelp The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to kelp. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to kelp. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore kelp.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for kelp in the PubMed Central database: •
Community-wide distribution of predator --prey interaction strength in kelp forests. by Sala E, Graham MH.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122583
•
Evolutionary Consequences of Food Chain Length in Kelp Forest Communities. by Steinberg PD, Estes JA, Winter FC.; 1995 Aug 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41112
•
Oligoguluronates Elicit an Oxidative Burst in the Brown Algal Kelp Laminaria digitata. by Kupper FC, Kloareg B, Guern J, Potin P.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61009
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
Studies
5
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with kelp, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for kelp (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
Health food supplements prepared from kelp--a source of elevated urinary arsenic. Author(s): Walkiw O, Douglas DE. Source: Clin Toxicol. 1975; 8(3): 325-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1175348&dopt=Abstract
•
Letter: Health food supplements prepared from kelp- a source of elevated urinary arsenic. Author(s): Walkin O, Douglas DE. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 December 21; 111(12): 1301-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4442010&dopt=Abstract
•
Letter: Kelp diet: A cause of acneiform eruption. Author(s): Harrell BL, Rudolph AH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1976 April; 112(4): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=131519&dopt=Abstract
•
Severe dyserythropoiesis and autoimmune thrombocytopenia associated with ingestion of kelp supplements. Author(s): Pye KG, Kelsey SM, House IM, Newland AC. Source: Lancet. 1992 June 20; 339(8808): 1540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1351210&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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•
The tomato mosaic tobamovirus movement protein interacts with a putative transcriptional coactivator KELP. Author(s): Matsushita Y, Deguchi M, Youda M, Nishiguchi M, Nyunoya H. Source: Molecules and Cells. 2001 August 31; 12(1): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561731&dopt=Abstract
•
Transient hyperthyroidism in a patient taking dietary supplements containing kelp. Author(s): Eliason BC. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1998 November-December; 11(6): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876004&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND KELP Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and kelp.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Kelp The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “kelp” (or a synonym): •
Critical thermal limits, temperature tolerance and water balance of a sub-Antarctic kelp fly, Paractora dreuxi (Diptera: Helcomyzidae). Source: Klok, C.J. Chown, S.L. J-insect-physiol. Oxford, U.K. : Elsevier Science Ltd. January 2001. volume 47 (1) page 95-109. 0022-1910
•
Cultivated edible kelp. Source: Druehl, L.D. Algae and human affairs / edited by Carole A. Lembi, J. Robert Waaland; sponsored by the Phycological Society of America, Inc. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988. page 119-134. ill. ISBN: 0521321158
•
Effect of dietary kelp on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in livers of rats given breast carcinogen DMBA. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Hygienic Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Maruyama, H Watanabe, K Yamamoto, I Nutr-Cancer. 1991; 15(3-4): 221-8 01635581
•
Effects of foliar sprays on turfgrass of an extract of peat and kelp amended with iron. Source: Perez Sanz, A. EyMarch, E. Lucena, J.J. J-plant-nutr. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1996. volume 19 (8/9) page 1179-1188. 0190-4167
•
False fertilization in sea urchin eggs induced by diabolin, a 120K kelp protein. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Nomura, K Nakamura, H Suzuki, N Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun. 2000 June 16; 272(3): 691-3 0006-291X
•
Lipids from the bull kelp Durvillaea potatorum. Source: Virtue, P. Nichols, P.D. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. October 1994. volume 37 (3) page 673-676. 0031-9422
•
Metabolism of trimethylamines in kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) and marine and freshwater pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089. Source: Charest, R P Chenoweth, M Dunn, A J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 1988; 158(5): 609-19 0174-1578
•
Raised thyroid stimulating hormone associated with kelp intake in British vegan men. Author(s): Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Gibson Building, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE (United Kingdom) Source: Key, T.J.A. Thorogood, M. Keenan, J. Long, A. Journal-of-Human-Nutrition-andDietetics (United Kingdom). (1992). volume 5(5) page 323-326. seaweed products men vegetarians thyrotropin blood united kingdom
•
Stereochemical specificity of lamoxirene, the sperm-releasing pheromone in kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Author(s): Fachbereich Biologie, Universitat Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Maier, I Hertweck, C Boland, W Biol-Bull. 2001 October; 201(2): 121-5 0006-3185
Nutrition
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•
The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens), and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats. Author(s): Department of Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. Source: Chiu, K W Fung, A Y Gen-Pharmacol. 1997 November; 29(5): 859-62 0306-3623
•
The hypotensive effects of green bean (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens) and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats. Source: Chiu, K.W. Fung, A.Y.L. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. May 1997. volume 11 (3) page 203-206. 0951-418X
•
Transient hyperthyroidism in a patient taking dietary supplements containing kelp. Author(s): Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226-0509, USA. Source: Eliason, B C J-Am-Board-Fam-Pract. 1998 Nov-December; 11(6): 478-80 08938652
•
Visual pigments and optical habitats of surfperch (Embiotocidae) in the California kelp forest. Author(s): Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
[email protected] Source: Cummings, M E Partridge, J C J-Comp-Physiol-A-Neuroethol-Sens-NeuralBehav-Physiol. 2001 December; 187(11): 875-89 0340-7594
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to kelp; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
•
Food and Diet Popcorn Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sea Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Seaweed Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,217,00.html Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KELP Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to kelp. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to kelp and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to kelp: •
Assessment of dietary exposure to trace metals in Baffin Inuit food. Author(s): Chan HM, Kim C, Khoday K, Receveur O, Kuhnlein HV. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 July-August; 103(7-8): 740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7588487&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcitonin produces hypercalcemia in leopard sharks. Author(s): Glowacki J, O'Sullivan J, Miller M, Wilkie DW, Deftos LJ. Source: Endocrinology. 1985 February; 116(2): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3967631&dopt=Abstract
•
Dangerous marine animals. Author(s): Edmonds C.
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Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1976 April; 5(3): 381-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=942359&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of kelp supplementation on thyroid function in euthyroid subjects. Author(s): Clark CD, Bassett B, Burge MR. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2003 September-October; 9(5): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14583417&dopt=Abstract
•
Electrolyte content of salt-replacement seasonings. Author(s): Ahern DA, Kaley LA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1989 July; 89(7): 935-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745911&dopt=Abstract
•
Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Author(s): Miller LG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 November 9; 158(20): 2200-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818800&dopt=Abstract
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Homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. II. LPS of plant origin other than wheat flour and their concomitant bacteria. Author(s): Inagawa H, Nishizawa T, Tsukioka D, Suda T, Chiba Y, Okutomi T, Morikawa A, Soma GI, Mizuno D. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1992 April; 40(4): 994-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525958&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term effects of commonly available weight reducing programmes in Sweden. Author(s): Bjorvell H, Rossner S. Source: Int J Obes. 1987; 11(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3570638&dopt=Abstract
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Mistletoe hepatitis. Author(s): Harvey J, Colin-Jones DG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 January 17; 282(6259): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6779941&dopt=Abstract
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Salmonellae in health foods. Author(s): Thomason BM, Cherry WB, Dodd DJ.
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Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1977 November; 34(5): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=563217&dopt=Abstract •
The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens), and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats. Author(s): Chiu KW, Fung AY. Source: General Pharmacology. 1997 November; 29(5): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347338&dopt=Abstract
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Transient hyperthyroidism in a patient taking dietary supplements containing kelp. Author(s): Eliason BC. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1998 November-December; 11(6): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876004&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to kelp; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Chinese Medicine Kunbu Alternative names: Kelp or Tangle; Thallus Laminariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Spirulina and Kelp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10058,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON KELP Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to kelp. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “kelp” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on kelp, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Kelp ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to kelp. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Ecology of the Kelp Laminaria Longicruris and Its Principal Grazers in the Rocky Subtidal of Nova Scotia by Johnson, Craig Richard; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66097
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Evolution of Kelp Morphology in Response to Local Physical Factors: the Effect of Small-scale Water Flow on Nutrient Uptake, Growth, and Speciation in the Southern Sea Palm, Eisenia Arborea by Roberson, Loretta Marie; PhD from Stanford University, 2002, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038141
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Kelp Patty Neuston Community Structure and Variation by Crouch, Catherine Ann; PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058490
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Molecular Biological Analysis of Morphological Variation, Populations and Phylogeny of the Kelp Costaria Costata (Phaeophyta) by Bhattacharya, Debashish; PhD from Simon Fraser University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL48687
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Population Dynamics and Genetics of the Intertidal Kelp Postelsia Palmaeformis by Whitmer, Allison C.; PhD from University of Washington, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063035
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Relations among Lobsters, Sea Urchins and Kelp in Nova Scotia by Breen, P. A; PhD from Dalhousie University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24912
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Sea Urchin-kelp Forest Communities in Marine Reserves and Areas of Exploitation: Community Interactions, Populations, and Metapopulation Analyses by Montano Moctezuma, Gabriela; PhD from Oregon State University, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044342
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The Use of the Kelp, Macrocystis Integrifolia, As a Soil Amendment and Foliar Spray upon Selected Crops by Temple, Wayne Douglas; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55946
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Trophic Position of Mainland, Estuarine and Island, Kelp-bed Populations of the Silverside Fish Atherinops Affinis (teleostei: Atherinopsidae) from Southern California: Analyses of Dietary Items and Nitrogen-15 and Carbon-13 Stable Isotopes by Smith, Darryl R.; MS from California State University, Fullerton, 2002, 37 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409873
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON KELP Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “kelp” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on kelp, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Kelp By performing a patent search focusing on kelp, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on kelp: •
Agricultural inoculant composition Inventor(s): Rutherford; Joseph P. (3203 Rocks Chrome Hill Rd., Jarrettsville, MD 21084) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,337,077 Date filed: September 9, 1980 Abstract: An agricultural inoculant composition used as a seed, plant, foilar spray, field spray, and compost inoculant. The agricultural inoculant composition includes both a peat humus base composition having predetermined quantities of peat moss, leather meal, granite meal, Calcium Phosphate, tobacco meal, animal manure, kelp, greensand, liquid seaweed, and bacterial inoculant. Additionally, a liquid seaweed base composition is mixed with the peat humus base composition and the liquid seaweed base composition includes a combination of liquid seaweed, carbohydrates and polysaccharides, vitamins, as well as liquid alfalfa. The agricultural inoculant has been found to increase both the quality and yield of various types of plant products when such is used either as a seed or plant inoculant. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to an agricultural inoculant composition and method of producing same for increasing both the quality and yield of various agricultural products. In particular, this invention pertains to a combination of a peat humus base mixture and a seaweed base mixture for providing seed, plant, foilar spray, field spray, and compost inoculants. More in particular, this invention pertains to an agricultural inoculant which includes a peat humus base composition having a predetermined mixture of peat moss, leather meal, granite meal, Calcium Phosphate, tobacco meal, animal manure, and bacterial inoculant. Still further, this invention relates to a particular type of seed base composition which includes liquid seaweed, carbohydrates and polysaccharides, vitamins and liquid alfalfa. More in particular, this invention relates to the combination of the seaweed base composition with peat humus base compositions having been fermented to particular types of standards. Agricultural inoculant compositions and methods of producing such have been known in the prior art. The best prior art known to the inventor includes U.S. Pat. Nos.: 1,228,587; 3,940,257; 2,070,658; 4,174,957; 3,140,921; 3,561,943; 103,085; 3,422,569; 4,013,440; 4,084,938; and 2,974,030. In particular, reference U.S. Pat. No. 1,228,587 directs itself to a fertilizing system which utilizes both peat humus in combination with ocean vegetation. The peat humus is initially dried and maintained on a floor member. A layer of seed vegetation is placed on the peat humus and the seed vegetation which is seaweed, is absorbed within the peat humus. Thus, such prior art references of this nature do provide for combinations of peat humus and seaweed. However, it does not appear that such prior art references provide for the peat humus base composition to go through the various fermenting processes as described in the subject inventive concept, and further does not include the total combination of peat moss, leather meal, granite meal, Calcium Phosphate, tobacco meal, animal manure and bacterial inoculant, as is provided by the subject inventive concept. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04337077__
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Aquatic growth cutter Inventor(s): Mendelevitch; Eli (1920 Una St., San Diego, CA 92113) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,718,871 Date filed: March 24, 1986 Abstract: An upper and a lower blade are fixed together at an adjustable angle and have means for mounting same on the leading edge of the propeller drive housing of an inboard/outboard motor to cut kelp and other seaweed which would otherwise foul the prop and clog the cool, sea water input vents. The cutter has adjustable brackets which will accommodate a wide variety of different types of propeller drive housings, and will accommodate outboard motors as well as inboard motors, and will even fit on the advance edge a sailboat keel. In one embodiment, it has a combination brace/mesh screen which extends from the cutter to the propeller drive housing in front of the cooling water inlets to keep bits of seaweed and other debris from entering and clogging the cooling system, causing overheating the destruction of the motor. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of marine drive units, and specifically pertains to inboard/outboard drives, although it also has application to outboard motors and sailboats. The utilization of open, rotating propellers under water engenders the potential problem of fouling the propeller with seaweed such as kelp, fishing lines, and other debris that is increasingly found in the world's oceans. In addition to the problem of wrapping around the propeller, and thus slowing it down, and fouling the drive unit in general, seaweed wrapped around the breathing ports of the propeller drive housing may cut off the cool water circulation which is relied upon by the engine manufacturers to maintain the engine within its range of operating temperatures. If the operator does not become aware of this blocking or clogging, the mechanism can be severely damaged or even ruined before it becomes apparent that there is a problem. Otherwise, the fouling can slow down the vessel, and cause the operator to spend a few minutes manually unclogging the propeller and unwinding any coiled seaweed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04718871__
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Bioactivating system for increased plant growth and yields Inventor(s): Tenzer; Abraham I. (Longwood, FL) Assignee(s): Bio-Organics, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,666,497 Date filed: October 31, 1985 Abstract: Cultivation of a microorganism in a nutrient medium including disrupted sea kelp or a sea kelp extract produces a bioactivating fermentation product which promotes growth and yields when applied to plants. A composition containing such bioactivating fermentation product and an acidification extraction product of humic acid is readily absorbed by plant foliage when sprayed on plants. Excerpt(s): The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are not intended to be limiting. The bioactivating composition prepared according to Example I (supra) was mixed with water (1 ml bioactivating composition/gal. water), and about 2% by weight of a carboxylate derivative of humic acid was added to the mixture. The carboxylate derivative of humic acid was obtained by mixing two parts natural crude
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humic acid powder composition (Agro-Lig.TM., American Colloid Company, Skokie, Ill., U.S.A.) made from Leonardite shale, an organic substance mined in South Dakota, with one part of a mixture comprising 85% by weight Technical Grade HCl and 15% by weight 2-p-methoxy phenyl ethylene bromide, to form a slurry. The slurry was allowed to react for about five weeks, during which a solvolysis reaction takes place wherein the 2-p-methyoxy phenyl ethylene bromide is converted to 2-p-methoxy phenyl ethylene chloride, and a by-product of the humic acid powder composition is formed as a precipitate. The sedimented product (carboxylate derivatives) was separated from the aqueous portion and mixed with the bioactivating composition as set forth above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04666497__ •
Color and growth enchancement of the coast of felines and canines Inventor(s): Greer; Phyllis T. (275 Channel Dr., Novato, CA 94947) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,258,036 Date filed: August 27, 1979 Abstract: This invention relates to a diet supplement for enhancing the coat of felines and canines. More specifically, this invention relates to a formulation consisting of a primary component, capsicum tetragonum, which is mixed with kelp and a gelatinous material. The formulation is especially useful during those periods of time when the felines or canines shed their coats. The primary effect of this formulation is to enhance the growth of the coat and intensify the color thereof during the life of the feline or canine. Excerpt(s): During the normal daily life of most dogs or cats, a small amount of its coat is naturally ejected and is subsequently replaced by a natural processes. However, most dogs or cats have a shedding period wherein most of the coat falls out and is replaced. During this shedding period, the animal appears shaggy, splotchy and generally unkept in appearance. Much time and effort has been directed to alleviating the problem created by this shedding. In general, there has been proposed essentially two (2) methods of enhancing the growth of the coat during peak shedding periods for the dogs or cats. These methods can be classified as physical and essentially chemical. The physical method for enhancing the growth of the coat of dogs and cats consists of several approaches. The most widely used approach is to simply brush or pluck the coat and thus stimulate the skin and the fallicles to enhance the growth thereof. Another approach is to add an oil substance to the skin and/or coat to enhance the growth and appearance thereof. Additionally, it has also been the practice to wrap the coat with strips of impervious material, such as waxed paper, foil, etc., to enhance the growth thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04258036__
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Cultivating kelp and mussels together Inventor(s): Streichenberger; Rodolphe (75 Sea Island Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92660) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,325,569 Date filed: November 5, 1999 Abstract: An artificial marine habitat made of seaweed affixed near-off bottom on buoyant ropes (10) and shellfish affixed near-off bottom on racks (26) whereby the symbiosis of seaweed and shellfish produces a synergic effect resulting in increased diversification and production of marine species inhabiting this habitat. If ropes (10) are colonized by unwanted shellfish they fall on the water bottom where these shellfish are eliminated by bottom predators. If racks (26) are colonized by unwanted seaweed, this seaweed is eliminated through the shellfish competition incited by the aquaculturist which on these racks installs already-mussel-colonized ropes (10). The man-made marine habitat gives new shelter, food, and reproductive ground to marine wildlife and is a prime place for aquacultural and recreational activities. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the cultivation of seaweed and shellfish for the creation and exploitation of aquatic habitats. The creation of new aquatic habitats to compensate for man-caused losses of natural habitats is in great demand. The plantation of kelp forests and shellfish reefs have been proposed to replace fish shelter, food, and spawning grounds which are depleted. Also, the aquacultural exploitation of these manmade habitats has been proposed in order to make their construction profitable for the private investor. In my patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,782 of Oct. 10, 1989 and in my patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,585 of Mar. 23, 1999 I proposed artificial substrates for the construction of mussel habitats, and in patent application Ser. No. 09/206/276 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,476 filed on Jun. 23d, 1998 I proposed artificial substrates for the plantation of kelp forests. Also, some aqualculturists cultivate shellfish in mesh bags placed on intertidal racks to prevent predation from bottom organisms. Nevertheless, I recognized the difficulty to cultivate in the same marine habitat kelp and mussels together. Mussels colonize kelp substrates and kelp colonizes mussel substrates. However, I wanted to create an habitat with both mussels and kelp, because in the California sea these two remarkable marine organisms are complementary, and cultivated in symbiosis have a synergic effect resulting in greater diversity and production of marine species. Mussels and kelp can live well together as long as substrates are available for both species. Mussels and kelp do not compete in the food chain. Phytoplankton feeds mussels which feed carnivorous fish. Dissolved nutrients feed kelp which feeds herbivorous fish. Mussels and kelp compete only for their fixation on solid substrates which often are rare. The Prior Art did not solve the problem of shellfish and seaweed competing with each other for limited substrates, and as a result limiting the diversity and productivity of marine habitats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06325569__
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Deep ocean, mid-water farming apparatus Inventor(s): Berry; Michael (1820 S. El Camino Real, A-202, Encinitas, CA 92023), Johnson; Jeremy (230 Calle Cuervo, San Clemente, CA 92672) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,230,646 Date filed: November 22, 1999 Abstract: A deep ocean, mid-water farming apparatus, for propagating bi-valves, kelp and sea weed comprising a plurality of air-containing tanks arranged in a frame and including a lower frame element and an upper frame element, a device for anchoring the tanks in deep water and including connectors to connect the anchor to the lower frame element for holding the device in deep water, a plurality of upwardly directed elongated tubular substrates, on which to grow the bi-valves, the substrates arranged about a vertically-oriented center strut, each substrate defined by a first, lower terminal end, for connection to the upper frame element, and a second, upper terminal end, spaced-apart from the first end and, a top hat centered about the strut for connecting to the upper ends of the tubular substrates for holding them in a fixed configuration thereabout. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the field of habitation and propagation of coastal and pelagic fish species and sea flora. More particular, it pertains to a novel farming apparatus for use in deep ocean, away from land, ocean vessels and other potentially damaging forces on which to grow bi-valves and kelp. Coastal and pelagic fish and flora are under constant attack from man and his forces. Sewage pollution is a fact in virtually every part of every coastline in all parts of the world from Antarctica to the North Pole and in all ports of call. Oil and other materials spilled, leaked or dumped from ocean-going vessels and dropped from airplanes has caused deterioration of virtually all sea life including kelp and other ocean-grown plants. If that were not enough, over-fishing, poaching, and miles-long gill netting have reduced many species of fish to near-extinct level. What few attempts at supporting sea life has been timid at best and appears not to be able to undue what has and still is being done to the sea. As to bi-valve populations, some effort has and is being made to provide support structures in small bays, harbors and inlets on which to grow clams, oysters, and other such animals. Most of this work is plagued by pollution of the water by those living and working nearby these facilities. Some other efforts have been made to raise kelp and other such marine plant life in special holding pens for later replanting in the ocean, however, there is not much incentive to spend funds to raise such crops. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06230646__
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Enhanced kimchi mix composition Inventor(s): Yoo; Byong W. (1929 Gomes Rd., Fremont, CA 94539) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,024,992 Date filed: May 18, 1998 Abstract: A Kimchi mix composition having a spice mix, vitamin C at an organic acid. The vitamin continue is either ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbic or sodium ascorbic. The organic acid is either malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, stannic acid, succinic acid or
Patents 25
mixtures thereof. The vitamin C and the organic acid are present at an amount of 0.530% by weight and 0.5-5% by weight, respectively, based on the total weight of the spice mix. The spice mix can include salt, pepper powder, onion powder, garlic powder, mustard powder, paprika powder, kelp powder, ginger powder, seaweed powder, apple powder, fish powder, monosodium glutamate, sesame powder, or mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a Kimchi mix composition with which housewives or cooks can easily prepare Kimchi and which prevents the Kimchi from giving nitrosoamine, a carcinogen, in the stomach. Many reports disclose that there is a relation between stomach cancer and fermented vegetable foods, such as Kimchi, which are mixed with stimulating spices including salt and powdered red pepper. For instance, it is written in Surgeon General's reports of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that, when a lot of the fermented foods are taken in, they may cause stomach cancer because, in the course of vegetable fermentation, such as under the condition of pickling vegetables into Kimchi, the nitrate within the vegetables is converted into nitrosamine, a known carcinogen, and other nitrogen compounds by the action of zymogens in the body. Nitrate is contained in vegetables at a considerable amount and thus, it is accumulated in the human body when taken in. Ingestion of raw vegetables, however, is known to have nothing to do with stomach cancer even if the intake of nitrate is large (Pobel et al. 1995). On the other hand, Morales, et al., 1995, reported that the drinking water in Spain contains a considerable amount of nitrate and the nosagenic rate of stomach cancer is high to the in Spain. This contrary result is deduced to have something to do with vitamin C: when raw vegetables are eaten, vitamin C, together with nitrate, are taken in and plays a role as an antioxidant in the body. Whereas, the tap water of Spain contains little vitamin C and fermented vegetables, such as Kimchi, lack vitamin C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06024992__ •
Hair treatment solution and method of using same Inventor(s): DiTucci; Ida (5 Lake Ter., Woburn, MA 01801) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,674,510 Date filed: November 14, 1995 Abstract: A hair treatment solution capable of acting as a cosmetic, reducing alopecia, eliminating alopecia, increasing hair growth or any combination thereof is disclosed. The hair treatment solution comprises garlic powder, brewer's yeast, grapefruit juice, acetic acid and kelp. In one aspect, the invention includes a method of applying the hair treatment solution. Typically, the solution is applied directly to a treatment area. Excerpt(s): This application is a related application under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120 to U.S. Ser. No. 08/188,572 filed on Jan. 24, 1994, and entitled I.R.V. Hair Solution. The present invention generally relates to hair treatment solutions, and more specifically to such a solutions which are capable of acting as a cosmetic, reducing alopecia, eliminating alopecia, stimulating hair growth or any combination thereof as well as methods of using same. Due to society's tendency to attach a stigma to hair loss, there exists a substantial demand for a "cure" to baldness. In particular, the desire to maintain a full head hair has resulted in numerous hair growth studies. These studies have led to several results with respect to the growth of hair.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05674510__ •
Herbal hair treatments and method of making the same Inventor(s): Fluker; Annette (30 Summit St., East Orange, NJ 07018) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,475,476 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: A herbal hair treatments and method of making the same for protecting and strengthening hair. The herbal hair treatments and method of making the same includes mixing sage, horsetail, kelp, nettle leaf, horsetail, rosemary and mineral water to form a mixture. Heating the mixture to a full boil. Straining the mixture to form an herb liquid. Mixing into the herb liquid rosemary oil, vitamin E, castor oil and a soap to form a shampoo. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to hair treatments and more particularly pertains to a new herbal hair treatments and method of making the same for protecting and strengthening hair. The use of hair treatments is known in the prior art. More specifically, hair treatments heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements. Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,438; U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,644; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,492; U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,609; U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,555; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,839. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475476__
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Hydrodynamic swim fin Inventor(s): Lamont; Mark D. (Long Beach, CA) Assignee(s): Under Sea Industries, Inc. (Rancho Dominguez, CA) Patent Number: 4,737,127 Date filed: October 7, 1986 Abstract: An improved hydrodynamic swim fin utilizes a wing and a tail that are overlapped normally to provide a two-stage propulsion system. Ribs support the wing and tail and define flow channels. These ribs are parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the fin whereby the effective area through which flow proceeds is uniform throughout the length of the fin. No parts of the ribs form barriers to the leading edges of the side wing segments whereby laminar flow is achieved. The fin part is maintained essentially rigid; however, the fin part is allowed limited angular movement about a defined transverse axis to achieve proper attack angle. Since the fin part is rigid, it maintains that attack angle throughout the length of the fin part. Trailing ends of the wing are individually flexible to produce greater opening for two-stage propulsion during the power downstroke, and to produce substantial closure for onestage propulsion during the upstroke. Leading ends of the side wing segments are individually flexible to permit a truer hdyrofoil shape in response to angular movement of the fin part about the transverse axis. Deflectors prevent obstructions such as kelp from reaching the lateral wing segment flow channels. Strakes positioned parallel to the
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ribs along the leading ends of the wing segments and the tail also promote laminar flow through and along the fin part. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an improvement in swim fins of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,183,529 issued May 18, 1965 to George Beuchat, and widely marketed in the United States as the JETFIN.RTM. by the Scubapro Division of Under Sea Industries, Inc. of Rancho Dominguez, Calif. In the period of about 1940 to 1950, snorklers and spear fishermen began to use swim fins that were nothing more than paddle-like extensions of the feet of the user, providing more area for presentation to the water surface. Thus, a more efficient coupling was established between the swimmers's musculo-skeletal structure and the water. Propulsion, speed and maneuverability were enhanced. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 23,006 to Churchill of June 15, 1948. In the early 1950's, Giovanni Cressi and Luigi Ferraro of Genoa, Italy recognized that efficient coupling depended on factors in addition to mere extension of foot area by use of a fin. U.S. Pat. No. 2,727,668 to Cressi and Ferraro thus taught the use of a fin angled downwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of the foot. This angularity took into consideration the posture and leg movements of the human body while swimming and the direction of intended movement. To accommodate the angularity, a toe hole was provided. In the early 1960's, Georges Beuchat of Marseille, France improved upon the Cressi-Ferraro fin structure by providing a two-stage machine by the aid of vents in the medial portion of the fin part. The efficiency was improved by reducing drag, particularly during the power downstroke. The Beuchat JETFIN.RTM. has been widely copied in recent years. Minor improvements have been suggested, such as equalizing the specific gravity of the fin. The general objective has always been an increase in swimming efficiency and a corresponding decrease in fatigue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04737127__ •
Kelp blade harvester Inventor(s): Pace; Dan R. (P.O. Box 5083, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,275,545 Date filed: March 3, 1980 Abstract: A harvester for harvesting only the blade or lamina from a mature kelp plant uses a plurality of harvester mechanisms for movement through a kelp bed adjacent the sea bottom. Each mechanism has a pair of helically formed spindles parallel to each other for relative counter-rotation, the helices being of opposite hand. A kelp stipe, encountering the spindles is moved upwardly thereby to bring the attached lamina into a channel forward of the spindles, adjacent which channel a cutter is positioned. When the lamina starts to engage the spindles they separate slightly and operate a linkage which in turn actuates the cutter to sever the lamina. The severed laminae are collected in a basket connected to the harvesting mechanisms. By harvesting only the lamina the plant can regenerate a new lamina and it is possible to have repeated harvests from a single plant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a harvester for a crop having a single leaf on a long stalk, and in particular to a harvester for kelp growing in a body water such as the sea. There have been many attempts in the past to devise an effective marine harvester for living plants of seaweed of the order Laminariales, i.e. kelp. Most of those previous attempts have resulted in apparatus which either pulls the complete plant
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from the sea bottom or severs the stalk or stipe of the plant for collection and processing. This is believed to be inefficient and wasteful since the major portion of the kelp plant is the leaf or lamina and, in many species, if only the lamina is severed from the plant it will regenerate a new lamina which will soon be available for harvest. Thus if only kelp laminae were harvested the kelp bed would be harvested again much sooner than if the stipes were severed and new plants were required to establish. As examples of prior art seaweed or kelp harvesters, reference may be made to British Pat. No. 690,275 (Scottish Seaweed Research Association) of Apr. 15, 1953 which uses a plurality of hooks on an endless belt to engage and tear away the kelp from the sea bottom; and to U.S. Pat. No. 1,120,206 (S. A. Knapp) of Dec. 8, 1914 which uses a band saw arrangement to cut the stalks or stipes. Each of these patents shows apparatus which harvests more than is required and is hence inefficient to the point of representing a questionable investment when applied to kelp of the genus Laminaria or other genera of similar form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04275545__ •
Kelp shield for diver worn equipment Inventor(s): Robison; Charles R. (Bakersfield, CA) Assignee(s): Shackelford; Michael D. (Bakersfield, CA) Patent Number: 4,791,921 Date filed: June 5, 1987 Abstract: A vertically elongated flexible panel is provided including a lower end to be downwardly overlap engaged with a diving equipment component supported and projecting outwardly from a lower body portion of a diver and an upper end for close registry with an upper body portion of the diver spaced above the aforementioned lower body portion. The upper end of the flexible panel includes structure for releasable anchoring to the diver upper body portion and the lower end of the flexible panel also may include structure for releasable engagement with at least the upper portion of the diving equipment component with which the lower end of the panel is overlappingly engaged. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a flexible, vertically elongated panel having upper and lower ends and adapted to be worn by a diver with the upper end of the panel anchored relative to an upper body encircling strap structure and the lower end of the panel at least lengthwise overlap engaged with the outer side of a portion of a diver's underwater equipment supported and projecting outward from a second lower body portion of the diver, the flexible panel being designed to deflect long lengths of kelp outward of the underwater equipment in order to prevent the kelp from becoming entangled with the equipment. The instant invention is disclosed in two forms including a first form wherein the upper end of the panel is to be anchored relative to the rear portion of tee head encircling strap of a diver's underwater mask and the lower end of the flexible panel is to be overlap engaged with and releasably attached to the upperwardly projecting valve body of an air tank strapped to the back of the diver. The second disclosed form of the invention is specifically designed to have the upper end portion thereof anchored, by integral strap structure, about an upper calf portion of the leg of a diver beneath which a knife sheath and attendant knife or other underwater equipment is disposed and strapped to a lower calf leg portion. The lower end of the flexible panel of the second form of the invention ma be lengthwise overlap engaged with the upper portion of the associated knife sheath and knife supported therefrom. Various different forms of protective garments including elongated flexible panels
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heretofore have been provided. Examples of these various previously known forms of protective garments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,767,404, 3,668,707, 3,774,242, 3,879,763, 4,180,868, 4,460,089 and 4,593,417. However, these previously known forms of protective panels are not specifically designed to perform the intended functions of the two forms of shields specifically illustrated and described hereinafter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04791921__ •
Medication for herpes simplex and canker sores Inventor(s): Elderbaum; Gilbert J. (380 Main St., Wakefield, MA 01880) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,117,120 Date filed: February 11, 1977 Abstract: A medication for the relief of the discomfort associated with cold sores, lesions of the mouth commonly known as canker sores, and herpes simplex virus, which medication is a mixture of kelp and a vehicle which may be glycerin that acts as a carrier for the active ingredients of kelp. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to medications for the relief of the discomfort associated with cold sores, lesions of the mouth commonly known as canker sores, and herpes simplex virus. It utilizes kelp as an active agent which pocesses the active ingredients. Heretofore, preparations offered for the relief of the discomfort of irritations of the mucous membranes, primarily related to the mouth, contained substances such as benzocaine used as a local anesthetic; or substances such as myrrh, a bitter gum resin, used as a remedy by local application; or other preparations such as alum which has a sweetish, sourish astringent taste. These preparations including silver nitrate used to cauterize the sore and others commercially available for medicinal purposes pertaining to the cure of herpes simplex virus, cold sores on the lips and skin, and canker sores have been found by the inventor to be ineffective in giving adequate relief from the discomfort associated therewith. The period of time required for a lesion to heal itself is approximately two weeks, even with the use of standard commercially available medicines. In contrast thereto, the substance which is the subject of the present invention has been found to bring relief and to effect healing much more quickly. In one test by the inventor, relief was obtained within two minutes and a cure within twentyfour hours. Prior art medications act primarily as an antiseptic and as an anesthetic and not as a cure, while the lesions, blisters, and sores heal by themself. The medication of this invention is an effective cure. This invention pertains to a medication for the relief of the discomfort associated with cold sores, herpes simplex virus, and lesion associated with the skin and mucous membrane linings of the body primarily, but not necessarily, occuring within the mouth commonly known as canker sores, which medication is a mixture of kelp, the active agent, and a vehicle such as glycerin which acts as a carrier for the active agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04117120__
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Method and composition for treating equine anhidrosis Inventor(s): LeRoy; Raymond F. (13150 North 22nd Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85029) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,276,056 Date filed: April 24, 1992 Abstract: A method and composition for treating equine anhidrosis wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of tyrosine, cobalt and iodine present as kelp is administered to the anhidrotic horse. The therapeutically effective amount of tyrosine is twice-daily dose of at least about 500 mg of tyrosine per 900 pounds of weight. The weight ratio of cobalt to tyrosine is in the range of about 0.0045-0.0055 and the weight ratio of kelp to tyrosine is in the range of about 0.00025-0.00030. Alternatively, lecithin can be added to the tyrosine to achieve a weight ratio of lecithin to tyrosine in the range of about 1.8-2.2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating equine anhidrosis. Equine anhidrosis, first reported in British thoroughbreds taken to tropical colonies early in this century, is also known as "nonsweating", "dry-coat syndrome", "blowing" or "puff disease" and is manifested by ineffective sweating in response to appropriate stimuli. Sweat evaporation is the primary cooling mechanism for horses when the ambient temperature exceeds the body temperature. Anhidrotic horses have compromised thermoregulatory function and are in great danger of hyperthermia. Normal equine rectal temperature is about 99.5-101.5.degree. F.; if asked to perform at extremely high ambient temperatures, anhidrotic horses have been known to achieve rectal temperatures of 108.degree. F. and may collapse and die if raced. Providing shade or decreasing activity gives these horses minimal relief. Anhidrosis appears to be precipitated by heat stress in humid environments in horses that have perhaps never previously experienced such conditions. Owners and veterinarians report that over a period of weeks or months, affected horses first show either profuse or delayed sweating and then gradually lose the ability to sweat altogether. Surveys in Florida revealed that anhidrosis can affect horses of all ages, breeds, colors, and affects both native horses and animals undergoing acclimatization. Anhidrosis is equally prevalent in horses at all levels of exercise, from idle pleasure horses to racehorses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05276056__
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Method for absorbing liquids using dealginate kelp Inventor(s): Bustamante; Michael R. (Chula Vista, CA), Magley; Donald A. (Chula Vista, CA), Renaker, Jr.; John J. (Valley Center, CA) Assignee(s): Damcosur S.A. De C.V. (Chula Vista, CA) Patent Number: 5,009,790 Date filed: August 20, 1990 Abstract: A method is described for the absorption of a liquid in which one applies to a body of the liquid an absorbent material which contains dealginated, partially dewatered kelp residue. Other components, such as perlite, may also be present. The absorbent material will have a water content no greater than about 25%, preferably about 5%-10%. The absorbent material may be formed into a wide variety of shapes, including pellets, boards, blocks, granules, flakes, and the like, and in such forms may
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be applied in a variety of different manners to the liquid to be absorbed. The method is useful in the absorption of many types of liquids, but most importantly oil products. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to methods for the absorption of liquids. In a particular aspect it relates to the absorbing of fresh oil leaks or oil spills. Oil spills nd leaks into the environment are a frequent occurrence. While the recent major spills from large oil tankers in Prince William Sound, off Huntington Beach, Calif., and in the Gulf of Mexico garner most of publicity, numerous other accidents also put substantial quantities of oil into the environment. Such accidents include tanker and barge collisions (often in enclosed waterways such as harbors), oil storage tank failures, pipeline ruptures and the like, result in harbors, rivers, beaches, estuaries, and coastlines becoming fouled and contaminated with liquid oil. Thousands of hours of cleanup work by hundreds of people are often expended, with usually only a small portion of the oil actually being recovered and removed. In addition, there are a multitude of small oil spills, each of which is harmful in its own immediate area. Defective cars and trucks drip oil onto driveways, garage floors, parking lot surfaces, and streets, not only dirtying and discoloring the surface, but frequently seeping below the pavement and raising the potential of contaminating ground water. Similarly, many users of oil (auto and truck mechanics, service station employees and do-it-yourselfers) often spill oil onto the ground or pavement while performing their tasks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05009790__ •
Method for controlling and suppressing fires using dealginated, dewatered kelp waste Inventor(s): Bustamante; Michael R. (Chula Vista, CA), Magley; Donald A. (Chula Vista, CA), Renaker, Jr.; John J. (Valley Center, CA) Assignee(s): Damcosur S.A. De C.V. (Chula Vista, CA) Patent Number: 5,154,235 Date filed: November 12, 1991 Abstract: A method is described for the control or suppression of a fire in which one applies to the fire a suppressant material which contains dealginated, partially dewatered kelp. Other components, such as perlite, may also be present. The suppressant material will have a water content no greater than about 25%, preferably about 5%-10%. It is used in the form of particulates and applied to the surface of a fire to suppress or extinguish the fire. It is particularly applicable to fighting fires in remote or inaccessible locations; large area fires, such as pools of burning oil; or fires where use of conventional water fire fighting methods are either dangerous or insufficient. The material may be molded into various shapes adapted to be used as fire barriers in vehicles and building walls. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to methods for the control and suppression of fires, particularly those in which the fire is spread over a substantial area. There are many different types of fires which are difficult or impossible to fight in the conventional manner, such as by using water sprays and streams. For instance, many types of fires such as brush fires occur in locations which are not readily convenient to water supplies or where the terrain is such that it is difficult to bring available water to bear on the fire. Similarly, when fires occur in confined locations or indoors, such as in a factory or warehouse, the use of water for fire suppression may be dangerous or inappropriate, either because it will cause the burning material to spread to nearby areas
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or the water itself may cause damage to surrounding equipment and products. There are also types of fires where water is not a satisfactory fire suppressant, either because it reacts with the burning material or because it cannot effectively suppress the fire. For instance, oil well fires and fires in burning pools of oil and other petroleum products are not readily susceptible to suppression with water streams and water sprays. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05154235__ •
Method for making a body wrap composition Inventor(s): La Tour; June T. (2619 Palms Rd., Richmond, MI 48062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,634,436 Date filed: July 5, 1983 Abstract: A composition and body wrap comprising several herbs forms the basis for a solution, salve and an oil which is applied to the body. The body is completely wrapped and covered with a non-porous membrane to retain the body heat. The method of making the solution, salve and oil is described using nutrients such as lecithin, herbs such as kelp, parsley, chickweed, and, alfalfa, and sesame oil and water. A carrier used to keep the solution on the body is a foam or sponge material and the non-porous membrane is a thin plastic material. All of the materials are disposed of after one use. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions in general and to herbal compositions for use on human bodies in particular. In U.S. Pat. No. 416,730 issued to Hilke and entitled "Liniment" there is described a liniment for burns comprising chaulk, flaxseedoil, vinegar and chamomile infusion which when mixed together was added to a covering and placed over the affected area on the body. This patent teaches the use of some natural products in a medicine which is applied in a covered manner. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,150,049 issued to Emory and entitled "Bath Oil" there is described an oil which is applied to the body after cleansing. This teaches the combination of lecithin and a perfume oil in other materials. The purpose of the perfume oil is to make the scent of the oil bearable to the user. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04634436__
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Method of drug delivery and coated oral dosage forms for use in the method Inventor(s): Tashiro; Shintaro (Kanagawan-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Phillip Peatey & Gunter Pauli (Kanagawen-ken, JP) Patent Number: 5,958,450 Date filed: June 5, 1997 Abstract: A coating for a drug wherein said coating is formed from seaweed and/or kelp, the seaweed and/or kelp being of a type which is impervious to gastric acidity but denaturable by alkali found in the intestines. Suitably, the coating comprises a capsule which also incorporates a binder or the coating may comprise barium sulfate or other acid-resistant bulking agents. Excerpt(s): In order to deliver drugs which may include medicines, vitamins and other substances directly to the intestines by oral means, such active substances are usually
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coated with gelatin based materials such as capsules or caplets. This is due to the fact that if such substances are not coated with a protective coating, such substances would be broken down in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. Capsules are usually made in rigid or soft form wherein powders or granules of a drug or other active ingredient are enclosed in a rigid gelatin shell or in soft gelatin shell which soft shell may also contain glycerol as well as gelatin to maintain plasticity of the outer shell. Powder semi-solids or liquids that do not soften or dissolve the gelatin shell can be enclosed. Powder and semi-solids can be encapsulated in a two part shell i.e. cap and body whereas liquids may be encapsulated in a capsule that is formed, fitted and heat sealed all in one operation using especially designed apparatus. In addition to inert polymers that control drug diffusion, polymers can be designed to dissolve, swell, or degrade in a controlled manner, thereby releasing the incorporated drug. It is, however, necessary that the polymer be transformed into a water-soluble product that evokes no limiting toxic response if the spent product is not to be reclaimed. The drug is locked into a polymer matrix (i.e. a drug reservoir) before its transformation. The surface area of the polymer-drug mass, the drug concentration and solubility characteristics, and the rate of polymer transformation affect the rate at which the drug is delivered. The polymer structure undergoes a phase change during which it or its by-products are removed or eliminated from the body, either during drug release or when most of the drug is deployed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958450__ •
Method of making a food composite comprising herring eggs Inventor(s): Nishijima; Hideo (Brossard, CA) Assignee(s): Tomil Foods Ltd. (Brossard, CA) Patent Number: 5,894,026 Date filed: February 25, 1997 Abstract: A composite food substance having an adhesion enhanced seafood substrate and washed herring eggs adhered to a surface of the substrate. The seafood substrate may be kelp. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composite food substance made using loose washed cohesive herring eggs such as for example, the loose eggs of the (North) Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Although the following description will deal particularly with a food composite substance comprising kelp in addition to herring eggs, the kelp may be replaced by another suitably treated seafood item such as, for example, the flesh of crustaceans, molluscs (i.e. shellfish), and more particularly such as for example the flesh of scallops, crabs, lobsters, mussels, whelk (i.e. sea snails), etc. As detailed herein, an adequate artificial (e.g. manual) fixation of herring eggs to kelp has heretofore proved an illusive goal. Similarly, the fixation of herring eggs to other seafood items such as mentioned above has also been inadequate. The constant element of the food composite of the present invention is herring eggs. Herring can be found in cold northerly waters, such as those of the Pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Bering sea, the Baltic sea, the Irish sea, Barents sea, the sea of Japan, the Okhotsk sea, the Yellow sea, the East china sea, the Norwegian sea, the North sea, the Korean sea and the East Siberian sea. Thus, for example, herring is caught in the North Pacific area along the west coasts of the United States and Canada; herring is also caught in the North Atlantic area along the east coasts of the United States and Canada, such as for example off the
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coast of the New England states and the Maritime provinces of eastern Canada (e.g. Newfoundland). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05894026__ •
Near off-bottom cultivation of kelp forests Inventor(s): Streichenberger; Rodolphe (75 Sea Island Dr., Newport Beach, CA 92660) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,056,476 Date filed: December 7, 1998 Abstract: A combination of old and new features to cultivate seaweed on the sea bottom comprising the steps of cultivating in a laboratory sporophytes and fixing them on lines, setting anchors on various water bottoms, installing near off-bottom artificial substrates, and transferring the pre-cultivated sporophytes onto these substrates. The complete method allows young seaweed and young kelp to survive the exaction of bottom and off-bottom grazing predators and inter-species competition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the aquaculture of seaweed, specifically to the method of planting and cultivating large acreage of kelp forests on various water bottoms. Seaweed have long been cultivated for food consumption and for the production of alimentary and pharmaceutical products. Otherwise, important developments are now expected with the cultivation of kelp species for the replacement of lost marine habitats and the production of marine biomass for energy. In California, the human-caused loss of about half of the kelp forests since 1950 is calling for renewed efforts in the art of restoring and expanding on a large scale depleted kelp forests. For human consumption, seaweed are commonly cultivated on pre-cultivated lines immersed under the surface of the sea. For example, the culture of Undaria pinnatifida begins in a land-based laboratory wherein sporophytes are born and affixed on thin lines. Later, sporophyte lines are deployed in open sea and coiled around thicker lines which are suspended horizontally under buoys. These culture lines are easily lifted to the water surface for survey, maintenance, and yield of the crop. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06056476__
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Pivotally mounted diver's signal flag Inventor(s): Johnson; Robert E. (5175 Lehrer Dr., San Diego, CA 92117) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,599,965 Date filed: December 10, 1984 Abstract: A diver's signal flag which is pivotally attached to the diver's belt or other portion of his equipment and protrudes above the water when the diver is at or just below the surface to indicate the presence of the diver to passing boats, other divers or rescue crews. The pivotal mounting allows the flag supporting mast to deflect when passing under kelp or similar obstructions. In a preferred form of the apparatus the flag mast is balanced by a pendulum weight to remain vertical and projects above the water regardless of the attitude of the diver. When submerged the flag remains erect and provides the diver with high visibility to other divers.
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Excerpt(s): When a diver is operating in the water, particularly near the surface, it is customary to have a marker such as a buoy or flag to indicate the presence of a diver to passing boats. A diver at or just below the surface is not easily visible and can be injured by a boat or its propeller, so marking is important. Some divers have tethered floats of flags but these markers are usually some distance away. A flag is mounted on a mast which projects above the surface when the diver is in a near horizontal position, face down for underwater observation. However, in some positions the flag is pulled under the surface unless constant adjustments are made. Also a fixed flag can become entangled in kelp or other obstructions and hinder or even trap a diver. It is desirable to have a prominent marker which will project above the surface in any position of the diver and which will be easily deflected by obstacles without entangling the diver. The signal flag can be mounted on the diver's belt, or any convenient portion of the harness or air tank assembly. With the pendulum weighted flag the most convenient position is on the weight belt at one side of the diver. A simple retaining clip permits easy attachment or removal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04599965__ •
Process for preparing foodstuffs based on reformed and cured herring roe Inventor(s): Yamamoto; Shoji (Sherwood, CA) Assignee(s): Keeping and MacKay Limited (K. & M.) (CA) Patent Number: 5,510,133 Date filed: November 21, 1994 Abstract: A process is provided herein for producing a variety of reformed and cured herring roe mixed foods including "herring roe on kelp", "herring roe on shellfish" and "herring roe with kamaboko" by making the best use of the intrinsic binding ability of fresh herring eggs. In one embodiment, the process may begin by extracting ovaries from sexually-matured herring. Individual eggs are then singled out from the ovaries. The eggs are rinsed and cleaned. A perforate mold is then filled in single or multi-layers with any solid food or foods, e.g., kelp, fish, shell-fish, kamaboko, ham, sausage and/or cheese between the layers of eggs, to form a sandwich structure. The sandwich structure in the mold is then salt-cured, substantially to the saturation level. The salt-cured and solidified product is then removed from the mold. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing foodstuffs based on reformed and cured herring roe and to the foodstuffs so prepared. Among the herring roe products are "herring roe on kelp", "herring roe on shellfish", and "herring roe with kamaboko". Salt-cured herring roe, otherwise known to the Japanese as "kazunoko", or "shio-kazunoko", is commercially produced either of perfectly-formed ovaries, or of broken pieces of ovaries. The ovaries consist of many individual eggs. High quality kazunoko, which is highly valued by the Japanese as a delicacy, is manufactured from the ovaries of Pacific Ocean herring, especially from the herring caught in waters near British Columbia, Canada, because the individual eggs are very cohesive in binding, very crunchy in eating texture and large in size. Pacific herring ovaries of low grades, and almost all Atlantic herring ovaries have not been used heretofore for manufacturing conventional shio-kazunoko of high quality because of the imperfect shape of ovaries, blood-shot, premature, over-matured or partially spent ovaries, and the low cohesiveness, less crunchiness or small size of their individual eggs. Those characteristics of the ovaries of the eggs lead to unacceptable quality as shio-kazunoko. Contrary to the conventional product described above, there has been produced, for at
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least the last two decades, an unconventional product known as "ajitsuke-kazunoko" in Japanese or seasoned kazunoko. This form is usually of the broken pieces of herring ovaries. The seasoned kazunoko, which is currently consumed as a daily food by the Japanese, is prepared through processes of salt-curing, then de-salting and seasoning in various flavors by using the herring ovaries rejected by the conventional kazunoko manufacturing, which include Pacific herring ovaries of lower grades and most or all of Atlantic herring ovaries. However, it is still preferred to use pacific herring ovaries of high grades for the production of seasoned kazunoko in order to produce a high quality product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05510133__ •
Product for deodorizing and sanitizing horse stalls, and to a process of making the product Inventor(s): Ryan; Bernard E. (3110 19th Ave., Forest Grove, OR 97116) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,448,967 Date filed: February 1, 1994 Abstract: A grain cereal having a high level enzyme content is mixed with a bran having a high level incubating enzyme content to produce, when mixed with the grain cereal, synergistic, non-pathogenic enzymes that are capable of causing vigorous breeding of enzymes that starve out harmful bacteria in horse manure and urine and also accelerates decomposition of albumin to suppress and eliminate unpleasant odor. Also in the product and process, kelp is added for increasing the vigorous breeding of the enzyme and also a finely reduced germinated cereal of high level enzyme content is added to further increase the breeding of the enzymes. The product and process include a powdered ingredient of diatomaceous earth which serves as an insecticide, a desiccant, and extends the shelf life of the product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a product for deodorizing and sanitizing horse stalls, and to a process of making the product. It is known that horse waste, namely, manure and urine, vary according to the food that the horses have eaten. Such waste consists principally of protein, for example, albumin, globulin, nuclein, pepton, mucin and their decomposition products, as well as carbohydrates, such as starch, cellulose, sugars and organic acids. When this substance decomposes, it usually produces organisms and gases of disagreeable odor such as indol, scatol, and other sulphites. Decomposing horse waste also contains conditions satisfactory for the breeding of harmful bacteria and insects. The act or process of decomposing of the waste substances of horses is believed to be the result of the organisms of the simplest form, schizomycetes, bacteria, microbes, etc. Putrefaction only takes place when conditions are favorable for the life and growth of these organisms, for example, a temperature of from approximately 60.degree.-80.degree. F., a moderate humidity and limited access to air. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05448967__
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Scours treatment and method of making same Inventor(s): McKinney; Randy R. (Grangeville, ID) Assignee(s): Bovine Health Products, Inc. (Grangeville, ID) Patent Number: 6,365,152 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract: A new and improved formulation and method for making same, for a treatment for scours in farm animals is provided. More particularly, the present invention relates to a treatment which enables rapid relief of symptoms in an affected animal with a mortality of 1% or less by providing trace organic minerals in microgram quantities which act as nutrients for the animal. The treatment provides further nutritional requirements in the form of vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin D.sub.3 supplements, cobalt amino acid chelates and dried kelp, a source of minerals, amino acids, simple and complex carbohydrates, iodine and fiber. In addition, a bacterial innoculum consisting of Acidophilus species is introduced which would inhibit growth of pathogenic or opportunistic species of bacteria by competition for nutrients as well as providing for required vitamins as a by-product of metabolism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and improved scours treatment for young animals and method of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition composed of two groups of compounds, when combined and properly administered to young animals suffering from diarrhea, infectious diarrhea, scours and dehydration, acts to rapidly relieve the symptoms associated with the disease. The compounds utilized in the two groups radically depart from conventional treatments. Cattle are a major source of protein and wealth in a major portion of the world today. With a number of third world countries struggling to feed a growing number of impoverished people, affordable, efficient treatments for common diseases of cattle are becoming increasingly important. Calf scours complex is a worldwide malady affecting calves ranging from birth to three weeks of age with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. Dairy calves are weaned at 3 weeks to 90 days. At the time of weaning, young calves are stressed by the change in diet and other conditions. A significant percentage of calves develop diarrhea, a condition generally referred to as scours. Even in treated calves, there is still an unacceptably high rate of mortality. The loss of young livestock to this cause is a substantial burden to the livestock industry worldwide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365152__
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Sea urchin feed and method of producing same Inventor(s): Kearns; Joseph P. (Overland Park, KS), Lawrence; Addison L. (Port Aransas, TX), Lawrence; John M. (Lutz, FL), Rokey; Galen J. (Sabetha, KS) Assignee(s): Wenger Manufacturing Co. Inc. (Sabetha, KS) Patent Number: 5,637,333 Date filed: November 22, 1995 Abstract: Improved sea urchin feeds are provided which are very efficiently utilized by sea urchins and significantly increase gonadal development. The feeds are semi-moist, stable, extruded solid pellets or bodies which sink in sea water and have protein and carbohydrate fractions as well as a moisture content of from about 12-40% by weight. The feed bodies have an as manufactured water activity of up to about 0.8, are storable
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at ambient temperature for a period of at least two months, and are self-sustaining in sea water for a period of at least about 24 hours. Preferred feeds include kelp, fish oil and humectant. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with an improved, extruded, semi-moist, stable sea urchin feed product which is very efficiently utilized by sea urchins and significantly increases economically important gonadal growth. More particularly, the invention pertains to such extruded feeds which have proper size, texture, specific gravity and water stability properties rendering the feed ideal for the particular feeding habits of sea urchins. The feeds of the invention include protein and carbohydrate, and preferably a humectant (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol and corn syrup), and have a specific gravity in sea water insuring that the feed will sink. Sea urchins are marine echinoderms of the class Echinoidea, and have been harvested by man as a food source delicacy for thousands of years. All commercially exploited sea urchins are epibenthic, shallow-water grazers, and typically position themselves atop and slowly feed upon a food source. Sea urchins are harvested according to season for their gonads, which are highly prized in Asian and Mediterranean countries. Indeed, sea urchin gonads are a premium product which command extremely high prices on the world market. In light of these considerations, it has been suggested in the past that sea urchins be farmed in aquatic cages. Moreover, attempts have been made in the past to provide artificial feeds for sea urchins, so as to replicate or even improve natural sea urchin growth and development. Thus, it has been known to prepare artificial feeds using protein and carbohydrate sources along with organic binders such as agar. These feeds were labor-intensive and expensive to produce, and were thus not commercially viable. From a functional standpoint, many of these prior artificial feeds were also deficient in that they tended to disperse in sea water after a relatively short period of time, and thus did not meet the specialized feeding habits of sea urchins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05637333__ •
Separators Inventor(s): Murphy; Herman H. (Box 61945, Sunnyvale, CA 94088) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,013,561 Date filed: September 17, 1974 Abstract: A skimming separator for scavenging liquid and solid floating matter from the face of a body of liquid, wherein traction surfaced contiguous cylinders counter-rotate to frictionally convey a contacting layer of liquid and proximate flotage matter thereon directly into a natural floating reservoir formed by the cylinders and the body of liquid below. Within the reservoir, conveyed solid flotage is selectively either entrapped by a guard screen, or, by adjustment of the screen, abraded by the traction surface into a floating liquified slurry for disposal along with the conveyed originally liquid flotage by pump means. In passing through the nip of the contiguous cylinders, the traction surface is regenerated for reuse in the subsequent recirculation cycle. The traction surfaced material ranges from soft cellular materials to very hard abrasive coated materials as commonly used for industrial grinding purposes, and includes granular grit of discrete magnetic particle material which is movably retained by a magnetized base material, whereby the magnetic grit traction surface can be quickly adjusted by the addition or removal of material to meet immediate need during changing conditions in the scavenging operation. A compactor is included to compress and reduce the bulk of
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solid floating material such as metal, glass, and plastic foam materials, sea-weed, kelp, lilly pads, and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to separators for the skimming of liquids, as in gathering or collecting floating materials of various types from the face of a body of liquid into a confined area separated from the remaining face of the liquid. Separators of various types are well known and widely used in a great number of industrial processes, and include several forms of separators for the skimming of liquids to recover various materials floating on the liquid. However, there are many factors which affect the successful utilization of skimming type separators for specific applications. For example, a separator for skimming oil, dross, or solid materials from a body of water in a controlled industrial process may function very well in that particular application, but be of little or no use in an unsheltered, open body of water with uncontrolled conditions of wind, waves, changing currents, unpredictable oil characteristics, floating trash, and debris of great variety. The need for scavenging oils and other forms of flotage from water for industrial processes, pollution control, and environmental protection purposes is particularly acute, and continues to be a growing problem with additional industrial activity, off-shore oil drilling, and marine transport operations. Through a myriad of sources, various types of oils and other materials frequently become a mixed flotage on open bodies of water. The oils form floating layer films or emulsions of various thickness which tends to spread into a thin layer distributed over a very large surface area, and it is often necessary to scavenge the oil from the face of the body of water as quickly as possible to avoid or minimize extensive pollution. The problem of scavenging unexpected oil spills is often compounded by delays and the oil becoming oxidized or emulsified, to the extent that it has very little film strength to adhere to oleophilic surfaces as frequently used for the selective separation of oil from water. In addition, the presence of other floating materials of a non-liquid or solid nature such as kelp, seaweed, tree leaves, pieces of wood, dead fish and water fowl, floating trash or rubbish, and the like, seriously interferes with the apparatus in attempts to skim the oil from the water, and it is common practice to remove the floating solids by tedious, time consuming methods prior to skimming the oil. In the prior art and ancient methods of merely controlling the spread of oil on water, bulk materials have been used as flocculants, as weighting materials to sink the oil, oil thickening agents, and as floating absorbent sponge materials, such as straw, milled corn cobs, etc., which were added to and dispersed with the oil. However, if the oil was to be removed from the water, it was necessary to subsequently retrieve the widely scattered bulk material with the adhering or absorbed oil, generally after an extended period of time, great difficulty, and frequent mishaps. A major disadvantage in the use of such bulk materials is the large quantity of bulk material required and the attendant materials handling problems even when the bulk material is capable of being locally regenerated for reuse, which is not possible in many cases. Additionally, environmental protection requirements now often prohibit the use of materials of this type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04013561__ •
Therapeutic method for treating acne or isolated pimples and adhesive patch therefor Inventor(s): Hymes; Alan C. (Mount Vernon, WA) Assignee(s): LecTec Corporation (Minnetonka, MN) Patent Number: 6,455,065 Date filed: May 18, 1999
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Abstract: The skin disorder acne, as well as one or more isolated pimples, are treated by applying to the skin, over the skin disorder, a flexible moisture-containing hydrophilic hydrogel patch that includes a backing support such as paper, cloth or plastic and a water-based hydrogel layer applied to the backing. The hydrogel layer comprises a hydrophilic natural or synthetic polymer dispersed in water to provide body and can be a tacky adhesive. The polymer can comprise any high molecular weight hydrophilic carbohydrate such as karaya, cornstarch, or kelp and/or a synthetic hydrophilic polymer such as polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid. A humectant such as an alcohol containing two or more hydroxyl groups, i.e., a polyhydric alcohol, keeps the adhesive layer moist. A solute such as salt, protein, sugar or an alcohol is dissolved in the water in a quantity sufficient to raise the osmotic pressure enough to maintain the adhesive hydrogel layer in a hypertonic state with respect to the underlying skin tissue. The hydrogel adhesive which hydrates the upper layer of skin forms a hydrophilic bridge with the patient's skin that allows fluid to be drawn by osmotic pressure from the skin disorder through the normally dry stratum corneum into the patch. Another aspect of the invention is the a hypertonic moisture-containing adhesive patch itself. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and therapeutic adhesive patch product for treating pimples and/or acne. Acne is a common inflammatory pilosebaceous disease characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, inflamed nodules, superficial pus-filled cysts, and (in extreme cases) canalizing and deep, inflamed, sometimes purulent sacs. Acne involves an interaction between hormones, keratinization, sebum, and bacteria that somehow determines the course and severity of acne. It often begins at puberty, when the increase in androgens causes an increase in the size and activity of the pilosebaceous glands. The earliest microscopic change is thought to be intrafollicular hyperkeratosis, which leads to blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle with consequent formation of the comedo, composed of sebum, keratin, and microorganisms, particularly Propionibacterium acnes. Lipases from P. acnes break down triglycerides in the sebum to form free fatty acids (FFA), which irritate the follicular wall. Retention of sebaceous secretions and dilation of the follicle may lead to cyst formation. Rupture of the follicle, with release of FFA, bacterial products and keratin constituents into the tissues, includes an inflammatory reaction that may result in abscess that heals with scars in severe cases. When the condition is less severe, it may merely involve an occasional isolated pimple. However, the underlying pathology is similar to that described above. Current treatment begins by washing of the skin. However, even vigorous washing of the skin leaves behind billions of bacteria, yeasts and fungi that cannot be dispossessed no matter how vigorously one scrubs. Bacteria which is normally found deep in the hair follicles is harmless most of the time. However, during adolescence, when the sebaceous glands become particularly active, these bacteria can proliferate and cause an outbreak of acne. Current treatment often includes the use of specific follicular drugs such as benzoyl peroxide or retinoic acid; the removal of comedones; or the use of antibodies such as tetracycline, erythromycin, chlorohexidine gluconate, or oral isotretinoin. Present therapeutic methods are generally recognized as not entirely satisfactory. After treatment, many patients still continue to suffer from the symptoms of acne or pimples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455065__
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Top dressing for gardens and lawns Inventor(s): Kviesitis; Boris (Des Moines, IA) Assignee(s): True Pitch, Inc. (Altoona, IA) Patent Number: 5,583,165 Date filed: July 21, 1995 Abstract: A soil top dressing is comprised of a mixture of sand, clay, a plasticizer material, water, and a coloring pigment, if desired. The components of the soil composition are preferably present in the following proportions by weight: sand 5070%; clay 10-40%; plasticizer 0.5-5.0%; water 5-20%; coloring pigment 1-5%; all coated with kelp meal granules (5-20%). The method of making the invention involves continuously mixing a portion of the sand and the plasticizer in an agitation mixer. The sand becomes coated with the plasticizer, whereupon a quantity of clay is then added, followed by an additional portion of the plasticizing material. It is particularly important that the sand particles become coated with the plasticizing compound and clay. The coloring pigments are added and mixed thereafter. The foregoing particles are thereupon coated with particles of kelp meal. As soon as complete mixing takes place, material can be immediately transferred from the mixer to suitable packaging. Excerpt(s): This invention is an improvement over the subject matter of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,151,123; 5,254,364 and 5,264,029. These patents relate to a soil composition comprised of clay-coated sand particles. It has been discovered that the material of these patents is an excellent carrier for the well known fertilizer, kelp meal. Kelp is seaweed harvested from ocean waters, and which has high nutritive plant food benefits. Kelp meal is kelp ground into granules, and is useful on lawns and gardens to restore depleted minerals-nutrients like calcium, sulfur, iron, magnesium and trace minerals which are often lacking in existing fertilizers. However, handling and spreading kelp meal is not always easy because it is not free flowing. In addition, it is difficult to mix kelp meal with a carrier because the kelp granules tend to separate from the carrier which results in a non-uniform product. Further, rain tends to separate the kelp meal from the carrier, which also results in non-uniform coverage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05583165__
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Top dressing for gardens and lawns Inventor(s): Kviesitis; Boris (Des Moines, IA) Assignee(s): True Pitch, Inc. (Altoona, IA) Patent Number: 6,048,377 Date filed: January 21, 1999 Abstract: A soil top dressing resulting from the method of taking a quantity of sand comprised of a plurality of sand particles; coating the sand particles with a liquid plasticizer material comprised of a mixture of water and at least one from the group of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, silicon rubber latex or glycerol, adding a quantity of clay comprised of a plurality of clay particles, along with a quantity of the plasticizer material to the coated sand particles; adding a quantity of kelp to coat said sand coated particles; and coating the kelp with calamovilla longifolia. Excerpt(s): This invention is an improvement over the subject matter of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,151,123; 5,254,364; 5,264,029; and 5,583,165. These patents relate to a soil composition
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comprised of clay-coated sand particles. It has been discovered that the material of these patents is an excellent carrier for the well known fertilizer, kelp meal. However, beneficial as the products of the foregoing patents may be, these products have certain inadequacies in the areas of retaining moisture, particle structural integrity, length of nutrient retention time, consisting of ingredients, shape of particles, high density, compaction prone and soil tilth. It is therefore a principal object of this invention to provide a soil top dressing that overcomes the foregoing inadequacies by combining with the product of the '165 patent a quantity of peat moss comprised of calamovilla longifolia (Dakota.TM. peat). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06048377__ •
Treatment of herpes Inventor(s): Bert; Laura (4 Laurel Pl., Eastchester, NY 10709), Rosenthal; Harold R. (4 Laurel Pl., Eastchester, NY 10709) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,585,656 Date filed: August 20, 1984 Abstract: Herpes simplex, herpes varicella, and herpes zoster are treated by topical application of a composition comprising an effective amount of aloe vera and kelp. The composition can additionally contain an effective amount of jojoba oil. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to medical treatment of herpes simplex infections, including herpes simplex, herpes varicella, and herpes zoster, as well as abscesses of the mouth, by topical application of a medicant composition. Herpes simplex is an infection by herpes simplex virus which is marked by the eruption of one or more groups of vesicles or sores on the human body, especially on the vermillion border of the lips, at the external nares, on the glands, prepuce, or vulva. The infection is commonly recrudescent and reappears during other febrile illnesses or even physiological states such as menstruation and high stress. The infection has also been called, according to its site, fever blisters, cold sores, herpes facialis, herpes febrilis, herpes genitalis, herpes liabialis, and herpes progenitalis. Herpes simplex virus Type 1 is usually located above the umbilicus and Type 2 is usually located below the umbilicus in the genital area. The two types are morphologically exact and can only be differentiated by means of serological techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04585656__
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Triple action complex Inventor(s): Pollock; David E. (St. Pete Beach, FL) Assignee(s): Medi-Cell Laboratories, Inc. (Forth Worth, TX) Patent Number: 6,110,966 Date filed: February 18, 1999 Abstract: A triple action complex containing three forms of vitamin C which provides the triple action of a major anti-oxidant, an anti-inflammatory and a collagen booster. The triple action complex contains ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, and ascorbyl
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glucosamine as the three forms of vitamin C, an alpha and/or beta hydroxy acid, sea kelp, glycerin, 1,3 butylene glycol, sodium hydroxide and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a triple action complex containing three types of vitamin C that is used for treatment of the skin. There have been a variety of substances that have been used to improve skin appearance. Efforts have been made to not only improve the appearance of the outer (visible) skin but also to rejuvenate and reclaim elasticity and/or suppleness lost from aging and sun and/or promote collagen synthesis, and/or to prevent oxidative damages, and/or prevent UV damage due to exposure to sunlight and weather. There have also been efforts to treat skin ailments such as acne, eczema, and the like with topical formulations. The use of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and its derivatives are compounds which have been topically applied as an active ingredient for the treatment of various skin conditions. Vitamin C helps to stimulate and regulate the production of collagen in human skin tissue thus retarding the formation of wrinkles and providing a healthier more youthful appearance. Vitamin C also acts to help prevent or minimize lipid oxidation and other forms of cellular damage resulting from exposure to the suns ultraviolet rays. Alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic acids, lactic acids, and malic acids, are known to improve certain skin disorders such as dry skin, dandruff, keratoses, age spots, wrinkles, ichthyosis, eczema and acne. They is also useful for healing photo damaged skin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,171, for example, provides amphoteric compositions comprising alpha hydroxy acids and related compounds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,516,793 and 5,703,122 disclose skin treating compositions comprising the use of ascorbic acid compositions to reduce irritation of the topically applied active ingredients. The active ingredient may be an alpha hydroxy such as glycolic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110966__ •
Xylitol chewing gum with hydrophillic colloid binder Inventor(s): Beam; John E. (Norwalk, CT), Friello; Dominick R. (Danbury, CT), Reggio; Richard A. (Yorktown Heights, NY) Assignee(s): Life Savers, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,065,578 Date filed: August 23, 1976 Abstract: A sugarless chewing gum is provided wherein xylitol is employed as bulk filler and sweetener, and a hydrocolloid, such as xanthan gum or various alginates derived from giant kelp, is employed as a binder between the gum base and xylitol and as a humectant to facilitate retention of moisture in the gum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a xylitol-containing chewing gum which includes a hydrocolloid, such as xanthan gum or alginates derived from giant kelp, to impart continuity to the gum. The use of xylitol in chewing gum as a substitute for sugar and sorbitol is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,593 to Hammond et al. Xylitol is employed in amounts ranging from 50 to 80% together with glycerol and flavor agents. The resulting chewing gum is said to present a pleasant cooling effect in the mouth. U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,434 to Bohni discloses non-cariogenic compositions, including chewing gum, containing xylitol in place of sugar. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04065578__
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Patent Applications on Kelp As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to kelp: •
Agent for promoting evacuation of hairballs for animals and animal feed with the agent Inventor(s): Yoshida, Nobuyuki; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Mcnees, Wallace & Nurick; 100 Pine Street; P.O. Box 1166; Harrisburg; PA; 17108-1166; US Patent Application Number: 20030147940 Date filed: July 25, 2002 Abstract: An agent is provided to help animals such as cats, rabbits and ferrets to evacuate the hair taken in at grooming by defecation and thereby avoid a hairball symptom which can cause an alimentary canal fault in the animal. The agent includes more than one of the following materials: kelp, papaya, molokheiya or plantago. In addition, the agent can be incorporated into an animal feed. The agent preferably is only about 1-10% of the content or composition of the animal feed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an agent for helping animals, such as cats, rabbits and ferrets, to evacuate, by defecation, the hair taken in at grooming. Healthy animals such as cats, rabbits, ferrets, etc., usually or customarily groom their hair by licking their body. The hair pulled out during the grooming process will be taken into the stomach of the animal and can become a hairball or hairball trichobenzoar in the alimentary canal of the animal. The hairball can take the shape of a ball or discus with the contents of the stomach forming the nuclei of the hairball. The size of hairballs ranges widely. As the hairball cannot be digested by the animal, the hairballs can accumulate in portions of the alimentary canal such as the pylorus, stomach, or the intestines, and directly irritate the membrane of the stomach and bowels. This irritation can result in the animal having an alimentary canal fault such as diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, vomit, decreased appetite, and sometimes even intestinal obstruction, especially for an animal with long hair. As it is customary for a cat to lick and take in the hair during grooming, it is very common for a cat to have the above-mentioned hairball symptom or problem resulting in an alimentary canal fault. Furthermore, the older the cat, the higher the frequency of the symptom or problem. To avoid the hairball problem, the cat will try to evacuate the hairballs accumulated in the alimentary canal orally or through his or her mouth by periodically vomiting. However, it can be difficult or painful for the cat's owner to see the cat vomiting and the vomit from the cat can be messy and dirty a room forcing the owner to have to clean up the vomit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Broad spectrum antimicrobial compound and treatment Inventor(s): McKinney, Randy R.; (Grangeville, ID) Correspondence: Richard D. Clarke; Law Office OF Richard D. Clarke; 3755 Avocado BLVD., #1000; LA Mesa; CA; 91941-7301; US Patent Application Number: 20030095950 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A new and improved formulation and method for making same, for a broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment for bacterial and viral infections in cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and other domestic and non-domestic animals. More particularly, the present invention relates to a treatment which enables rapid relief of symptoms in an affected animal with a mortality of less than 1 percent by providing trace organic minerals in microgram quantities which act as nutrients for the animal. The treatment provides further nutritional requirements in the form of vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin D.sub.3 supplements, cobalt amino acid chelates and dried kelp, a source of minerals, amino acids, simple and complex carbohydrates, iodine and fiber. In addition, a bacterial innoculum consisting of Acidophilus species is introduced which would inhibit growth of pathogenic or opportunistic species of bacteria by competition for nutrients as well as providing for required vitamins as a by-product of metabolism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and improved broad spectrum antimicrobial compound for use in treatment of bacterial and viral infections in cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats and other domestic and non-domestic animals and the method of making and using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition formulated from two groups of compounds, when combined and properly administered to infected animals suffering from a broad spectrum of pathogens including fungal, viral or bacterial infections, acts to rapidly relieve the symptoms associated with those infections and diseases. The compounds utilized in the two groups radically depart from conventional treatments. Cattle, pigs, sheep and other domestic animals are a widely used source of protein and wealth in a major portion of the world today. With a number of third world countries struggling to feed a growing number of impoverished people, affordable, efficient treatments for common diseases of domestic as well as non-domestic animals are becoming increasingly important. One such disease affecting domesticated animals which is of great concern is foot and mouth disease (FMD). FMD is considered to be the most economically devastating livestock disease in the world. Although the United States as well as Central America, Australia, New Zealand and Chile as well as some countries in Europe are considered free of, local, state and federal agencies are on heightened alert against outbreaks of the disease. There have been reports of various types of foot and mouth disease virus in Africa, South America, Asia and part of Europe. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has prohibited the importation of live swine and ruminants and any fresh swine or ruminant meat or products from Great Britain or Northern Ireland and is retroactive to January 2001. In addition, enhanced surveillance of travelers coming from Europe is being enforced. This has potentially devastating ramifications for the economies of those countries as well as presenting a high cost for other countries in terms for surveillance and enforcement of import restrictions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Hydroabsorbent soil conditioner Inventor(s): Montes, Eduardo; (Ft. Lauderdale, FL), Montes, Irma; (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) Correspondence: Henry S. Kaplan, ESQ.; Feldman, Gale & Weber, P.A.; Suite 1920; 201 South Biscayne Boulevard; Miami; FL; 33131; US Patent Application Number: 20030097864 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The invention pertains to a compound used as a soil additive to enhance farming, forestry, ornamental and landscaping production in conditions of droughts and insufficient fertile soils. This composition contains potassium based absorbent acrylamide crossed linked copolymers, together with nutritional elements of fast and slow solubility, derived from mineral and organic substances, including in some cases, extracts from sea kelp as growth stimulants. This soil additive is used in varied dosages according to the type of crop, soil and climate. In field tests it has demonstrated great efficiency in enhancing crop production and/or higher quality crops and/or larger bloom and/or saving of irrigation water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a hydro absorbent compound used as a soil additive. This formula contains a compound comprising cross-linked potassium based highly absorbent copolymers together with slow and fast soluble nutrients obtained from mineral and organic substances including in some cases extracts from sea kelp, as growth stimulants. Hydro absorbent polymers are used to solve water shortage problems especially in places where only rainwater is available for shorts periods every year. These copolymers have the ability to absorb and adsorb water and water soluble substances dissolved in the water. Hydro absorbent polymers used as soil additives to enhance water availability in plants have been researched for many years, but only since 1990, has their use has been considered feasible, mainly due to their high cost and toxicity. These factors have been corrected or eliminated in some type of copolymers presently available. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for decomposition of oil Inventor(s): Renaker, John J. JR.; (Valley Center, CA) Correspondence: Brown, Martin, Haller & Mcclain Llp; 1660 Union Street; San Diego; CA; 92101-2926; US Patent Application Number: 20030092167 Date filed: November 12, 2001 Abstract: A method is described for the decomposition of oil in which one applies to oil a composition made of bacteria-containing, dealginated, partially dewatered kelp residue. The composition will have a water content no greater than 25%, preferably about 5%-10%. The composition material is maintained in contact with the oil with sufficient water to sustain the bacteria and for a period of time sufficient for the oil to be decomposed by the bacteria. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to the decomposition of waste oil. More particularly it relates to oil decomposition using natural materials. It has been known that dealginated, partially dewatered kelp residue (which for brevity herein may be referred to as "kelp waste") is capable of absorbing various petroleum products. In 1991
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applicant and colleagues obtained U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,790 for a method of cleaning up oil spills in the ocean or other body of water, such as would come from a leaking or wrecked oil tanker, using kelp waste as an absorbent. That patent disclosed that a variety of different petroleum products could be absorbed by the kelp waste. In that patent it was also taught to collect the oil-saturated kelp waste after absorption and then recover the oil by placing the oil-saturated kelp waste in a cracking furnace and thermally cracking the absorbed oil. The cracked oil products could then be recovered, and the kelp waste would be burned away at the cracking temperatures. The system contemplated and disclosed in that patent therefore was directed to cleanup of an oil spill and recovery of the valuable spilled oil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for manufacturing herring roe on kelp Inventor(s): Clark, Stephen; (Brier, WA) Correspondence: Alan J. Howarth; P.O. Box 1909; Sandy; UT; 84091-1909; US Patent Application Number: 20020069831 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: A method for manufacturing herring roe on kelp is described. The method comprises sandwiching kelp between layers of uncured herring roe in a mold made of a mesh material. The mold containing the roe and kelp is submerged in salt water such that the eggs adhere to the kelp and to each other. The outer surface of the eggs on kelp is textured to yield a natural appearance by dipping the eggs on kelp in a brine containing uncured eggs or by directing a stream of uncured eggs on the cured eggs on kelp until the desired appearance is obtained. Alternatively, a stream of uncured eggs can be directed against a piece of kelp originally having no eggs adhering to it until a layer of eggs builds up on the sides of the kelp to a selected thickness. Eggs on kelp prepared in this manner avoid contaminants, and the quality and freshness of the product can be controlled. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/170,249, filed Dec. 10, 1999. Not applicable. This invention relates to a food product. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a herring roe on kelp product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nutritional system for nervous system disorders Inventor(s): Foreman, David J.; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Hillary W. Hawkins; P.O. Box 1320; Richmond; VA; 23219; US Patent Application Number: 20020001575 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating nervous system disorders. The composition is formed by preparing a mixture comprising an effective amount of vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-3, copper, probiotics, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), betaine, pancreatin, papain, pepsin, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-12, biotin, pantothenic acid, chromium polynicotinate and a digestive support ingredient
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selected from the group consisting of dandelion root, juniper, aloe vera, burdock, ginger root, artichoke, and kelp. Other ingredients may include: beta carotene, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, sea vegetation, alfalfa, trace minerals and molybdenum. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/207,665, filed May 26, 2000. The present invention pertains to the field of nutritional formulas. Specifically, the present invention pertains to an improved formula for nervous system disorders. There are many disorders that affect the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples of these disorders include autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder, and depression. People who suffer from these disorders often have common secondary symptoms including allergies, sluggish digestion, weak immune function and poor diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
TREATING TRAUMATIC BURNS OR BLISTERS OF THE SKIN Inventor(s): HYMES, ALAN C.; (MOUNT VERNON, WA), NICHOLS, JANE; (BLOOMINGTON, MN) Correspondence: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth; P.O. Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20010055608 Date filed: May 18, 1999 Abstract: Blisters of the skin are treated by applying to the skin over the blister a flexible moisture-containing hydrophilic hydrogel patch that includes a backing support such as paper, cloth or plastic and a water-based hydrogel layer applied to the backing. The hydrogel layer comprises a hydrophilic natural or synthetic polymer to provide body dispersed in water and can be a tacky adhesive. The polymer can comprise any high molecular weight hydrophilic carbohydrate such as karaya, cornstarch, or a kelp gel and/or a synthetic hydrophilic polymer such as polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid. A humectant such as a polyhydric alcohol, keeps the gel layer moist. A solute such as salt, protein, sugar or an alcohol is dissolved in the water in a quantity sufficient to raise the osmotic pressure enough to maintain the hydrogel layer in a hypertonic state with respect to the blister. The hydrogel which hydrates the normally dry upper layer of skin forms a hydrophilic bridge with the patient's skin that allows fluid to be drawn by osmotic pressure from the blister through the normally dry stratum corneum into the patch. In addition, the hydrogel very quickly significantly dimishes the pain secondary to skin burns and blisters. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and therapeutic adhesive patch product for treating trauma blisters, burns or exposure to chemicals. Blisters of the skin can be caused by repeated trauma due to chafing against the skin, most commonly experienced on the hands and feet or from other causes. Further, some first and second degree burns of the skin or exposure to chemicals can also cause blisters. These blisters all have a common pathology regardless of the traumatic causation. When the epidermal layer of the skin is traumatized, an acute accumulation of clear extracellular fluid develops very rapidly between the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Secondary inflammation then occurs as part of the healing process. If the epidermal layer opens, the secondary inflammation also may be associated with infection and, as a result, may develop purulent fluid with an infiltration of white blood cells. Moreover, the actual exposure of the dermal layer of skin often results in pain. The present invention takes advantage of
Patents 49
the finding that all of these symptoms can be alleviated in whole or in part by significantly reducing the fluid in the acute stage of the blister while maintaining the integrity of the epidermis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with kelp, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on kelp. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning kelp. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
51
CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON KELP Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to kelp. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on kelp include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “kelp” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “kelp” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “kelp” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
About Kelp (About Series) by G.J. Binding, Alan Moyle; ISBN: 0722502567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722502567/icongroupinterna
•
Beneath the Waves: Exploring the Hidden World of the Kelp Forest by Norbert Wu; ISBN: 081181808X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081181808X/icongroupinterna
•
Bull Kelp by C. B. Follett (1996); ISBN: 1887853057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887853057/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp by Mary Daegling; ISBN: 9998012732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998012732/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp coast by Norah G. Henshilwood; ISBN: 094996865X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094996865X/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp Forests by Melissa S. Cole (2004); ISBN: 1567119093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567119093/icongroupinterna
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•
Kelp Forests (Monterey Bay Aquarium Natural History Series) by Judith Connor, Charles Baxter (Contributor); ISBN: 1878244019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878244019/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp Forests (Scotland's Living Landscapes) by Ian Fuller; ISBN: 185397014X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185397014X/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp inventory, 1978 : northwest coast of Vancouver Island; ISBN: 077198944X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/077198944X/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp, Dulse, and Other Sea Supplements by William R. Lee, William H. Lee; ISBN: 0879833130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879833130/icongroupinterna
•
Kelp-Making in Orkney by William P. Thomson (1986); ISBN: 0907618022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0907618022/icongroupinterna
•
Life of the Kelp Forest (Stone, Lynn M. Under the Sea.) by Lynn M. Stone; ISBN: 1589521129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589521129/icongroupinterna
•
Monster Seaweeds: The Story of the Giant Kelps (Ocean World Library) by Mary Daegling; ISBN: 0875183506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875183506/icongroupinterna
•
The Body in the Kelp (1992); ISBN: 9993860719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993860719/icongroupinterna
•
The Body in the Kelp: A Faith Fairchild Mystery by Katherine Hall Page (Author); ISBN: 0380713292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380713292/icongroupinterna
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The Kelp Forest (Habitat Series) by Howard Hall, Vicki Leon (Editor); ISBN: 0918303214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918303214/icongroupinterna
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The Kelp Gatherers (Notable American Authors) by John Townsend Trowbridge; ISBN: 0781298067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781298067/icongroupinterna
•
Wave Force Coefficients for Horizontal and Vertical Cylinders with Kelp Fouling, Measured at Christchurch Bay Tower by J.R. Bishop, J.C. Shipway; ISBN: 0114128944; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0114128944/icongroupinterna
•
Wonders of a Kelp Forest by Joseph E. Brown; ISBN: 0396069673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0396069673/icongroupinterna
•
Zamp Kelp: Expanding Space by Torsten Schmiedeknecht; ISBN: 0471854042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471854042/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From
Books
53
there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Kelp, the health giver. Author: Powell, Eric F. W. (Eric Frederick William),; Year: 1974; Rustington, Health Science Press [1968]
•
Kelp, the health giver; life from the sea. Author: Powell, Eric F. W. (Eric Frederick William),; Year: 1996; Hindhead, Eng., Health Science Press, [1957]
Chapters on Kelp In order to find chapters that specifically relate to kelp, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and kelp using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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APPENDICES
57
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 115 5 376 1 0 497
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “kelp” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on kelp can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to kelp. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to kelp. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “kelp”:
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•
Other guides Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Pfiesteria Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pfiesteriainfections.html Thyroid Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroidcancer.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html Water Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/watersafetyrecreational.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to kelp. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
65
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to kelp. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with kelp. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about kelp. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “kelp” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “kelp”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “kelp” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “kelp” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
69
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
73
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
75
KELP DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the
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tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This
Dictionary 77
is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms
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without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH]
Dictionary 79
Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulking Agents: Laxatives that make bowel movements soft and easy to pass. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]
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Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH]
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Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comedo: A plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and
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C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]
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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution
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is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue
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development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferrets: Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain,
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microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Genitalis: Herpes simplex of the genitals. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU]
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Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators
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or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Obstruction: Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anus. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of
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ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobsters: Large marine decapod crustaceans of the family Homaridae, commonly used for food. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in
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which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU]
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Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye
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and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of
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proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plantago: Three different species of Plantago or plantain, P. psyllium, P. ovata and P. indica. The seeds swell in water and are used as laxatives. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU]
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Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Progenitalis: A group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2, characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2 infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
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Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]
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Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sea Urchins: Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms of the class Echinoidea, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharks: A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in
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water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Snails: Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH]
100 Kelp
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of
Dictionary 101
formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The type species of tobamovirus which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation. [NIH] Tobamovirus: A genus of plant viruses in which the virion is a rigid filament. Transmission is by mechanical inoculation or seed. The type species is tobacco mosaic virus. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH]
102 Kelp
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]
Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilicus: The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH]
Dictionary 103
Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
105
INDEX A Abdominal, 75, 94, 102 Abscess, 40, 75 Acceptor, 75, 91, 94 Acclimatization, 30, 75 Acne, 39, 40, 43, 75, 78, 90 Acne Vulgaris, 75, 90 Acrylamide, 46, 75 Acrylonitrile, 75, 98 Adaptation, 75, 96 Adjustment, 38, 75 Adjuvant, 75, 87 Adolescence, 40, 75 Adrenergic, 75, 85, 95, 100 Adverse Effect, 75, 90, 98 Affinity, 75, 76, 99 Agar, 38, 76, 83, 89 Agonist, 76, 95 Albumin, 36, 76, 95 Alfalfa, 20, 32, 48, 76 Alginates, 43, 76 Algorithms, 76, 79 Alimentary, 34, 44, 76 Alkaline, 76, 77, 78, 79 Aloe, 42, 48, 76 Alopecia, 25, 76 Alpha-helix, 76, 91 Alternative medicine, 76 Alum, 29, 76 Aluminum, 76 Amino Acid Sequence, 76, 77 Amino Acids, 37, 45, 76, 77, 85, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102 Ammonia, 77, 100, 102 Amylase, 77, 94 Anal, 77, 86 Androgens, 40, 77 Anemia, 77, 81, 86 Anions, 76, 77, 90 Antibacterial, 77, 99 Antibiotic, 77, 85, 99, 101 Antibodies, 40, 77, 89, 95 Antibody, 76, 77, 81, 89, 90, 99 Antigen, 76, 77, 82, 89, 90 Anti-infective, 77, 88, 90 Anti-inflammatory, 42, 77, 98 Antimicrobial, 45, 77 Antioxidant, 25, 77, 78
Antiseptic, 29, 77 Anus, 77, 78, 79, 90, 97 Aqueous, 22, 78, 84, 88 Arginine, 3, 78 Aromatic, 78, 95, 99, 100 Arterial, 78, 97 Arteries, 78, 79, 83, 92, 102 Ascorbic Acid, 24, 42, 43, 78, 89 Astringent, 29, 78 B Bacteria, 14, 36, 37, 40, 45, 46, 77, 78, 81, 86, 90, 92, 95, 98, 99, 102 Bacterial Infections, 45, 78 Bactericidal, 78, 85, 102 Bacteriostatic, 78, 85 Barium, 32, 78 Barium Sulfate, 32, 78 Base, 20, 38, 43, 78, 83, 91, 96 Base Composition, 20, 78 Benzocaine, 3, 29, 78 Benzoyl Peroxide, 40, 78 Beta carotene, 48, 78 Bilirubin, 76, 78 Biological Transport, 78, 83 Biomass, 34, 78 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 53, 59, 79 Biotic, 79, 102 Biotin, 47, 79 Bladder, 79, 102 Blister, 48, 49, 79 Blood Coagulation, 79 Blood Platelets, 79, 101 Blood pressure, 79, 89, 99 Blood vessel, 79, 80, 101, 103 Body Fluids, 79, 99 Bowel, 77, 79, 90, 91 Bowel Movement, 79 Branch, 71, 79, 99 Breakdown, 79, 83, 87 Breeding, 36, 79 Buccal, 79, 89 Bulking Agents, 32, 79 Burns, 32, 48, 78, 79 Burns, Electric, 79 C Calcium, 10, 20, 24, 41, 79, 81, 89 Capsaicin, 80 Capsicum, 22, 80
106 Kelp
Capsules, 33, 80, 84, 86, 87 Carbohydrate, 37, 38, 40, 48, 80, 87, 96 Carbon Dioxide, 80, 86 Carcinogen, 8, 25, 80 Carcinogenic, 80, 102 Cardiovascular, 9, 15, 80 Carotene, 78, 80 Carotenoids, 78, 80 Castor Oil, 26, 80 Cell, 42, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 90, 92, 93, 95, 103 Cell Division, 78, 80, 95 Cellobiose, 80 Cellulose, 36, 80, 95 Chamomile, 32, 80 Choline, 80 Chromium, 47, 80 Chromosome, 81, 88, 91 Chronic, 75, 81, 90, 100 Chymopapain, 81, 94 Citric Acid, 24, 81 Citrus, 78, 81 Clinical trial, 4, 59, 81 Cloning, 79, 81 Cobalt, 30, 37, 45, 81 Coenzyme, 78, 81 Cofactor, 81, 97 Collagen, 42, 43, 81, 87, 96 Collapse, 30, 79, 81 Colloidal, 76, 81, 84 Comedo, 40, 81 Communis, 80, 81 Complement, 81, 82, 95 Complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 16, 82 Complementary medicine, 13, 82 Compress, 38, 82 Computational Biology, 59, 82 Concomitant, 14, 82 Connective Tissue, 78, 81, 82, 87 Constipation, 44, 82 Consumption, 34, 82 Contraindications, ii, 82 Conventional therapy, 82 Conventional treatment, 37, 45, 82 Corneum, 40, 48, 82, 85, 89 Coronary, 82, 83, 92 Coronary Thrombosis, 83, 92 Cortisol, 76, 83 Coumarins, 80, 83 Culture Media, 76, 83 Cutaneous, 83, 96
Cyst, 40, 83 Cysteine, 81, 83, 100 D Databases, Bibliographic, 59, 83 Decompression, 83, 84 Defecation, 44, 83 Degenerative, 83, 88 Dehydration, 37, 83 Density, 42, 83, 93 Dermal, 48, 83 Dermatitis, 83, 84 Diagnostic procedure, 19, 83 Diarrhea, 37, 44, 83, 90 Diarrhoea, 83, 89 Diffusion, 33, 78, 83, 89, 90 Digestion, 48, 76, 79, 83, 90, 91, 100 Dilation, 40, 83 Diploid, 83, 95 Direct, iii, 84, 95, 97 Diuretic, 84, 99 Diving, 28, 84 Domesticated, 45, 84 Dosage Forms, 32, 84 Drip, 31, 84 Drive, ii, vi, 7, 21, 84, 91 Dross, 39, 84 Drug Tolerance, 84, 101 Duodenum, 84, 100 E Eczema, 43, 84 Elasticity, 43, 84 Elastin, 81, 84 Electrolyte, 14, 84, 96, 99 Electrons, 77, 78, 84, 90, 94, 97 Electrophoresis, 75, 84, 89 Emodin, 76, 84 Emollient, 84, 87, 93 Emulsion, 84, 86 Enamel, 85, 91 Encapsulated, 33, 85 Environmental Health, 13, 58, 60, 85 Enzymatic, 79, 80, 82, 85, 94 Enzyme, 36, 77, 81, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100 Epidermal, 48, 85 Epidermis, 49, 79, 82, 85, 88, 89, 91 Epinephrine, 75, 85, 93, 102 Erythromycin, 40, 85 Esophagus, 85, 100 Ethanol, 85, 86 Evacuation, 44, 82, 85, 91 Exogenous, 84, 85
Index 107
Extracellular, 48, 82, 85, 99 Extraction, 21, 85 F Family Planning, 59, 85 Fat, 78, 80, 85, 91, 98 Fatigue, 27, 85 Fatty acids, 40, 76, 85 Febrile, 42, 86 Feces, 82, 86 Fermentation, 21, 25, 86 Ferrets, 44, 86 Fertilizers, 41, 86 Fetus, 86, 102 Filler, 43, 86 Fish Products, 86, 98 Fixation, 23, 33, 86 Folate, 86 Fold, 86, 96 Folic Acid, 37, 45, 47, 86 Follicles, 86 Food Chain, 4, 23, 86 Forestry, 46, 87 Fovea, 86, 87 Fungi, 40, 87, 88, 92, 103 G Ganglia, 87, 93 Gas, 77, 80, 83, 87, 88, 93 Gastric, 32, 84, 87 Gastric Acid, 32, 87 Gastrin, 87, 88 Gastritis, 44, 87 Gelatin, 33, 83, 87, 100 Gene, 53, 79, 87, 96 Genital, 42, 87, 96, 103 Ginger, 25, 48, 87 Gland, 87, 94, 98, 100, 101 Glucose, 78, 80, 87, 99 Glutamate, 25, 87 Glutamic Acid, 86, 87, 96 Glutathione Peroxidase, 8, 87, 98 Glycerol, 33, 41, 43, 87 Goats, 45, 87 Gonad, 87 Gonadal, 37, 38, 87 Governing Board, 88, 96 Granulocytes, 88, 103 Grasses, 86, 88 Growth, 17, 21, 22, 25, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 86, 88, 95, 101, 102, 103 H Habitat, 23, 52, 88 Hair follicles, 40, 88
Haploid, 88, 95 Hepatic, 76, 88 Hepatitis, 14, 88 Hepatocytes, 88 Heredity, 75, 87, 88 Herpes, 29, 42, 88, 96 Herpes Genitalis, 42, 88 Herpes Zoster, 42, 88 Heterotrophic, 87, 88 Hormone, 8, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 101 Horny layer, 85, 88 Host, 86, 88, 103 Hydration, 75, 88 Hydrogel, 40, 48, 88 Hydrogen, 75, 78, 80, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94 Hydrogen Peroxide, 87, 88, 91 Hydrophilic, 40, 48, 88 Hydroxy Acids, 43, 89 Hydroxylysine, 81, 89 Hydroxyproline, 81, 89 Hypercalcemia, 13, 89 Hyperkeratosis, 40, 89 Hyperthermia, 30, 89 Hyperthyroidism, 6, 9, 15, 89 Hypertrophy, 89 Hypotensive, 9, 89 I Ichthyosis, 43, 89 Id, 10, 15, 64, 70, 72, 89 Imidazole, 79, 89 Immune adjuvant, 76, 89 Immune function, 48, 89 Immune response, 75, 76, 77, 89, 100, 103 Immune system, 89, 92, 102, 103 Immunodiffusion, 76, 89 Immunoelectrophoresis, 76, 89 Impairment, 89, 90 Indicative, 51, 89, 103 Induction, 77, 89 Infarction, 83, 90, 92 Infection, 42, 48, 89, 90, 91, 96, 100, 103 Infectious Diarrhea, 37, 90 Infiltration, 48, 90 Inflammation, 48, 75, 76, 77, 83, 87, 88, 90 Infusion, 32, 90 Ingestion, 5, 25, 89, 90 Intestinal, 44, 80, 90 Intestinal Obstruction, 44, 90 Intestine, 79, 90, 91, 97 Intracellular, 90, 96, 98 Intravenous, 90 Intrinsic, 35, 76, 90
108 Kelp
Iodine, 10, 30, 37, 45, 90 Ionizing, 90, 92, 102 Ions, 78, 84, 88, 90, 94 Irrigation, 46, 90 Isotretinoin, 40, 90 J Juniper, 48, 90 K Kb, 58, 91 Keratin, 40, 81, 91, 98 L Large Intestine, 90, 91, 97, 99 Latent, 91, 96 Laxative, 76, 84, 91, 99 Lesion, 29, 91, 98 Libido, 77, 91 Library Services, 70, 91 Life cycle, 87, 91 Linkage, 27, 80, 91 Lipase, 91, 94 Lipid, 8, 43, 80, 87, 91 Lipid Peroxidation, 8, 91 Liver, 75, 76, 79, 85, 86, 88, 91, 102 Lobsters, 18, 33, 91 Localized, 75, 85, 86, 90, 91, 95 Locomotion, 91, 95 Lubricants, 91, 95 Lymphatic, 90, 91 Lymphoid, 77, 91 Lysine, 3, 89, 92 M Macrophage, 14, 92 Malnutrition, 76, 92 Man-made, 23, 92 Meat, 45, 92 Medial, 27, 92 MEDLINE, 59, 92 Megaloblastic, 86, 92 Melanin, 92, 95, 102 Membrane, 29, 32, 44, 82, 92, 94, 96 Menstruation, 42, 92 Methionine, 92, 100 MI, 32, 73, 92 Microbe, 92, 101 Microgram, 37, 45, 92 Microorganism, 21, 81, 92 Microscopy, 75, 92 Milligram, 92 Molecular, 18, 40, 48, 59, 61, 79, 82, 92, 98 Molecule, 77, 78, 81, 82, 92, 93, 94 Morphine, 84, 92, 94 Mutagenic, 92, 102
Mydriatic, 83, 93 Myocardium, 92, 93 N Nausea, 84, 93 Necrosis, 90, 92, 93 Need, 3, 38, 39, 53, 65, 93, 101 Nerve, 75, 78, 93, 96, 100 Nerve Endings, 78, 93 Nerve Fibers, 78, 93 Nervous System, 47, 48, 87, 92, 93, 100, 103 Nitrogen, 18, 25, 77, 86, 93, 102 Nitrogen Compounds, 25, 93 Norepinephrine, 75, 93, 95 Nuclear, 81, 84, 92, 93 Nuclei, 44, 84, 93 Nucleic acid, 78, 93, 97 O Ointments, 80, 84, 93 Opacity, 83, 93 Ophthalmic, 93, 96 Ophthalmology, 86, 93 Opium, 84, 92, 94 Osmosis, 94 Osmotic, 40, 48, 76, 94 Ovaries, 35, 94, 98 Ovary, 87, 94 Oxidation, 43, 75, 77, 87, 91, 94 P Pancreas, 75, 79, 91, 94 Pancreatic, 94 Pancreatin, 47, 94 Papain, 47, 94 Papillary, 89, 94 Parasite, 86, 94 Particle, 38, 42, 92, 94 Particle Accelerators, 92, 94 Patch, 39, 40, 48, 94 Penis, 94, 95, 96 Pepsin, 47, 94 Peptide, 91, 94, 96, 97, 101 Peroxide, 78, 95 Petroleum, 32, 46, 95 Phallic, 86, 95 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 80, 85, 87, 95, 96 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 84, 95 Pharmacologic, 95, 101 Phenyl, 22, 95 Phenylalanine, 95, 102 Phenylpropanolamine, 3, 95 Pheromone, 8, 95
Index 109
Phosphorus, 79, 95 Physiologic, 76, 92, 95 Pigment, 41, 78, 95 Plant Viruses, 95, 101 Plantago, 44, 95, 97 Plants, 21, 24, 27, 46, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103 Plasma, 76, 77, 87, 95 Plasma cells, 77, 95 Plasma protein, 76, 95 Plasticity, 33, 96 Pleated, 91, 96 Polymers, 33, 46, 96, 97, 100 Polypeptide, 76, 81, 96 Polysaccharide, 77, 80, 96 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 41, 96 Potassium, 46, 96 Practice Guidelines, 60, 96 Precursor, 78, 80, 85, 93, 95, 96, 102 Prepuce, 42, 96 Progenitalis, 42, 96 Progressive, 84, 88, 93, 96 Proline, 81, 89, 96 Prone, 42, 96 Propylene Glycol, 38, 96 Protease, 94, 96 Protein C, 76, 77, 91, 97, 102, 103 Protein S, 53, 79, 85, 97, 101 Proteins, 77, 79, 81, 85, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101 Proteolytic, 82, 94, 97 Protozoa, 92, 97 Pruritic, 84, 97 Psychiatry, 86, 97 Psyllium, 95, 97 Puberty, 40, 97 Public Policy, 59, 97 Publishing, 4, 97 Pupil, 83, 93, 97 Purines, 78, 97 Purulent, 40, 48, 97 Pylorus, 44, 97 R Radiation, 78, 89, 90, 92, 97, 100, 103 Radioactive, 88, 92, 93, 97 Reactivation, 96, 97 Rectal, 30, 97 Rectum, 78, 79, 83, 87, 91, 97, 100 Refer, 1, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 91, 97 Refraction, 98, 99 Rigidity, 95, 98 Rubber, 41, 75, 98
S Salicylate, 80, 98 Scleroproteins, 91, 98 Screening, 81, 98 Sea Urchins, 18, 37, 38, 98 Seafood, 33, 98 Sebaceous, 40, 98 Sebaceous gland, 40, 98 Sebum, 40, 75, 81, 98 Selenium, 48, 98 Serum, 76, 81, 98 Sex Characteristics, 75, 77, 97, 98 Sharks, 13, 98 Shedding, 22, 98 Shock, 98, 102 Side effect, 75, 98, 101 Silicon, 41, 98 Silicon Dioxide, 98 Skeletal, 27, 77, 99 Skeleton, 99 Small intestine, 84, 88, 90, 99 Snails, 33, 99 Sneezing, 98, 99 Sodium, 24, 42, 99, 100 Solvent, 85, 87, 94, 95, 96, 99 Somatic, 75, 99 Sorbitol, 43, 99 Specialist, 65, 83, 99 Species, 23, 24, 28, 34, 37, 45, 80, 84, 85, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 Specificity, 8, 76, 99 Spectrum, 45, 99, 102 Sperm, 8, 77, 81, 99 Spices, 25, 80, 99 Spinal cord, 93, 99 Spinous, 85, 99 Stimulants, 46, 99 Stimulus, 84, 100 Stomach, 25, 33, 44, 75, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 97, 99, 100 Stress, 30, 42, 83, 93, 96, 98, 100 Styrene, 98, 100 Subacute, 90, 100 Subclinical, 90, 100 Subspecies, 99, 100 Substance P, 85, 100 Substrate, 24, 33, 100 Sulfur, 41, 92, 100 Sunburn, 96, 100 Supplementation, 14, 100 Suppositories, 87, 100 Suppression, 31, 100
110 Kelp
Sweat, 30, 100 Sweat Glands, 100 Symbiosis, 23, 100 Sympathomimetic, 85, 93, 95, 100 Synergistic, 36, 100 Systemic, 79, 85, 89, 90, 100 Systemic disease, 89, 100 T Teratogenic, 90, 100 Testis, 101 Tetracycline, 40, 101 Thermal, 8, 101 Thrombocytopenia, 5, 101 Thrombosis, 97, 101 Thyroid, 8, 14, 64, 89, 90, 101, 102 Thyroid Gland, 89, 101 Thyroid Hormones, 101, 102 Thyrotropin, 8, 101 Thyroxine, 76, 95, 101 Tissue, 40, 43, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101 Tobacco Mosaic Virus, 101 Tobamovirus, 6, 101 Tolerance, 8, 101 Topical, 42, 43, 78, 85, 88, 90, 94, 101 Toxic, iv, 33, 88, 98, 100, 101 Toxicity, 46, 84, 101 Toxicology, 60, 101 Toxins, 77, 90, 101 Trace element, 80, 81, 98, 101 Trachea, 101 Traction, 38, 101 Transfection, 79, 102 Translation, 85, 102 Translocation, 85, 102 Trauma, 48, 93, 102 Trees, 98, 102
Tryptophan, 81, 102 Tuberculosis, 82, 102 Tyrosine, 30, 102 U Ultraviolet Rays, 43, 96, 102 Umbilical Cord, 102 Umbilicus, 42, 102 Unconscious, 89, 102 Urea, 100, 102 Urethra, 94, 102 Urinary, 5, 102 Urine, 36, 79, 84, 102 Uterus, 92, 94, 102 V Vaccine, 75, 76, 102 Vagina, 92, 102, 103 Vaginal, 102, 103 Valves, 24, 102 Varicella, 42, 103 Vascular, 90, 101, 103 Vegetative, 78, 103 Venous, 97, 103 Vesicular, 88, 103 Veterinarians, 30, 103 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 103 Viral, 45, 103 Virion, 101, 103 Virulence, 101, 103 Virus, 29, 42, 45, 96, 103 Vulva, 42, 103 W White blood cell, 48, 77, 91, 92, 95, 103 Windpipe, 101, 103 X X-ray, 78, 92, 93, 102, 103 Y Yeasts, 40, 87, 103
Index 111
112 Kelp
