Almost 200 inscriptions from first century BC to seventh century A D demonstrate the extent of Jewish settlement around ...
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Almost 200 inscriptions from first century BC to seventh century A D demonstrate the extent of Jewish settlement around the Western Mediterranean and enable the Jewish contemporaries of Nero, St Ambrose and Pope Gregory the Great to speak directly to posterity. Most are epitaphs, in Greek, Latin, or Hebrew (sometimes in all three), including 75 from the catacombs of Venosa in Italy, and are published with English translations and full commentary for the first time. Included here also are dedications from the earliest known synagogues in Western Europe. Some inscriptions show the titles and offices held by prominent Jews, and their contacts with the East. Many illustrate the development of Jewish commemoration practices, with the use of biblical formulae and distinctive symbols. Comprehensive indexing provides information on names, ages at death, vocabulary and linguistic peculiarities. Critical texts are given for all the inscriptions, in many cases with new suggestions about reading, restoration, dating or interpretation.
Jewish inscriptions of Western Europe Volume
1
JEWISH INSCRIPTIONS WESTERN Volume
OF
EUROPE 1
Italy (excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul
DAVID NOY
CAMBRIDGE U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP 40 West 20th Street, N e w York, N Y 10011-4211, U S A 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1993 First published 1993 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library of Congress cataloguing in publication
Library
data
N o y , David Jewish inscriptions of Western Europe - David N o y . p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Vol. 1. Italy (excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul ISBN 0 521 44201 X (v. 1) hardback 1. Inscriptions, Jewish - Europe. 2. Jewish epitaphs - Europe. 3. Jews - Europe - Antiquities. 4. Europe - Antiquities. I. Title. CN745.N68 1993 909'.09822'004924 - dc20 93-23947 CIP ISBN 0 521 44201 X hardback
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Introduction
xiii
Inscriptions: N o r t h e r n and Central Italy Campania Venosa S o u t h e r n Italy Italy (uncertain provenance) Sicily a n d M a l t a Sardinia Spain Gaul
1 37 61 150 182 184 228 238 263
Appendices: 1: I n s c r i p t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d m e d i e v a l 2 : I n s c r i p t i o n s n o t c o n s i d e r e d to b e J e w i s h
273 284
Indexes
306
Bibliography
350
Abbreviations
377
C o n c o r d a n c e w i t h CIJ
381
Plates
384
vii
PREFACE
T h i s book r e s u l t s from t h e w o r k of t h e J e w i s h I n s c r i p t i o n s P r o j e c t i n t h e F a c u l t y of Divinity, U n i v e r s i t y of C a m b r i d g e . I t follows Jewish inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (W. H o r b u r y & D. Noy, 1992), a n d will b e followed b y a v o l u m e on t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s of t h e city of R o m e . T h e P r o j e c t h a s b e e n funded by t h e British Academy. T h e book a i m s to collect all J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s from W e s t e r n E u r o p e , a p a r t from t h e city of R o m e , w h i c h c a n b e d a t e d before A.D.700. S o m e of t h e o m i s s i o n s f r o m t h e r e l e v a n t section of J . B . P r e y ' s Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum of 1936 w e r e corrected b y B. Lifshitz i n h i s r e v i s e d edition of 1975, b u t a l a r g e n u m b e r of i n s c r i p t i o n s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d since then, a n d others were omitted b y b o t h Frey a n d Lifshitz. Sixty-five i n s c r i p t i o n s in t h i s collection w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d b y F r e y or Lifshitz. T h e i n s c r i p t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d to b e J e w i s h h a v e a t l e a s t o n e of t h e following c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : (i) T h e u s e of H e b r e w or A r a m a i c . (ii) T h e u s e of specifically J e w i s h s y m b o l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e m e n o r a h (seven-branched candelabrum), b u t also t h e ethrog (citron-fruit) a n d shofar ( t r u m p e t ) . T h e l u l a b ( p a l m - b r a n c h ) , a m p h o r a , Solomon's k n o t a n d five- a n d s i x - p o i n t e d s t a r occur i n n o n - J e w i s h c o n t e x t s too often to b e r e g a r d e d a s i n d i c a t o r s of J e w i s h n e s s . (iii) T h e use of J e w i s h terminology (e.g. npoaeoxf], apXtavvdYCOYo;) or d e s i g n a t i o n s (e.g. Ebreus, ludaeus). (iv) T h e u s e of distinctively J e w i s h n a m e s (e.g. J u d a ) , w h e r e t h e r e a r e n o i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n i s C h r i s t i a n or p a g a n ; t h i s excludes CIJ 74*-77* (see c o m m e n t s on n o s . l l a n d 2 3 , below) (v) I n t h e case of some i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m V e n o s a a n d Sicily, p r o v e n a n c e from a J e w i s h c a t a c o m b . I n s o m e cases t h e J e w i s h n e s s of a n i n s c r i p t i o n r e m a i n s d o u b t f u l , a n d t h i s is i n d i c a t e d i n t h e n o t e s . T h r e e S a m a r i t a n i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d o n e m e n t i o n i n g a J e w w h o c o n v e r t e d to C h r i s t i a n i t y h a v e also b e e n i n c l u d e d . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n s from
IX
PREFACE CIJ a n d o t h e r r e c e n t collections w h i c h do n o t m e e t t h e c r i t e r i o n for i n c l u s i o n a r e g i v e n i n A p p e n d i x 2. T h o s e w h i c h m e e t t h e c r i t e r i o n b u t h a v e to b e d a t e d a f t e r 7 0 0 a r e i n A p p e n d i x 1. T h e e n t r i e s i n t h e A p p e n d i c e s (except n o s . 1 9 5 a n d 197) do n o t g i v e e x h a u s t i v e b i b l i o g r a p h i e s or full commentaries. T h e e n t r y for e a c h i n s c r i p t i o n is a r r a n g e d a s follows: (i) P r o v e n a n c e , d a t e , t y p e of i n s c r i p t i o n a n d l a n g u a g e . (ii) C u r r e n t or l a s t k n o w n w h e r e a b o u t s . (iii) D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s t o n e a n d u n u s u a l L a t i n a n d G r e e k letter forms. (iv) A u t h o r i t y for t h e t e x t . (v) T e x t , w i t h n o t e s of different r e a d i n g s a n d r e s t o r a t i o n s . C o r r e c t i o n s of s p e l l i n g m a d e b y e a r l i e r e d i t o r s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y Frey) h a v e not b e e n n o t e d individually, a n d t h e texts show t h e o r i g i n a l s p e l l i n g of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e o m i s s i o n of final l e t t e r s w h e r e t h i s s e e m s to r e p r e s e n t contemporary speech r a t h e r t h a n abbreviation. (vi) T r a n s l a t i o n . (vii) C h r o n o l o g i c a l l y o r d e r e d b i b l i o g r a p h y of p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h r e p r o d u c e t h e w h o l e i n s c r i p t i o n ; t h e a u t h o r i t y followed i n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n is s t a t e d w h e r e k n o w n . R e f e r e n c e s w h i c h I h a v e b e e n u n a b l e to c h e c k m y s e l f a r e m a r k e d *[not s e e n ] ' . (viii) B i b l i o g r a p h y of o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h cite t h e i n s c r i p t i o n . I n s o m e c a s e s t h e d i r e c t c i t a t i o n is m i n i m a l , b u t t h e r e is r e l e v a n t d i s c u s s i o n of w i d e r i s s u e s . R e f e r e n c e s a r e given in abbreviated form, w i t h a complete bibliography at t h e e n d of t h e v o l u m e . (ix) C o m m e n t s on t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a n d , w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , on t h e site. E v e r y effort h a s b e e n m a d e to m a k e t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n a s c o m p l e t e a s p o s s i b l e , a l t h o u g h o m i s s i o n s will n o d o u b t b e found. T h e b i b l i o g r a p h i e s i n CIJ a r e of c o u r s e outdated, and in m o s t cases were never comprehensive. T h e g e o g r a p h i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t u s e d b y CIJ h a s b e e n a b a n d o n e d i n f a v o u r of a m o r e logical s y s t e m , s t a r t i n g i n N o r t h e r n I t a l y a n d m o v i n g a r o u n d t h e W e s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n i n a clockwise direction. T h e i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m V e n o s a a r e a r r a n g e d b y t h e i r
PREFACE o r d e r i n t h e c a t a c o m b s (see t h e p l a n , P l a t e II) r a t h e r t h a n b y t h e a l p h a b e t i c a l s y s t e m of CIJ. T h i s i l l u m i n a t e s a n u m b e r of f a m i l y connections w h i c h w e r e p r e v i o u s l y o b s c u r e . The computer-generated indexes are much more c o m p r e h e n s i v e t h a n t h o s e of CIJ, a n d a r e intended to f a c i l i t a t e t h e u s e of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s for r e s e a r c h i n s u c h a r e a s a s d e m o g r a p h y a n d l i n g u i s t i c s . O n l y i n s c r i p t i o n s 1-192 (i.e. t h o s e w h i c h c a n b e d a t e d before 700) a r e i n d e x e d . W o r d s which h a v e been entirely restored in t h e text are not indexed; t h u s , t h e p r e s e n c e i n t h e i n d e x of a w o r d or p h r a s e i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t s o m e of i t s l e t t e r s a r e p r e s e r v e d i n t h e s u r v i v i n g t e x t before r e s t o r a t i o n . B e c a u s e of t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s u s e of L a t i n , G r e e k a n d H e b r e w , s o m e p a r t s of t h e i n d e x a r e a r r a n g e d t h e m a t i c a l l y or i n L a t i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r . I t is h o p e d t h a t t h e convenience of h a v i n g s i m i l a r w o r d s from d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s n e a r e a c h o t h e r will c o m p e n s a t e for t h e l a c k of G r e e k or H e b r e w a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r . R e a d e r s a r e a s k e d to n o t e t h e following m i s c e l l a n e o u s p o i n t s : (i) All d a t e s a r e A.D. i m l e s s s t a t e d . (ii) T h e l e t t e r f o r m s s h o w n a r e t h o s e w h i c h differ m o s t significantly from s t a n d a r d o n e s . T h e f o r m s offer an a p p r o x i m a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h o s e u s e d i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s , b u t a r e n o t i n t e n d e d to b e e x a c t f a c s i m i l e s . I n t h e G r e e k i n s c r i p t i o n s , t h e f o r m of t h e l e t t e r s alpha, epsilon, sigma a n d omega is a l w a y s s h o w n w h e r e p o s s i b l e . (iii) T h e t e r m 'loculus' is u s e d t o d e s c r i b e a h o r i z o n t a l slot for a b o d y , c u t into t h e rock face i n a n u n d e r g r o u n d b u r i a l a r e a ( h y p o g e u m or, if m o r e complex, c a t a c o m b ) . Loculi a r e often a r r a n g e d o n e above t h e o t h e r l i k e t h e d r a w e r s of a filing c a b i n e t . A n 'arcosolium' is a n o t h e r t y p e of t o m b c u t i n t o t h e rock, w i t h a t r o u g h - s h a p e d h o l e for t h e b o d y c u t a t or slightly a b o v e g r o i m d level, a n d a n a r c h m a d e a b o v e it. (iv) T h e following s y s t e m of b r a c k e t s is u s e d i n t h e t e x t s : (aba) i n d i c a t e s t h e r e s o l u t i o n of a n a b b r e v i a t i o n ; [aba] i n d i c a t e s t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of l o s t t e x t ; i n d i c a t e s a c o r r e c t i o n w h e r e l e t t e r s w e r e o m i t t e d or w r i t t e n i n c o r r e c t l y i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n ; {aba} i n d i c a t e s s u p e r f l u o u s t e x t w h i c h is p r e s e n t i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n b u t s h o u l d b e i g n o r e d . [...] i n d i c a t e s XI
PREFACE l o s t t e x t w h e r e t h e n u m b e r of l e t t e r s is k n o w n a p p r o x i m a t e l y b u t n o r e s t o r a t i o n is s u g g e s t e d ; [ - - ] i n d i c a t e s l o s t t e x t w h o s e l e n g t h is u n c e r t a i n . A d o t b e n e a t h a l e t t e r m e a n s t h a t t h e r e a d i n g is doubtful. I s h o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s m y t h a n k s to m a n y p e o p l e . F i r s t l y t o t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s of t h e J e w i s h I n s c r i p t i o n s Project: D r William Horbury and Miss Joyce Reynolds have read through t h e whole work a t various stages i n its progress, corrected many errors and made innumerable suggestions for improvements (too numerous to be acknowledged individually). Their generous help h a s guided m e through m a n y a r e a s w h e r e m y own knowledge w a s very limited. D r Douglas de Lacey h a s constantly been ready to deal w i t h c o m p u t i n g p r o b l e m s a n d h a s d e v o t e d m u c h t i m e to t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e p r o g r a m s which p r o d u c e d t h i s book from a c o m p u t e r d a t a b a s e . D r G r a h a m D a v i e s h a s a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e finances of t h e Project a n d provided m u c h valuable advice. T h e n m y t h a n k s go to o t h e r s w h o h a v e g e n e r o u s l y given t h e i r time and energy. Valerie Hope a n d Dr J a m e s Carleton Paget k i n d l y h e l p e d to proof-read t h e book. D r I r i n a L e v i n s k a y a r e a d t h r o u g h m u c h of t h e w o r k a n d m a d e m a n y v a l u a b l e suggestions. Professor Robert C o l e m a n gave considerable advice on linguistic questions. D r Antonio Capano and his c o l l e a g u e s of t h e S o p r i n t e n d e n z a Archeologica a t V e n o s a a n d M a r i a P i a M a l v e z z i a n d V a l e r i e S c o t t of t h e B r i t i s h School a t R o m e w e n t to g r e a t l e n g t h s to h e l p m e w h e n I v i s i t e d I t a l y i n S e p t e m b e r 1992. O t h e r s w h o h a v e h e l p e d witJi d i s c u s s i o n , a d v i c e a n d i n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e D r s . Alice bij d e V a a t e , D r T e s s a R a j a k , D r D o u g Lee, P r o f e s s o r e s s a Lellia C r a c c o Ruggini, the Biblioteca Zelantea at Acireale, the S o p r i n t e n d e n z e Archeologiche a t Aquileia, Ostia, P a d u a , R e g g i o di C a l a b r i a a n d T a r a n t o , a n d m e m b e r s of s e m i n a r groups at Reading, Cambridge and Utrecht. Friends and relatives who endured m y increasing fractiousness as t h e w o r k n e a r e d c o m p l e t i o n also d e s e r v e t h a n k s . T h e e r r o r s of o m i s s i o n a n d c o m m i s s i o n w h i c h r e m a i n a r e of c o u r s e m y o w n .
xii
INTRODUCTION
C o m m e n t s a b o u t p a r t i c u l a r sites h a v e in most cases b e e n g i v e n w i t h t h e n o t e s a b o u t t h e first i n s c r i p t i o n from t h a t s i t e . I n t h e following c a s e s a s e p a r a t e d i s c u s s i o n s e e m e d justified.
(i) A Q U I L E I A
A p a r t from n o . 7 b e l o w , t h e only e p i g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e for A q u i l e i a n J e w s is t h e e p i t a p h of o n e from R o m e {CIJ 147), d i s c u s s e d by D . M a z z o l e n i (1987), a n d d a t e d p r o b a b l y t o t h e 3 r d c e n t u r y . T h e finding a t A q u i l e i a of t h r e e African-type l a m p s d e c o r a t e d w i t h a m e n o r a h i s m e n t i o n e d by A. Zevi, RMI 2 8 (1962), p p . 4 6 6 - 8 . V a r i o u s a p p a r e n t l y S a b b a t h - d e r i v e d n a m e s for w h i c h R u g g i n i (1959), p . 2 8 0 , s u g g e s t s a J e w i s h origin a r e l i k e l y i n s t e a d to b e C h r i s t i a n : S a b b a t i u s (G. B r u s i n , NS (1925), p p . 2 0 - 8 , S a b a t i a (C7L v 1 6 9 3 ; t h i s could a l s o b e r e l a t e d t o S a b a z i u s ) , S a b d a (C/L v 1368). T h e C h r i s t i a n d e a c o n G a z e u s w h o p u t u p a votive i n s c r i p t i o n a t A q u i l e i a w i t h h i s m o t h e r B o n a {ILCV 1210) p r e s u m a b l y h a d P a l e s t i n i a n c o n n e c t i o n s , b u t t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of h i m b y R u g g i n i , p . 2 6 2 n . 2 2 4 , a s a c o n v e r t e d J e w is u n s u b s t a n t i a t e d . An unpublished e p i t a p h mentioned by Ruggini, p.230 n . l 0 8 , (also C r a c c o R u g g i n i (1977), p . 371) c o n t a i n s t h e n a m e K a i o w o q Maio\)HiTni;- S h e a t t r i b u t e s t h e e t h n i c to M a i u m a , t h e p o r t of G a z a , a n d r e g a r d s t h e m a n a s J e w i s h . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n is also m e n t i o n e d b y G. B r u s i n (1953-4), p p . 6 2 - 3 , a n d F . V a t t i o n i (1972), col. 1 2 5 , w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s . H o w e v e r , t h e ethnic can only be regarded as showing possible J e w i s h n e s s ; a s i m i l a r n a m e (KaiODHoq) occurs i n a C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n from P a l e s t i n e (SEG 38.1593). T h e ' p r e t e n d e r ' M a g n u s M a x i m u s w a s killed a t A q u i l e i a on 2 8 t h A u g u s t 3 8 8 . C r a c c o R u g g i n i (1977), p . 3 6 5 , l i n k s t h i s w i t h the d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e s y n a g o g u e of A q u i l e i a i n t h e s a m e y e a r , since h e a p p e a r s t o h a v e a d o p t e d a p r o - J e w i s h policy. T h e r e m a y b e r e f l e c t i o n s of J e w i s h m i s s i o n a r y a c t i v i t y i n t h e w o r k s of t h e A q u i l e i a n C h r i s t i a n s R u f i n u s a n d C h r o m a t i u s .
xm
INTRODUCTION A t M o n a s t e r o , t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n s u b u r b of t h e city, t h e first p h a s e ( l a t e 4 t h - e a r l y 5tJi c e n t u r y ) of t h e b a s i l i c a b u i l d i n g w a s discovered by Maionica in 1895 a n d excavated by Brusin in 1949-50. I t c o n s i s t e d of a s i n g l e n a v e , 16.85 x 48.25 m . ( a n a t r i u m or n a r t h e x w a s f o i m d l a t e r ) , w i t h a m o s a i c floor w i t h g e o m e t r i c a l motifs ( i n c l u d i n g t h e S o l o m o n ' s k n o t ) a n d 39 inscriptions recording t h e donors a n d t h e area they gave. T h e b i g g e s t d o n o r s w e r e 'Victor et Theosebes cum filiis suis* w h o g a v e 1 2 0 0 s q u a r e feet. O t h e r s g a v e from 3 5 to 5 0 0 feet. S e v e r a l d o n o r s a r e s a i d t o h a v e c o m e from S y r i a . T w o G r e e k inscriptions n a m e the donors as M a r e a s , Julianus, Palladius a n d J o s e p h from K a p r o t o u r i s ( 3 5 feet) a n d B a r b e o u s o s , M a t h b e h i s wife a n d J o a n n a a n d M a l c h o s t h e i r c h i l d r e n from R h a b o n a ( a r e a lost). A d o n a t i o n of 5 0 f e e t b y a couple w h o s e n a m e s a r e lost cum suis is d e d i c a t e d t o d(omi)n(o) Sab(aoth). T h e building was later t r a n s f o r m e d into a three-aisled c h u r c h . B e c a u s e of t h e n a m e s a n d d e d i c a t i o n , B r u s i n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e first p h a s e w a s t h e s y n a g o g u e d e s t r o y e d b y fire i n 3 8 8 , b u t l a t e r r e j e c t e d t h i s i d e a (JRivAC 3 8 (1962), p . 152). I t w a s t a k e n u p b y Z o v a t t o ((1960-1), pp.53-8) a n d C r a c c o R u g g i n i ((1977), p . 3 6 6 ) , a l t h o u g h firmly r e j e c t e d b y o t h e r s w h o h a v e looked a t t h e e v i d e n c e ( F e r r u a (1975), p . 3 6 0 ; M a z z o l e n i , AAAd 2 2 (1982), p . 3 0 6 ; S o l i n (1983), p.739). T h e e v i d e n c e is s u m m a r i z e d i n CIJ i w i t h n o conclusion. I n fact t h e r e is c o n s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e for S y r i a n C h r i s t i a n s a t Aquileia, a n d the n a m e s (which a r e n o t distinctively J e w i s h ) a n d dedication (which h a s n o J e w i s h parallel) seem b e s t explained by attribution to such a group. The donors P r i m e n i u s a n d L e o n t i a w h o g a v e 3 0 0 f e e t m a y well b e t h e s a m e p e o p l e w h o g a v e 3 0 0 f e e t to t h e C h r i s t i a n b a s i l i c a del fondo TulHo (Cuscito ( 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 2 4 2 ) . T h e size of t h e b u i l d i n g w o u l d b e exceptional for a n I t a l i a n s y n a g o g u e , since i t is t w i c e a s big a s t h e o n e a t O s t i a . T h e r e a r e n o t r a c e s of d e s t r u c t i o n b y fire. T h e m a j o r i t y of t h e d o n o r s h a d c o m m o n L a t i n n a m e s , and were p e r h a p s n a t i v e ItaUans who belonged to t h e s a m e Christian body a s t h e S y r i a n i m m i g r a n t s .
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INTRODUCTION (ii) P O R T O M o s t of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s a s s i g n e d to P o r t o i n CIJ ( n o s . 5 3 5 551) a n d b y G. Sacco (1984) a r e from t h e collection of C a r d i n a l P a c c a w h i c h w a s formerly in t h e B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e a t Porto. Pacca carried out excavations a t Porto in t h e early 1 9 t h c e n t u r y , b u t a l s o collected stones f r o m R o m e . T h e r e a r e s t r o n g s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n s o m e of h i s J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s a n d tiiose from t h e M o n t e v e r d e c a t a c o m b s i n R o m e , a n d i t s e e m s v e r y likely, a s L e o n (1952) a r g u e d , t h a t t h e y o r i g i n a t e d i n R o m e . CIJ n o s . 5 3 5 - 8 , 5 4 0 , 542-5, 5 4 7 - 8 a n d 5 5 1 b will t h e r e f o r e b e i n c l u d e d in t h e f o r t h c o m i n g volume of i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m t h e city of R o m e . H o w e v e r , n o s . 16-17 b e l o w a r e l i k e l y t o c o m e from Porto. F r a g m e n t a r y e p i t a p h s from Pacco's collection w i t h no i n d i c a t i o n of J e w i s h n e s s a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d i n A p p e n d i x 2 (nos.206-214). A n o t h e r i n d i c a t i o n of a J e w i s h p r e s e n c e a t P o r t o is a c a p i t a l n o w in t h e V a t i c a n M u s e u m which w a s found in t h e ' X e n o d o c h i u m of P a m m a c h i u s ' . I t is p u b l i s h e d b y L e o n (1952), p . 166; Y a r d e n ( 1 9 7 1 ) , p . 2 3 a n d p l . 6 5 ; G o o d e n o u g h , Jewish symbols ii p . 5 2 , iii fig.793. E a c h of t h e four faces h a s a m e n o r a h m a r k e d o n it by a series of p o i n t s ; s i x s i m i l a r capitals were u n m a r k e d . The building was used by Christian p i l g r i m s from t h e l a t e - 4 t h to t h e 7 t h or 8 t h c e n t u r y . T h e c a p i t a l s m a y h a v e b e e n r e - u s e d from a J e w i s h f u n c t i o n ( G o o d e n o u g h s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e y could c o m e f r o m c o l u m n s w h i c h h e l d a s m a l l c a n o p y over a s a r c o p h a g u s ) , or p e r h a p s m o r e probably t h e m a r k i n g was done by a J e w who u s e d t h e Xenodochium.
(iii) V E N O S A T h e c a t a c o m b s on t h e M a d d a l e n a hill j u s t o u t s i d e V e n o s a w e r e first b r o u g h t to t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e s c h o l a r l y w o r l d i n 1 8 5 3 . R u g g i e r o (1890), p.500, p u b l i s h e d a l e t t e r of 2 5 t h S e p . 1883 from L u i g i R a p o l l a , w h o h a d visited t h e m b u t t h o u g h t XV
INTRODUCTION t h a t t h e y w e r e C h r i s t i a n . I n fact, R a p o l l a h a d b e e n m a d e a w a r e of t h e m i n 1 8 5 2 , a n d w a s a c c u s e d of t a k i n g p a r t i n illegal e x c a v a t i o n s t h e r e ( R u g g i e r o , p.503). A t h o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s m a d e for t h e N a p l e s M u s e u m b y S t a n i s l a o d'Aloe l a t e r i n 1 8 5 3 . A t m u c h t h e s a m e t i m e P a s q u a l e d e A n g e l i s a n d RafTaele S m i t h a l s o explored t h e c a t a c o m b s , a p p a r e n t l y on t h e i r o w n i n i t i a t i v e ( r e p o r t e d b y R a p o l l a o n 3 r d December; Ruggiero, p.502). They h a d a plan drawn u p by a n e n g i n e e r from P o t e n z a ( t h e b a s i s of P l a t e II below). T h e v a r i o u s m a n u s c r i p t s r e m a i n e d u n p u b l i s h e d u n t i l 1878, w h e n G. Ascoli r e p o r t e d t o t h e IV C o n g r e s s o I n t e m a z i o n a l e di O r i e n t a l i s t i , a n d t h e n p u b l i s h e d a m o n o g r a p h b a s e d on t h e w o r k of t h e 1 8 5 0 s . Ascoli*s p u b l i c a t i o n w a s t h e b a s i s of m o s t s u b s e q u e n t w o r k o n t h e c a t a c o m b s , a l t h o u g h a n u m b e r of other distinguished scholars visited t h e site, including Hirschfeld a n d L e n o r m a n t , w h o both gave some i n d e p e n d e n t r e a d i n g s . C h w o l s o n p u b l i s h e d t h e H e b r e w t e x t s f r o m copies s e n t to h i m b y F a b i a n i . D'Aloe's copies of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d s o m e of t h o s e b y d e A n g e l i s a n d S m i t h , w e r e p u b l i s h e d b y R u g g i e r o i n a w o r k w h i c h s e e m s to h a v e b e e n overlooked since. D e Rossi t r a n s c r i b e d a m a n u s c r i p t w h i c h h e w a s s h o w n b y M i n e r v i n i a t N a p l e s , w h i c h differed significantly from t h e copies of d e A n g e l i s a n d S m i t h a n d a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n a n i n d e p e n d e n t w o r k (Bulletino di Archeologia Cristiana (1878), p.65). T h i s m a n u s c r i p t w a s u s e d for t h e first t i m e b y F r e y i n CIJ, w h i c h is t h u s t h e m o s t a u t h o r i t a t i v e source for m o s t of the texts. S i n c e P r e y ' s w o r k a n u m b e r of o t h e r s c h o l a r s ( i n c l u d i n g L e o n , Colorni, F e r r u a a n d e s p e c i a l l y C o l a f e m m i n a ) h a v e r e e x a m i n e d t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s to p r o d u c e i m p r o v e d r e a d i n g s . C o l a f e m m i n a d i s c o v e r e d a n u m b e r of t e x t s overlooked b y t h e 1 9 t h - c e n t u r y i n v e s t i g a t o r s , a n d i n t h e e a r l y 1970s found a n e w g a l l e r y w i t h t h e first d a t e d i n s c r i p t i o n (no. 107). T h e s t a t e of m a n y i n s c r i p t i o n s h a s d e t e r i o r a t e d c o n s i d e r a b l y s i n c e t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . T h e p l a s t e r on w h i c h m o s t of t h e m w e r e p a i n t e d or i n c i s e d h a s i n s o m e c a s e s fallen from t h e w a l l or b e c o m e d a m p ; i n c u r s i o n s b y h u m a n s a n d livestock h a v e d o n e f u r t h e r d a m a g e (Levi ( 1 9 6 2 ) , p . 1 3 5 ) ; a n d l a n d s l i d e s a n d
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INTRODUCTION e a r t h q u a k e s , w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y b l o c k e d a n u m b e r of galleries i n t h e 1850s, h a v e c o n t i n u e d to m a k e p a r t s of t h e c a t a c o m b s inaccessible. However, substantial work is n o w being done at t h e site to preserve w h a t r e m a i n s a n d to m a k e access easier a n d safer. T h e L a u r i d i a h y p o g e u m , a s m a l l b u r i a l a r e a a b o u t 100 m. f r o m t h e m a i n V e n o s a c a t a c o m b s , w a s d i s c o v e r e d before L u z z a t t o ' s v i s i t to V e n o s a i n 1932 ( L u z z a t t o ( 1 9 3 5 ) , p.203). I t w a s subsequently m a d e inaccessible b y landslides. His p h o t o g r a p h of t h e e n t r a n c e w a s p u b H s h e d b y L e v i (1962): t h e d o o r w a y w a s f o r m e d b y t w o c o l u m n s p l a c e d o n o t h e r stones for p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t l a n d s l i d e s , w i t h a n o t h e r c o l u m n r e u s e d a s a n a r c h i t r a v e . T h e d e c o r a t i o n s of a s p e a r , s n a k e s a n d a r r o w h e a d s on t h e a r c h i t r a v e h a v e s o m e t i m e s b e e n t a k e n to s u g g e s t t h a t i t w a s from a M i t h r a i s t s t r u c t u r e . S n a k e s a r e c o m m o n i n M i t h r a i c a r t i n Italy, a n d M i t h r a s i s s o m e t i m e s s h o w n a r m e d w i t h a b o w a n d a r r o w s , b u t t h e s p e a r s e e m s to h a v e n o p a r t i c u l a r M i t h r a i c a s s o c i a t i o n s . I n s i d e , t h e galleries of t h e h y p o g e u m w e r e 2 . 1 5 - 2 . 3 3 m . h i g h ( L e v i (1965)), w i t h t h e b u r i a l s i n arcosolia. Levi s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t m i g h t b e a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e p r i n c i p a l g a l l e r y (D) of t h e m a i n c a t a c o m b s , b u t t h e r e is no e v i d e n c e for t h i s , a n d i t h a d i t s o w n e n t r a n c e . F o u r i n s c r i p t i o n s on m a r b l e p l a q u e s w e r e f o u n d i n s i d e t h e h y p o g e u m . T h e y w e r e first p u b l i s h e d a n d u n d e r s t o o d as J e w i s h b y F r e n k e l in a local g u i d e b o o k ; L u z z a t t o did n o t regard the hypogeum as Jewish. O n e m e n t i o n s a teuseves (no. 113), w h o m a y b e a *godfearer' on t h e f r i n g e s of J u d a i s m or a p i o u s J e w . T h e o t h e r s (nos. 114-6) u s e t i t l e s (iiaTnp, naxnp jtaxepcav), f o r m u l a e a n d n a m e s ( M a r c e l l u s , F a u s t i n a ) w h i c h a r e also f o u n d i n t h e m a i n c a t a c o m b b u t h a v e nothing i n t r i n s i c a l l y J e w i s h a b o u t t h e m ; M a r c e l l u s i n n o . 1 1 4 could be m e n t i o n e d i n n o . 9 0 too. T h e J e w i s h n e s s of a l l t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s h a s b e e n widely a c c e p t e d b u t is n o t a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n , since t h e s y m b o l s a n d H e b r e w found i n t h e m a i n c a t a c o m b s a r e lacking. M e y e r s (1983) m e n t i o n s a m a n u s c r i p t r e c o r d i n g a visit to s o m e c a t a c o m b s b y a 1 7 t h - c e n t u r y B i s h o p of V e n o s a , w h o s a w
xvn
INTRODUCTION a b o u t 8 0 H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n s . C o l a f e m m i n a ( 1 9 8 1 ) cites a w o r k b y d'Aloe which refers to a v i s i t to t o m b s a t t h e g r o t t a d i S a n t a R u f i n a i n 1842, w h e n h e s a w i n s c r i p t i o n s i n H e b r e w , G r e e k a n d L a t i n . T h e s e d e s c r i p t i o n s do n o t fit t h e m a i n J e w i s h c a t a c o m b , b u t p r o b a b l y r e f e r t o a f u r t h e r level of b u r i a l s discovered b e n e a t h t h e previously k n o w n ones d u r i n g excavations in 1981. Seven parallel galleries w e r e found cut into t h e hillside, each apparently w i t h a s e p a r a t e entrance, b u t w i t h c o n n e c t i n g p a s s a g e s b e t w e e n s o m e of t h e m . T h e r e w e r e n o i n s c r i p t i o n s or s y m b o l s , so (if t h e a b o v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s c o r r e c t ) t h e y m u s t h a v e b e e n v i o l a t e d a f t e r 1842. T h e e x c a v a t o r s t h i n k t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n a n d f o r m of t h e 'new* c a t a c o m b s m a k e it v e r y p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e y a r e a l s o J e w i s h , b u t t h e r e is considerably m o r e doubt t h a n w i t h t h e L a u r i d i a hypogeum. C h r i s t i a n c a t a c o m b s h a v e b e e n f o i m d too, w i t h i n a few m e t r e s of t h e J e w i s h ones ( C o l a f e m m i n a (1973b), p . 5 6 ) , a n d t h e r e i s a C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n d a t e d t o 5 0 3 (id., VetChr 13 (1976)). A f r a g m e n t of a p o t t e r y v a s e w i t h a m e n o r a h i n s c r i b e d o n i t w a s found d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s a t t h e b a t h s of V e n o s a , a m o n g p a g a n a n d C h r i s t i a n p o t t e r y r e m a i n s (id. ( 1 9 8 0 ) , p . 2 1 2 a n d tav.IV). T h e r e is a l s o a l a r g e collection of d a t e d 9th-century Hebrew t o m b s t o n e s from a n open-air c e m e t e r y ; C o l a f e m m i n a (1980a), p . 2 1 5 , m e n t i o n s o n e w h i c h u s e d L a t i n a s well, s e e n b y t h e local h i s t o r i a n Rocco B r i s c e s e b u t s u b s e q u e n t l y lost. T h e r e a r e n o d a t e s a f t e r t h e 8 4 0 s , a n d i t s e e m s t h a t t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of V e n o s a w a s w i p e d o u t o r p u t t o flight a t t h e t i m e of t h e S a r a c e n r a i d s a n d d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e city i n t h e 8 5 0 s . T h e d a t i n g of t h e J e w i s h c a t a c o m b s h a s a l w a y s b e e n a m a t t e r of d i s a g r e e m e n t . T h e discovery of t h e d a t e d i n s c r i p t i o n of 5 2 1 showed t h a t t h e most widely expressed view ( 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y ) n e e d e d to b e e x t e n d e d a t l e a s t a l i t t l e ; M o m m s e n i n CIL i x , p . 6 6 0 , h a d a l r e a d y s u g g e s t e d 6 t h - c e n t u r y d a t i n g . P a l e o g r a p h y is of l i m i t e d h e l p b e c a u s e a l m o s t all o t h e r s o u t h e r n I t a l i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s of t h e r i g h t p e r i o d a r e c u t o n marble or l i m e s t o n e , w h e r e a s most of t h e Venosan i n s c r i p t i o n s a r e p a i n t e d or incised on p l a s t e r . xviii
INTRODUCTION Adjacent inscriptions can be in Greek and Hebrew, L a t i n a n d H e b r e w , or all t h r e e l a n g u a g e s . I t is likely t h a t G r e e k b e c a m e less p o p u l a r a n d L a t i n m o r e p o p u l a r over t i m e . H o w e v e r , t h e r e is a n e x a m p l e from V e n o s a (unUkely t o b e l a t e r t h a n t h e 3 r d c e n t u r y ) of t h e s a m e p e r s o n m a k i n g a d e d i c a t i o n t o M i t h r a s i n G r e e k a n d to M e r c u r y i n L a t i n . G r e e k w a s still i n occasional u s e i n p r e d o m i n a n t l y L a t i n - s p e a k i n g p a r t s of I t a l y i n t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y , e.g. i n a C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n d a t e d t o 5 3 0 from Reggio (JCI v 1). E v e r y arcosoUum w i t h t w o or m o r e i n s c r i p t i o n s h a s s o m e H e b r e w , b u t t h e r e is only o n e s u r v i v i n g i n s c r i p t i o n of a n y l e n g t h w h i c h is i n H e b r e w alone (no.82), a n d o n e i n G r e e k w r i t t e n i n H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s (no.75). T h e e n t i r e l y H e b r e w e p i g r a p h y of t h e 9 t h - c e n t u r y V e n o s a n J e w s is a different p h e n o m e n o n a l t o g e t h e r . D a t i n g is f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e difficulties of p u t t i n g t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s i n a n y r e l a t i v e chronological o r d e r . M o s t c o m e from arcosolia a r o u n d g a l l e r y D , a n d it is likely t h a t t h e arcosolia n e a r e r t h e e n t r a n c e a r e t h e oldest o n e s , b u t i t i s n o t c e r t a i n t h a t t h e b u i l d e r s c r e a t e d arcosoHa s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a s t h e y e x t e n d e d t h e g a l l e r y : t h e y could h a v e b u i l t t h e m on o n e side only a t first, or h a v e d u g t h e w h o l e g a l l e r y before m a k i n g a n y a r c o s o l i a . I t is a l s o u n k n o w n h o w long a n y o n e a r c o s o l i u m w a s i n u s e : s o m e c o n t a i n u p to f o u r t e e n b u r i a l s , a n d if t h e y w e r e r e s e r v e d for o n e f a m i l y i t m i g h t t a k e m a n y d e c a d e s to u s e a l l t h e s p a c e . H o w e v e r , t h e l a c k of a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m a n y of t h e p e o p l e b u r i e d n e x t to e a c h o t h e r s u g g e s t s t h a t a r c o s o l i a w e r e a v a i l a b l e a t l e a s t to e x t e n d e d f a m i l y g r o u p s . I t i s also possible t h a t s o m e a r c o s o l i a w e r e controlled b y collegia, or b y fossores w h o sold off t h e spaces. Arcosolium D 7 h a s 9 i n s c r i p t i o n s w i t h no G r e e k . T h e i r s t y l e a n d (in m o s t c a s e s ) p a l e o g r a p h y is close to Q 2 , w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e i n s c r i p t i o n of 5 2 1 . D 7 a n d Q 2 a r e n e a r t h e e n d of t h e i r respective galleries, a n d it seems probable t h a t they are roughly contemporary with each other and t h a t they contain t h e l a t e s t i n s c r i p t i o n s of t h e c a t a c o m b s . N o . 9 0 is s h o w n b y b o t h position a n d c o n t e n t to b e t h e l a t e s t i n s c r i p t i o n from D 7 . T h e a r e a of V e n o s a w a s i n v o l v e d in t h e fighting a n d XIX
INTRODUCTION d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e 5 4 0 s a n d e a r l y 5 5 0 s w h i l e t h e G o t h s a n d B y z a n t i n e s d i s p u t e d c o n t r o l of s o u t h e r n I t a l y . T h e a p p a r e n t l y p r o s p e r o u s condition of s o m e of t h e J e w i s h famiHes is u n l i k e l y to reflect e i t h e r t h a t p e r i o d or t h e B y z a n t i n e r u l e w h i c h followed. T h e J e w s m a y h a v e p r o s p e r e d a g a i n after t h e L o m b a r d s took control i n 5 7 0 , b u t t h e civic t i t l e s a r e m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e to t h e e a r l i e r p e r i o d . M o s t of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s of D 7 a r e t h e r e f o r e p r o b a b l y f r o m t h e first h a l f of t h e 6 t h century. I t is e v e n m o r e difficult t o e s t a b l i s h a terminus post quem. T h e isolated Greek inscriptions from 0 , N a n d t h e beginning of D a r e p r o b a b l y a m o n g t h e e a r l i e s t , a n d a r c o s o l i u m D I h a s s e v e r a l i n s c r i p t i o n s w i t h t h e ev eipiivn "H KOijiiioiq f o r m u l a w h i c h does n o t occur f u r t h e r d o w n t h e g a l l e r y . I n D I , only n o . 5 3 ( t h e f u r t h e s t i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m t h e g a l l e r y a n d so p r e s u m a b l y t h e l a t e s t ) u s e s t h e tdipoq f o r m u l a w h i c h is s t a n d a r d in t h e Greek inscriptions elsewhere. D2, D 3 a n d D 4 u s e m a i n l y G r e e k , s o m e H e b r e w , a n d L a t i n only i n t h e l a t e s t i n s c r i p t i o n s . D 5 h a s a xd(|)0(; f o r m u l a i n H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s (no.75). D 2 contedns 10 i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d is l i k e l y to h a v e b e e n i n u s e for a l o n g e r p e r i o d t h a n t h e o t h e r s . D 6 , a t t h e e n d of t h e gallery, m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d t o b e a m o n g t h e l a t e r i n s c r i p t i o n s , b u t its u s e of G r e e k a n d H e b r e w ( n o t L a t i n ) , a n d of ffi5e iciTE r a t h e r t h a n xowpo^, s u g g e s t s t h a t i t w a s a c q u i r e d fairly e a r l y by s o m e o n e a n x i o u s t o s e c u r e t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t p o s i t i o n i n t h e gallery. T h e s u g g e s t e d r e l a t i v e c h r o n o l o g y of t h e m a i n arcosolia is therefore:
DI D6 D2, D3, D4, D5 D7, Q2 I t is difficult to e s t i m a t e t h e l i k e l y t i m e - g a p b e t w e e n e a r l y a n d l a t e i n s c r i p t i o n s . T h e r e w a s r o o m for s e v e r a l h u n d r e d b u r i a l s i n t h e arcosolia a n d loculi of g a l l e r y D , a n d of c o u r s e m a n y m o r e in o t h e r g a l l e r i e s ( k n o w n a n d u n k n o w n ) w h i c h a r e likely to h a v e b e e n i n u s e a t t h e s a m e t i m e . T h e poor
XX
INTRODUCTION m a y n o t h a v e g o t i n t o t h e c a t a c o m b s a t all. T h e r e a r e 7 a r c o s o l i a n e a r e r t h a n D I to t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e g a l l e r y , so t h e earliest inscriptions are probably r a t h e r later t h a n t h e e a r l i e s t u s e of t h e g a l l e r y . T h e size of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of V e n o s a , a n d of t h e J e w i s h e l e m e n t w i t h i n it, is u n k n o w n . A J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y n u m b e r e d in h u n d r e d s , with a n a n n u a l d e a t h r a t e of t h e o r d e r of 4 0 - 5 0 p e r 1000, is u n l i k e l y t o h a v e t a k e n m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y to fill u p t h e a r e a b e t w e e n D 2 a n d D 7 , e v e n if o n l y a p r o p o r t i o n of t h e b u r i a l s t o o k p l a c e t h e r e . T h e e a r l i e s t i n s c r i p t i o n s from g a l l e r y D a r e p e r h a p s n o e a r h e r t h a n t h e e a r l y 5 t h c e n t u r y , b u t s o m e of t h e i s o l a t e d i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m e l s e w h e r e m a y go b a c k to t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y . (iv) S I C I L Y J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s from Sicily a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e e a s t coast a n d its hinterland. Although there a r e no inscriptions f r o m t h e n o r t h - w e s t of t h e i s l a n d o t h e r t h a n t h e S a m a r i t a n n o . 1 6 1 , G r e g . M . {Ep. viii 2 5 , ix 38) shows t h e e x i s t e n c e of a substantial commimity at Palermo, with more t h a n one synagogue. L a m p s decorated with menorahs h a v e been found a t LiUbeo, M a r s a l a (A.M. Bisi, NS (1966), p p . 3 1 5 n o . 4 4 / 6 5 , 3 3 8 fig.31, 3 4 4 ; ibid. (1977), p p . 3 9 8 fig.20b, 401), a n d a t E r i c i n e a r T r a p a n i (Bisi, SicArch ii,8 (1969)).
XXI
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ITALY 1 {CIJ i 6 4 6 ) : M i l a n ( M e d i o l a n u m ) : 5 t h c e n t u r y or l a t e r . E p i t a p h ; Latin. M i l a n , A t r i u m of S t A m b r o s e B a s i l i c a . M a r b l e p l a q u e , 49 x 15 cm., left s i d e b r o k e n . L e t t e r f o r m s : Q.; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. N u m e r a l L i n v e r t e d . T e x t follows CIJ ( p h o t o g r a p h ) , ( a m p h o r a ? ) (shofar) ( m e n o r a h ) (ethrog?) (lulab) hie vixet
requi\{e]scet annos plus
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p\[a]pe (11.3-4): le Blant p\ace vixet (1.6): le Blant vixit
H e r e r e s t s i n p e a c e P a t e r [or t h e f a t h e r ] of good m e m o r y , w h o lived m o r e or less 5 5 (?) y e a r s . G. Labus (1820), p.420 (facsimile; from the stone); E. le Blant & E. Renan (1860), p.348 n.l (from the stone); E. le Blant (1865), p.477 (from the stone); C/L v.ii (1877), p.692 no.6310 (from the stone and ms. of Mazzuchelli); V. Forcella & E. Seletti (1907), p.xxi, pp.72-3 no.77 (facsimile; from the stone); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.501 no.4956 (follows C/L); CIJ
i (1936), pp.462-3 no.646 (photograph; from the stone); E.
Gk)odenough, Jewish symbols ii (1953), p.52; iii, fig.849 (photograph). R. GaiTucci (1883), p.713; S. de Ricci (1905), p.472; J. Juster (1914), p.l81 n.9; S. Krauss (1922), p.259; H. Leclerq (1928), cols.69, 139; E. Goodenough (1951-2), p.455 n.23; L. Ruggini (1959), pp.215, 218 n.80; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l31 n.2; C.B. Pascal (1963), p.54; V. Colorni (1964), p.l8 n.75; J. Moreau & H.I. Marrou, ILCV iv (1967), p.44 no.4956; L. Yarden (1971), p.27, pl.l31; E. Dinkier (1974), p.l36 n.70.
M i l a n h a d a s u b s t a n t i a l J e v d s h c o m m u n i t y i n t h e t i m e of S t A m b r o s e (see R u g g i n i (1959), p . 2 2 7 ) . T h e Council of A q u i l e i a (380/1) r e f e r r e d to t h e c o n d e m n e d U r s i c i n u s w o r k i n g to u p s e t t h e c h u r c h of M i l a n ' n o w a t t h e s y n a g o g u e d o o r s , n o w i n t h e h o u s e s of t h e A r i a n s ' ( J . W i t t i g , Papst Damasus I, RQ s u p p l . l 4 (1902), p.22). I n a l e t t e r of 3 8 8 {Ep. xl 8), A m b r o s e r e f e r s t o t h e s y n a g o g u e a t M i l a n h a v i n g b e e n b u r n t d o w n b y 'divine j u d g e m e n t ' , a p p a r e n t l y r e c e n t l y , a n d w i s h e s t h a t h e h a d s e t fire t o i t himself. A l e t t e r of T h e o d e r i c t o t h e J e w s of M i l a n , d a t e d to 523-6 ( C a s s i o d o r u s , Var. v 37), r a t h e r g r u d g i n g l y
N O R T H E R N A N D CENTRAL ITALY protects their legitimate rights against the church. T h i s inscription was found in 1813, along with no.2, w h e n t h e floor of t h e S t A m b r o s e B a s i l i c a w a s r e s t o r e d . A n u m b e r of p a g a n i n s c r i p t i o n s , a s well a s m a n y C h r i s t i a n ones (cf n o . 2 0 1 ; a l s o CIJ 9 3 * , c l a i m e d a s J e w i s h b y E . D i e h l , ILCV ii n o . 4 9 5 7 , on t h e g r o i m d s of a S3mibol t h o u g h t t o b e , b u t i n f a c t c o m p l e t e l y u n l i k e , a m e n o r a h ) , w e r e also discovered. T h i s o n e w a s d a t e d to t h e 5 t h c e n t u r y b y R u g g i n i , b u t t h e closest p a r a l l e l s a r e from t h e 6 t h a n d 7 t h c e n t u r i e s (see below). F i v e s y m b o l s w e r e u s e d , of w h i c h t h e c e n t r a l o n e is a m e n o r a h and t h e one a t t h e right end a lulab (drawn like a m e n o r a h w i t h t h r e e b r a n c h e s on e i t h e r s i d e of t h e m a i n s t e m ) . O n l y p a r t of t h e s y m b o l a t t h e left e n d is p r e s e r v e d . CIJ t a k e s i t a s a n o t h e r l u l a b , w h i c h is clearly w r o n g . F o r c e l l a & S e l e t t i t h o u g h t i t w a s t h e t a i l of a dove, a n d L a b u s t h e legs of a b i r d , b u t it m a y i n s t e a d b e t h e n e c k of a n i n v e r t e d a m p h o r a , since a n a m p h o r a occurs i n o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s of s y m b o l s . T h e frescoed t o m b a t V e n o s a (no. 109) h a s t h e s y m b o l s i n the sequence amphora-ethrog-menorah-shofar-lulab, a n d the same r a n g e of symbols occurs s e v e r a l t i m e s a t R o m e i n v a r i o u s o r d e r s {CIJ 2 5 4 , 3 6 1 , 416). H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e n o o t h e r e x a m p l e s of a n i n v e r t e d a m p h o r a . I n t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n , t h e symbols on e i t h e r s i d e of t h e m e n o r a h w e r e b o t h u n d e r s t o o d a s shofars by F r e y , b u t t h e y a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l , a n d i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t o n e (probably t h a t o n t h e r i g h t ) represents an ethrog. Hie requiescit in pace is f o u n d i n no.2 below a n d i n m a n y o t h e r p l a c e s ( I n d e x V I I e). T h e f o r m u l a is a very c o m m o n C h r i s t i a n one. Benememoriae is also f o u n d i n C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s {ILCV iii, pp.492-3) i n c l u d i n g 7 L C V 2 7 4 0 a d n . , 4 2 1 0 a n d 4 2 7 3 C f r o m M i l a n . V a r i o u s forms occur i n o t h e r J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s ( I n d e x I I I e). I t w a s often m a d e i n t o a n adjective, benememorius (cf n o . 120, b e l o w ) , w h i c h v a n d e r H o r s t , p . 6 5 , r e g a r d s a s exclusively J e w i s h . T h e p r e f e r r e d C h r i s t i a n form bonae memoriae was not used by Jews. T h e spelling menos o c c u r s i n ILCV 4 1 7 9 B a d n . , f r o m M i l a n (cf. I n d e x V I I b). T h e u s e of t h e plus minus f o r m u l a is d i s c u s s e d b y H . N o r d b e r g , Biometrical notes ( H e l s i n k i , 1963), p p . 1 4 - 1 5 , 2 5 - 3 0 ; h e finds from t h e C h r i s t i a n e p i t a p h s of R o m e t h a t i t w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m m o n i n t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y , a n d w a s v e r y often u s e d , a s h e r e , w i t h a n a g e e n d i n g i n 0 or 5 ( 6 6 . 4 % of all u s e s ) . A t t h e point in t h e inscription w h e r e a n a m e would b e expected, pater is w r i t t e n i n s t e a d . I t is odd to find s o m e o n e c o m m e m o r a t e d
N O R T H E R N AND CENTRAL ITALY anonymously as 'father' (whether t h a t should be understood as a family or c o m m u n i t y t e r m ) , a n d i t i s likely t h a t Pater is a c t u a l l y a n a m e . A l t h o u g h it is n o t listed a s a cognomen b y K a j a n t o (1965), it is a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y o n e a t l e a s t t w i c e i n CIL v i : Q. A c u t i u s P a t e r i n 10557 a n d C. l u n i u s P a t e r in 2 0 8 1 8 ; A u r e l i u s P a t e r o (nom.) occurs i n 3 2 9 2 2 . A b a p t i z e d J e w n a m e d P h a t i r is m e n t i o n e d b y Greg.T., Hist. Franc, vi 17, i n t h e y e a r 582. N o o t h e r k n o w n n a m e w o u l d fit; P a s s e r would r e q u i r e a r e s t o r a t i o n of t w o l e t t e r s w h e r e t h e r e is only r o o m for one. T h e n u m e r a l of t h e a g e is w r i t t e n w i t h L i n v e r t e d to r e s e m b l e gamma a n d w r i t t e n obliquely so t h a t i t s t w o s t r o k e s p a r a l l e l t h e t w o s t r o k e s of t h e following V. I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s is t h e r i g h t h a l f of X, m i s u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e s t o n e - c u t t e r f r o m h i s o r i g i n a l copy, b u t , since o n e s t r o k e is twice t h e l e n g t h of t h e o t h e r , a p r e s u m a b l y a c c i d e n t a l i n v e r s i o n of L s e e m s m o r e likely.
2 (CIJ i 6 4 4 ) : M i l a n : 5 t h c e n t u r y or l a t e r . E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w a n d Latin. M i l a n , A t r i u m of S t A m b r o s e Basilica. M a r b l e p l a q u e , b r o k e n i n t w o h o r i z o n t a l l y ; p a r t s l o s t on b o t h sides and a t t h e bottom. Letter forms: A Q.; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows CIJ ( p h o t o g r a p h ) . nXmenorah)[*:'ty] hie
requiesclet]
Alexandinus
|
in
pace
qui vixet ann
b(ene)m(emoriae)
os plus
menus
Ros] es
[ - - ].
Df70] (1.1): Diehl requiesclet] (1.2): le Blant REQVIES I[os]\es (11.3-4): CIL D[iogen]\es; Labus, Forcella & Seletti [Moys]\es menus (1.6): le Blant MENS
P e a c e . H e r e r e s t s i n p e a c e J o s e s (?) t h e A l e x a n d r i a n , of good m e m o r y , w h o lived m o r e or l e s s .. y e a r s . 6 . Labus (1820), p.420 (facsimile; from the stone); E. le Blant & E. Renan (1860), p.348 n.l (from the stone); E. le Blant (1865), p.477 (from the stone); CIL v.u (1877),
N O R T H E R N AND C E N T R A L ITALY p.691 no.6294 (from the stone); V. Forcella & E. Seletti (1897), pp.70-1 no.76 (from ms. of Mazzuchelli); J. Oehler (1909), p.448 no.201 (follows C/L); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.501 no.4955 (follows C/L); H. Leclerq (1928), cols.69, 218 (follows C/L); CIJ i (1936), pp.461-2 no.644 (photograph; from the stone); E. Goodenou^, Jewish
symbols
ii
(1953), p.52; iii, fig.848 (photograph); W. Horbury & D. Noy, JIGRE (1992), pp.228-9 no.l42 (follows CIJ). G.L Ascoli (1880), p.26; R. Gamicci (1883), p.713; G.N. Alcott (1904), p.238; S. de Ricci (1905), p.472; J. Juster (1914), p.l81 n.9; S. Krauss (1922), p.259; L. Ruggini (1959), pp.215, 218 n.80, 230 n.l08; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l31 n.2; C.B. Pascal (1963), p.54; A. Milano (1963), p.28; V. Colorni (1964), pp.18 n.75, 19; J. Moreau & H.L Marrou, ILCV iv (1967), p.44 no.4955; L. Yarden (1971), p.27, pl.l33; E. Dinkier (1974), p.l36 n.70; L.H. Kant (1987), p.677 n.29; G. Mayer (1987), p.lOO.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s found i n 1813 a l o n g w i t h n o . l , a n d is a p p a r e n t l y of s i m i l a r d a t e . T h e l e t t e r i n g , f o r m u l a e a n d o r t h o g r a p h y a r e s i m i l a r b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l . T h e s p e l l i n g menus a n d u s e of annos i n a 'lived' f o r m u l a also occur i n ILCV 1500, f r o m M i l a n a n d d a t e d to 4 0 9 ; 2 8 5 2 ( M i l a n , 4 0 3 ) u s e s menus too. T h e r e is s o m e d o u b t a b o u t t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e n a m e in 11.3-4. D i o g e n e s a n d M o y s e s a r e b o t h too long, a n d l o s e s , s u g g e s t e d t o F r e y b y S i l v a g n i a n d a c o m m o n n a m e a t V e n o s a , is m u c h m o r e p r o b a b l e . T h e d e c e a s e d m a n w a s a n ' A l e x a n d r i a n ' , w r i t t e n w i t h o u t t h e l e t t e r r, a n d t h i s m u s t m e a n E g y p t i a n A l e x a n d r i a . D e s p i t e h i s origin, h e w a s c o m m e m o r a t e d i n L a t i n a n d H e b r e w , a n d h i s e p i t a p h is typical of n o r t h e r n I t a l y , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e H e b r e w w o r d a n d J e w i s h symbol. Hie requiescet in pace followed b y h.m. is f o u n d in ILCV 3 1 6 9 , 3 1 6 9 A - b (all from B e r g a m o , 6 t h - c e n t u r y ) , 3 1 7 8 (Ticino). T h e p a r a l l e l w i t h n o . l m e a n s t h a t h.m. h e r e s h o u l d b e e x p a n d e d a s benememoriae r a t h e r t h a n t h e u s u a l C h r i s t i a n bonae memoriae (or e v e n bene merenti; cf. n o . 11). T h e f o r m u l a hie ... pace is a l s o u s e d i n ILCV 6 8 1 , t h e e p i t a p h of Petrus Alexandrinus negotias linatarius (sic), f r o m P a l e r m o a n d d a t e d to 602. T h e final l i n e c o n t a i n e d n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n a n u m e r a l , s i n c e e n o u g h of t h e p l a q u e is p r e s e r v e d b e l o w menus i n 1.6 to s h o w t h a t nothing was written there.
N O R T H E R N AND CENTRAL ITALY 3 {CIJ i 6 4 9 ) : M i l a n (?): u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h (?); G r e e k a n d Hebrew. M i l a n , M u s e o civico archeologico (Castello Sforzesco); i n v . n o . 4 6 3 . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t , 15 x 2 3 cm.; only l o w e r r i g h t c o m e r p r e s e r v e d . L e t t e r s 3 - 3 . 5 cm.; l e t t e r forms A 6 GO. S o m e l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows CIJ ( p h o t o g r a p h ) . [ - - ]eaeai | [ - - eY(?)]Y6vo)v | [ - - ]
1.1: de March! [KaTae]eo6ca 1.2: de March! [jiexa (?) npolyovGJV 1.3: Monneret de Villard ubsh
... g r a n d c h i l d r e n (?) ... forever. A. de March! (1913), pp.74-5 no.l4 (photograph; from the stone); U. Monneret de V!llard (1915), pp.82-3 no.45 (photogi-aph; from the stone); CIJ ! (1936), pp.464-5 no.649 (photograph; follows Monneret de VlUard). V. Colom! (1964), p. 19.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s first p u b l i s h e d by d e M a r c h i , w h o s t a t e d t h a t it c a m e to t h e C a s t e l l o Sforzesco M u s e u m from t h e collection of D r A n n i b a l e A n c o n a , w i t h n o i n d i c a t i o n of i t s origin. T h e r e is s o m e o t h e r evidence of G r e e k b e i n g u s e d a t M i l a n ( a l t h o u g h i t is b e t t e r a t t e s t e d a t Aquileia): IG xiv 2 2 9 4 is a p a g a n e p i t a p h for D o m n i n a . 2 2 9 3 a n d 2296-8 a r e C h r i s t i a n e p i t a p h s of t h e l a t e 4 t h or 5 t h c e n t u r i e s ; t h r e e a r e explicitly of p e o p l e from t h e e a s t ( C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , M a g d a l a i n E g y p t , &K6 KWHTji; EivaK©v). T h e l a s t of t h e s e c a m e from t h e floor of t h e S t A m b r o s e B a s i H c a (= F o r c e l l a & S e l e t t i n o . 19). I t is t h e r e f o r e q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s G r e e k i n s c r i p t i o n too o r i g i n a t e s from M i l a n . Frey rejected de Marchi's restorations, a n d suggested something like [xd-ROC^ ooioq] Ea(x)ai ( p r e s u m a b l y for eaxi, r a t h e r t h a n a g e n u i n e future) [ m l EYJYOVCOV [ai)T0\)], or s o m e t h i n g w i t h |Lienvfia0ai. EYYOVCOV is slightly m o r e l i k e l y t h a n d e M a r c h i ' s npoYOVCOV ( a n c e s t o r s ) , b u t b o t h a r e possible. T h e s u r v i v i n g w o r d s a n d c o m b i n a t i o n of l a n g u a g e s s u g g e s t t h a t t e x t w a s a n e p i t a p h . T h e H e b r e w could e n d a s i m i l a r f o r m u l a t o t h a t of n o . 8 2 , below.
N O R T H E R N AND CENTRAL ITALY 4 (CIJ i 6 3 8 ) : B r e s c i a ( B r i x i a ) : 4 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h (?); G r e e k . L o s t (formerly c h u r c h of S. A n d r e a , B r e s c i a ) . T e x t follows IG x i v ( 1 8 9 0 ) . [ - - - ] I [&p]xim)vd|YCOYoM (or -o[^) | [ - - - ] .... archisynagogos
....
IG xiv (1890), p.547 no.2304 (from mss. of Feliciani and Marcanova); S. Krauss (1922), p.259 (follows IG); CIJ i (1936), p.457 no.638 (follows IG); A.A Garzetti, / / x.v.3 (1986), p.640 no.l260 (from mss, of Marcanova, Feliciani and Ferrarinus). S. de Ricci (1905), p.472; J. Juster (1914), p.l81 n.l3; H. Leclerq (1928), cols.69, 139; L. Ruggini (1959), pp.215, 217; C.B, Pascal (1963), p.54; A Milano (1963), p.28; V. Colorni (1964), p.l8 n.71; I. Mufioz Valle (1972), p.l60; D. Novellone (1973), p.517; B.J. Brooten (1982), p.23 n.83, p.60; G. Horsley, NDIEC iv (1987), p.214 n o . l l 3 .
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s c o p i e d b y t h r e e h i s t o r i a n s b e t w e e n 1465 a n d 1486 i n t h e c h u r c h of S. A n d r e a j u s t o u t s i d e B r e s c i a . T h e l e t t e r r e c o r d e d a s omega b y M a r c a n o v a a n d F e l i c i a n i w a s g i v e n a s omicron b y F e r r a r i n u s . I t a p p e a r s to b e t h e r e m a i n s of a n e p i t a p h for s o m e o n e w h o h e l d t h e t i t l e of archisynagogos, b u t i t could i n s t e a d b e p a r t of a n honorific o r d e d i c a t o r y i n s c r i p t i o n . T h e n a m e w o u l d presumably h a v e come before t h e recorded text, a n d t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n m o r e w o r d s a f t e r it. T h e u s e of G r e e k is u n u s u a l a t B r e s c i a , a s a t M i l a n , b u t t h e r e a r e t h r e e o t h e r G r e e k i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m t h e r e , IG xiv 2 3 0 2 - 3 , 2 3 0 5 : t w o e p i t a p h s a n d o n e w h i c h m a y b e f r o m a s t a t u e b a s e . T h e 4 t h - c e n t u r y d a t i n g of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s u g g e s t e d b y R u g g i n i must be regarded as very tentative. Novellone's s u g g e s t i o n of J e w i s h n e s s i n a n e p i t a p h f r o m B r e s c i a for t h e f r e e d m a n M . H o s t i l i u s D i c a e u s , o n t h e g r o u n d s of t h e n a m e a n d t h e r e f e r e n c e t o domum ... aeternalem, is n o t c o n v i n c i n g . A p a g a n i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m B r e s c i a b y a w o m a n n a m e d l u d a (CIJ 77*) is discussed below ( n o . l l ) .
5 (CIJ i 6 3 9 ) : B r e s c i a : 4 t h c e n t u r y or e a r l i e r . E p i t a p h (?); L a t i n . B r e s c i a , M u s e o civico d e l l ' e t a r o m a n a ; inv.no. M R 3 0 2 9 . L i m e s t o n e t a b l e t , 6 3 x 130 x 15 cm.; d a m a g e d a t t o p b u t a p p a r e n t l y n o l e t t e r i n g l o s t . L e t t e r s 7 . 5 - 6 . 5 cm., w i t h serifs. W o r d - d i v i d e r (hedera). L e t t e r f o r m : G. L i g a t u r e : A E .
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ITALY T e x t follows A. G a r z e t t i (1984). Coeliae
I matri
Paternae
Coeliae
synagogae
Brixianorum.
CIJ Coeliae
Line divisions given incorrectly by Gruter For
Coelia
Patema,
mother
of
the
synagogue
of
the
Brixians. J. Gruter (1707), p.323 no.3 (facsimile; from copies by Panvinio and Verderio); P. Osann (1834), p.432 (follows Gruter); G. Brunati (1856), p.219 (fi^m the stone); CIL v.i (1872), p.465 no.4411 (from the stone); E. Schiirer (1879), pp.29, 40 no.40 (follows Gruter and CIL); J.P. Waltzing (1899), p. 142 no.505 (follows CIL); H. Dessau, ILS ii.i^ (1902), p.650 no.6724 (foUows CIL); S. Krauss (1922), p.259 n o . l l 6 (follows CIL); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.495 no.4898 (foUows CIL); CIJ i (1936), p.457 no.639 (follows CIL and earlier eds.);
(1975), p.49; M . A Levi (1963) (photograph); B J . Brooten
(1982), p.60 (follows CIL and CIJ); A. Garzetti, / / x.v.l (1984), pp.135-6 no.204 (photograph; from the stone). E. le Blant & E. Renan (1860), p.347 n.8; S. de Ricci (1905), p.472; J. Juster (1914), p.l81 n.l3; H. Leclerq (1928), cols.69, 139; A. Ferrua (1936), p . l 3 5 n.l; (1941), p.44; L. Ruggini (1959), pp.215, 217; H J . Leon (1960), p. 188 n.l; E. Cattaneo (1963), p.353; C.B. Pascal (1963), p.54; V. Colorni (1964), p . l 8 n.71; I. Mufioz Valle (1972), p.l59 n.44; S.J.D. Cohen (1980), p.26 n.lO; A. Konikoflf (1986), p . l l ; G. Mayer (1987), pp.90, 123; C. Stella (1987), p.38 no.l4; LS. Kant (1987), p.696 n.l49, p.698 n.l70; L. Cracco Ruggini (1988), p.258 n.24; G.L. Gregori (1990), p.74. T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s first r e c o r d e d i n t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y , a n d t h e e a r l y p r i n t e d a n d m a n u s c r i p t sources w h i c h m e n t i o n i t a r e Usted b y CIL
CIJ,
a n d G a r z e t t i . I t w a s m o v e d f r o m t h e S. S a l v a t o r e c h u r c h o u t s i d e
B r e s c i a t o t h e S. A f r a m o n a s t e r y i n t h e c i t y i n 1 5 1 9 , a n d w h e n
the
monastery
the
brothers
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sold
Vincenzo
in
1771 i t
and
Camillo
came
into
Gambara,
the
possession
who
gave
it
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the
523),
and
museum. T h e t i t l e mater may
be
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Synagoga synagogue gentilicium,
by
synagogae the
a l s o o c c u r s a t R o m e (CIJ
terms
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and
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used
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is l i k e l y to m e a n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y r a t h e r t h a n building;
cf.
n o . 139,
below.
Coelius
is
a
the
well-attested
a n d occurs a t B r e s c i a i n G a r z e t t i n o . 7 5 9 , P . C o e l i u s P . l .
NORTHERN AND C E N T R A L ITALY E m p t u s ; ibid. 156 i s tiie e p i t a p h of L. C a e l i u s A r r i a n u s , a doctor of Legio II Italka, P a t e r n u s / a is a w e l l - k n o w n cognomen (Kajanto ( 1 9 6 5 ) , S.V.), a n d t h e f e m i n i n e f o r m o c c u r s n e a r B r e s c i a i n G a r z e t t i nos. 1131 (Scutrinia P a t e m a ) a n d 1141 (Crescentio and P a t e r n a gave a mosaic to a n early Christian church). T h e inscription h a s been d a t e d t o t h e 2 n d c e n t u r y b y B r u n a t i , 2 n d or 3 r d b y G r e g o r i , a n d 4 t h b y R u g g i n i . T h e w o r d i n g i s p r o b a b l y t h a t of a n e p i t a p h , b u t could b e f r o m a n honorific i n s c r i p t i o n . A n u m b e r of i n s c r i p t i o n s u s e t h e t e r m ordo Brixianorum ( G a r z e t t i n o s . 1 0 3 , 109, 146, 2 3 2 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 5 ) ; t h e first t w o a r e d a t e d to t h e m i d - 3 r d c e n t u r y . G a r z e t t i n o . 9 9 6 h a s a defensor reipublicae Brixianorum. T h e J e w s clearly u s e d t h e d e s i g n a t i o n t e r m w h i c h also a p p l i e d t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e w h o l e t o w n .
6 ( P l a t e I I I ; CIJ i 6 4 0 ) : C o n c o r d i a : l a t e 4 t h - e a r l y 5 t h c e n t u r y . Epitaph; Latin. Portogruaro, Museo nazionale concordiese; inv.no.289. S a r c o p h a g u s front. L e t t e r f o r m s : A , -L, AA, ^ for Q. S o m e w o r d d i v i d e r s ( t r i a n g l e s ) . L e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows D . B e r t o l i n i & G. H e n z e n ( m a j u s c u l e t e x t ) a s e x p l a i n e d in C/L, and new photograph. Flavia
Optata
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si
miliitis) quis
eniferet)
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|
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Iude{o)\ru 01.2-3): CIL Iudeo\ru(.m) Lefort (11.2-3): emeif) sivQ) de
'q}>u(blico)
ovitu 0-4th c e n t u r y ) a n d 5 of S o t i r a ( l s i ^ 3 r d c e n t u r y ) ; also 3 of t h e m a s c u l i n e S o t e r i u s . S o t e r i s w a s a m u c h c o m m o n e r f e m i n i n e form: 101 e x a m p l e s (ibid., p p . 4 1 9 - 4 2 1 ) . If t h e S o t e r i a of n o . 2 0 2 could b e identified w i t h t h e w o m a n i n t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n , it w o u l d b e f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t s h e w a s a g o d f e a r e r a n d n o t a full J e w , since n o . 2 0 2 b e g i n s D.M.
10: R a v e n n a : 5 t h - 6 t h c e n t u r y . A m p h o r a ; H e b r e w . Ravenna, Museo nazionale; inv.no. 10571. U p p e r p a r t of a m p h o r a w i t h h a n d l e s . T e x t follows M. D u k a n , C. S i r a t & M . Z e r d o u n (1984). (A) two u n d e c i p h e r e d l e t t e r s or (B)[D]I*:'C?
Peace.
17
figures
N O R T H E R N AND CENTRAL ITALY M. Dukan, C. Sirat & M. Zerdoun (1984), pp.287-303 (from the original). N. Pavoncello (1985), pp.293-4.
A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s n o o t h e r e p i g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e of J e w s a t R a v e n n a , t h e r e a r e l i t e r a r y i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e i r p r e s e n c e t h e r e , a l o n g w i t h o t h e r p e o p l e f r o m t h e E a s t ( R u g g i n i (1959), p p . 2 0 4 n . 4 1 , 2 2 8 n . l 0 3 , 241). T h i s u n g l a z e d a m p h o r a w a s found i n 1972/3, i n e x c a v a t i o n s a t M o n e t a A u r e a , n e a r t h e c i t y - w a l l s of t h e T h e o d e r i c a n p e r i o d . I t is of a w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d t y p e , e x a m p l e s of w h i c h h a v e b e e n f o u n d a t s e a . A c c o r d i n g to i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n to D u k a n , S i r a t & Z e r d o u n (p.292) b y A. Z e m e r , a s i m i l a r a m p h o r a w i t h a m e n o r a h h a s b e e n f o u n d i n Spain. (A) w a s w r i t t e n o n t h e n e c k of t h e a m p h o r a , a t h a n d l e level, a n d p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e d t h e c o n t e n t s . (B) w a s p a i n t e d o n t h e b e l l y on t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e . T h e e d i t o r s r e g a r d t h e w o r d a s a m a r k of J u d a i s m , to g u a r a n t e e t h e o r i g i n of t h e c o n t e n t s for J e w i s h p u r c h a s e r s . I t is also p o s s i b l e , a l t h o u g h l e s s l i k e l y , t h a t i t is p a r t of a n o w n e r or m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s n a m e , e.g. S h a l o m s i o n , or t h a t S h a l o m w a s itself a n a m e i n t h i s c a s e . T h e e d i t o r s r e g a r d t h e l e t t e r i n g a s from b e t w e e n t h e 4 t h a n d t h e 7 t h c e n t u r y , a n d suggest 5 t h - 6 t h c e n t u r y from t h e archaeological context.
1 1 (CIJ i 6 3 6 ) : C i v i t a v e c c h i a ( C e n t u m c e l l a e ) : 2 n d - 4 t h c e n t u r y (?). Epitaph; Latin. L o s t (formerly C i v i t a v e c c h i a , M u s e o c o m u n a l e ) . M a r b l e p l i n t h w i t h b a s e a n d cornice, 5 1 x 4 2 x 3 0 cm., w i t h i n s c r i p t i o n o n face of p U n t h . N o d e t a i l s of l e t t e r f o r m s . T e x t follows R. M e n g a r e l l i (1919). lulius
luda
cun qua bixit
| fecit
lulie
11 annis
| Mariae
co\iugi
bene
merienti)
XXV.
J u l i u s J u d a m a d e ( t h e m o n u m e n t ) for J u l i a M a r i a h i s welld e s e r v i n g wife, w i t h w h o m h e lived for 2 5 y e a r s . R. MengarelU (1919), pp.224-5 no.405 (from the stone); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.505 no.4993 (follows Mengarelli); CIJ i (1936), p.455 no.636 (follows MengarelU); i^ (1975), p.49.
18
N O R T H E R N AND C E N T R A L ITALY M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; A Milano (1963), p.28; V. Colorni (1964), p.l8 n.76; J. Moreau & H.I. Marrou, ILCV iv (1967), p.44 no.4993; D. Mazzoleni (1976), p.84 n.2; (1984), n.l3; ICI ii (1985), p.x n.6; G. Mayer (1987), pp.97, 125; L.V. Rutgers (1992), p . l l 2 n.77.
Mengarelli reported t h a t this inscription w a s found a t t h e vigna A l i b r a n d i , i n a p a g a n necropolis of l a t e d a t e flanking t h e V i a A u r e l i a (localita P o l v e r i e r a a c c o r d i n g to M a z z o l e n i ) . T h e r e w a s a C h r i s t i a n b u r i a l s i t e i n t h e s a m e a r e a (ICI ii n o s . 5 , 8, 17-19). T h e i n s c r i p t i o n w a s given by t h e Alibrandi family to t h e Civitavecchia m u s e u m , b u t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n l o s t w h e n t h e b u i l d i n g w a s b o m b a r d e d d u r i n g t h e Second World W a r . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n did n o t u s e J e w i s h s y m b o l s , a n d h a d a praefericulum on t h e left face a n d a patera o n t h e r i g h t . H o w e v e r , t h e n a m e s J u d a and Maria together m a k e it extremely probable t h a t t h e couple w e r e J e w i s h . J u d a ( s o m e t i m e s g r a e c i z e d a s J u d a s ) occurs i n s e v e n o t h e r i n s c r i p t i o n s i n t h i s v o l u m e ( I n d e x I I a; also G e l a s i u s , fr.43 (Thiel)); i t s g e n i t i v e c a n e n d -anti ( n o . 183) or -ati (CIJ 676 from P a n n o n i a ) , or -avToq i n G r e e k (no. 183). 183 a l s o u s e s t h e H e b r e w e q u i v a l e n t , min*. T h e n a m e w a s n a t u r a l l y a v o i d e d b y C h r i s t i a n s , a n d a s a m a n ' s n a m e i t i s n o t f o u n d i n p a g a n u s e . H o w e v e r , CIJ 7 7 * from B r e s c i a , a d e d i c a t i o n to t h e lunones b y A n n i a L.I. l u d a , is u n d o u b t e d l y p a g a n , since P a s c a l (1963) s h o w s t h a t t h e lunones are local d i v i n i t i e s in C i s a l p i n e G a u l . T h e n a m e w a s n o t a u s u a l one for J e w i s h w o m e n , a n d t h e r e is no e v i d e n c e t h a t A n n i a l u d a w a s a c o n v e r t from J u d a i s m . U n l e s s J u d a a n d M a r i a h a d a b a n d o n e d J u d a i s m , t h e lack of s y m b o l s in a n o t h e r w i s e n o n - J e w i s h c o n t e x t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e e p i t a p h is no l a t e r t h a n t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y . T h e u s e of bene merenti r a t h e r t h a n s o m e f o r m of benememorius also suggests a relatively e a r l y d a t e . T h e u s e of a p l i n t h , p r e s u m a b l y a s p a r t of a c o l u m n , i n d i c a t e s a n e l a b o r a t e m o n u m e n t u n l i k e a n y t h i n g else k n o w n for Italian Jews.
19
N O R T H E R N A N D C E N T R A L ITALY 1 2 : L a B o t t a c c i a ( L o r i u m ) : 2 n d - 4 t h c e n t u r y (?). M e t r i c a l e p i t a p h ; Greek. Unknown. N o d e t a i l s of s t o n e . L i g a t u r e s : GOP NY. B a r s o v e r n u m e r a l s . W o r d d i v i d e r ( p o i n t ) i n 1.5. T e x t follows G. A m a t i (1824). evedSe ev eipf|VT) KETTE | 'Po\)(pavo(; dii-o^Kov 9eoaepf|q OCYICDV xe voiicov | aocpiTiq l e a w i o i c o p 8X©v Ktt' f||i(Epwv) T\' ©p(gc) V\)(KT5;) i ' .
Mp(a) v\)(kt6q) (1.5): CIG, CIL )\n\[Gi(;
a^xnc;].
1.1 Ascoli with restoration by Chajes: diTh]a [spj)' na] nilio] 8Ti8a<j|iaiXo\) (11.4-5): d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero AHAACKIKAAOY h elpfi[vn f|] (1.5): CIL gives only h elp Faus^tinus (11.2-3): d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero Fau^stinus T h e niche where F a u s t i n u s t h e father rests. O. Hirschfeld (1867), p.l50 (from the original); F. Lenormant (1882), p.201 (from the original); C/L ix (1883), p.61 no.647 (follows Hirschfeld), p.665 no.6236 (from copy by d'Aloe); R. Garrucci (1883), p.718 no.41 (facsimile; fit)m copy by de Angelis & Smith); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.26 (d'Aloe's facsimile); E. de Ruggiero (1904), p.406 no.3248 (follows C/L); E. Diehl (1908), p.44 no.237 (follows C/L); J. Oehler (1909), p.444 no.118 (follows C/L); S. Krauss (1922), p.245 no.lOla (follows CIL); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.500 no.4939 (follows CIL); H. Leclerq (1928), col.218 (follows Hirschfeld and CIL); CIJ i (1936), p.440 no.612 (fix)m copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); i^ (1975), p.45; B J . Brooten (1982), pp.43-4, 63 n.34, 69 (follows CIJ). G.I. Ascoli (1880), p.50 n.l; F. Bamabei (1882), p.550; N. Tamassia (1903-4), p.807; G.N. Alcott (1904), p.42; D.S. Blondheim (1925), p.LVIH; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; A. Ferrua (1941), p.44; H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.271, 278 n.34, 282; G.P. Bognetti (1954), pp.194, 197, 200 n.l; P. Testini (1958), p.542; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; J. Moreau & H.L Marrou, ILCV iv (1967), p.43 no.4939; C. ColafenMnina (1973a), p.235; (1973b), p . l 5 n.30; (1980), p.208; L U . Kant (1987), pp.679 n.45, 696 n.l49; C. Colafemmina (1991), p. 13. T h i s e p i t a p h i s from t h e m a i n g a l l e r y b y t h e e n t r a n c e of a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , a n d p r o b a b l y r e f e r s to F a u s t i n u s pater w h o s e G r e e k a n d H e b r e w e p i t a p h (no.61) is i n t h e a r c o s o l i u m . A s i t i s i n L a t i n , i t i s p r o b a b l y l a t e r t h a n m o s t of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s i n s i d e t h e a r c o s o l i u m . T h e s a m e m a n m a y b e t h e g r a n d f a t h e r of M a n n i n e i n D 2 (no.62), i n w h i c h c a s e h i s d e a t h c a n only h a v e p r e c e d e d h e r s b y a v e r y s h o r t p e r i o d (as t h e y
76
VENOSA a r e i n a d j a c e n t g r a v e s ) a n d a s s h e died a t 38 h e w o u l d p r o b a b l y h a v e b e e n i n h i s 8 0 s . H e m a y also b e t h e g r a n d f a t h e r of F a u s t i n u s a n d g r e a t - g r a n d f a t h e r of F a u s t i n a i n D 7 (nos.86, 8 7 ) . F a u s t i n u s w a s , h o w e v e r , a n e s t a b U s h e d n a m e a t V e n o s a : t h e t o m b s t o n e of t h e soldier C. F l a v i n s C f H o r . F a u s t i n u s w a s s e e n a t t h e S S . T r i n i t a c h u r c h b y F . B a m a b e i {RAL (1881-2), p.550). Absida does n o t occur e l s e w h e r e a t V e n o s a , b u t S\|fi(; w a s t h e s t a n d a r d d e s i g n a t i o n of a n a r c o s o l i u m a t B e t h S h e ' a r i m , e.g. BS iii p.20, a n d R o b e r t , i n BE (1956) 340, n o t e s t h a t i t a p p e a r s to b e a n e w t e r m t h e r e i n t h i s s e n s e . Absida or absis w a s u s e d i n m e d i e v a l L a t i n for a r e l i q u a r y o r a c a n o p y over a t o m b , a s well a s for a n a p s e , b u t w a s n o t a s t a n d a r d d e s i g n a t i o n for t h e t o m b itself. I t s e e m s p o s s i b l e t h a t its u s e a t Venosa in this inscription r e p r e s e n t s P a l e s t i n i a n influence. T h e p r a c t i c e of w r i t i n g 'signpost' i n s c r i p t i o n s t o s h o w t h e w a y t o a p a r t i c u l a r t o m b w a s also followed a t B e t h S h e ' a r i m . T h e s p e l l i n g cesquit for quiescit occurs i n ILCV 1 6 1 7 f r o m R o m e . 3 0 9 9 h a s t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n cesq., a n d t h e r e a r e 12 e x a m p l e s of cesquet; cesquid a n d cesquat also occur. T h e t i t l e pater o c c u r s f r e q u e n t l y a t V e n o s a , a n d L e o n s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t d e s i g n a t e s a gerusia m e m b e r . T h i s is p l a u s i b l e , a s t h e e x i s t e n c e of g e m s i a r c h s a t V e n o s a s u g g e s t s s o m e s o r t of council, b u t f a r from c e r t a i n , a n d i n no. 18 t h e pater is n a m e d before the g e m s i a r c h . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of E i n ' o p e a n e x a m p l e s of pater synagogae, a n d a l s o a N o r t h African o n e from V o l u b i l i s {BE (1971) 726). If i t is c o r r e c t t o s u p p o s e t h a t a c o m m u n i t y h a d o n l y o n e pater synagogae a t a t i m e , i t is v e r y u n l i k e l y t h a t pater a t V e n o s a c a n h a v e t h e s a m e i m p l i c a t i o n , since i t a p p e a r s t h a t s e v e r a l patres could e x i s t t h e r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h e u s e of pater a s a g e n e r a l t i t l e of h o n o u r , e s p e c i a l l y for a r a b b i , p r o p h e t or t e a c h e r , is d i s c u s s e d b y G. S c h r e n k , TDNT v , p p . 9 7 7 - 8 . A t B e t h S h e ' a r i m i t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n u s e d w i t h i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , b u t t h e significance is u n c l e a r : Mevafi naxpbq jcpea(p\)tepoD) {CIJ 1137). M a n y o t h e r r e l i g i o u s a n d t r a d e g r o u p s u s e d pater a s a t i t l e , e.g. a n officer of a D i o n y s i a c a s s o c i a t i o n a t I s t r o s ( e a r l y 3 r d c e n t u r y ) w h i c h a l s o h a d a n a g o n o t h e t e a n d hiereus {BE (1955) 1 6 3 . 1 7 , 163a). I t could b e a m u n i c i p a l t i t l e too: a n i n s c r i p t i o n of 4 7 3 f r o m Cilicia (AE (1986) 691) gives details of work done eTci " l U o u M€YaXortp(£7ceax6TO\)) K6\n\xo(; Tcaxpdq. 7iaxf\p xr\(; ndTxcoq is a w e l l - a t t e s t e d t i t l e in t h e G r e e k - s p e a k i n g world from t h e 5 t h c e n t u r y . R e f e r e n c e s 77
VENOSA a r e collected b y C. Roueche, GRBS 20 ( 1 9 7 9 ) , p p . 176-9: m a i n l y from A s i a M i n o r , b u t also P a l e s t i n e , C r e t e a n d G r e e c e . I n t h e W e s t , pater civitatis w a s a l a t e r v e r s i o n of t h e office of curator civitatis, which f r o m t h e l a t e 3 r d c e n t u r y w a s t h e s u m m i t of a c u r i a l c a r e e r (A.H.M. J o n e s , The later Roman Empire ii, p p . 7 2 5 - 3 0 , 7 5 9 ) . T h e r e w a s still a pater civitatis a t S y r a c u s e i n t h e e a r l y 8 t h c e n t u r y ( B r o w n (1984), p . 17), a n d a t R a v e n n a i n t h e l O t h / l l t h c e n t u r y (C. D i e h l , Etudes sur I'administration byzantine dans I'exarchat de Ravenne ( P a r i s , 1888), p . 108). W h i l e t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y a J e w c o u l d n o t h a v e h e l d t h e office of pater civitatis at Venosa at least in t h e early 5th century ( C o d e x i 18(19) of 4 3 8 excluded J e w s f r o m t h e p o s t s of defensor civitatis a n d pater b u t still obliged t h e m t o s e r v e a s d e c u r i o n s ) , i t is u n l i k e l y t h a t pater i n t h e V e n o s a n i n s c r i p t i o n s is a n y t h i n g o t h e r t h a n a t i t l e of h o n o u r w i t h i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . C f t h e c o m m e n t s o n t h e t i t l e of pater patrum ( n o s . 6 8 a n d 114).
5 7 {CIJ i 6 7 2 ) : V e n o s a : 5 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w . L o s t : f r o m left s i d e of gallery D , to r i g h t of o p e n i n g of a r c o s o l i u m D 2 . L e t t e r p a i n t e d , menorsdi inscribed. T e x t follows facsimile of d'Aloe a p . M. R u g g i e r o ( 1 8 8 8 ) , n o . 2 5 . {menorah) G.I. Ascoli (1880), p.51 no.l (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6225 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.25 (d'Aloe's facsimile); CIJ i (1936), p.423 no.572 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe and ms, of de Rossi). N . Jacobone (1909), p.33; H P . CJhajes (1910), p.234; E. Goodenough, Jewish symbols ii (1953), p.54; V. Colorni (1964), p.20 n.89; C. Colafenmiina (1983b), p.444 n.3.
O n l y o n e l e t t e r s u r v i v e d of t h i s H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n , a n d i t is likely to h a v e b e e n t h e b e g i n n i n g of DI'PW, a l t h o u g h o t h e r r e s t o r a t i o n s a r e , of c o u r s e , p o s s i b l e . A m e n o r a h w i t h n i n e b r a n c h e s w a s i n s c r i b e d n e x t to i t . I t m a y h a v e r e f e r r e d to D2 or to t h e l o c u l u s t o t h e r i g h t .
78
VENOSA 5 8 {CIJ i 5 7 3 ) : V e n o s a : 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w . Lost: from a r c o s o h u m D 2 , g r a v e 1. No i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h e t h e r i t w a s p a i n t e d or i n s c r i b e d . T e x t follows CIJ.
Peace. G.I. Ascoli (1880), p.54 no.9 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); CIL ix (1883), p.665 no.6235 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.40 (de Angelis & Smith's facsimile); CIJ i (1936), p.423 no.573 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith and ms. of de Rossi). N. Jacobone (1909), p.33; E. Goodenough, Jewish symbols ix (1953), p,54; G.P. Bognetti (1954), p.l97; V. Colorni (1964), p.20 n.89; C. Colafemmina (1983b), p.444 n.2.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n c o m e s f r o m t h e f r o n t g r a v e of a n a r c o s o l i u m w h i c h c o n t a i n e d i n s c r i p t i o n s i n G r e e k , L a t i n a n d H e b r e w . I t is likely t h a t there was originally m o r e t e x t giving details about t h e deceased, as well a s t h i s final f o r m u l a . S o m e m a r k s b e l o w t h e l e t t e r s i n d e Angelis & S m i t h ' s f a c s i m i l e m a y i n d i c a t e fiirther lost t e x t .
6 9 {CIJ i 5 8 1 ) : V e n o s a : 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k and transUterated Latin. In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , g r a v e 6. Inscribed (?). L e t t e r f o r m s : 6^ € C 0 0 . S o m e l e t t e r s i n 1.5 h a v e a p i c e s . T e x t follows CIJ ( m a j u s c u l e t e x t ) . tdcpot;
BepcflviKe
V K ;
rcpeopiie peq ex (piXta
'Idxreuq.
2 Bepo)viKe|vi(; (11.2-3): CIJ i Bep(BviK(ia>v(n)(; £T (1.4) omitted by Garrucci, CIL
T o m b of B e r e n i c e , e l d e r a n d d a u g h t e r of J o s e s . R. Garrucci (1883), p.717 no.31 (facsimile; fix)m copy by Smith & de Angelis); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6226 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.31 (de AngeUs & Smith's facsimile); E. de Ruggiero (1904), p.406 no.3242 (follows C/L); J. Oehler (1909), p.445 no.l44 (foUows C/L); E. Diehl, ILCV u (1927),
79
VENOSA p.495 no.4899 (foUows CIL); CIJ i (1936), p.426 no.581 (from copy by de AngeUs & Smith and ms. of de Rossi); i^ (1975), p.45; B.J. Brooten (1982), pp.42-3. G.I. AscoU (1880), p.49 n.2; S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOU; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; L. Robert, Hellenica i (1940), p.28 n.2; H J . Leon (1953-4), pp.271, 275 nn.20 & 22-3, 277 n.30, 278; GJ>. Bognetti (1954), pp.197, 200 n.l; H J . Leon (1960), p.l81 n.3; L Mufioz VaUe (1972), p.l56 n.29; C. Colafenunina (1975), p.135; (1980a), p.208; R.S. Kraemer (1985), pp.431 n.2, 433; G. Mayer (1987), pp.90, 112, 118; L.H. Kant (1987), p.698 n.l70; R.S. Kraemer (1988), p.219; P.W. van der Horst (1991), p.l06; C. Colafemmina (1991), p.l3.
T h e d e c e a s e d w o m a n ' s n a m e a p p e a r s to b e a g e n i t i v e f o r m of Bep6viicn a s p r o b a b l y i n n o . 4 2 (q.v.). I n t h i s c a s e i t s e e m s t o h a v e a L a t i n g e n i t i v e -is e n d i n g d e s p i t e t h e u s e of t h e G r e e k a l p h a b e t . J o s e s w a s a c o m m o n n a m e a t V e n o s a . B e r e n i c e h e l d t h e t i t l e of presbytera, a l t h o u g h h e r father is given no title. It m u s t be a title, since t h e use of a p a t r o n y m i c m e a n s i t w o u l d b e p o i n t l e s s t o d e s c r i b e h e r a s *the e l d e r ' t o d i s t i n g u i s h h e r f r o m s o m e o n e e l s e ' y o u n g e r ' of t h e s a m e n a m e . T h e s p e l l i n g w i t h iota i n s t e a d of upsilon, a s i n n o s . 6 2 a n d 7 1 , c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e C h r i s t i a n Leta presbitera i n ICI v 1 3 f r o m T r o p e a i n C a l a b r i a . Presbiter w a s t h e s t a n d a r d L a t i n s p e l l i n g of t h e m a l e v e r s i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n d e x of ILCV. T h e -es g e n i t i v e e n d i n g h e r e i s c o m m o n i n l a t e r L a t i n , a n d i n G r e e k l o a n w o r d s s u c h a s t h i s i t is l i k e l y to reflect G r e e k i n f l u e n c e ; i n n o . 7 1 t h e r e is a n -EQ e n d i n g for b o t h n a m e a n d t i t l e . 1.3 is a t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n of t h e L a t i n et filia, w h e r e a n o t h e r g e n i t i v e w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d . L a t i n i s u s e d i n s o m e of t h e o t h e r i n s c r i p t i o n s of t h i s a r c o s o l i u m , b u t t h i s is p r o b a b l y i t s e a r l i e s t o c c u r r e n c e i n t h e c a t a c o m b s . IGCVO 509 from Rome p r o d u c e s s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r : ATU^TITPK; ex Aeovtia ZetpiKe i^exKie Peve^iepevxi; cptA^ta is also u s e d i n t h e o t h e r w i s e fully G r e e k IGCVO 676. T h e h o l d i n g of e c c l e s i a s t i c a l offices b y w o m e n i n s o u t h e r n I t a l y w a s r e g a r d e d a s s o m e t h i n g of a p r o b l e m b y t h e C h u r c h i n t h e l a t e 5 t h c e n t u r y : a l e t t e r of 4 9 4 f r o m P o p e G e l a s i u s t o a l l t h e b i s h o p s of L u c a n i a , B r u t t i u m a n d Sicily c o m p l a i n s t h a t w o m e n a r e b e i n g a l l o w e d to ' m i n i s t e r a t t h e s a c r e d a l t a r s ' . G. O t r a n t o , VetChr 19 (1982), p p . 3 4 1 - 6 0 , d i s c u s s e s t h i s t e x t a n d e p i g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e of C h r i s t i a n presbyterae: t h e L e t a inscription, which h e d a t e s to t h e m i d - 5 t h c e n t u r y ; a n i n s c r i p t i o n of 4 2 5 f r o m S a l o n a e w h e r e a t o m b w a s p u r c h a s e d from Fl. Vitalia pr(es)b(ytera) sanc(ta) matrona; a 80
VENOSA preshiterissa a t I p p o n a ; possibly a w o m a n d e s i g n a t e d a s at Poitiers, 4 t h - 5 t h century.
presbuteria
6 0 : V e n o s a : 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k ( t r a n s l i t e r a t e d L a t i n ?). In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , g r a v e 6. P a i n t e d i n r e d o n p l a s t e r ; l e t t e r s 3 . 5 - 7 . 5 cm. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1974), p.89. [ - - - ] | a ) [ - - ] | T I [ - - l I piYivl--] C. Colafemmina (1974), pp.89-90 no.IV, tav.Ic (photograph; from the original); P. Rugo (1978), p. 12, p.43 no.34 (follows Colafemmina).
T h i s inscription w a s found by Colafemmina a n d F . dell'Aquila in 1 9 7 3 , n e x t t o n o . 5 9 . T h e l a s t l e t t e r s look l i k e viginti transliterated into t h e Greek alphabet. T h e previous inscription also contains Latin i n G r e e k c h a r a c t e r s , a n d t h i s t e x t m a y h a v e r e f e r r e d to t h e s a m e burial.
61 (C/7 i 599): Venosa: 5th century. Epitaph; Greek a n d Hebrew. In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , g r a v e 7 (below n o . 6 7 a c c o r d i n g t o d'Aloe). Pgdnted i n r e d a b o v e a l o c u l u s . L e t t e r f o r m s : A 6 C. T e x t follows C / J , c o r r e c t e d b y H . J . L e o n (1953-4), p . 2 6 8 n . 4 . Toqxx; I OaooTtvi | mxepi;.
]ni« (1.5): AscoU, C/L, CIJ i ]'di»
T o m b of F a u s t i n u s t h e f a t h e r . P e a c e to I s r a e l . A m e n . G.I. Ascoli (1880), pp.50 n.l, 59-60 no. 16 (fh)m copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); D. Chwolson (1882), cols. 151 no.24, 158 (facsimile; from copy by Fabiani); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6229 (from copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.29 (d'Aloe's facsimile); J. Oehler (1909), p.446 no.147 (follows C/L); E. Diehl, ILCV u (1927), p.494 no.4894 (follows C/L); C/J i (1936), p.434
81
VENOSA 2 no.599 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); i (1975), p.45; B.J. Brooten (1982), pp.43-4, 63 n.34, 69. H. Graetz (1880), p.445; N. Tamassia (1903-4), p.810 n.l; S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOlm; H. Leclerq (1928), col.139; G. DelUng (1951), col.522 n.2; H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.268 n.4, 271, 276 n.26, 278, 279 n.44, 282; G.P. Bognetti (1954), p.l97; P. Testini (1958), p.539; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; V. CJolomi (1964), p.20 n.91; E. Dinkier (1974), p.l33 n.50; C. Colafemmina (1975b), p.135; (1978), p.374; (1980), p.208; L.H. Kant (1987), pp.679 n.48, 696 n.l49; C. Colafemmina (1991), p . l 3 .
A l t h o u g h t h e e p i t a p h is i n G r e e k a n d H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s , i t w a s a p p a r e n t l y w r i t t e n b y s o m e o n e w h o k n e w L a t i n , s i n c e t h e n a m e in 1.2 h a s a L a t i n g e n i t i v e e n d i n g a n d t h e t i t l e ( a s i n n o . 6 2 ) is closer to L a t i n t h a n G r e e k . S e e n o . 5 6 , a b o v e , o n t h e L a t i n i n s c r i p t i o n from t h e o p e n i n g of t h e a r c o s o l i u m w h i c h a p p e a r s t o p o i n t t o t h i s b u r i a l . A p a r t f r o m n o . 5 6 , t h i s i s t h e first of m a n y o c c u r r e n c e s of t h e n a m e F a u s t i n u s / a a m o n g Venosan J e w s . T h e spelling -ao- is common in the V e n o s a n i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d a L a t i n i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m Africa u s e s t h e s p e l l i n g Faostina (ILCV 2543 adn.). -av- m a y already have r e p r e s e n t e d t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n af o r av. -a- for -au- i s a l s o f o u n d (cf. n o . 6 5 , a n d ICUR 1 2 4 5 8 , 14244). T h e H e b r e w h e r e c o n s i s t s of two common expressions which are not otherwise securely attested at V e n o s a , b u t a r e b o t h f o u n d i n n o . 1 4 5 f r o m C a t a n i a ( d a t e d 383). ' P e a c e t o I s r a e l ' c o m e s from P s . cxxviii.
6 2 (CIJ i 6 9 0 ) : V e n o s a : 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , g r a v e 8; b e l o w n o . 6 3 a c c o r d i n g t o M u n k a c s i ' s photograph. P a i n t e d i n r e d o n p l a s t e r of t o m b w a l l ; p l a s t e r b r o k e n a w a y below a n d to t h e r i g h t . L e t t e r f o r m s : 6^ 6 X C CO. T e x t follows CIJ ( m a j u s c u l e t e x t ) . x&pox; I Mawiveq 7ipea|piTepe(; xiydxep AovlTlvt jtaxepii;, 1V76VIV I Oaooxivi TiaxepK;,
ex[©]v
h\'.
jcpeolpix^e; (11.2-3): CIL nPEC|BITEREC; d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero OPE | ITEPBC IvYovav (1.4): 1. ^yyoviov
82
VENOSA T o m b of M a n n i n e t h e elder, d a u g h t e r of L o n g i n u s f a t h e r , g r a n d c h i l d of F a u s t i n u s t h e f a t h e r , a g e d 3 8 .
the
F. Lenormant (1882), pp.201-2 (from the original); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6230 (from copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.31 (d'Aloe's facsimUe); J. Oehler (1909), p.446 no.l48 (foUows C/L); M. Schwab (1913), p.88 (foUows Lenormant); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.494 no.4895 (follows C/L); CIJ i (1936), p.430 no.590 (from copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); £ . Mimkdcsi (1939), p.89, Abb.46 (photograph; from the original); B J . Brooten (1982), pp.43-4, 54, 63 n.34, 69. G.L AscoU (1880), p.49 n.2; P. Bamabei (1881-2), p.550; C. Clermont-Ganneau (1883), p.l43; S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOln; H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.271, 275-6, 278; G.P. Bognetti (1954), pp.197, 200 n.l; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l81 n.3; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; L Mufioz VaUe (1972), p. 156 n.29; C. Colafenmiina (1973b), p. 15 n.30; (1975b), p.135; (1980), p.208; R.S. Kraemer (1985), pp.431 n.2, 433-4.; L.H. Kant (1987), pp.696 n.l49, 698 n.l70; G. Mayer (1987), pp.90, 96, 122; R.S. Kraemer (1988), p.219; P.W. van der Horst (1991), p.l06; C. Colafemmina (1991), p. 13.
G r a v e s 8 a n d 9 h a v e t h e i r o w n v a u l t a t t h e e n d of t h e m a i n a r c o s o l i m n of D 2 . T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n o n e w i t h L a t i n i n G r e e k c h a r a c t e r s a n d a n o t h e r wholly i n L a t i n , a n d is h e a v i l y l a t i n i z e d itself d e s p i t e b e i n g o s t e n s i b l y i n G r e e k : t h e t w o m a s c u l i n e n a m e s h a v e L a t i n c a s e - e n d i n g s , a n d t h e t i t l e naxepiq (found i n L a t i n i n n o . 176) is closer to patris t h a n to naxp6(; (as i n no.61). O a o r e p r e s e n t s L a t i n Fau- a s i n n o . 6 1 . T h e w o r d s for ' d a u g h t e r * a n d 'grandchild' a r e more misspelled t h a n in other Venosan inscriptions. A c o m p a r a b l e form of t h e w o r d for g r a n d c h i l d , evyowv, o c c u r s i n CIJ 9 2 0 from J a f f a . T h e r e s e e m s to b e L a t i n influence i n w r i t i n g x for 0 i n ' d a u g h t e r ' a n d t for e a n d vy for yy in ' g r a n d c h i l d ' . T h e s y n c o p e of -lov t o - I V a t t h e e n d of t h e w o r d w h i c h w o u l d b e eyydvtov i n s t a n d a r d s p e l l i n g is c o m m o n i n s o u t h e r n I t a l y , p e r h a p s influenced b y O s c a n . M a n n i n e , from a f a m i l y of h o l d e r s of t i t l e s , is o n e of t h r e e f e m a l e ' e l d e r s ' from V e n o s a ( t h e r e is only o n e m a l e one; see no.59). M a n n i n e is a n a m e from A s i a M i n o r a c c o r d i n g to M a y e r , b u t is n o t i n c l u d e d b y L. Z g u s t a , Kleinasiatische Personennamen ( P r a g u e , 1964) or o t h e r n a m e - l i s t s . L. R o b e r t , Noms indigenes dans VAsie-Mineure gr4coromaine ( P a r i s , 1963), p . 3 6 5 , m e n t i o n s M a n n i s a n d M a n n e i s . T h e r e is n o r e f e r e n c e t o a h u s b a n d , a n d s h e a p p e a r s to b e b u r i e d i n h e r own family's a r c o s o l i u m , w h e t h e r or n o t she w a s m a r r i e d . I t is l i k e l y
83
VENOSA that
she was the granddaughter
of F a u s t i n u s pater
buried in
the
i 606): Venosa: 5 t h - e a r l y 6th century. Epitaph; Latin
and
a d j a c e n t g r a v e (see n o . 5 6 ) .
6 3 {CIJ Hebrew. In situ:
a r c o s o h u m D 2 , g r a v e 8.
P a i n t e d in r e d on t h e wall after b e i n g t r a c e d w i t h a finger on w e t p l a s t e r . L e t t e r f o r m s : L^^. T e x t follows CIJ
(majuscule text).
hie requesc\et m[inus
Alexsanr{i)a
| pateressa
qui
v[ix]\it
anoro
plus
- - ] | DibC
requesc\et
(11.1-2): Ascoli, Garrucci reques\et;
Lenormant requiesc\et;
d'Aloe
ap. Ruggiero requescit | et Alexsanr{i)a
(1.2): CIJ Alexsan(d)ra;
Alexsanra, Munkicsi
Ascoli, Garrucci Alexsandra;
Lenormant
Alessandra
qui t;[ix]|({ (11.3-4): Garrucci qui | t^; Ascoli q{uae) vi^xit; CIL, Diehl 9uie|[t;]i(; d'Aloe quU[..]\nt, Munkicsi KIT H e r e r e s t s A l e x a n d r i a t h e f a t h e r e s s , w h o lived m o r e or less .. y e a r s . P e a c e . G.L Ascoli (1880), pp.50 n.l, 53-4 no.6 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); H. Graetz (1880), p.445 (follows Ascoli); F. Lenormant (1882), p.203 (facsimile of Hebrew; from the original); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6231 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); R. Garrucci (1883), p.718 no.56 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.30 (d'Aloe's facsimile); E. de Ruggiero (1904), p.406 no.3239 (follows CIL); E. Diehl (1908), p.44 no.240 (follows CIL); J. Oehler (1909), p.446 no.l49 (follows CIL); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.495 no.4900 (foUows CIL); CIJ i (1936), p.436 no.606 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); E. Mimkdcsi (1939), p.89, Abb.46 (photograph; from the original); B J . Brooten (1982), pp.44, 61, 63, 69 (foUows CIJ). F. Bamabei (1881-2), p.550; H.P. Chajes (1910), p.235; N . FerorelU (1915), p.lO; S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOlo; H. Leclerq (1928), col.139; H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.271-2, 276-7, 278 nn.34-5, 283; G.P. Bognetti (1954), pp.197, 200 n.l; P . Testini (1958), p.536; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l88 n.l; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; L Mufioz VaUe (1972), p.l59
84
VENOSA n,44; C. Colafenmiina (1973a), p.235; (1973b), p.l5 n.30; (1980), p.208; S.J.D. Cohen (1980), p.26; C. Colafemmina (1983b), p.444 n.2; L.H. Kant (1987), pp.696 n.l49, 698 n.l70; G. Mayer (1987), pp.90. 111; P.W. van der Horst (1991), pp. 107-8; C. Colafemmina (1991), p. 13.
T h i s is o n e of only t h r e e L a t i n i n s c r i p t i o n s from D 2 . I t i s p r o b a b l y l a t e r t h a n n o . 6 2 , w h i c h is w r i t t e n b e n e a t h it a n d a p p a r e n t l y r e f e r s t o a n earlier burial in t h e same grave. Alexsandra a n d M a n n i n e were p r e s u m a b l y r e l a t e d , w h i c h w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e pateressa c a m e from a family of patres. I n 1.2 F r e y u n d e r s t o o d R ( t h e r e a d i n g of t h e de R o s s i m s . ; d'Aloe only r e a d R) a s r e p r e s e n t i n g DR. T h e n a m e A l e x a n d r a also o c c u r s i n CIJ 2 3 9 . A l e x a n d r i a i s f o u n d i n ibid.8 ( w r i t t e n Alexadria), 144, 2 0 8 a n d 4 7 0 , a n d o c c u r s r a t h e r m o r e often t h a n A l e x a n d r a i n ICUR (also Greg.M., Ep. v i 3 5 a n d ix 170), so it is m o r e likely t h a t t h e n a m e h e r e s h o u l d b e r e a d a s Alexsanr(i)a t h a n Alexsan(d)ra. T h e u s e of -xs- i n l a t i n i z e d Alex- n a m e s w a s c o m m o n , e.g. ICUR 9 9 5 , ILCV 8 5 1 , 1407B a d n . , 2 7 0 9 (cf n o . 1 4 1 , below). Requescet is a n u n u s u a l f o r m of requiescit w h i c h a l s o occurs i n 7 L C V 4 4 2 6 ; requescit was very c o m m o n , a s w a s anoro for annorum - u s i n g g e n i t i v e i n s t e a d of a c c u s a t i v e or a b l a t i v e a f t e r vixit. Pateressa is c l e a r l y t o b e r e g a r d e d a s a t i t l e , t h e f e m i n i n e v e r s i o n of pater, f o r m e d i n t h e s a m e w a y a s C h r i s t i a n a n d m e d i e v a l L a t i n w o r d s like preshyterissa, senatorissa, from ( u s u a l l y 3 r d - d e c l e n s i o n ) m a s c u l i n e n o u n s (cf. Tcctxp^viooa i n a 2 n d - 3 r d c e n t u r y i n s c r i p t i o n from C y p r u s , AE (1975) 830); t h e -essa e n d i n g h e r e reflects t h e f r e q u e n t u s e of e for i a t V e n o s a . Leon u n d e r s t o o d t h e w o r d a s d e s i g n a t i n g t h e wife of a pater. Lenormant equated it to mater synagogae a t R o m e , b u t A l e x a n d r i a w a s explicitly n o t d e s c r i b e d a s mater (cf. n o . 116). S h e m u s t b e r e g a r d e d a s a w o m a n i n t h e s a m e position a s a pater ( s e e no.56). W r i t i n g qui for quae (1.3; cf n o . 175) is a c o m m o n t e n d e n c y i n l a t e v u l g a r L a t i n , w h e r e t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of t h e t w o w o r d s w o u l d h a v e b e e n v e r y m u c h closer t h a n i n t h e classical l a n g u a g e , a n d is r e f l e c t e d i n R o m a n c e . L e o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e plus minus f o r m u l a w a s n o t u s e d by t h e J e w s of R o m e , a n d p e r h a p s only c a m e i n t o g e n e r a l u s e in t h e period after t h e R o m e catacombs. M a n y Christian inscriptions u s e it, a n d i t w a s a l s o g r a e c i z e d i n f o r m u l a e like nkiov eXaixov a n d HiKp^TcXovq. L i k e d)^ i n t h e J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s from L e o n t o p o l i s
85
VENOSA (JIGRE
n o . 4 1 ) , i t w a s p r o b a b l y m o r e a m a t t e r of c o n v e n t i o n t h a n
real indication
of a n y
exceptional uncertainty. T h e other
a
Venosan
i n s c r i p t i o n s w h i c h u s e i t a l l a b b r e v i a t e it, w h e r e a s h e r e i t is w r i t t e n in
full,
perhaps
confirming
the
evidence
of
position
that
this
inscription is earlier.
6 4 (CIJ
i 596): Venosa: 5th-early 6th century. Epitaph; Greek
and
Hebrew. In situ:
a r c o s o l i u m D 2 , g r a v e 9.
P a i n t e d in red above t h e t o m b . Letter forms: K 6 C X OJ. Text
follows
CIJ
(majuscule
text),
corrected
by
C.
Colafemmina
(1974), p.94. xdcpox; I A C H A O N O Y A
dtpxcanvoo yovrfOM
eiwv
TievTnvTa
ACHAONOYA (1.2): omitted by Rvigo (AC apparent in his photograph); d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero, Ascoli, CIL ACHAONYA 2 dpxo. CJhajes (1910), p.236; N. FerorelU (1915), p.lO; S. Krauss (1922), p.245 no.lOle; H. Leclerq (1928), coLl39; H J . Leon (1953-4), pp.270, 275-6, 281 n.51; G.P. Bognetti (1954), pp.197, 200 n.l; V. Colomi (1964), p.20 n.90; I. Mufioz Valle (1972), pp.ieO-l; C. Colafemmina (1973a), p.239 n.9; (1975b), pp.135-6; (1978), p.374; (1980), p.208; B J . Brooten (1982), pp.23 n.83, 26, 28; L.H. Kant (1987), p.679 n.49; P.W. v a n der Horst (1991), p.92; C. Colafemmina (1991), p . l 3 .
T h e t i t l e archisynagogos (cf n o . 5 3 ) a n d t h e n a m e J o s e p h e a c h p r o d u c e d t w o different s p e l l i n g s ; i n fact e v e r y o c c u r r e n c e of t h e t i t l e a t V e n o s a p r o d u c e s a different s p e l l i n g ( I n d e x V b ) . Biblical n a m e s t e n d e d n o t t o b e g i v e n c a s e - e n d i n g s a t V e n o s a (cf. J a c o b i n n o . 4 8 , S a m u e l i n no.69), a l t h o u g h J o s e p h f r e q u e n t l y w a s e l s e w h e r e : 'IOXTHTIO^ is t h e c o m m o n e s t f o r m i n C P J . T h e n a m e J o s e p h (found i n n o . 7 9 with a n o t h e r spelling) w a s also in u s e a t V e n o s a i n t h e 9 t h century (Ascoli n o . 2 5 , d a t e d t o 8 2 1 ) . K r a u s s r e g a r d e d n o . 7 9 a s t h e e p i t a p h of t h e f a t h e r , b u t t h e r e is n o t h i n g e x c e p t t h e n a m e t o c o n n e c t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s . T h e fact t h a t b o t h f a t h e r a n d s o n h e l d t h e t i t l e of archisynagogos does n o t necessarily m e a n t h a t i t w a s hereditary
93
VENOSA ( B r o o t e n ) , b u t t i t l e s a t V e n o s a n a t u r a l l y t e n d e d to r i m i n f a m i l i e s . T h e r e a d i n g of t h e H e b r e w f o r m u l a a t t h e e n d is v e r y d o u b t f u l : it w a s omitted altogether by de Angelis & S m i t h , shown a s two lines by d'Aloe (of w h i c h t h e i n t e l l i g i b l e l e t t e r s a r e ni i n t h e first l i n e a n d in t h e second), a n d g i v e n a s •j©'? w ma b y t h e d e R o s s i m s . T h e t e x t given here is Lenormant's, followed by CIJ (without a c k n o w l e d g m e n t ) ; i t is t h e c o m m o n e s t H e b r e w f o r m u l a a t V e n o s a ( I n d e x V I I d). A n a l t e r n a t i v e r e s t o r a t i o n w o u l d b e b u n w * ba DI*?©, a s in no.61.
7 1 (CIJ 1 5 9 7 ) : V e n o s a : 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k a n d H e b r e w . In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 4 , g r a v e 2 . P a i n t e d i n r e d on p l a s t e r a b o v e t o m b . L e t t e r f o r m s : ^> 6 C. T e x t follows CIJ (mgguscule t e x t ) . i d q x ) ; OalooTiveq jipea|piTepe'?) a s e u p h e m i s m s for d y i n g , e.g. S c h e i b e r n o s . 2 1 , 3 6 .
82a: Venosa: late 5 t h - e a r l y 6th century. Epitaph; Hebrew. Lost. T e x t follows D . C h w o l s o n (1882) n o . 3 0 .
in no*'! R e s t i n g - p l a c e of V i t u s son of F a u s t i n u s . D. Chwolson (1882), col. 155 no.30 (facsimile; from copy by Fabiani).
T h i s is v i r t u a l l y t h e s a m e t e x t a s t h e first t h r e e l i n e s of n o . 8 2 , b u t C h w o l s o n s t a t e d t h a t i t w a s n o t t h e s a m e i n s c r i p t i o n . T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , n o o t h e r a u t h o r i t y for it, a n d i t is l i k e l y t o b e a n o t h e r v e r s i o n of n o . 8 2 ( p e r h a p s w r i t t e n e l s e w h e r e on t h e t o m b ) .
8 3 (CIJ i 6 0 5 ) : V e n o s a : l a t e 5 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . Lost. T e x t follows CIJ. [ - - ]C0[ - - ] CIJ i (1936), p.435 no.605 (ftx)m ms. of de Rossi).
T h i s is a n i s o l a t e d l e t t e r r e c o r d e d i n t h e d e R o s s i m s , a t t r i b u t e d to *12th c u b i c u l u m ' b y F r e y . I t is p r o b a b l y t h e omega t o tiie r i g h t of 1.3 i n D'Aloe's copy of n o . 8 2 .
110
VENOSA 8 4 {CIJ i 5 7 0 ) : V e n o s a : l a t e 5 t h - e a r l y 6 t h centin"y. E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w and Latin. In situ:
a r c o s o l i u m D 7 , g r a v e 6.
P a i n t e d in red. L e t t e r forms: A / ^ k. L i g a t u r e : M . T e x t follows CIJ
hie posita
and personal inspection.
est
Pretiosa filia
Biti.
noronu (1.2): Garrucci noironfi
(misprint?)
10'3 fl.3): Chwolson, Garrucci no'a posita 0.4): Ascoli [depjosita R e s t i n g - p l a c e of P r e t i o s a d a u g h t e r of V i t u s . P e a c e . H e r e w a s p l a c e d P r e t i o s a d a u g h t e r of V i t u s . There is a menorah in the middle of 11.5-6 G.I. Ascoli (1880), pp.61 no.18, 94, 115 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); H. Graetz (1880), p.446; D. Chwolson (1882), col.154 no.28 (facsimile; fix)m copy by Fabiani); R. Garrucci (1883), pp.712-3 no.23 (fix)m copy by de Angelis & Smith); CIL ix (1883), p.663 no.6218 (ftx)m copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.l9 (d'Aloe's facsimile); J. Oehler (1909), p.445 no.l38 (foUows C/L); V. CastigUoni (1909), pp.87-8 (foUows Garrucci); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.503 no.4969 (foUows C/L); CIJ i (1936), pp.422-3 no.570 (fix>m copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); A Ferrua (1981), p.200 no.4969 (fix)m the original). N . Tamassia (1903-4), p.810; N. FeroreUi (1915), p.lO; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.509; E. Goodenough, Jewish symbols ii (1953), p.53; H J . Leon (1953-4), pp.274, 279 n.42, 282; V. Colomi (1964), p.20 n.94; C. Colafenunina (1975b), p.l36; (1980a), p.207 n.29; G. Mayer (1987), p.l21. P r e t i o s a w a s p r o b a b l y t h e d a u g h t e r of V i t u s s o n of F a u s t i n u s i n t h e adjacent
no.82. A Pretiosa d a u g h t e r
of F a u s t i n u s
111
occurs i n
no.66,
VENOSA f r o m a n o t h e r a r c o s o h u m , b u t t h e n a m e w a s u n u s u a l . If P r e t i o s a w a s b u r i e d b e t w e e n h e r f a t h e r a n d h e r n i e c e (no.86), s h e w a s p r e s u m a b l y a n a d u l t w h e n s h e died. T h e r e is n o i n d i c a t i o n of h e r m a r i t a l s t a t u s . T h e H e b r e w a n d L a t i n t e x t s do n o t c o r r e s p o n d exactly, a n d t h e H e b r e w v e r s i o n of ' B i t u s ' h a s a n u n e x p e c t e d e n d i n g a s i n n o . 8 2 (q.v.) ( t h i s t i m e "i i n s t e a d of n, a l t h o u g h o n e r e a d i n g g a v e n h e r e too); t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n s o m e confusion b e c a u s e t h e L a t i n u s e s t h e g e n i t i v e , b u t t h a t s h o u l d h a v e m a d e t h e final H e b r e w l e t t e r I t is n o t i c e a b l e t h a t DiVej w a s n o t t r a n s l a t e d i n t o L a t i n . I n 1.4, Ascoli t h o u g h t t h a t t h e r e w e r e s o m e m i s s i n g l e t t e r s a f t e r hie a n d r e s t o r e d [dephsita, b u t t h e r e i s n o t sufficient r o o m i n d'Aloe's copy, a n d G a r r u c c i a n d m o s t o t h e r e d i t o r s followed d e A n g e l i s & S m i t h ' s r e a d i n g posita, confirmed b y F e r r u a . Depositus and positus (see I n d e x V I I e) a r e m u c h m o r e c o m m o n i n C h r i s t i a n t h a n i n J e w i s h e p i t a p h s . Hie sum posita is f o u n d i n CIL ix 5 8 6 0 f r o m Auxinum.
8 5 (CIJ 1 6 0 7 ) : V e n o s a : l a t e 5 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n and Hebrew. In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 7 , g r a v e 7 a . I n s c r i b e d o n p l a s t e r i n s i d e a f r a m e , o n v a u l t of a r c o s o l i u m ; o r i g i n a l r e d p a i n t n o w w o r n a w a y ; l e t t e r s 1.3-3.5 c m . L e t t e r f o r m s : A (twice), 4^, TTl, n (twice), ); Garracci
\paus\ad
1.2 omitted by d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero patin)s
(1.3): d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero PTS
ierusiarcontis
(1.4): Oehler ierusiarc.
arcontis
unaoD
(1.5): Ascoli, CIL
irnBO;
Garracci
O' "jon;
nor »T
fl.6): Chwolson
ovuiv;
Garracci
noil i n ;
Diehl (1927) Krauss
irnoa
nonHT
H e r e a t a n e n d is F a u s t i n u s t h e f a t h e r , g r a n d s o n F a u s t i n u s t h e f a t h e r , son of V i t u s t h e g e r u s i a r c h .
of
P e a c e to h i s r e s t i n g - p l a c e .... (?) (?) There is a menorah in the middle of 11.5-6 G.I. AscoU (1880), p.50 n.l, pp.58-9 no. 15, pp.94, 96, tav.H (from copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe; facsimile of Hebrew); H. Graetz (1880), pp.440, 445 (foUows Ascoli); D. Chwolson (1882), cols.152-3 no.26, 157 (facsimUe of copies by de AngeUs & Smith & d'Aloe); CIL ix (1883), p.663 no.6221 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); R. Garracci (1883), p.717 no.26 (from copy by de AngeUs & Snuth); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.21 (d'Aloe's facsimile); E, de Ruggiero (1904), p.406 no.3247 (foUows C/L); E. Diehl (1908), p.42 no.231 (follows C/L and Ascoli); J. Oehler (1909), p.444 no.l40 (foUows C/L); V. CastigUoni (1909), p.90 (follows Garracci); S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOli (follows C/L); E. Diehl, ILCV u (1927), p.493 no.4884 (follows C/L); CIJ i (1936), pp.440-1 no.613 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); B.J. Brooten (1982), pp.43.4, 63 n.34, 69 (follows C/J). J. Derenbourg (1881), p.l31; N. Tamassia (1903-4), p.810; N. FeroreUi (1915), p.lO; H. Leclerq (1928), col.139; J.B. Prey (1932), p.99; I. ZolU (1937), p.613; E. Goodenough, Jewish
symbols
ii (1953), p.53; H J . Leon (1953-4), pp.270-1, 277-9; G P . Bognetti
(1954), p.200 n.l; P. Testini (1958), p.539; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l82 n.4; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; C. Colafemmina (1973a), pp.235, 239 n.9; (1973b), p. 15 n.30; (1975b), p.136; (1978), p.374; (1980), p.208; L U . Kant (1987), pp.679 n.45, 696 n.l49; D. Mazzoleni (1987), p.314; C. Colafemmina (1991), p. 13.
T h i s F a u s t i n u s h e l d t h e t i t l e of pater l i k e h i s g r a n d f a t h e r , w h i l e h i s f a t h e r w a s a g e r u s i a r c h : t h e s p e l l i n g of t h a t w o r d u s e d h e r e w o u l d b e q u i t e n a t u r a l for t h e g e n i t i v e of a n o m i n a t i v e e n d i n g i n -on, a s in n o . 7 6 . T h e u s e of i- for g- is p a r a l l e l e d in P . I t a l . 3 0 , 1 0 3 a n d 5 3 , 4 . 120
VENOSA There can be httle doubt t h a t the Faustinus commemorated here is t h e f a t h e r of F a u s t i n a i n n o . 8 6 . F a u s t i n a w a s t h e g r a n d d a u g h t e r of t h e maior civitatis V i t u s a n d g r e a t - g r a n d d a u g h t e r of t h e pater F a u s t i n u s . T h e n a m e s a n d t h e t i t l e of t h e e l d e r F a u s t i n u s fit exactly; t h i s t i m e V i t u s ( h e r e s p e l l e d w i t h V r a t h e r t h a n 5 a s i n no.86) is described as gerusiarch, presumably his title in t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , r a t h e r t h a n b y h i s s t a t u s i n t h e city. T h e r e a r e four graves between Faustina's and Faustinus', which a t least indicates t h a t h e d i d n o t d i e i m m e d i a t e l y after h e r , a l t h o u g h t h e t i m e diflPerence c a n o n l y b e g u e s s e d . S i n c e F a u s t i n u s c e r t a i n l y d i e d after F a u s t i n a , t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is c o n f i r m a t i o n t h a t t h e g r a v e s n e a r e r t h e g a l l e r y w e r e u s e d b e f o r e t h o s e d e e p e r into t h e a r c o s o l i u m . T h e r e is i n fact a s l i g h t d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e copy of d e Angelis & S m i t h ' s p l a n p u b l i s h e d b y R u g g i e r o a n d AscoH's v e r s i o n , w h i c h w a s p r e s u m a b l y i n t e n d e d to b e a n e x a c t copy. R u g g i e r o s h o w s four g r a v e s w i t h o u t i n s c r i p t i o n s b e t w e e n F a u s t i n a a n d F a u s t i n u s , a n d Ascoli s h o w s o n l y t h r e e . O n t h e f o r m u l a hie pausat, see n o . 6 8 . T h e s p e l h n g w i t h d h e r e is p a r a l l e l l e d i n n o . 8 6 , cisqued. T h e r e h a s b e e n considerable divergence in t h e reading a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e H e b r e w . Ascoli a n d CIL u n d e r s t o o d t h e t h i r d w o r d of 1.5 a s a H e b r e w form of F a u s t i n u s , b u t t h e s p e l l i n g w o u l d b e odd, a n d inae^o w i t h a s u p e r f l u o u s n (as i n n o . I l l ) s e e m s m o r e likely. C h w o l s o n t o o k 1.6 a s 'lovSaTo^ i n H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s (which w o u l d b e unparalleled a n d surely superfluous a t Venosa), a n d Chajes u n d e r s t o o d i t a s a w a y of w r i t i n g nin* H i \ D e r e n b o u r g t h o u g h t i t could b e r e a d a s noBi m r , a m i s t a k e for iDBa man, ' m a y h i s soul r e s t ' . I t could a l s o b e a n a t t e m p t t o w r i t e ' g e r u s i a r c h ' i n H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s , w h i c h w o u l d i m p l y t h a t i t w a s p a r t of a l o n g e r f o r m u l a translating the patronymic.
8 8 (CIJ i 6 1 6 ) : V e n o s a : e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n . In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 7 , g r a v e 1 3 . P a i n t e d i n r e d a t h e a d of g r a v e . L e t t e r s 3 - 4 . 5 cm.; l e t t e r f o r m s ^. T e x t follows CIJ i, c o r r e c t e d b y CIJ i^, p . 4 5 , a n d w i t h a n e w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of 1,3 a n d different e x p a n s i o n s i n 11.6 & 7; n e w r e a d i n g in 1.4 from p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n .
121
VENOSA hie
requeseet
S<ar>ma pKus)
miinus)
LX; nepos
Osses
eum
W loses XXX^
[mortuos
fuit et oxor
est]
oxore
sua
Maria
I filius Bon[i]ni [ e l m s mor\\tua
annoirum)
et
nepo\te
et mortuos est
est
anniorum)
[..]
d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero gives the text only of 11,1, 2 and 4, followed by t w o other unintelligible inscriptions' requescet (1,1): d'Aloe, CIJ i, C/L, Garrucci requiscet S<ar>ma W loses (1,3): CIJ, CIL sua Maetuut. Oses; Garrucci sua MAET rr loses fuit (1,3): CIJ i, C/L, Garrucci fiiet Bon[i]ni QA): d'Aloe, Garrucci Boni; CIJ i, CIL Bolnt mortuos est (1,4): Garrucci MORTVOSQV; CIJ i, CIL, Garrucci ann{os)
mortuos
[e\ius 0-5): Grarrucci ipsius anniorum) 0.6): CIJ i annios) [mortuos] (1,6): CIJ i [mortua] 2 annoirum) 0-7): CIJ i annios); CIJ i anrutis) H e r e lies ( J ) o s e s w i t h h i s wife M a r i a
and
grandchild
S a r m a t a (?). J o s e s w a s t h e s o n of B o n i n u s a n d d i e d m o r e o r l e s s 3 6 , a n d h i s wife d i e d a g e d 6 0 ; t h e
aged
grandchild
d i e d a g e d .. C/L ix (1883), p,663 no,6222 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); R, Garrucci (1883), pp,713-4 no,27 (ftx)m copy by de AngeUs & Smith); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no,22 (d'Aloe's facsimile); J, Oehler (1909), p,445 no,141 (follows C/L); E, Diehl, ILCV u (1927), p,506 no,4999 (foUows C/L); CIJ i (1936)^ pp.442-3 no,616 (frx)m copies by de AngeUs & Smith and d'Aloe and ms, of de Rossi); i (1975), p.45, G,I, AscoU (1880), p,50 n,2; H J , Leon (1953-4), pp,268 n.4, 277-8, 283; C. Colafemmina (1973a), p.235; (1978), p.376 n,6; L,H, Kant (1987), p.679 n.45; G, Mayer (1987), pp,97, 105, T h e n a m e w h i c h is w r i t t e n a s O s s e s i n 1.1 a n d u s u a l l y i m d e r s t o o d a s O s e s i n 1.3 is p r o b a b l y a f o r m of J o s e s ( D i e h l ) . T h e J o s e s of n o . 9 0 h a d a wife n a m e d M a r i a , a n d t h e i d e n t i t y of t h a t c o u p l e w i t h t h e o n e h e r e s e e m s v e r y l i k e l y . I n n o . 9 0 t h e y a r e t h e p a r e n t s of A g n e l l a wife
122
VENOSA of G e s u a , a n d o n e of t h e m is t h e child of S a r m a t a t h e pater patrum. If h e w a s A g n e l l a ' s f a t h e r , t h e r e is n o t h i n g t o c o n t r a d i c t t h e p a t r o n y m i c of ' O s s e s ' h e r e . A s no d e t a i l s a r e g i v e n of t h e p a r e n t s of t h e g r a n d c h i l d b u r i e d w i t h J o s e s a n d M a r i a , i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y a r e A g n e l l a a n d G e s u a . If J o s e s ' f a t h e r i n 1.4 could b e identified w i t h B o n u s t h e f a t h e r of A n d r o n i c u s a n d R o s a i n n o . 8 5 ( g r a v e 7a), t h e r e w o u l d b e a c l e a r l i n k b e t w e e n t w o family g r o u p s u s i n g t h e a r c o s o l i u m . H o w e v e r , m y o w n r e a d i n g of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e l e t t e r N is w r i t t e n t w i c e i n t h e p a t r o n y m i c w i t h a s m a l l g a p b e t w e e n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e correct r e a d i n g is Bon[i]ni from B o n i n u s . 3 . T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n b y F r e y a n d CIL (sua Maetuut. Oses) m a k e s t h e g r a n d c h i l d f e m a l e a n d gives h e r t h e i m p r o b a b l e n a m e Maetuut. T h e n a m e M a e t u s / a i s r e c o r d e d (CIL x 4 2 1 9 , xii 3 6 4 2 ) , b u t w o u l d n o t explain t h e last letters. Diehl suggested a connection with metuenti. G a r r u c c i u n d e r s t o o d W a s s o m e t h i n g like t h e s y m b o l or m a r k e r u s e d before a n d a f t e r ojcor i n n o . 9 0 1.4, w h i c h left t i i e n a m e a s Maet. I n v i e w of t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d above, a m o r e p l a u s i b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e l e t t e r s SVAMAETWTOSES is Sarmate W loses, w i t h t h e g r a n d c h i l d n a m e d after A g n e l l a ' s f a t h e r a n d W u s e d like a full s t o p . T h e r e s e e m s to b e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of t h e u s e of W a s a full s t o p i n CIL v i 1 6 9 4 1 ; t h e u s e of a s i n g l e V or t r i a n g l e to d i v i d e w o r d s o r s e n t e n c e s i s well a t t e s t e d . 6. T h e r e s t o r a t i o n [mortuos (sic) est] is p e r h a p s s u p e r f l u o u s , a s nepos annoirum) would give t h e required sense, b u t it would not m a k e t h e l i n e m u c h l o n g e r t h a n 1.2. A s i t s t a n d s , t h i s i s t h e only i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e m a i n p a r t of D 7 w i t h o u t a n y H e b r e w . I t is likely t h a t t h e r e w a s a t l e a s t a Di'?w formula in t h e lost text.
8 9 (CIJ i 6 0 8 ) : V e n o s a : e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n a n d Hebrew. In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 7 , g r a v e 14. P a i n t e d i n r e d a t h e a d of g r a v e . T e x t follows CIJ ( m e y u s c u l e t e x t ) c o r r e c t e d b y H . J . L e o n (1953-4), p . 2 6 8 n . 4 ; 1.2 h a s a n e w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d 1.4 follows d'Aloe's facsimile. L e t t e r f o r m s : 1^ ^ ; a b b r e v i a t i o n b a r (1.6).
123
VENOSA hie
pausant
C\telles. pilus)
miinus)
Asella Sarra,
miinus)
xxxiiiL
[et]
Sarra,
coniux
| LXX,
Hintiu et
Asella,
^n2^m
filiae I AEREI, virgo
Opillonis
[e]
que vixit anoru
||
annu pilus)
nt^^
hie 0.1) omitted by d'Aloe ap. Ruggiero filiae Opillonis 0-2): CIL filia Ropillonis; CIJ i Ropnionis; CIJ i d'Aloe Borrio{..] [e] C\telles 01.2-3): CIL ICN\TELLES AEREI que 0-4): CIL l]EREI; CIJ i [o?>r«t annu (1.4): CIL, CIJ annus XXXIIII (1.6): CIL, CIJ XIIII; d'Aloe XLIII 1.7 not given by d'Aloe, CIL or CIJ i
Popillonis;
H e r e a t a n e n d a r e A s e l l a a n d S a r r a , t h e d a u g h t e r s of Opillo a n d C a t e l l a : S a r r a , t h e wife of H i n t i u s .... , w h o l i v e d m o r e o r l e s s 70 y e a r s , a n d A s e l l a , t h e v i r g i n , a g e d m o r e or less 34. Peace to h e r resting-place. CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6223 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.23 (d'Aloe's facsimile); J. Oehler (1909), p.445 no.l42 (follows C/L); E. Diehl, ILCV ii (1927), p.506 no.4998 (follows C/L); CIJ i (1936), p.437 no.608 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); i^ (1975), p.45. H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.268 n.4, 277-8, 279 n.43, 283; C. Colafemmina (1973a), p.235; G. Horsley, NDIEC iv (1987), p.225 n o . l l 4 ; G. Mayer (1987), pp.94, 97, 107, 118.
T h i s is t h e l a s t e p i t a p h i n t h e m a i n p a r t of D 7 , a n d p r e s e n t s a n u m b e r of p r o b l e m s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I t c o m m e m o r a t e s t w o s i s t e r s , a l t h o u g h i n v i e w of t h e l a r g e difference i n t h e i r a g e s a t d e a t h i t m u s t h a v e been w r i t t e n only after S a r r a ' s death. Asella occurs elsewhere a t V e n o s a ( n o s . 7 7 (q.v.) i n G r e e k , 8 6 i n t h e m a s c u l i n e f o r m ) , a n d S a r r a ( a form of S a r a h ) i s f o u n d i n G r e e k i n n o . I l l ; i t w a s also c o m m o n a m o n g t h e J e w s of R o m e . T h e h u s b a n d ' s n a m e is o t h e r w i s e unknown. T h e father's n a m e , which h a s previously been interpreted a s Ropillo or s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r , i s m o r e p r o b a b l y t h e k n o w n n a m e Opillo, w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s l e t t e r b e i n g t h e e e x p e c t e d a t t h e e n d of filiae. T h e n a m e O p i l i o is w e l l a t t e s t e d : 4 e x a m p l e s i n B r o w n ' s Prosopography, including 5th-century men at Rome a n d Naples, and 124
VENOSA t h e c o n s u l of 524. C a t e l l a is f o u n d i n n o . 6 8 , q.v. S a r r a a n d A s e l l a w e r e b u r i e d t o g e t h e r i n a f a m i l y t o m b even t h o u g h S a r r a h a d b e e n m a r r i e d . T h e r e a d i n g of A s e l l a ' s a g e a s 34 b y L e o n m a k e s h e r i m i q u e a m o n g I t a l i a n J e w s a s a w o m a n well over t h e a g e of m a r r i a g e w h o i s r e c o r d e d a s a virgo (see Horsley's d i s c u s s i o n a n d n o . 4 6 , above). C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s d e s i g n a t e a s virgo o r napOevo^ b o t h v e r y y o i m g c h i l d r e n (e.g. IGCVO 756, a g e d 1) a n d w o m e n older t h a n A s e l l a (e.g. i b i d . 6 6 1 , a g e d 50). A s a r c o p h a g u s from B e t h S h e ' a r i m (BS iii n o . 15) h a s t h e e p i t a p h of A t i o d a u g h t e r of R. G a m a l i e l w h o died a v i r g i n a g e d 2 2 . I n 1.4, d'Aloe r e a d AEREIQVE, b u t que (= quae) w a s o m i t t e d b y CIL a n d CIJ i; it w a s r e i n s t a t e d b y L e o n , b u t a p p e a r s to b e s u p e r f l u o u s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e s e n t e n c e . T h e f i r s t 5 l e t t e r s of t h e l i n e could b e a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e h u s b a n d ' s n a m e (Hintiuaerei) or a L a t i n v e r s i o n of iepevQ, a s s u g g e s t e d b y F r e y . A n o t h e r possible i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is ABREI = hebrei, b u t n o - o n e e l s e a t V e n o s a u s e s t h i s d e s i g n a t i o n . N o n e of t h e s e e x p l a n a t i o n s i s v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y , a n d i t is m o r e likely t h a t Aerei is a p a t r o n y m i c w i t h fllii o m i t t e d ( t h e n a m e A e r i u s occurs once e a c h i n PLRE i a n d ii) or a n e t h n i c : t o w n s called Aerea in Gallia Narbonensis a n d Macedonia a r e noted by Perrin (1913), a n d A e r e in S y r i a is l i s t e d i n RE, s.v. A t t h e e n d of t h e h n e , CIJ a n d CIL r e a d annus (for annos). T h e e n d i n g s -ds a n d -Us a r e often confused i n v u l g a r L a t i n (cf. n o . 8 6 ) , b u t annu ( t h e r e a d i n g g i v e n b y d'Aloe) occurs i n t h i s c o n t e x t i n n o . 1 1 3 a n d five t i m e s i n ILCV. T h e w r i t e r of t h e H e b r e w f o r m u l a a t t h e e n d a p p a r e n t l y t r i e d to u s e t h e f e m i n i n e n suffix b u t w a s confused b y t h e m o r e c o m m o n i, a n d finally u s e d b o t h .
9 0 (CIJ i 6 1 4 ) : V e n o s a : m i d - l a t e 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n . In situ: a r c o s o l i u m D 7 , r i g h t e x t e n s i o n . P a i n t e d i n r e d ; i n s c r i p t i o n 3 9 x 82 c m . L e t t e r s 3 - 6 c m ; l e t t e r forms A/A c, 1 ^ AA/M. L i g a t u r e of L I . T e x t follows CIJ, c o r r e c t e d from p h o t o g r a p h i n C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1973b) a n d p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n .
125
VENOSA (menorah) (menorah) (menorah) hie requiscet filius
Gesua
Marcelli
Marc<e>lli
et
oxore
et mortuos
est
Sarmatanis
anniorum)
plius)
miinus)
nepos
I anniorum) fuet
piatris)
I et Gesua
sua Agnella. I
Annes,
W oxor W Gesues
Agnella nepos
cum
filia
piatris)
piatrum)
plius)
miinus)
lositis
et Maries
piatrum)
|
et
fuet
LX.
et
11 et
mortua
est
XLIIII.
Line-divisions for 11.1-3 given incorrectly by CIJ requiscet (1.1): Garrucci requiescet piatris) piatrum) (11.3 & 6): Diehl, CIJ minuscules Marc<e>lli (1.3): MARCLLI in the original anniorum) (11.4 & 7): CIJ minuscules annios) LXa.4): Garrucci XX Agnella 0.4): Garrucci Agrdla
pirae)piositi)
H e r e r e s t s G e s u a w i t h h i s wife A g n e l l a . A n d G e s u a w a s t h e son
of
Marcellus
and
Anna,
grandson
of t h e
father
of
f a t h e r s M a r c e l l u s , a n d h e died a g e d m o r e or less 60. A n d A g n e l l a t h e wife of G e s u a w a s t h e d a u g h t e r of J o s e s
and
M a r i a , a n d g r a n d d a u g h t e r of S a r m a t a t h e f a t h e r of f a t h e r s , a n d s h e died a g e d m o r e or less 44. R. Garrucci (1883), p.714 no.29 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); CIL ix (1883), p.664 no.6224 (from copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe); M. Ruggiero (1888), between pp.504-5, no.24 (d'Aloe's facsimile); E. Diehl (1908), p.43 no.233 (follows C/L); J. Oehler (1909), p.445 no.l43 (foUows C/L); E. Diehl, /LCV U (1927), p.496 no.4907 (follows C/L); F. Luzzatto (1935), p.205, fig.l (photograph); CIJ i (1936), pp.441-2 no.614 (fiom copies by de Angelis & Smith and d'Aloe and ms. of de Rossi); C. Colafemmina (1973b), p . l 5 n.30, tav.II (photograph). G.L AscoU (1880), pp.49 n.3, 50 n.2; J. Perrin (1913), p.70; S. Krauss (1922), p.246 no.lOlk; L. Robert, Hellenica i (1940), p.28 n.8; H.J. Leon (1953-4), pp.272, 276-8, 283; P. Testini (1958), p.536; B. Lifshitz (1962), p.370; C. Colafenmiina (1973a), p.235; (1978), p.374; (1980), p.208; B.J. Brooten (1982), p.71; L.H. Kant (1987), pp.679 n.45, 696 n.l49; G. Mayer (1987), pp.96, 98, 103, 105, 118, 124; C. Colafemmina (1991), p.l3.
126
VENOSA A s u s u a l in D 7 , t h e r e is c o n s i d e r a b l e e m p h a s i s o n a n c e s t r y , b u t i n t h i s c a s e only t h e g r a n d f a t h e r s (of b o t h h u s b a n d a n d wife) h e l d t i t l e s , even t h o u g h G e s u a h i m s e l f d i d n o t d i e y o u n g . T h e l a c k of t i t l e s in s u b s e q u e n t g e n e r a t i o n s m a y b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e d i s r u p t i o n of J e w i s h c o m m u n a l life w h i c h is l i k e l y t o h a v e o c c u r r e d w i t h t h e w a r s a n d B y z a n t i n e c o n q u e s t i n t h e m i d - 6 t h c e n t u r y (see I n t r o d u c t i o n ) . A g n e l l a is a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y t h e d a u g h t e r of t h e J o s e s a n d M a r i a c o m m e m o r a t e d i n g r a v e 1 3 , n o . 8 8 (q.v.), w h i c h m e a n s t h a t S a r m a t a w a s h e r m a t e r n a l g r a n d f a t h e r . G r a v e 13 w a s first u s e d for t h e b u r i a l of J o s e s , a g e d 3 6 . H i s d a u g h t e r A g n e l l a ' s b u r i a l a t t h e a g e of 4 4 m u s t h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a t l e a s t 3 0 y e a r s l a t e r , p e r h a p s 4 0 or 50. Agnella's h u s b a n d G e s u a d i e d a t 60, w h i c h m e a n s e i t h e r t h a t h e w a s m u c h older t h a n s h e w a s or t h a t h e d i e d a f t e r h e r . T h e g a p b e t w e e n J o s e s ' b u r i a l i n g r a v e 13 a n d G e s u a ' s i n t h e e x t e n s i o n could t h e r e f o r e b e u p to 6 0 y e a r s . T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is cert£iinly t h e l a t e s t from gallery D , by position a s well a s c o n t e n t , a n d i t c o n t a i n s n o H e b r e w . It p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e s a b u r i a l m a d e a f t e r g a l l e r y D h a d g o n e o u t of g e n e r a l u s e . T h e n a m e G e s u a c o r r e s p o n d s to H e b r e w i)"iB», J e s h u a (I C h r o n . xxiv 1 1 , etc.), t h e s h o r t e r f o r m of J o s h u a reflected i n LXX "iTiaouq. A pater patrum (cf. n o . 6 8 on t h e t i t l e ) n a m e d M a r c e l l u s a l s o o c c u r s (in G r e e k ) i n n o . 114, a n d could b e t h e s a m e p e r s o n , b u t i t is a l s o f o u n d i n nos.67 a n d 103. A n n a is a H e b r e w n a m e also a t t e s t e d a t O r i a ( n o . l 9 5 ) ; cf. n o . 7 2 . A g n e l l a is n o t o t h e r w i s e r e c o r d e d for J e w s , b u t t h e m a s c u l i n e form w a s c o m m o n i n l a t e a n t i q u i t y (6 e x a m p l e s i n Greg.M.'s l e t t e r s , 5 m o r e i n B r o w n ' s P r o s o p o g r a p h y ) , a n d A g n e s w a s a popular n a m e among Christians. Her parents Joses and Maria both h a d J e w i s h n a m e s . F r e y t a k e s t h e n o m i n a t i v e of h e r g r a n d f a t h e r ' s n a m e a s S a r m a t a , t h e f o r m w h i c h occurs i n t w o C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s , / L C V 3 1 8 8 ( C a p u a , 517) a n d 2 1 6 7 . 8. T h e second d i g i t of t h e n u m e r a l could also b e r e a d a s X , m a k i n g the age 24. T h e r e a r e clear m e n o r a h s in red above t h e centre a n d right side of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n ; t h e o n e to t h e left, w h i c h is r e c o r d e d a s p a i n t e d i n b l a c k b y d'Aloe, h a s f a d e d m u c h m o r e .
127
VENOSA 9 1 : V e n o s a : l a t e 4 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k (?). In situ iP.): g a l l e r y D. I n s c r i b e d on fresh p l a s t e r of t i l e u s e d t o close l o c u l u s . Tile f r a g m e n t 3 1 X 17 X 3.5 cm.; p l a s t e r 1-3 c m . t h i c k ; l e t t e r s 4 - 2 . 5 cm. L e t t e r form: Y. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1974), p . 8 9 a n d t a v . I e . [---]|piOD[--]|(^«^>
T[--]
C. Colafemmina (1974), pp.89-90 no.ll, tav.Ie (photograph; from the original).
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s found b y C o l a f e m m i n a a n d F. deirAquila in 1 9 7 3 i n g a l l e r y D , on t h e g r o u n d . 1.2 a p p e a r s t o h a v e t h e e n d i n g of a m a s c u l i n e n a m e in t h e g e n i t i v e , w h i c h c o u l d b e from t h e deceased's n a m e o r a p a t r o n y m i c . C o l a f e m m i n a n o t e d t h a t i t coidd come from 'locvoDdptot; (cf n o . 101), b u t m a n y o t h e r n a m e s w o u l d fit.
9 2 : V e n o s a : l a t e 4 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k (?). In situ (?): c u b i c u l u m K. I n s c r i b e d on p l a s t e r w h i c h h a d p a r t i a l l y h a r d e n e d . P l a s t e r f r a g m e n t 2 5 X 2 0 x 3.5 cm.; l e t t e r s 1 9 - 2 1 c m . L e t t e r f o r m s : K 6 . T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1974), n o . I I I a . [ - - - ] I
[ - - ]EIA[ - - ]
C. Colafenunina (1974), pp.89-90 no.IIIa, tav.Ia (photograph; from the original); P. Rugo (1978), p. 12, p.43 no.34 (follows Colafenunina).
C o l a f e m m i n a found t h i s p l a s t e r f r a g m e n t o n t h e g r o i m d i n c u b i c u l u m K, a l o n g w i t h t r a c e s of a t l e a s t t w o o t h e r i n s c r i p t i o n s . I t is t h e first i n s c r i p t i o n found from t h a t p a r t of t h e c a t a c o m b . T h e l e t t e r s a r e e x c e p t i o n a l l y l a r g e . L e t t e r s of c o m p a r a b l e size i n ICUR (e.g. n o s . 2 6 0 2 2 , 2 6 0 8 4 , 26132) u s u a l l y c o m e f r o m l a r g e t i l e s u s e d a s t o m b coverings.
128
VENOSA 9 3 : V e n o s a : l a t e 4 t h - e a r l y 6 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k (?). In situ (?): c u b i c u l u m K. I n s c r i b e d o n p l a s t e r . P l a s t e r f r a g m e n t 2 4 x 2 3 x 4 cm.; 18.5-11 cm; letter forms: 6 X. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1974), n o . I I I b .
letters
[ - - ]Peio\) C. Colafemmina (1974), pp.89.90 no.IIIb, tav.Ib (photograph; from the original); P. Rugo (1978), p.l2, p.43 no.34 (follows Colafenunina).
This f r a g m e n t seems to h a v e been found along w i t h t h e previous i n s c r i p t i o n , a n d is w r i t t e n i n a l m o s t e q u a l l y l a r g e l e t t e r s . I t a p p e a r s to b e t h e e n d of a m a n ' s n a m e i n t h e g e n i t i v e ; C o l a f e m m i n a s u g g e s t s t h a t i t c o u l d b e from Etkieptoc;.
9 4 (CIJ i 5 8 5 ) : V e n o s a : 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . In situ: c o r n e r of c u b i c u l a M - N . I n s c r i b e d o n p l a s t e r of t i l e closing l o c u l u s , 5 8 x 3 5 cm. L e t t e r s 4 - 7 cm.; l e t t e r f o r m s 6^ € TT C CO. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1975a). x&(^g
I Eloxjfi; I vimo;.
T o m b . J o s e s , child. CIL ix (1883), p.665 no.6238 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith); J. Oehler (1909), p.446 no. 154 (follows C/L); CIJ i (1936), p.428, no.585 (from copy by de Angelis & Smith and ms. of de Rossi); C. Colafenunina (1975a), p.43 no.3, tavJQI.2 (photograph; from
the
original);
P.
Rugo
(1978),
p.45
no.36,
p. 127
(photograph;
follows
Colafemmina). L. Robert, Hellenica
i (1940), p.28 n.2; H J . Leon (1953-4), p.275 n.22; P. Testini
(1958), p.539; C. Colafemmina (1975b), p.135.
T h e few r e c o r d e d i n s c r i p t i o n s from t h i s p a r t of t h e c a t a c o m b s , w h i c h was largely destroyed by landslides, a r e all in t h e Greek a l p h a b e t e x c e p t n o . 1 0 0 ; t h r e e (possibly four, if n o . 100 is i n c l u d e d ) u s e t h e x&(po; f o r m u l a . C u b i c u l a M a n d N a n d g a l l e r y I a r e o n a l o w e r l e v e l t h a n t h e o t h e r g a l l e r i e s . T h e y a p p e a r o r i g i n a l l y to h a v e h a d a s e p a r a t e e n t r a n c e , a n d p e r h a p s b e c a m e c o n n e c t e d to t h e r e s t of t h e
129
VENOSA catacombs accidentally. T h e inscriptions m a y be later t h a n D I , and a r e c e r t a i n l y e a r l i e r t h a n D 7 or Q 2 . I t is possible t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a i s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e m a i n c a t a c o m b s , b u t a l o w e r level d o e s n o t necessarily indicate an earlier date. T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n c o m e s from a child's t o m b w h i c h w a s found u n v i o l a t e d . O n t h e s p e l l i n g of t h e f a t h e r ' s n a m e , s e e n o . 4 3 . vimo^ for vnTcioq also o c c u r s i n n o s . 6 5 a n d 9 7 a n d CIJ 3 4 9 . A s w i t h m a n y of t h e e p i t a p h s b e g i n n i n g xdqKx;, t h e n a m e a n d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e d e c e a s e d w e r e n o t p u t i n t o t h e g e n i t i v e (cf. no.69).
95 ( P l a t e XIV): Venosa: 4 t h - 5 t h century. Epitaph; Greek. In situ: c u b i c u l u m N , n e x t t o n o . 9 4 . I n s c r i b e d on p l a s t e r of c o v e r i n g of loculus, 5 3 x 3 5 c m . L e t t e r s 4 - 7 cm.; l e t t e r f o r m s : ^» € M C T CO. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a (1975a). xdcpo^ I Na)|X£|peiou- bf dlp-nvnT o m b of N u m e r i u s . I n p e a c e . C. Colafemmina (1975a), p.42 no.II, tavJQI.l (photograph; from the original); P. Rugo (1978), p.45 no.37, p.l27 (photograph; from the origmal); C. Colafemmina (1983a), p.202, pl.2 (photograph). C. Colafemmina (1980a), pp.207-8; H. Solin (1983), p.735; H. SoUn & O. Salomies (1988), p.370; E. Serrao (1988-9), p . l l 2 .
T h e n a m e N u m e r i u s a l s o o c c u r s for a J e w a t N a p l e s (no.33). Solin & S a l o m i e s , p . 3 7 0 , l i s t a n u m b e r of e x a m p l e s of i t s u s e a s a single n a m e r a t h e r t h a n a praenomen. Colafemmina suggests t h a t it was u s e d b y J e w s b e c a u s e of i t s s i m i l a r i t y to vd^ot;. T h e f o r m u l a m a y b e t h e r e m a i n s of t h e irai^iiati; f o r m u l a , or s i m p l y a n a b b r e v i a t e d version.
130
VENOSA 96: Venosa: 4 t h - 5 t h century. Epitaph; Greek. In situ; c u b i c u l u m N , n e a r n o . 9 4 . P a i n t e d i n r e d above t o m b i n a r c o s o l i u m . L e t t e r s 12-13 cm. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a ( 1 9 7 5 a ) . x6l[(^(; - - ] I [ - - - ]
Tomb (?).... C. Colafemmina (1975a), p.44 no.V, tavJQII.2 (photograph; from the original); H. Solin (1983), p.735 (follows Colafenunina).
T h e two very large preserved letters formula.
s u g g e s t t h e xdcpoq +
name
9 7 (CIJ i 5 9 2 ) : V e n o s a : 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . In situ: c u b i c u l u m N . I n s c r i b e d (?). L e t t e r f o r m s : 6^ C CJO. T e x t follows CIJ (version of t h e d e R o s s i m s . ) .
de Angelis & Smith ap. Ruggiero, CIL: TA t, eo -> eu, ^ -> V. T h e r e is a full d i s c u s s i o n of t h e t e r m b y R e y n o l d s & T a n n e n b a u m (1987). T h e p r e f e r e n c e for a G r e e k w o r d s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n is from t h e t i m e w h e n L a t i n w a s s u p e r s e d i n g G r e e k i n V e n o s a n e p i t a p h s ; it m a y h a v e s u r v i v e d a s a t e c h n i c a l t e r m , a s S i e g e r t s u g g e s t s . M a r c u s w a s p r o b a b l y someone on t h e fringes of J u d a i s m , b u t m a y h a v e b e e n a full J e w .
1 1 4 (CIJ n o . 6 1 9 b ) : V e n o s a : 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . Lost: from L a u r i d i a h y p o g e u m , a r c o s o l i u m 8. I n s c r i b e d o n a m a r b l e p l a q u e . L e t t e r f o r m s : A 6 CO. T e x t follows B. Lifshitz (1962), p . 3 6 9 . S5e m T E MdpKeXAx)^
Ttaxfip mxepcov K O I n& tpcov Tr\ev p|Xdya(; xfiv
xoXf\v.
E l p i i v B ; (1.1): IGCVO ElpTive(oivP(i) | Myocq
I r e n a e u s t h e e l d e r b o u g h t t h e p l a c e , i n n o w a y offending the law. P. Orsi (1897b), p.240 (from the stone); A. Ferrua (1958), pp.171-3 (foUows Orsi); G. Manganaro (1959), pp.347-8, tav.XL fig.l (photograph; from the stone); (1959-60), pp.201-2; A. Ferrua (1959), p.254; SEG 17 (1960), p.l22 no.439 (follows Manganaro); CIJ i^ (1975), p.52 no.650c (follows Manganaro); H. Solin (1983), p.746; IGCVO (1989),
194
SICILY AND MALTA pp.203-4 no.855 (based on Orsi's reading). G. Libertini (1929), p. 194; A. Ferrua (1938), p.73; S.L. Agnello (1953), p.84; J. & L. Robert, BE (1960), p.212 no.459; (1961), p.268 no.862; S.L. Agnello (1962), p.291; A. Neppi Modona (1963), p.l58; C. Gebbia (1979), p.258; L. Cracco Ruggini (1980b), p.502; A. Messina (1981), pp.203-4; B.J. Brooten (1982), p.52 n.48; C. Colafenunina (1983a), p.207.
T h i s p l a q u e w a s found i n 1896 a t C a t a n i a on t h e w a l l of a t o m b i n t h e V i a A. di S a n G i u l i a n o . I n s c r i p t i o n s r e c o r d i n g t h e p u r c h a s e of a b u r i a l p l a c e a r e v e r y c o m m o n for p a g a n s , C h r i s t i a n s a n d J e w s (cf. n o . 1 4 5 , a b o v e ) i n Sicily, b u t t h e final f o r m u l a of t h i s t e x t led M a n g a n a r o a n d o t h e r s to see i t a s J e w i s h . F e r r u a h a s opposed t h i s v i e w v i g o r o u s l y , a r g u i n g t h a t J e w i s h n e s s is only a possibility (as i n no. 149, below). T h e n a m e is a v a r i a n t s p e l l i n g of EipTjvaToq; cf CIJ 107 a n d 3 6 0 ( b o t h r e s t o r e d ) , 6 9 a n d 2 6 6 ( L a t i n forms). O t h e r f o r m s a r e foimd, e.g. EipTivaq i n C y r e n a i c a (CJZC a p p . 2 ) . F o r n o n - J e w s , EipTivn^ occurs i n P h r y g i a (SEG 2 9 . 1 3 8 1 ) , Eipiiveoi; i n S y r i a (SEG 36.1296), EipiivaTq i n E g y p t (K. D i e t e r i c h (1898), p . 4 8 ) . I t s e e m s u n n e c e s s a r y to follow IGCVO i n t a k i n g t h e sigma a s a m a r k of a b b r e v i a t i o n . F o r t h e m u c h c o m m o n e r f e m i n i n e form of t h e n a m e , cf. n o . 2 8 , above. ' P r e s b y t e r ' w a s a title u s e d b y J e w s a t Venosa a n d elsewhere; see no.75. T h e u s a g e of ivxoXfy i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l b y G. S c h r e n k , TDNT ii, p p . 5 4 6 - 5 5 6 . I t signified a c o m m a n d , u s u a l l y i m p e r i a l (e.g. mandata to a p r o c o n s u l , BE (1977) 3 3 1 a n d 510), r o y a l or divine, a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e p r e c e p t s of M o s a i c l a w . I t w a s u s e d b y C h r i s t i a n w r i t e r s b o t h for t h e c o m m a n d m e n t s of O.T. l a w w h i c h t h e y a d o p t e d a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y for J e s u s ' p r e c e p t s or for t h e C h r i s t i a n r e h g i o n a s a w h o l e (W. B a u e r , A Greek-English Lexieon of the New Testament, S . V . ) . I n e p i t a p h s , i t is f o u n d i n a l m o s t exclusively J e w i s h u s a g e (cf. DACL vii, col.679), e.g. CIJ 9 1 5 from J a f f a [ e ^ evToXi[q](?) a n d t h e J e w s a t R o m e d e s c r i b e d a s (piAivxoXot; (CIJ 132, 2 0 3 , 482, 509); also (^ikevToXwc, i n M a l t a (no. 163, below). O n e e x c e p t i o n is t h e u n d o u b t e d l y C h r i s t i a n e p i t a p h of Z o n e e n e from A l e x a n d r i a (SB i 1540, d a t e d to 409). A s evToX-fi is only u s e d a t C a t a n i a i n t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n a n d n o . 149, i t s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t i t r e f e r s to a n y g e n e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s i n t h e t o w n , a n d i t s o c c u r r e n c e i n conjunction w i t h a n a m e a n d a t i t l e b o t h m u c h u s e d b y ( a l t h o u g h n o t e x c l u s i v e to) J e w s m a k e s it p r o b a b l e , a l t h o u g h not c e r t a i n , t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n is J e w i s h . 195
SICILY AND MALTA m e a n s to h a r m s o m e t h i n g or s o m e o n e , a s i n L k . iv 35 pA^dyov avxov. I t occurs on a P h r y g i a n t o m b s t o n e d a t e d to 2 5 0 / 1 i n t h e f o r m u l a ei xiq pXdv)H OTf|XlT|V, a n d t h e f o r m s epA,a\|/ev a n d epXa\)/av a r e b o t h f o u n d i n a f r a g m e n t a r y 2 n d - c e n t u r y e p i t a p h from T a r a n t o w h o s e s e n s e is u n c l e a r (SEG 31.878). If t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a s J e w i s h is c o r r e c t , t h e r e f e r e n c e is p r e s u m a b l y to s o m e a s p e c t of J e w i s h b u r i a l l a w . T h e m o s t likely provision is t h e p r o h i b i t i o n of b u r i a l w i t h i n 5 0 c u b i t s of a t o w n (b B . B . 25a, q u o t i n g t h e M i s h n a h ) . T h i s of c o u r s e coincided w i t h R o m a n l a w from t h e XII T a b l e s . T h e r e f e r e n c e c o u l d a l s o b e to t h e b u r y i n g of a w i c k e d p e r s o n n e x t to a r i g h t e o u s o n e (b S a n h . 47a) o r t h e M i s h n a i c p r o v i s i o n s for t h e e x a c t l a y o u t of a f a m i l y t o m b (b B.B. lOOb-lOla). D e s p i t e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h n o . 149, t h e t w o i n s c r i p t i o n s do n o t a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n m a d e b y t h e s a m e s t o n e - c u t t e r ( F e r r u a , a c c e p t e d b y M a n g a n a r o (1959-60)). ^XanxGi
IITISEV
1 4 9 (CIJ 6 5 0 d ) : C a t a n i a : 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y . A c q u i s i t i o n of t o m b ; Greek. C a t a n i a , M u s e o del C a s t e l l o U r s i n o ( s a l a VI). M a r b l e p l a q u e , 14 x 18 cm. L e t t e r f o r m s : A € C CO. S o m e l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows G. M a n g a n a r o (1959), p . 3 4 8 . *Idacov Kpeop5evi e^eaxe ... dvv^e t \ em0d\|(e xivd exepov Tcxwiio.
201
SICILY AND MALTA 1 5 2 {CIJ i 6 5 2 ) : S y r a c u s e : 4 t h - 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . S y r a c u s e , M u s e o archeologico r e g i o n a l e Paolo O r s i . L i m e s t o n e t a b l e t , 2 7 . 5 x 2 3 . 5 cm; l e t t e r s p a i n t e d i n r e d . L e t t e r forms: A € AA C CO. T e x t follows D . F e i s s e l (1981), p . 4 8 6 ( b a s e d o n O r s i ' s r e a d i n g ) .
Kaxoc xoi) |ieX|XiixeiKov ^Ti|5t(; dvoi^T] S8e, | N-OCpTj (lulab)
K E I X E .
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K E
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euXx)Yi a xoTq 6oi oic, S 5 E . (menorah)
(shofar)
dvoC^T) (1.2): Orsi (minuscule text) dvo^n ffiSe, I 5x£i Nocpeio^ (U.3—4): Orsi, Robert &5e | 6 Tavo(peiO(; N*wvi, a n d nowa ( a s i n 1.9) h a s b e e n r e a d for non. 5 - 6 . H e r e a n d i n 1.11, iri»2i n*70 ('Forgive; w e h a v e e r r e d ' ) s h o u l d p e r h a p s b e r e a d ; cf. ' h e s h a l l s p a r e ' i n 1.4, t h e S i x t h of t h e E i g h t e e n B e n e d i c t i o n s ( b e g i n n i n g n*?©), a n d f o r m s of confession of s i n i n c l u d i n g iri)2i ( I s . liii 6 ) , e.g. in t h e D a y of A t o n e m e n t s e r v i c e . S i m o n (1986), p p . 3 4 8 - 9 , 3 5 2 n o t e s e c h o e s of J e w i s h p r a y e r i n G r e e k m a g i c a l t e x t s . 6. "13D'7D ( d e l i v e r u s ) s h o u l d p r o b a b l y b e r e a d (cf. 1.12). H o w e v e r , M a l t h e a n d M e l t o occur in G r e e k i n t h e T e s t a m e n t of S o l o m o n xviii 36 & 40 as n a m e s bringing deliverance. 7. ' C h i l d r e n ' w o u l d b e a n a t u r a l r e n d e r i n g of «]D h e r e a n d i n 1.13, b u t t h e i m m e d i a t e c o n t e x t is o b s c u r e . 8. T h e c h a r a c t e r s identified b y C a l d e r o n e a s t h e n o u n T w i n s ' 208
SICILY A N D MALTA ( p r o b a b l y r e f e r r i n g to t h e D i o s c u r i , w h o s e cult w a s well e s t a b l i s h e d i n Sicily; c f A r t e m i s i n n o . 159) m i g h t also b e d i v i d e d to form l\ ( p e r h a p s for n, r e p r e s e n t i n g a d i v i n e n a m e ) a n d A r a m a i c j^DK, ' A m e n ' . S c h m o l l refers t o a c o p p e r s h e e t from P a l a z z o l o A c r e i d e ( h i s Taf.IV), n o w i n t h e S y r a c u s e m u s e u m , w h i c h m a y o r i g i n a l l y h a v e c o n t a i n e d a t e x t o n s i m i l a r l i n e s , b u t i s n o w too c o r r o d e d to r e a d . T h e r e is a rolled c o p p e r s h e e t f r o m t h e s a m e s i t e w i t h a m a g i c a l t e x t i n G r e e k , p u b l i s h e d b y A. V o g l i a n o & K. P r e i s e n d a n z , Acme 1 (1948), p p . 73-85, i m p r o v i n g IG x i v 2 4 1 3 . 1 7 . T h e n a m e s 'M© ZapacbO ASovoTe a r e used along with magical n a m e s . T h e a m u l e t is described as ((yoXaKTiipiov Moaecix;, a n d t h e r e a r e m a n y r e f e r e n c e s t o M o s e s . J e w i s h a u t h o r s h i p is possible, b u t t h e r e i s n o t h i n g d i s t i n c t i v e l y J e w i s h a n d i t could i n s t e a d b e t h e w o r k of a p a g a n or C h r i s t i a n w h o h a d s o m e biblical k n o w l e d g e b u t t h o u g h t of M o s e s a s a m a g i c i a n . A m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s m a g i c a l i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m Comiso is o n e w h i c h i n v o k e s C h r i s t a n d h a s a n u m b e r of s y m b o l s i n c l u d i n g o n e w h i c h could b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a n i n e - b r a n c h e d m e n o r a h , b u t is m o r e p r o b a b l y a m a g i c a l sign (M. B u r z a c h e c h i , RAL (1959), p p . 4 0 3 - 4 1 0 n o . l ) .
1 5 7 ( P l a t e X X I ; CIJ 6 5 3 b ) : Sofiana (Philosophiana): 5th century (?). E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . G e l a , M u s e o archeologico. Irregular, roughly t r i a n g u l a r s a n d s t o n e slab broken into t h r e e pieces; i r r e g u l a r i t y ( a p a r t from l o w e r s i d e , w h e r e a piece is m i s s i n g ) e x i s t e d before l e t t e r i n g w a s i n s c r i b e d . L e t t e r f o r m s : A 6 C. T e x t follows p h o t o g r a p h s of B . N e u t s c h (1954) a n d D . A d a m e s t e a n u (1955). (menorah)
ATTIV K ; ppe(a)p vxepo
M(y)P|wTepo|(;: BPCBYT6P0C on the stone; jtpeaP'fiiepo^ (see comments below)
SEG
{n)p{e)a^\xtpo\(;;
A t t i n i s , elder. B. Neutsch (1954), cols.688-94, Abb.126 (photograph; from the stone); D. Adamesteanu (1955), pp.569-70 no.3, fig.6 (photograph; from the stone); J. & L. Robert, BE (1958), p.363 no.563 (follows Adamesteanu); SEG 15 (1958), p.l53 no.599 (follows Neutsch and
209
1.
SICILY AND MALTA Adamesteanu); D. Adamesteanu (1963), p.273; L. Bonomi (1964), pp.193-200, 206-7 2 ' 218-9, fig.35b (photograph and facsimile; from the stone); CIJ i (1975), p.54 no.653b (follows Neutsch); H. Solin (1983), p.747 no.9 (follows Neutsch, Adamesteanu and Bonomi). O. Garana (1960), p.l21; S.L. Agnello (1962), p.291; A. Ferrua (1975), p.361; A. Ragona (1975), p.l7; C. Gebbia (1979), pp.254-6; L. Cracco Ruggini (1980), p.502; A. Messina (1981), p.210; B.J. Brooten (1982), p.52 n.48; C. Colafemmina (1983a), p.208; RJ.A. Wilson (1990), p.224 & n.l24.
T h i s s t o n e w a s f o u n d b y A d a m e s t e a n u i n 1954 d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s of t h e e a s t e r n n e c r o p o h s a t Sofiana (12 k m . e a s t of M a z z a r i n o ) , w h e r e it h a d b e e n r e m o v e d from its original p o s i t i o n for u s e a s a b o u n d a r y m a r k e r . T h e s i t e h a s b e e n identified a s P h i l o s o p h i a n a , a n unfortified statio on t h e C a t a n i a to A g r i g e n t o r o a d m e n t i o n e d i n t h e A n t o n i n e I t i n e r a r y . A d a m e s t e a n u d a t e d t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n t o t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e 5 t h c e n t u r y from finds in a d j a c e n t b u r i a l s , b u t a s i t i s u n c e r t a i n h o w f a r it h a d b e e n m o v e d t h e d a t i n g c a n n o t b e r e g a r d e d a s c e r t a i n . T h e e v i d e n c e of C h r i s t i a n s i n t h e t o w n d a t e s f r o m t h e l a t e 4 t h c e n t u r y (see n o . 1 5 8 , below). T h e t o m b s i n t h e n e c r o p o l i s w e r e d u g into t h e ground, lined a n d sealed with slabs. Bonomi (p.200) m e n t i o n s the f i n d i n g of a n o t h e r i n s c r i p t i o n from t h e s a m e p a r t i n 1 9 4 8 w h i c h w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y lost. R a g o n a t r i e s to c o n n e c t t h e p r e s e n c e of J e w s a t S o f i a n a w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e for g l a s s - m a k i n g t h e r e , b u t t h e r e is n o t h i n g to s u b s t a n t i a t e this. T h e n a m e of t h e d e c e a s e d m a n is o t h e r w i s e u n k n o w n . BE a n d Solin u n d e r s t a n d i t a s A t i n i u s , a nomen a t t e s t e d i n s o u t h e r n I t a l y (6 e x a m p l e s i n CIL x) a n d R o m e {ILCV 3 7 9 6 , IG x i v 1437). T h e n a m e s A t t i n a s {IGUR 1562, w h e r e t h e l a s t l e t t e r s a r e r e s t o r e d - i t is t h e p a t r o n y m i c of a s c u l p t o r from A p h r o d i s i a s ; 3 e x a m p l e s i n F r a s e r & M a t t h e w s , s.v.) a n d A t t i n u s {ILCV 2 3 7 7 n o t e ) a r e a l s o k n o w n , - K ; for -(i)us a s t h e e n d i n g of a L a t i n n a m e o c c u r s i n s e v e r a l Sicilian C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s (Agnello (1952), n o s . 5 3 , 61(?), 6 3 ) ; cf. n o . l 3 , above. T h e t h i r d l e t t e r of t h e second w o r d h a s u s u a l l y b e e n r e a d as sigma, b u t a s i t is l u n a t e w h i l e t h e o t h e r sigmas a r e s q u a r e , i t s e e m s m o r e l i k e l y t h a t i t is epsilon w i t h t h e m i d d l e h o r i z o n t a l b a r o m i t t e d ; t h e o t h e r epsilon of t h e word is l u n a t e . I n a n y c a s e t h e r e is a n o m i s s i o n of o n e l e t t e r . T h e title of p r e s b y t e r ('elder') i s t h e only one a t t e s t e d i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s of Sicily; cf. n o . 7 5 . N e u t s c h ' s 210
SICILY A N D MALTA a t t r i b u t i o n of t h e m i s s p e l h n g t o H e b r e w p r o n u n c i a t i o n h a s n o foundation, since a C h r i s t i a n e p i t a p h from S y r a c u s e also b e g i n s t h e w o r d w i t h beta: IGCVO 3 0 9 [...Jiot; ppeop[oxepoQ]. A n o t h e r S y r a c u s e i n s c r i p t i o n , IGCVO 3 0 8 , r e a d s jipeopfuxepoq (sic) Adpcrn. N u m e r o u s e x a m p l e s of pp for Tcp i n w o r d s h k e xcpo a n d Axx^Ttpoxaxoq a r e n o t e d b y G i g n a c (1976), p p . 8 3 - 4 .
1 5 8 : Sofiana: 4 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . Gela, M u s e o archeologico. I n c o m p l e t e s a n d s t o n e s l a b b r o k e n i n t o four pieces, 7 - 8 . 5 cm. t h i c k . L e t t e r forms: K 0 C . T e x t follows L. B o n o m i (1964), p . 177. f l]oa)5aq
Sapaxi
11.2-3: Bonomi suggests IaPav|ot(; as an alternative reading
Judas Sabatias. L. Bonomi (1964), pp.177-9, 207, 218-9, fig.9 (photograph; from the stone); H. SoUn (1983), p.747 no.lO. A Messina (1981), p.210.
T h i s s l a b w a s f o u n d d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s of t h e b a t h complex a t Sofiana, r e u s e d i n r o o m I V a s covering for t h e praefurnium. Its o r i g i n a l u s e w a s p r o b a b l y t o cover a n i n d i v i d u a l t o m b . T h e b u i l d i n g is d a t e d t o t h e e a r l y 4 t h c e n t u r y , b u t t h e ealdarium w a s turned into a s m a l l c h u r c h a t t h e e n d of t h e c e n t u r y , a n d t h e r e s t of t h e b a t h s s e e m t o h a v e b e e n p u t t o o t h e r u s e s . T h e t o m b s t o n e is likely to h a v e b e e n u s e d for r e p a i r s w h i l e t h e b a t h s w e r e still f u n c t i o n i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e t o d a t e from t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y or earlier, a l t h o u g h i t s u s e a s p a r t of l a t e r a l t e r a t i o n s c a n n o t b e excluded. T h e l e t t e r i n g of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n h a s n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n w i t h n o . 157 above. Bonomi w a s u n s u r e w h e t h e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e e n d of 1.2 a s N or TI. T h e r e s t o r a t i o n of 1.1 a s J u d a s s e e m s s e c u r e ( a l t h o u g h t h e r o u n d e d form of t h e delta is u n u s u a l ) , a n d t h i s is t h e r e a s o n for identifying t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a s J e w i s h ( s e e n o . l l ) . I t is n o t c e r t a i n t h a t 1.2 is c o m p l e t e , a s t h e final v e r t i c a l hasta is a t t h e edge. ' S a b b a t h ' n a m e s , 211
SICILY A N D MALTA of w h i c h t h i s i s h k e l y t o b e o n e , a r e g i v e n a v a r i e t y of spellings in i n s c r i p t i o n s (cf. n o . 8 5 ) , e.g. Zapdrnq ( C / J 3 9 1 ) , laJ^anc, (394), la^axMc, (395), a s w e l l a s t h e f o r m s w i t h -pp- a n d -|ip-; cf. JIGRE no.58. No S i c i l i a n J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s u s e p a t r o n y m i c s , a n d S a b a t i a s (if t h a t is t h e c o r r e c t r e a d i n g ) i s likely t o b e J u d a s ' b y - n a m e (cf. n o . 151). T h e a l t e r n a t i v e r e a d i n g S a b a n a s w o u l d g i v e a n a m e u n k n o w n i n G r e e k or Hebrew. Double n a m e s used by J e w s in Egypt a n d elsewhere are d i s c u s s e d i n JIGRE, n o . 6 .
1 5 9 : S o f i a n a (?): 3 r d - 5 t h c e n t u r y . A m u l e t ; G r e e k a n d t r a n s l i t e r a t e d Hebrew. S y r a c u s e , M u s e o archeologico r e g i o n a l e P a o l o O r s i ; i n v . n o . 8 2 0 7 1 . B r o n z e s h e e t , 9.5 x 3 c m . ; l e t t e r s 0.2 c m . T e x t follows S. S c i a c c a (1982-3), w i t h n e w r e s t o r a t i o n i n 1.11. AEXKO) l a AiKcov l a EaKa[ - - ]
aeapa l a MixafjX l a FaPpifiX
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212
SICILY AND MALTA ...thiel, l A G i b i t i b a , lA Chrouth... , LA S e r a p h i m m e s h a r e t h i m (?), l A A r p h e l l i m , l A M a o n , l A R a ( k i a ? ) Z e b u l , l A A r p h e l l i e m , l A S e t n (?) A r t e m i s , flee f r o m J u d a a n d from every evil ... i n t h e glory of t h e h o l y God .... S a b a o t h , Michael, Gabriel, a e b a c h a pen... abadi a u a n a b r a s a x , g u a r d T h y b e s w h o is b e a r i n g , J u d a , y o u r h o l y l a w .... a b r s a x S a b a o t h , s e a l s u p o n A d o n a i (?), a a b a m , Ailoai .... M i c h a e l .... Tibioth, S e r b i t , S e t i (?) .... S. Sciacca (1980-1), pp,459-63, tavJCSVII (photograph; from the original); SEG
31
(1981), pp.210-11 no.844 (follows Sciacca 1980-1); S. Sciacca (1982-3), pp.87-104, tav.X (photograph; from the original); SEG 33 (1983), p.219 no.754 (follows Sciacca 1983). R.J.A. Wilson (1990), pp.310-1.
T h i s a m u l e t w a s a c q u i r e d b y t h e S y r a c u s e m u s e u m i n 1978 a n d p r o b a b l y found in t h e S o f i a n a a r e a ; i t is i n t h e f o r m of a t e x t w r i t t e n o n a b r o n z e s h e e t , t o b e rolled u p a n d k e p t i n a c o n t a i n e r , p r e s u m a b l y h i m g r o u n d t h e n e c k . S e v e r a l a m u l e t s f r o m Sicily u s e H e b r e w - b a s e d d i v i n e n a m e s l i k e l a o a n d A d o n a i w i t h t h o s e of p a g a n d e i t i e s , a n d i n d i c a t e n o d i r e c t J e w i s h influence (cf. n o . 156, a b o v e ) . H e r e , h o w e v e r , a s Sciacca s h o w s , m a n y definitely H e b r e w n a m e s of a n g e l s a n d h e a v e n l y p o w e r s a r e foimd i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r w o r d s w h i c h a r e p r o b a b l y t r a n s l i t e r a t e d H e b r e w , a n d r e f e r e n c e s to J u d a a n d t h e l a w . P r o b a b l y , t h e r e f o r e , t h i s is a G r e e k a m u l e t of J e w i s h a u t h o r s h i p . C f n o . 156 o n c o m p a r a b l e H e b r e w a n d A r a m a i c a m u l e t s . M a n y of Sciacca's i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a r e a c c e p t e d b e l o w , b u t s o m e t i m e s o t h e r e v i d e n c e is n o t e d a n d n e w s u g g e s t i o n s a r e m a d e . P . S . A l e x a n d e r ( r e v i s e d S c h u r e r iii.i, p p . 3 5 7 - 6 1 ) s u r v e y s G r e e k a m u l e t s which h e r e g a r d s as probably Jewish. Nos.227-8, below, a n d t h e P h y l a c t e r y of M o s e s from P a l a z z o l o A c r e i d e u s e s o m e of t h e d i v i n e n a m e s found h e r e b u t n o a n g e l i c n a m e s . CIJ 1448 h a s a n g e h c b u t n o t divine n a m e s ; ibid.802 h a s d i v i n e n a m e s a n d M o s e s ' n a m e . Angelic a n d divine n a m e s a r e combined, as h e r e , in ibid.717, 724, 8 4 9 . T h e i n s p i r a t i o n of all t h e s e i s u l t i m a t e l y J e w i s h , b u t n o s . 2 2 7 - 8 , b e l o w , a n d CIJ 1448 a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y of d i r e c t J e w i s h a u t h o r s h i p ; c f JIGRE 136. I n t h i s t e x t , a n g e l i c , h e a v e n l y a n d d i v i n e p o w e r s a r e i n v o k e d to p u t evil influences ( n o t a b l y t h a t of A r t e m i s ) to flight, a p r a c t i c e i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e T e s t a m e n t of Solomon. 1. AiKCJV could
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SICILY AND MALTA o p p r e s s i o n , b u t t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s b y S c i a c c a a r e d o u b t f u l . T h e r e is p e r h a p s a possibility, w h i c h h e does n o t n o t e , t h a t i t is a f o r m of t h e G r e e k Alien, 'right', l a , d e r i v e d from H e b r e w d i v i n e n a m e rr*, w a s often used in magical formulae. 2 - 6 . T h e four r e g u l a r a r c h a n g e l i c n a m e s M i c h a e l , G a b r i e l , R a p h a e l a n d U r i e l (cf. CIJ 717, 7 2 4 , 1448; I E n o c h i x 1, etc.) a r e i n t e r r u p t e d b y 'lel' ( p e r h a p s also i n 717 1.27, a s S c i a c c a n o t e s ) . T h i s w a s p e r h a p s c r e a t e d o r i g i n a l l y b y i s o l a t i o n of t h e e n d i n g of m a n y a n g e l i c n a m e s , b u t occurs i n t h e LXX a s t h e e q u i v a l e n t of J e h i e l . E i h e l p r o b a b l y c o r r e s p o n d s to H e b r e w b\k ( m y God, G o d ) ; cf. 717 1.23. T e d c h i e l m a y b e a f o r m of Z a d k i e l ; cf. T h e l c h i e l i n 717 1.27. U n i e l m a y o r i g i n a t e i n a c o r r u p t i o n of U r i e l . I s t r a e l o c c u r s i n t h e A k h m i m G r e e k t e x t of I E n o c h x 1 (cf PGM x x x v i 3 1 1 ) . P h o n i p h n a e l is p r o b a b l y a f o r m of P h a n u e l , w h o r e p l a c e s U r i e l i n e.g. I E n o c h xl 9, i n f l u e n c e d b y O p h a n n i e l , f o u n d i n H e b r e w m y s t i c a l t e x t s (III E n o c h xiv 4, etc.). 0 t h m a y b e a n o t h e r i s o l a t e d w o r d e n d i n g , b u t H e b r e w 'oth c a n signify b o t h ' l e t t e r of t h e a l p h a b e t ' a n d ' m i r a c l e ' . T i b a o t h / T i b i o t h (cf. 1.30) is p r o b a b l y a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m of S a b a o t h , a n e s t a b l i s h e d G r e e k form. 9. yi^iu^a m i g h t b e a t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n of naji nnna, ' s u b l i m e a r k ' , a s S c i a c c a t e n t a t i v e l y s u g g e s t s . I t is e q u a l l y p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e l a s t t w o syllables a r e from t h e n a m e T i b a o t h . C h r o u t h i s p e r h a p s C h a r o u t h , o n e of a l i s t of n i n e a n g e l i c n a m e s i n t h e G o s p e l ( Q u e s t i o n s ) of B a r t h o l o m e w , iv 4 7 . 10. nawpGcon p r o b a b l y c o r r e s p o n d s to D^inoD, ' m i n i s t e r i n g (angels)', a s Sciacca suggests; p e r h a p s a s e p a r a t e class alongside cherubim, s e r a p h i m , etc., a s i n I I I E n o c h vii ( H e b r e w ) . 1 1 - 1 2 . M a o n a n d Z e b u l clearly c o r r e s p o n d t o t w o of t h e H e b r e w n a m e s of t h e s e v e n h e a v e n s (cf. b H a g i g a h 12b), so t h e n a m e of a n o t h e r h e a v e n 'PaKia is a likely r e s t o r a t i o n a t t h e e n d of 1.11. A r p h e l l i m / A r p h e l i e m p r o b a b l y d e r i v e s f r o m H e b r e w A r a p h e l ('cloud', 'lower sky'), Grod's d w e l l i n g p l a c e i n e.g. E x . x x 18, I K i n g s viii 12. T h e a n g e l i c n a m e A r a p h i e l ( A r a a p h in JIGRE 136) w a s p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d . T h e p l u r a l , w h i c h t h e e n d i n g -im h e r e s e e m s t o reflect, occurs i n t h e A m i d a h of t h e A d d i t i o n a l S e r v i c e for N e w Y e a r , i n a c l a u s e from t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e S h o p h a r o t h , ' t h o u w a s t r e v e a l e d u n t o t h e m i n clouds of p u r i t y ' (nno '"^ani;, cf. E x o d . x x i v 10). T h e l e t t e r s ZeT m a y b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n god S e t ; cf. 1.31. 13. Sciacca
suggests
t h a t A r t e m i s is t h e 214
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SICILY AND MALTA i n v o k e d , b u t t h e e n s u i n g c o m m a n d is m o r e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d if s h e is t a k e n a s t h e evil s p i r i t a d d r e s s e d : ' A r t e m i s , flee 14. louda Zizahou is a formula to drive away a demon in T e s t . S o l . xviii 2 1 , a n d m a g i c a l u s e of t h e n a m e J u d a m a y h a v e b e e n e n c o u r a g e d b y J u d a h ' s r o d or s c e p t r e ( G e n . xxxviii 18, xlix 10) w h i c h w a s l a t e r identified w i t h Aaron's rod a n d t h e Israelite royal sceptre ( N u m . R . xviii 2 3 ) . T h e p a r t i a l l y l o s t w o r d s h o u l d p e r h a p s b e u n d e r s t o o d a s 7covepe[i)(;] for 7covnp6;. T h e r e i s fairly intelligible G r e e k i n 11.12-14, 2 1 - 2 2 , 2 5 , b u t m u c h confusion of c a s e s . 16. T h e t r i p l e IT m a y h a v e b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e t e t r a g r a m i n t h e form n i H I ; c f HI i n 1.31, a n d JIGRE 136. 1 7 - 2 0 . IGpoq m a y b e t h e n a m e of M o s e s ' f a t h e r - i n - l a w J e t h r o , a s Sciacca t h i n k s , b u t h e r e t h e c o n t e x t is o b s c u r e a n d t h e s u g g e s t i o n s e e m s n o m o r e t h a n possible. ^CDOG, vKovnepa, oepogccx, apaSi, avocv, aapOM, (1.26) s e e m t o b e m a g i c a l n a m e s a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s of l e t t e r s , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e H e b r e w w o r d s s u g g e s t e d b y S c i a c c a ( 1 9 8 2 - 3 , p p . 9 9 - 1 0 0 ) : m\, m s D ( v e r b i n P u ' a l ) , "jinn, n i i ) , pi), Dan». T h e n a m e T h y b e s does n o t s e e m t o b e o t h e r w i s e a t t e s t e d , a s Sciacca notes. 3 1 . oeppi6 s e e m s t o c o r r e s p o n d t o D*aniD, s c e p t r e , found i n E s t h e r (iv 1 1 , etc.) a n d po s t - b i b l i cal H e b r e w for oaiD, t h e w o r d u s e d for J u d a h ' s s c e p t r e a t G e n . xlix 10. T h e r o d of M o s e s b e c o m e s a h e a v e n l y sign r e m i n d i n g G o d t o b e merciful i n P s e u d o - P h i l o ' s B i b h c a l A n t i q u i t i e s (xix 12), a n d t h e l i k e n e s s of a staff CjpQ) a p p e a r s i n h e a v e n a s t h e sign of God's m e r c y t o r e s t r a i n t h e d e s t r o y i n g a n g e l s i n I I I E n o c h (xxxi 2). H e r e s o m e s u c h s e n s e is p r o b a b l y i n m i n d ; c o n t r a s t t h e o t h e r w i s e c o m p a r a b l e u s e of pdpSot;, ' S c e p t r e ' , a s t h e n a m e of a n evil s p i r i t i n T e s t . Sol. x 4 .
1 6 0 ( P l a t e X X I I ; CIJ 6 5 4 a ) : Agrigento (Agrigentum), Grotta di F r a g a p a n e catacomb: 4 t h - 5 t h century. Epitaph; Greek. A g r i g e n t o , M u s e o r e g i o n a l e archeologico. T h r e e m a r b l e f r a g m e n t s t o t a l l i n g 3 6 x 3 1 x 4.8 c m , b r o k e n o n b o t h s i d e s ; l e t t e r s 4.2 c m . L e t t e r f o r m s : 6 C; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. S o m e word-dividers. T e x t follows P . Griffo (1987); n o t a l l h i s r e s t o r a t i o n s a r e a d o p t e d .
215
SICILY AND MALTA
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H e r e r e s t i n p e a c e , r e m e m b e r e d for good, t h e t h r e e c h i l d r e n of L o r d P a r a g o r i u s , g r a n d c h i l d ( r e n ) of t h e l a t e L o r d S a p a u d u s ; t h a t is J u s t u s , M a t r o n a a n d D u l c i o r e l l a . T h e y lived: J u s t u s 30 y e a r s , M a t r o n a 2 0 y e a r s , D u l c i o r e l l a 9 y e a r s . P e a c e u p o n I s r a e l . T h e y d i e d i n t h e s e c o n d y e a r of Lord Egica the king. M. Toumal (1847), p.86 no.408 (from the stone); E. le Blant & E. Renan (1860), p.348 n.2 (from the stone); M. Tovunal (1864), pp.44-6 no.l96 (facsimile; from the stone); E. le Blant (1865), p.476 no.621, pl.LXXXVI fig.511 (facsimile; from the stone); D. Chwolson (1882), cols.178-9 no.33 (facsimile; follows le Blant); Th. Reinach (1889a), pp.75-83 (photograph of cast); F. Fita (1889), pp.603-4 (follows Reinach); E. Barry (1893), pp.379-380 no.l291 (from the stone); S. de Ricci (1905), p.475; J. Oehler (1909), p.450 no.219 (follows le Blant & Renan); J. Juster (1913), pp.316-7 n.8; H. Leclerq (1928), cols.222-4, fig.6385 (facsimile; follows Reinach); CIJ i (1936), pp.481-2 no.670 (photograph; from the stone); S. Katz (1937), pp.62, 80, 148-152 (photograph; from le Blant and Reinach); E. Salin (1949), pp.282-4, fig.72 (facsimile; follows le Blant and Reinach); B. Blumenkranz (1971a), cols.827-8 (photograph); M. Chalon (1974), pp.39-53
263
GAUL (photograph; from the stone); Juifs etjudaXsme en Languedoc (1977), pl.2 (photograph); A.M. Rabello (1983), pp.121-3; (1985), pp.666-670 no.l2 (follows CIJ). D. Chwolson (1865), p.83; F. Lenormant (1872), p.274; F. Fita (1882-3), p.203; C. JulUan (1890), p.l08; H. Gross (1897), pp.403-4; M. Schwab (1904), pp.169-173 no.l; J. Juster (1914), p. 184 n.l3; D.S. Blondheim (1925), p.CXXXI; E. Goodenough, Jewish symbols ii (1953), p.59 n.73; V. Colomi (1964), p.21; E.A. Thompson (1969), p.248; P.D. King (1972), pp.170 n.l, 198; B. Blumenkranz (1974), pp.230-1; J. Gil (1977), p.l6; E. James (1980), p.224.
T h e r e is H t e r a r y e v i d e n c e of a s i g n i f i c a n t J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y a t N a r b o n n e in t h e 5 t h - 6 t h c e n t u r i e s . A J e w n a m e d Gozolas, w h o w a s a cHent of M a g n u s FeHx of N a r b o n n e , w a s t h e b e a r e r of two l e t t e r s f r o m S i d o n i u s A p o l l i n a r i s (Ep. iii 4 , iv 5). T h e coimcil of N a r b o n n e of 5 8 9 (CCSL C X L V I I I a , p p . 2 5 4 - 5 ) r e q u i r e d all ' G o t h s , R o m a n s , S y r i a n s , G r e e k s a n d J e w s ' to r e f r a i n f r o m w o r k on S u n d a y s , a n d f o r b a d e J e w s from s i n g i n g p s a l m s a t f u n e r a l s . G r e g . M . , Ep. vii 2 1 (597), r e f e r s to four C h r i s t i a n s w h o h a d b e e n r e d e e m e d from captivity by some J e w s who now held t h e m in slavery a t Narbonne. T h e city p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a r e v o l t a g a i n s t K i n g W a m b a i n 6 7 3 . T h e J e w s w e r e e x p e l l e d w h e n i t w a s r e c a p t u r e d , b u t w e r e l a t e r allowed t o r e t u r n ( B a c h r a c h (1973), p p . 1 6 , 2 6 ) . A r c h b i s h o p J u l i a n of Toledo ( l a t e 7 t h - c e n t u r y ) c o n d e n m e d N a r b o n n e for b e i n g too w e l c o m i n g to J e w s ( C h a l o n , p . 3 9 ) . E g i c a i n t r o d u c e d d r a s t i c a n t i - J e w i s h legislation i n 6 9 3 (MGH, Leg.Vis. i, p p . 4 8 1 - 3 ) , b u t i n 6 9 4 (ibid., p.484), h e specifically a l l o w e d J e w s to c o n t i n u e l i v i n g i n t h e Gallic provinces, w h i c h h a d b e e n d e v a s t a t e d b y i n v a s i o n a n d plaga inguinalis. N a r b o n n e w a s held by t h e S a r a c e n s from 7 1 9 - 7 5 9 , a n d then c o n q u e r e d b y t h e F r a n k s , w h o g a v e p r i v i l e g e s to t h e J e w s which e n a b l e d t h e c o m m u n i t y to flourish - t h e r e w e r e 3 0 0 J e w s t h e r e w h e n B e n j a m i n of T u d e l a v i s i t e d i n t h e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y . E g i c a b e c a m e k i n g on 2 4 t h N o v . 6 8 7 , so t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is d a t e d t o b e t w e e n N o v . 6 8 8 a n d N o v . 6 9 9 . T h e r e is n o i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h e r e t h e s t o n e w a s found. P a r t of t h e city ( n o w t h e a r e a a r o u n d t h e s t a t i o n ) w a s k n o w n a s M o n s J u d a i c u s b y 9 1 4 , b u t t h e r e is no e v i d e n c e ( a l t h o u g h it h a s g e n e r a l l y b e e n t h o u g h t likely) t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n c a m e from t h e r e . I t w a s g i v e n t o t h e m u s e u m b y F. Figeac, who previously h a d it in his courtyard. 1-2. T h e f o r m u l a hie requiescit in pace bone memorie occurs in a n u m b e r of C h r i s t i a n e p i t a p h s of s i m i l a r d a t e from N a r b o n n e 264
GAUL ( T o u r n a l (1864), n o s . 197, 199, 2 0 1 - 2 , 2 0 4 ) , b u t benememori(us) was t h e p r e f e r r e d form for J e w s (see n o . l ) . 3. T h e letter G in Paragori h a s a n i m u s u a l form which Chalon d e s c r i b e s a s s e m i - u n c i a l . P a r e g o r i u s (sic, c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o M e n a h e m ) w a s t h e n a m e of a n 1 1 t h - c e n t u r y r a b b i a c t i v e i n F r a n c e a n d S p a i n . T h e t i t l e of Dominus g i v e n to P a r a g o r i u s a n d h i s f a t h e r i n t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is t h e s a m e a s t h a t g i v e n to t h e k i n g i n 1.10. I t w a s s t a n d a r d for V i s i g o t h i c k i n g s (cf ILCV iii, p . 2 8 0 ) a n d for C h r i s t i a n d i g n i t a r i e s (ibid., p . 3 4 4 ) ; i t could also b e u s e d w i t h t e r m s of r e l a t i o n s h i p , a n d occasionally (as h e r e ) to dignify p e o p l e w h o s e e x a c t s t a t u s is u n c l e a r (ibid., p . 5 1 7 ) . 4 - 5 . T h e e x p r e s s i o n de filio eondam (for quondam) i s a w a y of s a y i n g ' g r a n d s o n of. According to C h a l o n , i t c a m e i n t o u s e t o avoid confusion w i t h nepos for 'nephew*. A n i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m N a r b o n n e d a t e d to 4 4 5 (ILCV 1806) u s i n g de sorore nepus s u g g e s t s h o w t h e p h r a s e would h a v e o r i g i n a t e d (as de filio filius). T h e u s e of quondam for ' l a t e ' after filius a l s o occurs in, e.g., ILCV 3 5 4 9 ( C a p u a , a l s o s p e l l e d eondam), 1808 (Aries, eonda), 1205 ( C a p u a ) . T h e n a m e S a p a u d u s occurs only i n G a u l , a n d is k n o w n i n t h e V i e n n e r e g i o n from t h e 5th century. 5 - 9 . T h e r e is a difference of 2 1 y e a r s b e t w e e n t h e a g e s of t h e o l d e s t a n d y o u n g e s t c h i l d r e n . T h e d e a t h s of t h r e e m e m b e r s of o n e family in t h e s a m e year encouraged some writers to speculate t h a t it w a s d u e to p e r s e c u t i o n , b u t if a specific e x p l a n a t i o n i s n e e d e d , i t is m u c h m o r e likely to b e t h e i n v a s i o n s a n d p l a g u e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . T h e u n u s u a l n a m e Dulciorel(l)a, n o t l i s t e d a m o n g d e r i v a t i v e s of duleis b y K a j a n t o (1965), p . 2 8 2 ( a l t h o u g h D u l c i o l a a n d D u l c i o s a a r e r e c o r d e d ) , h a s different s p e l l i n g s for i t s e n d i n g s i n 11.6 a n d 9. I t seems to b e formed from t h e comparative with a d i m i n u t i v e ending. I t m a y h a v e b e e n r e g a r d e d a s a n e q u i v a l e n t of N a o m i ( B l u m e n k r a n z (1960), p.7). 9. T h e final l e t t e r of D'hvi h a s a f o r m closer to a t h a n to D. T h e l e t t e r » w a s o m i t t e d from ' I s r a e l ' . T h i s m a y b e m e r e l y a c o p y i n g e r r o r , b u t F i t a s u g g e s t s t h a t i t could i n d i c a t e p r o n u n c i a t i o n , s i n c e / w a s o m i t t e d fi-om Israhel in a 7th-century biblical m s . from Leon, a n d Spania w i t h o u t t h e p r e c e d i n g Hi- occurs i n a n u m b e r of inscriptions. 1 0 - 1 1 . T h e s e l i n e s w e r e a d d e d in a n o t h e r h a n d , u s i n g a n u m b e r of different l e t t e r f o r m s . I t w a s a p p a r e n t l y t h e s a m e s t o n e - c u t t e r w h o 265
GAUL c o r r e c t e d requiescant to requiescunt i n 1.1, s i n c e t h e V w r i t t e n over e r a s e d A h a s t h e s a m e form a s i n 11.10-11. T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n s h o w s c o n s i d e r a b l e s i m i l a r i t i e s to CIL xii 2033 from S a i n t e - C o l o m b e : 'Ego p a t e r V i t a l i n u s e t m a t e r M a r t i n a s c r i p s i m u s n o n g r a n d e m g l o r i a m s e d d o l u m filiorum. t r e s filios in d i e b u s XXVII h i e p o s u i m u s . S a p a u d u m f i l i u m q u i v i x i t a n n o s VII et dies XXVI. R u s t i c a m filiam q u i v i x i t a n n o s I I I I e t d i e s XX. E t R u s t i c u l a filia q u i vixit a n n o s III e t d i e s XXXIII.' S o m e w r i t e r s (e.g. K a t z , p p . 151-2) h a v e r a i s e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s could b e J e w i s h too, b u t i n f a c t t h e r e is n o J e w i s h c o n t e n t a t all.
1 9 0 (CIJ 6 6 7 ) : A v i g n o n (?): 4 t h c e n t u r y or l a t e r . B r o n z e s e a l ; L a t i n . Avignon, M u s e e Calvet; inv.no.J371. R e c t a n g u l a r face, 2.5 x 3.5 cm. L e t t e r f o r m : A. L e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows CIJ. lanuiarius) Januarius. There is a menorah flanked by two ethrogs in the middle of the face. R. Garrucci (1880), p.l66, tav.491 no.l6 (facsimile; from the original); CIJ i (1936), pp.478-9 no.667 (facsimile; follows Garrucci); B. Blumenkranz (1965-6), p.3 no.2.1.2, fig.4; (1969), pp.165-7, 174, fig.3; (1971b), pp.63-4, fig.2 (photograph; from the original). H. Chalon (1974), p.43; B. Blumenkranz (1974), p.231; H. Solin (1983), p.753.
T h i s s e a l w a s i n t h e collection f o r m e d b y D r C a l v e t a t A v i g n o n i n t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y , b u t t h e r e is n o i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t i t s p r o v e n a n c e , a n d objects i n t h e collection c a m e from a s f a r afield a s ^ l e s a n d V i e n n e ( H . M a r r o u a p . B l u m e n k r a n z (1969), p . 174). T h e l e t t e r s a r e i n t h e four c o r n e r s of t h e s e a l , a n d w o u l d m a k e t h e i m p r e s s i o n lANV if r e a d from t o p left, l i n e b y l i n e , t o b o t t o m r i g h t , w i t h J e w i s h s y m b o l s b e t w e e n t h e l e t t e r s . T h i s w a s t a k e n by F r e y a s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n for t h e n a m e lanuarius. Blumenkranz p r o p o s e d i n s t e a d to r e a d from top r i g h t , c o l u m n b y c o l u m n , t o b o t t o m left, g i v i n g t h e r e a d i n g AVIN for Avinionensis, s h o w i n g t h a t t h e seal b e l o n g e d to t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of A v i g n o n (cf. id. (1965-6) n o s . 2 . 1 . 1 a n d 2 . 1 . 3 , c o m m u n a l s e a l s for t h e J e w s of A n g o u l e m e a n d
266
GAUL O r g o n ) . I t s e e m s r a t h e r p e r v e r s e to r e a d t h e L a t i n i n t h i s w a y , h o w e v e r , a n d B l u m e n k r a n z ' objection t h a t J a n u a r i u s is n o t a n a m e k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n i n J e w i s h u s e is i n c o r r e c t (no. 1 0 1 , a b o v e ) . M a r r o u ' s suggestion t h a t t h e vowels were inverted and t h a t t h e l e t t e r s s h o u l d b e r e a d as IVNA for J o n a s e e m s e v e n m o r e superfluous. T h e r e is n o evidence for d a t i n g e x c e p t t h e l e t t e r i n g . R o b e r t M a r i c h a l , q u o t e d by B l i m i e n k r a n z (1969), r e g a r d s i t a s no l a t e r t h a n 4 t h - c e n t u r y . T h e u s e of L a t i n r a t h e r t h a n H e b r e w on a p r i v a t e s e a l p r o v i d e s s o m e s u p p o r t for a r e l a t i v e l y e a r l y d a t e . T h e r e is o t h e r e v i d e n c e of J e w s i n t h e Avignon a r e a d u r i n g t h e R o m a n p e r i o d . A l a m p of l a t e 4 t h / e a r l y 5 t h - c e n t u r y t y p e w a s f o u n d i n 1 9 6 3 i n t h e r e m a i n s of a p o t t e r ' s w o r k s h o p a t B a g n o l s - s u r - C e z e , n o r t h - w e s t of A v i g n o n ( B l u m e n k r a n z (1969), p p . 164-5): t h e m e n o r a h h a s s q u a r e branches a n d a tripod. A n o t h e r l a m p which m a y be l a t e I s t - c e n t u r y w a s found a t O r g o n , s o u t h - e a s t of Avignon (ibid., p p . 1702); i t s e e m s to h a v e a d e c o r a t i o n of t w o m e n o r a h s o p p o s i t e e a c h o t h e r . A n i n s c r i p t i o n f o u n d n e a r P e r t u i s on t h e R i v e r D u r a n c e ( e a s t of A v i g n o n ) w a s t h o u g h t b y s o m e w r i t e r s to s h o w a 3 r d - c e n t u r y J e w i s h p r e s e n c e t h r o u g h a r e f e r e n c e to s o m e o n e a sicariis et ludaeis ... confossus, b u t i t w a s s h o w n b y t h e e d i t o r s of CIL xi (no. 146*) t o b e a forgery.
1 9 1 ( P l a t e X X X I I ; CIJ 6 7 1 ) : A u c h ( E l i m b e r r i s ) : 7 t h - 8 t h c e n t u r y (?). D o n a t i o n a n d blessing; Latin a n d Hebrew. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Musee des antiquites nationales; inv.no.20320. G u i d e - l i n e s b e n e a t h 11.1-5. L e t t e r f o r m s : A A f 6 *1. S e n t e n c e - d i v i d e r ( v e r t i c a l l i n e ) i n 1.3. T e x t follows p h o t o g r a p h of S. K a t z (1937). in Dei
nomine
s{an)c{t)o.
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esto c[u]m ipso, ocoli | invidiosi lona fecet.
I
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de D{e)i |
donum
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crepen.
(shofar) ( m e n o r a h ) (lulab)
267
GAUL s(an)c(t)o (1.1): Schwabe sia)c(r)o; Katz s(an)cti peleger (1.2): de Saulcy Peleser; Canute, Kaufmann, CIJ pelester qui ic (1.2): Schwab quii(s)c(at) ocoli (1.3): CIJ oculi; de Saulcy locoli; Can^to o coeli crepen (1.4): CREPEN on the stone de D{e)i (1.4): de Saulcy, Reinach (1889), Leclerq dedit; Lsirocque
dedi{catum)
I n t h e h o l y n a m e of God. T h e f o r e i g n e r (?) w h o c o m e s (?) h e r e , m a y G o d b e w i t h h i m . M a y e n v i o u s eyes b u r s t . F r o m t h e gifts of God, J o n a m a d e ( t h i s ) . P e a c e . Abb6 Can^to (1870), pp.146-7 (facsimile; from the stone); (1875a) [not seen]; (1875b) [not seen]; P. Dulac (1875), pp.410-3 [not seen]; E. le Blant (1889), pp.432-7 (facsimile); Th. Reinach (1889b), pp.219-223 (photograph); (1890), pp.30-33; F. Fita (1890a), p.320 (follows Reinach 1889b); D. Kaufmann (1890), pp.29-30; E. le Blant (1892), pp.319-324 no.292 (facsimile); M. Schwab (1892), pp. 159-60; (1904), pp. 174-184 (from Reinach); H. Leclerq (1928), cols.224-7, fig.6385bis (facsimile; follows Schwab); CIJ i (1936), pp.4823 no.671 (facsunile); i^ (1975), p.58; S. Katz (1937), pp.62, 152-4, pl.V (photograph); L. Robert (1937), pp.80-1; E. Salin (1949), pp.282-4, fig.73 (facsimile; follows Leclerq); L. Robert (1964), p.49 n.3 (follows CIJ); L. Yarden (1971), p.27, pi. 139 (facsimile; follows CIJ). F. de Saulcy (1869), p.l72; C. JulUan (1890), p.l08; E. CSoodenough, Jewish symbols ii (1953), p.59; B. Blumenkranz (1974), pp.230.1.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s f o u n d i n 1869 a t t h e f o r m e r p r i o r y of S a i n t Orens a t Auch in t h e Gers d e p a r t e m e n t , by Abbe Caneto. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l w o r d s a n d of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a s a whole c r e a t e d m u c h d e b a t e d u r i n g t h e following 2 0 y e a r s . T h e main issue was whether it should be regarded as an epitaph or (as K a u f m a n n first p r o p o s e d ) a d o n o r i n s c r i p t i o n . T h e p r i n c i p a l p o i n t i n f a v o u r of i t s b e i n g a n e p i t a p h w a s t h a t Di"?© a n d t h e symbols i n 1.6 a r e o n l y f o i m d i n e p i t a p h s . H o w e v e r , i n v i e w of t h e e x t r e m e s c a r c i t y of J e w i s h d o n o r i n s c r i p t i o n s from W e s t e r n E u r o p e , t h i s is a very weak a r g u m e n t . K a u f m a n n suggested t h a t t h e inscription came f r o m t h e m i d d l e of a m o s a i c floor m a d e for B e n n i d b y J o n a ; h e r a t h e r i m p l a u s i b l y t o o k pelester ( a s h e u n d e r s t o o d t h e w o r d i n 1.2) a s an a n t e c e d e n t of platre, 'floor'. T h e m o s t n a t u r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n is t h a t a m a n called J o n a g a v e s o m e t h i n g for t h e benefit of p i l g r i m s or f o r e i g n e r s w h o c a m e t o A u c h , a n d a s k e d for a b l e s s i n g on t h e m . H e m a y h a v e b u i l t or r e s t o r e d a s y n a g o g u e , b u t it is 268
GAUL p e r h a p s m o r e Hkely i n v i e w of t h e w o r d i n g t h a t h e p r o v i d e d a c c o m m o d a t i o n for v i s i t o r s (cf. CIJ 1404 from J e r u s a l e m ) . A p o s s i b l e r e a s o n for such p r o v i s i o n is t h e p r o x i m i t y of A u c h , u n d e r F r a n k i s h control, to t h e Visigothic K i n g d o m , from w h i c h t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n a flow of refugees a f t e r a n t i - J e w i s h l e g i s l a t i o n b e g a n i n 5 8 9 . T h e e a r l i e s t o t h e r evidence for J e w s i n t h e t o w n is from 1296-7 ( R e i n a c h 1889b). A u c h w a s a p l a c e of s o m e i m p o r t a n c e w i t h i t s o w n b i s h o p f r o m t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y , a n d w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a s t h e c a p i t a l of t h e A r m a g n a c region by t h e 8 t h c e n t u r y . 1. T h e a b b r e v i a t e d w o r d a t t h e e n d of t h e l i n e could b e sancto ( e a r l i e r eds.) or sacro ( S c h w a b e , followed b y CIJ i ). S i n c e t h e f o r m e r i s v e r y commonly a b b r e v i a t e d a n d t h e l a t e r v e r y r a r e l y (ILCV iii, p p . 3 9 9 , 403), S c h w a b e ' s e x p a n s i o n s h o u l d b e rejected. 2 . T h e fifth l e t t e r h a s b e e n u n d e r s t o o d b y m o s t e d i t o r s a s a l i g a t u r e of ST. R e i n a c h took pelester a s a form of feliciter. However, t h e l e t t e r is a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h e G of n o . 189 1.3, a n d s h o u l d b e r e a d accordingly (with le B l a n t ) . F o r m s of t h e n o u n a n d n a m e peregrinus w e r e s o m e t i m e s s p e l l e d pel-, e.g. cives Gallus pelegrinus (ILCV 1474C, P i s a u r u m ) , a n d ILCV 4 8 1 3 A from A q u i l e i a is t h e e p i t a p h of Restutus peleger, w h o ' c a m e from Africa t o s e e t h e city* i n t h e 4 t h or 5 t h c e n t u r y . I n C h r i s t i a n u s a g e t h e m e a n i n g 'pilgrim* w a s a d d e d to t h e original 'foreigner'. Bennid could b e a f o r m of venit. b for V is of course v e r y c o m m o n a n d d for final t is well a t t e s t e d , a l t h o u g h nn for n i n t h i s v e r b is m o r e s u r p r i s i n g . Qui ic s e e m s t o r e q u i r e a v e r b i m l e s s i t is a v a r i a t i o n of qui et i n t r o d u c i n g a n a l t e r n a t i v e n a m e . Bennid could b e u n d e r s t o o d a s a n a m e , p e r h a p s a n a b b r e v i a t e d form of s o m e t h i n g like B e n e d i c t u s . A G e r m a n n a m e B e n n i t is k n o w n from a 9 t h - c e n t u r y c h a r t e r ( K a t z , p . 153). T h e r e a r e t h e r e f o r e a n u m b e r of w a y s i n w h i c h t h e l i n e could b e i n t e r p r e t e d : ' P e l e g e r w h o (is called) h e r e B e n n i d ' , ' t h e f o r e i g n e r w h o c o m e s h e r e ' ( w h i c h s e e m s m o s t likely), a n d o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s of t h e v a r i o u s elements. 3 - 4 . T h e n e x t s e n t e n c e is c l e a r , a n d ipso refers to w h o e v e r w a s m e a n t i n 1.2. A v e r t i c a l l i n e a f t e r ipso (in w h i c h S w a s o r i g i n a l l y o m i t t e d a n d w a s w r i t t e n b e l o w t h e o t h e r l e t t e r s ) m a r k s t h e e n d of t h e s e n t e n c e , a n d a n o t h e r b e g i n s w i t h ocoli for oculi, a n d e n d s w i t h t h e l e t t e r s CREPEN. T h i s looks l i k e a f o r m of t h e v e r b crepo, -are/ere. T h i s w a s u s e d b y m e d i e v a l L a t i n w r i t e r s w i t h t h e s e n s e of 'to c r a c k , b u r s t , r u p t u r e ' (Diet, of Medieval Latin from British sources 269
GAUL a n d T L L , s.v.), a n d G r e g . T . , Hist.Fr. i x 34 a n d Mart, ii 4 1 , u s e s it w i t h oculus - i n t h e second e x a m p l e , a m a n ' s eye is s a i d to h a v e b u r s t a f t e r a b e a t i n g . T h e o r i g i n a l t e x t m a y h a v e r e a d crepend de, leading t h e stone-cutter to omit a d by haplography. Reinach derives t h e e x p r e s s i o n from J o b xi 2 0 , ' T h e e y e s of t h e w i c k e d s h a l l fail', b u t t h e L a t i n is a c t u a l l y m o r e v i o l e n t . L e B l a n t t h o u g h t t h e r e w a s a n a l l u s i o n to t h e evil eye, b u t i t is u n n e c e s s a r y t o give t h e s e n t e n c e any such connotations. 4 - 5 . T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n de Dei donum w a s first p r o p o s e d b y le B l a n t . R o b e r t c o m p a r e s t h e f o r m u l a EK T © V 8(opeav toi) 0eoO u s e d a t S a r d i s . T h e b u i l d i n g i n s c r i p t i o n f r o m t h e A e g i n a s y n a g o g u e (CIJ 722) m e n t i o n s a s u m of m o n e y f r o m t h e gifts of God'. V a r i o u s f o r m s of de donis Dei a r e u s e d i n C h r i s t i a n d o n o r i n s c r i p t i o n s (ILCV 1935-41); 1 2 1 (Aquileia, d o n a t i o n of m o s a i c floor) u s e s t h e form de donum Dei. 1 9 3 5 A ( R o m e , c o e m e t e r i u m P o n t i a n i ) h a s de donis Dei Gaudiosus feeit; 1915 ( M a u r e t a n i a , 4 0 8 ) de (donis) d(e)i et Chr(ist)i Umbrius Felix mag. feeit. V e r b s m e a n i n g 'to m a k e ' a r e often f o u n d i n d o n o r i n s c r i p t i o n s i n t h e s e n s e of 'to p a y for' or 'to provide', e.g. JIGRE 13. I t s e e m s t h e r e f o r e t h a t J o n a s h o u l d b e i m d e r s t o o d a s t h e d o n o r of w h a t e v e r t h e inscription refers to, n o t t h e craftsman as K a u f m a n n thought. M o s t e d i t o r s h a v e p u t t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e 7 t h or 8 t h c e n t u r y on paleographic grounds. F i t a (1890) published a Christian i n s c r i p t i o n from A u c h d a t e d t o 5 7 9 w h i c h h e r e g a r d e d as p a l e o g r a p h i c a l l y s i m i l a r . I n fact, t h e r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e s i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e w r i t i n g of no. 189, a n d a d a t e i n t h e 7 t h or e a r l y - 8 t h c e n t u r y s e e m s m o s t likely, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n v i e w of t h e e x p l a n a t i o n for t h e b u i l d i n g s u g g e s t e d above.
1 9 2 (CIJ 6 7 2 ) : B o r d e a u x ( B u r d i g a l a ) : Oth c e n t u r y (?). R i n g ; L a t i n . U n k n o w n (formerly collection of A. d e C h a s t e i g n e r ) . L e t t e r form: A. T e x t follows C. J u l h a n (1890). (menorah)
Aster.
C. Jullian (1890), pp.l03-9 no.939, pl.IV (photograph and facsimile; from the original and information from de Chasteigner); M. Deloche (1890), pp.365-8
270
no.CXXVI
GAUL (facsimile; follows Jullian); E. le Blant (1892), pp.305-6 no.284a (facsimile; follows JulUan); CIL xui.u (1901), p.638 no. 10024.174 (follows JuUian); E. Diehl, ILCV u (1927), p.501 no.4947 (follows CIL); H. Leclenj (1928), col.211 (follows CIL); CIJ i (1936), pp.483-4 no.672 (from de Chasteigner and JulUan); S. Katz (1937), pp.155-6, pl.VI (facsimile; follows JuUian); E. Salin (1949), p.282, fig.71 (facsimile; follows Deloche); B. Blumenkranz (1965-6), p.4 no.2.24.3 (foUows CIJ); (1969), pp.168-9, fig.5 (photograph; follows JulUan); (1971b), pp.64-5, fig.3 (photograph). A. de Chasteigner (1858), p.55; E. le Blant (1865), p.50; M. Schwab (1892), pp. 158-9; J. Juster (1914), p. 185 n.3; R. du Mesnil du Buisson (1937), p. 165 n.l; B. Blumenkranz (1974), p.230.
D e C h a s t e i g n e r gave a report about this ring in 1858, w h e n h e regarded it as Christian and understood the n a m e as Asterius. It was f o u n d i n 1 8 5 4 i n a w o r k m e n ' s t r e n c h i n t h e r u e d e s T r o i s - C o n i l s in B o r d e a u x . A c c o r d i n g to B l u m e n k r a n z (1969), t h e a d j o i n i n g r u e C h e v e r u s w a s k n o w n as rue J u d a i q u e in t h e Middle Ages. Some coins of D i o c l e t i a n w e r e found a t t h e s a m e t i m e , b u t t h e r e s e e m to b e n o g r o u n d s for u s i n g t h e m to d a t e t h e r i n g (contra B l u m e n k r a n z ) . T h e r i n g is s l i g h t l y i r r e g u l a r w i t h a m a x i m u m d i a m e t e r of 2.3 cm., a n d w e i g h s 26 gr. T h e bezel is 1.1 cm. i n d i a m e t e r a n d 0.6 cm. t h i c k . T h e n a m e A s t e r is w r i t t e n as a m o n o g r a m on t h e face of t h e b e z e l a n d i n i n d i v i d u a l l e t t e r s i n relief, e a c h o n e c o n t a i n e d i n a n a r c h , a r o u n d t h e o u t s i d e ; t h i s follows t h e p r a c t i c e m e n t i o n e d b y A v i t u s , E p . l x x v i i i . T h e r e is a five-branched m e n o r a h b e t w e e n t h e A a n d R o n t h e s i d e of t h e bezel, a n d t w o s e v e n - b r a n c h e d m e n o r a h s on t h e b a n d of t h e r i n g , o n e on e a c h side of t h e b e z e l . T h e m o n o g r a m is w r i t t e n to b e legible o n t h e r i n g r a t h e r t h a n for u s e a s a s i g n e t . A gold r i n g f r o m S a s s a r i w i t h t h e n a m e A s t e r (CIL x 8061.6) s h o w s n o s i g n of J e w i s h n e s s . H e r e , h o w e v e r , s i n c e t h e n a m e is t h a t of a J e w , i t is p r o b a b l y t h e l a t i n i z e d form of E s t h e r (cf. no.26). T h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o t r e a t i t a s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n of A s t e r i u s . D a t i n g is only o n stylistic g r o u n d s . A s i m i l a r r i n g d e s c r i b e d b y M . F l e u r y , ' L ' a n n e a u sigillaire d'Aregonde', Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de France (1963), pp.34-42, p r o b a b l y d a t e s from 565-570. T h e r e is a r e f e r e n c e to a J e w of B o r d e a u x i n 6 1 3 ( G r e g T., MGH, Scr.Merov. i, p . 6 4 4 ) , a n d J e w s w e r e b l a m e d for b e t r a y i n g t h e city to t h e N o r m a n s i n 8 4 8 . O t h e r evidence of J e w s i n t h e a r e a is p r o v i d e d b y a l a m p of 3 r d - c e n t u r y t y p e w i t h a m e n o r a h , l u l a b a n d s h o f a r from S a l i g n a c - d e - P o n s , C h a r e n t e - M a r i t i m e ( B l u m e n k r g u i z 1969, p p . 169271
GAUL 171). T h e m e n o r a h h a s r o u n d b r a n c h e s a n d a t r i p o d ; t h e r e a r e 'flames' a t t h e e n d of t h e b r a n c h e s , a n d a p a t t e r n of circles on t h e central stem.
272
APPENDIX 1 INSCRIPTIONS FROM CIJ CONSIDERED MEDIEVAL
1 9 3 {CIJ i 6 2 0 ) : T a r a n t o : Oth c e n t u r y or l a t e r (?). E p i t a p h ; A r a m a i c . T a r a n t o , M u s e o archeologico n a z i o n a l e . T e x t follows H . M . A d l e r (1902).
imp
Ll: CIJ, Colafemmina nap
T o m b of J o s e p h s o n of J o s e p h . H.M. Adler (1902), p . l l l (from the stone); CIJ i (1936), p.444 no.620 (from Adler); C. Colafenmiina (1977), p . l l 3 no.3 (from Adler).
A d l e r r e f e r r e d to r e s e m b l a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n s of T a r a n t o w h i c h h e p u b l i s h e d a n d t h o s e of V e n o s a . F r e y n o t e d t h a t A d l e r a t t r i b u t e d t h i s o n e a n d n o s . 125-6 to t h e s a m e p e r i o d a s V e n o s a . I n fact, t h i s e p i t a p h s h o w s s u b s t a n t i a l differences i n form: t h e u s e of i a i n s t e a d of p (cf. n o s . 198, 200), a n d t h e w o r d u s e d for *tomb* ( a l t h o u g h H e b r e w nnp o c c u r s i n no. 183). T h e s p e l l i n g h e r e w i t h a;aM; is s u r p r i s i n g , a n d i t s e e m s likely t h a t t h e l e t t e r is a c t u a l l y yod, w h i c h would m e a n t h a t t h e w o r d could b e u n d e r s t o o d a s t h e c o n s t r u c t s t a t e of A r a m a i c Although Colafemmina includes t h i s a m o n g 6 t h - 8 t h c e n t u r y i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d t h e u s e of A r a m a i c i n n o s . 3 1 a n d 3 3 s e e m s t o b e 5 t h - 6 t h c e n t u r y , t h e fact t h a t t h e r e is n o L a t i n or G r e e k h e r e ( a s well a s t h e p o i n t s n o t e d above) s u g g e s t s a later date.
1 9 4 (C/7 i 6 3 3 ) : B a r i : 9 t h c e n t u r y o r l a t e r . E p i t a p h (?); H e b r e w . B a r i , M u s e o archeologico. Rectangular plaque, broken in two a n d badly preserved, with frame d e c o r a t e d w i t h c o n c e n t r i c circles. T e x t follows CIJ.
273
APPENDIX 1
»b2
I - las
U. Cassuto (1933), p.l71 [not seen]; CIJ i (1936), pp.451-2 no.633 (follows Cassuto). C. Colafenunina (1983a), p.204; Schurer revised iii.i (1986), p.83 n . l l 9 .
A l t h o u g h five H e b r e w e p i t a p h s w e r e d i s c o v e r e d in t h e 6 t h - 7 t h c e n t u r y J e w i s h h y p o g e u m a t B a r i ( s e e n o . 135), t h e y w e r e r e g a r d e d as 9 t h - c e n t u r y or l a t e r a n d b e l o n g i n g t o t h e n e a r b y o p e n - a i r c e m e t e r y . T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is n o t m e n t i o n e d b y C o l a f e m m i n a (1988b), w h e r e h e g i v e s d e t a i l s of t h e five, b u t i t a p p a r e n t l y b e l o n g s w i t h t h e m d e s p i t e Frey*s a t t e m p t t o c l a i m i t for ' p r o b a b l y t h e s a m e p e r i o d a s t h e e p i t a p h s of Venosa'.
1 9 5 (CIJ i 6 3 4 ) : O r i a : 8 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w a n d L a t i n . O r i a , Biblioteca c o m u n a l e ' D e P a c e - L o m b a r d i ' ; i n v . n o . 2 0 4 0 . L i m e s t o n e c i p p u s 46 c m . h i g h , i n c l u d i n g c y l i n d r i c a l b a s e 19 cm. h i g h a n d s t e l e w i t h s i m k field 2 4 x 1 1 - 9 . 5 c m . H e b r e w i n t h e field; L a t i n o n t o p of s t e l e (14 x 14 cm., l e t t e r s 2 . 0 - 1 . 3 cm.). Guide-lines above e a c h l i n e of l e t t e r i n g ; w o r d - d i v i d e r s ( s o m e t i m e s also u s e d w i t h i n w o r d s ) . L e t t e r f o r m s : A C 9 H *1. T e x t follows C. C o l a f e m m i n a ( 1 9 8 8 a ) , p h o t o g r a p h on p . 6 4 4 .
(A) I naii3
nm
nan
274
APPENDIX 1
(B) ( s h o f a r ) (C) ( m e n o r a h ) (D) ( s h o f a r ) (E) ic requi\escit
D{omi)na
|
[ES] Anna
fili\a
Kebhitis)
Guliu
et ate LVI
ani
ni. {LV7}
noH (A 1.2): CIJ rmn (but n is clear in photograph) njDK (A 1.4): Ascoli, CIJ [n3]iQH n (A 1.8) omitted by Ascoli, CIJ; Colafemmina 'r riebbitis) Guliu (E 1.4): CIJ R C VUV ani\ni LVI (E 11.5-6) omitted by AscoH and CIJ (A) H e r e h e s a p r u d e n t w o m a n , r e a d y i n a l l t h e p r e c e p t s of f a i t h . M a y s h e find m e r c y before G o d , a t t h e a w a k e n i n g of t h e c o i m t l e s s . S h e w h o h a s d i e d is H a n n a h , a g e d 5 6 . ( E ) H e r e r e s t s L a d y A n n a d a u g h t e r of R a b b i J u l i u s ,
aged
56. S. Castromediano (1875), p.54 ((E) only) [not seen]; G.I. Ascoli (1880), pp.82-4 no.38, pi.VI (facsimile; (A) from copies by Tarantini and Fontana; (E) from Castromediano); D. Chwolson (1882), cols. 165-6, no.84 (facsimile; (A) only; follows Ascoli); CIL ix (1883), p.655 no.6151 ((A) fix)m Ascoli, (E) f5rom Castromediano); CIJ i (1936), pp.452-3 no.634 (from Ascoli and photograph by de Laurentis; photograph of (A)); C. Colafenunina (1983a), p.205, pl.11-12; (1988a), pp.641-651 (photographs; from the stone). J. Derenbourg (1881), p.l33; H.P. Chajes (1910), pp.239-240; I. ZoUi (1937), p.634; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; E. Goodenough, Jewish symbols
u (1953), pp.52, 141; G.P.
Bognetti (1954), p.l93 n.l; V. Colomi (1964), p.20 n.lOO; A. MUano (1966), p.415; C. Colafemmina (1973a), p.235 n.7; S. Simonsohn (1974), p.850; C. Colafemmina (1980), pp.200, 216; Schurer revised ui.i (1986), p.83 n . l l 9 ; G. Mayer (1987), pp.96, 99, 103. This
elaborate
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by Archdeacon
Lombardi
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the
1 8 6 0 s o r e a r l y 1 8 7 0 s n e a r t h e c h a p e l of t h e M a d o n n a d e l l e G r a z i e , n o t f a r from w h a t l a t e r p r o v e d to b e t h e s i t e of t h e e a r l y
medieval
J e w i s h c e m e t e r y of O r i a . I t h a s H e b r e w on o n e f a c e , J e w i s h
symbols
275
APPENDIX 1 i n relief i n s i d e f r a m e s o n t h e o t h e r t h r e e , a n d L a t i n on t h e t o p . I t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t e n d e d for a n o p e n - a i r g r a v e . I t is d a t e d b y C o l a f e m m i n a ( 1 9 8 8 a ) a n d C o l o m i t o t h e second h a l f of t h e 8 t h c e n t u r y . P r e y ' s s u g g e s t i o n t h a t i t is no l a t e r t h a n t h e 7 t h c e n t u r y a n d G o o d e n o u g h ' s a t t e m p t t o m a k e it e v e n e a r l i e r a r e n o t c o n v i n c i n g (see below). T h e L a t i n t e x t w a s first p u b l i s h e d b y C a s t r o m e d i a n o a n d t h e H e b r e w b y Ascoli. A f o r g e d v e r s i o n of t h e s a m e t e x t w a s m a d e on a b r o n z e s h e e t soon a f t e r t h e d i s c o v e r y ( i l l u s t r a t e d b y C o l a f e m m i n a ( 1 9 8 8 a ) , p.647). T h e H e b r e w t e x t c o n s i s t s of six l i n e s of r h y m i n g v e r s e ( e n d i n g na, a n d occupying t e n l i n e s o n t h e s t o n e ) , of w h i c h t h e first l e t t e r s of t h e first four f o r m a n a c r o s t i c for t h e n a m e bmow ( o m i t t i n g t h e aleph\ p e r h a p s t h e n a m e of t h e s o n of t h e d e c e a s e d w o m a n ( H ) a n n a ( h ) . T h e u s e of a n o r i g i n a l c o m p o s i t i o n i n H e b r e w , r a t h e r t h a n biblical q u o t a t i o n s a n d stock p h r a s e s , a s well a s t h e form of t h e c i p p u s , s h o w s t h a t t h e s t o n e b e l o n g s to a different g e n r e f r o m t h e H e b r e w / L a t i n e p i t a p h s of T a r a n t o , a n d confirms t h a t i t s h o u l d b e a s s i g n e d to a l a t e r d a t e d e s p i t e t h e u s e of L a t i n . H e b r e w p o e t r y flourished i n t h i s p a r t of s o u t h e r n I t a l y from t h e 8 t h c e n t u r y . T h e l a s t l e t t e r of (A) 1.4 o n t h e s t o n e h a d to b e w r i t t e n a b o v e t h e g u i d e - l i n e b e c a u s e of l a c k of s p a c e , a n d a w o r d w a s a d d e d i n s m a l l e r l e t t e r s i n 1.8. mnejatt) w a s w r i t t e n b y m i s t a k e for moBato, b u t o t h e r w i s e t h e H e b r e w i s carefully d o n e . I n (E) 1.1, a r e v e r s e d C c a n b e s e e n b e n e a t h t h e l e t t e r V, w h e r e t h e s t o n e - c u t t e r b e g a n w r i t i n g f r o m r i g h t t o left. T h e q u a l i t y of t h e l e t t e r i n g also s h o w s t h a t t h e s t o n e - c u t t e r w a s h a p p i e r w i t h H e b r e w ; t h e l e t t e r N is w r i t t e n a s if f r o m r i g h t to left t h r o u g h o u t . T h e e p i t h e t s i n (A) 11.2-4 a r e r e g a r d e d b y M e y e r a s e q u i v a l e n t s of t h e G r e e k ajcovSaia (piXevxo^Q, f o u n d t o g e t h e r i n CIJ 132 f r o m R o m e . 11.5-6 a r e p e r h a p s i n s p i r e d b y w h a t A n n a s a y s t o E l i i n 1 S a m . i 18, *May y o u r s e r v a n t find f a v o u r i n y o u r s i g h t ' (^^a^i^n ]n "jJinDO »:!inr). T h e r e also s e e m s to b e a p u n i n 1.6 o n t h e n a m e H a n n a h , w i t h t h e w o r d for m e r c y . I n 11.7-8, t h e p h r a s e nao *D comes f r o m N u m . xxiii 10, ' W h o c a n c o u n t t h e d u s t (i.e. d e s c e n d a n t s ) of J a c o b ?', a n d w a s u s e d i n p o e t r y to m e a n I s r a e l . A s c o l i t h o u g h t t h a t s o m e or all of t h e l e t t e r s neae? i n 1.8 s h o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a d a t e , a n d h e s u g g e s t e d y e a r 8 3 0 , 700 or 1 0 3 5 of t h e e r a of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e T e m p l e , b u t C o l a f e m m i n a s h o w s t h a t t h e l i n e s above t h e l e t t e r s a r e only a c c i d e n t a l m a r k s . T h e a g e of t h e d e c e a s e d (1.10) is e x p r e s s e d in t h e 276
APPENDIX 1 biblical w a y w i t h ' d a u g h t e r ' or 'son' followed b y t h e n u m b e r of y e a r s (e.g. G e n . v 32); cf no. 126. T h e s h o f a r s on faces (B) a n d (D) w e r e i n t e r p r e t e d b y Ascoh a n d F r e y a s t h e l e t t e r yod. T h e L a t i n t e x t does n o t t r a n s l a t e t h e H e b r e w , b u t gives s o m e d e t a i l s i n a fairly c o n v e n t i o n a l form. T h e a b b r e v i a t i o n R for rebbi is u n u s u a l ( b u t s e e n o . 183). ES a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of (E) 1.3 a p p e a r s to b e a n e r r o n e o u s r e p e t i t i o n of t h e b e g i n n i n g of 1.2. T h e f a t h e r ' s n a m e m u s t b e l u l i u s : g- for i- a n d -u a s a g e n i t i v e e n d i n g a r e b o t h p a r a l l e l l e d e l s e w h e r e . A n 8 t h c e n t u r y J e w of P a v i a n a m e d J u l i u s is m e n t i o n e d b y Alcuin (PL c 314). T h e w o r d w r i t t e n a s anini in 11.5-6 w a s p r e s u m a b l y i n t e n d e d a s s o m e p a r t of annus, repeating Anna's age.
1 9 6 (CIJ i 6 5 6 ) : M a c o m e r : U n c e r t a i n Hebrew. Unknown. T e x t follows CIJ.
medieval
d a t e . Gold
ring;
" D O noc? D ^ ' ' n Life ! Rejoice ! Good sign ! G. Spano (1861), p.l62 (from the original); CIJ i (1936), p.472 no.656 (follows Spano). L. Ruggini (1959), p.223 n.88; C. Colafemmina (1980a), p.226 n.lOO; R.J. Rowland (1981), p.59; L. Falanga (1982-3), p.51 n.72; H. Solin (1983), p.746; C. Colafemmina (1983a), p.210; Schtirer revised iii.i (1986), p.83 n . l l 9 ; R J . Rowland (1988), p.799.
T h e i n s c r i p t i o n is from t h e i n s i d e of a gold r i n g f o u n d a t M a c o m e r , i n t h e m o i m t a i n o u s p a r t of w e s t e r n c e n t r a l S a r d i n i a . O t h e r e v i d e n c e of J e w s i n a n c i e n t S a r d i n i a is confined to t h e c o a s t ( P o r t o T o r r e s , S a n t ' A n t i o c o , T h a r r o s a n d Cagliari). T h e u s e of H e b r e w for m o r e t h a n a Di"?© f o r m u l a is s t r i k i n g i n S a r d i n i a . S p a n o i n t e r p r e t e d t h e l a s t t w o l e t t e r s a s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n for aio ]D*O, a n d t h i s w o u l d confirm t h e l a t e d a t e s u g g e s t e d b y t h e l a n g u a g e a n d site.
277
APPENDIX 1 1 9 7 {CIJ 665a): Merida (Emerita): 8th-9th century. Epitaph; Latin. Merida, Museo arqueologico nacional; Barcelona, Museo de arte. P l a q u e b r o k e n i n t w o . L e t t e r s 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 cm. (11.1-10), 1.5-2 cm. (1.11), 1 c m . or less (1.12). L e t t e r s h a v e serifs; apices i n 1.12. A b b r e v i a t i o n m a r k (1.11). W o r d - d i v i d e r ( t r i a n g l e ) i n 1.7; s e n t e n c e - d i v i d e r s (colons) i n 11.3, 8, 10. L e t t e r f o r m s : A G AA H T U. T e x t follows J . M . d e N a v a s c u e s (1957). sit
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M a y t h e n a m e of t h e L o r d b e b l e s s e d , w h o m a k e s life a n d m a k e s d e a t h . M a y p e a c e c o m e a n d s t a y i n y o u r t o m b . I, J a c o b , son of R a b b i S e n i o r , a m a t a n e n d i n m y soul, s l e e p i n g i n t h e lot of t h e j u s t , b o u n d i n t h e b o n d of life. A n g e l s of p e a c e , o p e n t h e g a t e s , s a y t o h i m : ' e n t e r w i t h peace'. I lived 6 3 y e a r s , full of w i s d o m , f o r e m o s t i n t h e craft of c r a f t s m e n . I, S i m o n son of R a b b i J a c o b , b u i l t t h e h o u s e .... s e n t (?) p e a c e . E. Hiibner (1871), p . l l no.34 (from the stone and ms. of Fernandez); (1900), p.l9 no.34; G.I. Ascoli (1880), p . l 3 (follows Hvibner); F. Fita (1890b), p.447
(follows
Hiibner); S. de Ricci (1905), p.475 (from ms. of Renan); M. Schwab (1907), pp.240-1 (from Hiibner and ms. of Fernandez); E.L. Smit (1916), p.46 (from the stone); H. Leclerq (1928), col.221 (follows Hiibner); S. Katz (1937), pp.81, 146-8 (from de Ricci and Smit); J.M. Millds Vallicrosa (1945), pp.300-2, l l m . K fig.15 (photograph; from the stone); C. Roth (1948), pp.391-6 (from Millis); F. Cantera Burgos & J.M. MilMs Vallicrosa (1956), pp.412-5 no.289, pLXXXV (from the stone); A. Marcos Pous (1956),
278
APPENDIX 1 pp.249-252 (photograph; from the stones; unites left and right parts); J.M. de Navascues (1957), pp.29-44, tav.XE-XII (photographs; fit)m the stones; tmites left and right parts); (1959), pp.78-91; A. Ferrua (1959), p.254 (follows de Navascues); CIJ i^ (1975), pp.57-8 no.665a (follows Cantera & Millds); A.M. RabeUo (1985), pp.665-6 n o . l l (follows CIJ). F. Fita (1905), p.l38; J. Juster (1914), p.l84 n.5; A. Neppi Modona (1950), p.96; V. Colomi (1964), p.22 n.l02; F. Cantera Burgos (1971), p.33; W.P. Bowers (1975), p.397; S.J.D. Cohen (1981-2), p.2 nos.2-3; H. SoUn (1983), p.750; Schurer revised iu.i (1986), p.84 n.l24f.
O n l y t h e left side of t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s k n o w n u n t i l 1956, w h e n M a r c o s r e u n i t e d i t w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s l y u n p u b l i s h e d right side, w h i c h h a d b e e n f o u n d s e p a r a t e l y . T h e left p a r t w a s s e e n b y H u b n e r a t M e r i d a i n t h e h o u s e of J u a n F e r n a n d e z , b u t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of its o r i g i n a l discovery a r e n o t k n o w n . T h e r i g h t - h a n d p a r t w a s r e - u s e d i n a m e d i e v a l burial a t Cerro de S a n Albin. D e N a v a s c u e s studied t h e c o m p l e t e i n s c r i p t i o n in detail, a n d h i s t e x t i s followed h e r e . CIJ i^ i n c l u d e s i t ( a l t h o u g h F r e y h a d a p p a r e n t l y r e g a r d e d i t a s b e i n g of too l a t e a d a t e for inclusion), b u t does n o t g i v e t h e t e x t of t h e c o m p l e t e stone. T h e i n s c r i p t i o n w a s originally w r i t t e n on t h e flat u p p e r surface of a m o u l d e d m a r b l e c a p i t a l (47 cm. w i d e , 10 c m . h i g h ) d e c o r a t e d w i t h a r o s e t t e p a t t e r n w h i c h Marcos r e g a r d e d a s V i s i g o t h i c . H e a s s u m e d t h a t s u c h a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l f r a g m e n t w o u l d h a v e b e e n r e u s e d from a b u i l d i n g destroyed during the A r a b invasion (Merida was sacked in 713). 1-2. A m a r k a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of 1.1 w a s i n t e r p r e t e d b y H u b n e r a n d S m i t a s IH for l e h o v a h . T h e S of sit is f u r t h e r t o t h e right t h a n t h e first l e t t e r s of t h e o t h e r l i n e s , b u t i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e first l i n e w a s w r i t t e n m o r e c e n t r a l l y for e m p h a s i s , a n d t h a t t h e m a r k to t h e left is a n a c c i d e n t a l one. T h e t e x t of 11.1-2 p r o b a b l y echoes 1 S a m . ii 6: T h e L o r d k i l l s a n d m a k e s alive; h e b r i n g s d o w n to t h e g r a v e a n d b r i n g s u p . ' , a n d D e u t . xxxii 39: *I k i l l a n d I m a k e alive; I w o u n d a n d I h e a l ' , vivificante Deo is found i n ILCV 9 9 0 . 2 , from R o m e . T h e l e t t e r s B a n d V a r e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n , a n d IV is a l w a y s w r i t t e n for IF. 3 . T h e v e r b pauso u s u a l l y h a s t h e d e c e a s e d a s i t s subject, a s i n 1.5. I n n o . 187 (which also u s e s pauset) i t is t h e d e c e a s e d ' s soul. H e r e t h e v e r b pauset a p p a r e n t l y h a s t h e s e n s e of ' s t a y ' r a t h e r t h a n t h e 279
APPENDIX 1 u s u a l *be a t a n end', w i t h pax a s i t s s u b j e c t . T h e e x p r e s s i o n is c o m m o n i n H e b r e w e p i t a p h s (cf. I n d e x V I I f). 4 . T h e filiation h e r e ( a n d in 1.11) is i n d i c a t e d b y de + a b l a t i v e , n o t b y t h e g e n i t i v e . T h e n a m e S e n i o r is a l s o f o u n d i n J e w i s h u s e on a 1 4 t h - c e n t u r y seal ( C a n t e r a & M i l l a s (1956) n o . 2 5 1 ) ; K a j a n t o (1965) p . 2 9 4 h a s six e x a m p l e s of t h e n a m e i n CIL. 5 - 6 . Suporans is to b e u n d e r s t o o d a s soporans, w h e t h e r it goes w i t h ego or animo', cf. viro soporanti i n ILCV 1 1 4 a d n . from R a v e n n a ( l a t e r t h a n 6 t h c e n t u r y ) . T h e e x p r e s s i o n s d e r i v e f r o m D a n . xii 2 & 1 3 . Ahligatus a n d ligatorium are r e g a r d e d by de Navascues as m e d i e v a l L a t i n forms. T h e y w e r e c l e a r l y u s e d a s L a t i n e q u i v a l e n t s for t h e H e b r e w "in:*. T h e p h r a s e c o m e s f r o m 1 S a m x x v 2 9 : T h e soul of m y l o r d s h a l l b e b o u n d i n t h e b u n d l e of life w i t h t h e L o r d t h y God'; t h e V u l g a t e u s e s ' c u s t o d i t a q u a s i i n fasciculo v i v e n t i u m ' . S e e I n d e x V I I f for H e b r e w e q u i v a l e n t s . 10. D e N a v a s c u e s s u g g e s t s t h a t artem artivicum (for artificum) refers to medicine, b u t there is n o t h i n g to support this. Fita c o m p a r e s E x . xxxv 3 1 , w h e r e t h e V u l g a t e u s e s ' i m p l e v i t q u e e u m s p i r i t u D e i s a p i e n t i a e ...', w h i c h r e f e r s t o w o r k m a n s h i p i n precious m e t a l s , wood a n d s t o n e . 1 1 . T h e c o m m e m o r a t o r is likely to b e t h e s o n of t h e deceased, a l t h o u g h J a c o b is called r a b b i h e r e b u t n o t i n 1.3. Domum i s clearly a e u p h e m i s m for *tomb' (cf. ILCV iii, p . 5 1 8 ) . 12. D e N a v a s c u e s w a s u n a b l e t o r e a d missam, as earlier editors h a d d o n e , a n d t h e r e a d i n g is u n l i k e l y : missa w o u l d b e m o r e p r o b a b l e , p e r h a p s p r e c e d e d b y sit. F e r r u a s u g g e s t s ei promissam agreeing with domum, followed b y pax a s a s e p a r a t e o n e - w o r d s e n t e n c e . R o t h , w h o k n e w only t h e left s i d e , r e g a r d e d t h e i n s c r i p t i o n as d a t i n g f r o m t h e Visigothic period b e c a u s e h e t h o u g h t t h e f o r m u l a e b e l o n g e d to a P a l e s t i n i a n t r a d i t i o n w h i c h m u s t h a v e p r e c e d e d t h e A r a b i n v a s i o n . All o t h e r e d i t o r s h a v e a t t r i b u t e d i t to t h e 8 t h or 9 t h c e n t u r y . A c c o r d i n g to d e N a v a s c u e s , t h e l e t t e r i n g is i m l i k e l y to b e earlier t h a n t h e mid-7th century, a n d t h e l a n g u a g e m u s t be 8thc e n t u r y or l a t e r . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of s i m i l a r i t i e s t o a H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n from B r i n d i s i d a t e d to 8 3 2 (Ascoli n o . 2 4 ) , w h i c h u s e s t h e e x p r e s s i o n s ' M a y peace come a n d r e s t on h e r t o m b ' a n d ' G u a r d i a n s of t h e t r e a s u r e s of t h e G a r d e n of E d e n , o p e n for h e r t h e g a t e s of t h e G a r d e n of E d e n ' . O t h e r 9 t h - c e n t u r y H e b r e w i n s c r i p t i o n s from s o u t h e r n I t a l y (Ascoli n o s . 2 2 , 2 9 , 32) u s e f o r m s of ' M a y p e a c e come 280
APPENDIX 1 a n d r e s t on t h e t o m b ' . T h e r e a r e also s i m i l a r i t i e s to S p a n i s h H e b r e w e p i t a p h s f r o m t h e 1 0 t h c e n t u r y a n d l a t e r . T h e l a c k of H e b r e w is s u r p r i s i n g , b u t t h e e p i t a p h w a s composed b y s o m e o n e w h o k n e w H e b r e w f o r m u l a e , a l t h o u g h i t is i n fluent L a t i n . I t is, h o w e v e r , L a t i n of v e r y different c o n t e n t from t h a t found i n p r e - i n v a s i o n S p a n i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d d o e s n o t give a n y s u p p o r t to p l a c i n g t h e i n s c r i p t i o n before 700.
1 9 8 (C/7 i 6 6 8 ) : A r i e s ( A r e l a t e ) : 8 t h - 9 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w and Aramaic. Aries, Musee d'art chretien. Rectangular limestone slab with two straight and two irregular edges. T e x t follows p h o t o g r a p h i n CIJ i.
ni?3n m i n * ' ub^^u
nip
nr
«Dn
nap 0.1): CIJ i map T h i s i s t h e t o m b of J u d a t h e y o u n g m a n , son of M o r d e c h a i . M a y h i s s p i r i t r e s t , for h e n e v e r s i n n e d . D. Chwolson (1882), cols. 180-1 no.94 (facsimile; from photograph by H. Derenbourg); M. Schwab (1904), pp.185-6 (follows Chwolson); H. Leclerq (1928), col.228 (follows Chwolson); CIJ i (1936), pp.479-80 no.668 (photograph by F. Benott); ? (1975), p.58. Th. Reinach (1889a), p.76; M. Schwab (1900), p.75; V. Colorni (1964), p.22; B. Blvunenkranz (1974), p.231.
A r i e s c o n t a i n e d a s i g n i f i c a n t J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y a t l e a s t from t h e 5 t h c e n t u r y . A n t i - J e w i s h m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n b y t h e Council of A r i e s i n 425 (Schwab). According to late a n d perhaps unreliable sources, J e w s w e r e p r o m i n e n t a t t h e f u n e r a l of Bishop H i l a r y of A r i e s i n 4 4 9 {MGH, Scr.Rer.Merov. iii, p . 3 5 0 ; PL 1 1243). I n 5 0 8 , a J e w w a s b l a m e d for t r y i n g t o b e t r a y A r i e s to t h e b e s i e g i n g F r a n k s a n d B u r g u n d i a n s , a n d i n 5 4 3 J e w s a r e s a i d to h a v e t a k e n p a r t i n t h e
281
APPENDIX 1 f u n e r a l of B i s h o p C a e s a r i u s of A r i e s (ibid., p p . 4 6 7 - 9 , 501). T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s found i n 1766 o n a f a r m i n t h e a r e a of Mouleires, n e a r t h e Aliscamps R o m a n cemetery j u s t outside Aries. Suggested d a t i n g h a s included 7th c e n t u r y (Reinach), 8 t h (Schwab), 9th (Chwolson, because he thinks t h e writer k n e w Talmudic l i t e r a t u r e ) . I t is m a i n l y H e b r e w , b u t i n c l u d e s A r a m a i c "in a n d n o n N T I N i n 1.2. T h e f o r m u l a e a r e n o t a b l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m H e b r e w e p i t a p h s of before 7 0 0 , nn is u s e d i n t h e p a t r o n y m i c , a n d t h e r e is n o t r a c e of L a t i n or G r e e k . T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s all s u p p o r t t h e d a t i n g of S c h w a b a n d Chwolson. S c h w a b (1900), p . 7 5 , h a s t h e t e x t s of t w o o t h e r H e b r e w e p i t a p h s f r o m A r i e s w h i c h w e r e n o t given s e p a r a t e e n t r i e s i n CIJ a l t h o u g h t h e y s e e m t o h a v e m u c h in c o m m o n w i t h t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n : bvt m n p nr JiiD, ' T h i s is t h e t o m b of m i s t r e s s I m o l a ' (found i n 1766 n e a r t h e c h u r c h of S a i n t - R o c h ) ; » 3 T i o n n p nr ' T h i s is t h e t o m b of R a b b i M o r d e c h a i ' (found n e a r t h e g a t e of t h e J a r d i n d e s M i n i m e s ) .
1 9 9 ( C / 7 6 6 9 ) : A r i e s : 8 t h - 9 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w . Aries, M u s e e d'art chretien. L i m e s t o n e s l a b b r o k e n i n t o two p i e c e s . T e x t follows p h o t o g r a p h a n d r e s t o r a t i o n i n CIJ i.
nap nr:
C/J i
nap nr;
Schwab
napn
T h i s i s t h e t o m b of o u r m a s t e r M e i r . D. Chwolson (1882), col. 180 no.55 (facsimile; from photograph by H. Lenormant); M. Schwab (1904), p.l84 (follows Chwolson); CIJ i (1936), p.480-1 no.669 (photograph by F. Benolt); x" (1975), p.58; S. Katz (1937), pp.154-5 (foUows Schwab). F. Lenormant (1872), p.273; M. Schwab (1900), p.75 n.l; H. Leclerq (1928), col.228; V. Colomi (1964), p.22; B. Blumenkranz (1974), p.231.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s found n e a r A l i s c a m p s , a c c o r d i n g to S c h w a b . H e t h o u g h t t h a t it could refer to o n e of t h e k n o w n R a b b i M e i r s w h o lived in t h e 1 3 t h - 1 5 t h century. L e n o r m a n t , on t h e other h a n d , r e g a r d e d t h e l e t t e r i n g a s 4 t h - c e n t u r y . I n fact, t h e t e x t a n d l e t t e r i n g 282
APPENDIX 1 a r e sufficiently close t o t h e p r e v i o u s inscription to i n d i c a t e a s i m i l a r date.
2 0 0 (C/7 6 6 6 ) : V i e n n e ( V i e n n a ) : 1 0 t h c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; H e b r e w . Vienne, Musee d'art chretien. T e x t follows D . C h w o l s o n (1882).
S a m u e l son of J u s t u s . D. Chwolson (1882), cols. 179-180 no.51 (facsimile; from photograph by H. Derenbourg); M. Schwab (1904), p.l87 (follows Chwolson); H. Leclerq (1928), col.228 (follows Chwolson); CIJ i (1936), p.478 no.666 (follows Chwolson and Schwab); S. Katz (1937), p. 155 (follows Schwab). F. Lenormant (1872), p.274; T. Reinach (1889a), pp.76, 81; T.D. Barnes (1971), p.282; B. Blumenkranz (1974), p.231.
A r c h e l a u s , t h e son of H e r o d , w a s exiled to V i e n n e i n A . D . 6 , b u t t h e r e is n o o t h e r e v i d e n c e of J e w s t h e r e i n t h e R o m a n p e r i o d . C h w o l s o n t h o u g h t this inscription w a s no later t h a n t h e 6th century, and L e n o r m a n t s u g g e s t e d 6 t h - 7 t h . H o w e v e r , t h e a b s e n c e of a n y L a t i n or G r e e k a n d t h e u s e of i n r a t h e r t h a n ]a a r e a g a i n s t t h i s , a n d B l u m e n k r a n z ' o p i n i o n t h a t t h e i n s c r i p t i o n is p r o b a b l y 1 0 t h - c e n t u r y seems preferable.
283
APPENDIX 2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM CIJ AND ELSEWHERE NOT CONSIDERED JEWISH
2 0 1 (C/7 i 645): Milan: 5 t h - 7 t h century. E p i t a p h ; L a t i n . M i l a n , a t r i u m of S t A m b r o s e Basilica. M a r b l e p l a q u e , 26 x 32 cm., l o w e r p a r t l o s t . L e t t e r f o r m s : A 9 ^ . T e x t follows CIJ ( p h o t o g r a p h ) . haic [..]
requis
cet in pace Nonlna
Sarcogna
pa\teri
Celeriani
I [ - - - ]
H e r e r e s t s i n p e a c e N o n n a S a r c o g n a [or N o n n a d a u g h t e r or t h e n u n S a r c o g n a ] of f a t h e r C e l e r i a n u s ....
the
V. ForceUa & E. Seletti (1907), pp.73-4 no.78 (facsimile; from the stone); E. Diehl, ILCV u (1927), p.494 no.4895a (follows CIL); CIJ i (1936), p.462 no.645 (photograph; from the stone). CIL v.ii (1877), p.688 no.6251 (from the stone and ms. of MazzuchelU); S. de Ricci (1905), p.472; J. Juster (1914), p.l81 n.9; S. Krauss (1922), p.259; H. Leclenj (1928), col.69; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; H J . Leon (1937-8), p.359; L. Ruggini (1959), p.215, p.218 n.80; H.J. Leon (1960), p.l31 n.2; C.B. Pascal (1963), p.54; V. Colomi (1964), p.l8 n.75; E. Dinkier (1974), p.l36 n.70; Schiirer revised iii.i (1986), p.84 n.l21; G. Mayer (1987), p. 126.
D e s p i t e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h n o s . 1-2, t h e r e a r e ( a s L e o n n o t e d ) no a d e q u a t e g r o i m d s for t h i n k i n g t h a t t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n is J e w i s h . T h e f o r m u l a hie requiescit in pace w a s m u c h u s e d b y C h r i s t i a n s in n o r t h e r n I t a l y (see no.2), a n d a l t h o u g h t h i s s t o n e is r e c o r d e d a s h a v i n g b e e n found i n 1813 a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s n o . l , m a n y C h r i s t i a n i n s c r i p t i o n s w e r e found t h e n too. T h e l e t t e r i n g is m u c h p o o r e r t h a n i n t h e t w o J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s . Pater could b e a J e w i s h t i t l e b u t n e e d not be. T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Nonna Sarcogna is doubtful. Diehl s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e second w o r d r e p r e s e n t e d sarcogena (for filia). S c h w a b e p r o p o s e d Sara cognata. I n fact, Nonna is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a n a m e h e r e , a l t h o u g h i t is l i s t e d a s s u c h b y P e r r i n , a l o n g w i t h CIL iii 5 9 5 5 . J a n s s e n s (1981), p p . 182-3, n o t e s t h a t i t c a n b e a s y n o n y m for nutrix, a s a p p a r e n t l y in SICVMV 166, Fl. Eutychiafe] nonnae dulcifssimae], a n d ICUR 2 0 3 3 9 . ILCV 1137 ( R o m e , 5 2 1 ) , r e f e r s to a t r a n s a c t i o n sub presentia nonnes Cutties aneille dei, a p p a r e n t l y a
284
APPENDIX 2 n u n , a n d J e r o m e , Ep. xxii 16, i n d i c a t e s t h a t it could b e a n honorific t i t l e for C h r i s t i a n w i d o w s : castae vocantur et nonnae. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of ' t h e f a t h e r C e l e r i a n u s ' to t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r t of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n is a l s o u n c l e a r . Pateri p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t s t h e g e n i t i v e , a n d t h e n a m e w o u l d h a v e b e e n followed b y s o m e t h i n g l i k e filia. F r e y ' s p h o t o g r a p h s h o w s t r a c e s of f u r t h e r l e t t e r s a t t h e e n d of 1.4 a n d b e g i n n i n g of 1.5 ( w h e r e t h e first l e t t e r m a y b e H).
2 0 2 (CIJ i 6 4 1 ) : P u l a : 3 r d - 5 t h c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n . Lost. T e x t follows CIJ. D(is)
M(anihus)
pientissdmae) m(enses) Aurelia
I
Aurieliae)
et ineomparabili, X d(ies)
Soteria
II, I fide eognita piet(ate)
plena
Rufinae
I
quae vixit ann(os) I memor
obsequii
alumnae XXVII eius;
p(osuit).
obsequii 0-8): CIL opsequis CIL gives different line-divisions and adds b.m. at the end
To t h e Di Manes of A u r e l i a Rufina, a m o s t d e v o t e d a n d i n c o m p a r a b l e foster-child, w h o lived 27 y e a r s 10 m o n t h s 2 d a y s . H e r f a i t h f u l n e s s w a s k n o w n a n d s h e w a s m i n d f u l of h e r d u t y . A u r e l i a S o t e r i a , full of devotion, p l a c e d ( t h e monument). J. Gruter (1707), p.657 no.5 (from copy by Martyr); H. Cannegieter (1758), p.29 (follows Gruter); CIL v.i (1872), p.22 no.l31 (from mss.); CIJ i (1936), pp.458-9 no.641 (from ms. of de Rossi); B. Forlati Tamaro, / / x.i (1947), pp.111-2 no.222 (from mss.). H.J. Leon (1937-8), p.359; M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.510; A Ferrua (1941), p.44; L. Ruggini (1959), p.215, p.226 n.99; V. Colomi (1964), p.l8 n.73; H. SoUn (1983), p.738; Schurer revised iu.i (1986), p.84 n.l21; G. Mayer (1987), pp.95, 97, 99, 124.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n , k n o w n o n l y from m a n u s c r i p t s (listed in full b y F o r l a t i T a m a r o ) , w a s p r e s u m a b l y i n c l u d e d in CIJ on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the commemorator Aurelia Soteria was t h e same woman as t h e d e c e a s e d in n o . 9 . T h i s is unjustified, since t h e n a m e w a s n o t
285
APPENDIX 2 u n c o m m o n , a n d could i n a n y c a s e h a v e b e e n h e l d b y different m e m b e r s of t h e s a m e family. S o t e r i a i n no.9 m a y h a v e b e e n a g o d f e a r e r r a t h e r t h a n a full J e w , a n d h e r e t h e c o m m e m o r a t i o n is v e r y p r o b a b l y a p a g a n one, b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e f o r m u l a D.M.
2 0 3 (CIJ i 6 3 7 ) : F e r r a r a (?): u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h ; L a t i n i n G r e e k characters. U n k n o w n (formerly Ducal Library a t F e r r a r a ) . T e x t follows CIJ ( m a j u s c u l e t e x t ) . IciXJdvTi 9iXni
I IXAXTIP P T I V T | | I , T | P T | V T E
I
(PTIKI(X). P I K ( I X )
otv(veiq) [..]
HTlCTlPo; X V I I I . For S u s a n n a , a well-deserving daughter, h e r m o t h e r m a d e ( t h e i n s c r i p t i o n ) . S h e lived .. y e a r s 18 m o n t h s . IG xiv (1890), p.551 no.2318 (from ms. of S. Macci); IGRR 1 (1901), no.480 (follows 7G); J. Oehler (1909), p.449 no.207 (follows IG); CIJ i (1936), p.456 no.637; (1975), p.49; L. Ruggini (1959), pp.224 n.93, 230 n.l08 (from CIJ). A. Ferrua (1936), p.473 n.l; H.J. Leon (1937-8), p.359; A. Vaccari (1938), p.341; A. Ferrua (1941), p.44; A. Milano (1963), p.28; V. Colomi (1964), p.l8 n.70; H. SoUn (1983), p.738; Schiirer revised iu.i (1986), p.84 n.l21; G. Mayer (1987), pp.97-8, 110; G. Horsley, NDIEC iv (1987), no. 100; v (1989), p.l5.
T h e t e x t s h o u l d b e r e a d a s Sosanae filiae mater henemerenti feci(t). vixdt) an(nis) [..] me(n)sibus XVIII. I t is k n o w n only from a copy by S e b a s t i a n o M a c c i , w h o s a w i t i n t h e D u c a l L i b r a r y a t F e r r a r a . H e is d e s c r i b e d b y b o t h IG a n d R u g g i n i a s a n u n r e l i a b l e a u t h o r i t y , a n d t h e a g e given a t t h e e n d is u n l i k e l y to b e c o r r e c t i n v i e w of t h e n u m b e r of m o n t h s . T h e o n l y i n d i c a t i o n of J e w i s h n e s s is t h e n a m e S u s a n n a w h i c h , a s n o t e d b y m a n y r e v i e w e r s of CIJ a n d m o s t r e c e n t l y by H o r s l e y , is m u c h m o r e likely to b e C h r i s t i a n t h a n J e w i s h , a l t h o u g h found in no. 118.
286
APPENDIX 2 2 0 4 : C a p e n a : 2 n d - 3 r d c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; L a t i n . Unknown. T e x t follows CIL. D(is)
I L(ucio)
M{anihus)
Mariame
m\ater
pientissima ddebus)
infelieissima
culm VII
ominibusl)
quo
biene)
onoribus
vixit
mierenti)
Valerio et Fl\avia an(nis)
I
Maximo
XX
fe\c(it),
Mareellina I miensibus) trium
Aurelia eoi\\ux VIII
cibitatium
fuctum.
ominibus) (1,10) covild also be expanded o(mnibus)
miuneribus)
To t h e Di Manes. For Lucius Valerius Maximus. Aurelia Mariame his most u n h a p p y m o t h e r and Flavia Mareellina h i s m o s t d e v o t e d wife, w i t h w h o m h e lived for 2 0 y e a r s 8 m o n t h s 7 d a y s , m a d e ( t h e m o n u m e n t ) to t h e w e l l - d e s e r v i n g m a n . H e h e l d all t h e h o n o u r s i n t h r e e c o m m u n i t i e s . CIL xi.i (1888), p.581 no.3939 (from the stone and mss. of G.B. de Rossi). H. Solin (1983), p.743.
M a r i a m e is u s u a l l y t h o u g h t of a s a J e w i s h n a m e , a s Solin n o t e s . H o w e v e r , t h i s M a r i a m e c o o p e r a t e d i n e r e c t i n g a typically p a g a n e p i t a p h , a n d t h e n a m e a l o n e ( w h i c h could h a v e b e e n w e l l - k n o w n a m o n g n o n - J e w s after i t s u s e i n H e r o d ' s family) does n o t s e e m to j u s t i f y h e r inclusion a m o n g J e w i s h i n s c r i p t i o n s .
2 0 5 (C/7 i 5 3 4 ) : O s t i a : 2 n d - 4 t h c e n t u r y . A m u l e t ; L a t i n . O s t i a , M u s e o archeologico; i n v . n o . 4 1 6 8 . T e x t follows G. C a l z a (1917). Solomon. G. Calza (1917), pp.326.8; (1918), pp.85-98 (photograph; from the original); CIL xiv Suppl. (1930), p.760 no.5319 (from the original); CIJ (photograph).
287
i (1936), pp.394-5 no.534
APPENDIX 2 J.B. Frey (1931a), p.89 n.l; A. Ferrua (1936), p.473 n.2; H. SoUn (1983), p.725.
T h i s a m u l e t w a s foimd a m o n g t h e r u b b l e d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s of 2 n d - 4 t h c e n t u r y p r i v a t e b u i l d i n g s a t O s t i a ; t h e e x a c t findspot w a s n o t r e c o r d e d . I t consists of a t h i n b r o n z e s h e e t w i t h a h o l e for h a n g i n g it; a n o t h e r h o l e h a s b e e n w o r n i n t h e c e n t r e . O n e face h a s a m a l e figure i n profile, w i t h a s p e a r i n h i s left a r m a n d i n h i s r i g h t a stick in a vase, whose contents h e a p p e a r s to be stirring. T h e r e are v a r i o u s m a g i c a l symbols a r o u n d h i m a n d t h e n a m e S o l o m o n above, w r i t t e n a r o u n d t h e r i m . O n t h e o t h e r s i d e is a figure of H e c a t e w i t h t h r e e h e a d s a n d bodies a n d six a r m s : t w o h o l d s p e a r s , t w o t o r c h e s a n d t w o w h i p s ; t h e r e a r e t w o s n a k e s u n d e r h e r feet. S h e is also s u r r o u n d e d b y m a g i c a l s i g n s , o n e of w h i c h h a s t h e f o r m of a fivebranched menorah. C a l z a s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e f r e q u e n t i n v o c a t i o n of S o l o m o n i n m a g i c f o r m u l a e d e r i v e s from a m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g of E c c l e s i a s t e s , which m a d e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t h e h a d t h e s e a l of G o d (cf. J o s e p h u s , Ant. vii 2.5). O n t h i s a m u l e t h e is s h o w n a s a m a g i c i a n i n t h e a c t of m i x i n g a m a g i c potion, whereas Byzantine a m u l e t s t e n d to show h i m as a H o r u s - t y p e figure. A n u m b e r of a m u l e t s w i t h t h e n a m e a n d / o r effigy of S o l o m o n w e r e p u b U s h e d b y G. S c h l u m b e r g e r , ' A m u l e t t e s b y z a n t i n s a n c i e n s d e s t i n e s a c o m b a t t r e l e s m a l e f i c e s e t m a l a d i e s ' , REG 5 ( 1 8 9 2 ) , p p . 7 3 - 9 3 , a n d s o m e of t h e s e m a k e t h e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s e a l , e.g. p . 8 4 : l O A O M f l N on o n e s i d e a n d ZOPATIS 0 E O Y on t h e o t h e r . T h e r e is f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n i n S c h u r e r r e v i s e d iii.i, pp.375-9. T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , no r e a s o n to c o n n e c t a n y of t h e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of S o l o m o n w i t h J e w i s h o w n e r s or m a k e r s ; S o l o m o n a s m a g i c i a n w a s well k n o w n to pagans a n d Christians.
206 (CIJ i 539): P o r t o : 2 n d c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . V a t i c a n M u s e u m , L a p i d a r i o ebraico e x l a t e r a n e n s e ; i n v . n o . 3 0 8 8 3 . M a r b l e fragment, 2 3 x 2 4 x 2.8 cm., w i t h i n s c r i p t i o n i n field b e n e a t h u p p e r p a r t of r a i s e d f r a m e . L e t t e r s 2 . 5 - 3 c m . L e t t e r f o r m s A 6 C Q ) ; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows G. Sacco (1984).
MapKiccve rtpodpxcov [edjpoei, ot>[8El(; d0d vaxoq].
288
APPENDIX 2
MopKiavJ G . l ) : de Rossi Mapidav Ei[ - - ]; Picker MapxCa Ne[ - - ]; CIJ
MapKiav(fi)(?); Leon Mapxta ve[jcia](?) O*[5EI(; a.3): Leon OT or OZ
M a r c i a n u s , p r o a r c h o n (?); t a k e c o u r a g e , n o - o n e i s i m m o r t a l (?) J.B. Frey (1931a), p.SS (from the stone); CIJ i (1936), pp.399-400 no.539 (photograph; from the stone); i (1975), p.40; H.J. Leon (1952) pp.166-8, 171-2; G. Sacco (1984), pp.109-110 no.90 (photograph; from the stone and notes of de Rossi). G.B. de Rossi (1866), p.40; G. DelUng (1951), col.521 n.l; J. & L. Robert, BE (1953), p.121 no.l3; H.J. Leon (1960), pp.193 n.2, 343; H. SoUn (1983), p.658; G. Mayer (1987), p. 120.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s f o u n d i n 1866 i n t h e e x c a v a t i o n s b y P r i n c e Alessandro Torlonia on h i s property a t Porto. T h e 2nd-century dating w a s s u g g e s t e d b y d e R o s s i . T h e only e v i d e n c e of J e w i s h n e s s i s t h e t i t l e of ' p r o a r c h o n ' . T h i s w a s a c c e p t e d a s a J e w i s h t e r m b y F r e y a n d Sacco, b u t r e j e c t e d b y L e o n a n d t h e R o b e r t s , since t h e r e is n o o t h e r e v i d e n c e for i t i n J e w i s h u s e . L e o n also n o t e s t h a t t h e l e t t e r s m i g h t n o t b e a t i t l e a t a l l , b u t np6 followed b y a n a m e l i k e ApxcoviSnq (since t h e r e m a y b e m o r e of t h e t e x t m i s s i n g t h a n F r e y ' s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n d i c a t e s ) . H e a l s o p o i n t s o u t t h a t 1.1 m i g h t a c t u a l l y c o n s i s t of M a r c i a followed b y a n o t h e r w o r d b e g i n n i n g ne-, a n d c a s t s d o u b t o n t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e f o r m u l a i n 11.3-4.
2 0 7 iCIJ i 5 4 1 ) : P o r t o o r R o m e : lst>-2nd c e n t u r y (?). E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . O s t i a , L a p i d a r i o (Piccolo M e r c a t o ) ; i n v . n o . 8 8 5 8 - 9 . T w o m a r b l e f r a g m e n t s , t o g e t h e r 4 3 x 7 8 x 2 . 8 - 4 cm. L e t t e r s 5 - 6 cm.; l e t t e r f o r m s A 6 GO. T e x t follows G. S a c c o ( 1 9 8 4 ) . 'Po-ocpeivai | nov(iv8pov | xfj (ptAx)xe|KV{DV. To R u f i n a , m a r r i e d o n l y o n c e , w h o loved h e r c h i l d r e n . J-B. Frey (1931a), pp.91-4 no.26 (from the stone); CIJ i (1936), pp.400-l no.541 (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), pp.94-5 no.77 (photograph; from the stone).
289
APPENDIX 2 H.J. Leon (1952), p.l71; (1960), p.343; H. SoUn (1983), p.658; G. Mayer (1987), pp.98, 121.
T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n w a s i n c l u d e d b y F r e y i n h i s P o r t o section b e c a u s e h e s a w i t i n t h e B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e , b u t t h e r e is n o t h i n g t o i n d i c a t e a local p r o v e n a n c e , a n d i t m a y h a v e c o m e f r o m R o m e (see I n t r o d u c t i o n ) . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n h a s no J e w i s h c o n t e n t a t all: t h e n a m e a n d e p i t h e t s could b e p a g a n or C h r i s t i a n . T h e l e t t e r i n g is of good q u a l i t y , b u t t h e G r e e k i s d i s t i n c t l y odd ( F r e y a n d Sacco t a k e all t h e w o r d s a s d a t i v e ) a n d there m a y be further text missing.
2 0 8 (C/y i 5 4 6 ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . L o s t (formerly P o r t o , B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e ) . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t 2 0 x 2 1 cm.; l e t t e r s 2.2-4.2 cm. T e x t s of CIJ 5 4 6 a n d G. Sacco (1984) given. CIJ:
evea5[e m x a i - - ZeXe\)](?)|K0\)(; I8e[i(p leicvcp (or e p e n m )
ejroi'n]|''"^oe. Sacco: eved5[e KEiiai] | Ko\x5i5e[i09 eCn]|<JE [e'^n - - ] CIJ: H e r e lies .... S e l e u c u s (?) m a d e ( t h e m o n u m e n t ) to h i s o w n (foster-?)child Sacco: H e r e lies C o s s i d i u s . H e lived .. y e a r s . J.B. Frey (1931a), p.96 no.30 (from the stone); CIJ i (1936), p.403 no.546 (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), p.91 no.73 (from Stephenson's copy). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. SoUn (1983), p.658.
A s w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s i n s c r i p t i o n , t h e r e is n o i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t h o w t h i s s t o n e r e a c h e d t h e B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e a t P o r t o . T h e r e is n o i n d i c a t i o n of J e w i s h n e s s ; t h e o p e n i n g f o r m u l a is m o r e l i k e l y to b e C h r i s t i a n , a n d Sacco i n c l u d e s i t i n h e r C h r i s t i a n section.
290
APPENDIX 2 2 0 9 (C/7 i 5 4 9 ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . Lost (formerly P o r t o , B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e ) . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t . L e t t e r f o r m s : A CJO. T e x t follows G. Sacco ( 1 9 8 4 ) . [
XelKV© I [ - - Y^'^K]"l)TdT(p
.... to t h e s w e e t e s t child .... J.B. Frey (1931a), p.97 no.33 (from the original); CIJ i (1936), pp.404-5 no.549; G. Sacco (1984), pp.78-80 no.59 (photograph of Stevenson's facsimile; from copies by Stevenson and de Rossi). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. SoUn (1983), p.658.
F r e y a p p a r e n t l y s a w t h i s f r a g m e n t a r y i n s c r i p t i o n himself, b u t Sacco could n o t find it. T h e r e i s n o r e a s o n to r e g a r d i t a s J e w i s h or e v e n Christian.
2 1 0 (C/7 i 5 5 0 ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h (?); G r e e k . Lost (formerly P o r t o , B i s h o p ' s P a l a c e ) . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t , 3 1 x 9 cm.; l e t t e r s 3 - 4 cm. L e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows CIJ. [ - - - ] I [ - - ] 0 0 [ - - ] I [ - - ]K (hedera) ] I
[ - - ] | [ - - ]AP[ - -
[---
J.B, Frey (1931a), p.97 no.32 (from the stone); CIJ i (1936), p.405 no.550 (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), p . l l 7 no.lOl (photograph of Stephenson's copy). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. SoUn (1983), p.658.
Too l i t t l e s u r v i v e s of t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n to a t t e m p t a n y r e s t o r a t i o n , a n d t h e r e a r e no i n d i c a t i o n s of J e w i s h n e s s .
2 1 1 (C/7 i 5 5 1 a ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . O s t i a , L a p i d a r i o (Piccolo M e r c a t o ) ; i n v . n o . 8 8 4 6 . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t , 9.8 x 11 x 2 cm. L e t t e r s 3 cm.; l e t t e r form C. T e x t follows G. Sacco ( 1 9 8 4 ) .
291
APPENDIX 2 [ev0]a[8e Kenai •I]oi)ax[ - - ] | [ - - ] eCTio[e - - ] | [ - - - ] H e r e lies J u s t . . . S/he lived .... CIJ i (1936), pp.405-6 no.551a (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), pp.89-90 no.71 (photograph). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. Sohn (1983), p.658.
E v e n if t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of 1.1 is a c c e p t e d , t h e r e is n o t h i n g to m a k e t h e inscription J e w i s h . J u s t u s a n d related n a m e s , a l t h o u g h common among J e w s , were also m u c h u s e d by pagans and Christians.
2 1 2 (CIJ i 5 5 1 c ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . O s t i a , L a p i d a r i o (Piccolo M e r c a t o ) ; i n v . n o . 8 8 5 5 . M a r b l e f r a g m e n t , 16.2 x 18.5 x 2.5 cm., w i t h r a i s e d f r a m e on lower side. L e t t e r s 1.8-2.5 c m . L e t t e r f o r m s : 6 i i ; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows G. S a c c o (1984). [ - - - ]
[ - - J^il^n [ - - -
[ - - ] ovSd^ [dedvaxoc;]
11.1-2: CIJ [dvedSe mxoa OiXoMXt]
.... n o - o n e i s i m m o r t a l . CIJ i (1936), p.406 no.551c (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), pp.78-9 no.58 (photograph; from the stone and copy by de Rossi). M. Schwabe (1937-8), p.509; G. DelUng (1951), col.521 n.l; H.J. Leon (1952), pp.168 n.l7, 172 n.34.; H. Solin (1983), p.658; G. Mayer (1987), p . l l 7 .
T h e i n s c r i p t i o n c o n t a i n s t h e r e m a i n s of a n a m e ( w h i c h F r e y w i t h o u t a n y j u s t i f i c a t i o n r e s t o r e d a s P h i l o m e l e ) a n d of t h e f o r m u l a 'no-one is i m m o r t a l ' . A g a i n t h e r e is n o t h i n g J e w i s h .
292
APPENDIX 2 2 1 3 {CIJ i 5 5 1 d ) : P o r t o or R o m e : m i c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h (?); G r e e k . O s t i a , L a p i d a r i o (Piccolo M e r c a t o ) ; i n v . n o . 8 8 3 6 . I r r e g u l a r m a r b l e f r a g m e n t , 2 1 x 16.3 x 5.5 cm. L e t t e r s 3 - 4 cm., w i t h serifs. T e x t follows G. Sacco (1984). [ - - ]A[ - - 1
[ - - e]7WTi[ae - - ]
[ - - ] 0N[ - - - ]
.... m a d e .... CIJ 1 (1936), p.407 no.551d (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), pp.81-2 no.62 (photograph; from the stone). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. SoUn (1983), p.658.
Sacco t h i n k s t h a t 1.3 c o n t a i n s t h e b e g i n n i n g of a n a m e , possibly O n e s i m u s , since t h e r e a r e t r a c e s of a t h i r d l e t t e r w h i c h could b e eta. T h e r e is nothing Jewish.
2 1 4 ( C / 7 i 5 5 l e ) : P o r t o or R o m e : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . E p i t a p h (?); G r e e k . O s t i a , L a p i d a r i o (Piccolo M e r c a t o ) ; i n v . n o . 8 8 5 3 . U p p e r left c o m e r of m a r b l e p l a q u e , 11.5 x 7 x 1.5 c m . L e t t e r s 1.5-1.7. L e t t e r s h a v e serifs. T e x t follows G. Sacco (1984). A0[--]
AOP[--]
AP[--1
AA[--1
CIJ only read A in 1.4 CIJ i (1936), p.407 no.551e (photograph; from the stone); G. Sacco (1984), pp.81-2 no.63 (photograph; from the stone). H.J. Leon (1952), p.l68; H. SoUn (1983), p.658.
T h e b e g i n n i n g s of four l i n e s a r e p r e s e r v e d . Sacco's s u g g e s t i o n t h a t i t m i g h t s t a n d for L. A f r a n i u s Ar... of A l e x a n d r i a is e x t r e m e l y s p e c u l a t i v e . T h e r e a r e n o signs of J e w i s h n e s s . Sacco s u g g e s t s t h a t h e r n o . 9 2 , from t h e I s o l a S a c r a necropolis, m a y b e J e w i s h . T h e t e x t r e a d s : NaK0HT|5i!cf| Xp-ooai MapKiavfi OliXovTieXox) ^Ti a a a a etrj Ticom I ptex' dvSpo^ zxx\ I e^, m^ie mz xd(; ov 5e Pa(iaexa[i x] 6v xd(pov KE E O i r N l O M A I T A Z H M E l A 6oi) ve xost. T h e l e t t e r s i n 1.1 a r e difficult t o i n t e r p r e t a n d are not necessarily connected with t h e n a m e Reuben; n o r n e e d t h e b e g i n n i n g of 1.2 b e i m d e r s t o o d a s ' S y r i a n woman*. T h e i n s c r i p t i o n is n o t i n c l u d e d by S o h n (1983) i n h i s l i s t of S y r i a n s .
2 2 5 : A n t i b e s (Antipolis): 2 n d - 3 r d c e n t u r y . E p i t a p h ; G r e e k . Lost; c a s t a t Antibes, M u s e e Picasso. M a r b l e t a b l e t , 14.9 x 17.0 x 2.4 cm.; u p p e r left c o r n e r b r o k e n . T e x t follows B . B l u m e n k r a n z (1975). riojwyxoi; ZeiXo\) e^iiae execi oj3'. J u s t u s son of S i l u s , a g e d 72. B. Blumenkranz (1975), pp.234-5 (photograph); H. SoUn (1983), p.753.
301
APPENDIX 2 T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n , f o u n d a t A n t i b e s i n 1884, w a s c o n s i d e r e d to b e p r o b a b l y J e w i s h b y B l u m e n k r a n z , followed b y Solin, on t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e n a m e s . J u s t u s i s c o m m o n a m o n g b o t h J e w s a n d p a g a n s . S i l a s i s a biblical n a m e , b u t v a r i o u s L a t i n n a m e s w i t h a s i m i l a r r o o t a r e k n o w n : S i l u s , a n d t h e c o m m o n e r Silo a n d S i l a ( K a j a n t o (1965), p . 2 3 7 ) . T h e j u x t a p o s i t i o n of t h e two n a m e s c e r t a i n l y makes J e w i s h n e s s a distinct possibility, b u t t h e deceased m a n can be understood as h a v i n g a perfectly r e g u l a r L a t i n n a m e .
2 2 6 (C/7 6 7 2 a ) : Trier (Augusta Treverorum): 2 n d - 3 r d century. Uncertain nature; Greek. Trier, Rheinische L a n d s m u s e u m ; inv.no. 19275. F r a g m e n t of w h i t e m a r b l e p l a q u e , 33.5 x 32 x 3 c m . L e t t e r s 2 . 5 - 3 cm. L e t t e r f o r m s K JUL TT C CJO; l e t t e r s h a v e serifs.. T e x t follows E. G o s e ( 1 9 5 8 ) . [
] I [ - - ] Ao|Ji[iTiotv6q (?) CTOi] I [iia&l^niv x5 [jiVTi^iaov] (?)
[T6 KJdxG) YTiv]a{y)GrfT[C, if t h e y h a d n o t b e e n r e l u c t a n t to c o r r e c t t h e s t o n e - c u t t e r . A c o r r e c t i o n is c l e a r l y u n n e c e s s a r y , b u t on
302
APPENDIX 2 t h e s t r e n g t h of t h i s s t a t e m e n t Lifshitz i n c l u d e d t h e i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e r e v i s e d CIJ. T h e r e w e r e J e w s a t T r i e r , s i n c e a l a m p w i t h a m e n o r a h w a s found t h e r e (Avneri 1962), a n d S o l i n (1983), p . 7 5 3 , s u g g e s t s t h a t C . T h e o . vii 8.2 m a y refer t o a s y n a g o g u e i n t h e city. However, t h e r e is nothing Jewish about this inscription.
2 2 7 (C/7 6 7 3 ) : R e g e n s b u r g ( C a s t r a R e g i n a ) : 3 r d c e n t u r y (?). A m u l e t ; Greek. P r i v a t e collection. T e x t follows A. B a u e r (1877). E l e v e n illegible l i n e s . [ - - - IXMOY O(xp|0iao) ' l a ^ o x Ma|i[..]|\)E(oe *!«(& I a p a 6 *A8(Dveai COOM[ - - - ] A. Bauer (1877), pp,68-9 (from the original); A. Ebner (1892), pp. 162-5 (facsimile; from the original); M. Siebourg (1898), pp.126-7, 135; CIJ i (1936), p.485 no.673. Schiirer revised iii.i (1986), p.360.
T h i s a m u l e t w a s found i n 1869 d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n s of t h e R o m a n c e m e t e r y a t R e g e n s b u r g . A silver c y l i n d r i c a l c a s e m e a s u r i n g 3 x 0.7 c m . w a s f o u n d on t h e t h o r a x of a f e m a l e s k e l e t o n . I n s i d e w a s a n o x i d i s e d copper roll, w h i c h c o n t a i n e d r o l l e d s h e e t s of silver a n d gold. T h e s e m e a s u r e d 3.5 x 2 a n d 4.5 x 2 cm. r e s p e c t i v e l y w h e n u n r o l l e d . S o m e of t h e w r i t i n g w a s d a m a g e d i n t h e u n r o l l i n g . W h a t r e m a i n e d w a s of good q u a l i t y . T h e t e x t a b o v e c o m e s f r o m 11.12-15 of t h e gold s h e e t . O n o n e line of t h e silver B a u e r r e a d X[piaTOU l l i i a o u , b u t S i e b o u r g took t h e chi a s a m a g i c a l s y m b o l . H e also r e c o g n i s e d m a g i c a l s y m b o l s on t h e gold s h e e t , a n d r e a d Aaenova in 1.6, i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e whole i n s c r i p t i o n a s a p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t d e m o n s . F r e y m u s t h a v e i n c l u d e d t h e a m u l e t b e c a u s e of t h e o c c u r r e n c e of t h e n a m e s lao, Sabao(th) and Adonai, b u t in a magical text they a r e no e v i d e n c e of a d i r e c t l i n k w i t h J u d a i s m ; cf. n o . 159.
303
APPENDIX 2 2 2 8 {CIJ 6 7 4 ) : B a d e n w e i l e r : u n c e r t a i n d a t e . A m u l e t ; G r e e k a n d transliterated Latin. Karlsruhe Museum. T e x t follows ClJy w i t h a d d i t i o n s from f a c s i m i l e (1.1) a n d F r o e h n e r (1.8). [ - - ]OAEAEAr[..]AEOZA [ - - ]N l a l a l a l a i Z a p a 6 e | [A5o)vott Ap]A.ocva9avaXpa AKpa [^laxonapi IJenemXan XTiD) MeXidbaa Mindius Mtv5i^ Nopheius Nocpeioq Numerius Ncoufpelov Nymphe
OfiUa Olympius Olympii Opillo Opillonis Optata Papario Paragorius Paragori Pascasus Pascasi
22 189 183 183 13 152 33 95 152 151 14 8 89 6 8 189 34 35
317
INDEXES Pater Patema Patemae Peon Petrus Philippus Plotius Plotio Pretiosa (novDisj) Ilpeticooa Proculus (?) Ptolemaeus nxoXeiaaTe Publius Publii Pylades Pyladi Romulus PdoncoXoq Rosa Roscius Rufinus 'Poixpeivoq Sabbatai (»>3iatt)) Sebbetei Sebbetii Zapaxiaq Sabinus ZapivoD Salomonula Samuel C S H I D I O ) Samohil ("jHinio) EoqioofiX, Sania Sanies Sapaudus Sapaudi Sarmata Sarmatanis
1 5 174 8 23 14 14 84 66 26 161 20(?) 7 15 97 85 188 12 126 68 85 158 134 179 121; 177 145 69 24 189 88(?) 90 318
INDEXES Sarra
89 Xdppa
Secunda Secundinus 2eKoa)v5ivoq ('jri3ip.no) Seius Xfiie
111
14 14 75 161
Severa ZePiipa
48
Silani (l3'?'0)
121 9
Silanus Soter Soteria Soteriae Soteris Speratus 'HoTcepaxoD
Stephanus Susanna Zococva Zvy... Sjrmonas Symonatis Syrianus Zvpiavoi) Telesinus Thelesini Theodorus eEo6a)pov
9 20 99
9 118 182 107 47 28 17(?)
Thybes Gvpe; Tiberius TruUes Tp-oUzq (?)
159 23; 26 40
Venus Benus Vincomalus BivKO|LidXoa)
36 111
319
INDEXES Vitus (no^a) Biti Biti (itQ'a)
Viti BlTOD Zosimianus Zcomiiiavov [.Joplo'O AZHAONOYA
82; 82a 86 84 85; 87 111 150 79 64
II b. N O T A B L E F E A T U R E S OF T H E N A M E S Trw, nomina
18; 20; 23; 161
with filiation and tribe 15 with freedman designation Duo nomina
(men)
7; 26
9; 11; 13; 14; 18; 145
Duo nomina (women) 5; 6; 9; 11; 14; 20; 26; 145; 179 Double non-Roman name 22; 151(?); 158; 174 with qui 8 with f| Kg 166 Relatives' names of differing origin Father GalUc, son Latin 189 Father Greek, son Hebrew 126 Father Greek, daughter Latin 65 Husband Greek, wife Latin 116 Father Hebrew, daughter Greek 59; 187 Father Hebrew, son Greek 15; 125 Husband Hebrew, wife Greek 20; 145 Father Hebrew, daughter Latin 35; 48; 68; 69; 90; 107; 183 Father Hebrew, son Latin 76; 85(?); 103; 118 Mother Hebrew, daughter Latin 90; 183 Mother Hebrew, son Latin 118 Husband Hebrew, wife Latin 90; 187 Father Latin, daughter Greek 28; 62(?); 134 Father Latin, son Greek 120 Mother Latin, daughter Greek 187 Husband Latin, wife Greek 14 Father Latin, daughter Hebrew 47; 89; 90(?); I l l 320
INDEXES Father Latin, son Hebrew 85(?); 88; 90; 121 Mother Latin, daughter Hebrew 89 Husband Latin, wife Hebrew 89(?); 90 Relatives' names of same origin Father and son Greek 8; 50(?) Mother and son Greek 9 Father and son Hebrew 70; 119(?); 177 Mother and son Hebrew 90 Husband and wife Hebrew 11; 88; 90; 118; 183 Father and daughter Latin 14; 36; 66; 77; 84; 85; 86; 89; 189 Father and son Latin 14; 27; 62(?); 82; 82a; 85; 86; 87; 111; 189 Mother and daughter Latin 89 Husband and wife Latin 77; 89; 107 Patronymic 8; 27; 28; 35; 36; 47; 48; 50; 59; 62; 65 66; 68-70; 76; 77; 79; 82; 82a; 84-87; 89 90; 103; 107; 111; 118-121; 122(?); 125 126; 134; 176; 177; 183; 187; 189 TOO in patronymic 66; 76; 77; 111 Matronymic 89; 90; 118; 134; 183; 187 Papponymic 50; 62; 85; 86; 87; 90; 107; 176 toi) before name 77; 159 Homonymous parent and child 70; 86; 90; 128(?) Homonymous grandparent and grandchild 50; 80; 86; 87
III. PERSONAL DETAILS a. V O C A B U L A R Y O F F A M I L Y R E L A T I O N S H I P S Spouse coniux coiugi uxor oxor oxore oxsoris Ywfj v