International Law

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Professor o f Public International La'H/;, L.Tniversity o f Bristol

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UNIVERSITY PRESS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford oX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kqng Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Editorial material and arrangement Malcolm D. Evans 2003

INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PRACTICE REFLECTIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COURT

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HE Judge Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC THE PINOCHET CASE-SOME PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

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The Rt Han The Lord Millett THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -FROM THE BAR

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Ian Brownlie, CBE, QC

© Individual chapters-the several contributors 2003

The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics-rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

REFLECTIONS FROM THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION

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Campbell McLachlan A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

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Ralph Zacklin, Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FOREIGN MINISTRY LEGAL ADVISER

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Michael Wood

You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on anyacquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-925114-2

PART I THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

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Typeset in Adobe Minion by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

A SHORT HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

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Stephen C Neff 2 SOME COMMON HERESIES ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LAW: SUNDRY THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

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lain Scobbie 3 WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR?

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Martti Koskenniemi

PART II THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 4 THE SOVRCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Hugh Thirlway

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vi, .

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5 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND 'RELATIVE NORMATIVITY'

OUTLINE CONTENTS

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Dinah Shelton

15 ISSUES OF ADMISSIBILITY AND THE LAW ON INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

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Phoebe Okowa 6 THE PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE LAW OF TREATIES

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Malgosia Fitzmaurice

PART VI RESPONDING TO BREACHES OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

PART III THE SUBJECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

16 COUNTERMEASURES AND SANCTIONS

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ND White and A Abass 7 STATES AND RECOGNITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

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Colin Warbrick

17 THE MEANING OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

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John Merrills 8 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

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DapoAkande

18 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

9 THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

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559

Hugh Thirlway

Robert McCorquodale 19 THE USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

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Christine Gray

PART IV 'THE SCOPE OF SOVEREIGNTY 10 JURISDICTION

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PART VII THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Vaughan Lowe 20 THE LAW OF THE SEA JURISDICTION BY NATIONAL COURTS OF STATES

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Malcolm D Evans

11 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RESTRAINTS ON THE EXERCISE OF

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Hazel Fox

21 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

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Catherine Redgwell 12 IMMUNITIES ENJOYED BY OFFICIALS OF STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

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23 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

13 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW

22 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW

689

Gerhard Loibl

. Chanaka Wickremasinghe

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Antonio Cassese

Eileen Denza 24 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Henry J Steiner 25 THE LAW OF WAR (INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW)

PART V RESPONSIBILITY 14 THE NATURE AND FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

James Crawford and Simon Olleson

Christopher Greenwood 445

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CONTENTS

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 'BY THE EDITOR NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ABBREVIATIONS TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASES TABLE OF STATUTES BY COUNTRY TABLE OF DOMESTIC CASE LAW BY COUNTRY

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The Rt Hon The Lord Millett THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM THE BAR

The Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries (1919-

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The Inter-war Period After 1945

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References

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Further Reading

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Summary

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I

Introduction: Theory Matters

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II

What is a