Imitrex: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IMITREX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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IMITREX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Imitrex: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83989-1 1. Imitrex-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Imitrex. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IMITREX ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Imitrex........................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IMITREX ........................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on Imitrex ......................................................................................... 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 22 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON IMITREX.................................................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Imitrex.................................................................................................... 25 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON IMITREX........................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 29 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 31 Academic Periodicals covering Imitrex........................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 33 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 44 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 53 IMITREX DICTIONARY................................................................................................................ 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Imitrex is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Imitrex, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Imitrex, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Imitrex. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Imitrex, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Imitrex. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IMITREX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Imitrex.

Federally Funded Research on Imitrex The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Imitrex. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Imitrex. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Imitrex.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for Imitrex in the PubMed Central database: •

Atrial fibrillation associated with sumatriptan. by Morgan DR, Trimble M, McVeigh GE.; 2000 Jul 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27444

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Inappropriate use of sumatriptan: population based register and interview study. by Gaist D, Tsiropoulos I, Sindrup SH, Hallas J, Rasmussen BK, Kragstrup J, Gram LF.; 1998 May 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28533

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Imitrex, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Imitrex (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

5-HT1B-receptors and vascular reactivity in human isolated blood vessels: assessment of the potential craniovascular selectivity of sumatriptan. Author(s): Razzaque Z, Pickard JD, Ma QP, Shaw D, Morrison K, Wang T, Longmore J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 March; 53(3): 266-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874390&dopt=Abstract

4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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5-HT1-receptor agonist sumatriptan modifies gastric size after 500 ml of water in dyspeptic patients and normal subjects. Author(s): Malatesta MG, Fascetti E, Ciccaglione AF, Cappello G, Grossi L, Ferri A, Marzio L. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452400&dopt=Abstract

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A cost-effectiveness analysis of eletriptan 40 and 80 mg versus sumatriptan 50 and 100 mg in the acute treatment of migraine. Author(s): Wells N, Hettiarachchi J, Drummond M, DPhil M, Carter D, Parpia T, Pang F. Source: Value in Health : the Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2003 July-August; 6(4): 438-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859585&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind study of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine vs subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine. Author(s): Winner P, Ricalde O, Le Force B, Saper J, Margul B. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1996 February; 53(2): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8639069&dopt=Abstract

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A pharmacokinetic interaction study between butorphanol and sumatriptan nasal sprays in healthy subjects: importance of the timing of butorphanol administration. Author(s): Vachharajani NN, Shyu WC, Nichola PS, Boulton DW. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 May; 22(4): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100090&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective double-blind study of nasal sumatriptan versus IV ketorolac in migraine. Author(s): Meredith JT, Wait S, Brewer KL. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 21(3): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12811706&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture versus placebo versus sumatriptan for early treatment of migraine attacks: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Melchart D, Thormaehlen J, Hager S, Liao J, Linde K, Weidenhammer W. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 February; 253(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542558&dopt=Abstract

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Almotriptan versus sumatriptan in migraine treatment: direct medical costs of managing adverse chest symptoms. Author(s): Mannix LK, Adelman JU, Goldfarb SD, Von S, Kozma CM. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2002 February; 8(3 Suppl): S94-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859910&dopt=Abstract

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Amplification of sumatriptan-induced contractions with phenylephrine, histamine and KCl in the isolated human mesenteric artery: in-vitro evidence for sumatriptaninduced mesenteric ischaemia. Author(s): Gul H, Yildiz O. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2002 September; 366(3): 254-61. Epub 2002 June 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172708&dopt=Abstract

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An open preference study with sumatriptan 50 mg and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg in 100 migraine patients. Author(s): Pascual J, Munoz R, Leira R. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 July; 21(6): 680-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531900&dopt=Abstract

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An open-label study to assess changes in efficacy and satisfaction with migraine care when patients have access to multiple sumatriptan succinate formulations. Author(s): Weidmann E, Unger J, Blair S, Friesen C, Hart C, Cady R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 January; 25(1): 235-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637123&dopt=Abstract

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Bringing sumatriptan to primary care. Author(s): Dowson A. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678819&dopt=Abstract

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Building on the sumatriptan experience: the development of naratriptan. Author(s): Connor HE. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678820&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of sumatriptan-induced contractions in human isolated blood vessels using selective 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonists and in situ hybridization. Author(s): van den Broek RW, Bhalla P, VanDenBrink AM, de Vries R, Sharma HS, Saxena PR. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 March; 22(2): 83-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972574&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan tablet and suppository in the acute treatment of migraine: a review of data from clinical trials. Author(s): Dahlof C. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 9-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678813&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical pharmacokinetics of intranasal sumatriptan. Author(s): Fuseau E, Petricoul O, Moore KH, Barrow A, Ibbotson T. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2002; 41(11): 801-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190330&dopt=Abstract

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CNS effects of sumatriptan and rizatriptan in healthy female volunteers. Author(s): van der Post J, Schram MT, Schoemaker RC, Pieters MS, Fuseau E, Pereira A, Baggen S, Cohen AF, van Gerven JM. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 May; 22(4): 271-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100089&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative efficacy of eletriptan 40 mg versus sumatriptan 100 mg. Author(s): Mathew NT, Schoenen J, Winner P, Muirhead N, Sikes CR. Source: Headache. 2003 March; 43(3): 214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603639&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of a combination of isometheptene mucate, dichloralphenazone with acetaminophen and sumatriptan succinate in the treatment of migraine. Author(s): Freitag FG, Cady R, DiSerio F, Elkind A, Gallagher RM, Goldstein J, Klapper JA, Rapoport AM, Sadowsky C, Saper JR, Smith TR. Source: Headache. 2001 April; 41(4): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318886&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of contractile responses to donitriptan and sumatriptan in the human middle meningeal and coronary arteries. Author(s): van den Broek RW, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Mulder PG, Bogers AJ, Avezaat CJ, John GW, Saxena PR. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 17; 443(1-3): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044802&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of preference for rizatriptan 10-mg wafer versus sumatriptan 50-mg tablet in migraine. Author(s): Pascual J, Bussone G, Hernandez JF, Allen C, Vrijens F, Patel K; RizatriptanSumatriptan Preference Study Group. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(4): 275-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11385269&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of sumatriptan in patients with migraine. Author(s): Lofland JH, Kim SS, Batenhorst AS, Johnson NE, Chatterton ML, Cady RK, Kaniecki R, Nash DB. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001 November; 76(11): 1093-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702897&dopt=Abstract

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Costs and outcomes of early versus delayed migraine treatment with sumatriptan. Author(s): Halpern MT, Lipton RB, Cady RK, Kwong WJ, Marlo KO, Batenhorst AS. Source: Headache. 2002 November-December; 42(10): 984-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453030&dopt=Abstract

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Craniovascular selectivity of eletriptan and sumatriptan in human isolated blood vessels. Author(s): Humphrey PP, Fenvik W, Salonen R. Source: Neurology. 2001 July 10; 57(1): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445657&dopt=Abstract

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Delivery outcome in women who used drugs for migraine during pregnancy with special reference to sumatriptan. Author(s): Kallen B, Lygner PE. Source: Headache. 2001 April; 41(4): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318881&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intranasal sumatriptan on gastric tone and sensitivity to distension. Author(s): Sarnelli G, Janssens J, Tack J. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 August; 46(8): 1591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508654&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the 5-HT1 agonist sumatriptan on oesophageal motor pattern in patients with ineffective oesophageal motility. Author(s): Grossi L, Ciccaglione AF, Marzio L. Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 2003 February; 15(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588464&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of nasal sumatriptan in 5- to 12-year-old children. Author(s): Hershey AD, Powers SW, LeCates S, Bentti AL. Source: Headache. 2001 July-August; 41(7): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554957&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan on muscle energy metabolism: relationship to side-effects. Author(s): Boska MD, Welch KM, Schultz L, Nelson J. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2000 February; 20(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817445&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous sumatriptan administered using the IMITREX STATdose System. Author(s): Mushet GR, Cady RK, Baker CC, Clements B, Gutterman DL, Davis R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 July-August; 18(4): 687-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879897&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous sumatriptan for acute migraine: a comparison between ethnic groups. Author(s): Burke-Ramirez P, Asgharnejad M, Webster C, Davis R, Laurenza A. Source: Headache. 2001 October; 41(9): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703474&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of sumatriptan in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. Author(s): Evers S, Husstedt IW. Source: Headache. 1998 September; 38(8): 630-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398311&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine: a review of the literature. Author(s): McAlhany A. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2001 October; 33(5): 270-7, 285. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668885&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of sumatriptan nasal spray in recurrent migrainous headache: an open prospective study. Author(s): Carpay JA, Linssen WH, Koehler PJ, Arends LR, Tiedink HG. Source: Headache. 2003 April; 43(4): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656711&dopt=Abstract

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Eletriptan vs sumatriptan: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple migraine attack study. Author(s): Deleu D, Hanssens Y. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1221-2; Author Reply 1221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682349&dopt=Abstract

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Eletriptan vs sumatriptan: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple migraine attack study. Author(s): Sandrini G, Farkkila M, Burgess G, Forster E, Haughie S; Eletriptan Steering Committee. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): 1210-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391349&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence against strong correlation between chest symptoms and ischemic coronary changes after subcutaneous sumatriptan injection. Author(s): Tomita M, Suzuki N, Igarashi H, Endo M, Sakai F. Source: Intern Med. 2002 August; 41(8): 622-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211529&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based assessment of pregnancy outcome after sumatriptan exposure. Author(s): Fox AW, Chambers CD, Anderson PO, Diamond ML, Spierings EL. Source: Headache. 2002 January; 42(1): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005279&dopt=Abstract

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Imitrex. Author(s): Stewart S, Gorman DG. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1998 October; 18(8): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827255&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial hemorrhages associated with sumatriptan. Author(s): Mulder JM. Source: Neurology. 2001 December 26; 57(12): 2322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785497&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial hemorrhages associated with sumatriptan. Author(s): Spierings EL. Source: Neurology. 2001 December 26; 57(12): 2322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756624&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial hemorrhages associated with sumatriptan. Author(s): Combremont PC, Marcus EM. Source: Neurology. 2001 May 8; 56(9): 1243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342701&dopt=Abstract

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Intranasal sumatriptan in post-ECT headache: results of an open-label trial. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Kellner CH, DeVane CL, Beale MD, Folk J, Burns C, Liston HL. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2001 December; 17(4): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731730&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoral chilling versus oral sumatriptan for acute migraine. Author(s): Friedman MH, Peterson SJ, Behar CF, Zaidi Z. Source: Heart Disease. 2001 November-December; 3(6): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975819&dopt=Abstract

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Is myofascial pain of the temporal muscles relieved by oral sumatriptan? A cross-over pilot study. Author(s): Dao TT, Lund JP, Remillard G, Lavigne GJ. Source: Pain. 1995 August; 62(2): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8545150&dopt=Abstract

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Looking forward: the expanding utility of sumatriptan and naratriptan. Author(s): Cady R. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678821&dopt=Abstract

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Migraine polypharmacy and the tolerability of sumatriptan: a large-scale, prospective study. Author(s): Putnam GP, O'Quinn S, Bolden-Watson CP, Davis RL, Gutterman DL, Fox AW. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1999 September; 19(7): 66875. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524661&dopt=Abstract

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Migraine, Midrin, and Imitrex. Author(s): Landy S, Richardson M, O'Quinn S. Source: Headache. 2002 April; 42(4): 322-3; Author Reply 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010397&dopt=Abstract

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Mixing sumatriptan. Author(s): Lipton RB, Cady R. Source: Headache. 2002 April; 42(4): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010399&dopt=Abstract

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Mixing sumatriptan: a prospective study of stratified care using multiple formulations. Author(s): Kaniecki RG. Source: Headache. 2001 October; 41(9): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703472&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroendocrine effects of subcutaneous sumatriptan in patients with migraine. Author(s): Rainero I, Valfre W, Savi L, Gentile S, Pinessi L, Gianotti L, Arvat E, Ghigo E, Del Rizzo P, Calvelli P, Limone P. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 May; 24(5): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407649&dopt=Abstract

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Oral almotriptan vs. oral sumatriptan in the abortive treatment of migraine: a doubleblind, randomized, parallel-group, optimum-dose comparison. Author(s): Spierings EL, Gomez-Mancilla B, Grosz DE, Rowland CR, Whaley FS, Jirgens KJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 June; 58(6): 944-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405809&dopt=Abstract

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Oral imitrex for migraine relief. Author(s): Burke SM. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1996 NovemberDecember; 21(6): 316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8952287&dopt=Abstract

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Oral sumatriptan for acute migraine. Author(s): McCrory DC, Gray RN. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd002915. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917936&dopt=Abstract

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Oral sumatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine: evaluation of three dosage strengths. Author(s): Cutler N, Mushet GR, Davis R, Clements B, Whitcher L. Source: Neurology. 1995 August; 45(8 Suppl 7): S5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7644082&dopt=Abstract

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Oral sumatriptan for the long-term treatment of migraine: clinical findings. Author(s): Rederich G, Rapoport A, Cutler N, Hazelrigg R, Jamerson B. Source: Neurology. 1995 August; 45(8 Suppl 7): S15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7644080&dopt=Abstract

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Oral sumatriptan is effective and well tolerated for the acute treatment of migraine: results of a multicenter study. Author(s): Sargent J, Kirchner JR, Davis R, Kirkhart B. Source: Neurology. 1995 August; 45(8 Suppl 7): S10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7644079&dopt=Abstract

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Pain-free efficacy after treatment with sumatriptan in the mild pain phase of menstrually associated migraine. Author(s): Nett R, Landy S, Shackelford S, Richardson MS, Ames M, Lener M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 102(4): 835-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14551015&dopt=Abstract

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Pain-free results with sumatriptan taken at the first sign of migraine pain: 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Author(s): Winner P, Mannix LK, Putnam DG, McNeal S, Kwong J, O'Quinn S, Richardson MS. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 October; 78(10): 1214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531480&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of ergotamine and sumatriptan use in the Netherlands from 1991 to 1997. Author(s): Rahimtoola H, Egberts AC, Buurma H, Tijssen CC, Leufkens HG. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 June; 21(5): 596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472386&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan nasal spray in adolescents. Author(s): Christensen ML, Mottern RK, Jabbour JT, Fuseau E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 43(7): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856385&dopt=Abstract

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Preference comparison of rizatriptan ODT 10-mg and sumatriptan 50-mg tablet in migraine. Author(s): Loder E, Brandes JL, Silberstein S, Skobieranda F, Bohidar N, Wang L, Boyle D, Kolodny A, Guerra F, Santanello N, Johnson-Pratt L; Rizatriptan Protocol 060 Study Group. Source: Headache. 2001 September; 41(8): 745-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576197&dopt=Abstract

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Privacy issues and the monitoring of sumatriptan in the New Zealand Intensive Medicines Monitoring Programme. Author(s): Coulter DM. Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2001 December; 10(7): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980258&dopt=Abstract

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Rizatriptan: pharmacological differences from sumatriptan and clinical results. Author(s): Lines CR, McCarroll KA, Visser WH. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2001; 17 Suppl 1: S54-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463279&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of sumatriptan in pregnancy: a review of the data so far. Author(s): Loder E. Source: Cns Drugs. 2003; 17(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467489&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonergic functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: a sumatriptan challenge study. Author(s): Snoek H, van Goozen SH, Matthys W, Sigling HO, Koppeschaar HP, Westenberg HG, van Engeland H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 February 15; 51(4): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958783&dopt=Abstract

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Single use of sumatriptan: a patient interview study. Author(s): Rahimtoola H, Buurma H, Tijssen CC, Leufkens HG, Egberts AC. Source: Headache. 2003 February; 43(2): 109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558764&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan (Imitrex) transport by the human placenta. Author(s): Schenker S, Yang Y, Perez A, Henderson GI, Lee MP. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1995 December; 210(3): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8539258&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan and naratriptan tolerability and safety: an update of post-marketing experience. Author(s): Welch KM. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678818&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan by injection. Author(s): Ferrari MD. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 6-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678812&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan can alleviate headaches due to carotid artery dissection. Author(s): Leira EC, Cruz-Flores S, Leacock RO, Abdulrauf SI. Source: Headache. 2001 June; 41(6): 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437896&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan challenge in bipolar patients with and without migraine: a neuroendocrine study of 5-HT1D receptor function. Author(s): Mahmood T, Silverstone T, Connor R, Herbison P. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 January; 17(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800504&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan in migraine with unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms: an open study. Author(s): Barbanti P, Fabbrini G, Vanacore N, Pesare M, Buzzi MG. Source: Headache. 2003 April; 43(4): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656712&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan in paediatric and adolescent migraine. Author(s): Ueberall M. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678817&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan in the treatment of cluster headache. Author(s): Diener HC. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 16-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678815&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan nasal spray and cognitive function during migraine: results of an openlabel study. Author(s): Farmer K, Cady R, Bleiberg J, Reeves D, Putnam G, O'Quinn S, Batenhorst A. Source: Headache. 2001 April; 41(4): 377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318884&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan nasal spray for migraine: a review of studies in patients aged 17 years and younger. Author(s): Hamalainen M, Jones M, Loftus J, Saiers J. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 November; 56(9): 704-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469987&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan overdose in episodic cluster headache: a case report of overuse without event. Author(s): Turhal NS. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 July; 21(6): 700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531904&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan responsiveness and clinical, psychiatric and psychologic features in migraine patients. Author(s): Meckling SK, Becker WJ, Rose MS, Dalby JT. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 2001 November; 28(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766775&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan scavenges superoxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide radicals: in vitro electron spin resonance study. Author(s): Ikeda Y, Jimbo H, Shimazu M, Satoh K. Source: Headache. 2002 October; 42(9): 888-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390615&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan use in patients with migraine. Author(s): Canario JR Jr, Shenenberger DW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 February; 77(2): 201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838657&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan versus eletriptan: which is best? Author(s): Dodick DW. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2002 December; 1(8): 474. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849329&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan, 5-HT(1D) receptors and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Koran LM, Pallanti S, Quercioli L. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 April; 11(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313163&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan: pharmacological basis and clinical results. Author(s): Dahlof CG. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2001; 17 Suppl 1: S35-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463276&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan-associated ischemic colitis. Author(s): Naik M, Potluri R, Almasri E, Arnold GL. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 September; 47(9): 2015-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353847&dopt=Abstract

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Sumatriptan-induced chest symptoms in Japanese. Author(s): Hirata K. Source: Intern Med. 2002 August; 41(8): 599-600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211521&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and safety of sc alniditan vs. sc sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P, de Beukelaar F, Ferrari MD, Olesen J, Dahlof C, Mathew N; Study Group. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 July; 21(6): 672-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531899&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan when administered with clarithromycin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Moore KH, Leese PT, McNeal S, Gray P, O'Quinn S, Bye C, Sale M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 583-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017403&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan when administered with norethindrone 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 0.035 mg in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Moore KH, McNeal S, Britto MR, Bye C, Sale M, Richardson MS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 November; 24(11): 1887-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501881&dopt=Abstract

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The sumatriptan difference. Author(s): Salonen R. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678816&dopt=Abstract

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The sumatriptan nasal spray: a review of clinical trials. Author(s): Rapoport A. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001; 21 Suppl 1: 13-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678814&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Author(s): Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Source: Headache. 2002 April; 42 Suppl 2: S93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028325&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerability of sumatriptan: clinical trials and postmarketing experience. Author(s): Allen C, Dayno J. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 October; 21(8): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737014&dopt=Abstract

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Transcranial Doppler in migraine attacks before and after treatment with oral zolmitriptan or sumatriptan. Author(s): Thomaides T, Karagounakis D, Spantideas A, Katelanis S. Source: Headache. 2003 January; 43(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12864759&dopt=Abstract

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Transient minor improvement of high altitude headache by sumatriptan. Author(s): Utiger D, Eichenberger U, Bernasch D, Baumgartner RW, Bartsch P. Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2002 Winter; 3(4): 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631424&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute cluster headache with 20 mg sumatriptan nasal spray--an open pilot study. Author(s): Schuh-Hofer S, Reuter U, Kinze S, Einhaupl KM, Arnold G. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 January; 249(1): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954875&dopt=Abstract

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Unstable angina pectoris associated with Imitrex therapy. Author(s): Walton-Shirley M, Flowers K, Whiteside JH. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1995 February; 34(2): 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788702&dopt=Abstract

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Validation and application of a high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for sumatriptan in human plasma. Author(s): Boulton DW, Duncan GF, Vachharajani NN. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2003 January; 17(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583006&dopt=Abstract

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Zolmitriptan versus sumatriptan for the acute oral treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, international study. Author(s): Gruffyd-Jones K, Kies B, Middleton A, Mulder LJ, Rosjo O, Millson DS. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2001 May; 8(3): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328332&dopt=Abstract

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Zolmitriptan: differences from sumatriptan. Author(s): Goadsby PJ, Boes CJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2001; 17 Suppl 1: S46-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463277&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IMITREX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Imitrex.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Imitrex The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Imitrex” (or a synonym): •

A double-blind study of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine vs subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine. Author(s): Palm Beach Headache Center, Fla, USA. Source: Winner, P Ricalde, O Le Force, B Saper, J Margul, B Arch-Neurol. 1996 February; 53(2): 180-4 0003-9942

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Oral imitrex for migraine relief. Author(s): Villanova University College of Nursing, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Burke, S M MCN-Am-J-Matern-Child-Nurs. 1996 Nov-December; 21(6): 316 0361-929X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

23

25

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON IMITREX Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Imitrex” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Imitrex, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Imitrex As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Imitrex:

Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000. 8

26

Imitrex

•

Delivery of sumatriptan, frovatriptan or naratriptan through an inhalation route Inventor(s): Hale, Ron L.; (Woodside, CA), Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; (Mountain View, CA), Solas, Dennis W.; (San Francisco, CA), Zaffaroni, Alejandro C.; (Atherton, CA) Correspondence: Richard R. Eckman; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030021755 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the delivery of anti-migraine compounds through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan that are used in inhalation therapy. In a composition aspect of the present invention, the aerosol comprises particles comprising at least 5 percent by weight of sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan. In a method aspect of the present invention, one of sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan is delivered to a mammal through an inhalation route. The method comprises: a) heating a composition, wherein the composition comprises at least 5 percent by weight of sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan, to form a vapor; and, b) allowing the vapor to cool, thereby forming a condensation aerosol comprising particles, which is inhaled by the mammal. In a kit aspect of the present invention, a kit for delivering sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan through an inhalation route to a mammal is provided which comprises: a) a composition comprising at least 5 percent by weight of sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan; and, b) a device that forms a sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan aerosol from the composition, for inhalation by the mammal. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/294,203 entitled "Thermal Vapor Delivery of Drugs," filed May 24, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application further claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/317,479 entitled "Aerosol Drug Delivery," filed Sep. 5, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to the delivery of anti-migraine compounds through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing sumatriptan, frovatriptan, or naratriptan that are used in inhalation therapy. There are a number of compositions currently marketed for the treatment of migraine headaches. The compositions contain at least one active ingredient that provides for observed therapeutic effects. Among the active ingredients given in such anti-migraine compositions are sumatriptan, frovatriptan, and naratriptan. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Imitrex, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Imitrex.

Patents 27

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Imitrex. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

29

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON IMITREX Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Imitrex.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Imitrex is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Imitrex. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Imitrex” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Imitrex: •

GlaxoSmithKline drops Imitrex ad at FDA's request Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 21, 2002

•

Nasal sumatriptan spray effective in adolescent migraineurs Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 06, 1999

30

Imitrex

•

Sumatriptan treatment lowers number of migraine-related claims Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 1999

•

Sumatriptan 25 mg tablet to be marketed in Canada Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 20, 1999

•

Interactions not seen between sumatriptan and prophylactic migraine drugs Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 03, 1998

•

New Self-Administration Device Available For Imitrex Injection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 09, 1997

•

Glaxo Gets US Approval For Imitrex Tablets Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

Periodicals and News

31

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Imitrex” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Imitrex, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Imitrex” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on Imitrex: •

Functional Bowel Disease: Looking Into Gut Feelings Source: Harvard Health Letter. 24(8): 4, 5. June 1999. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group. Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (800) 829-9045. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This health newsletter article familiarizes readers with functional bowel disease, notably irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). For people with functional bowel diseases, gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramping, or diarrhea are frequent occurrences that may plague them off and on for months or years. The problem is termed 'functional' because doctors cannot determine any structural abnormality in the gut. Treatment is aimed at easing symptoms, but it is an inaccurate science, and complete relief is difficult to obtain. IBS is characterized by lower abdominal cramping and alternating constipation or diarrhea; functional dyspepsia, a sensation of nausea, bloating or pain in the upper abdomen; and noncardiac chest pain, a sharp or dull pain in the central chest that cannot be ascribed to heart disease. The author reviews various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain IBS, including irregularities in peristalsis, hyperalgesia (a heightened awareness of painful stimuli in the gut), and certain psychological traits (such as anxiety). The article concludes with a discussion of the drugs used to manage IBS, including tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, Elavil), a migraine reliever (sumatriptan, Imitrex), an antihypertensive (clonidine, Catapres), and an experimental drug (fedotozine) and an opiate that appears to suppress transmission of pain signals from the gut to the brain. Dietary changes may be enough to manage the most troublesome symptoms; drugs enter the picture if dietary changes fail to bring relief.

32

Imitrex

Academic Periodicals covering Imitrex Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Imitrex. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Imitrex that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

33

CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Imitrex. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Imitrex. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

34

Imitrex

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Imitrex: Sumatriptan •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imitrex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202665.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

35

APPENDICES

37

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

38

Imitrex

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

39

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 11

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Imitrex

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway13

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 18 0 985 1 0 1004

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “Imitrex” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 14

Physician Resources

41

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 18 19

43

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Imitrex can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Imitrex. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Imitrex. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Imitrex”:

44

Imitrex

•

Other guides Migraine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/migraine.html Women's Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/womenshealthissues.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Imitrex. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Imitrex. By consulting all of associations listed in this

Patient Resources

45

chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Imitrex. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Imitrex. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Imitrex” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Imitrex”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Imitrex” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Imitrex” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

47

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

51

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

53

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

55

IMITREX DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

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magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]

Dictionary 57

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the

58

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relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]

Dictionary 59

Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

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or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]

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Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemicrania: An ache or a pain in one side of the head, as in migraine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress.

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Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the

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coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by

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polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH]

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Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]

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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 31, 55, 57, 61, 62, 66, 67 Abdominal, 31, 55, 62, 64 Abdominal Pain, 55, 62 Acetaminophen, 7, 55 Acetylcholine, 55, 58, 63 Adrenergic, 55, 56, 60, 64 Adverse Effect, 55, 66 Aerosol, 26, 55 Affinity, 55 Agonist, 5, 8, 55, 60, 64, 67 Algorithms, 55, 57 Alpha-1, 55, 56, 60 Alternative medicine, 30, 55 Amenorrhea, 56, 63 Amine, 56, 61 Amitriptyline, 31, 56 Analgesic, 55, 56, 57 Androgenic, 56, 63 Angina, 18, 56 Angina Pectoris, 18, 56 Antibiotic, 56, 58, 60 Anticholinergic, 56 Antidepressant, 56 Antihypertensive, 31, 56 Anti-inflammatory, 55, 56, 62 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 56, 62 Antipyretic, 55, 56 Anxiety, 31, 56 Arginine, 56, 63 Arteries, 7, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63 Arterioles, 56, 57, 63 Assay, 18, 56 Autonomic, 15, 55, 56, 63 B Bacteria, 56, 58, 60, 62 Base, 56, 62, 67 Benign, 57, 61 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 30, 39, 57 Blastocyst, 57, 58, 59, 64 Bloating, 31, 57, 62 Blood pressure, 56, 57, 61 Blood vessel, 4, 6, 8, 57, 59, 62, 66, 67 Bowel, 31, 57, 61, 67 Bradykinin, 57, 63 Branch, 51, 57, 64, 66, 67 Bronchial, 57, 61 Butorphanol, 5, 57

C Carbon Dioxide, 57, 59, 64 Cardiotonic, 57, 64 Case report, 15, 57 Cell, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65 Central Nervous System, 55, 57, 61, 66 Central Nervous System Infections, 57, 61 Character, 56, 57 Chest Pain, 31, 58 Cholinergic, 56, 58 Chronic, 9, 58 Clarithromycin, 17, 58 Clinical trial, 3, 7, 17, 18, 39, 58, 62, 65 Cloning, 57, 58 Colitis, 58, 62 Computational Biology, 39, 58 Conception, 58, 60, 65 Constipation, 31, 58, 62 Contraception, 58, 63 Contraindications, ii, 58 Coronary, 7, 10, 56, 58, 62, 63 Coronary Circulation, 56, 58 Coronary Thrombosis, 58, 62, 63 Cost-benefit, 8, 58 Cranial, 15, 58, 61 Craniocerebral Trauma, 58, 61 Curative, 58, 67 Cyclic, 59, 61, 63 D Databases, Bibliographic, 39, 59 Decarboxylation, 59, 61 Decidua, 59, 64 Decongestant, 59, 64 Diagnostic procedure, 25, 30, 59 Diarrhea, 31, 59, 62 Digestion, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66 Dihydroergotamine, 5, 22, 59 Direct, iii, 5, 33, 59, 66 Dissection, 14, 59 Drug Interactions, 34, 59 Dyspepsia, 31, 59 E Efficacy, 6, 7, 9, 13, 17, 59 Embryo, 57, 59, 65, 66 Embryo Transfer, 59, 65 Endocrine System, 59, 63 Endometriosis, 59, 63 Endothelium, 59, 63

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Imitrex

Endothelium-derived, 59, 63 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 59 Enzymatic, 60, 61 Enzyme, 60, 61, 67 Ergot, 60 Ergotamine, 13, 59, 60 Erythromycin, 58, 60 Estrogen, 60 Ethinyl Estradiol, 17, 60 Ethnic Groups, 9, 60 Eukaryotic Cells, 60, 61 Evacuation, 58, 60 F Family Planning, 39, 60 Feces, 58, 60, 67 Fertilization in Vitro, 60, 65 Fetus, 60, 64, 66 Fibrillation, 4, 60 Fold, 60, 62 G Gallbladder, 55, 60 Gas, 57, 60, 61, 63 Gastric, 5, 8, 60, 61 Gastrointestinal, 8, 31, 57, 60, 66 Gene, 57, 60 Gestation, 60, 64, 66 Governing Board, 60, 65 Guanylate Cyclase, 61, 63 H Headache, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 61 Headache Disorders, 61 Hemicrania, 9, 61 Hemorrhage, 58, 61 Histamine, 6, 61 Histidine, 61 Hormone, 61, 63, 65 Hyperalgesia, 31, 61 Hypertension, 61 I Id, 22, 44, 50, 52, 61 In situ, 6, 61 In Situ Hybridization, 6, 61 In vitro, 16, 59, 61 In vivo, 61 Indicative, 61, 64, 67 Infarction, 58, 61, 62, 63 Inhalation, 26, 55, 61, 65 Intestine, 57, 61, 64 Intracellular, 61, 63 Involuntary, 60, 61, 63 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 31, 61

Ischemic Colitis, 16, 62 K Kb, 38, 62 Ketorolac, 5, 62 L Library Services, 50, 62 Ligaments, 58, 62 Liver, 55, 60, 62 M Mandible, 62, 67 MEDLINE, 39, 62 Meningeal, 7, 62 Meninges, 57, 58, 62 Mesenteric, 6, 62 Mesentery, 62 MI, 53, 62 Microorganism, 62, 67 Molecular, 39, 41, 57, 58, 62, 67 Molecular Structure, 62, 67 Molecule, 56, 59, 62, 65 Motility, 8, 62, 66 Motion Sickness, 62, 63 Multicenter study, 12, 62 Mydriatic, 62, 64 Myocardial Ischemia, 56, 62 Myocardium, 56, 62, 63 N Narcotic, 57, 63 Nausea, 31, 63 Necrosis, 61, 62, 63 Need, 31, 45, 63 Nerve, 55, 56, 63 Nervous System, 57, 63 Neuroendocrine, 12, 15, 63 Neurotransmitters, 56, 63 Nitric Oxide, 16, 63 Norepinephrine, 55, 56, 63 Norethindrone, 17, 63 Nucleic acid, 61, 63 O Overdose, 15, 64 Ovulation, 63, 64 P Paediatric, 15, 64 Palliative, 64, 67 Pancreas, 55, 64 Paroxysmal, 9, 56, 61, 64 Pathologic, 58, 64 Peptide, 58, 64, 65 Peptide Chain Elongation, 58, 64 Peristalsis, 31, 64 Pharmacokinetic, 5, 64

Index 71

Pharmacologic, 64, 67 Phenylephrine, 6, 64 Physiologic, 55, 64, 65 Pilot study, 11, 18, 64 Placenta, 14, 64, 65 Plague, 31, 64 Plasma, 18, 64 Platelet Aggregation, 63, 64 Platelets, 63, 64, 65, 66 Poisoning, 60, 63, 65 Posterior, 64, 65, 67 Potentiating, 56, 65 Practice Guidelines, 40, 65 Pregnancy Outcome, 10, 65 Progesterone, 63, 65 Prospective study, 9, 11, 65 Protein S, 57, 58, 60, 65 Proteins, 60, 62, 64, 65 Psychiatric, 16, 65 Psychiatry, 14, 65 Public Policy, 39, 65 Publishing, 4, 65 R Radiation, 56, 58, 65 Randomized, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 59, 65 Receptor, 5, 6, 15, 65, 66 Refer, 1, 66 Regimen, 59, 66 Reproduction Techniques, 65, 66 Risk factor, 65, 66 S Screening, 58, 66 Secretion, 61, 66 Sedative, 56, 66 Seizures, 64, 66 Semisynthetic, 58, 60, 66 Sensibility, 61, 66 Serotonin, 56, 66, 67 Side effect, 33, 55, 66, 67

Skull, 58, 66, 67 Smooth muscle, 61, 66 Spastic, 62, 66 Specialist, 45, 66 Spinal cord, 57, 62, 63, 66 Spontaneous Abortion, 65, 66 Stillbirth, 65, 66 Stimulant, 61, 66 Stomach, 55, 60, 61, 63, 66 Stool, 61, 67 Stress, 61, 63, 67 Subarachnoid, 61, 67 Subcutaneous, 5, 9, 10, 12, 22, 67 Sumatriptan, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31, 34, 67 Superoxide, 16, 67 T Temporal, 11, 61, 67 Temporal Muscle, 11, 67 Therapeutics, 6, 9, 17, 34, 67 Thorax, 55, 67 Tissue, 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 67 Toxic, iv, 67 Toxicity, 59, 67 Toxicology, 40, 67 Transfection, 57, 67 Translocation, 58, 60, 67 Tricyclic, 31, 56, 67 U Unconscious, 61, 67 V Vascular, 4, 59, 61, 63, 64, 67 Vasodilator, 57, 61, 67 Veins, 57, 67 Venules, 57, 67 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 67 Vitro, 6, 67

72

Imitrex

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