Hydralazine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HYDRALAZINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFEREN...

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HYDRALAZINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

HYDRALAZINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hydralazine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00557-3 1. Hydralazine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hydralazine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDRALAZINE .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hydralazine................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDRALAZINE ................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydralazine ................................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYDRALAZINE .......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDRALAZINE....................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Hydralazine................................................................................................................ 65 Patent Applications on Hydralazine............................................................................................ 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDRALAZINE ............................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Hydralazine................................................................................ 76 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 80 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 99 HYDRALAZINE DICTIONARY................................................................................................. 101 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hydralazine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hydralazine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hydralazine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hydralazine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hydralazine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hydralazine. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDRALAZINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hydralazine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hydralazine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Malignant Hypertension and Hypertensive Emergencies Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 9(1): 133-142. January 1998. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 428 E. Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21202. (800) 638-6423. Summary: This article discusses hypertensive crises, defined as a syndrome characterized by severe blood pressure (BP) elevation associated with imminent risks to the patient. It is a common clinical problem and accounts for 27.5 percent of all medical emergencies presenting to the emergency department. The most important determinant for the urgency of treatment is deterioration of vital organ function secondary to the hypertension. The authors consider both the presence of Keith-Wagener grade IV retinal

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changes (papilledema) and grade III retinopathy (hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates without papilledema) as malignant hypertension. The authors outline the incidence, etiology, pathology, clinical presentation (including renal involvement), and prognosis of malignant hypertension. The next section of the article considers drugs of choice for hypertensive emergencies and urgencies, including sodium nitroprusside, labetalol, nitroglycerin, beta-adrenergic blockers, diazoxide, trimethaphan camsylate, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, antiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, hydralazine, minoxidil, calcium channel blockers, and clonidine. The final section of the article discusses special situations, including acute renal failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction and unstable angina, dissecting aortic aneurysm, adrenergic crises, postoperative hypertension, and eclampsia. The authors conclude that the effects of hypertension on target organ function need to be balanced against the risks of excessive BP lowering. 1 figure. 4 tables. 31 references.

Federally Funded Research on Hydralazine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hydralazine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hydralazine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hydralazine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hydralazine: •

Project Title: AFRICAN HYPERTENSION

AMERICAN

STUDY

OF

KIDNEY

DISEASE

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rostand, Stephen G.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-AUG-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The first goal of this application is to initiate a Clinical Center for the Full Scale phase of the "African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension". This study is a cooperative, multicenter, prospective, double-masked, randomized study that will follow a three by two factorial design. This study will be limited to about 900 African-Americans recruited from 14 Clinical Centers. Eligibility for participation will be determined by strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only those with seated diastolic blood pressure equal to or more than 95 mmHg and with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 25 - 70 mmHg/1.73m2, without malignant hypertension or systemic disease and 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

who are willing to cooperate will be considered. This study will consist of three phases: (l) Recruitment (24 months); (2) Intervention and follow-up (45 months); (3) Data analysis, close-out, results reporting (12 months). The second goal of this study is to test whether one of three different initial randomized drugs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), calcium channel blocker (CCB) or beta blocker. better reduces the rate of decline of UFR in African-Americans with renal insufficiency attributed to hypertension. A third goal is to examine if one of two levels of blood pressure control (equal to or less than 92 mmHg vs. 102-107 mmHg, mean arterial pressure) is better at preserving renal function. Assignment to treatment and blood pressure groups will be randomized and the treatment regimen will be double-masked. Subsequent to assignment. no other ACEis, CCBs or beta- blockers will be used. If a blood pressure goal is not reached in a participant on maximal doses of the assigned drugs, additional antihypertensives will be used in the following order: (l) diuretics (furosemide); (2) alpha-blocker (doxazosin); (3) central alpha2 agonist (clonidine); (4) minoxidil or hydralazine. This study has major health related implications for disease prevention in that it will try to examine if renal failure due to hypertension that occurs in an extremely high risk African-American population can be slowed or prevented, thereby reducing the need for dialysis and renal transplantation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF BRAINSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Aicher, Sue A.; Associate Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 28-AUG-1997; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Glutamate receptors, particularly AMPA receptors, in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are the 3rimary mechanism for synaptic transmission between primary afferents and second-order neurons. Thus, an understanding of glutamate receptors in NTS is vital to understanding autonomic reflexes. In our previous studies of AMPA receptors we made a surprising discovery: the number of GluR1 receptor subunits significantly increases in NTS following the development of hypertension. This finding is particularly intriguing since GluR1 is found in dendritic spines, which are widely associated with synaptic plasticity in the brain. Our hypothesis is that structural remodeling in NTS neurons during hypertension leads to functional changes in individual NTS neurons that in turn contribute to alterations in the baroreceptor reflex pathway, such as central baroreflex resetting. These structural changes are found in regions of NTS that contain baroreceptive afferents and second-order neurons, but we do not know which NTS neurons contain GluRI. In the present experiments we will use a multidisciplinary approach to: (1) determine which population(s) of NTS neurons contain GluR1; (2) examine the structural and functional changes in NTS neurons following the development of hypertension; and (3) address the functional relationship between this structural neuronal change and blood pressure. The combined efforts of the Aicher and Andresen laboratories bring together expertise in anatomical and physiological techniques. This collaborative project provides a unique opportunity to directly address structural and physiological questions regarding NTS neuronal function in both the normal and hypertensive states. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Hydralazine

Project Title: MYOCYTE REMODELING IN HEART FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerdes, Anthony M.; Professor and Chairman; Cardiovascular Research Inst; University of South Dakota 414 E Clark St Vermillion, Sd 57069 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Pump dysfunction and a dilated, relatively thin-walled ventricle typically characterize heart failure. Excessive cardiac myocyte lengthening is largely responsible for chamber dilatation in heart failure due to hypertension. As chamber dilatation and myocyte lengthening progress, the absence of growth in myocyte cross-sectional area impairs wall thickening and leads to elevated wall stress. Remodeling of LV myocyte shape in human hypertensives progressing to failure is similar to that in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) rats, which will be used in these studies. New data from SHHF rats show that Angiotensin type 1 (AT-1) receptor blockade reverses myocyte length and cross-sectional area back to normal or near normal values even when given just prior to the onset of heart failure. Hydralazine also normalized blood pressure, but there was no regression of myocyte hypertrophy. Hydralazine did, however, arrest progression of myocyte lengthening. The objective of this proposal is to determine the relative contributions of load and AT1 signaling in the remodeling of LV myocyte shape in the progression to failure. These two drugs and AT1 antisense therapy will be used in various combinations as tools to perturb the pathological growth process of LV myocytes in SHHF rats. This will allow investigators to determine the relative role of load (e.g. via membrane integrins and cytoskeleton) and signaling through the AT1 receptor in growth and regression of myocyte dimensions. At terminal experiments, LV hemodynamics, chamber dimensions (echos), and wall stress will be determined. Whole tissue and isolated myocytes will be used for determination of cellular dimensions and confocal analysis of membrane integrins, cytoskeleton, and G-protein signaling molecules. Specific aims will examine the role of mechanical signaling and signaling through Angiotensin receptors in growth and regression of myocyte length and crosssectional area. These studies will fill a critical void in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying a key pathophysiologic cellular alteration that contributes to, or may actually cause, heart failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SUSTAINED BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCTION AFTER DRUG WITHDRAWAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Kost, Curtis K.; Basic Biomedical Sciences; University of South Dakota 414 E Clark St Vermillion, Sd 57069 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Transient antihypertensive drug treatment during the developmental phase of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) results in a permanent reduction of MABP following treatment withdrawal. This occurs following withdrawal of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril and the angiotensin AT1-receptor blocker, L158809, but not following withdrawal of the general vasodilator, hydralazine. In addition, our preliminary data indicate that sympathetic tone is attenuated in the captopril-withdrawn SHR compared to control SHR. Thus, it appears that a reduction of sympathetic tone may contribute to the sustained reduction of MABP. Sympathetic hyperactivity and a deficiency of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been implicated in the development of hypertension in SHR. Interestingly, hypothalamic GABA content is increased in SHR

Studies

7

during chronic antihypertensive treatment with captopril. Inasmuch as GABAergic control of MABP has been reported to be defective in SHR, we are proposing that early transient inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) partially restores GABAergic control toward normal. We anticipate that adaptations of the GABAergic system will occur at a genomic level via increased expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and/or GABA receptor proteins. This proposal is designed to test the hypothesis that the sustained reduction in MABP following early transient inhibition of the RAS in SHR involves a sustained increase in the activity of the GABAergic neurotransmitter system in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), an important hypothalamic cell group involved in the control of sympathetic nervous system function. SHR will be randomized to either transient or chronic treatment with captopril, L158809, or hydralazine. MABP will be recorded by radiotelemetry, and sympathetic tone will be assessed by ganglionic blockade. PVN GABAergic function will be assessed by microinjection of pharmacological agents aimed at inhibition or stimulation of GABAergic function. In addition, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting techniques will be utilized to probe the PVN for changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase and/or GABA receptor proteins. Results from these studies will provide insight into the role of the GABAergic system in the sustained antihypertensive effect of early transient inhibition of the RAS in SHR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYSTOLIC CARDIAC FUNCTION IN OBESITY AND EXERCISE Principal Investigator & Institution: Carroll, Joan F.; Integrative Physiology; University of North Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Fort Worth, Tx 761072699 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): The broad objectives of the proposed research are to determine mechanisms for reduced responsiveness to cardiac Beta-adrenergic stimulation in obesity and mechanisms whereby exercise training during the development of obesity may attenuate these effects. We hypothesize that obesity causes alterations in hemodynamics, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac collagen, hormonal profile, and systolic function that are independent of hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we will compare lean rabbits with obese rabbits that develop hypertension along with obesity, and obese rabbits in which blood pressure will be controlled at pre-obese values using oral Hydralazine. We will use acute and chronic (telemetry) measurement of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as colored microspheres, to study hemodynamics. We will use western blotting techniques, blood sampling, wet and dry cardiac weights, and the Langendorff isolated heart preparation to analyze collagen, hormonal profile, cardiac hypertrophy, and systolic function. We also hypothesize that decreased cardiac responsiveness to Beta-adrenergic stimulation in obesity is due to abnormalities both at the cardiac Beta-receptor and in the G-coupled protein cascade leading to cAMP formation and calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. We will use appropriate assay and western blotting techniques to provide an analysis of the role of beta-receptor and post-receptor components such as Beta-receptor/Gs coupling, Gs stimulation of adenylate cyclase; formation of cAMP; activation of PKA, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium handling in contributing to cardiac abnormalities in obesity. We hypothesize that exercise training during development of obesity will 1) attenuate or prevent obesity-related hypertension, resting tachycardia, neurohumoral activation, and cardiac collagen formation and 2) attenuate obesity-related decreases in responsiveness to Betaadrenergic stimulation. Abnormalities occurring in sedentary obese rabbits will be compared with their reduction in obese rabbits that undergo 12 weeks of treadmill

8

Hydralazine

exercise. Comparisons will also be made with appropriate lean controls. Finally, we will determine mechanisms within the Beta-adrenergic signaling pathway responsible for exercise-mediated increased responsiveness to Beta-adrenergic stimulation in obesity, using appropriate assay and western blotting techniques as noted above. Insight into possible mechanisms whereby obesity causes increased risk for development of congestive heart failure may lead to important advances in therapeutics modalities for prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure in obese patients. Further, information on mechanisms whereby regular endurance exercise may improve cardiovascular risk profile and cardiac performance in obesity may help reduce risk development of cardiovascular disease. Because such a large segment of the American population is overweight or obese, knowledge and insight gained from these studies can have far-reaching effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE REMODELING

RENIN-ANG

II

SYSTEM

IN

CARDIOVASCULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Berecek, Kathleen H.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The major goal of our studies is to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Ang II in the development and progression of cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). An additional goal is to determine the mechanisms underlying the ability of early, shortterm application of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) to prevent the development and progression of fibrosis. We have previously found that early, shortterm CAP treatment of SHR prevents cardiac fibrosis and may do this by inhibiting the initiation of a pro-fibrotic environment prior to an increase in BP in SHR. This proposal has 3 specific aims: (1) To determine whether early, short-term treatment of SHR with CAP prevents LV remodeling through prolonged blockade of cardiac RAS and whether or not this effect is independent of blood pressure effects. Cardiac function will be monitored by echocardiography, ex vivo perfusion, and hemodynamic studies. Collagen content, distribution, phenotype, and cross-linking will be determined by a combination of biochemical, morphometric, molecular, biological, and Western blot analyses. Ang II and TGF-beta and its receptors will be monitored by biochemical and molecular biological methods. (2) To determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis in SHR and how they are inhibited by early, short-term CAP. Expression of collagen isoforms and proteins that regulate collagen synthesis (Ang II receptors, TGF-beta) and proteins that regulate collagen degradation (TIMPs, PAl-l) will be determined by RNase protection assays, and Northern and Western blot analyses. (3) To identify the cellular signal transduction cascades in cardiac fibroblasts that mediate the development of cardiac fibrosis by RAS in hypertension. Signaling intermediates will be determined by Western blot analyses. This proposal will utilize SHR, a well-characterized model of genetic hypertension, and it is the first to study Ang II-dependent mechanisms of collagen synthesis and degradation in vivo and in vitro in cardiac fibroblasts, how they change over time, and how they correlate to cardiac function in SHR. These studies will allow us to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention to prevent adverse cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

Project Title: THE REMODELING

VASCULAR

TRANSCRIPTOME

IN

9

HYPERTENSIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibbons, Gary H.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The pathogenesis of hypertension-induced target organ damage is related to long-term changes in vessel function and structure. This maladaptive process of vascular remodeling is determined by genetic programs governing cell growth, programmed cell death, inflammation and matrix modulation. The set of genes that are actively expressed by the genome, the transcriptome, is a dynamic determinant of the cellular phenotype and tissue function. The proposed project will test the central hypothesis that target organ damage in hypertension is mediated by the selective upregulation of a "vasculopathic" gene profile induced by the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS) and is counterbalanced by an intrinsic set of "vasculoprotective" genes activated by the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma. Our experimental strategy will incorporate transgenic animals and classic pharmacologic approaches as well as DNA microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technologies. These analytical tools will enable us to define the vascular transcriptome during the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced target organ damage. One outcome of these studies will be the characterization of a common "pharmacogenomic" profile of genes shared by therapeutic strategies that prevent target organ damage that are selectively targeted at modulating the activation of the angiotensin type I receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor and the PPAR-gamma receptor/transcription factor. The specific aims of the project are to: Define the vascular transcriptome associated with hypertension-induced target organ damage by establishing vascular SAGE libraries in both murine and human primary hypertension. Define the mediator role of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system as a "vasculo-pathic" determinant of the vascular transcriptome during hypertension-induced target organ damage. Define the mediator role of PPAR-gamma as a "vasculo-protective" determinant of the vascular transcriptome during hypertension-induced target organ damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hydralazine in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Influence of Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibitors on Pulmonary Vasodilatory Effects of Hydralazine in Dogs with Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction. by Rubin LJ, Lazar JD.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371587

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Relationship between the genetically determined acetylator phenotype and DNA damage induced by hydralazine and 2-aminofluorene in cultured rabbit hepatocytes. by McQueen CA, Maslansky CJ, Glowinski IB, Crescenzi SB, Weber WW, Williams GM.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=345943

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hydralazine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hydralazine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of hydralazine-induced lupus erythematosus with circulating antibodies to native DNA. Author(s): Ohe A, Koda S, Negoro N, Okamura M, Amatsu K, Kohno M, Kanayama Y, Inoue T, Takeda T. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1982; 28(2): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7187014

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A common duplication in the lysyl hydroxylase gene of patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI results in preferential stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase activity and mRNA by hydralazine. Author(s): Yeowell HN, Walker LC, Murad S, Pinnell SR. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1997 November 1; 347(1): 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344473

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Mabie WC, Gonzalez AR, Sibai BM, Amon E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 September; 70(3 Pt 1): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3306494

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A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, Smith R, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Wong M, et al. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 August 1; 325(5): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2057035

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A comparison of minoxidil and hydralazine in non-azotemic hypertensives. Author(s): Johnson BF, Black HR, Beckner R, Weiner B, Angeletti F. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1983 June; 1(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6681024

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A comparison of the acute hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin and hydralazine in primary pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Groves BM, Rubin LJ, Frosolono MF, Cato AE, Reeves JT. Source: American Heart Journal. 1985 December; 110(6): 1200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3907315

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A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing pinacidil to hydralazine in essential hypertension. Author(s): Byyny RL, Nies AS, LoVerde ME, Mitchell WD. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1987 July; 42(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3297468

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A randomized comparison between the hemodynamic effects of hydralazine and nitroglycerin alone and in combination at rest and during isometric exercise in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation. Author(s): Roth A, Shotan A, Elkayam U. Source: American Heart Journal. 1993 January; 125(1): 155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417512

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A review of the long-term effects of prazosin and hydralazine in chronic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Rutishauser W. Source: European Heart Journal. 1983 January; 4 Suppl A: 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6840121

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Acetylation status using hydralazine in African hypertensives at Kenyatta National Hospital. Author(s): Rashid JR, Kofi-Tsepko, Juma FD. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 July; 69(7): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1396201

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Acute and chronic effects of oral hydralazine on left ventricular pump function and renal hemodynamics in chronic left heart failure. Author(s): Mathey D, Hanrath P, Polster J, Witte G, Montz R, Bleifeld W. Source: European Heart Journal. 1980 February; 1(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7285964

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Acute hydralazine overdose: marked ECG abnormalities in a young adult. Author(s): Smith BA, Ferguson DB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992 March; 21(3): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536497

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Acute neutrophilic dermatosis associated with hydralazine-induced lupus. Author(s): Servitje O, Ribera M, Juanola X, Rodriguez-Moreno J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 November; 123(11): 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3674905

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Adjuvant therapy of chronic refractory cardiac failure with oral hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. Author(s): Kothiala A, Ramnani K, Patel HR, Mehta NC, Shah CP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1983 June; 31(6): 343-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6654793

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Adverse effect of hydralazine in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Kronzon I, Cohen M, Winer HE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 June 11; 247(22): 3112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7077805

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Afterload reduction by hydralazine in children with a ventricular septal defect as determined by aortic input impedance. Author(s): Endo H, Shiraishi H, Yanagisawa M. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1994 February; 8(1): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086327

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Afterload reduction treatment for large ventricular septal defects. Dependence of haemodynamic effects of hydralazine on pretreatment systemic blood flow. Author(s): Nakazawa M, Takao A, Shimizu T, Chon Y. Source: British Heart Journal. 1983 May; 49(5): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6838733

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Afterload reduction with hydralazine following valve replacement. Author(s): Marco JD, Standeven JW, Barner HB. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1980 July; 80(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7382535

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Alterations in left ventricular function and coronary hemodynamics with captopril, hydralazine and prazosin in chronic ischemic heart failure: a comparative study. Author(s): Rouleau JL, Chatterjee K, Benge W, Parmley WW, Hiramatsu B. Source: Circulation. 1982 April; 65(4): 671-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7037220

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Antibodies to neutrophil granulocyte myeloperoxidase and elastase: autoimmune responses in glomerulonephritis due to hydralazine treatment. Author(s): Nassberger L, Johansson AC, Bjorck S, Sjoholm AG. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 March; 229(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1848881

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Antigen specificity in hydralazine associated ANCA positive systemic vasculitis. Author(s): Short AK, Lockwood CM. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1995 November; 88(11): 775-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8542262

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Anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis due to hydralazine. Author(s): Thompson CH, Kalowski S. Source: Nephron. 1991; 58(2): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1865984

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Antihypertensive action of drug combination: Timolol, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene. Author(s): Porsti P, Jalonen K, Ryysy L, Toivonen T, Viherkoski M. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1981 February; 13(1): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7018363

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Antihypertensive effect of felodipine or hydralazine when added to beta-blocker therapy. Author(s): Hansson L, Dahlof B, Gudbrandsson T, Hellsing T, Kullman S, Kuylenstierna J, Leppert J, Moller B, Skogstrom K, Svensson A, et al. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1988 July; 12(1): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2459541

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Arterial oxygenation and arterial oxygen transport in chronic myocardial failure at rest, during exercise and after hydralazine treatment. Author(s): Rubin SA, Brown HV, Swan HJ. Source: Circulation. 1982 July; 66(1): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7083500

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Arteriolar or venous dilatation in left ventricular failure following acute myocardial infarction: a haemodynamic trial of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. Author(s): Nelson GI, Ahuja RC, Silke B, Hussain M, Taylor SH. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1983 July-August; 5(4): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6193353

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Assay for hydralazine as its stable p-nitrobenzaldehyde hydrazone. Author(s): Semple HA, Tam YK, Tin S, Coutts RT. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1988 June; 5(6): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3244650

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Autoantibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm components in systemic lupus erythematosus and in hydralazine-induced lupus. Author(s): Nassberger L, Sjoholm AG, Jonsson H, Sturfelt G, Akesson A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1990 September; 81(3): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2168822

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Autoantibodies to leucocyte antigens in hydralazine-associated nephritis. Author(s): Almroth G, Enestrom S, Hed J, Samuelsson I, Sjostrom P. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1992 January; 231(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1310098

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Autoantigenic histone epitopes: a comparison between procainamide- and hydralazine-induced lupus. Author(s): Craft JE, Radding JA, Harding MW, Bernstein RM, Hardin JA. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987 June; 30(6): 689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2440452

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Beneficial effects of amrinone-hydralazine combination on resting hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Siegel LA, Keung E, Siskind SJ, Forman R, Feinberg H, Strom J, Efstathakis D, Sonnenblick EH, LeJemtel TH. Source: Circulation. 1981 April; 63(4): 838-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7471340

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Beneficial effects of hydralazine in severe mitral regurgitation. Author(s): Greenberg BH, Massie BM, Brundage BH, Botvinick EH, Parmley WW, Chatterjee K. Source: Circulation. 1978 August; 58(2): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=668075

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Beneficial effects of hydralazine on rest and exercise hemodynamics in patients with chronic severe aortic insufficiency. Author(s): Greenberg BH, DeMots H, Murphy E, Rahimtoola S. Source: Circulation. 1980 July; 62(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379285

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Beneficial long-term effects of hydralazine in aortic regurgitation. Author(s): Dumesnil JG, Tran K, Dagenais GR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 April; 150(4): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2327837

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Binding of hydralazine and a major metabolite, pyruvate hydrazone, to rat plasma protein and human serum albumin. Author(s): Ogiso T, Iwaki M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1984 August; 32(8): 3155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6518593

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Bioassay of the vasodepressor and cardiostimulatory effects of hydralazine and pyridazine derivative (DL-150) in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Pasotti C, Nicrosini F, Marchetti M, Manzini A, Nicolis FB. Source: Farmaco [prat]. 1976 September; 31(9): 453-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1010019

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Cadralazine did not produce the SLE-syndrome when hydralazine did. Author(s): Andersson OK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 31(6): 741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556384

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Captopril versus hydralazine in primary pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Poderoso JJ, Biancolini CA, Del Bosco CG, Catalano HN, Peralta JG, Goldenberg DB, Suarez LD. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 November-December; 23(11-12): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6363466

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Cardiac tamponade, associated with hydralazine therapy, in a patient with rapid acetylator status. Author(s): Anandadas JA, Simpson P. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1986 July; 40(7): 305-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3741750

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Cardiovascular effects of alinidine and propranolol alone and in combination with hydralazine in normal man. Author(s): Nicholls DP, Harron DW, Shanks RG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 January; 15(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6849740

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Central and regional hemodynamic effects and neurohumoral consequences of minoxidil in severe congestive heart failure and comparison to hydralazine and nitroprusside. Author(s): Markham RV Jr, Gilmore A, Pettinger WA, Brater DC, Corbett JR, Firth BG. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 October 1; 52(7): 774-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6137946

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Central hemodynamic effects of dipyridamole in severe heart failure: comparison with hydralazine. Author(s): Packer M, Gorlin R, Meller J, Medina N. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1982 July; 32(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7083730

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Characterization of a partial cDNA for lysyl hydroxylase from human skin fibroblasts; lysyl hydroxylase mRNAs are regulated differently by minoxidil derivatives and hydralazine. Author(s): Yeowell HN, Ha V, Walker LC, Murad S, Pinnell SR. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1992 December; 99(6): 864-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335016

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Chronotropic effect of hydralazine and its mechanism of symptomatic sinus bradycardia. Author(s): Lewis BS, Rozenman Y, Merdler A, Rodeanu ME, Shefer A, Halon DA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 January 1; 59(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3812258

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Clinical and haemodynamic responses to captopril and hydralazine in chronic congestive heart failure: the importance of preload reduction. Author(s): Fitzgerald DJ, O'Callaghan WG, O'Malley K, Horgan J, O'Brien E. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 14 Suppl 2: 217S-222S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6753903

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Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use of hydralazine in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Mulrow JP, Crawford MH. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1989 February; 16(2): 86-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2656046

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Clinical pharmacokinetics of hydralazine. Author(s): Ludden TM, McNay JL Jr, Shepherd AM, Lin MS. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1982 May-June; 7(3): 185-205. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7047041

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Combined prazosin and hydralazine in resistant hypertension. Author(s): Russell GI, Swart S, Bing RF, Thurston H, Swales JD. Source: Lancet. 1980 March 8; 1(8167): 543. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6102261

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Comparative actions of hydralazine, nifedipine and amrinone in primary pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Rich S, Ganz R, Levy PS. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 November 1; 52(8): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6637831

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Comparative bioavailability of a sustained-release ion-exchange hydralazine product with a potassium (cation) challenge. Author(s): Woodworth JR, Ludden TM, Ludden LK, Shepherd AM, Rotenberg KS. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1992 June; 81(6): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1522491

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Comparative efficacy and safety of immediate-release and controlled-release hydralazine in black hypertensive patients. Author(s): Adir J, Janda SM, Curry CL, Taylor RE, Poku CD, Rotenberg KS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(6): 640-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3326679

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Comparative efficacy of digoxin, hydralazine and combination therapy in chronic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Patel HR, Thorat PB, Patel KH, Mehta NC, Shah CP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 June; 34(6): 422-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771482

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Comparative electrophysiological effects of captopril or hydralazine combined with nitrate in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and inducible ventricular tachycardia. Author(s): Bashir Y, Sneddon JF, O'Nunain S, Paul VE, Gibson S, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Source: British Heart Journal. 1992 May; 67(5): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389714

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Comparative hemodynamic effects of labetalol and hydralazine in the treatment of postoperative hypertension. Author(s): Dimich I, Lingham R, Gabrielson G, Singh PP, Kaplan JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1989; 1(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2627388

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Comparative study of endralazine and hydralazine for the treatment of hypertension uncontrolled by a beta-blocker and diuretic. Author(s): Chazan BI, Duff DA, McCallum A, Whaley K. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1986; 10(3): 150-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2873966

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Comparison of antihypertensive, renal hemodynamic, and humoral effects of pinacidil and hydralazine monotherapy. Author(s): Abraham PA, Halstenson CE, Matzke GR, Keane WF. Source: J Clin Hypertens. 1987 December; 3(4): 439-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3330986

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Comparison of captopril, hydralazine and nifedipine as third drug in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Bevan EG, Pringle SD, Waller PC, Herrick AL, Findlay JG, Murray GD, Carmichael HA, Reid JL, Weir RJ, Lorimer AR, et al. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 February; 7(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8095558

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Comparison of labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine in hypertensive out-patients. Author(s): van der Veur E, ten Berge BS, Donker AJ, May JF, Wesseling H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 21(6): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7042373

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Comparison of nifedipine, prazosin and hydralazine added to treatment of hypertensive patients uncontrolled by thiazide diuretic plus beta-blocker. Author(s): Ramsay LE, Parnell L, Waller PC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1987 February; 63(736): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3671250

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Comparison of nitroprusside and hydralazine in isolated uterine arteries from pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Author(s): Nelson SH, Suresh MS. Source: Anesthesiology. 1988 April; 68(4): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3354891

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Comparison of outcome of labetalol or hydralazine therapy during hypertension in pregnancy in very low birth weight infants. Author(s): Hjertberg R, Faxelius G, Belfrage P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1993 November; 72(8): 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8259746

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Contrasting acute effects of vasodilators (nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and hydralazine) on right ventricular performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension: a combined radionuclidehemodynamic study. Author(s): Brent BN, Berger HJ, Matthay RA, Mahler D, Pytlik L, Zaret BL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 June; 51(10): 1682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407295

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Cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate concentrations in pre-eclampsia: effects of hydralazine. Author(s): Lopez-Jaramillo P, Narvaez M, Calle A, Rivera J, Jacome P, Ruano C, Nava E. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996 January; 103(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608095

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Defective 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylation to dopamine in hydralazinetreated hypertensive patients may be pyridoxine remediable. Author(s): Shigetomi S, Kuchel O. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1993 January; 6(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427659

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Deleterious effects of hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Packer M, Greenberg B, Massie B, Dash H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 June 3; 306(22): 1326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7070457

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Detection of some antihypertensive drugs and their metabolites in urine by thin-layer chromatography. Five commonly used beta blockers and hydralazine. Author(s): Jack DB, Dean S, Kendall MJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 January 4; 187(1): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6102096

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Determinants of circulatory response to intravenous hydralazine in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Wilson JR, St John Sutton M, Schwartz JS, Ferraro N, Reichek N. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1983 August; 52(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6869277

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Determinants of systemic availability of oral hydralazine in heart failure. Author(s): Crawford MH, Ludden TM, Kennedy GT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1985 November; 38(5): 538-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4053489

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Determination of hydralazine and its acetylated metabolites in urine by gas chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Author(s): Facchini V, Streeter AJ, Timbrell JA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 January 4; 187(1): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358817

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Determination of hydralazine and metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Ravichandran K, Baldwin RP. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 September 13; 343(1): 99-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4066866

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Determination of hydralazine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Wong JK, Joyce TH 3rd, Morrow DH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 January 9; 385: 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558580

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Determination of hydralazine in human whole blood. Author(s): Ludden TM, Ludden LK, Wade KE, Allerheiligen SR. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1983 June; 72(6): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6875831

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Determination of hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone and its correlation with "apparent" hydralazine. Author(s): Haegele KD, Talseth T, Skrdlant HB, Shepherd AM, Huff SL. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(2): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194654

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Detrimental effects of hydralazine in patients with chronic air-flow obstruction and pulmonary hypertension. A combined hemodynamic and radionuclide study. Author(s): Tuxen DV, Powles AC, Mathur PN, Pugsley SO, Campbell EJ. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 March; 129(3): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6322627

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Differences in hemodynamic response to vasodilation due to calcium channel antagonism with nifedipine and direct-acting agonism with hydralazine in chronic refractory congestive heart failure. Author(s): Elkayam U, Weber L, McKay CR, Rahimtoola SH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 July 1; 54(1): 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6741802

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Differential hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal effects of sodium nitroprusside and hydralazine in hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Shepherd AM, Irvine NA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1986 May-June; 8(3): 527-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2425168

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Direct vasodilators with unknown modes of action: the nitro-compounds and hydralazine. Author(s): Kreye VA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1984; 6 Suppl 4: S646-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6083407

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Disposition of hydralazine in man and a specific method for its determination in biological fluids. Author(s): Zak SB, Bartlett MF, Wagner WE, Gilleran TG, Lukas G. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1974 February; 63(2): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4813244

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Dobutamine and hydralazine: comparative influences of positive inotropy and vasodilation on coronary blood flow and myocardial energetics in nonischemic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Magorien RD, Unverferth DV, Brown GP, Leier CV. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1983 February; 1(2 Pt 1): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826960

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Hydralazine

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Dose requirements of hydralazine in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Packer M, Meller J, Medina N, Gorlin R, Herman MV. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1980 March; 45(3): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7355762

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Drug-induced lupus caused by very-low-dose hydralazine. Author(s): Innes A, Rennie JA, Cato GR. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 May; 25(2): 225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708239

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Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) associated with hydralazine. Author(s): Gilmour E, Chalmers RJ, Rowlands DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 September; 133(3): 490-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547013

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Duration of hydralazine action in hypertension. Author(s): O'Malley K, Segal JL, Israili ZH, Boles M, McNay JL, Dayton PG. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1975 November; 18(5 Pt 1): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1102235

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Effect of direct vasodilation with hydralazine versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on mortality in advanced heart failure: the Hy-C trial. Author(s): Fonarow GC, Chelimsky-Fallick C, Stevenson LW, Luu M, Hamilton MA, Moriguchi JD, Tillisch JH, Walden JA, Albanese E. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1992 March 15; 19(4): 842-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1545080

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Effect of enalapril, hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate, and prazosin on hospitalization in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Author(s): Loeb HS, Johnson G, Henrick A, Smith R, Wilson J, Cremo R, Cohn JN. Source: Circulation. 1993 June; 87(6 Suppl): Vi78-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500244

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Effect of food on oral availability of apresoline and controlled release hydralazine in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Jackson SH, Shepherd AM, Ludden TM, Jamieson MJ, Woodworth J, Rogers D, Ludden LK, Muir KT. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990 October; 16(4): 624-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1706804

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Effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase on hydralazineinduced vasodilatation of the human fetal placental circulation. Author(s): Leitch IM, Read MA, Boura AL, Walters WA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1994 August; 21(8): 61522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7529152

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Effect of posture, hydralazine, and nifedipine on hemodynamics, ventilation, and gas exchange in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Corriveau ML, Rosen BJ, Keller CA, Chun DS, Dolan GF. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 December; 138(6): 1494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144218

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Effect of procainamide and hydralazine on poly (ADP-ribosylation) in cell lines. Author(s): Ayer LM, Edworthy SM, Fritzler MJ. Source: Lupus. 1993 June; 2(3): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7690294

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Effects of captopril and a combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate on myocardial sympathetic tone in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Daly P, Rouleau JL, Cousineau D, Burgess JH, Chatterjee K. Source: British Heart Journal. 1986 August; 56(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3524637

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Effects of dipyridamole, nifedipine, verapamil, hydralazine and propranolol on the formation of prostacyclin and thromboxane in a coupled system of platelets and aorta. Author(s): Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1986 July; 23(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3090561

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Effects of erythropoietin, bromocryptine and hydralazine on testicular function in rats with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Yamamoto Y, Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I. Source: Andrologia. 1997 May-June; 29(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9197918

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Effects of hydralazine on cardiac performance in infants receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Martin GR, Chauvin L, Short BL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 June; 118(6): 944-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2040932

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Hydralazine

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Effects of hydralazine on mouth occlusion pressure and ventilatory response to hypercapnia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Corriveau ML, Shepard JW Jr, Dolan GF. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 January; 135(1): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3800141

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Effects of hydralazine on placental and renal circulation in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Gudmundsson S, Gennser G, Marsal K. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1995 July; 74(6): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7604682

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Effects of indomethacin on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension, interference with hydralazine. Author(s): Adnot S, Defouilloy C, Brun-Buisson C, Piquet J, de Cremoux H, Lemaire F. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 December; 136(6): 1343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688636

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Effects of lisinopril vs hydralazine on left ventricular hypertrophy and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A, Mugellini A, Tettamanti F, Lusardi P, Corradi L. Source: European Heart Journal. 1995 August; 16(8): 1120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8665975

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Effects of phenelzine and hydralazine on hydrogen peroxide production and proteolysis in human red blood cells. Author(s): Runge-Morris M, Novak RF. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1993 December; 267(3): 1401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8263801

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Effects of verapamil, papaverine, sodium nitrite, and hydralazine on ethyl alcoholinduced contraction of the isolated human umbilical artery. Author(s): Singirik E, Caliskan U, Cenik AG, Dogan N. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1989 April-June; 31(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2617717

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Epitope mapping of histone 5 (H5) with systemic lupus erythematosus, procainamideinduced lupus and hydralazine-induced lupus sera. Author(s): Pauls JD, Edworthy SM, Fritzler MJ. Source: Molecular Immunology. 1993 June; 30(8): 709-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7684819

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Erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) expression and circulating immune complex (CIC) levels in hydralazine-induced SLE. Author(s): Mitchell JA, Batchelor JR, Chapel H, Spiers CN, Sim E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1987 May; 68(2): 446-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2958187

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Evaluation by patients with heart failure of the effects of enalapril compared with hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate on quality of life. V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Author(s): Rector TS, Johnson G, Dunkman WB, Daniels G, Farrell L, Henrick A, Smith B, Cohn JN. Source: Circulation. 1993 June; 87(6 Suppl): Vi71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500243

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Ex vivo human placental transfer and the vasoactive properties of hydralazine. Author(s): Magee KP, Bawdon RE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 January; 182(1 Pt 1): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649174

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False-positive FTA-ABS in hydralazine-induced lupus. Author(s): Anderson B, Stillman MT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 April 3; 239(14): 1392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=344913

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Fatal hepatotoxicity induced by hydralazine or labetalol. Author(s): Stumpf JL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1991; 11(5): 415-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1745625

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Fatal hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sturman SG, Kumararatne D, Beevers DG. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 3; 2(8623): 1304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904020

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Fate of hydralazine in man. I. Reactions under gastric conditions. Author(s): Noda A, Matsuyama K, Yen SH, Sogabe K, Aso Y, Iguchi S, Noda H. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1979 November; 27(11): 2820-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=527147

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Favorable effects of hydralazine on the hemodynamic response to isometric exercise in chronic severe aortic regurgitation. Author(s): Elkayam U, McKay CR, Weber L, Eisenberg D, Rahimtoola SH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1984 June 1; 53(11): 1603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6731306

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Fetal distress after hydralazine therapy for severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): Spinnato JA, Sibai BM, Anderson GD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 May; 79(5): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704721

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Fetal distress with hydralazine. Author(s): Goodlin RC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1987 March; 80(3): 409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824042

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Fetal premature atrial contractions associated with hydralazine. Author(s): Lodeiro JG, Feinstein SJ, Lodeiro SB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 January; 160(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912074

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Focal glomerulonephritis in the course of hydralazine-induced lupus syndrome. Author(s): Naparstek Y, Kopolovic J, Tur-Kaspa R, Rubinger D. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 July; 27(7): 822-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743365

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From hydralazine to CGRP to man? Author(s): Field SB, Burney IA, Needham S, Maxwell RJ, Griffiths JR. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 1994 May-June; 10(3): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7930813

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Fulminant hepatic failure caused by ecarazine hydrochloride (a hydralazine derivative). Author(s): Tameda Y, Hamada M, Takase K, Nakano T, Kosaka Y. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1996 March; 23(3): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617425

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Further evidence for an acetylator phenotype difference in the metabolism of hydralazine in man. Author(s): Facchini V, Timbrell JA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 April; 11(4): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7259927

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Gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of hydralazine and its acetylated metabolite in serum using a nitrogen-selective detector. Author(s): Angelo HR, Christensen JM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 August 8; 183(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7400274

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Granulomatous hepatitis from hydralazine therapy. Author(s): Rice D, Burdick CO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 May; 143(5): 1077. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6679226

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Hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation. Author(s): Lin WW, Chang FJ, Hwang JF, Tsai ZH, Lee DY, Chen YT. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1990 November; 46(5): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2178063

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Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate combination improves exercise tolerance in heart failure. Results from V-HeFT I and V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Author(s): Ziesche S, Cobb FR, Cohn JN, Johnson G, Tristani F. Source: Circulation. 1993 June; 87(6 Suppl): Vi56-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8500241

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Hydralazine and procainamide inhibit T cell DNA methylation and induce autoreactivity. Author(s): Cornacchia E, Golbus J, Maybaum J, Strahler J, Hanash S, Richardson B. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1988 April 1; 140(7): 2197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3258330

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Hydralazine boluses for the treatment of severe hypertension in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Duley L. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 July; 102(7): 585. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7647069

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Hydralazine boluses for the treatment of severe hypertension in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Duley L. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1995 January; 102(1): 83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7833330

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Hydralazine boluses for the treatment of severe hypertension in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Paterson-Brown S, Robson SC, Redfern N, Walkinshaw SA, de Swiet M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1994 May; 101(5): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8018612

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Hydralazine differentially increases mRNAs for the alpha and beta subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase whereas it decreases pro alpha 1(I) collagen mRNAs in human skin fibroblasts. Author(s): Yeowell HN, Murad S, Pinnell SR. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1991 September; 289(2): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1654861

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Hydralazine dose-response curve analysis. Author(s): Graves DA, Muir KT, Richards W, Steiger BW, Chang I, Patel B. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1990 August; 18(4): 279-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2231320

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Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. Author(s): Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, Ohlsson A, von Dadelszen P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 October 25; 327(7421): 955-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576246

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Hydralazine induced lupus and Sweet's syndrome. Author(s): Juanola X, Nolla JM, Servitje O, Valverde J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 June; 18(6): 948. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1895286

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Hydralazine induces Z-DNA conformation in a polynucleotide and elicits anti(ZDNA) antibodies in treated patients. Author(s): Thomas TJ, Seibold JR, Adams LE, Hess EV. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1993 September 1; 294 ( Pt 2): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8373356

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Hydralazine inhibits human peritoneal mesothelial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Author(s): Fang CC, Yen CJ, Chen YM, Ko FN, Tsai TJ, Lee PH, Hsieh BS. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 November; 11(11): 2276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8941590

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Hydralazine injection still available. Author(s): Bowlby H. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994 December 15; 51(24): 3081. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7856632

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Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling. Author(s): Deng C, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Rao T, Attwood J, Yung R, Richardson B. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 March; 48(3): 746-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632429

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Hydralazine predisposes to acute cutaneous vasculitis following urography with iopamidol. Author(s): Reynolds NJ, Wallington TB, Burton JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 July; 129(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369214

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Hydralazine use in relation to cancers of the lung, colon, and rectum. Author(s): Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Stolley PD, Warshauer ME, Shapiro S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744066

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Hydralazine-induced cholestatic jaundice following liver transplantation. Author(s): Shaefer MS, Markin RS, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr. Source: Transplantation. 1989 January; 47(1): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2643228

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Hydralazine-induced constrictive pericarditis. Author(s): Franssen CF, el Gamal MI, Gans RO, Hoorntje SJ. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1996 May; 48(5): 193-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8710038

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Hydralazine-induced lupus and vocal fold paralysis. Author(s): Hari CK, Raza SA, Clayton MI. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 September; 112(9): 875-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876382

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Hydralazine-induced lupus: yet another autoantibody! Author(s): Pirmohamed M. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1996 April; 15(4): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8845227

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Identification and quantitation of hydrazine in the urine of patients treated with hydralazine. Author(s): Timbrell JA, Harland SJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 July; 26(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=445966

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Immediate effects of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate combination on exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics in patients with left ventricular failure. Author(s): Franciosa JA, Cohn JN. Source: Circulation. 1979 June; 59(6): 1085-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436200

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Immune complex glomerulonephritis in hydralazine-induced SLE. Author(s): Shapiro KS, Pinn VW, Harrington JT, Levey AS. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1984 January; 3(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6229178

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Importance of left ventricular chamber size in determining the response to hydralazine in severe chronic heart failure. Author(s): Packer M, Meller J, Medina N, Gorlin R, Herman MV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 July 31; 303(5): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7383109

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Improved cardiac performance during exercise following hydralazine treatment in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Conradson TB, Ryden L. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1984; 216(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6485880

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In vitro and in vivo testing of hydralazine genotoxicity. Author(s): Martelli A, Allavena A, Campart GB, Canonero R, Ghia M, Mattioli F, Mereto E, Robbiano L, Brambilla G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1995 April; 273(1): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714756

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In vitro enhancement of the proliferative response of human T cells to autologous non-T cells by hydralazine. Author(s): Pende D, Indiveri F, Pierri I, Criscuolo D, Ferrone S. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1986 June; 11(3): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3488304

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In vitro induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes by hydralazine. Author(s): Cavaglia AM. Source: Mutation Research. 1980 April; 77(4): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7374668

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In vivo and in vitro effects of hydralazine on cellular growth, differentiation, and chromatin structure. Author(s): Evenson DP, Fasbender AJ. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1988 April; 93(2): 339-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358268

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Increased plasma norepinephrine accompanies persistent tachycardia after hydralazine. Author(s): Lin MS, McNay JL, Shepherd AM, Musgrave GE, Keeton TK. Source: Hypertension. 1983 March-April; 5(2): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826216

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Indomethacin attenuates the hypotensive action of hydralazine. Author(s): Cinquegrani MP, Liang CS. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1986 May; 39(5): 564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3698464

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Indomethacin does not attenuate the effects of hydralazine in normal subjects. Author(s): Jackson SH, Pickles H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 25(3): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6414822

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Influence of acetylator phenotype and renal function on the antihypertensive effect of hydralazine. Author(s): Koopmans PP, Hoefnagels WH, Huysmans FT, Thien T. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1984; 27(3): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6709112

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Influence of food on the bioavailability of "real" and "apparent" hydralazine from conventional and slow-release preparations. Author(s): Liedholm H, Wahlin-Boll E, Hanson A, Melander A. Source: Drug Nutr Interact. 1982; 1(4): 293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6926836

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Influence of salt depletion and hydralazine-induced vasodilatation on accuracy of selective renal vein sampling in patients with essential hypertension and renal artery stenosis. Author(s): Sinaiko AR, Mirkin BL. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1982; 2(5): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6764863

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Influence of short-term oral hydralazine therapy on exercise hemodynamics in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Author(s): Rubin SA, Chatterjee K, Ports TA, Gelberg HJ, Brundage BH, Parmley WW. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1979 November; 44(6): 1183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=495513

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Interaction between oral propranolol and hydralazine. Author(s): McLean AJ, Skews H, Bobik A, Dudley FJ. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 June; 27(6): 726-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379440

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Interaction of myeloperoxidase and elastase enzyme activity with the antihypertensive agents hydralazine and dihydralazine. Author(s): Hansson AL, Nassberger L. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1993 August; 73(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8248010

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Interactions between hydralazine and oral nutrients in humans. Author(s): Semple HA, Koo W, Tam YK, Ngo LY, Coutts RT. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1991 July; 13(4): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1780961

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Interscalene block-, sedation-, lateral positioning-, and hydralazine-induced hypotension: is it really prudent? Author(s): Sciard D, Matuszczak M, Gebhard R, Kocieniewska D. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 July; 97(1): 280-1; Author Reply 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131138

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Ketanserin and hydralazine in hypertension in pregnancy--a randomised doubleblind trial. Author(s): Rossouw HJ, Howarth G, Odendaal HJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1995 June; 85(6): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7652635

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Kinetics of hydralazine and its main metabolites in slow and fast acetylators. Author(s): Reece PA, Cozamanis I, Zacest R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 December; 28(6): 769-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7438692

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Kinetics of hydralazine elimination. Author(s): Talseth T. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1977 June; 21(6): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=862310

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Lack of inhibition of diamine oxidase during hydralazine therapy. Author(s): Burke M, Neufeld E, Goldberg S, Chayen R. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1984 July; 20(7): 636-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6432731

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Late toxicity to hydralazine resembling systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Perry HM Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1973 January; 54(1): 58-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4581906

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Letter: Hydralazine therapy in idiopathic SLE. Author(s): Hess EV, Litwin A, Foad BS. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1976 January-February; 19(1): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1082750

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Liquid chromatographic analysis of hydralazine and metabolites in plasma. Author(s): Proveaux WJ, O'Donnell JP, Ma JK. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 September 1; 176(3): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=546925

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Liquid chromatographic determination of dihydralazine and hydralazine in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies of dihydralazine. Author(s): Rouan MC, Campestrini J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1985 December; 74(12): 1270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4087193

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Liquid chromatographic determination of hydralazine in human plasma with 2hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde pre-column derivatization. Author(s): Manes J, Mari J, Garcia R, Font G. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1990; 8(8-12): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2100625

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Long term haemodynamic effects of pinacidil and hydralazine in arterial hypertension. Author(s): Carlsen JE, Jensen HA, Rehling M, Lund JO, Trap-Jensen J. Source: Drugs. 1988; 36 Suppl 7: 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3076136

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Long term propranolol and hydralazine in hypertension. Author(s): Pandit RB. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 February; 32(2): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6430870

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Long-term effects of hydralazine on ventilation and blood gas values in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Corriveau ML, Vu-Dinh Minh, Dolan GF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 November; 83(5): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3674095

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Lupus-like syndrome in a mother and newborn following administration of hydralazine; a case report. Author(s): Yemini M, Shoham Z, Dgani R, Lancet M, Mogilner BM, Nissim F, BarKhayim Y. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1989 February; 30(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2703104

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Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in hydralazine-induced lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Ryan PF, Hughes GR, Bernstein R, Mansilla R, Dollery CT. Source: Lancet. 1979 December 8; 2(8154): 1248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=92663

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Management of hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy by hydralazine bolus injection vs continuous drip--a comparative study. Author(s): Begum MR, Quadir E, Begum A, Akhter S, Rahman K. Source: Medscape Women's Health [electronic Resource]. 2002 September-October; 7(5): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466730

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Manipulation of oxygenation in a human tumour xenograft with BW12C or hydralazine: effects on responses to radiation and to the bioreductive cytotoxicity of misonidazole or RSU-1069. Author(s): Cole S, Robbins L. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1989 November; 16(3): 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2587812

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Maternal and fetal haemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancies during maternal treatment with intravenous hydralazine or labetalol. Author(s): Fairlie FM, Walker JJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 November; 98(11): 1186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1760439

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Maternal and fetal haemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancies during maternal treatment with intravenous hydralazine or labetalol. Author(s): Harper A, Murnaghan GA. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 May; 98(5): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2059591

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Mechanism by which hydralazine increases propranolol bioavailability. Author(s): Schneck DW, Vary JE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984 April; 35(4): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705442

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Metabolism and disposition of hydralazine-14C in man and dog. Author(s): Lesser JM, Israili ZH, Davis DC, Dayton PG. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1974 JulyAugust; 2(4): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4153405

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Metabolism of hydralazine by activated leukocytes: implications for hydralazine induced lupus. Author(s): Hofstra AH, Matassa LC, Uetrecht JP. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 November; 18(11): 1673-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1664857

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Metabolism of hydralazine in man. Author(s): Wagner J, Faigle JW, Imhof P, Liehr G. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1977; 27(12): 2388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=580056

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Metabolism of hydralazine in man. Investigation of features relevant to drug safety, Part I. Author(s): Schmid K, Kung W, Riess W, Dollery CT, Harland SJ. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1981; 31(7): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196764

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Metabolism of hydralazine in man. Part II: Investigation of features relevant to drug safety. Author(s): Dubois JP, Schmid K, Riess W, Hanson A, Henningsen NC, Andersson OK. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1987 February; 37(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3580022

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Metabolism of hydralazine: relevance to drug-induced lupus. Author(s): Hofstra AH. Source: Drug Metabolism Reviews. 1994; 26(3): 485-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7924901

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Molecular models for hydralazine-related systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Dubroff LM, Reid R Jr, Papalian M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1981 August; 24(8): 1082-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6974556

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Neonatal adaptation in hypertensive pregnancy--a study of labetalol vs hydralazine treatment. Author(s): Hjertberg R, Faxelius G, Lagercrantz H. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1993; 21(1): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8487154

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Neurohumoral consequences of vasodilator therapy with hydralazine and nifedipine in severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Elkayam U, Roth A, Hsueh W, Weber L, Freidenberger L, Rahimtoola SH. Source: American Heart Journal. 1986 June; 111(6): 1130-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2872793

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Neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). Association with a hydralazine-induced lupus syndrome. Author(s): Sequeira W, Polisky RB, Alrenga DP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 September; 81(3): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944382

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Nifedipine or hydralazine as a first-line agent to control hypertension in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Aali BS, Nejad SS. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 81(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11942883

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Nifedipine tablet vs. hydralazine in patients with persisting hypertension who receive combined diuretic and beta-blocker therapy. Author(s): Myers MG, Leenen FH, Burns R, Frankel D. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1986 April; 39(4): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2869849

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Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular effects of hydralazine in heart failure. Author(s): Deglin SM, Jain AC, Harris WS. Source: Cardiology. 1980; 66(4): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7448835

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Observation on the mechanism of renin release by hydralazine in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Ueda H, Kaneko Y, Takeda T, Ikeda T, Yagi S. Source: Circulation Research. 1970 October; 27: Suppl 2: 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4918551

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Obstructive jaundice, pancytophenia and hydralazine. Author(s): Stewart GW, Peart WS, Boylston AW. Source: Lancet. 1981 May 30; 1(8231): 1207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6112544

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Occupational asthma in a pharmaceutical worker exposed to hydralazine. Author(s): Perrin B, Malo JL, Cartier A, Evans S, Dolovich J. Source: Thorax. 1990 December; 45(12): 980-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2281435

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Occupational contact dermatitis from propranolol, hydralazine and bendroflumethiazide. Author(s): Pereira F, Dias M, Pacheco FA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007379

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Occurrence of anti-lactoferrin antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, hydralazine-induced lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Nassberger L, Hultquist R, Sturfelt G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1994; 23(4): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8091147

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Occurrence of autoantibodies directed against myeloperoxidase and elastase in patients treated with hydralazine and presenting with glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Torffvit O, Thysell H, Nassberger L. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1994 August; 13(8): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7946512

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On the role of hydralazine in renal hemodynamics and secretion of renin. Author(s): Voudoukis IJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 1966 July; 72(1): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5942939

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Once daily slow-release hydralazine in hypertension. Author(s): O'Boyle CP, Kelly J, O'Brien ET, O'Malley K. Source: Ir Med J. 1981 April; 74(4): 115-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7228629

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Oral hydralazine in chronic heart failure: sustained beneficial hemodynamic effects. Author(s): Chatterjee K, Ports TA, Brundage BH, Massie B, Holly AN, Parmley WW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 May; 92(5): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7386999

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Oral hydralazine in patients with pulmonary vascular disease secondary to congenital heart disease. Author(s): Fripp RR, Gewitz MH, Werner JC, Whitman V, Rashkind WJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1981 August; 48(2): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7270444

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Oral hydralazine therapy for acute pulmonary embolism and low output state. Author(s): Bates ER, Crevey BJ, Sprague FR, Pitt B. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1981 October; 141(11): 1537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7283569

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Oral hydralazine therapy for chronic refractory heart failure. Author(s): Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Massie B, Greenberg B, Werner J, Klausner S, Norman A. Source: Circulation. 1976 December; 54(6): 879-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=825327

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Oral hydralazine therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Rubin LJ, Peter RH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 January 10; 302(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7350435

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Orogenital ulcers, SLE and hydralazine. Author(s): Neville E, Graham PY, Brewis RA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 June; 57(668): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7301684

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Oxidative metabolism of hydralazine. Evidence for nitrogen centered radicals formation. Author(s): Sinha BK, Motten AG. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1982 April 14; 105(3): 1044-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6284161

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P-ANCA positive renal vasculitis in association with renal cell carcinoma and prolonged hydralazine therapy. Author(s): Norris JH, Leeds J, Jeffrey RF. Source: Renal Failure. 2003 March; 25(2): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739838

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Parenteral hydralazine revisited. Author(s): Powers DR, Papadakos PJ, Wallin JD. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 March-April; 16(2): 191-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9543400

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Periarterial lidocaine/hydralazine aids arterial catheter insertion in patients with preeclampsia. Author(s): Pue AF. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 August; 79(2): 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8342862

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Pericardial tamponade: a major presenting manifestation of hydralazine-induced lupus syndrome. Author(s): Carey RM, Coleman M, Feder A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1973 January; 54(1): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4682497

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Peripheral vasodilatation in the treatment of hypertension. Prazosin compared with hydralazine in patients not responding to beta-receptor blockade. Author(s): Malmberg L, Fagerberg SE, Frithz G. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1982; 665: 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6760680

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Persistent reversal of severe systemic hypertension after prolonged toxic reaction to hydralazine. Author(s): Miller AJ, Abrams DL, Kaplan BM. Source: Cardiology. 1975; 60(4): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1225472

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Pharmacokinetics of bendroflumethiazide alone and in combination with propranolol and hydralazine. Author(s): Schafer-Korting M, Mutschler E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 21(4): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7056277

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Pharmacokinetics of hydralazine and its acid-labile hydrazone metabolites in relation to acetylator phenotype. Author(s): Shen DD, Hosler JP, Schroder RL, Azarnoff DL. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1980 February; 8(1): 53-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7381691

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Pharmacokinetics of hydralazine and the first pass effect. Author(s): Holt RJ, Gaskins JD. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1983 June; 75(6): 276-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6577875

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Pharmacokinetics of hydralazine, apparent hydralazine and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone in humans. Author(s): Shepherd AM, Ludden TM, Haegele KD, Talseth T, McNay JL. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1979 October; 26(1): 129-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=515498

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Pharmacokinetics of oral hydralazine in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Hanson A, Johansson BW, Wernersson B, Wahlander LA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 25(4): 467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6653641

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Phenelzine, hydralazine and diphenylhydantoin. Author(s): Mattila MJ. Source: Humangenetik. 1970; 9(3): 212-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5311191

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Pheochromocytoma and hydralazine-induced myocardial ischaemia in a 14-year-old boy. Author(s): Friedman E, Mandel M, Katznelson D, Sack J. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 September; 145(4): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3770004

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Plasma levels of free and acid-labile hydralazine: effects of multiple dosing and of procainamide. Author(s): Schneck DW, Sprouse JS, Miller K, Vary JE, DeWitt FO, Hayes AH Jr. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1978 December; 24(6): 714-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=710029

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Plasma lipid profiles and antihypertensive agents: effects of lisinopril, enalapril, nitrendipine, hydralazine, and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Williams LL, Lopez LM, Thorman AD, Quay GP, Stein GH, Mehta JL. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988 July-August; 22(7-8): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2843341

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Precipitation of heart failure following sudden withdrawal of hydralazine. Author(s): Black JR, Mehta J. Source: Chest. 1979 June; 75(6): 724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436528

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Prevention of nitrate tolerance with concomitant administration of hydralazine. Author(s): Elkayam U. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1996 May; 12 Suppl C: 17C-21C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8634919

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Prevention of tolerance to hemodynamic effects of nitrates with concomitant use of hydralazine in patients with chronic heart failure. Author(s): Gogia H, Mehra A, Parikh S, Raman M, Ajit-Uppal J, Johnson JV, Elkayam U. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995 December; 26(7): 1575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594088

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Propranolol-hydralazine combination in essential hypertension. Author(s): Stevens JD, Binstok G, Mullane JF, Woods JW, Pittman AW, del Greco F, Huang C, Morledge JH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1983; 5(5): 525-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6352036

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Pulmonary hypertension in hydralazine induced systemic lupus erythematosus: association with C4 null allele. Author(s): Asherson RA, Benbow AG, Speirs CJ, Jackson N, Hughes GR. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 September; 45(9): 771-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3767464

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Quantitative analysis of hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone, the major plasma metabolite of hydralazine. Author(s): Haegele KD, Skrdlant HB, Talseth T, McNay JL, Shepherd AM, Clementi WA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 January 4; 187(1): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358814

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Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis after hydralazine. Author(s): Bjorck S, Westberg G, Svalander C, Mulec H. Source: Lancet. 1983 July 2; 2(8340): 42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134902

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Rapidly progressive nephritis in patients taking hydralazine. Author(s): Mason PD, Lockwood CM. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1986 July; 20(3): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3746882

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Re: Low dose hydralazine induced lupus. Author(s): Yonga GO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1992 November; 69(11): 649-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1298625

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Reactivation of tumor suppressor genes by the cardiovascular drugs hydralazine and procainamide and their potential use in cancer therapy. Author(s): Segura-Pacheco B, Trejo-Becerril C, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Mariscal I, Chavez A, Acuna C, Salazar AM, Lizano M, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 May; 9(5): 1596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738711

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Reactivity of anti-histone antibodies induced by procainamide and hydralazine. Author(s): Portanova JP, Rubin RL, Joslin FG, Agnello VD, Tan EM. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1982 October; 25(1): 67-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6983942

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Relation of hydralazine plasma concentration to dosage and hypotensive action. Author(s): Zacest R, Koch-Weser J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1972 May-June; 13(3): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5026380

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Relationship between immune response to hydralazine and to deoxyribonuclease in patients receiving hydralazine. Author(s): McDuffie FC. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1981 August; 24(8): 1079-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6974555

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Relationship between oxygen uptake and oxygen transport in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiologic effects of nitroprusside and hydralazine. Author(s): Brent BN, Matthay RA, Mahler DA, Berger HJ, Zaret BL, Lister G. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 May; 129(5): 682-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721268

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Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine. Author(s): Perry HM Jr, Tan EM, Carmody S, Sakamoto A. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1970 July; 76(1): 114-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4912962

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Relative bioavailability of immediate- and sustained-release hydralazine formulations. Author(s): Ludden TM, Rotenberg KS, Ludden LK, Shepherd AM, Woodworth JR. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1988 December; 77(12): 1026-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3244106

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Relative change in blood volume following administration of hydralazine as monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Author(s): Thomas C, Counsell CJ, Wood P, Adams GE. Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1991 July-August; 60(1-2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1677974

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Relief of sickle cell priapism by hydralazine. Report of a case. Author(s): Baruchel S, Rees J, Bernstein ML, Goodyer P. Source: Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993 February; 15(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8447552

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Renal effects of nitroprusside and hydralazine in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Cogan JJ, Humphreys MH, Carlson CJ, Rapaport E. Source: Circulation. 1980 February; 61(2): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351056

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Renal hemodynamic effects of vasodilation with nifedipine and hydralazine in patients with heart failure. Author(s): Elkayam U, Weber L, Campese VM, Massry SG, Rahimtoola SH. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1984 December; 4(6): 1261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6501724

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Renal plasma flow and cardiac output during hydralazine and propranolol treatment in essential hypertension. Author(s): Falch DK, Odegaard AE, Norman N. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1978 April; 38(2): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=653302

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Renal vein renin sampling in essential hypertension using hydralazine and the tourniquet test. Author(s): Gomes AS, Sinaiko AR, Tobian L, Cohn JN, Formanek AG, Roe DJ, Amplatz K. Source: Radiology. 1984 December; 153(3): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6387785

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Reserpine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide combination (Ser-AP-ES) in essential hypertension. Author(s): Glazer N. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1972 September; 14(9): 561-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4628678

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Rest and exercise hemodynamic effects of oral hydralazine in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Hindman MC, Slosky DA, Peter RH, Newman GE, Jones RH, Wallace AG. Source: Circulation. 1980 April; 61(4): 751-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7357717

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Risk of serious morbidity associated with hydralazine versus methyldopa treatment in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Franks PJ, Hartley K, Bulpitt PF, Bulpitt CJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 40(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050166

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Role of nifedipine in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Comparison with hydralazine in hospital outpatients. Author(s): Murphy MB, Bulpitt CJ, Dollery CT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 August 31; 77(2B): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6486124

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Selective high-performance liquid chromatographic assays for hydralazine and its metabolites in plasma of man. Author(s): Reece PA, Cozamanis I, Zacest R. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 March 14; 181(3-4): 427-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391156

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Severe preeclampsia: is vasodilation therapy with hydralazine dangerous for the preterm fetus? Author(s): Derham RJ, Robinson J. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1990 July; 7(3): 239-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2196888

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Severe renal failure in hydralazine-induced lupus. Author(s): Sinclair AJ, Warrington SJ. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1981; 1(1): 65-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7348694

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Short-term hemodynamic effects of hydralazine in infants with complete atrioventricular canal defects. Author(s): Artman M, Parrish MD, Boerth RC, Boucek RJ Jr, Graham TP Jr. Source: Circulation. 1984 May; 69(5): 949-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705171

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Should continuous hydralazine infusions be utilized in severe pregnancy-induced hypertension? Author(s): Kirshon B, Wasserstrum N, Cotton DB. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1991 May; 8(3): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2029282

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Should the acetylator phenotype be determined when prescribing hydralazine for hypertension? Author(s): Ramsay LE, Silas JH, Ollerenshaw JD, Tucker GT, Phillips FC, Freestone S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 26(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6714290

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Side-effects in long-term treatment with hydralazine. Author(s): Widgren B, Berglund G, Andersson OK. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986; 714: 193-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3472444

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Significance of systemic vascular resistance in determining the hemodynamic effects of hydralazine on large ventricular septal defects. Author(s): Nakazawa M, Takao A, Chon Y, Shimizu T, Kanaya M, Momma K. Source: Circulation. 1983 August; 68(2): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6861317

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Single versus multiple daily administration of hydralazine in the maintenance treatment of hypertension. Clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects. Author(s): Henningsen NC, Hanson A, Wernersson B. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1982 May; 211(3): 179-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7044051

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Size polymorphism of the erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) in systemic lupus erythematosus induced by hydralazine. Author(s): Mitchell JA, Sim E. Source: Complement Inflamm. 1989; 6(2): 88-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2721176

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Slow-release metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide and hydralazine in stepwise treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Houtzagers JJ, Dols DM, Meems L. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1984; 27(8): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6504227

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Specific afterload reduction with parenteral hydralazine following cardiac surgery. Author(s): Sladen RN, Rosenthal MH. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1979 August; 78(2): 195202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=459526

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Stable oral availability of sustained release propranolol when co-administered with hydralazine or food: evidence implicating substrate delivery rate as a determinant of presystemic drug interactions. Author(s): Byrne AJ, McNeil JJ, Harrison PM, Louis W, Tonkin AM, McLean AJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 17 Suppl 1: 45S-50S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743474

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Studies on hydralazine. II. Elimination rate and steady-state concentration in patients with impaired renal function. Author(s): Talseth T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 September 30; 10(5): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=976304

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Studies on hydralazine. III. Bioavailability of hydralazine in man. Author(s): Talseth T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976; 10(6): 395-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1001354

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Sympathetic activity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Influence of captopril and hydralazine. Author(s): Schofer J, Bleifeld W. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1987 August; 1(2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3154321

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Systemic lupus erythematosus following prolonged treatment with hydralazine. Author(s): Alkalay I, Bullard JC. Source: Ann Allergy. 1971 January; 29(1): 35-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4118529

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Systemic vascular pooling potency of vasodilator drugs (nitroglycerin, phentolamine, hydralazine) Author(s): Strauer BE, Scherpe A. Source: American Heart Journal. 1979 March; 97(3): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=105616

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Systemic vasculitis resembling periarteritis nodosa in the lupus-like syndrome induced by hydralazine. Author(s): Martinez-Vea A, Ferrer I, Carcia C, Mayayo E, Oliver JA, Richart C. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 1987; 7(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2883895

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Systolic time intervals and hydralazine. Author(s): Louridas G, Patakas D, Galanis N, Kakoura M, Stavropoulos C. Source: Chest. 1982 May; 81(5): 660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7075297

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The effect of hydralazine on blood flow and misonidazole toxicity in human tumour xenografts. Author(s): Guichard M, Lespinasse F, Trotter M, Durand R, Chaplin D. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1991 February; 20(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031087

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The effect of hydralazine on steady-state plasma concentrations of metoprolol in pregnant hypertensive women. Author(s): Lindeberg S, Holm B, Lundborg P, Regardh CG, Sandstrom B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988; 35(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3191932

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The effect of hydralazine on the development of tolerance to continuous nitroglycerin. Author(s): Parker JD, Parker AB, Farrell B, Parker JO. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1997 February; 280(2): 866-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023301

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The effect of oral hydralazine on the pulmonary hemodynamics of patients with pulmonary foreign body granulomatosis. Author(s): Farber H, Glauser FL. Source: Chest. 1982 December; 82(6): 708-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7140398

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The effects of hydralazine on exercise capacity in pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Dal Nogare AR, Rubin LJ. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 March; 133(3): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954247

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The effects of oral hydralazine on blood pressure, cardiac output and peripheral resistance with respect to dose, age and acetylator status. Author(s): Rowell NP, Clark K. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1990 August; 18(4): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244017

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The effects of single dose oral hydralazine on blood flow through human lung tumours. Author(s): Rowell NP, Flower MA, McCready VR, Cronin B, Horwich A. Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 1990 August; 18(4): 283-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244016

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The lupus syndrome induced by hydralazine: a common complication with low dose treatment. Author(s): Cameron HA, Ramsay LE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 August 18; 289(6442): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6432120

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The management of severe preeclampsia with intravenous magnesium sulphate, hydralazine and central venous catheterization. Author(s): Reti LL, Ross A, Kloss M, Paull J, Markman L. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1987 May; 27(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3675436

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The mRNA and the activity of lysyl hydroxylase are up-regulated by the administration of ascorbate and hydralazine to human skin fibroblasts from a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI. Author(s): Yeowell HN, Walker LC, Marshall MK, Murad S, Pinnell SR. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1995 August 20; 321(2): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7646078

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The relationship between systemic oxygen uptake and delivery during moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: critical values and effects of vasodilation by hydralazine. Author(s): Cavaliere F, Gennari A, Martinelli L, Zamparelli R, Schiavello R. Source: Perfusion. 1995 September; 10(5): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601043

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The use of hydralazine to manipulate tumour temperatures during hyperthermia. Author(s): Dewhirst MW, Prescott DM, Clegg S, Samulski TV, Page RL, Thrall DE, Leopold K, Rosner G, Acker JC, Oleson JR. Source: International Journal of Hyperthermia : the Official Journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group. 1990 NovemberDecember; 6(6): 971-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2286795

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The vasodilatory effects of hydralazine, nicardipine, nitroglycerin, and fenoldopam in the human umbilical artery. Author(s): Sato N, Tanaka KA, Szlam F, Tsuda A, Arias ME, Levy JH. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 February; 96(2): 539-44, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538209

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Topically applied hydralazine: effects on systemic cardiovascular parameters, bloodaqueous barrier, and aqueous humor dynamics in normotensive humans. Author(s): Larsson LI, Maus TL, Brubaker RF, Nathanson JA. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 Summer; 11(2): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8564635

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Transient monoclonal gammopathy in hydralazine induced lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Isenberg D. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 January 15; 286(6360): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401537

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•

Transient monoclonal gammopathy in hydralazine-induced lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Freestone S, Ramsay LE. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 November 27; 285(6354): 1536-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6814636

•

Treatment of acute pregnancy-related hypertension: labetalol and hydralazine compared. Author(s): Walker JJ, Greer I, Calder AA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1983; 59 Suppl 3: 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6647203

•

Treatment of hypertension during pregnancy with hydralazine monotherapy or with combined therapy with hydralazine and pindolol. Author(s): Rosenfeld J, Bott-Kanner G, Boner G, Nissenkorn A, Friedman S, Ovadia J, Merlob P, Reisner S, Paran E, Zmora E, et al. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1986 August; 22(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3743860

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Treatment with hydralazine in mild to moderate mitral or aortic incompetence. Author(s): Jensen T, Kornerup HJ, Lederballe O, Videbaek J, Henningsen P. Source: European Heart Journal. 1983 May; 4(5): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6617676

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Triplex-DNA stabilization by hydralazine and the presence of anti-(triplex DNA) antibodies in patients treated with hydralazine. Author(s): Thomas TJ, Seibold JR, Adams LE, Hess EV. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1995 October 1; 311 ( Pt 1): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7575452

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Use of hydralazine for intractable cardiac failure in childhood. Author(s): Fried R, Steinherz LJ, Levin AR, Linday L, Tan CT, Miller D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 December; 97(6): 1009-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6934284

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Usefulness of hydralazine to withdraw from dobutamine in severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Binkley PF, Starling RC, Hammer DF, Leier CV. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1991 October 15; 68(10): 1103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1927930

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•

Utilization of hydralazine or alpha-methyldopa for the management of early puerperal hypertension. Author(s): Griffis KR Jr, Martin JN Jr, Palmer SM, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1989 October; 6(4): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2789542

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Variability of plasma hydralazine concentrations in male hypertensive patients. Author(s): Ludden TM, McNay JL Jr, Shepherd AM, Lin MS. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1981 August; 24(8): 987-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7284051

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Variable hemodynamic response to oral hydralazine in patients with refractory congestive heart failure. Author(s): LeJemtel TH, Elkayam U, Ribner HS, Hellman C, Strom J, Frishman W, Strobeck J, Sonnenblick EH. Source: European Heart Journal. 1980 June; 1(3): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7026250

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Vasodilating mechanism and response to physiological pressor stimuli of acute doses of carvedilol compared with labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine. Author(s): Tomlinson B, Bompart F, Graham BR, Liu JB, Prichard BN. Source: Drugs. 1988; 36 Suppl 6: 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2908303

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Vasodilator therapy and the anesthetist: a review of nitroprusside, labetalol, hydralazine and nitroglycerin. Author(s): Walker HJ, Geniton DJ. Source: Aana Journal. 1989 October; 57(5): 435-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2690553

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Vasodilator therapy for acute heart failure: haemodynamic comparison of hydralazine/isosorbide, alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Author(s): Verma SP, Silke B, Reynolds GW, Kelly JG, Richmond A, Taylor SH. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1992 August; 20(2): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1381019

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Vasodilator therapy in chronic asymptomatic aortic regurgitation: enalapril versus hydralazine therapy. Author(s): Lin M, Chiang HT, Lin SL, Chang MS, Chiang BN, Kuo HW, Cheitlin MD. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1994 October; 24(4): 1046-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7930196

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Vasodilator therapy of hypertensive acute left ventricular failure: comparison of captopril-prazosin with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate. Author(s): Adigun AQ, Ajayi OE, Sofowora GG, Ajayi AA. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 November 30; 67(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880204

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Vasodilator treatment with isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in chronic heart failure. Author(s): Massie BM, Kramer B, Shen E, Haughom F. Source: British Heart Journal. 1981 April; 45(4): 376-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7225252

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Vasodilators and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hydralazine versus prazosin in hypertensive humans. Author(s): Leenen FH, Smith DL, Farkas RM, Reeves RA, Marquez-Julio A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 May; 82(5): 969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2953239

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Vasodilators as first-line therapy for congestive heart failure: a comparative hemodynamic study of hydralazine, digoxin, and their combination. Author(s): Ribner HS, Zucker MJ, Stasior C, Talentowski D, Stadnicki R, Lesch M. Source: American Heart Journal. 1987 July; 114(1 Pt 1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604877

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Verapamil in essential hypertension: a comparison with atenolol plus hydralazine. Author(s): Horvath JS, Fletcher PJ, Bailey BP, Duggin GG, Hall B, Tiller D. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1987; 9(7): 1185-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621635

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Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Vasodilator Therapy of Heart Failure: influence of prerandomization variables on the reduction of mortality by treatment with hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. Author(s): Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Francis GS, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, Dunkman WB, Jacobs W, Flohr KH, et al. Source: Circulation. 1987 May; 75(5 Pt 2): Iv49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3552302

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDRALAZINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hydralazine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydralazine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hydralazine” (or a synonym): •

Chronic hydralazine improves flow (shear stress)-induced endothelium-dependent dilation in mouse mesenteric resistance arteries in vitro. Author(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 541, IFR Circulation-Paris-Nord, Universite Paris VII, Paris, France. Source: Gorny, D Loufrani, L Kubis, N Levy, B I Henrion, D Microvasc-Res. 2002 July; 64(1): 127-34 0026-2862

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Comparison of the effects of hydralazine and nifedipine on contractions and 45Ca influx of rat aorta. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, La Coruna, Spain. Source: Orallo, F Gil Longo, J Bardan, B Calleja, J M J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1991 May; 43(5): 356-9 0022-3573

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Effect of hydralazine on myocardial plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (PM-FABP) during diabetes mellitus. Source: Heyliger, C.E. Powell, D.M. Skau, K.A. Mol-cell-biochem. Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers. July 5, 1995. volume 148 (1) page 39-44. 0300-8177

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Endothelin-A receptor antagonist combined with hydralazine improves survival and renal function in hypertensive rats. Author(s): Knoll AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Source: Munter, K Hergenroder, S Kirchengast, M J-Cardiovasc-Pharmacol. 1998; 31 Suppl 1S245-8 0160-2446

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Myocardial lipid peroxidation in rats treated chronically with hydralazine and its amelioration by vitamin A. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Silesian Medical Academy, Katowice, Poland. Source: Magner Wrobel, K Jendryczko, A Drozdz, M Cor-Vasa. 1990; 32(5): 414-20 00108650

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The influence of hydralazine on the vasculature, blood perfusion and chemosensitivity of MAC tumours. Author(s): Clinical Oncology Unit, University of Bradford, UK. Source: Quinn, P K Bibby, M C Cox, J A Crawford, S M Br-J-Cancer. 1992 August; 66(2): 323-30 0007-0920

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

Nutrition

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to hydralazine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Minerals Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYDRALAZINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hydralazine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hydralazine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hydralazine: •

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and formaldehyde from foods. Author(s): Csiba A, Szentgyorgyi M, Juhasz S, Lombai G. Source: Acta Vet Hung. 1996; 44(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8908739

•

Abnormal response of tumor vasculature to vasoactive drugs. Author(s): Chan RC, Babbs CF, Vetter RJ, Lamar CH. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1984 January; 72(1): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6582294

•

Acute effects of vascular modifying agents in solid tumors assessed by noninvasive laser Doppler flowmetry and near infrared spectroscopy. Author(s): Kragh M, Quistorff B, Horsman MR, Kristjansen PE.

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Source: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.). 2002 May-June; 4(3): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11988846 •

Acute systemic and renal haemodynamic effects and long-term antihypertensive action of cadralazine in patients pretreated with beta-blockers and diuretics. Author(s): Persson B, Granerus G, Wysocki M, Hedner T, Andersson OK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 31(5): 513-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2881788

•

Alprenolol in hypertension. Author(s): Johnsson G. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1974; 554: 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593675

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Antihypertensive agents. Author(s): Palmer RF. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 1968 Spring; 6(1): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4387515

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Augmented acute hypotensive effect of dihydralazine and clonidine after linoleic acid rich diet in normotensive conscious rats. Author(s): Hoffmann P, Taube C, Forster W. Source: Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1982 April; 8(4): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6955801

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Cardiovascular actions of dihydralazine as modified by dietary linoleic acid. Author(s): Hoffmann P, Bartels T, Heinemann S, Beitz J, Taube C. Source: Biomed Biochim Acta. 1986; 45(8): 1057-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3535786

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Combined dihydralazine and propranolol in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Katila M, Frick MH. Source: Int Z Klin Pharmakol Ther Toxikol. 1970 December; 4(1): 111-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4924318

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Comparative effects of hydralazine on perfusion of KHT tumor, kidney and liver and on renal function in mice. Author(s): Honess DJ, Bleehen NM.

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Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1992; 22(5): 95361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1555988 •

Excitatory effects of the vasodilator hydralazine on acoustic startle in the rat. Author(s): Commissaris RL, Davis M. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1983 November; 19(5): 891-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6647523

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Hydralazine-enhanced selective heating of transmissible venereal tumor implants in dogs. Author(s): Voorhees WD 3rd, Babbs CF. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1982 October; 18(10): 1027-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6891638

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Induction of hypersensitivity of brain by hydralazine treatment in rats. Author(s): Hara S, Satoh T, Kitagawa H. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1981 February; 31(2): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7221180

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Oxidation of haemoglobin by hydralazine plus leukocytes and its facilitation in seras from hydralazine sensitive patients. Author(s): NORDQVIST P, PERSSON E, RYTTINGER L, LJUNGGREN M. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1963 November; 30: 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14073431

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Spin label detection and free radical nature of DNA damage by hydralazine. Author(s): Weglarz L, Bartosz G. Source: Int J Biochem. 1991; 23(7-8): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1650719

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Stability problems with hydralazine p-anisaldehyde hydrazone. Author(s): Semple HA, Tam YK, Croteau SM, Coutts RT. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1989 May; 78(5): 432-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2501474

•

The pharmacology and clinical use of rauwolfia, hydralazine, thiazides, and aldosterone antagonists in arterial hypertension. Author(s): Hollander W, Wilkins RW. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1966 January; 8(4): 291-318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5902963

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Vasoacting agents flavone acetic acid and hydralazine given in combination enhance antitumor effects under condition of hyperthermia. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Kusumoto T, Endo K, Baba H, Sakaguchi Y, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Source: Oncology. 1996 March-April; 53(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8604241

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hydralazine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 63

•

Herbs and Supplements Apresazide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blood Pressure Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coleus Forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydralazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydrochlorothiazide/hydralazine Alternative names: Apresazide Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenelzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HYDRALAZINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hydralazine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hydralazine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hydralazine By performing a patent search focusing on hydralazine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hydralazine: •

Constant release rate solid oral dosage formulations of hydrazine Inventor(s): Dunn; James M. (Littleton, CO) Assignee(s): Verex Laboratories, Inc. (Englewood, CO) Patent Number: 4,521,402 Date filed: February 17, 1984 Abstract: A constant order release rate solid oral dosage formulation of hydralazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said formulation comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of hydralazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; from about 0.5 to 6.0 weight percent of an acid-retardant or hydrophobic cellulose derivative; from about 2.5 to 35 weight percent of a hydrogenated vegetable oil: from about 1 to 20 weight percent of an acrylic acid polymer; from about 0.5 to 4.0 weight percent of fumed silicon dioxide and from about 0.4 to 3.0 percent of a lubricant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved pharmaceutical formulations and more specifically relates to constant release rate solid oral dosage formulations of hydralazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. It is an axiom in pharmaceutical science than in order for a drug in an oral solid dosage formulation to be absorbed, it must first become soluble in the aqueous media of the stomach or small intestine. Products which are rapidly dissolved in water are also rapidly absorbed into the body. For such products, controlling their rate of solvation after ingestion also influences their rate of absorption, and drugs which are highly or moderately watersoluble present special formulation problems. Formulations which effectively control the rate of solvation of highly water soluble drugs are disclosed and claimed in commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 443,397, filed Oct. 8, 1982. See also commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 364,014 filed Mar. 31, 1982 for constant order release theophylline formulations, allowed U.S. Ser. No. 366,594, filed Apr. 8, 1982 for constant order release aspirin formulations and U.S. Ser. No. 334,124 filed Dec. 24, 1981 for constant release indomethacin formulations. The above commonly assigned, copending application discloses constant order release solid oral dosage formulations which provide a smooth onset of drug action with a subsequent longer duration of pharmacological activity and avoid the peaks and valleys of activity and side effects of drugs administered in conventional formulations, including conventional timed-release formulations. It was also recognized that in view of the number of factors which successfully overcomes the properties peculiar to a specific drug or a group of drugs which share given properties, simply is not suitable for all drugs for the following reasons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04521402__

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•

Method for treatment of glaucoma with nitrogen containing guanylate cyclase activators Inventor(s): Nathanson; James A. (Wellesley, MA) Assignee(s): The General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,500,230 Date filed: April 7, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating cranial fluid volume dysfunctions such as glaucoma in an individual, comprising administering compounds which effect an increase in cyclic GMP at the site of the dysfunction or at the site of synthesis or removal of the accumulating fluid. In particular, the method of treatment involves the topical use of hydralazine, non-organic nitrites or nitroglycerine, and the systematic use of hydralazine or non-organic nitrites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating cranial fluid volume dysfunctions including edema, hydrocephalus and glaucoma. Because the brain is encased within a rigid skull and lacks a true lymphatic drainage system, it is critically vulnerable to damage from edema. However, compared with peripheral tissues, relatively little is known about intracranial regulation of water and electrolytes. Extracellular fluid movement into and out of the brain occurs primarily at the level of the blood-brain barrier (capillary endothelium), blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (choroid plexus epithelium), and CSF outflow system (dural sinus/arachnoid villae). Smith et. al., J. Neurochem., 37:117 (1981); Johanson, Encycl. Neurosci., (G. Adelman, Ed.) Birkhauser Boston, in press. Pathological conditions associated with fluid accumulation in the cranium include cerebral (brain) edema and hydrocephalus, among others. Cerebral edema is a distinct and separate pathological entity from peripheral edema, and may result from a variety of causes such as stroke (including hemorrhage), anoxia, trauma, tumor, or infection. In some cases (e.g., pseudotumor cerebri or Reye's syndrome) the cause is as yet unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05500230__

•

Method of reducing mortality associated with congestive heart failure using hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate Inventor(s): Cohn; Jay N. (4848 Russel Av. S., Minneapolis, MN 55410) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,868,179 Date filed: April 22, 1987 Abstract: A method of reducing mortality associated with chronic congestive heart failure in a patient with impaired cardiac function and concomitant reduced exercise tolerance, comprising the oral administration to said patient in need of the same of a combination of (a) between about 75 and about 300 milligrams of hydralazine, per day and (b) between about 40 and about 160 milligrams of isosorbide dinitrate, per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of reducing the incidence of mortality associated with chronic congestive heart failure in patients, by administering to such patients an effective amount of a combination of hydralazine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and isosorbide dinitrate. Hydralazine, or 1hydrazinophthalazine, and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof is

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disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,484,029 which issued Oct. 11, 1949. Hydralazine, in the form of its hydrochloride salt, is a widely used arteriolar dilator drug indicated for use in the treatment of essential hypertension. Although hydralazine hydrochloride has been found to exert a sustained hemodynamic effect in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, studies have not confirmed that this drug can increase exercise tolerance or relieve symptoms when given alone, as see Chatterjee et al., Ann. Intern. Med., Vol. 92, pp. 600-604 (1980) and Franciosa et al., Am. Heart J., Vol. 104, pp. 587-594 (1982). Isosorbide dinitrate, or 1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol 2,5-dinitrate, is a widely used peripheral dilator, producing a vasodilatory effect on both peripheral arteries and veins with predominant effects on the latter. Isosorbide dinitrate is indicated for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris and may be symptomatically effective in improving the exercise capacity of patients suffering from chronic congestive heart failure, as see C. V. Leier et al., Circulation, Vol. 67, pp. 817-822 (1983). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04868179__ •

Methods of treating and preventing congestive heart failure with hydralazine compounds and isosorbide dinitrate or isosorbide mononitrate Inventor(s): Carson; Peter (Chevy Chase, MD), Cohn; Jay N. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): NitroMed, Inc. (Bedford, MA) Patent Number: 6,465,463 Date filed: September 8, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides methods or treating and preventing mortality associated with heart failure in an African American patient with hypertension and improving oxygen consumption, quality of life and exercise tolerance by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one hydralazine compound and at least one of isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate, and, optionally, one or more compounds, such as, for example, a digitalis, a diuretic compound, or a compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases. In the present invention, the hydralazine compound is preferably hydralazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferred methods of the invention comprise administering hydralazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and isosorbide dinitrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides methods of treating and preventing mortality associated with heart failure, improving oxygen consumption, quality of life and/or exercise tolerance in a black patient, with hypertension by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one hydralazine compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate, and, optionally, one or more compounds, such as, for example, a digitalis, a diuretic compound, and/or a compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Heart failure in black patients has been associated with a poorer prognosis than in white patients. In diseases such as hypertension, blacks exhibit pathophysiologic differences and respond differently to some therapies than whites. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome involving cardiac and peripheral abnormalities that produce morbidity and shortened life span. This syndrome is now the leading cause of hospitalization in individuals older than age 65 and is a major contributor to the escalation of heath care costs. Recent reports by Ghali et al (Arch. Intern. Med. 150:769773 (1990)) and Alexander et al (JAMA, 274(13):1037-1042 (1995)) have suggested that black patients may have a greater risk than white patients of developing heart failure that consumes medical resources (Whittle et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 329:621-627 (1993)),

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and the population-based mortality rate for heart failure has been reported to be significantly higher in blacks (Gillum, Am. Heart J., 113: 1043-1045 (1987)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06465463__ •

Renoprotective treatments employing vasodilator compounds Inventor(s): Edwards; K. David G. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,532,135 Date filed: September 27, 1982 Abstract: A treatment method and substances have been found to reduce the risk of incurring renal damage or failure. Vasodilators useful for the treatment of hypertension have been found to lower cholesterol levels and prevent renal failure or damage. These substances are administered alone or in combination with other substances useful in the treatment of hyperlipidemia such as phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. Suitable vasodilators include: hydralazine hydrochloride and functionally similar agents such as endralazine, trimazosin, minoxidil, and diazoxide; prazosin hydrochloride and functionally similar agents such as doxazosin, triodazosin, phentolamine hydrochloride, phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, benextramine, indoramine, and yohimbine; clonidine HCl and functionally similar agents such as guanabenz, guanfacine, lofexidine, and UK No. 14,304; labetalol and other combined alpha and beta blocking agents such as prizidolol and peroxidil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment of renal conditions and more particularly to the prevention of renal failure through the administration of substances which have antihyperlipidemic characteristics. In the past, elevated serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were considered as high risk factors together with cigarette smoking and hypertension for coronary artery disease. This was especially so when both lipid parameters were elevated simultaneously. Therefore, it was not surprising to find the exaggerated incidence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in human nephrotic syndrome, the advanced stages of which were traditionally accompanied by high lipid levels. As a countermeasure to coronary and vascular problems, it was suggested that antihyperlipidemic drugs be used. Indeed, recent studies indicate that the drug clofibrate gave significant protection against ischemic heart disease and death in patients with angina pectoris. Studies with patients who have undergone renal transplantation have also revealed that renal failure was usually accompanied by hypertriglyceridaemia. This condition was generally believed to be a secondary condition or complication of an existing renal damage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04532135__

Patent Applications on Hydralazine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hydralazine: •

Methods for remodeling neuronal and cardiovascular pathways Inventor(s): Adams, Michael A.; (Kingston, CA), Heaton, Jeremy P.W.; (Gananoque, CA) Correspondence: Parteq Innovations; Queen's University; Biosciences Complex, Room 1625; Kingston; ON; K7l 3n6; CA Patent Application Number: 20020035067 Date filed: July 12, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of administration of an agent which acts to remodel neuronal or vascular pathways for the long term management of sexual dysfunction in both males and females. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of ameliorating or reversing pathogenic vascular degradative modeling in the ilio-hypogastric-pudendal arterial bed and genitalia comprising administering to a human patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-pressor agent. The anti-pressor agent comprises one or more compounds selected from the therapeutic classes of direct vasodilators such as hydralazine and NO donors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor antagonists,.alpha.sub.1-adrenergic receptor antagonists,.beta.-adrenergic receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The antipressor agent may be co-administered with a diuretic compound, and is administered either chronically at low dose, or for short periods of time at doses higher than are typically used for the treatment of hypertension. In certain embodiments of the method of the invention, the anti-pressor agent is co-administered with a diuretic agent and/or prostaglandin-E.sub.1. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to application Ser. No. 09/382,749 filed Aug. 25, 1999 which in turn claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/098,178 filed Aug. 26, 1998. The present invention relates to medical methods of treatment, pharmaceutical compositions, and use of anti-pressor agents to manufacture such pharmaceutical compositions. More particularly, the present invention concerns the administration of an agent which acts to remodel neuronal or vascular pathways for the long term management of sexual dysfunction in both males and females. The physiology of an erection or sexual arousal in both the male and female involves central nervous system initiation, neural pathway activation, and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. This signaling mediates vasodilation of the penile, clitoral labial, and vaginal arterial blood vessels and the trabecular meshwork of smooth muscle. The resulting decrease in vascular resistance promotes an increase in arterial inflow and the filling of the corpora cavernosa in the penis and clitoris. Subsequent to there being an appropriate high rate of inflow, the cavernosal "filling" results in occlusion of the sub-tunical veins and full rigidity. The rate of inflow is critical because if there is not enough volume change, venous occlusion can not take place. A selective structurally-based increase in penile resistance produces a substantial impediment to inflow. That is, if penile or clitoral vascular structure, or the vascular structure immediately "up-stream" from the genitalia, is more constrained than the rest of the circulation, there would be a "mismatching" of perfusion pressure and selective resistance, i.e. genital arterial insufficiency. On the other hand, it is likely that when hypertension is first established and there is a generalized up-regulation of structurally-based vascular resistance in all vessels, there would not be any deleterious effect on erectile function because of a "matching" between perfusion pressure and resistance. That is, despite the hypertrophy

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of the penile vasculature, the arterial pressure is proportionally elevated thereby allowing for adequate blood flow to the penis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nitrosated and nitrosylated nebivolol and its metabolites, compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Garvey, David S.; (Dover, MA) Correspondence: Edward D Grieff; Hale & Dorr Llp; 1455 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20040132805 Date filed: October 29, 2003 Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/287,725 filed May 2, 2001. The invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated nebivolol, novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated metabolites of nebivolol and novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated nebivolol and/or at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated metabolite of nebivolol, and, optionally, at least one nitric oxide donor and/or at least one antioxidant or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or at least one compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or at least one nitrosated compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The invention also provides novel compositions comprising nebivolol and/or at least one metabolite of nebivolol and at least one nitric oxide donor, and, optionally, at least one antioxidant or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or at least one compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or at least one nitrosated compound used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The compounds and compositions of the invention can also be bound to a matrix. The nitric oxide donor is a compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and may preferably be isosorbide dinitrate and/or isosorbide mononitrate. The antioxidant may preferably be a hydralazine compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also provides methods for treating and/or preventing vascular diseases characterized by nitric oxide insufficiency; and for treating and/or preventing Raynaud's syndrome; and for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular diseases or disorders. The decline in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the United States over the past three decades has been the result of significant advances in research on cardiovascular disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. The incidence and prevalence of myocardial infarction and death from myocardial infarction, as well as that from cerebrovascular accident, have decreased significantly over this period largely owing to advances in prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of these very common diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Stable pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Barbeau, Donald L.; (Evanston, IL) Correspondence: Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck, P.C.; 1425 K Street, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030199512 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: A method of improving the stability of a hydralazine composition during manufacturing or storage comprising coupling an N-protecting group with hydralazine to produce the compound having the formula: 1or a compound having the formula: 2where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, branched or straight chain alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcycloalkyl, lower alkenyl or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together form part of a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl having from about 4 of about 7 carbon atoms; where R.sub.3 is a branched or straight chain alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcycloalkyl or a group having the formula (CH.sub.2).sub.nCOOH where n is from 1 to about 7. Excerpt(s): where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, branched or straight chain alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcycloalkyl, lower alkenyl or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together form part of a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl having from about 4 of about 7 carbon atoms; where R.sub.3 is a branched or straight chain alkyl having from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylcycloalkyl or a group having the formula (CH.sub.2).sub.nCOOH where n is from 1 to about 7. Hydralazine hydrochloride is a peripheral vasodilator discovered about 50 years ago that exerts an antihypertensive effect directly on vascular smooth muscle producing relaxation of muscle fibers resulting in a decrease in blood pressure. Hydralazine is extensively metabolized in the body to products that are excreted predominantly in the urine, and undergoes N-acetylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, hydrazone formation and conjugation. Commercially available in both oral and injectable dosage forms, hydralazine is used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive crisis situations and in patients requiring long-term management of their hypertension after the crisis has abated. Hypertensive crisis is a medical emergency that requires immediate therapy for certain patients in hospital emergency rooms, operating rooms and intensive care units. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hydralazine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent,

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and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hydralazine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hydralazine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDRALAZINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hydralazine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hydralazine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hydralazine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hydralazine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hydralazine: •

FDA approves ANDA for American Pharmaceutical Partners hydralazine product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 05, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hydralazine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hydralazine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hydralazine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Hydralazine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hydralazine. In addition to

Periodicals and News

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these sources, you can search for articles covering hydralazine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hydralazine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hydralazine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hydralazine: Hydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Apresazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202286.html

Reserpine, Hydralazine, and Hydrochlorothiazide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cam-Ap-Es; Cherapas; Ser-A-Gen; Seralazide; Ser-ApEs; Serpazide; Tri-Hydroserpine; Unipres http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202506.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5614 14 261 2 30 5921

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “hydralazine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hydralazine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hydralazine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hydralazine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hydralazine”:

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Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilerheumatoidarthritis.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Pregnancy Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyloss.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hydralazine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

91

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hydralazine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hydralazine.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hydralazine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hydralazine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hydralazine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hydralazine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hydralazine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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95

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HYDRALAZINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a

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synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Aldosterone Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of aldosterone. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH]

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Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH]

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Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH]

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Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency

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similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]

Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus

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and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Aqueous Barrier: The selectively permeable barrier between the capillary bed in the ciliary body and the aqueous humor. It consists of two layers of epithelium joined at their apical surfaces by tight junctions. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short

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period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents,

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and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for

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example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or

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immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that

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provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Deoxyribonuclease I: An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide endproducts. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA. EC 3.1.21.1 (formerly EC 3.1.4.5). [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH]

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Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject

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nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

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Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most

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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture

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dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation,

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damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH]

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Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH]

Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or

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regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH]

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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercapnia: A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertensive Encephalopathy: Brain dysfunction or damage resulting from malignant hypertension, usually associated with a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 125 mmHg. Clinical manifestations include headache, nausea, emesis, seizures, altered mental status (in some cases progressing to coma), papilledema, and retinal hemorrhage. Focal neurologic signs may develop. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with the formation of ischemic lesions in the brain (brain ischemia). [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH]

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Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH]

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Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures. [NIH]

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Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma. [NIH] Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of angina. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or

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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH]

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Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH]

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Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

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Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Operating Rooms: Facilities equipped for performing surgery. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of

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the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.

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[NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has

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been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same

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population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Preload: The tension in the heart muscle at the end of diastole (before the contraction). [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH]

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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,

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Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rauwolfia: A genus of the Apocynaceae or dogbane family of tropical trees and shrubs containing alkaloids. These alkaloids have been used as tranquilizers and antihypertensive agents. Reserpine is derived from R. serpentina. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal Circulation: The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines

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with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to

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as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]

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Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU]

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Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and

Dictionary 143

the male hormones. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH]

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Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triamterene: A pteridine that is used as a mild diuretic. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]

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Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU]

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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH]

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Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

149

INDEX A Abdominal, 101, 127, 133, 138 Abscess, 101, 140 Acceptor, 101, 126, 132 Acetylcholine, 101, 130 Acoustic, 61, 101 Acute renal, 4, 101 Adaptability, 101, 110 Adaptation, 36, 101, 134 Adenosine, 101, 134, 143 Adenylate Cyclase, 7, 101 Adjustment, 101 Adrenal Cortex, 101, 102, 138 Adrenal Glands, 101, 138 Adrenal Medulla, 101, 110, 117, 131 Adrenergic, 4, 7, 70, 101, 102, 104, 105, 115, 116, 118, 121, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 142, 147 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 102, 104 Adverse Effect, 102, 140 Affinity, 102, 140 Afterload, 12, 13, 47, 102 Agonist, 5, 102, 115, 119, 121, 128 Albumin, 102, 128, 134 Aldosterone, 9, 61, 102 Aldosterone Antagonists, 61, 102 Algorithms, 102, 107 Alimentary, 102, 132 Alkaline, 102, 108 Alkaloid, 102, 132, 143, 147 Alpha Particles, 102, 137 Alpha-1, 102, 116, 135 Alprenolol, 60, 102, 128 Alternative medicine, 76, 103 Alveoli, 103, 146 Ambulatory Care, 103 Ameliorating, 70, 103 Amino acid, 103, 104, 105, 115, 121, 123, 133, 135, 136, 140, 142, 144, 145 Amino Acid Sequence, 103, 104 Amrinone, 15, 17, 103 Anaesthesia, 103, 124 Anaphylatoxins, 103, 112 Anatomical, 5, 103, 106, 115 Anesthesia, 18, 50, 103, 135, 144 Aneurysm, 103, 105, 145 Angina, 4, 68, 69, 102, 103, 104, 126, 128, 130, 131, 136

Angina Pectoris, 68, 69, 102, 103, 128, 136 Anginal, 102, 104, 130 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 5, 6, 104 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 8, 104 Angiotensinogen, 104, 138 Anions, 102, 104, 125, 140 Anoxia, 67, 104 Antagonism, 21, 104, 143 Antibiotic, 104, 133 Antibodies, 10, 13, 28, 35, 38, 43, 44, 51, 104, 106, 118, 124, 127, 134 Antibody, 102, 104, 112, 122, 124, 127, 128, 141 Anticoagulant, 104, 136 Antidote, 104, 141 Antigen, 13, 102, 104, 112, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 104, 112 Antihypertensive, 6, 13, 14, 18, 20, 32, 41, 60, 72, 102, 104, 119, 121, 128, 130, 137 Antihypertensive Agents, 32, 41, 104, 137 Anti-infective, 105, 123 Anti-inflammatory, 105, 124 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 105 Antineoplastic, 105, 119, 128, 130 Antineoplastic Agents, 105, 130 Antioxidant, 71, 105 Anus, 105, 112 Anxiety, 102, 105, 136 Aorta, 23, 56, 105, 109, 135, 138, 146 Aortic Aneurysm, 4, 105, 120 Aqueous, 50, 66, 105, 107, 111, 114, 123, 126, 144 Aqueous humor, 50, 105, 107, 111, 144 Arginine, 103, 105, 122, 130 Arrhythmia, 105, 128, 146 Arterial, 5, 14, 34, 40, 61, 70, 103, 105, 108, 109, 123, 131, 136, 142 Arteries, 19, 56, 68, 105, 107, 113, 128, 129, 137 Arteriography, 105, 125 Arterioles, 105, 107, 109, 129, 145 Arteriosus, 105, 137 Artery, 24, 45, 50, 69, 103, 105, 113, 115, 116, 119, 144 Arthrography, 105, 125

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Aspirin, 66, 105 Assay, 7, 14, 105 Asymptomatic, 52, 105 Ataxia, 105, 122 Atenolol, 53, 105 Atrial, 26, 106 Atrioventricular, 46, 106 Atrium, 106, 109, 128, 146 Attenuated, 6, 106 Autoantibodies, 14, 38, 106 Autoantigens, 106 Autoimmune disease, 106 Autoimmunity, 29, 106 Autologous, 31, 106 Autonomic, 5, 101, 106, 120, 131, 133, 142 Autonomic Nervous System, 106, 133, 142 B Bacteria, 104, 106, 113, 116, 128, 144 Bacterial Physiology, 101, 106 Bacteriophage, 106, 144 Bacterium, 106, 113 Baroreflex, 5, 106 Basement Membrane, 13, 106, 118, 126 Basophils, 106, 121, 126 Beta blocker, 5, 20, 107 Bile, 107, 122, 126 Bile Pigments, 107, 126 Bioavailability, 17, 32, 35, 44, 47, 107 Biochemical, 8, 28, 39, 51, 107, 140 Biosynthesis, 102, 107, 134 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 76, 85, 107 Bladder, 107, 124, 145, 146 Blood Coagulation, 107, 108, 143 Blood Volume, 44, 107 Blood-Aqueous Barrier, 50, 107 Blood-Brain Barrier, 67, 107 Blot, 8, 107 Body Fluids, 107, 116, 140 Body Mass Index, 107, 132 Bolus, 35, 107, 108 Bolus infusion, 107 Bolus injection, 35, 108 Bone Marrow, 108, 118, 127, 129, 141 Bradycardia, 16, 108 Bradykinin, 108, 130, 134 Brain Ischemia, 108, 123 Brain Neoplasms, 108, 122 Bronchi, 108, 118, 143 Bronchial, 108, 143 Bronchitis, 108, 111 Buccal, 108, 127 Buffers, 106, 108

Bupivacaine, 108, 126 C Calcium, 4, 5, 7, 21, 70, 103, 104, 108, 109, 112, 119, 130, 132, 139, 146 Calcium channel blocker, 4, 5, 70, 104, 108, 130, 146 Calcium Channel Blockers, 4, 70, 104, 108, 130 Calcium Channels, 109, 132 Capillary, 67, 103, 107, 108, 109, 120, 146 Capsules, 109, 115, 120 Captopril, 6, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 47, 53, 109 Carbon Dioxide, 109, 114, 120, 123 Carcinogenic, 109, 124, 131, 141 Carcinoma, 109 Cardiac Output, 44, 49, 106, 109 Cardiomyopathy, 62, 109 Cardiopulmonary, 50, 109 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 50, 109 Cardioselective, 105, 109, 136 Cardiotonic, 103, 109, 115 Cardiovascular, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 43, 47, 50, 52, 60, 61, 62, 68, 70, 71, 109, 118, 140 Cardiovascular disease, 8, 68, 71, 109 Carotene, 109, 138 Carrier Proteins, 109, 134 Case report, 34, 109 Catecholamine, 110, 115 Catheter, 40, 110, 125 Catheterization, 49, 110, 125 Cell Adhesion, 110, 125 Cell Death, 9, 110, 129 Cell Division, 106, 110, 127, 134, 136 Cell membrane, 108, 109, 110, 120 Cell proliferation, 29, 110 Cellobiose, 110 Cellulose, 66, 110, 134 Central Nervous System, 70, 101, 106, 108, 109, 110, 120, 121, 122, 132, 140, 143 Central Nervous System Infections, 110, 121, 122 Cerebral, 67, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 118, 119, 122, 132 Cerebrospinal, 67, 110, 111, 122 Cerebrospinal fluid, 67, 110, 111, 122 Cerebrovascular, 4, 71, 108, 109, 110 Cerebrum, 110 Character, 103, 110, 114 Chemotactic Factors, 110, 112 Chemotherapeutic agent, 111, 115

151

Cholesterol, 69, 107, 111, 113, 116 Choroid, 67, 111, 113, 138 Choroid Plexus, 67, 111 Chromatin, 31, 111, 117 Chromosomal, 111, 122 Chromosome, 111, 113, 126 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 19, 23, 24, 34, 43, 49, 111 Chronic renal, 23, 111, 120 Ciliary, 105, 107, 111 Ciliary Body, 105, 107, 111 Ciliary processes, 105, 111 CIS, 111, 138 Clinical trial, 4, 85, 111, 115, 137 Clitoral, 70, 111 Cloning, 107, 111 Cofactor, 111, 136, 143 Collagen, 7, 8, 28, 29, 103, 106, 111, 119, 134, 136 Colloidal, 102, 112, 140 Colon, 29, 112, 126 Complement, 25, 47, 103, 112, 125, 134 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 63, 112 Complementary medicine, 59, 112 Compress, 112, 144 Computational Biology, 85, 112 Conception, 112, 119 Concomitant, 42, 67, 112 Cones, 112, 139 Congestive heart failure, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 37, 44, 51, 52, 53, 67, 68, 113, 126 Conjugated, 113, 121 Conjugation, 72, 113 Connective Tissue, 108, 111, 113, 119, 120, 127, 139, 142 Constipation, 113, 121 Constriction, 113, 137, 145 Contact dermatitis, 38, 113 Contractility, 104, 113 Contraindications, ii, 113 Conus, 113, 137 Convulsions, 113, 116, 135 Cornea, 105, 113, 139 Coronary, 13, 21, 45, 69, 103, 109, 113, 128, 129, 130, 131 Coronary Circulation, 103, 113, 131 Coronary heart disease, 69, 109, 113 Coronary Thrombosis, 113, 128, 129 Corpus, 114, 133 Cortex, 105, 114

Cranial, 67, 114, 121, 125, 131, 132, 133 Craniocerebral Trauma, 114, 121, 122, 143 Curative, 114, 143 Cutaneous, 29, 113, 114, 127 Cyanide, 114, 141 Cyclic, 19, 67, 101, 114, 121, 130, 134, 143 Cytoplasm, 14, 107, 110, 114, 117, 129, 139 Cytoskeleton, 6, 114, 125 Cytotoxic, 114, 128 Cytotoxicity, 35, 114 D Decarboxylation, 19, 114, 128 Degenerative, 113, 114, 122, 139 Dendrites, 114, 130 Dendritic, 5, 114 Deoxyribonuclease I, 43, 114 Dermatitis, 38, 114 Dermatosis, 12, 22, 37, 114 Deuterium, 114, 123 Diabetes Insipidus, 114, 122 Diabetes Mellitus, 56, 114, 121 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 76, 114 Diastole, 115, 135 Diastolic, 4, 115, 121, 123 Diastolic blood pressure, 4, 115, 121, 123 Digestion, 102, 107, 115, 125, 126, 141 Digestive tract, 115, 140 Digitalis, 68, 115 Dilatation, Pathologic, 115, 145 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 47, 115 Dilation, 56, 108, 115, 122, 145 Dilator, 68, 115, 131 Dimethyl, 115, 130 Dipyridamole, 16, 23, 115 Direct, iii, 21, 22, 70, 79, 115, 132, 138, 142 Disposition, 21, 35, 115 Diuresis, 115, 143 Diuretic, 18, 19, 37, 68, 70, 115, 120, 122, 126, 144 Diuretics, Thiazide, 104, 115 Dobutamine, 21, 51, 115 Dopamine, 19, 115, 119, 130 Dosage Forms, 72, 115 Double-blind, 11, 33, 115 Doxazosin, 5, 69, 116 Drip, 35, 116 Drug Interactions, 47, 80, 116 Drug Tolerance, 116, 143 Duct, 110, 116, 141 Duodenum, 107, 116, 141 E Echocardiography, 8, 116

152

Hydralazine

Eclampsia, 4, 116, 135 Edema, 67, 113, 116, 120, 122, 125, 129, 135 Effector, 101, 112, 116, 134 Efficacy, 17, 18, 116 Elastic, 116, 144 Elastin, 111, 116 Elective, 45, 116 Electrolyte, 102, 116, 135, 140 Electrons, 105, 116, 125, 132, 137 Electrophysiological, 18, 116, 146 Embolus, 116, 124 Embryo, 116, 124 Emesis, 117, 123 Emphysema, 111, 117 Enalapril, 11, 22, 25, 41, 52, 117 Endogenous, 71, 106, 115, 117 Endorphins, 117, 130 Endothelial cell, 107, 117, 143 Endothelium, 56, 67, 71, 117, 130 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 117 Endothelium, Vascular, 117 Endothelium-derived, 71, 117, 130 Endotoxins, 112, 117 End-stage renal, 111, 117 Enkephalins, 117, 130 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 117 Enzymatic, 103, 108, 109, 112, 117, 138 Enzyme Inhibitors, 117, 134 Eosinophils, 117, 121, 126 Epinephrine, 101, 115, 117, 130, 131, 145 Epithelial, 111, 118, 122, 126 Epithelial Cells, 118, 122, 126 Epithelium, 67, 106, 107, 117, 118 Epitopes, 14, 118 Erectile, 70, 118, 133 Erection, 70, 118 Erythema, 113, 118 Erythrocyte Volume, 107, 118 Erythrocytes, 108, 118, 138 Erythropoietin, 23, 118 Escalation, 68, 118 Esophagus, 115, 118, 141 Excitation, 118, 130 Excitatory, 61, 118, 121 Exercise Test, 118 Exercise Tolerance, 27, 67, 68, 118 Exhaustion, 104, 118 Exogenous, 109, 117, 118 Extracellular, 29, 67, 113, 118, 119, 125, 140 Extracellular Matrix, 113, 118, 119, 125 Extracorporeal, 23, 119

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 23, 119 Extrapyramidal, 115, 119 F Family Planning, 85, 119 Fat, 108, 109, 113, 116, 119, 126, 132, 139, 144 Fatigue, 119, 121 Febrile, 22, 119 Felodipine, 14, 119 Femoral, 109, 119 Femoral Artery, 109, 119 Fenoldopam, 50, 119 Fetus, 45, 118, 119, 145 Fibrinogen, 119, 134, 143 Fibroblasts, 8, 16, 28, 50, 119 Fibrosis, 8, 119 Flatus, 119, 120 Fluorouracil, 115, 119 Fold, 30, 119, 127 Forearm, 107, 119 Fourth Ventricle, 111, 119 Free Radicals, 105, 119 Frostbite, 120, 134 Fungi, 113, 120, 128, 147 Furosemide, 5, 120 G Ganglia, 101, 105, 108, 120, 130, 133, 142 Ganglionic Blockers, 104, 120 Gap Junctions, 120, 142 Gas, 20, 23, 24, 27, 34, 109, 119, 120, 123, 130, 131, 138, 146 Gas exchange, 23, 24, 120, 138, 146 Gastric, 25, 115, 120 Gene, 9, 10, 107, 120, 134 Gene Expression, 9, 120 Genetics, 113, 120 Genital, 70, 120 Genotype, 120, 133 Gestation, 120, 135 Gland, 101, 120, 123, 127, 139, 141 Glomerular, 4, 13, 120, 121, 125, 130, 138 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 120, 130 Glomeruli, 121 Glomerulonephritis, 13, 26, 30, 38, 42, 121 Glomerulus, 120, 121, 129 Glucose, 110, 114, 121, 137 Glucose Intolerance, 114, 121 Glutamate, 5, 121 Glutamic Acid, 7, 121, 130, 136 Glycine, 103, 121, 130 Glycoproteins, 109, 121, 125, 136

153

Governing Board, 121, 135 Grade, 3, 121 Granulocyte, 13, 121 Guanabenz, 69, 121 Guanfacine, 69, 121 Guanylate Cyclase, 23, 67, 121, 130 H Headache, 121, 122, 123 Heart attack, 109, 121 Heart failure, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 52, 53, 68, 104, 121, 135 Hemodynamics, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 23, 24, 30, 32, 38, 49, 121 Hemorrhage, 67, 114, 121, 122, 141, 142 Hemostasis, 122, 125, 140 Hepatic, 26, 102, 122 Hepatitis, 27, 122 Hepatocytes, 10, 122 Hepatotoxicity, 25, 122 Heredity, 120, 122 Heterodimers, 122, 125 Histones, 111, 122 Homologous, 122, 142 Hormonal, 7, 122 Hormone, 102, 117, 118, 122, 139 Humoral, 18, 122 Humour, 122 Hydrocephalus, 67, 122, 125, 126 Hydrochlorothiazide, 13, 41, 45, 47, 63, 80, 122 Hydrofluoric Acid, 122, 140 Hydrogen, 24, 101, 108, 114, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136 Hydrogen Peroxide, 24, 123, 126 Hydrophobic, 66, 123 Hydroxylation, 72, 123 Hydroxylysine, 111, 123 Hydroxyproline, 103, 111, 123 Hyperbilirubinemia, 123, 126 Hypercapnia, 24, 123 Hyperlipidemia, 69, 123 Hypersensitivity, 61, 123, 139 Hypertensive Encephalopathy, 4, 123 Hyperthermia, 26, 50, 62, 123 Hyperthyroidism, 123, 136 Hypertrophy, 6, 7, 24, 53, 70, 123, 135 Hypotension, 33, 113, 120, 123, 144 Hypotensive, 31, 43, 60, 123 Hypothalamic, 6, 123 Hypothalamus, 106, 108, 123 Hypoxic, 10, 123, 128

I Idiopathic, 33, 47, 124 Immune response, 43, 104, 106, 124, 142, 146 Immune system, 106, 124, 127, 146 Immunoglobulin, 104, 124, 128 Immunohistochemistry, 7, 124 Impotence, 118, 124, 132, 134, 147 In vitro, 8, 31, 56, 124 In vivo, 8, 31, 124, 141 Incompetence, 51, 124 Incontinence, 122, 124 Indomethacin, 24, 31, 66, 124 Induction, 31, 61, 120, 124 Infarction, 71, 108, 122, 124 Infection, 67, 111, 121, 124, 127, 133, 139, 141, 146 Infiltration, 121, 124, 135 Inflammation, 9, 102, 105, 108, 111, 113, 114, 119, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134, 139, 142, 145 Infusion, 108, 124 Ingestion, 66, 124, 134 Initiation, 8, 70, 124 Inotropic, 103, 106, 115, 119, 124 Insight, 7, 8, 124 Integrins, 6, 125 Intensive Care, 72, 125 Intensive Care Units, 72, 125 Interstitial, 125, 129, 138 Intestine, 125, 126 Intoxication, 125, 146 Intracellular, 108, 124, 125, 130, 135 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 122, 125 Intracranial Hypertension, 121, 122, 125, 143 Intracranial Pressure, 125, 137 Intramuscular, 125, 132 Intravenous, 20, 35, 49, 108, 124, 125, 132 Intrinsic, 9, 102, 106, 125 Intubation, 110, 125 Inulin, 120, 125 Involuntary, 125, 129, 138 Ion Channels, 125, 142 Ions, 108, 109, 115, 116, 123, 125, 139 Iopamidol, 29, 125 Isosorbide, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 52, 53, 67, 68, 71, 126 Isosorbide Dinitrate, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 53, 67, 68, 71, 126 J Jaundice, 29, 37, 123, 126

154

Hydralazine

K Kb, 84, 126 L Labile, 40, 41, 112, 126 Laminin, 106, 126 Large Intestine, 115, 125, 126, 138, 140 Lens, 105, 126 Lethargy, 122, 126 Leucocyte, 14, 102, 126 Leukocytes, 36, 61, 106, 108, 111, 117, 124, 126, 129 Lidocaine, 40, 126 Ligaments, 113, 126 Ligands, 125, 126 Linkages, 114, 122, 126 Lipid, 41, 56, 69, 126, 144 Lipid Peroxidation, 56, 126 Lisinopril, 24, 41, 126 Liver, 29, 60, 101, 102, 107, 118, 122, 126, 138 Liver Transplantation, 29, 126 Localization, 124, 126 Localized, 101, 108, 124, 126, 127, 134 Lymph, 117, 122, 127 Lymph node, 127 Lymphatic, 67, 117, 124, 127, 141, 143 Lymphatic system, 127, 141, 143 Lymphocyte, 104, 127 Lymphoid, 104, 126, 127 M Malignant, 3, 4, 105, 108, 123, 127, 129 Meat, 127, 141 Mediate, 8, 115, 127 Mediator, 9, 127, 140 MEDLINE, 85, 127 Meiosis, 127, 142 Membrane, 6, 56, 110, 111, 112, 119, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 138 Meninges, 110, 114, 127 Menopause, 127, 136 Mental, iv, 4, 84, 86, 115, 119, 123, 124, 127, 137, 139, 145 Mesenteric, 56, 127 Mesentery, 127, 133 Meta-Analysis, 28, 128 Metabolite, 15, 27, 42, 71, 115, 128 Methyldopa, 45, 52, 128 Metoprolol, 47, 48, 128 MI, 29, 30, 99, 128 Microbe, 128, 144 Microbiology, 101, 128 Microorganism, 111, 128, 146

Microspheres, 7, 128 Misonidazole, 35, 48, 128 Mitral Valve, 27, 128 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 27, 128 Modeling, 70, 128 Modification, 103, 128, 137 Molecular, 6, 8, 24, 36, 85, 87, 107, 112, 119, 128, 144 Molecule, 104, 112, 116, 117, 118, 128, 132, 137, 145 Monitor, 128, 131 Monoclonal, 50, 51, 128 Monocytes, 126, 129 Monophosphate, 19, 129 Monotherapy, 18, 51, 129 Motility, 124, 129, 140 Mucosa, 127, 129 Muscle Contraction, 129, 139 Muscle Fibers, 72, 129 Mutagenic, 129, 131, 141 Mydriatic, 115, 129, 147 Myelography, 125, 129 Myocardial infarction, 4, 14, 71, 113, 115, 128, 129, 136 Myocardial Ischemia, 103, 129 Myocardium, 103, 128, 129 N Natriuresis, 104, 129 Nausea, 115, 123, 129, 137, 145 Necrosis, 124, 128, 129 Neoplasm, 129, 145 Nephritis, 13, 14, 43, 129 Nephrosis, 129 Nephrotic, 69, 129 Nephrotic Syndrome, 69, 129 Nerve, 101, 103, 105, 114, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 139, 141, 143, 144 Nervous System, 106, 110, 127, 129, 130, 133, 142 Neural, 70, 120, 122, 130 Neurologic, 122, 123, 130 Neuronal, 5, 70, 109, 130 Neurons, 5, 114, 118, 120, 130, 142 Neurotransmitter, 6, 101, 103, 108, 115, 121, 125, 130, 131, 142 Neutrons, 102, 130, 137 Neutrophil, 13, 14, 130 Nicardipine, 50, 130 Nifedipine, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 37, 44, 45, 56, 130 Nitrates, 42, 130 Nitrendipine, 41, 130

155

Nitric acid, 130 Nitric Oxide, 23, 71, 130 Nitrogen, 27, 39, 67, 102, 131, 144 Nitroglycerin, 4, 11, 19, 48, 50, 52, 126, 131 Nitroprusside, 4, 16, 19, 21, 43, 44, 52, 131 Nitrosamines, 131, 141 Norepinephrine, 31, 101, 115, 128, 130, 131 Normotensive, 50, 60, 131 Nuclear, 9, 113, 116, 129, 131 Nuclei, 102, 113, 116, 122, 130, 131, 132, 136 Nucleic acid, 131 Nucleus, 5, 7, 105, 106, 111, 114, 117, 127, 129, 130, 131, 136 O Ointments, 115, 131 Oncogenic, 125, 131 Operating Rooms, 72, 131 Opium, 131, 132 Opsin, 131, 138, 139 Optic Nerve, 131, 132, 137, 138, 139 Optic Nerve Diseases, 132, 137 Organelles, 114, 129, 132 Osmotic, 102, 126, 132, 140 Outpatient, 132 Overdose, 12, 132 Overweight, 8, 57, 132 Oxidation, 61, 72, 101, 105, 126, 132 Oxygen Consumption, 68, 118, 132 Oxygenation, 14, 35, 132 Oxygenator, 109, 119, 132 P Palliative, 132, 143 Papaverine, 24, 131, 132 Papilledema, 4, 123, 132, 137 Paralysis, 30, 132 Parenteral, 40, 47, 132 Paroxysmal, 103, 132 Particle, 132, 144 Pathogenesis, 9, 132 Pathologic, 113, 123, 133, 138, 145 Penicillin, 104, 133 Penis, 70, 133 Peptide, 103, 133, 135, 136 Perfusion, 8, 50, 56, 60, 70, 133 Pericarditis, 29, 133 Peripheral Nervous System, 117, 128, 130, 133, 142 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 133, 134 Peritoneal, 29, 133 Peritoneum, 127, 133 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 110, 133

Pharmaceutical Solutions, 115, 133 Pharmacokinetic, 34, 46, 133 Pharmacologic, 9, 103, 133, 144, 145 Phenotype, 8, 9, 10, 27, 32, 40, 46, 133 Phenoxybenzamine, 4, 69, 133 Phentolamine, 4, 48, 69, 134 Phosphodiesterase, 70, 103, 134 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, 70, 134 Phosphorus, 108, 134 Physiologic, 43, 102, 107, 125, 134, 137, 138 Physiology, 7, 8, 23, 70, 116, 134 Pigments, 107, 109, 134, 138 Plants, 102, 109, 115, 121, 125, 131, 134, 144 Plasma cells, 104, 134 Plasma protein, 15, 102, 117, 134, 140 Plasma Volume, 107, 134 Plasticity, 5, 134 Platelet Aggregation, 103, 130, 134 Platelets, 23, 130, 134, 140, 143 Pneumonia, 113, 134 Poisoning, 125, 129, 134, 141 Polymorphism, 47, 134 Polypeptide, 103, 111, 119, 135, 147 Polysaccharide, 104, 110, 135, 136 Posterior, 105, 111, 135, 139 Postoperative, 4, 18, 135 Postsynaptic, 135, 142 Potassium, 17, 102, 115, 122, 135 Practice Guidelines, 86, 135 Prazosin, 11, 13, 17, 19, 22, 40, 53, 69, 135 Precursor, 104, 115, 116, 117, 131, 135, 144, 145 Preeclampsia, 37, 40, 45, 49, 135 Pre-Eclampsia, 19, 24, 27, 28, 135 Pre-eclamptic, 116, 135 Preload, 17, 135 Pressoreceptors, 106, 135 Presynaptic, 130, 135, 142 Prevalence, 71, 135 Probe, 7, 135 Procainamide, 14, 23, 24, 27, 41, 43, 135 Procaine, 126, 135 Progeny, 113, 136 Progression, 6, 8, 136 Progressive, 42, 43, 111, 116, 118, 129, 136, 138, 145 Projection, 131, 136 Proline, 111, 123, 136 Prophase, 136, 142 Propranolol, 16, 18, 23, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 52, 60, 106, 136

156

Hydralazine

Prostaglandins, 23, 60, 124, 136 Prostaglandins A, 124, 136 Protective Agents, 108, 136 Protein C, 7, 102, 103, 106, 136 Protein S, 6, 107, 136 Proteins, 7, 8, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 120, 122, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 140 Proteinuria, 129, 135, 136 Proteoglycans, 106, 136 Proteolytic, 102, 112, 119, 136 Protons, 102, 123, 136, 137 Protozoa, 113, 128, 136 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 67, 125, 137 Psychiatry, 137, 146 Psychoactive, 137, 146 Public Policy, 85, 137 Publishing, 9, 137 Pulmonary, 4, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 34, 39, 42, 49, 103, 107, 118, 137, 140, 146 Pulmonary Artery, 24, 107, 137, 146 Pulmonary Edema, 4, 137 Pulmonary Embolism, 39, 137 Pulmonary hypertension, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 34, 39, 42, 49, 137 Pupil, 113, 115, 129, 137 Q Quality of Life, 25, 68, 137 R Radiation, 35, 44, 61, 103, 119, 123, 128, 137, 147 Radioactive, 123, 131, 137 Radiological, 125, 137 Randomized, 4, 7, 11, 116, 137 Rauwolfia, 61, 137 Reabsorption, 122, 137 Reagent, 137, 141 Receptor, 5, 6, 7, 9, 25, 40, 47, 56, 70, 101, 104, 115, 119, 137, 140 Recombination, 113, 138 Rectum, 29, 105, 112, 115, 119, 120, 124, 126, 138 Red blood cells, 24, 118, 138 Refer, 1, 108, 112, 117, 120, 126, 130, 138, 144 Reflex, 5, 138 Refractory, 12, 21, 39, 52, 138 Regimen, 5, 116, 138 Regurgitation, 11, 15, 26, 27, 52, 128, 138 Relaxant, 132, 138 Renal Artery, 32, 138 Renal cell carcinoma, 39, 138

Renal Circulation, 24, 138 Renal failure, 5, 46, 69, 138 Renin, 7, 9, 37, 38, 45, 104, 109, 138 Renin-Angiotensin System, 7, 104, 109, 138 Resorption, 122, 137, 138 Respiratory failure, 119, 138 Respiratory Physiology, 138, 146 Retina, 111, 112, 113, 126, 131, 132, 138, 139 Retinal, 3, 123, 131, 138, 139 Retinal Hemorrhage, 123, 139 Retinol, 138, 139 Retinopathy, 4, 139 Rheumatism, 14, 26, 29, 33, 36, 43, 52, 139 Rheumatoid, 33, 38, 90, 139 Rheumatoid arthritis, 33, 38, 139 Rhodopsin, 131, 138, 139 Risk factor, 69, 139 Rods, 138, 139 S Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 7, 139 Schizoid, 139, 146 Schizophrenia, 139, 146 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 139, 146 Sclera, 111, 113, 139 Screening, 111, 139 Secretion, 38, 122, 139 Secretory, 139, 142 Sedentary, 7, 139 Seizures, 123, 132, 139 Septal, 12, 13, 46, 140 Serotonin, 130, 140, 144 Serous, 117, 140 Serum, 15, 27, 69, 102, 103, 112, 116, 140 Serum Albumin, 15, 140 Shock, 140, 144 Side effect, 66, 79, 102, 103, 140, 144 Silicon, 66, 140 Silicon Dioxide, 66, 140 Skeletal, 139, 140 Skeleton, 140 Skull, 67, 114, 125, 140 Small intestine, 66, 116, 122, 125, 140, 146 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 119, 140 Smooth muscle, 70, 72, 103, 108, 119, 131, 132, 138, 140, 142 Social Environment, 137, 140 Sodium, 4, 21, 24, 102, 115, 122, 129, 130, 137, 140, 141 Sodium Nitrite, 24, 141 Solid tumor, 59, 141

157

Somatic, 122, 127, 133, 141 Specialist, 91, 115, 141 Species, 118, 127, 128, 141, 144, 146, 147 Specificity, 13, 102, 109, 141 Spinal cord, 110, 111, 127, 129, 130, 133, 138, 141, 142 Spleen, 127, 141 Stabilization, 51, 141 Stem Cells, 118, 141 Stenosis, 32, 141 Stimulant, 115, 141 Stimulus, 113, 118, 125, 138, 141, 143 Stomach, 66, 101, 115, 118, 120, 122, 129, 140, 141 Stool, 112, 124, 126, 141 Stress, 6, 56, 106, 110, 129, 139, 141 Stricture, 141 Stroke, 4, 67, 84, 109, 141 Subacute, 124, 141 Subclinical, 124, 139, 141 Subcutaneous, 116, 132, 142 Substance P, 128, 139, 142 Substrate, 47, 71, 117, 142 Sympathetic Nervous System, 7, 104, 106, 142 Sympathomimetic, 115, 117, 131, 142 Symptomatic, 16, 142 Synapse, 102, 135, 142, 144 Synaptic, 5, 130, 142 Synaptic Transmission, 5, 142 Systemic disease, 4, 142 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 14, 24, 25, 33, 36, 38, 42, 47, 48, 142 Systole, 128, 142 Systolic, 7, 48, 121, 123, 128, 142 T Tachycardia, 7, 18, 31, 115, 142 Tamponade, 16, 40, 142 Testicular, 23, 142 Testis, 142 Theophylline, 66, 143 Therapeutics, 8, 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 50, 80, 143 Threshold, 123, 143 Thrombin, 119, 134, 136, 143 Thrombocytes, 134, 143 Thrombocytopenia, 103, 143 Thrombomodulin, 136, 143 Thrombosis, 125, 136, 141, 143 Thrombus, 113, 124, 129, 134, 143 Thymus, 127, 143

Tinnitus, 137, 143 Tolerance, 42, 48, 101, 121, 143 Tone, 6, 23, 121, 131, 143 Tonus, 143 Tooth Preparation, 101, 143 Topical, 67, 123, 144 Torsion, 124, 144 Tourniquet, 45, 144 Toxaemia, 135, 144 Toxic, iv, 40, 44, 113, 114, 115, 130, 140, 141, 144 Toxicity, 33, 48, 116, 144 Toxicology, 30, 31, 32, 38, 86, 144 Toxin, 143, 144 Trabecular Meshwork, 70, 144 Trace element, 140, 144 Transduction, 8, 144 Transfection, 107, 144 Transmitter, 101, 115, 125, 127, 128, 131, 144 Transplantation, 5, 29, 69, 111, 144 Trauma, 67, 129, 144 Trees, 137, 144 Triamterene, 13, 144 Triglyceride, 69, 144 Trimethaphan, 4, 144 Tryptophan, 111, 140, 144 Tuberculosis, 127, 144 Tumor suppressor gene, 43, 145 Tumour, 35, 48, 50, 145 Tyrosine, 115, 145 U Uremia, 138, 145 Ureters, 138, 145 Urethra, 133, 145 Urinary, 122, 124, 135, 145 Urinary Retention, 135, 145 Urinary tract, 145 Urinate, 145, 146 Urine, 20, 30, 72, 107, 114, 115, 124, 129, 136, 145 Urography, 29, 145 Uterus, 114, 142, 145 V Vagina, 142, 145 Vaginal, 70, 145 Vascular Resistance, 46, 70, 103, 106, 119, 145 Vasculitis, 13, 29, 39, 48, 145 Vasoactive, 25, 59, 145 Vasoconstriction, 10, 115, 118, 145 Vasodilatation, 23, 32, 40, 145

158

Hydralazine

Vasodilation, 21, 22, 44, 45, 50, 70, 104, 119, 132, 145 Vasodilator, 6, 37, 48, 52, 53, 61, 69, 72, 103, 104, 108, 115, 126, 130, 131, 132, 134, 145 Vector, 144, 145 Vein, 32, 45, 103, 125, 131, 145 Venereal, 61, 145 Venous, 14, 49, 70, 131, 136, 146 Ventilation, 23, 34, 146 Ventricle, 6, 106, 123, 128, 137, 142, 146 Ventricular, 4, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 24, 30, 37, 45, 46, 53, 103, 122, 146 Ventricular Dysfunction, 18, 45, 146 Ventricular Function, 13, 146 Venules, 107, 109, 117, 146 Verapamil, 23, 24, 53, 146 Veterinary Medicine, 85, 146 Villi, 122, 146 Villous, 111, 146 Viral, 131, 144, 146

Virulence, 106, 144, 146 Virus, 106, 110, 144, 146 Visual field, 137, 146 Vitro, 146 Vivo, 8, 25, 146 Void, 6, 146 W White blood cell, 104, 121, 126, 127, 130, 134, 146 Withdrawal, 6, 42, 134, 146 Wound Healing, 125, 146 X Xenograft, 35, 147 X-ray, 105, 129, 131, 147 Y Yeasts, 120, 133, 147 Yohimbine, 69, 147 Z Zygote, 112, 113, 147 Zymogen, 136, 147

159

160

Hydralazine

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