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The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is a research and teaching institution dedicated to advanced study of the archaeology,art, history, philosophy, language, and literature of Greece and the Greek world. Established in 1881 by a consortium of nine American universities, the School now serves graduate students and scholars from more than 150 affiliated colleges and universities, acting as a base for research and study in Greece. The main buildings of the School and its library are located in Athens, with administrative and publications offices in Princeton, NewJersey. As part of its mission, the School directs ongoing excavationsin the Athenian Agora and at Corinth and sponsors all other American-led excavations and surveys on Greek soil. It is the official link between American archaeologists and classicists and the Archaeological Service of the Greek Ministry of Culture and, as such, is dedicated to the wise management of cultural resources and to the dissemination of knowledge of the classical world. Inquiries about membership in the School or participation in the Summer Sessions should be sent to the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 6-8 Charlton Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-5232. Hesperiais published quarterlyby the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Founded in 1932 and devoted primarily to the timely publication of reports on School-sponsored and School-directed projects,Hesperiawelcomes submissions from all scholars working in the fields of Greek archaeology,art, epigraphy,history, and literature,from earliest prehistoric times onward. Hesperiais a refereedjournal.
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2001
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The Akroteria of the Temple of Athena Nike
1
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
KerriCox INTERIM
WAYNE
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EDITO R, Hesperia
M. B. Richardson ASSOCIATE
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Michael Fitzgerald EDITORIAL
Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, Part IV: Change and the Human Landscape in a Modern Greek Village in Messenia
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HESPERIA Pages
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ABSTRACT Recent examination of the extant akroteria bases of the Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis 2635,2638,4291, and 15958a-p) and of the relevant inscriptions (IG I3 482, IG 112 1425, et al.) has revealed new evidence from which several conclusions can be made regarding the crowning sculpture of this important building. In addition to suggesting the technique by which the akroteria of the Nike temple were gilded, the new evidence demonstrates the size of the akroteria and allows the dominant interpretation of the central akroterion as a Bellerophon/Chimaira group to be rejected. Based on evidence gained from the akroteria bases, three hypothetical restorations of the central roof sculpture are proposed: a tripod, a trophy flanked by Nikai, and a composition based on the other well-known, gilded akroterion of the late 5th century B.C., the Nike erected by Paionios of Mende over the Spartan shield on the east facade of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.
The Temple of Athena Nike (Fig. 1) was completed at some time in the late 420s B.C., an exquisite jewel in the crowning reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis initiated by Perikles and his circle in the middle of the 5th century.' While the dates and phases of construction within the sanctuary of Athena Nike remain controversial, it is almost certain that her cult was fully active by 424/3: a decree confirming the salary of the priestess of Athena Nike (IG I3 36) was passed in this year, and the remaining epigraphical and physical evidence strongly suggests that the final phase of the temple's construction was begun at this time.2 In its fin1. Earlyversionsof this paperwere presentedat the American School of ClassicalStudies,Athens, in February 1999; at the Annual Meeting of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America in San Diego in January2001; and at the Institute of ClassicalStudies, London, in January2001. For acknowledgments, see pp. 41-42. 2. Completion in the mid to late 420s: Furtwangler1895, pp. 443-444; Dinsmoor 1939, pp. 124-125; 1950,
pp. 185-186; Shear 1963, p. 388; Boersma 1970, pp. 75, 84-86; Miles 1980, p. 323; Wesenberg 1981, pp. 4751; Mark 1993, p. 86; Giraud 1994, p. 48; Wesenberg 1998, p. 239; Hurwit 1999, p. 211. The comprehensivetreatment of all epigraphicaland archaeological data is Giraud 1994. Some physicalevidence,all epigraphical testimony,and most secondary literatureis collected and reinterpreted by Mark (1993). For measured
objectionsto Mark'schronologysee Giraud 1994, pp. 43-48; Wesenberg 1998; Hellman 1999, p. 26; and now, most vividly,Shear 1999, pp. 121-125. Hurwit's (1999, p. 211) opinion that the Nike temple is generallyPeriklean in form is in my opinion correcteven if IG I3 35 (the Nike Temple Decree) is dated to the mid-420s, as arguedby Mattingly (1982; 1996, pp. 461-471, 522).
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Figure44. Plan and sectionof tower 8 at Kroupa. A. Hooton
Not too distant from this spot, Dorpfeld saw and sketched in 1901 (Nidri notebook I, p. 79) a round tower on the hill called "Kroupa" (Fig. 43) and noted Classical (black-glazed) pottery at the site . Our team located the same tower and drew its skimpy remains (Fig. 44). On a natural rock knoll rising 67 masl and about 200 m from the northeast shore of "Dorpfeld'speninsula"(see photographs,DAI negs. Leukas 597, 708,716), a knob of bedrock was cut back for a ring of foundations, leaving a small protrusion in the center. A single surviving course preserves the entire
322
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Figure45. Contourmapof towersite at Magemeno,eastcoastof Leukas. F.Evenson
circumference, some 6.40 m in diameter. Fallen blocks in the vicinity attest to upper courses; a typical arc-shaped ashlar measures 1.30 m long, 0.45 m in height, and 0.80 m in depth from exterior face to irregular interior face. In design and construction technique this course resembles the round tower found at Poros, with its three courses of similar arc-shaped ashlars (Fig. 26), but forms a round socle or platform for an upper structure. The black-glazed sherds in the vicinity (especially east and southeast of the tower, within a modern mandri) suggest a Classical (late 5th- or 4th-century B.c.) date, but offer few diagnostic shapes and no precise chronology. The tower's location, however, points to a specific function, as this rocky point is unlikely for a farm, and is better situated to support navigation into the vital harbor of Nidri. In date and form the Kroupa tower resembles a circular monument on Vigla, a peak 75 masl above Agios Nikolaos on the mainland just northeast of Leukas (Fig. 1), which has been called a lighthouse or signal tower serving ancient Sollion and the harbor of Palairos.55Its closest counterpart is the tower inscribed as a monument to Akeratos at "Pyrgos" on Thasos, located near the coast and devoted to an individual but calling itself "otoTipLov to ships and sailors."56 Thus the round tower at Kroupa is best understood as some kind of marker to ships entering Ellomeno, with a superstructure resembling those of the round towers at Sollion (n. 55) and Thasos (n. 56).
55. First reportedand drawnby Murray(1982, pp. 161-163, fig. 24); now publishedby Kolonasand Faisst (1992). The tower'spolygonal socle measures8.09 m in diameterand is restoredas a solid core (an exterior staircaseis preserved,but no interior features).The site includes another (earlier?)squaretower and a rough field wall, and has been identified as Sollion (Berktoldand Faisst 1993), althoughit seems inadequateto an entire city the size and importanceof ancient Sollion. Cf. Fiedler 1996, p. 160, n. 24. Faraklas (1991) locates Sollion at Agios Georgios (see below,n. 71). Berktold and Faisst also discussthe canals linking the sea at Agios Nikolaos to the Myrtounian(modernVoulgarian)lake and thence south to the sea, a Classical alternativeto the Leukas channelfor her enemies, i.e., Corcyreansand Athenians.This new view of the Plagia peninsularecaststhe events of 425 B.C. (Thuc. 3.80), when Athenian ships advanceon Corcyra(which has been warnedby Leukasof their arrival),and Peloponnesianships retreatover the Leukadianisthmus to avoid them. See Wacker 1991 (nonvidi). 56. IG XII 8, 683: Kozelji and Wurch-Kozelji1989, pp. 172-175;
THE
TOWERS
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LEUKAS
323
Figure46. View of tower9 site at Magemeno,fromnorthwest(1992)
cf. Osborne 1986, p. 169. This tower is also located at a marblequarry, epitomizing the potential for multiple functions of tower structures(a beacon, commemorativemarker,and a quarry facility).For another"lighthouse"tower at Phanarion Thasos, now restored,see Brunet 1996, p. 53. A modern beacon at the north end of this peninsula performsthe same function:Denham 1972, p. 32. 57. Dorpfeld 1927, map 2. See Fig. 1 for location of site visited by Dorpfeld:Nidri notebook I, p. 47; III, pp. 28, 35; DAI notebook II, p. 12. Dorpfeld (1927, p. 329) also collected "coinsand Hellenistic sherds"here. 58. Kouniakis1972; Rontogiannis 1982, pp. 180-182. A monument between the modern road and the sea, just below this tower site, still commemoratesthis event.
Strategic placement as if to support a defensive zone along the channel, outside of the chief Classical settlements on the island, is also enjoyed by a second round tower on the coast north of Nidri just above the modern paved road. The northeast flanks of Skaros drop into the sea at a spot called "Magemeno,"where ancient remains were ascribed to an "antike Burg"by Dorpfeld (Figs. 1:9, 45).57The site is a natural shelf some 62 m above the shore (and 100 m distant from it), approximately halfway between Leukada and Nidri, hence convenient for landing from the mainland at a safe distance from cities and forts. It was, in fact, near this point that Kapodistrias assembled some 400 armatoloi in 1807 to mobilize against Ali Pasha, a legendary event in modern Greek history.58In 1992, a bulldozer engaged in clearing for a private home at this spot damaged remains; construction was halted by the Greek Ephorate, which requested a plan of the site. Debris piled by the bulldozer (visible in Fig. 46) covered the foundations of a round tower measuring 5.48 m in interior diameter (defining a perfect circle) and between its irregularoutside faces, ca. 6.8-6.9 m (Fig. 47). As the preserved course may be the euthynteria, the next course of wall blocks is estimated as describing an exterior diameter of ca. 6.4-6.5 m. Arc-shaped ashlar blocks in the area suggest a superstructurelike those of the round towers at Poros and Kroupa: a cylinder of stone blocks at least three courses high shaped to a smooth circle on the interior, irregularin depth and thus in exterior diameter. In all of these towers, a stone socle may have supported a mudbrick upper structure;their similarity in technique makes it tempting to assign them to roughly the same Classical period, perhaps the later 5th century. The Magemeno structure was supplied with water by a cistern dug into bedrock and lined with plaster,located just east of the tower (Fig. 47). This reservoiris similar in design and plaster (of a pale pink variety,tempered with small fragments of fired clay) to the one that lies between the two towers at "StaMarmara"south of Marantochori (Fig. 53). Pithos fragments with relief bands were noted here, as at other tower sites. North and
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