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M ycen~e~n ~~ASrr
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M ycenaean I=I;Asrr EDITED BY
JAMES
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AM~.'CAN SCHOOL
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CLAU'CAL STUDIES AT ATIUN.
Princeton 2004
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This VQlum~ i~ also publishnl "" i.. u~ 73:2 (2004) of H~Jprnll: TJxjaurna/ a!'huf",mran Sri»DI 0/ C/lmira{ Studi~J III AIJxn< (ISSN OO18-098X).
Copyright C 2004 Tho Amori'lhy Wordell I am olIO graleful It> Carol H.rsher>lOlt and N.taL. VogcilwffSrogon for ...illonce with illu"....ion•• Eleni H....ki and Zina Gionllpaulo.. for chocking GrrckcifOl;on.,.nd Mary Jone Govcndo for designing • wonderful coYtr for lhe book. It>.
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Thorn.,
T",uyCoJ/... Editor, 1I",m~
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CONTRIBUTORS
ELI ....Ir:rTA Bo~GNA, Dipartimen,o di StOOl. T l1,d. de; Ben; Cultural;, Ulli"".. il~ di Udi ..., Vi, Pl::1nCjJ<JI.~/. Amenc..n Andtropologi". The JoumoJ oftl>< American Anthropological A""",i.,ion Annf..«>nS«Ci" _ Annal
."
A . . . . YI .. TIO~1
ctFR • Collection dt 1'&01. ~'" de Rome CMS. Cotpu. der minoiochtn uoo m}-kcniocheecology Ern",· Enno.. Act. philologia. ouccana
be", • Etudes em"i....
GJ",nin;"",. Gymn..ium. Zeit""hrif, fUr Kultu. d.. An'ik< UM hum.niltioche Bildung JI"ptri4 • II.. The: Joumol "f ,he Arncriool of Cl>...ical Studi.. It Ad."", IfyJr-to. Hydra. Woong 1'2pc.. in Middl.llronu Age Stud;e. J""m,wul" X"',,,, • Incun"""l. graeca. Colbn. dguphi p'
THE MYCENAEAN FEAST: AN INTRODUCTION JameJ C. Wright
t. I ""'" '0 thank Po'" Hok",od """ JoqIil"",' .. th< AlA AumW M«'b"f!: in Pbibd$mcn,i1 viluc of .,hnognphy i. evid.n' in. """n' ""Ium. edi,ed by Michael Di.tl...nd Bri.n H.yden on ,h• •"h.rology.nd .,hnognphyoffe.,ring;" .,hnognphic .nd arch••ologi· cal =ounn /fom around ,I>ly>" ,h.. k>d 10 • dirrrt ......men. of .pecilic hum.n ..,tiviti... Thi. i. 171"'" .""""n' in liIuna! ",,>I,..i•. in which th. rompara'i.....,hooorchICologic>! .rudy of butch.ring now penni .. d.d"",i"" ..... ....m.n" of,h. purposco of .liff.",n' kinl.'" [nc....ingly. the .n>!,...i. of reoidu.. in ......1. 011""" u. '0 de'.rmin., wi,h varying dog..... of p"",i.ion, .he con'.n" "f ""..d. IOd II> we", u ..d in food production." Simi1.r1y, .tud.i.. of dc:pooitl ...n lead to p.....i.. hi"ori....f dcpooition, for example ,hrough an.mion to p.l .....mom..logical ovid.nce, ,I>< .. main. ofwhich c.n indi...,. ,I>
,
T" ...... CEN ..... N . . . . . T: .. N IN'r.OOUCTION
thot the totol number ofPC"""" f.d a' a k .., a.l'yloo ..... ".nough. by the rul.. of .humb of mod.m Bri,i.h """'prio.... to f«
:16. HoI,,,ool ..-.l h .. 'Ml... furlh· ~..., doo loulUdou .. 01.:1002. 31. CIukr 2001. P. 153.
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proposed fr fcuring h.~ been equdly ...,;"d, with diffe"'o' l>k ..,,. crnpt.u;'l.ing diff.",n' "'p«" of the kU'." Some tu... oecn rc."'" m«h.ni.m. fur rediSlribolioo. od..... as rutanl for Crico pcnn••' .. ,he many dimen,ion> of human oc,ivi,;os." Aorording to Hayden, r..... """lIno from the beginning f<used 00 individual reciprocity Imoog ~ndiring di,.. "l"''''ring in romp, pnctice rdleet an ctt!u.i"" proclic. among kin and 1OCi:al!'""'... ,II.. i. iliff",:n' from fcuting in C..,le. Of particular in"'rell i. Borgn"s .".ntion '0 the loc2les of f• .,ring: int.rior.nd c.n,r.oli""d and di.pe~d. Th.....he belicw:$, can be recogni-.ed through til•• tudy of f....ting ronrcxn in .. ttlcIMnt••nd in mort=ry 'pac... More 'll.n,ion to this i..... in ,he cliff.",nt cutlUral .."ingo of the: Aege.n .nd castern MedifCrr.u>con WQUld be ...t,,.ble,., i. dcmon.traled by S'eer. dilCUSlion of the loca.ion of r..Iling deb", in Cl1'rio, COflll. f"'W"rful and richly detailed logy I). Sl>< Im~ of F.. oh"ll," in l);,:..... onoI H.rJ< A,,, of Argt->n Lot
~: " ' - ofM-.ll.""" (BAR s...ppI. 191. «I. M. Spriggs. Oxfonl.pp.161-176. ~,F. 1990.
71l IN.uIn ¥.S,..,..,;.... M.~ (CMS 1IIjtlUc MUriy>Ioo, N. G"""." in Flo1Vhtio. Stu... foo- """''''''''' ..-.d ~_ .....n' ond fOr pn:Mdinf; V'gw-< 8. I .... ...., V""fU1 '" fJioabcn.llorg>u.
Mary [}.ol>nclogi....ltcmp' '0 defi"". culture by "reading" ,be ml",rial remlin. of groups who hive odoptcti ce und
"oge'
o:pt'<S$"'"
Fc..,ing involvn fOod .h.ring .nd food ditK>r>. of .. Myton>",n m...,ill rly aJways linUd fO other ooci:aI x,iviti.,.. whe,her hunting Of harvesting, wonhip 0' ini,i>tion. Fouting II" pcting and inves,ing owplu....• An "f,~ .....;.,.;ri.. "ff,,".ring are i"'.m"",n••I,o ,he formal;"" of """'pi"" _i.. ieically and are part "f .he ""mfJUCf"'" "f. _icty', .omology,of,he pmpdy 1'Ill2: W,iW-,. I'oromi"l!: o. 17, lhoi,.nd Iknnct 1m. p. Ill. 18. Ih>i,.nd Ikn...' 1m. I' II": •'- Ihi "'" "oir« (l9'lll.w-lJ.l236), ''!''''
n 1998. I' I01; 0i0d Muhly \'187: \9'90. ",,3H-327. n. H"",;j,.b,lm. 29. r...,(oky 1939.1'\' 3-17, "" 'f-.od. >w>,f",,,,,!y from the H"".. of the l\>o< Hoi, wi'h 'Ur Mi· -.. impom (Zeolloo of troditwn. which were already 0 po" of indigono." behavior; ,hus, foreign objcc..... introduced olongoidt pmtigious item. oflocol origin, Act:omponying ,he.. objocts mus, be. change ofbehovior thO! arlain. their p.... nce.... prestige enhoncrcd by Clm ond BI.ke in ••rudy of ,he adoption of foreign ce"""i.. by aggrandizing eli,es in Lowland Me"",meri"" during the Early FormOlive period." [wu
,hi.
31. Wright. fOnhromi"llo. 32. J)avi< Im.PI'- 18.J-18b. 3. 33. Davi< 1m. PI'- 2OIl-220. ca'. IlO. 83: fOr ptd<ns. ... Shaw 1\1\13. 34. Wrigh' 1995., PI'- 2'!"'2'!S, ... aIoo Nmcr 1994, 1995. 35. IJictkr 1990. PI'- 375-380, 382-
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F~te.. ""'" replocul by ,he kylix during LH lilA.'" l'articul... ly wonhy of not;"" it • lie. of LH lllA drinking vessels (.hollow cup. om..u Ind large gobkrs) foond in lomb 10, shlfl 11, "fthe «melery It Dend", (Fig. 4, Table S).ln the cootemp"'rary thob It K16; Palaim.
=. M.rthl", 1980.1'1' J-4[-J4l. SQ.
S l. MOIlI.n [990, 1'1' 257-258.
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men, for feasting in ,he d indic..", m.mor:ablt: ocruion. nf .pon..... hip .nd • reputation for bospi.oliry. Drinking iI a .p
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fot diOCUllioo. ofl>.ul< ~, C'-icIJ, lltllt..";.,, .nod ""... PtniUl (JI".n, I « Dictk,- 1m, SJ. M....,. 19'90." 6.
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65, IGIkn lWO: fo.- 'M pro«dur< in .n ; Whit«.'" I, i. 01...,. th>., cl'I< oddi,;"" ofl.;,.....,. B signs wi,hin ""rr:lin Nlrognm. (~.g.. "201. oct ~~,g. 7) rnodif",. ,hri, m...ning," and we know from ICXU whe... ,hr vessel form h.. been wrin.n out. ~.g.. PYT, 641 and 709. ,h" Ihc;,Joognm in """'" in.uncro ~ oupplcrnon,ing wi,h words I" rol:n ......... dio· """""" Ma_ ~ th" ... od Davi. d ..wt.e.. in thi, ...,Ium•. £'hnogno.phicil .nd hi.toricol .lUdi.. of f..sting h.... documen,ed haw communities record f•••U; for exampk, ,he Alth. of nonhem Th.iland displ.y !>IIfWn hom, ond pig mandibla." Hoyden oboe..... thor rll... ..., >=d. of. ·community·••bility '0 spon_ ooch ..... n..."" Wi,hoor rUNoI record.. however. i, i. unclcorlh.t ",m.ino n:cove~ ...,hoelllogicilly could be in..rpmed in ,his m... ~r, they might j...t .. "",n odver-ti.., .he _oIlh or hilroricil p"'ition of a powerful",,,,,,, or group wilhin the community." In rhi, rcgud. Killen', roncluoion rhat ,he Myo:n••:an "".. ",~r to f..." .h., m.rked ,h. tn...,.;,ion of mogi'lTOo rn""n '0 be~.... ,h.. all of lhe f..... Ittrdt iUuat"'«: (costing or lhe prepan';"n (or fi;.... 1M beginning 10 tit< end ofthe Lot< Bronl.< Age (LM I on CtI i'e",. RICh IS the Cretan-made bronze lfipod. inventoried in T. 641.1, thtre i•• historicil connocri.m"i"" was .noRdan, on an object for M)"'
C",,,,.. and Cytl.dic r",5COeIi 10 pointing OUt "ruclUrai dilferenca ~ twnon ~ from the N~p:oh,iaJ and M)'=nxan en•. Strong evidtnce m... from tomb .....mbloges and Linear B 'able.. tI... item, m>de in lh. earli•• ph... ofMycen...n culture. i.c_. LH I-II. ron,inucd fO be ulled during the pabtiol period>. Such e .... nion .hat • ct"lin ronsis.e""Y of meaning and practice prevailedat both ,h. fu~ .ndlOci..J ~I.l.ugge" ,hat ,hi, ronlinuilyhu.o do with the int........ion. fEarI)' Myt."'nKan .~t<S .. they rompw 1972.
102. M"'P" 1m l' 258, 1995: Im.pp.201-lOS. 10). Abrunw;n 1'IlIO, l' 61. "",. nno. ~5: for It so:< l' 61. nIhe • maL< wilh. b~ 1>=1, whoAlmmowitl. ''-'g'" ""'y be • dw:uf,'" although Jl.1ow men and dogs from the hun, >- ~
t20. H...uwu. 2O(lJ: I th.... k Y. H",,;WU, r.,. eh"""hoown heR: (Fog. IS)..... must l«OfIht 19'1(}, pp. 11+-118. Ill. fWM. I{Nt"", H, pL S3, IT. 19C6: 1f.,IWT..... 1.pp.195-1%: ........ Sal«U...kd 197O,pp.I78-ISi. O!hef IIi>n pan1Ip>m (PM lV.2, P. 3'11l, f'l!' 3lSl, ..... it boorruy. Kili>n.t.imo ;, ;,
.. ~ m.... l~~. I(ili..,
1980, PI' :lO-Jl; I..............J (1990.1' 154). how megaron ",ite. No m'''er which iconographic lTIdi,ion the M~n...n. we.. drawing on (large-sale or mini.lUrC, Cret.n Or i.lond or Eg)ptian), 'hey 'ran.fnnn Freoc M,.... ...."" ...",pIc. arc "'" ootIy ~, ho, ...." wi'" ,!>c uuptioo. of du, fmm I'yIoo. ronnin ootIy """""", ""'''h d;'ringuiohco them from the ;,a",j .nd C..ron eheo, Ti.,.....l'yIool ..
P"ll ~ on oJ". '" ,hrine md bc"'ll """~ ., ,he .. me rime nf 1"'-..... ...,." '" ""I« ofI'er;"p md pt.\cok> tlotWoo 197J,p. 21,p1. 10:b; I~ 19'15,
P. 1l.,IilI. 7J:a. 172. C'''''''ll!> and ;\1« 1'I'Il!. p. 115.
A dilfincr M)""n..... socicry eme~ on ,be mainland of G~ betwttn 16OO:and 1400 Lc.,dclYlOl\Rl"lted bya roru.i>t'I:••d. from the Shaf, Gra"". i t /I.1)""nl di.tributed widely"...,. the arc.. of Myccruu:.n domino""•. n.c.. practitts ore .igns of rhe compc.i,i"" .nd somewhat displrat. nlmn: of oocia! formation among ... rious .lite groups. This competition """nm.lIy led '" ,he adoption "f • common Myccn=an .tyIc .nd iconogn.phy If ,ho: time of '1'" of f....ing .merged ,h.t ",p"''''cd hic rchy amonll: Ih. eli.......ho wnoundcd tIu: royal houoc:hold. '" The organi.. rion of th..., fcu" ",Ik€t«l oocial "",irion. with m.in particip.n .. in ,he principal tootn. and o,he .....t«l (0. "",lined) in outer hoI!II and rourrya,,". ,n Somerhing lik.e thi••rrangement m.y hove been raking pia«:
Alto import.n' i. the oocrif= of domet'ic>.'ed ""imalo: ""ttlcir oJough,cr. ptq>OtOtion. and rom.umption have • muhirudc of me""ing> for ,he fcu'ing group md in oponoor or.ponson.lhc .rum.u rcprnocn' _a1,h and 'hu. emphDizc ,he .p«ial o! okill i. a1.., ncceoury in the ptq>OtO,ion------fu>m the mUlufacNre of • voricty of.........1o .nd implemen" ro ,he f"Cl"'""ion of,he m.at byapcrt cooks. who boil. ro..... or grill i" and who u"" ""ic...nd "'uorUng> UK! a ,;orie!)' of recipes. ,.. n.. :mimals pruvid< • high Jnocl of nutri,;.", for ,hr: fe..'e..., and 'M 1Ct of •• ting them ;. a sharing of f1cah and bkx>d. For ,hi. "",..,n 'hr: .ymbolic .....Juc of'M m.at ;. !Ugh, and i' is importan' lb., ,hi. u.lcing of animal life i. media'ed by rin...!, wi'h .ppropri.~ rc evidence com" from ,he period and cultu'" we design.,c OS Mycenaean,)'tion.hil" .... nO! diffu.ioni" ·juOl ..,•• u>ri... nor"'" !hey ,h.orie.l>aoeUy l>aoeCl;ve of 'hex in'.r1CIioos, highly pe"""al and open '0 in6· nil. cul"'r.d V'Uiatioo in ,he ..lcnion o( rornntibl... ,h.ir monipula'loo by ptq>OtOtion and prncn'a,ion,.nd cu.rom. of ,heir con.umption. Fcu,ing can lbu. be orgucd '0 be .n appropri>te vehicle for mony o'her human IICIivi ,leo. especially lhose ,ha, involve produnion UK! =hongJclphi>.1'I" 71-
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P LlOOJ.A"';"" WO.... n. s-dtft< "" Ori,ri"' ..... Cbwi-;o;n.ofr........,,, in tb< Lint B Toblm. from PyIoo.• M;_ 19-1O (l9'J+-I'ffl). pp. 171-lSll. - - . 19\171>. '.0(1 Joi ~ ..Join> of Fragm
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;t.<mro,...ionI ., tho P.btt ofN",_ ... e>1fflin«! in ,IW po!"'" Special .fkn.ioft it Ki""n de""';' ofboflco found in • comer of room 7 of d>< Archi..... Compb. lr i. orgucd ,ho, ,I><mopOUIoo, RoI>;n Hlg, YUII\H 1hmibkil, ~10 of ronwmption ... di"';rirojecr (PRAP) began 'orein~n!Ory.nd pubJi'h find< from Blegen_exc.vation. "' ,he Pal..., ofNe"os, now ..oreon heo.lieo " A,I.:... in 0«0Il
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~~"".. J. Sp< __'em com.he oouthweot pm of room 7) as follows: W...,
pan of "".",ion '0 lOU,h ofi. ftlled wi,h fngmcnn of
gigantic pi,hoc. A rn. ,.bkts undt. pi,hoo rraglmcn']" ao.., beside ,h•• ~ mentioned woU ...... raJ minialUr- A.
Th"""horil was no{ published by Ble~n and Rawson, but it and othc.r dnwings (Figs,S, 6) an: .nr.tinc.... A'he", A,d."",},"'-o ,b< ,In-oriDn of ,he Ilooo- of room 7 and ,he way;" wh;oh, .. ito """ ......."'m
Pol",..,.
wall of poroo bIocka: one of, _
bloc'" .. inciKd with. double ...
'"*""""
ofSJ, North &reno;"'" and 53. N"',h....' £.0",,,,;"'" ineludc CWB 19S2, pp. 2'. 28, 32. 36. 38-41,
Orm;", I>bItu kylikro. I" ,i>< ",",.inc..,i> 1996-19'\11. I' 247, )l, 1996-1'J'97.1' 245. A >in>ilu ""' derKt«l i" H
3S. Pabirna I9'lS, P. 628. J6. l'abirna 1m, p. 624. 37. IUllcn. hown-iv< odjccli"" "'" 1(jl1cn 19981>, P. 11,
7-8. w, thonkJ, Bennet ro. rhio "f'ren«. On ...""nl "',., """"""'iog ,he icc ofN..tor itselfin tl>< dootwoy ~n room.
III and 20, and in roon" 20 and 60; ,h~ pam of ,he paIact 5ly enough '0 supply the entir< ppuI.otion of the fCMn _ _ nd ,hot palle100 l~,,'" lOG2. II. 90, ond Hal>.. aJ ond l~. fonhroming. for ,.... amount of .. h..... y to lu.... bee-n h in Duk Ago. N;'I>ori. dw it only IWf lhir .....,..", ( J - 1988.1'" 'IS). and ,lu, i,!he figure rmpIoyed hy Kill
"",icip'''''''' of confirm.tion "f contribution., .i""" "mojor offerings to
Poscidoo ....'" .tiD in the p<x ..... d..,royed.- Gi'.. n the rem k.able correspondence b, ",,"",ion,.od Ddon. JIll. 1-24.
AI'1iridg< Pbi~ 5oi. Rome. PI' 71-112. --,Im.."'Tht I)IooT.T>bI Rcv;oi l.w""
oJ
A,&-.. (s.l,A,III1'. 0), N. R. HIaSrond WAl. N.. ""i< N"", Millrncium; BICS 44, f'P- 2J6-1.17, Pi .. roo, C.,],-P. Olivi< TahIrn: A.... ,i,,!!
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mt",. The po«•.,.lUlfillo moll' of ,he uiuri. p,..""...d ...... for ~:r.ing fns.iJOg octMlieo in oo:romic ....mbla«n- A cenm" f.mak: lip"" .imila, '" ,,,- from .. nauaria., l'llybkopi ond J', 1yccnoc:, ,;eo .he f...ling 'Q ",Iigiou. li.uolo. It io lIUgga'eUo.Iy from ,he 1... Middle I I.nulic (MH) 'hrough ,he Hdlodic (Ui) period. Th. number of found in ,he exca ,cd .... of ,he .. nlemen' ir>cn:...d from ,il: during ,he Early Mj'C.n n (lat. MH through LH II) ... to 10 in 'M L.., Mycenaean (LH Ill) m (F'g. I). Evide""" from NVAP', ",rfooo:
,,""'tu...
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Ind from l;r>noo.
"one
W,,.;.h to thank Rn", H.rJined p""'ry do'ing '0 LH lIIAl (.:uly).'
known.,
'0 •
FAUNAL EVIDENCE The f.unol ",m:>in. from ,hi. dtpooi' "'" di.tinctive. Cattl. mokowever, .nd butchtry m.rlu wtrc obIin. of ..ttIe "'" heavily bi.1«! 'oward ,he head .nd Itt, (TIble I). Thi. biu i. Irp=nt whe'M' bone. "'" qu.n'ified in fC1T1l. of minimum numben of .n>lomicoJ uni" (MinAU) or minimum numbe.. ofindividuoJ. (MNI). An.tomicll "'P..... ntl,;.", m.y be .laped by. numberof facto... including orch.teological retri"",1 and pOI,-depooi,ionoJ ""r;,ion, OS well .. p"'-dcpooilionoJ hum.n behlvi•. Thu•. ,h. ab"""'" of ouch .m.lI body pom •• ,he phllange. of pig.nd .hee-plga' migh' plau.ibly be ""ributed '" retr~ I...., bu' ,he "misoing" body p.m of ..,de .re not omlU Ind 'M rou,ine u.. of .ieving II N.m......m. '0 lave cnmrcd fairly compl". reo:;I\'Cry ofid.ntifilble fugmenll of'h is large ,axon. Similarly, al'hough ,he ....,mbl2g< ~ b«ded \0 >donti/}' such • ""pooi •. In ,h....... of ,he material from EU 9, fu,- CDJ1\plc, it i. import1Jl' ,,, keep in mind II>< dt2t rvidcnct for the butchering o£large quanti,;.. of mc.' (oec 1b<M:). An important p",Jiminuy question to ..k i. wheth« if i. rcuon2bk '0 of people Ind the ron",mp'ion of wine itselfvirtuolly gu....n'eeo I number of broken '-...cl>. if ,he p.rtiopo]"••ra"",lcJ """e Jill1nee to toke port in the fe." Ind were pfO"ided pottery by their hoo•. mlny WOllld probablydilClId the ......10 bef"", returning home. A.. I fU1t "lOp in tile d""'lopmen' of I model. the 10m of "",.e1. ~ke· ly to be pre.. nt in I depooi. of ce... mia reoulting from f...ring ""tiviti.. .hould be con';dered. h .ppel" .uffo: with fe..'ing i. ogrecd upon by virtu.olly 011 wri'en;"" ough•. 'herefore, to apttt thot kylikn will compooe I lorge percentogc of .ueh I deposit. Further, "'" con apec' thl! jug> r other pouring "",..I> f.,.. the wine WQllld be p.....n', If ceumic ......10 wcre used fr cooking, cooking pots .hould be p"".. nt .. well, especi.lly if mel! was prepared in the fonn of. ",cw." If pottery was u..d fo' ..rving mco' .Ii....... an obviou' pos. •ible fonn i••he Furumark .hlpe (F'S) 295, I .hollow Ingular bowl (SAil). Although Toum.vi,ou h.. IUggested lh.t ,he SAil i. well designed fr ..rving ho' fdo," the very lorge number of ouch ,,,,.ocl. found in room 21, port of .he lUire of pln,ri.. It the pabce It PyIkis 1m. pp. 1191M. r.,.. ~ of .. m.l.nco. 14. TudaIci, snd l>hrd...r (1m. pp. 84. IOJ, 108. IIG) Iuw ..wyud rb< otpcic rcoMl.. in .....11 from M;..... Crcrc. ohowing ,ha' ,,<WI ,,( vcgcf1ble.. ""'It•• od oIi>< 00 ...... t ,«mmcd bowl WS )001), "!'hi. i, •• hop< 'ho< f,n' 'I'P""" in. __
1m.,
rom. in UllllA 1 snd heromn o,n".''''' in • _·hsndle< la"e' me'''' of WI'" may "dd"..• ,h. di.ti""i..._ of the ....... mulling from
k ..... If,h. (...to are ,,,,all and
;nf~".nt. f>
co rcllethenng of ourfoces. since fewer oh.rd. will be ClCpo«:d fO the l ~ wt:rC rommnnplacc in Iller G ...k ...-.cNari... ln ,hi. c..., ",fu.. from fe..ring may h..... bun di.pt:rscd of in t'" EU 9 pit and lhen ..,...~ wilh ,l.p of oniI. The m.jority of ,he eu~« CClOm;" m..«ial from ,I,. pi, do,.. to EH H.od III; .~.s with consid.rable ~m.in. from lh... periods an: immedi.tdy o' hand to .he west and nntth ... 000"" of fiU dirt. A K' quencc of rouId th... lea"" evidence in ,he fonn oflhick len... of ....rd•• 00 bones SCJ"',"ed by an:.. of fill with higher concen,rali""s of culie. ohr:nh, 0 ICCnoOO rornparihlc wi,h ,he ';fUI!ion in .... EU 9 dcpooit. In onl.. to how well ,he EU 9 dcposi' fill the:abo.... model fur id.ntifYing f ting, il il ll P.... "0 .....
TABLE 2. CERAMIC REMAINS FROM TSOUNGIZA AND RELATt:D SITES
A....... mom D..... 1 N~"«d)
Il84 N(""po..f., "". '" Ue ".1
C~
T.'
0,- D'
C~
Mpn>om2l
•• n, ., "'
T.'
--..,." ..,...." " .. ,,,"
SoMryPft"""
u.,
T~
NI.........)I7t
........
2•. 8y mw"l! """'" ........ p6oM "",,"I Fri",Il·. om, PI'- l-I-5O} """'.. ;"11 ~. il '1'1",.,,,1101 11'10 ol
,t.. rU,,'nl oh< p"'"""rag< of pan,mod ponery I)pically amoonlO to 2O-25'16,.nd shenk with li""ar dcror:otion typic:oIlyromprioc h.tf Of "",",of tho: .ol:i1 pain.«l .hsen« of ..nk",.,p. groupo of compu.bl< d.,., t~ pbl. •••n.. o1>nti.1 number of panerned kylilreo a.. present .. well, .1· though 1M.. an: .. Ie.. t 10 solidly p.1inrcd kylilreo for =ry patterned nc. The kyli:c i, also the fum, mo.. p........ nt .mong the unpaintro sherds: 7~ of diagnostic finewve .herd, rcpreKnt ~o'" kyI'" form., moody FS 267, the angul.. kylix, and tM mundro kyli:c in both its dcep (FS 264) .nd ,hallow (FS 266) varilm. (Fig. 3). WMn.lI unpainted feonltu (•.g., rim., handlct, ba...) an: tWn inf ..count, kylilreo """",nt f.,..,r 55'll> "f the dilgnost;c sherd,. TI>c: percentage of unpainted "" 1. ;, Ie.. Itriking when compared to deposito with ......lobl. ",ti"i.. f unpainted ware: in the EU 1 deposit, 69'1l> "f the fine blUrc. bdnngcd f kylia furm. and 49.5'l6 of di'gnoot;c ,he""': at Myanac, in the Citadel Hoo,", room 3, Wardle not.. that unpointed kyIilreo ac
te""'"
0Jly !""nted. 6~ ping rbc Touun~ .. drp.>oin). and ~ C (·...w;u,"-C· and -""""".
"To.... ng;..). It .. not d... whetbe, rbco< figwn
lI't
cakulatcd booe of fOIidly painted 1'l,likes, the true l""J'Oftioo i. p«>b.bly close, to 10'11.. 11>0 only other p< ofthe EU 2 d"l""it. 11>0 raw percentagn conceal the foct, ~'" thot remains ofth. SAB. could often be mended into woole I""fil•• or .t I.." very ",bs.. ntial portioru of rho va..la. AmongclooeJ ......1. (crit.rion 3), w-g•• nd mcJium-oiudjugo and hydri., .re the """, common .h.pes rqtteoenled in pain,ed .nd unpointed ....mblage. in EU 9. Sh'Iycen.., the juglh)-dria m.1en uf' only 7.5'lf, of the uol"'infcd f••ture·" although <XXI lig'Jrn .." not provided, ,h. percentage in the Cilldel 11...... room J d"l""'it 10 be "",n ~,." unpainted juglhydri. m.y ,hu. he more rommon in the T_ngi>a EU 9 dq-it than i. UNal. Cooking vasel. ofvvioo. kind••re p....n' in :abund.nc., including tripod cooking pot., at In" th... kind. of cooking jar, .nd two pos,ibk roolcing lid., In bath the EU 2 Ind EU 9 deposits. roolcing vessel, make up roughly half of the medium-ooa.... poIle.,..nd • 'enth of .11 unp.inted .henk htter ftgUJ< it $Orncwha, """" ,han the 6.6'I6 ... n in the Sooth Hoose room 22 deposit .. Myc.nae. In term, of the pre.. nce of opecial ritual vessel, (cri'e,ion 4), thi, deposit contai", a .ingl. eumpl. oflhe mini.ture kyIix with rugh h.ndles (FS 272; Fig. 6) thlt Sloc:ur .nd D.vi. (Ihi, volume) connect 10 ritual bIting at 1,),100. Th. ,im < only identified example of.
.hero.
n....
,he
'ppe'"
n..
-n..
.bou,
27. W..-.llc 1%9, fill. 280-182: Mowuj.,,- 1976, p. Ill.
pr
"
»)... Fil= 6. MiniolUn kyIix IS57-2-2. $.c ch.r3only .f'cr usc in I .ingle """nt .,.. • ..ric. of,imil., specialized evento. n... predominance pwn vc IhOl ,1>< f.mole ftgW"C .Ilci.nt N.me. mal lOCi.l.nd cron"",ic .yo.. m •. Thi. d."",i, morh. ",ming poin' in the s< ,....el. from ,1>< point of production. Kim Shehon h.. •uggested ,h.t Pc"•• ll""se .t Mycenoc, which mo..ined. figure .nd pottery .imilar fO ,he m...tiol in ,he Tooungiu del""'i" wu ""'''' .ngog«! in 0 dynomic ..10,iOlUhip, no, m.,. I' 2001. "'C< M""'....... P>btioI Srott""• in Mtkt i_ Iht M,,_ _ PoInO, F..",h, E. 196-~· ri....: in C. Rrnf...... no- A..-· v, V, 1m, ·E>ling < lkod, Mortuary F..,,;"ll ..-.I ,I>< ll,l;,g 01' M,"""Y in ,I>< "'so"" R.,...., A«< $0< MJ'< S.", Azt am.,.n.•. < Sooth II""" .. Myrrnae.- BM 11, PI' n-Ill. Munoon, 1'., and R. Comi<wi< CoM"""" (......
_,Ui< ,'"
Pm..,.........).
Unio. al ScMnkId. G. 1'lll8, ·iItt
Ill: Lot< H!""Y.";" F~_rio.u.,N;';""';' ;. &.1_ c.- 11; 7lt 8"">1 Atom.o. ~ M. 19\12. ·UIIlI1l:1 Pot"'''- r,.,.., T.... ~ and Z)1'>Uria· '...... Unio.ufNrthC........... Chopo:l HiUj T...........-;""'.1. 19\15. 7lt "/.-, II.....' ., Mp- (8SA SuppI. 24). London.. Tu
Ocpo.i,:
W""". M. II. 19\18. "The ",-",,, CI~e.. oIowJ alLat, lI
STATE OFTHE
EVIDENC~:
l1>ae h.... beeu greal advvocc, ,n rloe .. \I; 1) ,I>< (QD'IpM'>uw .. udy ,,( .,,1,,"11''''''' (o" ... "!>,,.! .,... "nin..,ihc:d ..,iliuK' .nd d,.l, .....);' 1) be:, .." .. nJ.aJmo 1lI.1Jc. ~ Klll: flr..-..:ogc rttOrding of individual conlribu,ioo. of animals for ....."roal oacrificc.nd comumption.t feasting cnemon;cs; t>~t.d colke key primary 'el.l Ind fe..,ing ttremony from Thebes. Pyloo. Ind Knoooos are prelenled in Englilh lran.lation in the Ippendilc a' the end of ,hi. chaplet, mUlY ,,,",,ta,ed 'ge.her for the f,n, ,ime.l ,ran.b.e h "ble,. howevcr, hal clear and unequivocal rclevance to kll,ing, .n
,he._
"fe
=gesi. (_
,loa, " ....,""'"
oJ: ,I>< oil t«don ",.,. l0oi: " rl>< "ondard "",,,,!.I,iom .00 inl<tp«Uoo... iocludi"5 ""T...... ,.nowJ() to SO,.....oId. ....00 in Pal",« 1'I6J.oo Vrntri< ,nd Clladw'. U. S«bd"w,p.I20...bl< "'''' ro our = n , ~"dtrs,.rtdi"gof the d.tI .", the inte.p",totion of.n intentional rolle
'0
""y
'0 W2ITIJl'
,,,,,to
,-
lb. Pirebes Of .. ria (Of 26, 31, 33, 36; not tnn.l'lled he"') pre..,...., ",rc",ncn to two other strucrurn or institution. within "n, 11117, 51160, 8490) and the .ingl. li""OIocl< .. gi.",..d with the word~!" 00 Prim se.lings from ,h. Nonh."'t \Vorkshop (e.g., Wr 1325, \331) "once.n w:rif>c """.t .It", o( Athen. on the Acropoli. ,00 the .moo:rnt fou.ing ·c.me ro be regarded "' • symbol of lhe privileged IUS o( the . - t powerful city ;n the A.S"an W01'ld:" 1hc f'1nothcnoi, in Pcride:rn A.hen. had the funh« purpose ,,( reinforcing.he paromoontcyo(Athen. """r the mcmbe.. of.h. Delian League by di.playing A'henion power to off,cio! vi.it"," (rom other plci•. It al... setWd '0 r<w>rd, and ......by solidify ,he loyoIty of, "ff>Cial. W01'king (or Atheni.n ;nle","ts outside tl>c tcnitory o( Ani.... A scholium to Ari"o· ph...... declor..: "At the P.ru.thenoi., 011 Atheni.n colon;" cu.tomarily sent a bull to be socrificed:'" At .h. same time, the P:onath.n';o .ymbolically unified and reworded the "",mbcro o( the Atheni"" community, .. did the frcqucnt (cstivat. ,,( anim.al .:o«-
..,;,."",. . " " " I
'0'
THOMAS G . • Al .. ' ....
through ,he political revolution. ofllw: WI dea. either din:cdy or indio rectly.... A look down the Athenian mon,h1rcalcnd", .hows !hal, with the apparent «>:I"ioo of r.himak'crion, 001 • "",nth puKd without m.ssM: .!.ought.ring of be......
We ,hould
be., III ,hi. in mind
we try to mike sen.., of ,h. poortr l\1)ttlUCan evidence. Simiw MOr> at pur as c~tn< femak), Ind th~ lodet.t38. Zaidm,o and Sci"",,, Plold 1'J'!12,1' 107, 39. Aoro}om> 1985, PI' 383, 4SJ.~
40 V..,.,.;, ond Ch..lwi
f"""" onimoll.
pr
THO"'"
,~
C, PALA'M"
l'il"~ 1.1'yIoo
'obit, Un 719 (_
uan......... in opporodit),Il. 19.7,
W.Il.7.Th.I.9.m. . - .....
_oi""
...I~u--,.oiT
sm,.. _
e-...,.Dopo=_otc-.t--,. ofC_
~
no. rid. pnft2po ~trnlIy ~ contribu.. 10 I aom~ ~ ttf.......,. _ in i_If. mart. of dislincrion. F..mwr puhIic ......." undoubc~Iy _ ...... dcd 10 !hem :dknrard ... ~ pt. b".... I """.pc..... public ~ fU "'" benefil of 00 many by 6pu widlin thcvoaall~ on "'" ~ bono 0I in either !he -mati¥< (m.
orne. _
b) p _, ;, ~ t.,. Pimw. Oliricf. and Mtkno)" Of the ~ (clwt1 wido "..ri-i--,i- on Wu 58). Tht prift wcukll'iuocrioity on 1M onli"ll r-.. ond tho: known jndtptnd
,..1, ..
SO. KilIm 1'"2. p.l76. Sl. Pi_OlMn,ond M..... 1990. PI' UHSI>.
'U','NC '" ,H' "'NU' • ooC~"UT' ~
ba,","...ed ""unple of mch. pe"",n i. found It PyIos. whe... "" individual n.med J,,..,,ii- it ac .nim.t. ... ""l'licidy d .. ignated .. u-pa-h-u--ri-jlt." ~fCnlly .nimd, "for ,ituol .Iough.er· (from the hi.toricoUy prodU! ""im.t. bccousc i. i. "ft.n furgot'.n ,hOI the \Tl)' ""nrion ofo.. individual by po...... >! tUmt "';,hin Lin.... 11 pmtiol record. i••n indication of .ignifi! "nobility' .... ho oc«ptem> I ~5. PI' 19S-196. 53. lk,,,.,, 19'12. Pr. 67-f>9, Olivier
"'"
54. KilIntI< PyIno T....... ,,;,h ,.....
h;u. ".n" -in'< irIvoIvemtnt ol this daoo ol
indivKlwJo in nnW. 6..l. Pi,._ Otmrt.• nd Md.... 1990,p.tSl.n.In 6J. Sr'l!""' 19"M. P. ;169. In .... Thrbn '" id«lgr1ms indi.ca'inj! Jl'. Wu 88) fQUow Ihi.polt<m.nd Ih= '" four of rho: Ii... 01", dnign:st< ,h., ,he onim'" i. ~ '-;,h 30 uni .. of fodrty '0 ... '0 lhe .n;"''''·. toIT.ln ,he .... of ,he r<m.ining Ii,.. lCoJings. howcV'C,. lhe provide, 0' ruI obIipion. pctW'Y.... fino).·"Tho animAk ,.,..., Moo pan of C1OUecrod'coIIcnion octmty. ~, ~ . - -.dI nil a>,"",OM WI onlinJl-""" dw tM inbetI:n. in tM ,..,.,.. noun and m...m..J adjrtti.e b< ~''''''' ~The~whoinlhio .... ....,.b ... Un 6 ....,. rdlon, in ics...wJeo quantiria and in tM opt'Cifiatrion ofIoo-.l(II.)h, 2OClld. 7l. " ' " ' - Codon. and s... """ lOOt. "" .Il), :J06.
fHlT'SC 'S TilE L'NUI I
DoCUMENT'
"",rceo who _re 001 gam..... to dIE rerord-I=ping purpooeoof ,he docu· ment;md >r< thcn:/On: not """,rdcd in ,I>I')' of Poocidon. On ,hi, ba," _ m.y conj«T1Jrc ,h.. ,he .n;malo I'OCI,"ne.
pr
"0
Til" ..... G . • "LA'M"
RITUALS 0.' UNIFICATION AND COLLECTIVE OBLIGATION I'yloo tabk. Un 71 B (Fig. 1) h.. b«n .ining in honor of ~idon in a di"rict of Bronze AI;" M.-ni. known os u-",-J>ctuuy of PoKidon ~sted in Tn 316 100 implied in Un 6 io loOI.ed.lt """,ld Ihc-n be • sub-Ionle of ,be g.onnil di.trict /"l-ti-jl,..", which i. on< of.be canonical 16 m:ojor districts (d". rrloo ",bien Cn 608, Vn 19.:ond Vn 20).
"".n'
77. Vcrll"" and C'hodoricl< I~ 1'1' JlIO---l&l. F.". ,
< ..............,.11>< ""'g y._ """" '" bt ~,~rioo ..,.... ......• ...d ..........
7'1. Aun Jorro (1'l93. pp. l8l-lIlJ) by> .... t .... dillo t>bl "'" ....... i>«>pk" or "viIbge" .. in hiofDri· ~~,
pr
'"
T"OMAO C. 'ALA'MA
CEREMONIAL BANQUETING ATTHE
PALACE OF NESTOR
,Iu,
The p;CNtt nf public cerrmonial prxli< dements indi",,,.d by ,he iconograplIpnd Itthaeologinl find. [of.he: t. -n.c... ,.bl.ts.re d.arly ••""illed with Pyloo Un 718. nt «minly in term. of fino.! file·grouping. but Of I..., in 'erm. of oubject m.nerand inlemal rerord-kttping chronology.'"n-.. T. ,ablets.re"'"""ll ,he lu, r«md. been .n,.red into ,he odm;ni."",i"" processing '!2g< within ,he cen,ra1 _hi..... mutual i..,I0,;"" nfUn 718 and ,he T. table.. in grid 83 of room 7 wi,hin ,he Arrhives CampI: d .ignif' ff>g1llCl noru", of ,10< in..... rory;"II pru<no ;~ ....... "'.. e proopecl;ve n,lU.. of Un 718 al", IUpport" our conjccnm: tha, ,1Kk fCJblcu. ~5. P:Wi.... 1'188. pp. _ , 183,~
96, ""rfumcd oil ;, llr ICpmocnlicf 1~73, I' 2X1. So 2003< "",nab appoint«l ~~-~ .. Ja-...-b- .....'.. Wl>t,her the inventoried item• ...,,,, uK
our undcrC,he rcoourca ond ...u"l!: of tile f...bug i""""11 of d< scribe begins lhe oct\Lol prot;'iety ronn«rcd with thi.luxurious paraphemoli.a....
"reo"
"Wfl""'-
C"',""
'0
POSITIONING, PARTICIPATION, AND PARAPHERNALIA 11>< megoron freoco program., Pyloo shows ~ircd figures ~,cd ., ubi.. and eng>gcd in rituol drinking {and perh.P' fe.. ting}.... m.king i, wonhwhile to ron.ider ,he T. fumitu", ....mbloge in I.rm. of eli,e ...,jog and "ble orrongcmentl /Or • ",Jotcd ta>tiog ..",monr. "" It c.n be demon......,cd ,h., ,he T. inven,nry i'emi.... II .. bk. (It>-I"-"").'ix ,hrones (rt>""). and 16 .. 001, (1"-....-""....,.)."· all mod. of coody wood or "ooe .00 cxqui.i,oly 'ti"" of the ~"m~D~ u-"",. lOS. The.blial I"'nft'ie•. '"
CONCLUSION The M)ttIUgn.phi
II~.
Soc.bo.c. n. sa.
pr
APPENDIX TRANSLATED TEXTS
ll>e fllowing """""ncion. = us<X1' of ...Iings .re indicOled by .mall Greek I.tters. Ruled ~nct "f ubIe" vc indK:ared by Anbic num.raI" and untukd ~ne< by 'mall Rom"" 1.11.rs. C.pi,al Rom.n kll.rs indicat.lines ,hot.", only pa."ially dem.rcated by rule lin.., ldeogr2m. vc indicared by.."all capiril letters, ll>e raised lett.rs m. f, ano.l X ",f.r '0 an ""imal', gender (male. f.male, inde,.... min.,., ....poId.-
125. "Tho ,..... t
IilU'ift M~,,~
Ihu. abo Q< Own.,;, 1m. PI' 11l-1lJ.
- - . 1 _ -n.. PRAP Survry", Coolribtioo: ift nO'" 1m. P!' 134-138. --.200I.'~ ond II""",· """''1' TI.ougI>.. on It.: N.""" ond
F... "nt of Admini"....,., in II"""" Ago Py\oo." In J'b6ha ;. tIN MJ'i""""" IWM, Stoia (C>rnbrigI• ..n, 1m, fMt'.1 MJ""M". .10""", 1m. rF. ~~S9. Colo", /1-1. L, and W. A. 1'>.10"""" <do, 1m. Rr,In.h"l MJ"...-wo
c.",,,,,
'''''''I
G_.
1"'"",","",,,
""""'" N,.., of'. OIJ I",", Loo .....gt.... G:IlIa_i. C. 1972. 'N"", om
G_.: in t\wol<m>o" and L. V>g_ nctti. <do. 1m, ~.,.( _ """16_ ' $i..,.... . . - tf; """'- ".;
J
in .... M ~ Pili«
.. Pytooo,11I< M"JIU"" F,,,,ro.." (ili•. Univ. of"".My/v>..io). />l,I< ScM« .,l d" ",",1'" in OriI>im>.T.G.• andJ.c. WRgh•. 198$. -I", and au.. of "'" ~ Rbom• ., PyIoo: 1-..,.", >no! ."""""" ;" • Mycrnann 1'2Ix1)'«....."
Pioi.l..nUt?'" in 5t..Nt;. MJ"'..... • ,.; C!Im;,iJ/ G.....t J',,- " " "/"'" ~ . (,11;_ l(I-
l2l.
K.J_~I.
pp.15S-161. Wrigt... ]. C. 1m. -n.. SporitlCon6gu.-.rioo I"1l c""..,
11>< purpoo< of t1Us ch.p"" i. '0 invmn1utialrebtionshipo IUId hinvd>iOO:l we el.borate Ity\
n..
.li,.
.I'Il"
P""P"""'"
",u_""
e.,..
*"rif1-
.bbon..,
2.St.._
'-loop. 1m.. I XIOO. llJOlo. ,.... '" th< ; 1. loop. I 'fflI>, I,."., llJOlo. ""l.H~J'I.
i.Opm.6no.1
:
,
_" '1...-:
........ _
"'"'" Wpoo "'
'"
- ..
_ _ '"
114 doqo 1I d 70 bar oomplool
1..,\1
,,'e period. w
,"
A.CUN "AlT'NC: A "'NOAN . . . . . . CTIVO
Figill'< ~ ('"!'). Krot6 Mod;"'o Fill''" S (1101_), Kro,... (I), figurine (2), ond ~ _ .. (J-S) from ,""
i,,
A definitively befWecn the function. thO! these two fe.sting .ite. h.d within lh. oocial organi"l",n or Ph.i""" wh;,j, I h."" suggested ..... a .imple (rmn of chiefdom rawud ,he end or the second miUcnnium I.e." In the .,tempt to find a ronnecriorl belWten the twO rilU.1 O«1I.ion...........hich in the end might be.he "",horologic.l pole. or a unique """n., a1bei. oepo"...d within tM ot,d.ment-I f,n. limi. my"elr to undttlining k'lU"," thO! sccm ""du.ive to eitMr ocasion .nd m.y help to di"ingui,h re..ting panem. occonling to on,hropological cl.as$ifieo."'n•.
d«onorion from .he C.... piozul< I
ova' del
11.1l
LM mC"he period when populanoo begin. to be concentrated 01 Phai"Of. Thi. period Waf • highly critical one for oociollife in C",.., following .hifrs in octtl.ment. poli,icol di.ruption, .nd di'l"'rsol of popul.tion. W. might upwn ,he Acropoli Of <me of a kw C n placn whe.. aggr.""" '< ....... ·ron...mprion < Aegean ,h.n ... SjlI"cifi c C..t:>.n inoonnon." The wide.pn:.d ,1\1I unifonn diffiuion of sucb ",..mbllge. IS deep bowls .nd mltion and. pre.umably. con",mp,ion
=
'0
"""",in ..
."gges'.'"
11.1Iorpu 19'97.. 1'1' llll-21I,d.
II
e",,,,
00'
'fUC
"v'"
36, S« Corioo U'>d D"
1_1990. PI' 2Ur-128.lU ;\IM I:
Wo""", 2001. pp. 19:1-1%, fO< MM 1-11 27159: Grumd
c
I'h"'"".oo
W~"""
1998; M~"'" »XI. PI' 101-l(l2. 03. MocCiU; y 1998. po 94. .l4. Ma00" and gu"lfJ we... int.nd.d '0 be indivUluilly idcnrifie-in or paimed wilh oimple decon.'M>nocome f""" • dcpoooj, uooci>,eun and broo (l.lc mwJ form,. Con,idrred in conjunecioo with thr ,~"" oflhr bowl and ,It< diSlin.cti"" "emrord foot. ouch an: may Ix: intC1J1rI"i" '" ttpaboW ti""", _h ...t I"ho;nikil (Itoo" 1980. PI'- 2.-2S) .00 r.......... {Clutrid.L, 1918.1' 75, f'll_ 19-.1'1' 1U-8S, ~ l2: tomb S~ fur borh J lJ'P
_U'OI>«
eincino anJ i\I)«fIO" that it function«! dim:dy commun'" drinking .......1 rothcr ,ha" ... mixing or .erving vessel." AJ mention«! '""""', hu~ num~ of indi";d.. >.l ""...1. imply lug, ""'"' ,hon 300 vessel«' in front of building 6 and ne....holoo B. From building.( (LM IA), whidllw b«n int<rprt
.......... ~""-.w .... ror •.wnpll "'I'" dal.tio1 tomb n.,. n.,.
71. Wilooo ond [>0119\19; 2000, P. )8, d. n.,..".j Wi!oon 2002, P!' ISI-I52. Fa.-'he chili«...""h"••, n. 61.
72. Soc,
'.s-, irl""",,, 1'196; G",riailia 1989. p.l*, 19'11. P. 405, d. C."""", and M.. 1'198,1'1" SO-Sl. 73. Fa.- deoail«! dio
.....1'I8.J, K~i",,·])jrlmcH:.lm, HuleU lm.l'!'. 102-IOb; r.,. I''''her
l,;bIiago-ophy.... I..,... 19'16.
HIIAUTTA 10"'NO,
ocvenI pwpoofbroken kylika near Uvt..'1 III """bo india~." Sud> po .. tiomi>n on,!hey WQtlId """" ...-..I Iinb &nil ""idari'YlliIOilfl ,he: r..... Inendcet who """" clooc: '" c poWbIc ruhi< roI< ofM'4!"'';'''' 15 (-" ...., «ntta! P;1lo.n). 0« M;~.. u., lOOl. P. lo!. 0«
l(",hI 19\17 >tid _ .
n.~.
82. ~ >tid Galln d< S...• "'..... 19B.pp.f>9-72. 8J. S....1Iarioo 1%4. JIlI.lOl-lO]. no. 17"1 (_ ...., \\'rip>" "'" YOluR>tid \,,,,,"ICf lOOl. P. OJ. ".l-i IW,I-IW,l: N"""", 19'J'9: l..tid 255 f<J< til lllA «.~_.M... n'ior I~. pp.1IO. 65. f'll'. J'O, 75) uod I'S nl. :zs.o. oM lOS fi>t llJ8 (M"",,'ior 1986. pp. 11(,-119. fop. 142. 10. 10(,). lII.. M"",,';:" I 'IS6, pp. 87. II;' (I'S 236).
87.5«••.1.. Boogna Im.. p. 197. fig. 7 (L\I Ill).
In the Minoan world ,he oamc ideological ilmd at mengthen· ing o!idari.y and ,w""ing m.m""" '0 ononymou•• f:lal... particip.nt>, underlined ,h. huge di...."". of ,hc community fram ,hc «n,er of powe'. For example. 01 Ayi. Triad. """e chali"", .ppcu to h."" been used in Ihc room. belonging.o.he (&."icn: aignoril. di nord-""""., when:, >rdin.t.. or nonhum." beiogo. "",ludcd /fom ....ial =h.ngt." h i. ck.. th..... hough .li'cI.........1i1C inICr-.nion during .he ritu" pcrform.nca WIJ minimal.lhe ""nter dctWcd iTo ,ulhority from ,he community by ...."ing iTo unity .nd robcoion. In contl"l" to proctic.. ....,.;... d wi,h Minoan f••"a Ni...nd di"ribu,ion in "-I)""n n f..... hod • complc.. ly diff.renl ru•. OriginoUy ,he actiri'i nri..rd ro ,hc fC .nd m.y h hem used only for cooking," im1"'"..... "fditlribu,ion in lhe 1"",'1u" ICCm' .hcrcfOlT '0 CIt· p""'.he need of 1M .1""'..... 10 n thei••uthority by dcmon...... ling •
M,,,
.,,
n..
pr
... I""""" of.tuKrion thtoughDu.. the pmcao of rqoriating idrnlil)' and OUM .,.;u.;n • ..,Itm:d group of puticipo.nlJ. s.U-kmnIweno not,.. widdy inn...,... in LM em......... often impomd. ... Io=lOft ~ ~ beet> ....iliarion of bbor for ........ ond ~ of fOOd _ much ...- imponan. tlwI.-.mpcion in W C...... idooolofJ' of JlO"'I'I ~ "n.. Ol)'isticdabonrion and ~ olr.ljUJ__ kylika and drinkin« ~ in ontWn of drinking ocro. of,e" deco""td acconling the dynunia of group iden,;ty and aff'ili.. in." For ,hi. purpote, e",.." di,," borrowed from the M,..:om from oche. r..ldo ot rann:h, nunr:1y......, nX Af;e .....-..rd.ln CI'Ok, bonrponinf; _ .... 10 ha.-e "p'uIa and nlua pliu 10 \Itntnt, OM pccuIiar 10 on>alI-.:al< 'w; ,''''''' communi"," and cnh2nc-rioo-•• in which tho individual dim.n.i"" n'''''' faded. In ,bi. kind of network .trat< 'ombs 'bcr ....bli.h. diroe.link wilh lbe palati.1 furniru... for offteial fc.. lS. as rotmbora,«I by Lin...' B documcnto." A. gh ond M .. p. \.!6. For fur,,,,... pi.... wt>imilor ,;"h .... m· ~ ....... p1>«u--and poosjbly .. Atch.nca.... In conrrast to rhe Mrcen...n evidence. in tornelo.. diOlinguishcd, advanced L\t III gr"I""". drinking activities U< reprncnml "'" by meta/wan: a.ocmblagco buT by el.bonTe. decoraTed anmi< din , including knte... goble... lcy1ikn, d howl,. CUp', and dipp" l ,hoI'" T....' Ire II", fuund in contemporary ..nlornc:n ...'" From h evidena. banqueting can be inferred To h."" been more widely practiced Ind leu strictly controlled than on The m";nland, Ind definiTely ind! plusd H••nh ..1 'M Ch;'liu.·, G
" Z.p/>« "'!""'" (E..... 1906.
1'1' 3 35. 5l-59l· 100. Di0:
Com 191iO.1'I' 115116, f,p. 51, 53.
A~"!AN
...
'!A.TIN": A MINOAN . . . . . . CTIV
=,
CONCLUSIONS r .."ing activinrs in Minoan Crete were more ouite and .."lement< would ha~ already bo"""",d from idrn«,,(. drpooit in ....,.;.tion witll
ron..,.
huildi"ll' fuund.,tion, froon Ih< ","". tion hn:rn tho:: ~,;" .00
S«lfIoiatUl prriodo.... I.. R.ou t98O. 1'1'_ ;IOl-:JOt" t~ lIHl lor.. I"lo"", 1"1'7. PI' l6l-l6J, J7()-l71. 107. F""""" t990: l)rie....., ond F""""" 1992, 1994: F""""" 19\17. P. .167.
pr
'" nan' individuals.'" The>< individual., th~ ·big m~n· 0' chief•• cmpJorcd ,he prac,ice of holding rommunal b.nque..... me.na of."..c.ing con..n', m.intaining rohcaion. f"""ing .lIi.nces, Ot' .. riving for domin.ncg:oin < drinking could be • ron",!""n« of bo'h a major ch.nge in f....'ing h.bits-no longer involving rompc,i,;"" in nrck, to attrap. p- m, "" «an' ......."h. F'1l 1992 f Subp from lo\! mc (10k)
s..
--
119. Cf....S.• MoutU;;.Ai...... 1m. p-lS8.
.""rcd
"Ia
,0-
pr
,'>
H'UltTTA . . . . CNA
REFERENCES AIb- 163--181. AIt-Ap_1V.J • l. Kilim·[>UImrirt,
A_.
o.u "'"'_uzN!i4< &l-6tr"" "'" J:;IU, M>itr< 1997. And,...dakH/woki. M. l'l9'lL "La nkropol< 00 Mioorn Rt«n, III II< I> ..lk m<MJ> 19'17.1'1' -Ill7-509. - - . 19'1'I\L '11~ ,..&.
x.-;,.; Qu0>-
S. "''''''''1'00}.' A.rlJOd' ~1.
8"2 (19'12). 1'1'
566-57~.
--.2002. -At< W. Appro,.d';"ll m. ~l;oo." i'ab« MKh..... ?" in on.-n. S< ~I","_ It d>< CIoo< of d>
.pp. JSJ.-
m - - . 1 - . "Cirrob.ziont F..", Bro.u -W. NewYO. "ldro1og}'. ~h,w« Slntq>n,' C..... Jl, PI'- IS- Jl. l);,;,J< Ptt-s"", Com"""';1)' in G-=JihtoJ ~ to A"'~: SiI...'ilq ~;'fjft;·Pw~
·
~.A,,'-""v 1.1'\'.5-4......
- - . <do. 19'J7. La C"" .."non _ Atht '" J. nJk 11."""- 'oJ..-ti-ok
fo""""
"l".j"" ,...r&.k l'AIIJbm (BCH Suppl. 30). A!h<m, Dri<Mn: An In"""""""''in ~oI.j., ,Ill'''''''''" fWMn.. N....1."'P""tiMs Oli 1.1< Mi _ . hIM",
f'To«Ni"f.' oft;" IWdtb 1._~ 5]'""",iM," lit tl>< 5"wiJII 1"",_ i. >f'_ (SI:r>ftb ~'. 35).
"".....
R.. an.d G. C. N".dqW... <do 1'1\10. ~ofD..tb."" 0;.,;";" i. ti>< B_u >f.(' >f'l""0l "'"""'.X' of';" S",b I",~
H~
1-..1 S"..,.,i.,. lit II>< _iJII I""".'ut>ft_ (Sh>fIb ~'. -IOJ.
S_kholm, Il~D.C. 1'J'/7. "TheT~of
oJ.: F.... ly Mi""", [ Cboilia: ....l "'" CodfUrIllmpli< !lg< C 1m. 11d>ht", r. 1901. "em"" E".Jq>..Jirion XI. nu.. Cf<WI ~;,.. R< Roo II . Early T""", and en.."", ....• BSit 6. W. 71>-85. I",,,,,,,",,,,,, S. A. 1'l'lO, ~ /lo>·.ti"l;n ,;"""".fJo', UnMtai!)'
"'"
I...wu... v, P. H>b!< GriIJ
F. RourAd J.-P. Olm. «1... 'R«brn:hn rf<m~ ... t ...... ..p... _ ......... 1...' ....: Bellll2, !'P.~J.
Knoppm. C. 1m. "C.., 1.M wi'''''''t 'T'lw:-Pr.xJ",;;"' ..... C~ M"""", C......,.. C..,...·;., Il«...-
"""" .. .l. 1999. PI' 415419.
~=;;~~~::.:t
Orig;n ol iht C.... n """"""'.- '" nt F"",'_ltj't'" '.II,_~ V'JII." P,,,,di.l' Itj',... 1:,Pth I~tmw ,;"""j
Srn,..;-" tIN S-,I;p6> I'.w..:. ........".,.. !ljfllo; ... 14nI" 8""-'0.' P>.h (I97J).pp.I88-199, - - . 1986. °1< F.~ s,-m. S.........-y(CI. tlool< oJ; K""iw; 1""'10 P".....: >fS4'"., J~. pp. 7-H8. - - . 1976. F.... , 1# ';";/'0 ..;..... I. Rom.. ~. W. \9%. S,...~&... &st"".wpo -IA"," (/UN_15M2). Odool. M>
5....... K. a..
Dritoor....... .-.........
1m. pp. 2\I.l-29S. M.nhb,1I.19liO.o..B_~
"" *,diJto K_ (1'rilIHlmd< 2.1~ .\1_""",,, - - . 1m. "Mifto;o,;b, ~ ~.';" Mi_0li«>n]- !'rDrrd.
'''I' I{,IN ~ e.a.,.;-. 19j1.Ad
L 1'"""" Brdrol, pp. 2O.l-215. M....-.ki>Ai...... A lm.F",..
R....·~'"~·Adj ",,_. ~"",..." i. &rIy
-
I...."" G,..., (ll()()-7(IQ.c~
Mdhuld. \It A >Ad \It D. E. Cood· ""'- 1983. -n.. Dui As< oJ Ni· cI>o11. M~ N. 1'1'11. -~L\I1A I\".. ln and I'oli""" Ccnm", F.';d. doelI·.... ~ . A$.f,nw I. PI'- 18-111 1'diphznI. M. R., K A. C"1infl, and U. W. e.ding 1974. 'SrIk.pouIo T....... l and .:T"", Lot< Mo..:B$.f 69, w. l9S - 257. _uiou-Drintorlup. AlLan«. Jt>d ~ .. "'" f:'-f'P" _ ¥,' on n.. S,~
pr
••
_u
At' (MII.-I! UJ. cxlJ lh.."'.....lR.I\"'./Jn-.O'· f...d,I'I'IHS. Rupp,I). W.... od M.T.. p'~ 1m -c.....:.. cupc.:-z""........ Of w 1'
krr!,.d>·",ykn>",hc r-=pf. S
I'ili<W I"hod, 11>. C_ of Mid· dk Mi..,.. II M>li..• JMA IS, pp. 11I!-lJl. Sh......,din
..
S,.._
A~"" Mt ,..;.", _..umiIop
A
MINOAN
Mn of food .nd drink." Dining :and drinking Ire ,he focus of 1Oci1l1 in ......ri"" both wi,hin ,he immcdi... hou.. hold conlU' .nd thrnugltout ,h. wider community.' ~ """JUmp,;.,., of food Ind drink is use
.... _ n•..l. I':urieul>t rh>nb..., men.. Uk! "'13""""'. 2. DicUer 2OOl. p. 72. 3. IhmiWO, 1m. p. 116.
•. lI.. torl" 19"11." I.... 5. IbmilWo 1'1'1ll. p. 116.
,.,
LO~lI.
,Tln
\Virhin m.... oocial coda we .... II>< tonO........... offood Dbolbry. m., asooci..tat ~ oncd in tho< ~~and...........,a- of b>d ..... drink .... oloo tW types uf rooking 1"""10 Al....... tive auw fao be con.;&rnl, in particular. the rule ofim~ CllOlic commodirin and nottric knowledge in ,be """,.....man of poIitial and j,;kolosical power." One
_tI c:nmpIo- is ~~'" "l'f""'Priano.. ofimponcd. and , ~. >h>hoIic bewnga and uoocial:ftl drinI. Ctuf, 1991, P. 74; K........,; 1994, pp. 257-260. 17. o;ro., 2001. P. 73. 18. Sh«n" 1m. pp. 388-392, .Iffi' 1m. p. m. 19.jo/T< (lm,pp. m-~)-.. NCh """"" IQr booh anci highly symbolie di.play of weahh and ... t.... F..... might olIO be differentiat< oociaI and I"'litiscly intCflwincd. Hospitality i. uoed 10 establi.h and maintain oo ,""'" fca." c",.le .hared ocnlim.n" ofidentity Ind belonging, but lhey .", 01", c procticc••", open 10 emulation on the p.n of grours aspiring ro an ~I.v:ltcd social ...IUS:rnd we might exp«t. dcg= of fluidity in the ehoice of oymbolic, ideological ..fe",nlS used by the .~t•.'" The dn-.:Ioprnenl of incrc••ingly oophi,,;"tcd ocicnt,fic techniques .nd the application of anthtopologicol model< to =h~ material ha".. enhanced curt'Cnt inrerest in ancient diet and dining pr=i< only of evidence ..... ,table for analysis i.,he on:hacological reronl. Thi. indudtl conccnt... tion. oftl>< d
'0
' 'lc ;",.ope ly>i> indi ,-",." ,I>< .... di>" ..... (1'1'- J97~1) d
.
dRod_W-
..... -..r.-r M ,'T
of ordwd "'''''endry 10 C"..... prior 10 tlw Bronze At;e. and..". ....... holic bc:.o¥ pooMlW, .....ad _ ...... been.-dot lram ppa Simibriy. .-nk introdumI 00 .... idancI duMc 1M Early Bronze ~. and &una! _. ol:' an ...... thaI aprina and fallow d .......... ...-octhe it,.p aml in tlw &unaI mI.' poi ClIakoIithic .. If hmlo bred lOr eid>er mrn meal potnotiaI .. milk pn>ductt. I hi&ha ncio of rn.w.s . ' be ........ ud. Wool productioa. ... tlw odwr Iwwl, .no..ld ....JI in an equal ,.;" of maI<s and knulos. Tht faunal ~ b....."'u, impIia • rnboomV_
"*"' ,.
tr>honala<Jfio
"".58-59. ~9. On ,he ;,.",y-
u'"
importon<e of Clnk in LHA Cyprn. i, indicated by the totmu< and poblie di,pby ofbucrani., ...uallr in nncruari.. hut "'''' to man. the limits of.1>< "'!Ilemcn. al Morphou." 0.", which h.d plo)d an important role in Cypriot whoi".""" pr=icr> fmm the Nro~thic, an: rut in LC contextS (altl>ough deer bnn h..... betn found at Mynou-Pigadhes, K",,Idi.-Evre'i••nd Mu-PoJ.io!.. nd2. Ha1>ttcrw from I .ingl••""n, prim 10 deposition." This inf«n propooed for A 173 "' KalIV2SOf, Hol"c.d argues ,hat the "'rid "'rum"!..i,,n of bone. indicOlc, Lorg.-,,"k con.umption of mc1f, Ind reprcwnfJ .ith.r the d.bri. from dining or I communol (IIOnexclu,i""j f•• tival," Th. profil•• of ,h. dcpooits ofTE III >t Kouklil and Al73 It
n.c
pr
'"
LOUII. n l n
./
I r~7·a-RiooIll...·
' ..
flIoot ........ Soool 1""_"''''' II
K.aI.o.
• ..., ~.m.aa..~ ...:JnaraIly......mxtcd _llood>
of diof-inc of r-.intl ddwio ill LBA C)'JINL Formaliud cIrpooIi..... of """" drilrio is ...... indialCd by Iho< ~rion of lintwaft =amia ill _Do ~lllala SuIun Tgt"of animah dcpooilCd io _ rype::.I of LC hurul ..... mblages: laIJe quantiria or f:illow dttr wm: found in boch ....n.. 1k .~'" """"""tiom of dttr.~tdyMden'in W Lok ChiIC'Olithic ptriod, Ippanntly persisted ;nlo the LaIC Bronu~. Hunting wu &11 .lit< pasl"irnc. and while dnor no \ongnu:xts io ougatM of rom.... 'rW ~ pnctias. LC drinlduolly became predominan'. The Myccn.e.n mter (Fig. 8) hod on enonnou. impact on ,he Cypriot «romi....pertni"" and prnumobly o!>o on IN: procti« of compeli,ive f•••lingldrinking."The open ""',cr, .rnphoroid ""'fer, and I>c occasion., such .. «remoniol k ..... n.c ""'ter f<med the «nterpiece of ,he LC drinking ..,. h was primarily inlCnded for di.pl.y, hence ,h. p",f.n:n.cc for mte.. wilh .Iaboro" picloriol dCCOtlltion. especiaUy chariot sc•.,.. ",f.rnng '0 eli,. life.ty1es. n.... objects \VC11: deliberately ",,,,,,,'Cd from "im.il""'n and dcpositlC" im~f fMy
.,.,...,..ehing El < Uprili< mod< of oonsumption (C"","'" 1969, po Ill, ~. 13). A knt.tuoino:d in Ibo: knt.... lcBl drinking oct &om Bola Su.llan T.1d« ,, 018'1. 0\10
ill",,,,.,,, ••
It Ippea... ,h., ,he WP\VM III drinking setS hif, in .ryle,.nd .mulation of ,he p«vioully .xclu.i"" Ml""'n...n form•. In cont,.., to ,h. n:s,rictcd di.lribution ofimporttd Ml""'nacan hi",... 'pporent in LC llAB, ,h. WPWM 1lI dining ..... oocur widely, ouggernen ......n integral .lemen' of func..ry riNlI-an .mbodi.d procti« wi,hin. ~minolloco,iondefining relation. bc~n ,h. mourne.... ,h. dccnsed••nd the ,........ Animal bon.. and .herds _re Itt< ]J,h u>d )J,h «nrun.. .... en'"" t
b«n ""'"tined. Sec emf. 1'18'1,
PI' 70---11; s"."h 2000. PI' 352. 361.
Sec ,ho: ~ '"' """"''f)' "'-"'li: u>d <mbodim"", [FS]28+-28S). ,h.Uow bowl, (F'S 2%), cupo (FS 220), • kyIix (FS 256--259), .nd pIled
.ries, the p",f.rrtd drinlcing ......1...... the indigrnoo. B..., Ring cup. Al.hough mle.. are ""' round in lug
PiR>d/>« (C.tJ;"l!: 1957. PI'- 36-38.
f'.!I;, 18). Thd ro.m ro'l!;nu«!tu I>< ,I>
to ,ho "'" bon attorn:ncc of kn.t.... in LC f I"'''.ry ..p1ic-a,.. tho: drinking equipm.nt found in o,hereont..,.. in LRA Cll'''''' Mn:oVC" ,he int""iea,ing propenies of an alcoholic bcv=gc lil« wi". wooJd h,o"" been appropria.. for consumption in a ritual eonlext,"1bc ponery, the..fu... i. indie..;.., of a .....monial. coltie con""" fuol. Fonht, .vid.n« f", dining wi,hin • cultic con,ext i. furni.hed by ,he f.on.1 mb1"KC. fi-om ,he sancro.rico. Anim.l bon.. arc found in aU cult mbloges.ln mos, ..neromeo juvcn~. cank (B., touru,) arc p"'0... plau.ibly .. I.t•• to .ymbolic di.pl.y.nd i. an integral < p...hi"orie Bronn Age." Thi. funn "f di.play i. oot p•...u.lcd in ..nctuories in th. conte ..-
0'
'0
91. IV..,., 1999. I' 197. IV..,., alto ""'" ng pedigree, pouibly .=t
........ G""I, (Chyp«l:;n A14su 1.«1, C E-A. Sd... P>m, 1'1'. 151- J6l. Cmf,. P. 1'ISlI. "Ani"," Jlconu,i.., from
Pn«,,,.
1""''''''''''
,ffc,.
M•• ·P.~·inV.K~ 8hio ...:I M. r:r.m... f~,
",Mu'~197~/981>,
NioooiO,I'l' ....HH. --.19\19. ·A"mol 0.-:.,' in A, K. :;"",11, P. Ruf4oj«t): K"'-_-A';" DJt;..,,,;., n: Cn.-,.;'" 06jft'h, T-'o. S~,,, St.ht (SmA 11.1). Cl.ttt.ton
Enlmo-n~"
J,lfA 2.P!' .'1---116.
- - . 19l1'/b. "M""""Y Ritual ond So
bY>lOl-A,..,. \)f,iminioo 1991: fUJAC 1992,W- 1Jl-I-I6.
- - . 1_,"Th< Social Con_of Am..... H"dw>dtr in E..-Ir AgricuI1,,."'1 of AlI ofMi-.. Cult: So" &/SOR 292. pp.35-
".
Mtt.C".OO L SI«I. 1m. 1TotCyr Not< CoII«hIn' i. I .. Uoi
lit"', u.n.,.,
Pcltcnb.,,~ E,
J. 1998. "The Chonctc
Urn.. of1"lT, S. 1m. "E.,., Ji .._ .. fubva.....Ay,o. DlIimitrioo 1987: An lmpon'M emmi< C"",p from 8uildi~ x.' IID.4C 1m. PI' llJ-l18. --.20(10. ·1
, 8"""" Aj;< !l";-
...., Kal.. -Apo. [)hi"';,,,,,,: in ~"",TI"'"",~
Low"""'"
Ku~ A' ""'" ~ "'..... N~pp.J.4S-J64. Sooth. A. K.• and Po lbo...u. 199). ·M,....,....." funery:aod Soci>I Hi< PrrhiJ"';' Pt<W ,. ' " 7/b o-t..,An, ':"io>oi1. PI' 71-76-
StW. l... 1998. "Tb< So!>O< TrJlOIosy:
in B..-In
h.,
'0
·.
"",,1eo .nd I",ir pi...., romp.";",,. P"'Jlli'" and cot • nuol rognher, whtnctical point of ........, ,hi, approach has certaio ,.j"""lagcO fu, hurnan fe.."'.... tine< it "'rnov<s any ck"" di"inction hel'Olttn sacrif>cc and feuting. to the "",.m th.. oaaifice to • god in ,"""t caseo .ppeo.... lirtk mol< .han • good cxcuoe fur yet anothe, patty,' jw;t .., conva>0.... (which would not be eateo .nyway), le:lving moot of the more edible poniollO fur their mon.l cofeu'en. F~)". ocly in 0..;..., 14.435-136 is. portion ofoly1• .m;rn .... .......w", ...~""'.. .• Th< n«pbcw; 10 lhfI«i.l food and dn... and """""""'r
""'1mmurul M..lOwbidl cadI....muh:S his oh-....:h .. tht"lwin&' bonlo° party hdd in ~I~'. ~ in ""'ofhi< daughm'. rrwriage ou. taring ,II.. falling Coo aI· ""'" ~rything dK) in the oeuo', ;" ddiana: oilUl apoao ban (001: 1I.IOIH 11. 12.26+-419). The tuimn.1Or I'-' 1IIo!,hough i' io a n:n~ble moun:e, i' nnno, be: ,.,new«! qu;"klrhencc the dcsp"ir with wh;"h Tekmachoo contemplo'es ,he ",i,o"· re!,,, .... pot>oa .
•"0Cluding IWle.. pe..... pomegnn>te•• Ind figs ... IU mentioned at ....!iou. poin" in tm: ep;e. ("f'en in ";mile.) .nd migh' h.ve bcc:n ....umed by Ho""''''' ludic...... '0 be: po'cntiaUy included .mong 10. Od}_ to< inon«.ownmh of own I>mhmrn outoO;l< I"""'" (001 \4.100-1(1).1 ...... rioo tlu' l;.... l:>oJlogieo ,n 'ho Linnr 8 """"......"" th: rala<eo "f'P h.ve bocn rrt ,h~ inn.rd•. which "",k moch mon: quickly ,hat"l'h< lk.h, .... eotcn,lik .he hJ..,,,,i ,hor precefing begins (11. 9.220). Win~ ;, mixed .nd I"".cd oround grnerou,ly, oppo~ndy ('\jSlomoril~' from l~f, righ, (II. 1.597). f... libotion .nd drinking. C~ .. moni.1 h.nd-....hing i. :01"" "ond.ro, nor only btfo~ ,I>< riNol of shught~r. but also hefon: .ining down '0 0 f~ ..,. w~n "golden jug (,.~ ond ••ilve' ,,",in {Atf"Kj ... t'..<jucn.......hing
II"""
,n
both me rpi<J.nd ,.... u",u (Ott 1>cio1 ocrmty i. underlined by ,he pi" ut< Nonh C'me< cmrh.. i<eroW>d with ,I>t
,i'....
of..m... ~ uouolly .-;m "'"' or
,tue< f"""grtKil""" "and;og
."",nd "';ciog with the>< in tlo:i, h....... If .... it " '"" iml"""'hlc ,ha, ,I>< "";"_tq>1........ wine-booed porion is • bron... p,.... oed '0,"" p,', , , - (Ii 11.6)~). Thcllorn ..... pIeoI ..... pnbapo _ oupaficial. thcte is it........... dtvrwic oignificand hd tho plot .. 10 ~ inco.. -1._ ~ 06.... d>ancten.. They .., aIoo tho: poduck 10 impomnt opcuhn in which in,,,,"'o... .., an.........m or rhiJo-pbioo. ~ MOftl"'Cf, hcnId tho: begin";"l!l of an acifinc.me.. Of dc.d"p ...., or tho: cJ dw•. . - . odon d\inro. &Dow ..... bud 10 ~ his thovKIm and '.DO""............ III< wann to I'" next. Of pd'p' p"'tt ~ ; . lho ,d'....ri .. -.pea of Homeric ~ partioNIuIy ... far ... d>< 0 - --n''';'''' btl •• UI .... r.-:md w ~ of... [cd Cd CW ".IS-II,9.5-10, 13.26-28. 11358, 22.J51-l51;:md '" tho: -.riabooo btt.nil ~ ond .,...,.... oinP'Il &nd dancinK ~ _ ..... GlI........US. 8.99, 248, 17.269-171, 11...~JO; Il un, 601-600', 24.62-1J).ln m;,., tho Homeri" cPa 1IliKb' bt oaicIlO ......... tho:C1DOIIClm ofd.ir_ ~.Iliran:,,.nn. tho: pmhobiIiJy "'," !hoy ...... eIabomod and "",,bawd If fatMIo III 100M
foo.,,,,,
ram
hoo,_'"
~ IaIICftW)' - " ...
on.:.,-.
0;lCkn
of~!diP
k.lu,. io:ahnooc -N.lndced. Of tho riJlr. of oumi.. fIJppam. it is han!
ion.... how Homeric .... ...... lici'. n. """n..,pithe. """,bin.tion &.!C; ito--rj occu"" ICVere i, i. iml"""'ble \0 tran.b'e &.!C; witll eithe. ,h••ingle WOfd ".h""," '" "fe..': since botll.re neotly wnpped up in it. In 1Ii4J 4, for in.WK' MXO\-l.... -yip«; I!ilthe... Just as the gods a1.....Y' get ,hei. cl>i« portion> (rypicilly the burned thigh 00.... "f the animal.,.nd the fint ..... of ,he wine in the furm ofJib,nion), human participants ran at. be off.n:or.·.. when Agamcm""" givn Ai .. the d>i from ,he bock "f the",...te« ...........). olmno, "'nainly Iw no «JotI'>«bnn ~
_'ed
""m
Th... can be li.... doub' ,he Homeric ,p;c. on: no< only ,,,,"lion. of ,heir own time, hu' ,h.., preci""ly henu"" of thei, ..hoogen.tic role (Ind probably aloo purpooe) in ""'oring • sham! p"nh.lkni< ,hey ",fleet • rompla Iowcv
mc.. (.. he"""", .... art gi",n a d,
... llo:""""",, 1989. P 66-, S~ l~. I'P- 591-592; H..,." 2000. "" 50-52. Si""", utan' ttampl« 01 do'" pmbnioundJ' &om tho: 1.0", put oi tho: .~hth
p1.XVlIU .
pr
'~"ITINC
.,
IN 1I0MUIC UIC
regul., '1'fl'C... nce of meW .pi" only in the: 11th ~ntury Ind toter in Cyprus .nd the Ac: oo.ervotion tltot .P;t. oflen 'l'fl'Co, in tombs osoocilled with m.l. ("",!rio,) burial••ugg''''' CMfelt' of mole bonding through harbttuing, pouibly mainly ou,door> .nd uoocilted pal'ticuiatly with hunting."We.re nowhere infonned of ,he m..c,ial of which Homeric 'pi.. on: m.dc. no'"'' "'" normally told precisely h"", they Ire used. which lea.... room for ,he posoibili')' ,h.. th. """'....nt ",osoge' in which .pi.. on: m.ntiMed d.ri", from con'ext. in which wd.n .pi... pe,h,po dcplo)..d in "'mc other ..... nnc'. ""'''' ,hc nonn. Th. ideology .......i.ted with Early [ron Age iron .pill. h"""ve,. oo far o' "'" con comp<e of E..-ly I,.."., Age ....!rio, e1itea f",ds support in ,h. Bronze
n.e
'00 "'"
ncwe"
,hi.
ou' ,he ..."
B"",u Air' (Wrigh'.,~;, volumpi" l;n in me indic._ they prnnd< ,,;'!Un ,he ......u..l
pnial food (including mn, for human consumption) wu prep.red in .he Mycenae'll 1"1= m.inly by "',",," ofboiling or ..ewing." No hin' of this pr>cti'" io found in ,he epics. whe'" tripod cauklron. an: u>ed in heroi, COntext. ad.... ,,,dy '0 h"' .... t.r f&-7J. 101-106......, Ul. M; Wrish,. thi, volum
with f io """'" 67 o.nd 68., I'yIoo. almwn of PyIoo. or ....hollntial number of repn:oenta'i.... from each of the m.in PyIi.n divi
n,
",.........no:. ""
oloo llJJ 2001 fur ,h< "'3""'""" du, th< pob ......
' " < lug. numbe .. of .n;m.b .nd quantities of o.h« m.terials "'m«imco invoh"Cd'" indicat. 'h1l ",,"e fco... rook plouoc. Oi. HS-ll\; roe- F~', fatha', ,he"" f"'b"ll in ,he "'=:>un.,fhi. hno.ox. Ie
nS lh.. lhe con.liNenl membership"f pililioJ .hcq> flocko lended '" be unu...oIly Ruid, IlUw"ing lhol herders we... free ll. retnO¥'!: f.n.ned ........n for ,heir own f....ing requirem.n".'" One eon 01.., glimpse lhis pl'2CTice in ,he compooile world "f Ih. cpi.... even ;f mos' dC2t'ly 'hrough ;1> d
bl. Sf< 8d .!001, PI' .1_. 63, ~ 19'11\>; ......... >Olumo:.
PI'
WJWc "'" inolMduolldoogrnno (.,. ,be moo' port hove pa...ibI< coneIota ;" ""'tcml""'Y or carlicr ........ (on
~,V~...<JOImnI~79.
on/y~_';{d:"'~'...""jotor"",)
2_158,~ 199+-19'15.
on
I'l' )OO,:lOl. lOS. fitl. l. Th< K.u,
";!h '10>1 (1(,-': K 93. ITT. 711~ "'''''-. ";!h "]()J (IT Tn 9'16); U-,;, wi'h 'XJlI {ITTn fUmllblo
-.lUng Mo>cio~ wi'h f~,
Th< ....,...j "".-__ """"""' ...., p1.uoibIy bt....w"C (.,. """" or .....,.ndordiud lypndcrubctII ·1I~. V.odci.,ed with fnoting." while on K 87S .i> hondldew enmplea on: ....igned ro ,i> individuili probably of ""'jin (and the..fure in some .. n.. official) ot.ru•. ougg
or
or
~
......
/1.13.91, 17U; O< did< crib of. I...o:teo",b). 0.... "';8~" mtltl
unn
Age C.rts< _ I ;n tho: ""'ft,...........oo:I by •...111 "'P' ('.J.. R$ p21o«: '0 vori..... diviniti.. moy ,hu. "'I'.acn. an in..itution:oli=l""'p,.Iion religious ron,,,,,, of ,he practice of giving such objects U gu.:o.-gifrs." TIt.: ""du.'ve, mu'u:aIly .uP!"'rtive ethos of ,he warrior b.nd in ,h• ....li... M)""n'lof; 'ombs. $om< of thi, oymboli,m ..,.. vived in'o ,he pololiolperiod in the fon'll of the f",.d.itculor he.nho .lto< ..... fnrure ofm.inl..,d p21o«: m.goro, and If i. tempting 10 ,ul'P""" ,ho< rno.c who f......J around thel< he.nh. i..ide ,he megoro """.. princip.uy lhe "~I~, in whom (compl.I. wi,h lheirpotronymia) one con probably see ....idual hereditary .itmen, of ,he .uli.r warrior b.nd."
""I.
'0 •
n-
256). omg b«n f.t>cifull, 0IIci.<ed hy Itd " Pjb, 15 of"-nomes Iu b«n ld< ....... numb« (22) ........ lbo,,
".n«,l< proopec,i~ fcm~ mlY ...-nngc ,h<mKlvn around I "ngle animal (1£ 2.~ 10)." II moy :01"" bo: I«n in th< unngl in',,,,,, in relation to ,he h"'ory of drinking in ,he Argo.n. H.,.., ,he .pico arc f"'rtioub:rly valuobll: in n' of wi.... ond ooc;>I Ind ideological ottitudes ,..... rd wi... cmcrgc moch nlOI"C cxpficitly from tho:m !han from tho: arc~ rcrord
or even from the Lin.... B ,"".. :olonc /tiM ond Odywy. ,he cpia ~ 0 frc=:~fromc of the OCC\Imu.b.,cd "''''''''' of ottilUdn :and pra.ctKn involv;ng wine ,hOI hod blJill up 0 ""I)' long period. forming part of I ge... ro!iud G...k conlCi"" oro<Jnd 700 •.c. In ,he fi.., pUcr. ,he epic> hi'" lWOWOrd. for ·wi ·, ,I>c ullWll 0 .... (flo100 9.557. 10.184, 468, 477. 12.30"' fWC'Ct
wint.
'0
Thi. "",nd. ""'J' like. provcrbi>l cxp.... ion of plenty. ,;milo, ,he biblical CXJ""''';'''' •• land flowing wilh m~k:and honey.... From ,he con'abI in which .... e... oppeo.. in the epin. i, i, d .... ,ho' i, i, indi..ingui.hoblc
but< Sh ,abkro and ,I>< poiring oll< " .... ol ,he 1ly
'.......,..1>Nally
do:~..--I.
Se. p.rtlbili".
ofleo..... _
,,,,,fur
.... "",,"..
r",-",.",U>g ""''''''''''rhlf''' Ondin-
n.. of ,I>. otip1Ul • ...,.,..boM of ,I>. Hom
