Hematoma - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HEMATOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hematoma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84449-6 1. Hematoma-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hematoma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMATOMA .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hematoma ..................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMATOMA .................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hematoma.................................................................................... 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 67 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON HEMATOMA........................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Hematoma .................................................................................................................. 69 Patent Applications on Hematoma .............................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HEMATOMA .............................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 91 Chapters on Hematoma................................................................................................................ 91 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON HEMATOMA ................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMATOMA ................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Academic Periodicals covering Hematoma .................................................................................. 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 118 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 121 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 121 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 121 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 127 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 127 HEMATOMA DICTIONARY...................................................................................................... 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 183

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hematoma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hematoma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hematoma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hematoma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hematoma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hematoma. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMATOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hematoma.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hematoma, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Spectrum of Spontaneous and Iatrogenic Esophageal Injury: Perforations, MalloryWeiss Tears, and Hematomas Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 29(4): 306-317. December 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: This article reviews the spectrum of esophageal injury, including perforations, Mallory Weiss tears, and esophageal hematoma. These can be iatrogenic, in particular due to esophageal instrumentation, but can also occur spontaneously. The authors note that the remarkable increase in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy as well as esophageal surgery has made instrumentation the most common cause of esophageal perforation. In many instances, spontaneous perforations are associated with

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retching and vomiting, which causes a sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure. A high index of suspicion leading to rapid diagnosis and appropriate therapy are needed to optimize clinical outcomes. The authors outline the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention of esophageal perforation caused by instruments, spontaneous esophageal perforation, Mallory Weiss tears, and esophageal hematomas. Also reviewed are three different types of perforations: piercing injury, shearing or bursting injury, and thinning or weakening injuries. 10 figures. 104 references. •

Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in the Elderly Source: Geriatric Medicine Today. 10(2): 30-32, 35. February 1991. Summary: This journal article discusses the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly. Cognitive dysfunction in the elderly is often assumed to be caused by irreversible dementia. However, chronic subdural hematoma is a treatable and reversible cause of cognitive dysfunction, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of dementia. This article reviews eight patients with chronic subdural hematoma, all over the age of 60 years, who were treated with burr-hole drainage under local anesthesia. Five of the patients had a history of head trauma. Chronic subdural hematoma was found bilaterally in five patients, and a left sided subdural hematoma was found in the remaining three patients. One patient developed acute gangrenous cholecystitis after the procedure, two patients died, one had a coexistent subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the other arrived in a coma and never regained consciousness. The authors conclude that the use of single burr-hole craniostomy with closed system suction drainage is superior in simplicity, rapidity, safety, and outcome to conventional craniostomy under general anesthesia, especially in elderly patients.

Federally Funded Research on Hematoma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hematoma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hematoma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hematoma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hematoma:

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: AN UNUSUAL HOMEOBOX GENE REQUIRED FOR HEART DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Epstein, Jonathan A.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We have recently identified and cloned a novel homeobox gene expressed throughout cardiac development that we have called Toto. Toto is an unusual homeobox gene for two reasons. First, it encodes a small protein (73 amino acids) that is composed almost entirely of a homoedomain. Second, it does not contain certain amino acid residues conserved amongst all other homeodomains that contact DNA, and Toto does not bind DNA. Toto encodes an 8Kd nuclear protein and it is expressed shortly after cardiac myocyte determination following expression of Nkx2.5. Toto is markedly down-regulated in Nkx2.5 null embryos, and Nkx2.5 can directly activate the Toto promoter in vitro. We have inactivated Toto in the mouse using a strategy that results in the expression of LacZ in the Toto expression domain. A significant proportion of Toto null embryos die during mid gestation with pericardial effusions and a thinned compact layer of the myocardium, sometimes associated with cardiac rupture and pericardial hematoma. Some Toto null mice live to adulthood. Preliminary data suggests that these mice have abnormal hearts. In cultured cells, Toto negatively regulates cardiac specific transcriptional pathways including those that involve Nkx2.5, Gata4, SRF and myocardin. We hypothesize that Toto functions by directly interacting with cardiac specific transcription factors to negatively regulate SRFdependent cardiac transcription. Thus, Toto represents a new class of homeodomain proteins that has retained protein-protein interaction capabilities, but has lost sequence specific DNA binding capacity. We will clarify Toto function by addressing the following aims: 1. We will determine whether Toto inhibits Nkx2.5, Gata4 and myocardin activation of SRF-dependent gene trancription by disrupting the association of myocardin, Nkx2.5 and/or Gata4 with SRF, by interacting directly with myocardin, Nkx2.5, Gata4 and/or SRF, or by preventing SRF from interacting with DNA. 2. We will over-express Toto in the developing heart of transgenic mice to determine if cardiacspecific gene transcription is down-regulated by Toto over-expression in vivo. 3. We will determine the role of Toto deficiency in adult cardiac function under normal conditions and after hypertrophic stimuli. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AZULENYL NITRONES: NEUROPROTECTANTS IN STROKE AND TRAUMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Ginsberg, Myron D.; Professor; Neurology; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to conduct a comprehensive, milestonedriven program of translational research targeted at the validation of a novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant compound -- stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN) -- as a neuroprotective therapeutic agent for three interrelated, prevalent acute neurological disorders in which reactive oxygen species contribute to tissue injury: ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and parenchymal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). No clinically established neuroprotective therapeutic is currently available for these disorders. STAZN has the advantages of high lipophilicity and an oxidation potential within the physiologic range; it has shown great promise in pilot studies. This proposal builds upon a fruitful

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collaboration between the Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center at the University of Miami and a productive laboratory of synthetic organic chemistry at Florida International University. The intent of the program is to establish a compelling body of preclinical evidence supporting the neuroprotective efficacy of STAZN as a prelude to clinical trials in stroke and trauma. Focal cerebral ischemia will be studied in rat models of both transient and permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) suture occlusion and in recanalizable photothrombotic MCA occlusion, which engenders reperfusion injury. TBI studies will be performed in the standard moderate-to-severe fluid percussion model. Striatal intracerebral hematoma is produced by double blood injection. We shall conduct comprehensive dose-finding studies, elucidate the therapeutic time-window of efficacy, and evaluate both acute and chronic endpoints using both quantitative histopathological as well as neurobehavioral strategies. Gender- and age-related responses will be considered. Pharmacokinetic studies will document STAZN plasma curves and brain levels. The NINDS program staff has provided valuable input to us in shaping this proposal. Two world-renowned authorities in oxygen-radical biochemistry and vascular pharmacology drawn from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry will serve as External Advisors to guide us throughout this project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRAIN EDEMA IN HUMAN INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Zazutia, Allyson; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with greater mortality and more severe neurological deficits than any other stroke subtype. Initial mortality remains high at 26-50%, and survivors often have significant residual disability. To date, no medical or surgical therapy has been shown to improve outcome. Understanding the manner in which ICH induces brain injury is critical to developing effective treatments. Delayed neurological deterioration after ICH has been reported to occur in one-quarter to two-thirds of patients. While clinical worsening in association with hematoma enlargement is well-documented, few data are available delineating other causes of neurological deterioration following ICH in human subjects. This research plan will investigate the mechanism, extent and clinical importance of edema as a mechanism of secondary brain injury following ICH in human subjects using modern neuroimaging techniques. Two Specific Aims will be carried out. Specific Aim 1: To ascertain the time course, extent and clinical significance of brain edema formation in 20 patients with acute ICH.3D MPRAGE MRI and the brain boundary shift integral (BBSI) will be used to measure changes in brain volume in 20 patients with acute supratentorial ICH. Studies will be performed within 24 hours of ICH onset, on day 3-4, and on day 7 or discharge. Clinical course will be monitored on a daily basis during the first week. Twenty patients with ischemic stroke and twenty normal volunteers will serve as positive and negative controls, respectively. Specific Aim 2: To measure periclot blood brain barrier permeability in 20 patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. Initial measurements will be made with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11 C-methyl alpha aminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) at 24-48 hours after onset and again on either day 3-4 (first 10 patients) or day 6-7 (second 10 patients). If Specific Aims 1 and 2 demonstrate that brain edema after acute ICH is associated with clinical deterioration, then trials of agents aimed at reducing brain edema, would be appropriate. We then would be able to use the BBSI and MelAB permeability to evaluate the physiological efficacy of different treatments and to choose appropriate agents and doses to design

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clinical intervention trials. If edema does not occur, it would suggest that design of such trials would be unlikely to improve patient outcome and other approaches to treatment should be sought. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CEREBRAL TREATMENTS

HEMORRHAGE

MODEL:

MECHANISMS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagner, Kenneth R.; Research Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the stroke subtype with the highest death rate and poorest prognosis in survivors. Presently, there are no effective treatments. The cellular and molecular mechanisms through which intracerebral blood induces brain injury are poorly understood. Rapidly initiated inflammatory responses involving cytokine cascades likely contribute to vasogenic edema, tissue damage and morbidity after ICH. Our overall goal in this proposal is to define the role of proinflammatory cytokine expression and downstream target gene responses in ICH induced injury to perihematomal white and gray matter. The rationale for these studies is supported by our preliminarily data demonstrating rapid (0.5 hr) activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB), the transcription factor that regulates many inflammatoryresponse genes. In addition, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-I beta, TNF-a, IL6) is present within one hour. Once activated, NF-KB can induce the expression of several downstream targets that serve as important mediators of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) opening, leukocyte infiltration and secondary lesion expansion. Furthermore, our recent microarray data demonstrate an expansion of the inflammatory response during the first 24 hrs after ICH with elevated expression of additional cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory molecules and receptors. Specifically, we propose to define the temporal course, cellular location and treatment responses of early pro-inflammatory and target gene and protein expression in perihematomal brain tissue after ICH using molecular, biochemical, histological and immunocytochemical methods. Since clot removal in our porcine lobar ICH model markedly reduces edema and protects the BBB, we will determine if early surgery can interrupt inflammatory responses. We will employ anti-inflammatory drug therapies against NF-KB and proinflammatory cytokines that are supported by preliminary data demonstrating reduced edema and BBB protection with a cell permeable nuclear translocation inhibitor of activated NF-kB (SN5O), and roplipram, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor that inhibits TNF-a synthesis. Lastly, since cytokine cascades are rapidly initiated after ICH, and early surgery is both logistically difficult and associated with an increased risk of rebleeding, we will determine whether combining acute anti-inflammatory drug therapy with delayed surgery is a clinically effective approach to treat ICH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL CHARACTERIZA. OF DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Vineeta; Neurology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) are rare and poorly understood vascular malformations. They consist of a direct connection

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between arteries and veins, with the nidus located within the dura. DAVFs present as a potentially disabling intracranial hemorrhage in onethird of the patients. Although their pathogenesis is unknown, disordered angiogenesis and thrombosis may have an important role. Several hypotheses will be tested in this project. We will determine whether the presence of cortical venous drainage is a predictor of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Further, we will test whether low natural history risk patients have a better outcome after attempted therapy. To assess possible causal factors, we will test whether pro-thrombotic genetic polymorphisms and oral contraceptive use are associated with the occurrence of DAVF. The Specific Aims will be as follows: 1) To determine clinical characteristics of DAVF patients who present with ICH, 2) to document the treatment response and longterm outcome in DAVF patients, 3) to determine the frequency of pro-thrombotic genetic polymorphism in DAVF patients compared with controls, and 4) to determine the influence of environmental factors in DAVF formation. This research should provide useful new information about the natural history of DAVF, their optimal management and role of genetic and hormonal factors in their development. In addition the proposed project will combine didactic teaching, mentoring, and clinical research to build upon Dr. Singh's training in neurovascular neurology, thereby allowing her to develop as an independent clinical investigator in neurovascular neurology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EARLY HEMICRANIECTOMY TO MANAGE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Coplin, William M.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 1999; Project Start 18-JUL-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Severe blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability in previously healthy young adults. The current standard of initial surgical care includes evacuation of intracranial hematomas, and, often amputation of swollen confused brain. The rationale for the latter intervention is that further edema in this area of presumed unsalvageable cerebrum will cause intracranial hypertension, impeding blood flow to otherwise more health areas of brain, with resultant infarction. To this end, modern neuro-tensive care expends great effort to control intracranial pressure (ICP) and prevent such secondary injury. While effectively reducing ICP, past non-randomized investigations have employed hemicraniectomy at later times, for refractory ICP, and have lacked standardized surgical and/or medical protocols and outcome measures. This randomized pilot study seeks to address the safety and possibly preliminary efficacy of early hemicraniectomy (as the initial surgical intervention) for managing patients with severe TBI. Goals include: 1) reduced therapeutic intensity for ICP over a shorter length of stay (LOS), 2) reduced need for repeat computer tomography (CT) scans and returns to the operating room (OR), and 3) improved neurological outcome. The study will randomly assign, within 24 hours of ictus, 92 TBI patients, Glasgow Coma Scale score less than or equal to 9, with midline shift greater than the size of a surgically removable hematoma. Group I will receive standardized hemicraniectomy; Group II will undergo traditional craniotomy with or without brain amputation, at the discretion of the attending neurosurgeon. I both groups, hematomas greater than or equal to 20 cc will be evacuated, a standardized medical protocol will be followed, and daily monitoring will assess neurological status and ICU therapeutic intensity. The primary outcome measure is the six-month Glasgow Outcome Scale. Secondary outcome measures include the Disability Rating Scale,

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Functional Independence Measures, and the SF-36 Health Survey o to one year after TBI (to assess quality of live for survivors), the duration and frequency of elevated ICP episodes, ICE Therapeutic Intervention Severity Scores, returns to CT and the OR, and ICU and hospital LOS. We hypothesize that, while both surgical therapies will initially effectively treat intracranial hypertension, the hemicraniectomy group will experience improved neurological outcome, and a reduced intensity of cre to control ICP. These data will prepare us for a full-scale multi-center outcome study of early hemicraniectomy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FAMILIAL INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Broderick, Joseph P.; Professor and Chair; Neurology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term objective is to identify susceptibility genes that are related to the formation of intracranial aneurysms (IA). Rupture of IAs occurs in 16,000 to 17,000 persons in the U.S. annually, and nearly half of affected persons are dead within the first 30 days. An additional 6,000 to 7,000 persons with unruptured IAs are identified each year. Accumulated evidence indicates that a genetic component plays an important role in the development of IAs, but specific loci affecting the risk of IA have not been identified. The primary hypothesis of this study is that there are specific human chromosomal regions that are associated with an increased risk of IAs. Specific Aims of the proposal are: 1. Recruitment of 400 families with multiple individuals who have an IA through 23 referral centers throughout North America, Australia, and New Zealand that represent 35 recruitment sites. 2. Ascertainment of interviews and blood samples from all affected family members, as well as their firstdegree relatives. White blood cells from living persons with an IA will be cryopreserved at Cornell Institute for Medical Research for future immortalization of cells lines as indicated. 3. Identification of unruptured IAs by obtaining MRAs in selected asymptomatic siblings (of affected individuals). 4. Completion of a 10 cM genome series in persons with IAs, as well as the spouses and children of persons with an IA who are deceased. We will perform finer mapping of chromosomal regions with suggestive evidence of linkage in the genome screen. 5. Performance of a nonparametric (allele sharing) linkage analysis, including relevant environmental factors such as smoking, to identify chromosomal regions linked to IA. Reconstruction of the genotypes of deceased affected family members will be performed. Identification of individuals who are genetically at high risk for the development of IAs would enable targeted and effective screening/prevention/treatment strategies to reduce the substantial mortality and morbidity associated with this devastating type of stroke. Only a multidisciplinary, collaborative effort to identify, accrue, and genotype FIA families will be successful in identifying sufficient high-risk families to characterize the genetic basis of IA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF HEMATOMA VOLUME Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosand, Jonathan; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), bleeding into brain parenchyma from an arterial source, is the deadliest form of stroke and, in contrast to

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ischemic stroke, lacks any well-proved effective therapy. Although the majority of cases of ICH are spontaneous, ICH is also the most feared complication of warfarin, a medication indicated for long-term use in millions of Americans with atrial fibrillation. When associated with warfarin, ICH is even more devastating, with fatality over 50%. This research program aims to identify the genetic predictors of outcome from ICH and from ICH specifically related to warfarin. It will investigate apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) and the factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism. The objectives of this proposal are to determine 1) whether APOE predicts large hematoma volume in acute ICK, acute hematoma enlargement, and poor clinical outcome from acute ICH, and 2) whether factor XIII Val34Leu predicts hemorrhage recurrence in survivors of ICH, and is an independent protective factor for outcome from ICH related to warfarin. These objectives will be completed in a carefully characterized cohort of consecutive cases of spontaneous ICH. Because of the rapid growth in the understanding of both the human genome and the molecular basis of coagulation and vessel pathology, this cohort is likely to form the foundation of a powerful, open-ended search for genetic determinants of ICH and serve as a crucial tool for future studies. During the award period, in addition to serving as principal investigator for the proposed studies, Dr. Rosand will complete formal didactic training in research ethics, epidemiology, and biostatistics with a focus on the statistics applied to genetic studies of complex diseases. His mentor will be Dr. Steven M. Greenberg. Drs. James F. Gusella and Walter J. Koroshetz will serve as co-mentors. Upon conclusion of the award, Dr. Rosand, who has completed clinical fellowship training in stroke and critical care neurology, will have acquired the requisite skills to function as an independent investigator with specific expertise in genetic epidemiology. He will be trained to conduct fundamental studies in clinical and molecular epidemiology of acute cerebrovascular disease as well as pivotal clinical trials of novel therapeutic interventions for ICH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC RISKS FOR MEDICATION-RELATED HEMORRHAGIC STROKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Steven M.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Despite increasing recognition of the efficacy of anti-coagulation for prevention of Thromboembolism, its use remains limited by the risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH). Improved understanding of the biological basis of ICH offers the possibility that genetic tests might identify patients at particularly high risk prior to initiation of therapy. Building on the Principal Investigator's studies of genetic risk factors for ICH, we propose a pharmacogenetic investigation of warfarinrelated ICH. This study will be based at five major stroke referral centers: Massachusetts General Hospital; Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center; Boston Medical Center; Cornell Medical Center; and the University of Michigan Health System. Consecutive ICH patients and matched control subjects will be analyzed for polymorphisms in apolipoprotein-E, the fibrin cross-linking enzyme factor XIII, the cytokine-transforming growth factor-131, and its receptor-associated protein Endoglin, each a gene with suggested links to ICH. A case-control analysis will be used to determine whether the candidate genotypes are associated with the occurrence of warfarin-related ICH. Based on preliminary data suggesting possible genetic determinants of ICH outcome, we will also analyze the ICH cohort, prospectively, for the effects of genotype on hematoma volume, hematoma expansion, patient mortality, and functional status. Parallel analyses

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will be conducted among patients with Warfarin-related ICH, and no-treatment ICH to determine whether any identified risk factors are specific to hemorrhages that occur with Warfarin. We anticipate that additional candidate genes will continue to emerge during the course of the proposed studies, given rapid growth in our knowledge of both the human genome and the molecular basis of coagulation and vascular pathology. This proposal is thus likely to form the foundation of a powerful, open-ended search for a panel of genetic tests to determine an individual's risk for Warfarin-related ICH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEMORRHAGE EVACUATION EMPLOYING MR ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Neil; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Intracerebral hemorrhage is a devastating and disabling disease, with 30-day mortality rates estimated to be between 35-52%, and only 20% of survivors independent at 6 months. Surgical therapies, to date, have not been demonstrated to be effective for ICH in randomized, controlled trials, but studies have not focused on early and novel surgical procedures. Magnetic resonance-guided endoscopic surgical evacuation is a promising technique for the treatment of primary ICH, providing minimally invasive hematoma evacuation. Part A of this project proposes a single-center, randomized, controlled, blinded outcome evaluation, phase II clinical trial of MR guided endoscopic surgical evacuation vs. conventional medical management for treatment of primary ICH within 24 hrs of symptom onset, in 60 patients over 5 years. The central aim of this proposal is to demonstrate that early magnetic resonance (MR)-guided endoscopic surgical evacuation is a feasible, and potentially efficacious, treatment for patients with acute ICH. A signal of potential efficacy will warrant launch of a pivotal trial, and data gathered in this pilot will aid in selection of the endpoint analysis and additional aspects of a phase 3 trial. In this pilot trial, the primary study endpoint will be the modified Rankin Scale of gIobal disability at 90 days, analyzed dichotomously (proportion of patients alive and independent) and quantitatively. Multi-modal MRI, including diffusion-perfusion imaging, will be employed to monitor the evolving pathophysiologic changes occurring with ICH in both surgically treated and medically managed patients to better elucidate the processes involved in perihematomal injury and their response to therapy. Part B proposes a genetic analysis substudy, in which human brain tissue, obtained from endoscopic clot removal and peri-hematomal biopsy, will be analyzed to identify the molecular mechanisms of peri-hematomal damage. Gene expression patterns will be measured using qualitative, real-time RT-PCR on a hypothesized set of neurotoxic genes, and using cDNA arrays to screen for a larger set of genes important in the evolution of intracranial hemorrhage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMAS BY DIFFUSE TOMOGRAPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Boas, David A.; Assistant Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003

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Summary: Current imaging methods - X-ray CT, MRI, and PET - are capable of detecting most brain pathologies. CT scans and MRI are considered standard methods for anatomical brain imaging, while PET and functional MRI can assess metabolic brain activity. Optical spectroscopy (OS), a non-invasive technique for bedside monitoring for cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, affords continuous, in vivo, real time measurements of cerebral oxy - (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) up to several centimeters in depth, and can provide crucial information on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation during different acute and chronic brain conditions. Using one light source and one detector, it has been demonstrated in animals and humans that optical spectroscopy is capable of detecting temporal changes in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions (Preliminary Results Section). Using several light sources and detectors, it has been demonstrated that near-infrared light can be used to image the spatial variations of absorption and scattering properties of highly scattering brain tissue., enabling therefore both anatomical and functional brain imaging (Preliminary Results Section). New reliable continuous wave and frequency domain optical instruments have been developed paving the way for further development of diffused optical tomography (DOT). It is not likely that optical spectroscopy will achieve the anatomical resolution of CT, MRI and PET, but its non-invasive nature, low cost, portability, and capability to obtain continuous real-time information on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, presents its major advantage over the other techniques. To improve imaging resolution, further development of optical probes and imaging algorithms is needed. The purpose of this study is to develop diffuse optical imaging software that will optimize the resolution of anatomical and functional brain imaging. We hypothesize that our imaging software will enable real- time optical imaging with spatial resolution of 5 mm. To test our hypothesis, we are proposing the following specific aims: 1) to build an imager based on optical spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography we are proposing the following specific aims: 1) to build an imager based on optical spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography (years 1 and 2); 2) to develop our Photon Migration Imaging code to compare multiple algorithms (years 1-5); 3) conduct phantom studies to test the imager in-vitro (years 2 and 3); 4) conduct a pilot animal (years 2 and 3); 5) conduct a pilot human (MRI-OS-DOT validation) study test the imager in-vivo and obtain experience needed for future human studies (years 4 and 5). The new era in neurological management would be greatly advanced by the technology proposed in this proposal which will allow continuous real time imaging of cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, as ell as the detection and monitoring of different kinds of brain pathology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF BRAIN VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, William L.; Associate Professor; Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vascular malformations of the brain account for roughly 10% of stroke syndromes. Clinically, an important subtype is brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM). What is lacking in current research and the unifying theme of this proposal is a vertically integrated program that can relate clinical characteristics, notably risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), with various aspects of the underlying genetic and cell-to cell signaling abnormalities. Project I (Young WL) will

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address BAVM clinical course in a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort design to study various genotypes that can predict risk of spontaneous ICH. Project 2 (Hashimoto T) addresses cellular signaling in human surgical tissue specimens and relates patterns to Project I clinical variables determined. Project 3 (Boudreau N) examines the role of homeobox genes as master regulatory mechanisms in the regulation of extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. Project 4 (Nishimura S) investigates the role of astrocyteendothelial cell interaction in a key signaling pathway for vascular homeostasis in the brain - integrin-mediated control of TGF-fl. The Data Management Core (McCulloch CE) organizes data input and analyses. The Laboratory Core (Yang GY) furnishes a murine model of brain angiogenesis for use in Projects 3 and 4, and some laboratory assays for Projects 1 and 4. The PPG is based on a three-pronged approach: first, the clinical behavior of the disease must be studied to identify natural tendencies likely to have biologic underpinning. These clinical behaviors can be associated with genotypic alterations. Second, biologic characteristics of diseased tissue need to be studied to confirm or rule out likely pathways relevant to the human disease. Such pathways need correlation to the clinical behavior of the disease to generate plausible hypotheses. Third, plausible hypotheses must be tested in animal models or cell culture systems to investigate and identify mechanistic components of relevance to the disease. Once such mechanistic components are identified, strategies to develop therapeutic approaches can be more rationally formulated. In such a triangulation of approaches, there is real promise for translational progress in the innovative therapy of brain vascular malformations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LOCAL HEMORRHAGE

PROFOUND

HYPOTHERMIA

IN

INTRACRANIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Larnard, Donald J.; Seacoast Technologies, Inc. 38 Depot Rd Hampton Falls, Nh 03844 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 14-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In most hemorrhagic strokes, cerebral vessels may bleed into brain tissue producing an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The presence of clot causes irritation of brain tissue, causing ischemia, necrosis, and edema. Currently, there is very little treatment available to a patient with ICH. Hypothermia treatment, as with whole body hypothermia, is impractical and involves significant complications. We propose to use local, profound hypothermia (15-18 C) to teat such ICH insults. This involves placement of a cooling device through a burr hole and coolinga local region of brain near the ICH to profound hypothermia levels. ICH occurs in about 85,000 cases in the US annually with poor outcomes: 58 percent of patients die within 30 days, while the majority of survivors suffer major neurological deficits. In Phase I, prototype devices will be designed, built, tested in vitro and used in a porcine animal model of ICH to test for efficacy. Functional assessment, histological measurements as well as imaging methods will be used. In clinical practice, the devices would allow for treatment of ICH patents in lobar hemorrhages, which make up about 40 percent of all ICH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF BRAIN EDEMA AFTER INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoff, Julian T.; Professor and Head; Neurosurgery; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1981; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Brain edema plays an important role in the secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It is the long-term goal of our laboratory to identify the mechanisms involved in brain edema formation after ICH. Previous studies indicate that edema formation following ICH may involve several phages. These include a very early phase (first several hours) involving hydrostatic pressure, clot retraction, and transient ischemia around the clot, a second phase (first day) involving the clotting cascade and thrombin production and a third phase (about day 3 in the rat) involving erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin-induced toxicity. Because of the delay in onset, this third phase may be more amenable to therapeutic intervention by either altering erythrocyte lysis or limiting hemoglobin- induced toxicity. This proposal has three specific aims concerning this third phase: (1) To determine whether erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin release cause delayed brain edema formation following intracerebral hemorrhage by reducing blood flow, increasing blood-brain barrier permeability or by direct cytotoxicity. (2) To examine the role of hemoglobin breakdown products in ICHinduced brain edema by blocking or inducing heme oxygenase and by elucidating the effects of direct intracerebral infusion of hemoglobin breakdown products. (3) To determine whether complement system activation is involved in erythrocyte lysis in the hematoma following ICH and to examine whether activation of this system also exacerbates brain damage by direct neuronal effects or by inducing neutrophil migration into brain. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and often fatal subtype of stroke which accounts for about 15% of stroke deaths (20,000/year). Although death may occur acutely after an ICH, in many cases there is a delayed neurological deterioration and death. These experiments are designed to explore these latter events and develop new therapeutic strategies to counter such deterioration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS HEMORRHAGE

OF

SECONDARY

INJURY

IN

CEREBRAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Zazulia, Allyson R.; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Candidate goals and career development plan: The candidate is a neurologist with a long-term goal of becoming an independent investigator in patient-oriented research with clinical responsibilities in an academic medical center. The candidate has learned basic skills in the use of positron emission tomography (PET) for cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic measurements. This award will secure the dedicated time and guidance needed to develop the foundation of knowledge and skills required for successful long-term investigation. This foundation will be built over the proposed five years of the award by: 1) Gaining a deeper understanding of cerebrovascular pathophysiology and the use of PET for its study. Specifically, the candidate will expand current knowledge to use different and more complicated imaging techniques and will learn compartmental modeling and analysis. 2) The learning of advanced skills in the application of PET techniques through participation as a member of the coordinating center of a multicenter randomized trial of surgical revascularization in carotid occlusion (Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study, COSS) that utilizes PET for patient selection. 3) Receiving training in clinical trial design, biostatistics, and the responsible conduct of research using human subjects. Environment: The environment is unique in the availability of both PET and MRI expertise and technology and in its capability to support measurements of physiologic

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parameters in acutely ill patients. The candidate's sponsor is well recognized as an independent investigator of cerebrovascular pathophysiology using PET. Research proposal: The primary Aim is to investigate the mechanisms of secondary injury in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Experimental data have established that secondary injury occurs after ICH and that ischemia, edema, and toxic effects of blood components play a role. Other than the clear effect of hemorrhage extension on outcome, clinical data regarding these potential mechanisms of secondary injury are scarce and conflicting. The primary null hypotheses to be tested are that: 1) Brain swelling does not occur in the first week after ICH, 2) blood-brain barrier permeability is intact in the first week after ICH and 3) the area of damaged cortical neurons does not enlarge in the absence of hematoma enlargement within the first week after ICH. These hypotheses will be tested using sequential PET or MRI studies in 60 patients with acute ICH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NATURAL HISTORY AND TREATMENT RESPONSE OF AVMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Halim, Alexander; Anesthesia and Perioperative Care; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVM) are usually detected only when the patient presents with intracranial hemorrhages, seizures, headaches, focal neurological deficits, or other disorders. A smaller number are detected incidentally. Although BAVM themselves are rare, the severity of the clinical presentations underscores the need for a better understanding of etiology, natural history, and prognosis of the disorder. The primary reason for treating BAVM is the prevention of intracranial hemorrhage. However, the risk associated with treatment must be weighed against that of natural history of BAVM, on which there is little data. In addition, there is controversy involving the relative efficacies of the 2 most practiced treatment modalities: open surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery. Most of what is known about BAVM comes from referral series. There is a paucity of data from population-based studies. In this project, we will examine patient and BAVM characteristics in relation to BAVM presentation and subsequent hemorrhage using both referral-based and population-based data. We will especially focus on the epidemiological issues involved in BAVM research methodologies. Our project will also investigate the settings for clinical equipoise in BAVM treatment using an improved observational study design. Results of this latter analysis will significantly contribute to the planning of a future randomized clinical trial for BAVM treatment, comparing open surgery with radiosurgery. This proposed project will serve as a critical training experience for the Principal Investigator, by affording him the opportunity to apply his epidemiological background and augment his research skills in preparation for independent scientific research. The results of this project may additionally further our understanding of the natural history and risk factors for intracranial hemorrhages in patients with BAVM, as well as evaluate the safety and efficacy of the different treatment modalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: NEURONAL SOMATIC RESPONSE TO TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Povlishock, John T.; Professor and Chair; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This amended application seeks to explore a relatively unchartered area in the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) focusing on those injuries involving diffuse damage to the brain. Unlike the majority of contemporary TBI literature which focuses on focal change, most of which entails large destructive lesions such as contusion and hematoma formation, this application explores the potential that diffuse TBI, not complicated by focal lesions or secondary insult, evokes diffuse changes in either the neuronal somatic plasma membrane or perisomatic axonal appendages. Specifically, we posit that the forces of injury are capable of mechanically porating the intact plasma membrane causing either enduring or transient membrane perturbations that can respectively participate in progressive damage leading to cell death or membrane resealing and cell recovery. The same forces of injury are also envisioned to evoke, in other populations of neurons, perisomatic axotomy. It is posited that this TBI-induced damage translates into neuronal somatic perturbation. However, in contrast to published literature, we posit that most neurons do not die. Rather they undergo a reparative attempt. These premises will be explored in two well characterized models of TBI, fluid percussion and impact acceleration TBI. The potential for plasma membrane poration and resealing will be assessed via different molecular in weight/size tracers administered intrathecally at various time points pre and post injury. Companion quantitative studies using the principles of modern stereology will assess the numbers of neurons involved in this complex pathobiology within specific domains of the neocortex. Parallel LM immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analyses will provide for the direct assessment of membrane integrity and related cytoskeletal, organelle or nuclear changes that correlate either with cell recovery or a progression of damage leading to death. Intrathecal tracers will be used in those neurons sustaining perisomatic axotomy to exclude the potential for plasma membrane potation, while using parallel immunocytochemical approaches to understand if such axotomized neurons progress to cell death or rather undergo transient perturbation with reorganization and repair. Collectively, these studies should reshape our appreciation of the complex pathobiology of TBI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERAPEUTICALLY PROMISING PHOSPHOLIPID GROWTH FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tigyi, Gabor J.; Professor; Physiology; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): Nontransformed cells depend on growth factors for their survival, proliferation and differentiation. In addition to polypeptide growth factors, an emerging group of naturally occurring phospholipid growth factors have been discovered. Within this group, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphate), nature's simplest phospholipid, was found to elicit growth factor-like effects in almost every cell type spanning the phylogenetic tree, from Dictyostelium to humans. These biological effects include: 1) the mitogenic or antimitogenic regulation of the cell cycle, 2) regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, 3) regulation of cell shape, migration, and tumor cell invasiveness, and 4) the prevention of apoptosis. LPA elicits these effects via multiple G protein-coupled receptors, which have distinct pharmacological and signal transduction properties. LPA is generated from activated and injured cells, including platelets; blood serum is consequently a very rich source. In addition to LPA, serum contains at least eight other lipids that constitute

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approximately 90% of the biological activity. In contrast, plasma is rich in endogenous antagonists of LPA. The first objective of this proposal is to elucidate the chemical structure of these lipid agonists and antagonists present in human serum and plasma. The structure of the chromatographically purified lipids will be elucidated by mass-, infrared-, and NMR spectrometry. The biological effects of the newly identified agonists and antagonists on the cell cycle, Ca2+ homeostasis, cell shape, and apoptosis will be determined. The second objective is to characterize the structure-activity relationship and signal transduction properties of four putative LPA receptors, and two that have already been identified. Preliminary evidence indicates that these receptors are selectively activated by three naturally occurring lipids, LPA, 1-0-cis- alk-1'-enyl-2-lysosn-glycero-3-phosphate, and 1-acyl-2,3-cyclic-sn- glycero-3-phosphate. The Hep G2 human hematoma cell line, which is devoid of these lipid receptors, was used to generate clonal cell lines that stably express each of these receptors. These cell lines will be used to determine the agonist/antagonist specificity and the signal transduction properties of each receptor. New information from these proposed studies will facilitate the assessment of the physiological role of these lipids, provide novel pharmacological tools for their analysis, and pave the way toward expanded therapeutic applications. The FDA has approved clinical trials of HK-Cardisol, an LPA-containing preservative for organ explants. The biotechnology industry has just begun to explore the utilization of LPA to prevent apoptosis associated with myocardial ischemia, chemotherapy, and AIDS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CLINICAL TRIALS NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Eisenberg, Howard M.; Professor; Neurosurgery; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a proposal to join a multicenter clinical trials research network focused on traumatic brain injury. The proposed site, the University of Maryland and its affiliated hospital system, includes the Shock Trauma Center (STC), the primary trauma center in the State which has close relations with the State EMS helicopter and ground transport systems, two rehabilitation hospitals, Kernan Hospital and the University Specialty Hospital, and community outreach programs. In the last academic year STC admitted 735 patients with traumatic brain injury, 250 were considered severe (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] 3 to 8), 66 considered moderately injured (GCS 9 to 12), 147 were less than 21 years of age, 382 were other than white, 176 were women, and 186 patients were discharged to one of the two rehabilitation hospitals within the system. All of the proposed investigators are full-time members of the faculty of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and members of the Department of Neurosurgery have participated in virtually every large multi-centered study of head injury since the mid 1980s, including in both phases of the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Also within the School of Medicine is the National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Services whose role is epidemiological study of traumatic injury. As specified in the LOI, the application is to include a concept protocol to study therapy in a multicenter trial. The proposed study of decompression craniotomy could be initiated in a relatively short time once the funding period begins. While this procedure is being done in some trauma centers, specific criteria have not been determined and efficacy with regard to both short and long term outcome is unknown. While the concept is simplistic it has the advantage of potentially mitigating brain swelling without

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Hematoma

hematoma or contusion, despite the specific mechanism or mechanisms of secondary injury active at any particular time during the course of the injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hematoma in the PubMed Central database: •

Acute Subdural Hematoma in a High School Football Player After 2 Unreported Episodes of Head Trauma: A Case Report. by Logan SM, Bell GW, Leonard JC.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155441

•

Bilateral asynchronous acute epidural hematoma : a case report. by Eftekhar B, Ketabchi E, Ghodsi M, Esmaeeli B.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=317469

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Cocaine-Induced Intramural Hematoma of the Ascending Aorta. by Neri E, Toscano T, Massetti M, Capannini G, Frati G, Sassi C.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101183

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Low doses of dexamethasone decrease brain water content of collagenase-induced cerebral hematoma. by Vachon P, Moreau JP.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227046

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Spinal subdural hematoma revealing hemophilia A in a child: A case report. by Eftekhar B, Ghodsi M, Ketabchi E, Bakhtiari A, Mostajabi P.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194670

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Subintimal hematoma of the aorta after deceleration injury. by Baciewicz FA Jr.; 1996; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325362

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Subintimal hematoma of the aorta after deceleration injury. by Pezzella AT.; 1996; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325311

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Subintimal hematoma of the aorta after deceleration injury. by Roughneen PT, Cortelli M, Potts J.; 1995; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325265

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hematoma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hematoma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of chronic expanding hematoma in the tensor fascia lata. Author(s): Nakano M, Kondoh T, Igarashi J, Kadowaki A, Arai E. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2001 December; 7(2): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165222

•

A case of chronic expanding hematoma presenting as a huge mass in the pleural cavity. Author(s): Okada D, Koizumi K, Kawamoto M, Haraguchi S, Hirata T, Hirai K, Mikami I, Fukushima M, Tanaka S. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2002 June; 69(3): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12068320

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A case of fetal subdural hematoma at 31 weeks of gestation in a woman on warfarin therapy after Cabrol's operation. Author(s): Matsuda Y, Hashiguchi K, Akizawa Y, Saito R, Ohta H. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2003 July-August; 18(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835585

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A case of giant expanding cephalhematoma: does the administration of blood coagulation factor XIII reverse symptoms? Author(s): Maruki C, Nakajima M, Tsunoda A, Ebato M, Ikeya F. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 August; 60(2): 138-41; Discussion 141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900121

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Hematoma

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A comparative study of the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma--burr hole drainage versus burr hole irrigation. Author(s): Okada Y, Akai T, Okamoto K, Iida T, Takata H, Iizuka H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 June; 57(6): 405-9; Discussion 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12176202

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A modified technique to treat chronic and subacute subdural hematoma: technical note. Author(s): Asfora WT, Schwebach L. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 April; 59(4): 329-32; Discussion 332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748020

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A pancreatic-induced intramural duodenal hematoma: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Dubois J, Guy F, Porcheron J. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 September-October; 50(53): 1689-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571818

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A rare complication of intra-abdominal hematoma after ERCP. Author(s): Poon CM, Lee FY, Ko CW, Lai PB, Lau WY. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 August; 56(2): 307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145620

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A variant of the superficial middle cerebral vein mimicking an extraaxial hematoma. Author(s): Saigal G, Villalobos E. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 May; 24(5): 968-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748104

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Abdominal aortic intramural hematoma related to penetrating ulcer: an inappropriate indication for endovascular repair? Author(s): Ventura M, Mastromarino A, Cucciolillo L, Calvisi G, Spartera C. Source: Journal of Endovascular Therapy : an Official Journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. 2003 April; 10(2): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877630

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Abdominal compartment syndrome as a consequence of rectus sheath hematoma. Author(s): O'Mara MS, Semins H, Hathaway D, Caushaj PF. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 November; 69(11): 975-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627259

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Abdominal wall hematomata and colonic tumor detected on labeled red blood cell scintigraphy: case report. Author(s): Angelides S, Gibson MG, Kurtovic J, Riordan S. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 2003 July; 17(5): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971639

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Acute airway obstruction secondary to retropharyngeal hematoma. Author(s): Shiratori T, Hara K, Ando N. Source: Journal of Anesthesia. 2003; 17(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908687

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Acute bilateral extradural hematomas. Author(s): Ramzan A, Wani A, Malik AH, Kirmani A, Wani MA. Source: Neurology India. 2002 June; 50(2): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134196

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Acute epidural hematoma following twist-drill craniostomy for chronic subdural hematoma--a rare complication. Author(s): Shenoy SN, Raja A. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571043

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Acute spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a hemodialysis patient with a bleeding tendency. Author(s): Sung JM, Hsieh CC, Yu CY, Huang JJ. Source: Nephron. 2002 June; 91(2): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053084

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Acute subdural hematoma after caesarean section: a case report. Author(s): Haase R, Kursawe I, Nagel F, Sitka U, Burdach S. Source: Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2003 April; 4(2): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749661

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Acute subdural hematoma after lumboperitoneal shunt placement in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kamiryo T, Hamada J, Fuwa I, Ushio Y. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 April; 43(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760499

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Hematoma

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Acute subdural hematoma and diffuse axonal injury in fatal road traffic accident victims: a clinico-pathological study of 15 patients. Author(s): Gusmao SN, Pittella JE. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2003 September; 61(3B): 746-50. Epub 2003 October 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595476

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Acute subdural hematoma caused by aneurysmal rupture: incidence and clinical features. Author(s): Ohkuma H, Shimamura N, Fujita S, Suzuki S. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792176

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An unresolved hematoma. Author(s): Ma SY, Au WY. Source: Haematologica. 2002 July; 87(7): Eim20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091144

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Analysis of ischemic brain damage in cases of acute subdural hematomas. Author(s): Abe M, Udono H, Tabuchi K, Uchino A, Yoshikai T, Taki K. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 June; 59(6): 464-72; Discussion 472. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826344

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Analysis of predictive factors for progression of type B aortic intramural hematoma with computed tomography. Author(s): Sueyoshi E, Imada T, Sakamoto I, Matsuoka Y, Hayashi K. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 June; 35(6): 1179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12042728

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Anticoagulant-induced intramural intestinal hematoma. Author(s): Polat C, Dervisoglu A, Guven H, Kaya E, Malazgirt Z, Danaci M, Ozkan K. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 21(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811714

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Anti-coagulation and spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma. Author(s): Gurr DE, Walls RM. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 469-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745054

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Antinuclear autoantibodies, complement level, hypergammaglobulinemia and spontaneous intrauterine hematoma in pregnant women. Author(s): Alijotas J, Izquierdo M, Serra B, Cusido MT, Ribera M, Carrera JM. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 July; 50(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506922

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Aortic intramural hematoma with severe aortic regurgitation. Author(s): Inoue Y, Kiso I, Takahashi R, Yamada T, Mori A. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 May; 51(5): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776951

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Association between a black band on the inner membrane of a chronic subdural hematoma on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance images and enlargement of the hematoma. Author(s): Imaizumi T, Horita Y, Honma T, Niwa J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 99(5): 824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609160

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Atypical presentation of an extradural hematoma on the grounds of a temporal arachnoid cyst. Author(s): Boviatsis EJ, Maratheftis NL, Kouyialis AT, Sakas DE. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 105(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860520

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Avoiding hematoma in cervicofacial rhytidectomy: a personal 8-year quest. Reviewing 910 patients. Author(s): Jones BM, Grover R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 113(1): 381-7; Discussion 38890. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707663

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Bilateral cephalhematomas in a juvenile--case report. Author(s): Fujiwara K, Saito K, Ebina T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 December; 42(12): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513026

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Bilateral chronic subdural hematomas with neurologic symptoms complicating spinal anesthesia. Author(s): Slowinski J, Szydlik W, Sanetra A, Kaminska I, Mrowka R. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 July-August; 28(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945031

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Hematoma

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Bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis combined with subcapsular hematoma and disseminated necrotizing fasciitis. Author(s): Lin DC, Shieh GS, Tong YC. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660468

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Bilateral subperiosteal orbital hematomas and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Author(s): Ma'luf RN, Zein WM, El Dairi MA, Bashshur ZF. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 120(10): 1398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365928

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Bilateral subperiosteal orbital hematomas in a child with sickle cell disease. Author(s): Khouri LM, Kersten RC, Kulwin DR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002 May-June; 39(3): 1824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051287

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Blossoming traumatic epidural hematoma. Author(s): Swartz KR, Fee DB, Dempsey RJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 November; 25(4): 451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654189

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Bone wax as a way to prevent hematoma after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Author(s): Bohy B, Feyen J, Smits P, Nuyts R. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 November-December; 18(9): E45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12426554

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Breast hematoma due to an axillary pad in an anticoagulated patient. Author(s): Gambassi G, Incalzi RA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 October; 51(10): 1508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511183

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Bullous hematoma of the palm: an unusual complication of scabies in a child with congenital prothrombin deficiency. Author(s): Lee AC, Li CH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437569

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Calcified splenic hematoma presenting as a pelvic mass. Author(s): Hsu YP, Chen RJ, Fang JF, Lin BC. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 May; 25(5): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141708

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Case 3. Thrombosed, partially calcified venous malformation associated with subdural hematoma. Author(s): Weinstein AS, Goldstein RB. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 May; 21(5): 590, 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008828

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Case of sublingual hematoma threatening airway obstruction. Author(s): Gupta MK, McClymont LG, El-Hakim H. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 November; 9(11): Cs95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586278

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Case report: chronic expanding hematoma in the adrenal gland with pathologic correlations. Author(s): Yamada T, Ishibashi T, Saito H, Sato A, Matsuhashi T, Takahashi S, Moriya T. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 May-June; 27(3): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794598

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Cerebellar hematoma in a patient with Marfan syndrome. Author(s): Passalacqua M, Grasso G, Alafaci C, Collufio D, Morabito A, Salpietro FM, Tomasello F. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 August; 9(8): Cs77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942036

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Cerebral atrophy after acute traumatic subdural or extradural hematomas in adults. Author(s): Feng H, Tan H, Huang G, Liao X. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2002 April; 5(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904078

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Cerebral metastasis from heart angiosarcoma presenting as multiple hematomas. Author(s): Liassides C, Katsamaga M, Deretzi G, Koutsimanis V, Zacharakis G. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2004 January; 14(1): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748213

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Hematoma

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Cervical epidural hematoma after snowboarding injury--case report. Author(s): Kondoh T, Kurihara E, Kohmura E. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 December; 42(12): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513027

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Cervical epidural hematoma causing hemiparesis. Author(s): Sakamoto N, Yanaka K, Matsumaru Y, Nose T. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 May; 60(5): 783. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756149

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Chronic epidural hematoma with rapid ossification. Author(s): Chang JH, Choi JY, Chang JW, Park YG, Kim TS, Chung SS. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 18(12): 712-6. Epub 2002 October 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483357

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Chronic expanding hematoma in the pericardial cavity after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Hirai S, Hamanaka Y, Mitsui N, Isaka M, Kobayashi T. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 May; 75(5): 1629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735593

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Chronic expanding hematoma of the thorax. Author(s): Hwang GL, Moffatt SD, Mitchell JD, Leung AN. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 April; 180(4): 1182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646486

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Chronic intraventricular encapsulated hematoma presenting unique radiological features: a case report. Author(s): Ooba H, Kamida T, Isono M, Kobayashi H, Karashima A, Yamashita M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 January; 59(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633951

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Chronic spinal hematoma as a possible reason for cognitive impairment. Author(s): Niederhofer H, Huber M. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 March; 28(3): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770678

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Chronic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma -- a rare cause of cervical myelopathy. Author(s): Muthukumar N. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 February; 12(1): 100-3. Epub 2002 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592554

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Chronic subdural hematoma after transsphenoidal surgery. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Kobayashi S, Hongo K, Tada T, Kakizawa Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 May; 9(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093147

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Chronic subdural hematoma complicating arachnoid cyst secondary to soccer-related head injury: case report. Author(s): Tsuzuki N, Katoh H, Ohtani N. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 53(1): 242-3; Author Reply 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879872

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Chronic subdural hematoma: an unusual sequela of laser photocoagulation of the retina at the slitlamp. Author(s): Friberg TR, Pignatto S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 120(11): 1590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427083

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Chronic subdural hematomas. Author(s): Tsuzuki N. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 97(5): 1251-2; Author Reply 1252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450057

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Chronological changes of perihematomal edema of human intracerebral hematoma. Author(s): Inaji M, Tomita H, Tone O, Tamaki M, Suzuki R, Ohno K. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753483

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Clinical significance of subchorionic and retroplacental hematomas detected in the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Nagy S, Bush M, Stone J, Lapinski RH, Gardo S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 July; 102(1): 94-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850613

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Hematoma

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Combination therapy of DDAVP and conjugated estrogens for a recurrent large subcutaneous hematoma in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Author(s): Yasui H, Adachi Y, Minami T, Ishida T, Kato Y, Imai K. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 January; 72(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508273

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Comparison of standard large trauma craniotomy with routine craniotormy in treatment of acute subdural hematoma. Author(s): Huang Q, Dai WM, Wu TH, Jie YQ, Yu GF, Fan XF. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2003 October 1; 6(5): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514370

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Complete paralysis of the quadriceps muscle caused by traumatic iliacus hematoma: a case report. Author(s): Tamai K, Kuramochi T, Sakai H, Iwami N, Saotome K. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2002; 7(6): 713-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486479

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Complications of burr-hole craniostomy and closed-system drainage for chronic subdural hematomas: a retrospective analysis of 376 patients. Author(s): Rohde V, Graf G, Hassler W. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2002 March; 25(1-2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954771

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Compression of right ventricular out-flow due to localized hematoma after coronary perforation during PCI. Author(s): Kawase Y, Hayase M, Ito S, Ojio S, Tahara H, Ehara M, Kondo H, Ito Y, Suzuki Y, Ishihara Y, Suzuki T. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 February; 58(2): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552545

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Conservative management of a large subcapsular hematoma of the spleen in a child with severe hemophilia. Author(s): Giordano P, Nigro A, Del Vecchio GC, Schiavoni M, Ciavarella N, De Mattia D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 November; 25(11): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608209

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Constrictive pericarditis caused by calcification and organized hematoma 30 years after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Takami Y, Ina H, Tanaka Y, Terasawa A. Source: Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society. 2002 June; 66(6): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12074283

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Contrast enhancement patterns of acute spinal epidural hematomas: a report of two cases. Author(s): Chang FC, Lirng JF, Chen SS, Luo CB, Guo WY, Teng MM, Chang CY. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 March; 24(3): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637283

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Coronary intramural hematoma. Author(s): Araki T, Namura M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 October; 41(10): 907-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413024

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Deforming posttraumatic hematoma of the nasal tip: an infrequent lesion. Author(s): Leon MA, Cardenas-Camarena L. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 February; 113(2): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758227

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Delayed extradural hematoma: a case report. Author(s): Alappat JP, Baiju, Praveen, Jayakumar K, Sanalkumar P. Source: Neurology India. 2002 September; 50(3): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391460

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Delayed para-aortic hematoma after Bentall operation. Author(s): Kwok OH, Cheng LC, Chow WH. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 January; 75(1): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537241

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Delayed postoperative spinal epidural hematomas. Author(s): Uribe J, Moza K, Jimenez O, Green B, Levi AD. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 March-April; 3(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14589226

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Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic hematoma of posterior fossa. Author(s): Luo C, Ma CY, Zhang GJ. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2003 February 1; 6(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12542967

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Diffuse brain injury complicated by acute subdural hematoma in the rodents: the effect of early or delayed surgical evacuation. Author(s): Sawauchi S, Beaumont A, Signoretti S, Tomita Y, Marmarou C, Marmarou A. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168316

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Diffusion-weighted imaging provides support for secondary neuronal damage from intraparenchymal hematoma. Author(s): Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 June; 45(6): 363-7. Epub 2003 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719952

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Duodenal air dissection secondary to intramural hematoma in necrotizing pancreatitis. Author(s): Dugernier TL, Breuskin FM. Source: Endoscopy. 2002 December; 34(12): 1024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471553

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Dural metastasis in patients with malignant neoplasm and chronic subdural hematoma. Author(s): Tseng SH, Liao CC, Lin SM, Chen Y, Shun CT. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 108(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807392

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Early endoscopic treatment of intramural hematoma of the esophagus. Author(s): K C S, Kouzu T, Matsutani S, Hishikawa E, Saisho H. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 August; 58(2): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872110

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Emergency craniotomy for intraparenchymal massive hematoma after embolization of supratentorial arteriovenous malformations. Author(s): Iwama T, Yoshimura K, Keller E, Imhof HG, Khan N, Leblebicioglu-Konu D, Tanaka M, Valavanis A, Yonekawa Y. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 53(6): 1251-8; Discussion 1258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633291

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Emergency craniotomy in patients worsening due to expanded cerebral hematoma: to what purpose? Author(s): Rabinstein AA, Atkinson JL, Wijdicks EF. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 14; 58(9): 1367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011282

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Endoscopic incision for esophageal intramural hematoma after injection sclerotherapy: case report. Author(s): Adachi T, Togashi H, Watanabe H, Okumoto K, Hattori E, Takeda T, Terui Y, Aoki M, Ito J, Sugahara K, Saito K, Saito T, Kawata S. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 September; 58(3): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528234

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Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm and intramural hematoma in giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Engelke C, Sandhu C, Morgan RA, Belli AM. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2002 June; 13(6): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12050304

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Enlarging intramuscular hematoma and fibrinolytic parameters. Author(s): Saotome K, Koguchi Y, Tamai K, Sakai H, Ohno W, Yamato M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(2): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665946

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Enoxaparin-induced retroperitoneal hematoma. Author(s): Melde SL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 822-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773070

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Epidural B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with chronic subdural hematoma. Author(s): Alimehmeti R, Locatelli M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 March; 57(3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12009545

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Epidural blood patch placed in the presence of an unknown cervical epidural hematoma. Author(s): Castillo D, Tsen LC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 September; 97(3): 885-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933422

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Epidural hematoma after cervical spine surgery. Author(s): Hans P, Delleuze PP, Born JD, Bonhomme V. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2003 July; 15(3): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826980

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Epidural hematoma after epidural block: implications for its use in pain management. Author(s): Stoll A, Sanchez M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 April; 57(4): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173390

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Epidural hematoma and muscle calcification after encephalomyosynangiosis. Case illustration. Author(s): Wetjen NM, Friedman JA, Meyer FB. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 97(2): 494. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186486

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Epidural hematoma as a complication of sphenoid sinusitis and epidural abscess: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Moonis G, Granados A, Simon SL. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 382-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427432

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Epidural hematoma associated with dextran infusion. Author(s): Muir JJ, Church EJ, Weinmeister KP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 August; 96(8): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515926

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Epidural hematoma from a cranial eosinophilic granuloma. Author(s): Martinez-Lage JF, Bermudez M, Martinez-Barba E, Fuster JL, Poza M. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 18(1-2): 74-6. Epub 2001 September 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11935249

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Epidural hematoma. Author(s): Day MW. Source: Nursing. 2003 August; 33(8): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900674

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Epidural hematomas in a child with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Author(s): Mandera M, Larysz D, Pajak J, Klimczak A. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 19(1): 63-5. Epub 2002 November 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541091

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Esophageal intramural hematoma: a painful condition that may mimic an esophageal mass. Author(s): Meininger M, Bains M, Yusuf S, Gerdes H. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 November; 56(5): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397298

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Etizolam, an anti-anxiety agent, attenuates recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma-evaluation by computed tomography. Author(s): Hirashima Y, Kuwayama N, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Endo S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 February; 42(2): 53-5; Discussion 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944589

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Evacuation of intracerebral hematoma is likely to be beneficial. Author(s): Minematsu K. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 June; 34(6): 1567-8. Epub 2003 May 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750533

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Evacuation of intracerebral hematoma is likely to be beneficial--against. Author(s): Hankey GJ. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 June; 34(6): 1568-9. Epub 2003 May 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750532

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Evaluation of active bleeding into hematomas by technetium-99m red blood cell scintigraphy before angiography. Author(s): Wilson MW, Fidelman N, Lull RJ, Marder SR, Laberge JM, Kerlan RK Jr, Gordon RL. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 November; 27(11): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394121

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Exercise-induced acute spinal subdural hematoma: a case report. Author(s): Yang JC, Chang KC. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 December; 19(12): 624-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14719560

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Experience in the surgical management of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Author(s): Liao CC, Lee ST, Hsu WC, Chen LR, Lui TN, Lee SC. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 January; 100(1 Suppl): 38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748572

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Extensive retroperitoneal hematoma without neurologic deficit in two patients who underwent lumbar plexus block and were later anticoagulated. Author(s): Weller RS, Gerancher JC, Crews JC, Wade KL. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 February; 98(2): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552223

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External hydrocephalus: a probable cause for subdural hematoma in infancy. Author(s): Ravid S, Maytal J. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 February; 28(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699866

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Extracapsular hematoma of the parathyroid glands. Author(s): Chaffanjon PC, Chavanis N, Chabre O, Brichon PY. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 January; 27(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557032

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Extra-fine insulin syringe needle: an excellent instrument for the evacuation of subungual hematoma. Author(s): Kaya TI, Tursen U, Baz K, Ikizoglu G. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 November; 29(11): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641342

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Extrapleural hematoma as an unexpected finding on a follow-up chest X-ray after coronary surgery. Author(s): Konen O, Hertz M, Klein HO, Konen E, Zissin R. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2002 December; 44(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468072

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Fatal spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma secondary to enoxaparin. Author(s): Chan-Tack KM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602717

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Femoral neuropathy and iliopsoas hematoma as a result of postpartum factor-VIII inhibitor syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Tokarz VA, McGrory JE, Stewart JD, Croslin AR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 September; 85A(9): 1812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954844

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Focal hand myoclonus caused by a small hematoma underneath the cerebral motor cortex. Author(s): Tsai PC, Chang FC, Tsai CH, Jang FR, Shen AN, Huang YT, Lai SC, Yeh TH, Lu MK, Lu CS. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 50(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944720

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Giant aneurysm of the pericallosal artery causing acute subdural hematoma--case report. Author(s): Koyama S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000 May; 40(5): 268-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980093

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Hematoma after percutaneous transpopliteal stenting and remote suturing of the popliteal artery. Author(s): Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Erdogan A, Mete A, Luleci E. Source: Journal of Endovascular Therapy : an Official Journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. 2002 October; 9(5): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431159

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Hematoma and distraction arthroplasty for thumb basal joint osteoarthritis: a prospective, single-surgeon study including outcomes measures. Author(s): Kuhns CA, Emerson ET, Meals RA. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003 May; 28(3): 381-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772092

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Hematoma and enoxaparin use. Author(s): Summers JB, Kaminski JM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 December; 95(12): 1456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597318

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Hematoma causing cortical hand. Author(s): Luo JJ, Azizi AS. Source: Neurology. 2002 December 24; 59(12): E12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499514

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Hematoma from arteriovenous malformation producing hydrocephalus and simulating a thalamic tumor. Report of two cases. Author(s): Ng LK, Schwarz G, Mishkin MM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1971 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768692

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Hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting as a mass--a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Tabaee A, Kacker A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 September 2; 65(2): 153-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12176187

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Hematomas are underrepresented in studies on complications of ambulatory phlebectomy. Author(s): de Roos KP, Neumann HA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 June; 28(6): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081694

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Hemothorax and retroperitoneal hematoma after anticoagulation with enoxaparin. Author(s): Mrug M, Mishra PV, Lusane HC, Cunningham JM, Alpert MA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 August; 95(8): 936-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190238

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Horner syndrome related to ipsilateral carotid wall hematoma after stent placement for the treatment of carotid stenoses. Author(s): Rosenkranz M, Eckert B, Niesen WD, Weiller C, Sliwka U. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 24(8): 1508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679260

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Huge chronic subdural hematoma mimicking cerebral infarction on computed tomography--case report. Author(s): Shimizu S, Ozawa T, Irikura K, Sagiuchi T, Kan S, Fujii K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 September; 42(9): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371593

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Human brain hemorrhage: quantification of perihematoma edema by use of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Author(s): Carhuapoma JR, Barker PB, Hanley DF, Wang P, Beauchamp NJ. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 September; 23(8): 1322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12223372

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Hyperextension and rotation of head causing internal carotid artery laceration with basilar subarachnoid hematoma. Author(s): Kindelberger D, Gilmore K, Catanese CA, Armbrustmacher VW. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 November; 48(6): 1366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640286

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Hyperkalemia most likely associated with massive cephalhematoma in a newborn infant who was treated with urgent peritoneal dialysis: case report. Author(s): Kirimi E, Tuncer O, Atas B, Arslan S. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12676297

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Hypertensive intracranial hematomas: endoscopic-assisted keyhole evacuation and application of patent viewing dissector. Author(s): Qiu Y, Lin Y, Tian X, Luo Q. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 February; 116(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775228

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Iliopsoas hematoma in a young patient with type I Gaucher disease. Author(s): Jmoudiak M, Itzchaki M, Hadas-Halpern I, Hrebicek M, Hodanova K, Elstein D, Zimran A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 September; 5(9): 673-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509164

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Coronary hematoma visualized by intravascular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Maehara A, Yamada N, Seguchi O, Yasuda S, Otsuka Y, Miyazaki S, Yamagishi M. Source: Circulation. 2003 February 18; 107(6): E46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591768

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Images in clinical medicine. Hematoma of the rectus sheath. Author(s): Gutknecht DR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 April 10; 348(15): 1455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686702

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Incidence, morphology, angiographic findings, and outcomes of intramural hematomas after percutaneous coronary interventions: an intravascular ultrasound study. Author(s): Maehara A, Mintz GS, Bui AB, Castagna MT, Walter OR, Pappas C, Pinnow EE, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Waksman R, Suddath WO, Laird JR Jr, Kent KM, Weissman NJ. Source: Circulation. 2002 April 30; 105(17): 2037-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11980682

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Independent predictors of recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma: results of multivariate analysis performed using a logistic regression model. Author(s): Yamamoto H, Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Origasa H, Endo S. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 98(6): 1217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816267

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Infantile subdural hematomas due to traffic accidents. Author(s): Vinchon M, Noizet O, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Soto-Ares G, Dhellemmes P. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 37(5): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12411716

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Infantile traumatic subdural hematomas: outcome after five years. Author(s): Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Nzeyimana C, Vallee L, Dhellemmes P. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 39(3): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12876390

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Infected cephalohematoma associated with sepsis and scalp cellulitis: a case report. Author(s): Fan HC, Hua YM, Juan CJ, Fang YM, Cheng SN, Wang CC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2002 June; 35(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099334

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Infected hematoma following tension-free vaginal tape implantation. Author(s): Neuman M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12441971

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Inflammation markers and risk factors for recurrence in 35 patients with a posttraumatic chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective study. Author(s): Frati A, Salvati M, Mainiero F, Ippoliti F, Rocchi G, Raco A, Caroli E, Cantore G, Delfini R. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 January; 100(1): 24-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14743908

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Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. Author(s): Kleiven S. Source: Journal of Neurotrauma. 2003 April; 20(4): 365-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866816

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Interhemispheric subdural hematoma: an uncommon sequel of trauma. Author(s): Shankar A, Joseph M, Chandy MJ. Source: Neurology India. 2003 March; 51(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865519

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Intracerebellar hematoma following thoracoabdominal aortic repair: an unreported complication of cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Author(s): Settepani F, van Dongen EP, Schepens MA, Morshuis WJ. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003 October; 24(4): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500097

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Intracorneal hematoma with descemet membrane detachment after viscocanalostomy. Author(s): Fujimoto H, Mizoguchi T, Kuroda S, Nagata M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 137(1): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700674

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Intracranial subdural hematoma after resection of a thoracic spinal cord tumor. Author(s): Watanabe A, Takai H, Ogino S, Ohki T, Ohki I. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 December; 15(6): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468985

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Intracranial subdural hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Ezri T, Abouleish E, Lee C, Evron S. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 October; 49(8): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374711

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Intrahepatic hemorrhage and subcapsular hematoma developing in acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Lin CK, Chen CH, Yeh CH, Lin SL, Tsang YM, Sheu JC. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 March-April; 50(50): 571-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749275

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Intramural cecal hematoma: an unusual complication of colonoscopy. Author(s): Gallo D, Tebrock C, Rivera D. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 February; 57(2): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556798

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Intramural duodenal hematoma and acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Bodnar Z, Varvolgyi C. Source: Endoscopy. 2003 August; 35(8): 708; Author Reply 708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12929071

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Intramural duodenal hematoma mimicking an intestinal mass on sonography. Author(s): Ghersin E, Gaitini D, Wills O, Soudack M, Engel A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 June; 21(6): 693-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054309

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Intramural duodenal hematoma: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Aphinives C, Chaiyacum J, Laopaiboon V, Rangsrikajee D, Aphinives P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 June; 86(6): 585-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924808

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Intramural hematoma and dissection involving ascending aorta: the clinical features and prognosis. Author(s): Motoyoshi N, Moizumi Y, Komatsu T, Tabayashi K. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003 August; 24(2): 237-42; Discussion 242. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12895614

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Intramural hematoma in acute aortic syndrome: more than one variant of dissection? Author(s): Nienaber CA, Sievers HH. Source: Circulation. 2002 July 16; 106(3): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12119238

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Intramural hematoma of the aorta: predictors of progression to dissection and rupture. Author(s): von Kodolitsch Y, Csosz SK, Koschyk DH, Schalwat I, Loose R, Karck M, Dieckmann C, Fattori R, Haverich A, Berger J, Meinertz T, Nienaber CA. Source: Circulation. 2003 March 4; 107(8): 1158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615795

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Intramural hematoma of the aorta: should we let down our guard? Author(s): Isselbacher EM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 113(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208387

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Intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta secondary to descending thoracic aortic penetrating ulcer: findings in two patients. Author(s): Rubinowitz AN, Krinsky GA, Lee VS. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2002 July-August; 26(4): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218829

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Intramural hematoma of the cecum: report of two cases. Author(s): Calabuig R, Ortiz C, Sueiras A, Vallet J, Pi F. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2002 April; 45(4): 564-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006943

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Intramural left atrial hematoma after aortocoronary artery surgery. Author(s): Musat I, Hieber C, Kepka A, Novotny P, Poslussny P, Schwarz S, Fitzgerald RD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 December; 97(6): 1605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633527

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Intrasphenoidal encephalocele associated with cerebrospinal fluid fistula and subdural hematomas: technical case report. Author(s): Fraioli B, Conti C, Lunardi P, Liccardo G, Fraioli MF, Pastore FS. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 52(6): 1487-90; Discussion 1490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762897

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Isolated extradural hematoma in children presenting to an emergency department in Australia. Author(s): Browne GJ, Lam LT. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2002 April; 18(2): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973498

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Korsakoff syndrome following chronic subdural hematoma. Author(s): Inagaki T, Shimitzu Y, Tsubouchi K, Momose I, Miyaoka T, Mizuno S, Kishi T, Yamamori C, Horiguchi J. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 September-October; 25(5): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972229

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Large subcutaneous hematoma complicating epidural block. Author(s): Katz Y, Poppa E, Segal DC, Rozenberg B. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2002; 53(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11975429

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Late hematoma after aesthetic breast augmentation with saline-filled, textured silicone prosthesis. Author(s): Hsiao HT, Tung KY, Lin CS. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432477

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Left atrial compression by a pericardial hematoma presenting as an obstructing intracavitary mass: a difficult differential diagnosis. Author(s): Gologorsky E, Gologorsky A, Galbut DL, Wolfenson A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 567-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198038

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Left ventricular wall hematoma and cardiac tamponade complicating percutaneous coronary intervention using IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Author(s): Van Mieghem C, Dens J, Herregods MC, Desmet W. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2003 October; 16(5): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603795

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Lethal spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma and multisystem organ failure associated with chronic abuse of ibuprofen and alcohol. Author(s): Majeski J, Fried D. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602750

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Long-term follow-up of aortic intramural hematoma: predictors of outcome. Author(s): Evangelista A, Dominguez R, Sebastia C, Salas A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Avegliano G, Elorz C, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Garcia Del Castillo H, Soler-Soler J. Source: Circulation. 2003 August 5; 108(5): 583-9. Epub 2003 July 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874185

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Long-term prognosis of patients with type a aortic intramural hematoma. Author(s): Kaji S, Akasaka T, Horibata Y, Nishigami K, Shono H, Katayama M, Yamamuro A, Morioka S, Morita I, Tanemoto K, Honda T, Yoshida K. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 24; 106(12 Suppl 1): I248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354741

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Long-term prognosis of patients with type B aortic intramural hematoma. Author(s): Kaji S, Akasaka T, Katayama M, Yamamuro A, Yamabe K, Tamita K, Akiyama M, Watanabe N, Tanemoto K, Morioka S, Yoshida K. Source: Circulation. 2003 September 9; 108 Suppl 1: Ii307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970251

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Low back pain due to spinal chronic subdural hematoma mimicking intradural tumor in the lumbar area: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Kahraman S, Sirin S, Kayali H, Solmaz I, Beduk A. Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622668

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Low pressure headache and pseudosubdural hematomas. Author(s): Rothrock JF. Source: Headache. 2003 October; 43(9): 1009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511281

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Lumbosacral plexopathy as the harbinger of a silent retroperitoneal hematoma. Author(s): Ozcakar L, Sivri A, Aydinli M, Tavil Y. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602743

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Management of intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta: still room for debate. Author(s): Sundt TM. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 November; 124(5): 894-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407371

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Management of patients with intramural hematoma involving the ascending aorta. Author(s): Moizumi Y, Komatsu T, Motoyoshi N, Tabayashi K. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 November; 124(5): 918-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407374

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Management of spontaneous cerebellar hematomas: a prospective treatment protocol. Author(s): Yanaka K, Matsumaru Y, Nose T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 51(2): 524-5; Author Reply 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12197496

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Massive spontaneous perirenal hematoma and accelerated hypertension in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. Author(s): Minardi D, Dessi-Fulgheri P, Sarzani R, Onesta M, Mucaj A, Branchi A, Giangiacomi M, Mantovani P, Muzzonigro G. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660463

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Massive subcapsular hematoma of liver graft after living donor liver transplantation: a case report. Author(s): Moon DB, Lee SG, Hwang S, Park KM, Kim KH, Ahn CS, Chu CW, Lee YJ, Na YW, Ha TY, Cho SH, Oh KB. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 June; 35(4): 1469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826195

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Massive tongue hematoma and epistaxis as a complication of anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapies. Author(s): Eliashar R, Goldfarb A, Nahir M, Sichel JY. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 October; 53(4): 805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12398077

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Maternal total parenteral nutrition and fetal subdural hematoma. Author(s): Sakai M, Yoneda S, Sasaki Y, Saito S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 101(5 Pt 2): 1142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738131

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Mediastinal and neck hematoma after cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Jao YT, Chen Y, Fang CC, Wang SP. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2003 April; 58(4): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652496

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Mediastinal hematoma following transbronchial needle aspiration. Author(s): Agli LL, Trisolini R, Burzi M, Patelli M. Source: Chest. 2002 September; 122(3): 1106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12226069

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Midterm follow-up of penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma of the aorta. Author(s): Tittle SL, Lynch RJ, Cole PE, Singh HS, Rizzo JA, Kopf GS, Elefteriades JA. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 June; 123(6): 1051-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063450

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Mild hypothermia for hemispheric cerebral infarction after evacuation of an acute subdural hematoma in an infant. Author(s): Inamasu J, Ichikizaki K, Matsumoto S, Nakamura Y, Saito R, Horiguchi T, Kanai R. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 18(3-4): 175-8. Epub 2001 September 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981630

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Minimally invasive therapy for intracerebral hematomas. Author(s): Zuccarello M, Andaluz N, Wagner KR. Source: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2002 July; 13(3): 349-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486924

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Mirror-image artifact mimicking epidural hematoma: usefulness of power Doppler sonography. Author(s): Cakmakci H, Gulcu A, Zenger MN. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 October; 31(8): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528443

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MR imaging of epidural hematoma in the lumbar spine. Author(s): Dorsay TA, Helms CA. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2002 December; 31(12): 677-85. Epub 2002 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483427

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MRI depiction of chronic intradural (subdural) hematoma in evolution. Author(s): Atkinson JL, Lane JI, Aksamit AJ. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 2003 April; 17(4): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12655589

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MRI of intracerebral hematoma: value of vasogenic edema ratio for predicting the cause. Author(s): Tung GA, Julius BD, Rogg JM. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 June; 45(6): 357-62. Epub 2003 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736768

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Multilevel acute spinal epidural hematoma in a patient with chronic renal failure-case report. Author(s): Ziyal IM, Aydin S, Inci S, Sahin A, Ozgen T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 August; 43(8): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12968810

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Multiple target aspiration technique for subacute stereotactic aspiration of hematomas within the basal ganglia. Author(s): Marquardt G, Wolff R, Seifert V. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 July; 60(1): 8-13; Discussion 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865001

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Natural history of intramural hematoma of the descending thoracic aorta. Author(s): Timperley J, Ferguson JD, Niccoli G, Prothero AD, Banning AP. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March 15; 91(6): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633826

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Natural history of perihematomal edema in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Author(s): Gebel JM Jr, Jauch EC, Brott TG, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Salisbury S, Spilker J, Tomsick TA, Duldner J, Broderick JP. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 November; 33(11): 2631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12411653

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Neonatal subgaleal hematoma causing brain compression: report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Amar AP, Aryan HE, Meltzer HS, Levy ML. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 52(6): 1470-4; Discussion 1474. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762894

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New development of an ulcerlike projection in aortic intramural hematoma: CT evaluation. Author(s): Sueyoshi E, Matsuoka Y, Imada T, Okimoto T, Sakamoto I, Hayashi K. Source: Radiology. 2002 August; 224(2): 536-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12147853

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No effect of drains on the postoperative hematoma volume in hip replacement surgery: a randomized study using scintigraphy. Author(s): Widman J, Jacobsson H, Larsson SA, Isacson J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 73(6): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553508

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Obstetric outcome after threatened miscarriage with and without a hematoma on ultrasound. Author(s): Johns J, Hyett J, Jauniaux E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 102(3): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962928

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Occurrence of subdural hematoma and resolution of gait disturbance in a patient treated with shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Nakamizo A, Inamura T, Inoha S, Kuba H, Amano T, Sasaki M, Fukui M. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 104(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140096

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Ophthalmologic findings in suspected child abuse victims with subdural hematomas. Author(s): Pierre-Kahn V, Roche O, Dureau P, Uteza Y, Renier D, Pierre-Kahn A, Dufier JL. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 110(9): 1718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13129868

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Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus. Author(s): Lee BJ, Park HJ, Heo SC. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 September; 123(7): 869-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575404

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Ossified chronic subdural hematoma. Author(s): Moon HG, Shin HS, Kim TH, Hwang YS, Park SK. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 October 30; 44(5): 915-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584111

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Otalgia as the sole presenting manifestation of subdural hematoma. Author(s): Zaidat OO, Ubogu EE. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 May-June; 23(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12019488

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Outcomes of medically treated patients with aortic intramural hematoma. Author(s): Song JK, Kim HS, Song JM, Kang DH, Ha JW, Rim SJ, Chung N, Kim KS, Park SW, Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 113(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208375

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Pathogenesis in acute aortic syndromes: aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer. Author(s): Macura KJ, Corl FM, Fishman EK, Bluemke DA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 August; 181(2): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12876003

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Pathology case of the month. Abdominal pain in pregnancy. HELLP syndrome with subcapsular hematoma of the liver. Author(s): Shukla D, Veillon DM, Scott LK, Heldmann M, Lewis DF, Cotelingam JD. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2003 March-April; 155(2): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12778989

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Pedunculated prolapsing bladder hematoma (pseudotumor) mimicking an anterior vaginal polyp--a clinical curiosity and rare complication of transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Author(s): Singh I, Seth A. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(3): 467-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230273

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Penetrating aortic atherosclerotic ulcer complicated by periesophageal hematoma. Author(s): Crespo G, Jacobs LE, Maraj S, Garcia F, Zaeri N, Kotler MN. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2003 February; 16(2): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574746

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Periaortic hematoma on abdominal computed tomographic scanning as an indicator of thoracic aortic rupture in blunt trauma. Author(s): Curry JD, Recine CA, Snavely E, Orr M, Fildes JJ. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 April; 52(4): 699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956386

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Perisylvian frontotemporal hematoma due to rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Case illustration. Author(s): Friedman JA, Rabinstein AA, Meyer FB. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 97(2): 493. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186485

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Post lumbar puncture spinal subarachnoid hematoma causing paraplegia: a short report. Author(s): Pai SB, Krishna KN, Chandrashekar S. Source: Neurology India. 2002 September; 50(3): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391473

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Posterior fossa extradural hematoma. Author(s): Gupta PK, Mahapatra AK, Lad SD. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 June; 69(6): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139134

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Posterior fossa subdural hematoma mimicking intracerebellar hemorrhage. Author(s): Miranda P, Alday R, Lagares A, Perez A, Lobato RD. Source: Neurocirugia (Asturias, Spain). 2003 December; 14(6): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710308

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Postoperative epidural hematoma or cerebrovascular accident? A dilemma in differential diagnosis. Author(s): Pay LL, Chiu JW, Thomas E. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 46(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11942875

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Potentially life-saving role for temporary endovascular balloon occlusion in atypical mediastinal hematoma. Author(s): Desai M, Baxter AB, Karmy-Jones R, Borsa JJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 May; 178(5): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959727

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Pregnancy outcome of threatened abortion with subchorionic hematoma: possible benefit of bed-rest? Author(s): Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Mashiach R, Meizner I. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 June; 5(6): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841015

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Prenatal diagnosis of atraumatic fetal subdural hematoma. Author(s): Pilalis A, Daskalakis G, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 189(3): 882-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526335

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Prognosis of aortic intramural hematoma with and without penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer: a clinical and radiological analysis. Author(s): Timperley J, Banning AP. Source: Circulation. 2003 March 11; 107(9): E63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628960

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Prognosis of aortic intramural hematoma with and without penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer: a clinical and radiological analysis. Author(s): Ganaha F, Miller DC, Sugimoto K, Do YS, Minamiguchi H, Saito H, Mitchell RS, Dake MD. Source: Circulation. 2002 July 16; 106(3): 342-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12119251

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Proposed use of prophylactic decompressive craniectomy in poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients presenting with associated large sylvian hematomas. Author(s): Smith ER, Carter BS, Ogilvy CS. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 51(1): 117-24; Discussion 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182408

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Pulmonary artery thrombus and subcapsular liver hematoma in a patient with HELLP syndrome: a therapeutic conundrum. Author(s): Calderon EG, Khawar S, Cunningham JA, Russell LD, Alpert MA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002 March; 323(3): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908860

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Pulmonary hematoma resulting from anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): Kaira K, Takei Y, Matsuura M, Saito R. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 June; 180(6): 1740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760959

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Rapid resolution of traumatic acute subdural hematoma by redistribution. Author(s): Inamasu J, Nakamura Y, Saito R, Kuroshima Y, Mayanagi K, Ohba S, Ichikizaki K. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 July; 20(4): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098195

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Rapid spontaneous resolution of signs of intracranial herniation due to subdural hematoma--case report. Author(s): Imai K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 March; 43(3): 125-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699119

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Rapidly calcifying and ossifying epidural hematoma. Author(s): Erdogan B, Sen O, Bal N, Cekinmez M, Altinors N. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 39(4): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944702

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Recombinant coagulation factor VIIa for rapid preoperative correction of warfarinrelated coagulopathy in patients with acute subdural hematoma. Author(s): Veshchev I, Elran H, Salame K. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 December; 8(12): Cs98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503044

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Rectus sheath hematoma complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Author(s): Ubogu EE, Zaidat OO. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2002 December; 12(6): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496550

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Rectus sheath hematoma eroding into the bladder wall causing extraperitoneal bladder rupture and vesico-hematoma fistula. Author(s): Ada S, Yalamanchili M, Gottileb P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 15; 113(6): 530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427508

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Reduction in the number of repeated operations for the treatment of subacute and chronic subdural hematomas by placement of subdural drains. Author(s): Lind CR, Lind CJ, Mee EW. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854742

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Regarding “Analysis of predictive factors for progression of type B aortic intramural hematoma with computed tomography”. Author(s): Cambria RP. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 June; 35(6): 1295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12042746

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Retroesophageal hematoma caused by fish bone perforation of the esophagus. Author(s): Jougon J, Minniti A, Morales P, Laurent F, Velly JF. Source: Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2002 September; 10(3): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213761

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Retropericardial hematoma complicating off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Fukui T, Suehiro S, Shibata T, Hattori K, Hirai H. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 May; 73(5): 1629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12022565

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Retropericardial hematoma: pitfall in beating heart coronary surgery. Author(s): Tang AT, Ohri SK. Source: Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 2001 November-December; 16(6): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925030

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Retroperitoneal hematoma caused by a ruptured pelvic varix in a patient with iliac vein compression syndrome. Author(s): Dheer S, Joseph AE, Drooz A. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2003 March; 14(3): 38790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631646

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Retropharyngeal hematoma: a complication of anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): Hamasni CM. Source: J Med Liban. 2001 November-December; 49(6): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744640

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Reversible dementia in patients with chronic subdural hematomas. Author(s): Ishikawa E, Yanaka K, Sugimoto K, Ayuzawa S, Nose T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 96(4): 680-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990807

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Rheumatological management of patients with hemophilia. Part II: Muscle hematomas and pseudotumors. Author(s): Alcalay M, Deplas A. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 December; 69(6): 556-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537262

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Right ventricular wall hematoma due to thrombolytic therapy presenting as cardiac tamponade: a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Mohamed HA, Habib N, Dewar LR, Busse EF. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2003 April; 19(5): 581-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717496

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Risk factors for spinal epidural hematoma after spinal surgery. Author(s): Kou J, Fischgrund J, Biddinger A, Herkowitz H. Source: Spine. 2002 August 1; 27(15): 1670-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12163731

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Rupture of internal iliac artery aneurysm presenting as rectus sheath hematoma: case report. Author(s): de Donato G, Neri E, Baldi I, Setacci C. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2004 January; 39(1): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718848

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Ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm presenting as acute subdural hematoma. Author(s): Tsao JW, Waldman JL, Manley GT. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 March; 21(2): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671825

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Ruptured subcapsular hematoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy attributed to ketorolac-induced coagulopathy. Author(s): Vuilleumier H, Halkic N. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 April; 17(4): 659. Epub 2003 February 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574932

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Ruptured traumatic aneurysm after trivial injury mimicking acute spontaneous subdural hematoma--case report-. Author(s): Murakami M, Kakita K, Hosokawa Y. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 March; 43(3): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699120

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Seizures after epidural blood patch with undiagnosed subdural hematoma. Author(s): Kardash K, Morrow F, Beique F. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 July-August; 27(4): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132066

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Serial neuroimaging of encapsulated chronic intracerebral hematoma with repeated hemorrhage--case report. Author(s): Tsuruta W, Tsuboi K, Nose T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 September; 43(9): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560848

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Sonographic diagnosis and treatment of a median nerve epineural hematoma caused by brachial artery catheterization. Author(s): Chuang YM, Luo CB, Chou YH, Cheng YC, Chang CY, Chiou HJ. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 June; 21(6): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054312

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Spinal subarachnoid hematoma compressing the conus medullaris and associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. Author(s): Inoue T, Miyamoto K, Kushima Y, Kodama H, Nishibori H, Hosoe H, Shimizu K. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 November; 41(11): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569268

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Splenic hematoma in Hb S-beta+thalassemia. Author(s): Mukhopadhyay S, Mukhopadhyay S, Malhotra R. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 November; 74(3): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587061

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Spontaneous bilateral perirenal hematoma as a complication of polyarteritis nodosa in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Sagcan A, Tunc E, Keser G, Bayraktar F, Aksu K, Memis A, Doganavsargil E. Source: Rheumatology International. 2002 April; 21(6): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036211

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Spontaneous esophageal hematoma. Author(s): Spanier Bw BM, Bruno MJ, Meijer JL. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 November; 58(5): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595315

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Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas expanding during the early stages of hemorrhage without rebleeding. Report of three cases. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Momose T, Aoyagi M, Ohno K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 97(2): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186476

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Spontaneous liver hematoma and a hepatic rupture in HELLP syndrome: report of two cases. Author(s): Aldemir M, Bac B, Tacyildiz I, Yagmur Y, Keles C. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(5): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12061700

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Spontaneous perirenal hematoma during coronary angiography. Author(s): Goel R, Aron M, Kesarwani PK, Gupta NP. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2003; 35(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620290

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Spontaneous rectus muscle hematoma following streptokinase therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a case report. Author(s): Yilmaz MB, Akin Y, Guray U, Kisacik H, Korkmaz S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2002 July; 84(1): 101-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12104074

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Spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. Author(s): Siu WT, Tang CN, Law BK, Chau CH, Li MK. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2003 October; 46(5): 390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577716

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Spontaneous resolution of epidural hematoma after continuous epidural analgesia in a patient without bleeding tendency. Author(s): Inoue K, Yokoyama M, Nakatsuka H, Goto K. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 September; 97(3): 735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218543

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Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma caused by aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Author(s): Kabaroudis A, Papaziogas B, Papaziogas T. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 August; 184(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169365

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Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: an uncommon presentation of a rare disease. Author(s): Ravid S, Schneider S, Maytal J. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 18(6-7): 345-7. Epub 2002 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172944

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Spontaneous subcapsular liver hematoma associated with pregnancy. Author(s): Rosen SA, Merchant SH, VanderJagt TJ, Crookston KP. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 December; 127(12): 1639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632557

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Spontaneous sublingual hematoma as a complication of severe hypertension: first report of a case. Author(s): Prepageran N, Raman R, Ismail SM, Rahman ZA. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2002 August; 81(8): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199178

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Spontaneous umbilical cord hematoma diagnosed antenatally with ultrasonography. Author(s): Chou SY, Chen YR, Wu CF, Hsu CS. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 November; 82(11): 1056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616282

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Stereotactic aspiration and fibrinolysis of spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hematomas versus conservative treatment: a matched-pair study. Author(s): Deinsberger W, Lang C, Hornig C, Boeker DK. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Neurochirurgie. 2003; 64(4): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14634878

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Stereotactic fibrinolysis of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma using infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Author(s): Nasser JA, Falavigna A, Bezerra M, Martinez V, Freitas G, Alaminos A, Bonatelli A, Ferraz F. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2002 June; 60(2-B): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131932

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Subcapsular hepatic hematoma in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Author(s): Xavier P, Melo R, Amandio V, Beires J, Pereira-Leite L. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 January; 266(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11998964

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Subcapsular liver hematoma in HELLP syndrome: Evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic options--a unicenter study. Author(s): Wicke C, Pereira PL, Neeser E, Flesch I, Rodegerdts EA, Becker HD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 January; 190(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749644

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Subdural hematoma after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an underreported complication of spinal fluid drainage? Author(s): Dardik A, Perler BA, Roseborough GS, Williams GM. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 July; 36(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12096256

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Subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture. Author(s): Gaucher DJ Jr, Perez JA Jr. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 September 9; 162(16): 1904-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196091

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Subdural hematoma in term infants. Author(s): Chamnanvanakij S, Rollins N, Perlman JM. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 April; 26(4): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992759

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Subdural hematoma. Author(s): Drapkin AJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 January; 100(1): 169-70; Author Reply 170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14743933

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Subperiosteal hematoma after surgical treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Choi HY, Han YS, Lee JS, Oum BS. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 20(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752322

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Successful treatment of huge chronic expanding hematoma after thoracoplasty. Author(s): Takanami I. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 October; 126(4): 12023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566277

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Superior vena cava hematoma complicating central venous cannulation. Author(s): Saad RA, Amer KM, Wood AM, Dhallu TS. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2002 August; 16(4): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12154442

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The analysis of an intracerebral hematoma for drugs of abuse. Author(s): McIntyre IM, Hamm CE, Sherrard JL, Gary RD, Riley AC, Lucas JR. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 May; 48(3): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762548

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The clinical spectrum of retroperitoneal hematoma in anticoagulated patients. Author(s): Gonzalez C, Penado S, Llata L, Valero C, Riancho JA. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2003 July; 82(4): 257-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861103

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The effects on prognosis of surgical treatment of hypertensive putaminal hematomas through transsylvian transinsular approach. Author(s): Kaya RA, Turkmenoglu O, Ziyal IM, Dalkilic T, Sahin Y, Aydin Y. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 March; 59(3): 176-83; Discussion 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12681546

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The risk factors for the occurrence of acute brain swelling in acute subdural hematoma. Author(s): Saito T, Kushi H, Makino K, Hayashi N. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753467

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The role of postoperative patient posture in the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Nakajima H, Yasui T, Nishikawa M, Kishi H, Kan M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 December; 58(6): 385-7; Discussion 387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517615

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Third ventriculostomy for internal hydrocephalus complicated by unrecognized subdural hygroma and hematoma: a case report of a patient treated by Dr. Walter Dandy. Author(s): King RB, Davis RL, Collins GH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 May; 98(5): 1136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744382

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Thoracic epidural anesthesia and epidural hematoma. Author(s): Persson J, Flisberg P, Lundberg J. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 October; 46(9): 1171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366518

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Thoracic involvement of type A aortic dissection and intramural hematoma: diagnostic accuracy--comparison of emergency helical CT and surgical findings. Author(s): Yoshida S, Akiba H, Tamakawa M, Yama N, Hareyama M, Morishita K, Abe T. Source: Radiology. 2003 August; 228(2): 430-5. Epub 2003 June 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819341

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Thymic intracapsular hematoma caused by blunt chest trauma. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Toyoda Y, Okada Y. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 2107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667662

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Tranilast as an additional treatment with conservative therapy for concave deformity following traumatic hematoma. Author(s): Muraoka M, Ayabe S, Harada T, Motomura H. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432476

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Transdural metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate mimicking subdural hematoma: case report. Author(s): Tomlin JM, Alleyne CH. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 November; 58(5): 329-31; Discussion 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504300

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Transient Anton's syndrome: a presenting feature of acute epidural hematoma at the confluens sinuum. Author(s): Yilmazlar S, Taskapilioglu O, Aksoy K. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601240

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Transient paraplegia revealed by intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring: was it caused by the epidural anesthetic or an epidural hematoma? Author(s): Rodi Z, Straus I, Denic K, Deletis V, Vodusek DB. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 June; 96(6): 1785-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761012

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Traumatic auricular hematoma: a case report. Author(s): Lee EC, Soliman AM, Kim J. Source: J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1997 Spring; 3(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11951269

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Traumatic retroclival epidural hematoma in a child. Author(s): Yang BP. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 39(6): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734870

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Traumatic retropharyngeal hematoma necessitating emergency intubation. Author(s): El Kettani C, Badaoui R, Lesoin FX, Le Gars D, Ossart M. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 December; 97(6): 1645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459702

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Traumatic spinal subdural hematoma with spontaneous resolution. Author(s): Hung KS, Lui CC, Wang CH, Wang CJ, Howng SL. Source: Spine. 2002 December 15; 27(24): E534-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486364

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Treatment of intracerebral hematomas caused by aneurysm rupture: coil placement followed by clot evacuation. Author(s): Niemann DB, Wills AD, Maartens NF, Kerr RS, Byrne JV, Molyneux AJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 99(5): 843-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609163

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Treatment of subungual hematoma. Author(s): Watkins KG. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 May 15; 65(10): 1997. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12046767

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Ultra rapid spontaneous resolution of acute posttraumatic subdural hematomas in patient with temporal linear fracture. Author(s): Berker M, Gulsen S, Ozcan OE. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 August; 145(8): 715-7; Discussion 717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520555

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Ultrasonographic biomicroscopic study of an intracorneal hematoma. Author(s): Kachi S, Hirano K. Source: Cornea. 2002 May; 21(4): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973395

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Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of cranial epidural hematoma in a neonate: treating a rare complication of vacuum extraction. Author(s): Vachharajani A, Mathur A. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 November; 19(8): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541211

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Uncommon magnetic resonance imaging observation of lumbar subdural hematoma with cranial origin. Author(s): Lecouvet FE, Annet L, Duprez TP, Cosnard G, Scordidis V, Malghem J. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886137

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Unexplained subdural hematoma in young children. Author(s): Fung EL, Nelson EA, Sung RY, Poon WS. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 August; 45(4): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911496

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Unexplained subdural hematoma in young children. Author(s): Lee AC. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 April; 45(2): 220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709158

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Unexplained subdural hematoma in young children: is it always child abuse? Author(s): Fung EL, Sung RY, Nelson EA, Poon WS. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 February; 44(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982869

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Unilateral epidural nerve root hematoma in a parturient. Author(s): Kuczkowski KM, Benumof JL, Reisner LS, Alfery D, Myers R. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2003; 54(2): 157-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872433

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Unilateral presentation of a large epidural hematoma. Author(s): Zink M, Rath M, Waltensdorfer A, Engler J, Rumpold-Seitlinger G, Toller W, Reinhardt F. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 April; 98(4): 1032-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657879

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Unilateral spatial neglect in patients with cerebral hemorrhage: the relationship between hematoma volume and prognosis. Author(s): Maeshima S, Ueyoshi A, Matsumoto T, Boh-oka S, Yoshida M, Itakura T, Dohi N. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 September; 9(5): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383412

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Unknown AV-fistula as reason for post-traumatic hematoma of the thigh. Author(s): Bail HJ, Melcher I, Raschke MJ, Schroeder RJ, Schaser KD. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 2003 May; 32(2): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945106

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Unusual presentations of lymphoma: Case 3. Splenic hematoma associated with nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Narasimhan P, Hitti IF, Gheewala P, Pulakhandam U, Kanzer B. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 April 1; 20(7): 1946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11919257

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Use of cerebral oximetry to detect and manage cerebral desaturation with a rapidly expanding neck hematoma. Author(s): Akca O, Sessler DI. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 May; 46(5): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027858

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Usefulness of the initial noninvasive imaging study to predict the adverse outcomes in the medical treatment of acute type A aortic intramural hematoma. Author(s): Song JM, Kim HS, Song JK, Kang DH, Hong MK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ, Lim TH, Song MG. Source: Circulation. 2003 September 9; 108 Suppl 1: Ii324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970254

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Vertex epidural hematoma - neuroradiological findings and management. Author(s): Server A, Tollesson G, Solgaard T, Haakonsen M, Johnsen UL. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2002 September; 43(5): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423458

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White matter lesion due to dural sinus thrombosis in an infant with subdural hematoma. Author(s): Takitani K, Nishino A, Tanabe T, Tanaka H, Harada K, Mimaki T, Tamai H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 December; 44(6): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12421270

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMATOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hematoma.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hematoma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hematoma” (or a synonym): •

A 9-month-old baby with subdural hematomas, retinal hemorrhages, and developmental delay. Author(s): Section of Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA. Source: Knapp, Jane F Soden, Sarah E Dasouki, Majed J Walsh, Irene R Pediatr-EmergCare. 2002 February; 18(1): 44-7 0749-5161

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A thoracolumbar epidural hematoma simulating a disc syndrome. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008. Source: Mirkovic, S Melany, M J-Spinal-Disord. 1992 March; 5(1): 112-5 0895-0385

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Abdominal wall hematoma as a complication of warfarinization. Author(s): Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. Source: Kao, C L Chang, J P J-Emerg-Med. 2001 April; 20(3): 293 0736-4679

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Acute nontraumatic spinal subdural hematomas in three patients. Author(s): Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroradiology, Pontchaillou Hospital, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. [email protected] Source: Morandi, X Riffaud, L Chabert, E Brassier, G Spine. 2001 December 1; 26(23): E547-51 0362-2436

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An unusual presentation of gluteal hematoma during anticoagulation therapy for deep venous thrombosis in spinal cord injury. Author(s): Department of Physical Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210. Source: Balmaseda, M T Gordon, C Burke, M Michael, R Am-J-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 1988 December; 67(6): 261-3 0894-9115

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Analgesia for the reduction of Colles fracture. A comparison of hematoma block and intravenous sedation. Author(s): Department of Orthopedics, King George Medical College, Lucknow, India. Source: Singh, G K Manglik, R K Lakhtakia, P K Singh, A Online-J-Curr-Clin-Trials. 1992 October 1; Doc No 23[3614 words; 43 paragraphs] 1059-2725

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Case report of subgaleal hematoma treated with the blood stasis-removing decoction. Author(s): TCM Hospital of Zigong City, Sichuan Province. Source: Yi, M J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 195 0254-6272

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Cervical spontaneous epidural hematoma as a complication of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Department of Neurological Sciences, Civilian Hospital Santa Maria Terni, Italy. Source: Mastronardi, L Carletti, S Frondizi, D Spera, C Maira, G Eur-Spine-J. 1996; 5(4): 268-71 0940-6719

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Conservative treatment of large rectus sheath hematoma in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital General Universitario de Murcia, Spain. Source: Berna, J D Zuazu, I Madrigal, M Garcia Medina, V Fernandez, C Guirado, F Abdom-Imaging. 2000 May-June; 25(3): 230-4 0942-8925

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Cranial nerve palsy and intracranial subdural hematoma following implantation of intrathecal drug delivery device. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131-5216, USA. Source: Velarde, C A Zuniga, R E Leon, R F Abram, S E Reg-Anesth-Pain-Med. 2000 JanFebruary; 25(1): 76-8 1098-7339

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Experimental chronic subdural hematoma in mice. Gross morphology and light microscopic observations. Author(s): Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Aikawa, H Suzuki, K J-Neurosurg. 1987 November; 67(5): 710-6 0022-3085

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Lower extremity hematoma as a complication of warfarinization in patients with artificial heart valves. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan. Source: Sakakibara, Y Aikawa, S Enomoto, Y Osaka, M Hiramatsu, Y Shigeta, O Terada, Y Atsumi, N Jikuya, T Mitsui, T Jpn-Heart-J. 1999 March; 40(2): 239-45 0021-4868

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Management of chronic subdural hematoma in patients treated with anticoagulation. Author(s): Divisione Clinicizzata di Neurichirurgia, Ospedale Garibaldi, Catania, Italy. Source: Zingale, A Chibbaro, S Florio, A Distefano, G Porcaro, S J-Neurosurg-Sci. 1999 December; 43(4): 277-84 0390-5616

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Massive subchorionic hematoma (Breus' mole) complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Nishida, N Suzuki, S Hamamura, Y Igarashi, K Hayashi, Z Sawa, R Yoneyama, Y Asakura, H Kawabata, K Shima, Y Shin, S Araki, T J-Nippon-Med-Sch. 2001 February; 68(1): 54-7 1345-4676

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Neuroprotection by dextromethorphan in acute experimental subdural hematoma in the rat. Author(s): Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 19104, USA. Source: Duhaime, A C Gennarelli, L M Boardman, C J-Neurotrauma. 1996 February; 13(2): 79-84 0897-7151

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Non surgical treatment of subdural hematoma in a hemodialysis patient. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Israel. Source: Inzelberg, R Neufeld, M Y Reider, I Gari, P Clin-Neurol-Neurosurg. 1989; 91(1): 85-9 0303-8467

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Nonoperative treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown 26506-9183, USA. [email protected] Source: Voelker, J L Neurosurg-Clin-N-Am. 2000 July; 11(3): 507-13 1042-3680

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Parkinsonism associated with acute intracranial hematomas: an [18F]dopa positronemission tomography study. Author(s): MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England, U.K. Source: Turjanski, N Pentland, B Lees, A J Brooks, D J Mov-Disord. 1997 November; 12(6): 1035-8 0885-3185

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Quantitative kinetic analysis of blood vessels in the outer membranes of chronic subdural hematomas. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Izunagaoka Hospital, Shizuoka. Source: Mori, K Adachi, K Cho, K Ishimaru, S Maeda, M Neurol-Med-Chir-(Tokyo). 1998 November; 38(11): 697-702; discussion 702-3 0470-8105

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Reducing hemoglobin oxygen affinity does not increase hydroxyl radicals after acute subdural hematoma in the rat. Author(s): Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0631, USA. Source: Doppenberg, E M Rice, M R Alessandri, B Qian, Y Di, X Bullock, R JNeurotrauma. 1999 February; 16(2): 123-33 0897-7151

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Report of the results of a double-blind, randomized, single-dose trial of a topical 2% escin gel versus placebo in the acute treatment of experimentally-induced hematoma in volunteers. Author(s): Bastyr College, Seattle, Washington 98105. Source: Calabrese, C Preston, P Planta-Med. 1993 October; 59(5): 394-7 0032-0943

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Retropharyngeal and bowel hematomas in an anticoagulated patient. Author(s): SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn Department of Emergency Medicine 11203, USA. Source: Sinert, R Scalea, T Acad-Emerg-Med. 1994 Jan-February; 1(1): 67-72 1069-6563

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Sedimentation level in acute intracerebral hematoma in a patient receiving anticoagulation therapy: an autopsy study. Source: Ichikawa, K Yanagihara, C Neuroradiology. 1998 June; 40(6): 380-2 0028-3940

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Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma associated with oral anticoagulant therapy. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pathology, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain. [email protected] Source: Vaya, A Resureccion, M Ricart, J M Ortuno, C Ripoll, F Mira, Y Aznar, J ClinAppl-Thromb-Hemost. 2001 April; 7(2): 166-8 1076-0296

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Spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma during treatment of pulmonary embolism with warfarin: report of a case. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Chi, T W Ma, Y C Kaohsiung-J-Med-Sci. 1996 October; 12(10): 601-4 1607-551X

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Spontaneous rupture of mesenteric hematoma with hemorrhagic shock as a complication of oral anticoagulant treatment. Author(s): Department of Surgery A, Central Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. Source: Becker, A Berlin, Y Sayfan, J Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 1999 November; 1(3): 196-7 15651088

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The use of DDAVP desmopressin reduces the incidence of microhematomas after facioplasty. Author(s): Institute of Aesthetic Surgery and Medicine at Northern Westchester Hospital Center, Mt. Kisco, NY 10549, USA. Source: Palaia, D A Rosenberg, M H Bonanno, P C Ann-Plast-Surg. 2001 May; 46(5): 4636 0148-7043

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to hematoma; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON HEMATOMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hematoma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hematoma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hematoma By performing a patent search focusing on hematoma, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hematoma: •

Abdominal postoperative binder and method of use Inventor(s): Mott; George E. (10619 Tower Oaks, Houston, TX 77070) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,270,469 Date filed: June 23, 2000 Abstract: The invention is a postoperative binder and method of use. The binder is made of relatively inelastic material that is cut to fit the patient and held in place by a plurality of tails fastened with Velcro.RTM. binders. The present invention uses mechanical, rather than elastic, compression. Mechanical loads are carried over the iliac crest, by hooking the tails of the binder over the iliac crest and then bifurcating the tails for attachment to the abdominal portion of the binder. The present invention provides support of lower abdominal tissue, especially near the genitals and in the area of the peritoneum. The invention is also a method of preventing post-operative wound infection, reducing incidence of seroma and hematoma formation and wound separation while reducing pain and the need for pain medication by passing a relatively inelastic abdominal binder over the patient's iliac crest and abdomen to place the binder in tension so as to provide a greater than 180 degree radius of compression to the wound. Excerpt(s): The invention is an improvement in medical support garments. More specifically the present invention is a postoperative support binder for patient use after abdominal surgery to control pain, edema and infection, whereby postoperative complications are reduced and recovery time and postoperative mobility of patients is improved. Patients who have undergone aesthetic or reconstructive surgery of the abdomen, genitals or pelvis are likely candidates for some form of complications during the recovery period. Typical complications are atelectasis, hypostatic pneumonia, phlebitis and pulmonary complications. Clinical evidence indicates that 20 to 40 percent of patients will experience pulmonary complications (Bartlett, Robert H. et al., Respiratory Maneuvers to Prevent Post-Operative Pulmonary Complications, JAMA, Vol. 224, No. 7, (1973). Thus it is important that the rehabilitation program encourage and develop the return of respiratory efficiency. Early ambulation is a key factor in helping the patient reestablish his normal physiology and preventing or minimizing postoperative complications. Ambulation hastens muscle redevelopment, wound healing (Brunner, Lillian Sholtis, et al., The Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing (Second Edition, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1978) p. 134.) and the return of vital lung capacity (Ali, J. and Khan, T. A., The Comparative Effects of Muscle Transection and Median Upper Abdominal Incision on Post Operative Pulmonary Function, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Vol. 148, No. 6, (1979)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270469__

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•

Apparatus and method for measuring deformed areas of skin surface Inventor(s): Kundin; Jane I. (1288 Laurel Hill Dr., San Mateo, CA 94402) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,483,075 Date filed: June 10, 1983 Abstract: A novel apparatus and method for using the same is disclosed for determining the height and volume of a hematoma structure on the skin surface and for further determining the depth and area of a wound, particularly a crater-type wound on the skin's surface. The apparatus is primarily constructed with a first elongated member having incremental markings thereon and a second member having four radially outward extending arms with incremental markings thereon throughout the length of the radially extending arms where adjacent arms are disposed at 90 degrees angles from one another and a first and second member engaged one to the other and disposed perpendicularly. One embodiment of the invention is constructed of a single member comprising four flat, radially extending arms with incremental markings throughout the length of the arm and where the adjacent arms are disposed 90 degrees from one another. This embodiment of the invention is particularly suitable for measuring the height and volume of the hematoma structure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a medical apparatus for determining the depth, height and volume of certain segments of the skin's surface. In the past there has been a distinct desire to be able to accurately measure the volume of certain areas of the skin surface such as an open cavity or crater-type wound which was created by the removal of a substantial amount of flesh and underlying muscle tissue or fatty material. There has been a need to accurately determine the volume of these wounds to determine if there was proper granulization of the flesh and underlying muscle and if proper healing was taking place. In cases where there are the above described wounds, the healing process is long. The changes in the wound from day-to-day appear minimal. However, if there is an accurate means by which to measure the wound volume at a specific point in time, there can be a determination whether the proper granulization was taking place to effect healing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04483075__

•

Bandage to prevent local hematoma Inventor(s): Patel; Harish A. (Oak Park, IL) Assignee(s): The Kendall Company (walpole, Ma) Patent Number: 3,954,109 Date filed: August 2, 1974 Abstract: A bandage to prevent local hematoma adjacent a puncture site on a patient comprising, pad means for placement over the puncture site, with the pad means being expansible responsive to contact by liquid. The bandage also has means for securing the pad means over the puncture site and for applying pressure with the pad means to the site. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to bandages, and more particularly to pressure bandages. It is a common procedure to aspirate arterial blood with a needle and syringe to obtain a blood sample. After removal of the needle from the blood vessel, it is the

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recommended procedure in a hospital for the attendant, such as a nurse, to apply pressure to the site for approximately five minutes. Other than for special patients, pressure is applied to the site not necessarily to prevent bleeding, but to prevent a local hematoma. Normally blood will pass from the vessel through the puncture site to the skin where it will clot. However, if pressure is not applied to the puncture site, blood will collect subcutaneously, and if contaminated through blood adjacent the skin, could lead to a local hematoma, resulting in soreness at the puncture site. In unusual situations, where unattended, the local hematoma may lead to septicemia, a possible morbid condition. Thus, pressure is applied to the puncture site to prevent the subcutaneous collection of blood and local hematoma, without applying sufficient pressure to cut off circulation of blood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03954109__ •

Blood taking device Inventor(s): Guerra; Luis A. (Apt. 3A, 239 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,996,923 Date filed: July 24, 1975 Abstract: An improved blood-taking device of the type wherein a hypodermic needle is inserted into a blood vessel and one or more evacuated containers in succession are connected to the needle for collecting blood samples has two valves therein. The first valve closes the proximal end of the needle section when a container is not connected thereto, and the second valve makes it possible to control the difference of pressure utilized for drawing blood from a subject. The second valve can be closed rapidly in the event it is discovered that the needle lies in tissue exterior to a blood vessel rather than in a blood vessel itself, thereby preventing extravasation and hematoma. Excerpt(s): It is routine practice in modern hospitals to take blood samples from patients by means of one or more evacuated test tubes placed in succession inside a holder having a two-pointed cannula; one pointed end of the cannula pierces the vein of the patient and the other pointed end pierces the stopper of the evacuated test tube thus providing a flow of blood from the vein to the evacuated tube. Holders for vacuum tubes are however relatively expensive and therefore non-disposable as well as bulky devices subject to contamination (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,520,292). Also, when double pointed cannulas are not a built-in feature of holders they have to be joined to them by an operator; this process of handling double pointed cannulas is hazardous since the operator may pierce his fingers or contaminate the cannula. Moreover, double pointed cannulas do not easily allow for injection of soluble drugs into the vein, whereas in medical practice it is sometimes desirable to inject drugs by the cannula into the vein after having drawn blood, in this way avoiding the attendant pain of piercing a new vein. Another drawback when using double pointed cannulas is that sometimes blood flushes back from the vein through the cannula to its inner end when withdrawing the tube thus spilling blood over the surroundings. Most important, when using vacuum tubes with a double-ended cannula if the outer tip lodges within tissues rather than a vein, extravasation of blood from the adjacent vein and hematoma may result when the evacuated tube is pierced by the outer tip of the cannula. It is then necessary for the operator to withdraw the cannula as quickly as possible. Even then, the operator may not recognize the situation quickly enough because the full difference in pressure is applied to the outer tip of the cannula as the stopper of the evacuated tube is pierced.

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Further, the conventional device has a holder member surrounding the proximal end of the double ended cannula for reception of the stoppered end of the evacuated tube. The diameter of the member is large enough so that the cannula enters the skin at a relatively sharp angle increasing the danger of passing through the further wall of the blood vessel so that the tip of the cannula is within the tissue rather than within the blood vessel. Also, when an evacuated contained is not in position over the proximal end of the cannula clotting at the tip may occur thus interfering with the operation of the device when the taking of an additional specimen is desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03996923__ •

Detection of brain hematoma Inventor(s): Chance; Britton (Marathon, FL), Robertson; Claudia (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (houston, Tx), Non-invasive Technology, Inc. (philadelphia, Pa) Patent Number: 5,954,053 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Systems are shown that utilize differential measurement of radiation that has migrated through migration paths between two source-detector pairs placed on the head in a manner that each path is localized in a portion of one hemisphere of the brain. Various spectrophotometer systems are also shown for in vivo examination of tissue of a human by measuring changes in electromagnetic radiation scattered and absorbed in a migration path in the tissue. Generally, the spectrophotometer systems comprise a light source for introducing the radiation into the tissue, a detector for detecting radiation that has migrated in the tissue, a processor for processing signals of the detected radiation to create processed data, and a system for determining physiological or pathophysiological changes in the tissue of interest such as bleeding or tumor. Excerpt(s): In one aspect, the present invention relates to wearable apparatus for noninvasive determinations of the concentration of oxygen in a specific target region of tissue. More specifically, the present invention discloses a user-wearable system for monitoring the oxygen concentration, or oxygenation trend, in the tissue of a subject undergoing aerobic stress, such as an exercising person. The increasing popularity of all forms of exercise over the last several decades has also lead to an increased interest in the measurement of individual athletic performance. However, at the present time, athletes are limited to obtaining heartbeat and blood pressure data while they are exercising. Although of some use, these data do not reflect peripheral circulatory capacity or the oxygenation state of specific muscle tissue. In order to measure oxygen delivery to the capillary bed of the muscles, an athlete must be tethered to electrocardiogram apparatus and have blood samples drawn while running on a treadmill. These are essentially operating room apparatus and procedures, which do not simulate the actual conditions of exercise. The measurement of aerobic efficiency by analyzing the oxygenation state of a particular muscle while exercising is important due to a variety of reasons. For example, as a casual jogger strives to become a marathon runner, the efficiency at which he/she uses oxygen can severely impact performance; data reflecting the utilization of oxygen can provide information which allows an athlete to change pacing strategies or otherwise adjust their activity to produce better results. Other athletes, such as swimmers, cyclists and rowers would also find this information useful for evaluating performance. However, the use of blood oxygenation data is not limited to competitive athletes; even geriatrics who undergo mild aerobic exercise to

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maintain and improve their health can benefit from data concerning the changes in blood oxygenation brought about by exercise or other activity. Other animals, such as racehorses, can also benefit from this type of performance data. By measuring the oxygen delivery to the muscles, both the quality of training and the natural ability to exercise may be evaluated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05954053__ •

Device and method for treating hematomas and false aneurysms Inventor(s): Ernst; J. M. P. G. (Bilthoven, NL), Janzen; Ernst (Laren, NL) Assignee(s): Datascope Investment Corp. (montvale, Nj) Patent Number: 5,403,278 Date filed: November 23, 1993 Abstract: Hematomas and false aneurysms can be treated using a device and method which locate and the provide access to the hematoma or aneurysm. Hemostatic material is then introduced into the hematoma or aneurysm through a new puncture in such a fashion that the hemostatic material does not project into a blood vessel. This can be done by passing a guide wire through a hollow needle, removing the needle, passing a dilator over the guide wire, passing a sheath over the dilator, and then removing the dilator and passing hemostatic material through the sheath into the hematoma or false aneurysm. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the repair of wounds in blood vessels, especially arteries, and to the elimination of the hematomas that result from such wounds. Those skilled in the art know that occasionally the repair of an artery following a medical procedure such as a catheterization procedure is not totally successful. As a result, the arterial wall is not completely sealed and blood is permitted to escape from the artery into the surrounding tissue. The escaping blood, while unnoticed at first, begins to permeate the surrounding tissue forming an increasingly large hematoma. This condition is referred to as a false aneurysm. Although a false aneurysm may spontaneously correct itself, often it does not. In the past, when it did not spontaneously correct itself, surgical intervention was called for to repair the artery and to relieve and drain the hematoma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05403278__

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Device for avoiding subdermal hematomas from an injection Inventor(s): Castellano; Thomas P. (2730 Selby Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90064) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,156,008 Date filed: May 4, 1998 Abstract: An injection site detecting device is for detecting a suitable site for injecting liquid medication through a skin surface of a patient with an injector. The injection site locating device includes a sensor to detect and give an indication of a suitable injection site to minimize creation of subdermal hematomas from injection of the liquid medication by the injector. In particular, the sensor is a temperature sensor that detects the presence of high and/or low blood flows and indicates that a suitable injection site is

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over the low blood flow. The sensor indicates a suitable injection site by changing color due to changes in temperature or by providing a sound signal due to changes in temperature. Generally, low blood flows representing suitable injection sites are detected by a stable temperature in the range of 92.0 to 95.5.degree. Fahrenheit, and high blood flows representing an unsuitable injection site are detected by a stable temperature in the range of 95.6 to 99.0.degree. Fahrenheit. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to devices and methods for avoiding subdermal hematomas during an injection, and in particular, embodiments for avoiding subdermal hematomas from the use of a needle-less injector or syringe, and in a needle-less injector with a built-in capability to minimize the occurrence of subdermal hematomas from needle-less injections. Typically, injections are performed with syringes that pierce the skin with a needle to deliver medication to a desired location on a body. Piercing the skin in an area including or over high blood flows (otherwise know as free blood flows), such as from the presence of vascular bundles, arteries and/or veins, can cause the formation of subdermal hematomas (or bruising). These subdermal hematomas are unsightly, taking several weeks to heal, and are generally painful. If the needles are dull or have burrs, left over from manufacturing, this compounds the problem of creating subdermal hematomas. As an alterative to needle delivery injections, needle-less medication injections have been performed with "permanent gun" instruments, generally referred to as "jet injectors". These devices use either a compression spring or a compressed inert gas to propel the fluid medication (via a push rod plunger) through a small orifice (an injector nozzle) which rests perpendicular to and against the injection site. The fluid medication is generally accelerated at a high rate to a speed of between about 800 feet per second (fps) and 1,200 fps (approximately 244 and 366 meters per second, respectively). This causes the fluid to pierce through the skin surface without the use of a needle, resulting in the medication being deposited in a flower pattern under the skin surface. This method of medication delivery is referred to as a subcutaneous injection. Again, piercing the skin in an area including or over high blood flows (such as from vascular bundles, arteries and veins) can cause the formation of subdermal hematomas (or bruising). Also with jet injectors, a used and worn delivery orifice can slow down the delivery speed of the injected fluid, which results in inadequate penetration and causes further subdermal hematomas (or bruising) of the skin at the injection site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06156008__ •

Ear pressure dressing Inventor(s): Godley; Frederick A. (4 Rogers Ave., North Kingstown, RI 02852) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,295,950 Date filed: October 21, 1992 Abstract: A pressure dressing for use in the treatment of an auricular hematoma or other ear injury is formed from a thin strip of ductile metal having first and second spaced end portions which are joined by a central connector portion. A pair of foam sponge pads are adhesively affixed to an inner surface of the first and second end portions. In use, the connector portion is reversely bendable to position the pressure pads in closely spaced, substantially adjacent relation on opposing sides of the ear. The pads engage with opposing sides of the ear and exert pressure thereon so that blood does not reaccumulate in the injured area. The dressing may further include one or more

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tongue or arm portions which extend outwardly from the end portions and are bendable over and around the cartilaginous rim portions of the ear to maintain the dressing in position during periods of physical activity. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to surgical pressure dressings and more particularly to a pressure dressing for use in the treatment of an auricular hematoma or other ear injury requiring pressure on the injured area. An auricular hematoma is typically caused by a blunt trauma or shearing force to the external ear that disrupts the adherence of the perichondrium or skin of the ear to the underlying cartilage and the subsequent filling of the subperichondrial space with blood. Most auricular hematomas occur in the concavities on the anterior side of the ear because the anterior skin is closely fixed and firmly adherent to the underlying cartilage and therefore it will tend to shear off rather than slide over the cartilage. In contrast, the posterior skin of the ear is separated from the cartilage by muscle, fat and other tissue and is only loosely fixed to the cartilage. The posterior skin is therefore much more resistant to the shearing forces than the anterior skin. Blunt trauma or shearing forces to the ear are typically inflicted during contact sports, such as wrestling and boxing. Because of the repeated trauma to the ear in these sports, auricular hematomas in wrestlers and boxers have traditionally been quite difficult to treat. In addition, many active athletes refuse to take the time off that is necessary for the hematoma to properly heal and for the skin to reattach to the cartilage. In the past it was common for wrestlers to line up after a match to have their ears "needled" to aspirate the accumulated blood. Many athletes refused the treatments because of excessive pain and as a result the untreated injuries usually resulted in a thickened deformity of the ear known as "cauliflower ear". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05295950__ •

Hematoma prevention apparatus and method Inventor(s): Gupta; Mukesh (6958 Hiland Park Dr., Nashville, TN 37205) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,718,693 Date filed: August 28, 1995 Abstract: Hematoma-preventing cannula assemblies (36, 79) are provided which comprise an elongated cannula (10, 80) preferably equipped with a blood-conveying sleeve (38) positioned about the cannula shaft (12, 82) and presenting a plurality of axial blood flow passageways (46). The cannula (10, 80) is inserted in the usual fashion with the distal end thereof passing through an opening (22a) of a blood vessel (14) and the proximal end outside the patient's body; this creates a gap (32) between the exterior surface of the cannula shaft (12, 82) and the adjacent margins of the opening (22a). The sleeve (38) is percutaneously located with the inner end (42) thereof adjacent opening (22a) and gap (32), whereas the outer end (40) of the sleeve (38) is located adjacent the proximal end of the cannula (10, 80). In use, seepage flow of blood through gap (32) exteriorly of the cannula shaft (12, 82) is directed through the passageways (46) and thus cannot collect in tissue adjacent the vessel (14) to form a hematoma. In an alternative embodiment, a diameter expansion cannula (80) is provided together with a tubular dilator (88). After positioning of the cannula (80), the dilator (88) is used to radially expand the diameter of cannula shaft (82), thus partially or completely closing the gap (32) and thereby preventing hematoma formation.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to hematoma-preventing percutaneous cannula assemblies used in various procedures wherein subcutaneous blood vessels are cannulized. More particularly, the invention pertains to such cannula assemblies including a percutaneous cannula equipped with an exterior tubular percutaneous sleeve having one or more axially extending blood flow passageways formed therein; in use, the seepage flow of blood escaping a vessel around the cannula body is directed out of the patient's body to thus prevent hematoma formation. In another embodiment, a flexible cannula is equipped with an inner dilator for radial expansion of the cannula in order to minimize escape of blood from the vessel around the cannula body. Many common medical procedures require the cannulation of blood vessels. For example, it may be necessary to extract blood samples or to administer medicaments into the blood stream. Cannulation procedures of these types generally require that a percutaneous tubular cannula be inserted through a patient's skin and into a subcutaneous blood vessel. This of course necessitates that an incision or hole be made in the defining wall of the blood vessel in order to accommodate the cannula body. Various methods exist for accomplishing this task. For example, one known method involves inserting a rigid, hollow needle through a patient's skin and into a blood vessel, then passing a guide wire through the needle, withdrawing the needle, passing a cannula over the guide wire, and, finally, removing the guide wire. After removal of the guide wire, the emplaced cannula provides an unobstructed passageway to the blood vessel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05718693__ •

Medical system and associated method for automatic diagnosis and treatment Inventor(s): Wilk; Peter J. (185 W. End Ave., New York, NY 10023) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,415,167 Date filed: September 8, 1992 Abstract: A medical method comprises the steps of scanning a predetermined internal organ of a patient to collect individualized dimensional data about the organ, digitizing the data, and automatically storing encoded structural dimensions of the organ at different times. Dimensions of the organ are automatically compared with previously stored dimensions to determine changes in the dimensions. A cognizable signal is automatically generated, at a remote facility or at the person of the patient, upon a determination that dimensions of the organ have changed so as to indicate a dangerous condition of the patient, such as a ruptured splenic hematoma or a ruptured aneurysm. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a medical method for at least partially automatic diagnosis and, optionally, treatment. This invention also relates to a system for implementing such a method. More specifically, this invention relates to a method and an associated system for automatically diagnosing condition based on the sizes and dimensions of an internal organ of a patient and, optionally, for treating the condition to alleviate possible results thereof. When the spleen suffers a blunt trauma, a subcapsular hematoma frequently results. The hematoma may resolve itself naturally in the course of time. However, in some cases, the spleen ruptures and hemorrhaging occurs. The hemorrhaging may be fatal to the patient. Because of the possible fatality, patients who have been diagnosed as having a spleen with a subcapsular hematoma are generally kept in a hospital and subjected regularly to scanning by a CAT scan or NMR apparatus. In each scan, the monitoring personnel compare the physical condition or dimensions of the spleen, and particularly the hematoma, with previously recorded or detected

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dimensions. In the event that the hematoma begins to increase in size, the patient is scheduled for immediate surgery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05415167__ •

Method for detecting brain microhemorrhage Inventor(s): Beach; Kirk Watson (4023 Meridian Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98103) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,951,476 Date filed: November 14, 1997 Abstract: Continued bleeding into a pocket or hematoma in the cranium could exert pressure on the brain which would move it relative to the cranium to force the brain stem into the medulla oblongata to arrest breathing. Such brain micromovement is detected by projecting bursts of ultrasound into one or both of the temple areas of the cranium or into the medulla oblongata, and the readout of echoes received from different depths is displayed on a screen. The readout of the echoes indicates continued microshifts of the brain relative to the cranium. To differentiate microshifts of the brain relative to the cranium caused by continued intracranial bleeding as distinguished from pulsations of the brain relative to the cranium caused by supply of blood to the brain from the heart and return of blood from the brain to the heart, the timing of the bursts of ultrasound into the cranium is synchronized with the pulse indicated by a heart pulse monitor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for detecting intracranial microbleeding by continuing microshifting of a person's brain within the cranium. Head trauma which appears to be minor, that is an injury resulting from an impact to the skull, such as by a blow or a fall or in a motorcycle accident, may have serious or even fatal consequences. If the skull impact is sufficiently severe to cause a brain concussion resulting in at least temporary and transient brain malfunction, the patient would be held in a hospital probably for several days for testing and observation. On the other hand, if the trauma appears to be minor and visual examination in the emergency room of a hospital does not reveal any problem or cause for concern, the patient will probably be discharged within an hour or two. It is possible that the trauma may have displaced the cranium relative to the brain, particularly sideways, sufficiently to rupture one or more small veins, the bleeding from which would normally be undetected by the usual emergency room visual examination. If the patient is sent home, continued bleeding can cause an accumulation of blood in a pocket or hematoma at one side of the brain which initially would shift the brain to an eccentric position in the cranium. If the bleeding continued to a sufficient extent and for a sufficient period of time, the pressure of the accumulated blood against the brain could cause drowsiness or even cause the patient to fall into a coma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05951476__

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Method of treating of bleeding in hemophiliacs Inventor(s): Hellwing; Isak A. (13 Yam Hamelach Street, Ganei Tikvah 55900, IL), Lerman; Malca (13 Yam Hamelach Street, Ganei Tikvah 55900, IL) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,161,526 Date filed: March 18, 1991 Abstract: A method of treating hemophiliac patients suffering injuries due to internal bleeding in the areas of muscles and joints, said bleeding resulting in hematoma or hemarthrosis with concomitant pain and swelling, by biostimulation of the affected area of said muscle and joint, with at least one beam of light with wavelength in the range of 500-1100 nanometers for at least three minutes with an intensity sufficient to reduce the said hematoma or hemarthrosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treatment of bleeding injuries in hemophiliac patients. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a missing clotting factor (Factor 8 in hemophilia A, and Factor 9 in hemophilia B). Hemophiliac patients suffer from bleeding mainly to the joints and muscles, which can be caused by even minor injuries. The bleeding, which can occur as often as two to three times per week, swells the affected area and causes enormous pain and limitation of joint movement and if not stopped can lead to death. Repeated bleeding attacks, if inadequately treated, gradually destroy the joints and can cause permanent handicaps. The conventional treatment for injured hemophiliacs is the administration of infusions of the missing clotting factor. If there is no improvement within 12 hours of the first infusion, repeated infusions are given at 12 hour intervals until the joint recovers or the muscle hematoma subsides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05161526__

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Methodology and apparatus for diffuse photon mimaging Inventor(s): Feng; Shechao C. (Los Angeles, CA), Zeng; Fanan (Los Angeles, CA), Zhao; Hui-Lin (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (oakland, Ca) Patent Number: 5,694,938 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Non-invasive near infrared optical medical imaging devices for both hematoma detection in the brain and early tumor detection in the breast is achieved using image reconstruction which allows a mapping of the position dependent contrast diffusive propagation constants, which are related to the optical absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient in the tissue, at near infrared wavelengths. Spatial resolutions in the range of 5 mm for adult brain sizes and breast sizes can be achieved. The image reconstruction utilizes WKB approximation on most probable diffusion paths which has as lowest order approximation the straight line-of-sight between the plurality of sources and the plurality of detectors. The WKB approximation yields a set of linear equations in which the contrast optical absorption coefficients are the unknowns and for which signals can be generated to produce a pixel map of the contrast optical resolution of the scanned tissue.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for performing computer tomography in media in which the photon migration process is diffusive. Over the last two decades, the scope and important research being conducted in optical methods of medical diagnostics has increased dramatically. Much of the focus in this area has been in the use of near infrared light. Because near infrared light can penetrate relatively thick tissues, it can be used in many applications. One of the early successes using near infrared light was the determination of oxyhemagloben content in blood by the measurement of absorption coefficients at two or more wavelengths in the 700 to 900 nanometer range. This methodology is used as a diagnostic tool for tumors and hematomas in human tissue. More recently, computer tomography (CT) based upon diffused near infrared photon migration through tissues has been investigated. See for example M. A. O'Leary et al., "Images of Inhomogeneous Turbid Media Using Diffuse Photo Density Waves," OSA Proceedings on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, Vol. 21 (1994); R. R. Alfano et al., "Time-Resolved Imaging of Translucent Droplets in Highly Scattering Turbid Media," Science, Vol. 264:1913-15 (1994); S. R. Arridge, "Iterative Reconstruction of Near Infrared Absorption Images," Inverse Problems in Scattering and Imaging, SPIE, Vol. 1767:372 (1992); H. L. Graber et al., "Near Infrared Absorption Imaging of Dense Scattering Media by Steady State Diffusion Tomography," Photon Migration in Imaging in Random Media and Tissues, SPIE, Vol. 1888:372 (1993); and J. C. Schotland et al., "Photon Hitting Density," Applied Optics, Vol. 32, No. 4:448-53 (1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05694938__ •

Microwave hematoma detector Inventor(s): Haddad; Waleed S. (Dublin, CA), Matthews; Dennis L. (Moss Beach, CA), Trebes; James E. (Livermore, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (oakland, Ca) Patent Number: 6,233,479 Date filed: September 15, 1998 Abstract: The Microwave Hematoma Detector is a non-invasive device designed to detect and localize blood pooling and clots near the outer surface of the body. While being geared towards finding sub-dural and epi-dural hematomas, the device can be used to detect blood pooling anywhere near the surface of the body. Modified versions of the device can also detect pneumothorax, organ hemorrhage, atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries, evaluate perfusion (blood flow) at or near the body surface, body tissue damage at or near the surface (especially for burn assessment) and be used in a number of NDE applications. The device is based on low power pulsed microwave technology combined with a specialized antenna, signal processing/recognition algorithms and a disposable cap worn by the patient which will facilitate accurate mapping of the brain and proper function of the instrument. The invention may be used for rapid, non-invasive detection of sub-dural or epi-dural hematoma in human or animal patients, detection of hemorrhage within approximately 5 cm of the outer surface anywhere on a patient's body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the detection of blood pooling near the surface of the body, and more specifically, it relates to technology for the diagnosis of sub-dural or epi-dural hematoma. At present, there is no non-invasive way to check patients for hematoma other than a paramedic's verbal/tactile evaluation and x-ray computed tomography (CT). A hematoma can exist in a patient with few or no

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symptoms, and can grow rapidly, killing or rendering the patient comatose within as little as 10 minutes. In one of the current procedures for screening head injury patients, paramedics or first responders to the scene of an accident evaluate the patient state (through questions and observations of the patient's behavior) and the accident situation (degree of damage to cars, height of fall, etc.). In cases of severe head injury or concussion, there exists a ranking system called the Glasgow coma scale. The patient is ranked based on observation of reflex response, eye movement, breathing, ability to speak, etc. The ranking can be quite inaccurate if the patient is drunk or has other injuries that impact the ranking procedure (i.e. severe loss of blood, patient is in shock, blocked airway, etc.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06233479__ •

Splinting device for auricular hematoma Inventor(s): Gaskill; J. Richard (55 Church St., #1202, Los Gatos, CA 95030) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,827,212 Date filed: October 22, 1997 Abstract: An improved ear pressure dressing or splinting device 10 of the suture compression type is provided for treatment and prevention of recurrence of auricular hematoma. The splinting device 10 includes a pair of first and second backing members (12 and 14), a pair of first and second pressure pads (16 and 18), and a fastening assembly 20. The backing members (12 and 14) and pressure pads (16 and 18) are assembled in pairs in opposing, facing relation to compressibly engage the injured portion of an ear 22. The fastening assembly 20 includes a wire element 56 and a pair of first and second holdfasts (58 and 60). The wire element 56 is passed through the injured portion of the ear 22 and through apertures (36 and 38, 52 and 54) present in the backing members (12 and 14) and pressure pads (16 and 18). Proper pressure is achieved by tensioning of the fastening assembly 20 using the holdfasts (56 and 60), which are clampable upon the wire element 56, and by virtue of the nature of the material from which the backing members (12 and 14) are made. The material utilized for the backing members (12 and 14) is sufficiently malleable by hand so that a tailored shape may be obtained to conform to the convolutions of the ear 22. The material also has a good torsional rigidity to exert a uniformly distributed pressure over the entire surface of the injured portion. Such a preferred material is lead sheeting. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to surgical or wound pressure dressings and the like, and more particularly to an improved suture compression dressing for use in treatment of auricular hematoma. Treatment of auricular hematoma typically involves needle aspiration of the hematoma or, better, incision and drainage, followed by compression of the injured area to prevent re-accumulation of fluid. The application of pressure is crucial to prevent deformity. Many different compression techniques using pressure dressings have been employed to keep the skin in the necessary close contact with the cartilage during healing. The pressure dressings generally fall into the categories of suture compression dressings, mastoid dressings (i.e., dressings attached to the head by gauze or adhesive tape), and molds (e.g., silicone) which are used with or without suturing or mastoid dressings. A number of these techniques are described in an article entitled "Preventing Cauliflower Ear With A Modified Tie-Through Technique," The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 3, March 1989, pp. 169--173, by Robert J. Dimeff, M. D. and David 0. Hough, M. D.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05827212__ •

Syringe apparatus Inventor(s): Dawe; Albert Rolke (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Navy (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 3,998,223 Date filed: October 24, 1975 Abstract: A modified hand-held syringe suitable for medical and biological purposes ving a disposable resilient balloon-like diaphragm for advantageously assuring the delivery of fluid at a more even pressure than that attained by thumb pressure applied to a non-modified syringe. Moreover, the balloon-like structure simultaneously acts as an indicator of excessively applied pressure. Clinically, the device is particularly suited for use with patients having athlerosclorosis, or other diseases affecting cardio-vascular walls. Also, proper use of the device precludes excessive hematoma. In other laboratory and research contexts, the device is particularly suited for the administration of liquid to delicate tissues. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the class of devices for the administration of substances in a liquid medium and more particularly to a hand-held, finger-operated hypodermic syringe. Various devices including the hypodermic syringe have been successfully employed over the past decades for the administration of substance into organs, animals, and human beings. The common spring consists of a needle, plunger, and barrel, and has proven satisfactory in that the damage sustained by the target due to the puncture is de minimis and the subsequent increase in pressure as a result of the liquid injection does not deleteriously affect the living tissue in the surrounding area. That is to say the surrounding tissue is usually able to sustain the increased pressure which pressure is proportional to that applied to the plunger. If the plunger is depressed with a quick swift push, the fluid is delivered at a high pressure. As the plunger is depressed in a jerky, uneven manner, the fluid pressure through the needle will fluctuate and be irregular. Although such actions will in most cases do little harm to the target, those suffereing from cardiovascular diseases or other diseases whose characteristics include the weakening of vessel walls must be treated with care. Accordingly, any substance applied to such patients must be done so that even pressure and maximum care be taken not to exascerbate the tissue near the area of the injection. Moreover, even through the hypodermic injection causes no permanent harm to patients without cardiovascular diseases, the irregular application of pressure or the excess of it can cause hematoma and is quite painful. In the laboratory many examples are also available to show the need to evenly apply liquid substances in a delicate manner. When treating diseases with the characteristics cited above, or use of the device as previously stated, the application of a substance at high or fluctuating pressure as delivered by a hypodermic injection, may create undesirable stress on tissue in the immediate area or further degrade the walls of a system. As a matter of fact, serious thought is often given to the decision regarding whether or not an afflicted patient or a delicate organ should be subjected to the risk of the injection itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03998223__

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Topical pharmaceutical containing heparin and method of treatment Inventor(s): Medenica; Rajko D. (2252 Broadway, New York, NY 10024) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,668,119 Date filed: February 22, 1996 Abstract: A topical pharmaceutical for the treatment of thrombosis or hematoma, and a method for the topical treatment of thrombosis or hematoma, are described. The topical pharmaceutical contains effective thrombosis-inhibiting amounts of heparin, allantoin, thymol, and mefenamic acid dispersed in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier for topical administration. The method of treating thrombosis and hematoma includes externally contacting the area with an effective amount of a composition containing heparin, allantoin, thymol, and mefenamic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to topical pharmaceuticals containing heparin for the treatment of thrombosis, hematoma, post-cytopenia hematoma, traumatic hematoma and lesions, chronic venestasia, diffuse hematoma patches and the like. Heparin is a well known and frequently used intravenous anti-coagulant. Chemically, heparin is classified as a glycosaminoglycan. Glycosaminoglycans are the polysaccharide portions of proteoglycans. The heparin polysaccharide backbone is composed of repeating units of D-glucosamine and either L-iduronic or D-glucuronic acids. The polysaccharide backbone further includes a heterogeneous mixture of negatively charged carboxylate and sulfate functional groups which gives the molecule an overall anionic character at physiological pH. Heparin is biosynthesized and stored in mast cells of various tissues, most notably liver, lung, and gut. Heparin exerts its anticoagulant effect by increasing the rate of formation of an irreversible complex between thrombin and antithrombin III. The U.S. patent literature contains various references to pharmaceutical compositions containing heparin in combination with other active ingredients to treat many different medical conditions. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 3,232,833 to Riviere and U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,580 to Gibson, describe ophthalmologic pharmaceuticals containing heparin. The Riviere patent describes an ophthalmologic collyrium containing a compound capable of liberating the heparin ion, a vasoconstricter, and a third ingredient. This medicament is to be used for the treatment of eye complaints such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal vascularizations. The Gibson reference describes a corneal mortar for treating wounds to the corneal stroma. Here, the pharmaceutical is formulated with a sufficiently high viscosity such that it is retained within a corneal wound under physiological conditions. This pharmaceutical is primarily used in promoting the healing of corneal incisions made during keratorefractive surgery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05668119__

Patent Applications on Hematoma As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hematoma: •

Catheter Inventor(s): Lee, Keun-Ho; (Buchoeon, KR) Correspondence: Lee, Hong, Degerman, Kang & Schmadeka, P.C.; 801 South Fiqueroa Street; 14th Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90017; US Patent Application Number: 20030199829 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provide a catheter which exhausts a humor such as a hematoma, a brain fluid, and an encephalophyma smoothly without any infection, and be able to inject a hematoma resolvent while maintaining a constant brain pressure, and is inserted into an accurate operative portion in the cranial cavity using a brain stereotactic frame conveniently and easily. The catheter 100 includes a long tube 110 made of an atoxic, transparent and flexible material; a two-way fitting 160 having two channels and inserted into a rear portion of the tube through a fitting 120; second and third coupling members 140 and 150 selectively coupled to a branched channel of the two-way fitting 160; an injection member 170 including a needle portion 174 inserted into a rear portion of the third coupling member 150 through an inserting hole 153; and a fourth coupling member 180 including a seal member 181 and being inserted into a reception groove 171 formed in a rear portion of the injection member 170. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a catheter, and more specifically to a catheter which exhausts a humor such as a hematoma, a brain fluid, and an encephalophyma smoothly without any infection, and be able to inject a hematoma resolvent while maintaining a constant brain pressure, and is inserted into an accurate operative portion in the cranial cavity using a brain stereotactic frame conveniently and easily. An intracranial hematoma has been treated by a therapy that directly removes it through a craniotomy which is a kind of a neurosurgical operation. Recently, a therapy has been widely used that removes the intracranial hematoma directly or by a brain stereotactic frame by using a brain cross section radiography or a magnetic resonance (MR) radiography using a computer. Since the operation can be performed under a local anesthesia in a short time, this therapy is applied to patients who cannot be under a general anesthesia. For example, in the case that a brain parenchyme has a hemorrhage therein, a location of a hematoma in a cranial cavity is exactly measured by a brain cross section radiography. A skull is perforated, and a catheter is inserted into the hematoma directly or by using the brain stereotactic instrument in order to exhaust the hematoma out of the cranial cavity therethrough. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Conformable bi-laminate compression bolster and method for using same Inventor(s): Butler, Charles E.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Michael J. Smith; Vinson & Elkins Llp; 2300 First City Tower; 1001 Fannin; Houston; TX; 77002-6760; US Patent Application Number: 20030212359 Date filed: March 7, 2003

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Abstract: A bolster dressing comprising an inner conformable layer and an outer semirigid layer for use in closing wounds and securing skin grafts or surgical flaps. This bolster dressing reduces edema, hematoma, seroma and shear of the wound bed. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of provisional U.S. Ser. No. 60/362,350 filed Mar. 7, 2002. The present invention relates to the field of wound healing, specifically surgical wound closure. More particularly, the invention relates to bolster dressings for closing and securing skin grafts, surgical flaps and other types of wounds. Skin grafting is the most common procedure used to reconstruct wounds that are too large to close primarily. These skin grafts must be anchored and compressed to the underlying wound bed for 4-14 days after application during the healing process. The first several days are most crucial for the graft to 1) initially adhere, 2) maintain its viability by receiving nutrients from the wound fluid, 3) develop its own blood supply from the wound bed and 4) attach and heal permanently to the wound. Typically, skin grafts are secured using a bolster dressing. This provides mild compression to facilitate adherence and prevent bleeding and fluid collections, and immobilization to prevent shear or separation. Traditional bolster dressings can be difficult to apply to large, uneven, convex or irregular surfaces. In addition, traditional dressings such as cotton or gauze contain little or no surface rigidity and are typically applied by tie-over sutures placed at the perimeter of the graft, causing a round, or concave shaped bolster surface over the graft. This configuration places perpendicular compressive force only at the central point or axis and not at the peripheral areas of the graft. This method does not allow skin grafts to be secured to the graft bed and maintain a flat planar surface, particularly as graft size increases, nor are such dressings easily applied to concave, convex or other contoured areas. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Medical closure screen device and method Inventor(s): Zamierowski, David S.; (Shawnee Mission, KS) Correspondence: Kinetic Concepts, INC.; Attn: Legal DEPT.-MFG.; P.O. Box 659508; San Antonio; TX; 78265-9508; US Patent Application Number: 20040039415 Date filed: August 21, 2002 Abstract: A medical closure screen device for a separation of first and second tissue portions is provided, which includes a mesh screen comprising tubular vertical risers, vertical strands with barbed filaments, and horizontal spacers connecting the risers and strands in a grid-like configuration. An optional perimeter member partly surrounds the screen and can comprise a perimeter tube fluidically coupled with the vertical risers to form a tubing assembly. Various input/output devices can optionally be connected to the perimeter tube ends for irrigating and/or draining the separation according to methodologies of the present invention. Separation closure, irrigation and drainage methodologies are disclosed utilizing various combinations of closure screens, tubing, sutures, fluid transfer elements and gradient force sources. The use of mechanical forces associated with barbed strands for repositionably securing separated tissues together is disclosed. The use of same for eliminating or reducing the formation of subcutaneous voids or pockets, which can potentially form hematoma and seroma effects, is also disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical closure and wound fluid management devices, and in particular to an absorbable screen closure member for closing tissue separations, such as incisions and wounds. In the medical field, cutaneous incisions are commonly performed in surgery to provide access to underlying tissue, organs, joints, skeletal structure, etc. Incision and closure techniques are an important part of surgery in general. They tend to occupy surgical teams and other resources for significant portions of many surgical procedures. Surgeons generally strive to minimize the traumatic and scarring effects of surgery on their patients by both minimizing the incisions, and by employing a variety of closure techniques which tend to reduce postoperative swelling, bleeding, seroma, infection and other undesirable postoperative side effects. For example, the fields of endoscopic-assisted surgery, microscopic surgery, and computer-enhanced instrumentation (e.g., the DaVinci System available from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif.) are generally concerned with minimally invasive surgery ("MIS") procedures and techniques, which have proven to be increasingly popular. Such popularity is at least partly due not only to the minimallysized scars left by such techniques, but also to the minimal trauma to the fascia and muscle layers and the correspondingly faster recoveries this allows. However, surgeons must balance such considerations with providing adequate access to perform various surgical procedures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for needle-less injection with a degassed fluid Inventor(s): Castellano, Thomas P.; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop Llp; Intellectual Property Group; Suite 2800; 725 South Figueroa Street; Los Angeles; CA; 90017-5406; US Patent Application Number: 20040035491 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are described for administering a needle-less injection of a degassed fluid. Prior to filling, or after filling but prior to administration of a needle-less injection, gas is removed from the fluid. A needle-less injection may then be performed with a reduced risk of discomfort to the recipient of the injection and with lower potential for the creation of a subdermal hematoma as a result of the injection. A wide variety of needle-less injectors may be used in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to needle-less injection apparatuses including a degassed fluid, and methods for performing a needle-less injection of a degassed fluid using the same. Subdermal hematomas, tissue damage, and scarring from mechanical force injury may result from the use of needle-less injectors when pockets of gas are present in the injector ampoule prior to dispensing the medication contained therein. Within the 800 to 1200 foot per second range, optimal for acceleration of liquid medication through the skin via a needle-less injector, liquid readily penetrates the skin while air does not. Thus, gas pockets accelerated against the skin lead to the formation of a bruise and can be quite painful for the recipient, whereas liquid medication passes into and/or through the skin without discomfort. In general, the gas pocket is found at the dispensing terminus of the ampoule, which is proximate to the skin, though this can change depending on the orientation of the ampoule during storage. Further, when a cap is removed from the end of a needle-less injector, exposing the dispensing area for application to the skin surface, any gas pocket not already situated at the dispensing end

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may tend to migrate toward that end, due to the pressure change caused by cap removal. This motion of the gas pocket often forces some liquid from the ampoule, thereby diminishing the volume of liquid that will be injected into the recipient. This renders the dosage level inaccurate, as a nontrivial volume of medication is lost from the injector prior to use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for detecting and excising nonpalpable lesions Inventor(s): Harms, Steven E.; (Little Rock, AR), Klimberg, V. Suzanne; (Little Rock, AR), Korourian, Sohelia; (Little Rock, AR) Correspondence: Pat Winston Kennedy, ESQ.; Kilpatrick Stockton Llp; 1001 West Fourth Street; Winston-salem; NC; 27101; US Patent Application Number: 20020052545 Date filed: October 3, 2001 Abstract: A novel method of hematoma-directed ultrasound guided excisional breast biopsy is disclosed. In one aspect of the inventon, the hematoma is produced by an injection of the patient's own blood into a pre-selected area to target a lesion. Detection of the targeted lesion and hematoma is achieved with MRI. In a second aspect of the invention, the hematoma is produced by stereotactic core needle breast biopsy in a preselected area, and the targeted lesion and hematoma are detected using intraoperative ultrasound. The method avoids many of the disadvantages associated with traditional needle localized breast biopsy. The method can also be used to guide the excision of lesions visualized by MRI, ultrasound, mammography, PET scanning, and scintimammography. The method may be used in any organ and, in particular, the breast. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/237,671 filed Oct. 3, 2000, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to a method for detecting and excising nonpalpable lesions and, more particularly, to a hematoma-directed ultrasound guided excisional breast biopsy. Increased screening mammography has led to over 1,000,000 breast biopsies performed yearly in the United States. An increasing number of these biopsies are for nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities and less than one-third are visible with ultrasound. Available options for biopsy of these mammographic abnormalities have included needle localization excisional breast biopsy (NLBB) or percutaneous stereotactic core needle breast biopsy (SCNBB). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Skin cream stimulating the surface bloodstream Inventor(s): Passi, Siro; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030108510 Date filed: November 1, 2002

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Abstract: A formulation of a skin cream based on the synergical combination of three particular active principles--escin, bufemin and rutin--whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and the high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10 %) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three active principles should perform their action. Said cream finds therapeutical application in the treatment of cellulitis and disorders connected to the inefficiency of the surface bloodstream, phlebopathy, phlebothrombosis, surface periphlebitis, sense of heaviness, fatigue and weariness of limbs, spasms, tumefaction and edema of inflammatory origin, ecchymosis and hematoma, and chilblains. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetics and more particularly a formulation for topical administering to stimulate the surface bloodstream and to eliminate disorders connected to its inefficiency, particularly the formation of cellulitis. The disclosed formulation is based upon the synergical combination of three particular active principles, i.e. escin, bufenin, and rutin, whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10%) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three active principles should perform their action. Bufenin is a peripheral vasodilator acting by a.beta.-adrenergic stimulation and having a direct action to arteriae and arteriolae of the skin and skeletal muscles. Therefore, it is particularly active in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

SUCTION CATHETER FOR RAPIDLY DEBRIDING ABSCESSES Inventor(s): UFLACKER, RENAN; (MT. PLEASANT, SC) Correspondence: Cook Group Patent Office; P.O. Box 2269; Bloomington; IN; 47402 Patent Application Number: 20020010416 Date filed: April 14, 1999 Abstract: A medical device 10 particularly adapted for debriding an abscess, phlegmon, or hematoma in a human or veterinary patient, for removing debrided and other materials from the abscess and for draining the abscess first includes a flexible catheter 12 having a longitudinally extending flow lumen 14, a rounded distal tip 16, a side portion 18 extending proximally from the distal tip 16 and an oval or other lateral opening 20, 44 or 46 extending through the side portion 18. The device also includes a cutting cannula 22 positionable in and longitudinally slidable in the flow lumen 14 in the catheter 12. The cannula 22 has an open distal end 24 and a sharp, beveled circumferential cutting edge 26 formed on the open distal end 24, the circumferential cutting edge 26 being disposed perpendicularly to the flow lumen 14 of the catheter 12. Upon movement of the cannula 22 in the flow lumen 14, the cutting edge 26 moves across the lateral opening 20 and cuts any material extending through the lateral opening 20 of the catheter 12. The cannula 22 further has a proximal end 30 opposite the open distal end 24 adapted for the application of suction thereto. The catheter 12 is capable of draining the abscess even when the cutting cannula 22 is not positioned in the flow lumen 14. The device 10 can also include a side arm 40 connected to the proximal end 36 of the catheter 12 in fluid communication with the flow lumen 14 of the catheter

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12, and a fitting 42 connecting the side arm 40 to the proximal end 36 of the catheter 12. The fitting 42 can contain a seal element 38 through which the cannula 22 can be passed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60/081,678, filed Apr. 14, 1998. This invention relates generally to medical devices, and more particularly to a device for debriding, aspirating, and draining an abscess present in a human or veterinary patient. A variety of locations within the body of a human or veterinary patient are subject to developing an abscess after the occurrence of infection or contamination at such locations. Contamination can result from structural changes or damage to tissues in the body caused by injury or surgery, or can result from structural irregularities arising naturally within the body. Abscesses often develop in an existing tract or passage within the body, such as in mucus glands, for example, rectal mucus glands. An abscess can perhaps most simply be considered as a sac containing bacteria, body fluids and sera, blood clots, dead or necrotic tissue, and the like. Treatment of an abscess entails debriding the abscess and draining it of such materials contained in it. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

System and method for surgical enhancement of the lips Inventor(s): Abergel, R. Patrick; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Perkins Coie Llp; Post Office Box 1208; Seattle; WA; 98111-1208; US Patent Application Number: 20030120307 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: In a surgical technique for augmentation of the lips, first and second openings are made on a lip. An implant inserting tool is inserted into the first opening and routed through the lip to and out of the second opening. The tool grabs or clamps onto an implant. The tool is then withdrawn back out through the first opening. The implant is released from the tool, with the implant remaining in the lip. The ends of the implant are trimmed and the openings closed with sutures. The surgical technique and tool minimize the risk of bruising or possible hematoma, reduces pain and trauma and allows for faster recovery. Similar techniques and tools may be used to treat skin depressions caused by acne scarring, and for treating nasal labial folds. Excerpt(s): The human lips are an essential or even dominating, facial feature. Many, if not most facial expressions involve, or are characterized by, the form, position and shape of the lips. The lips contribute significantly to a person's appearance. Thin lips, especially in women, are considered unattractive in many cultures. With some individuals, the lips become thinner with age. With others, thinner lips are an inherent characteristic from birth. Regardless of the cause, many individuals have desired thicker or larger lips. Various techniques have been proposed and used for lip enhancement. These, techniques include temporary injectable fillers, such as collagen. These fillers are injected into the lips to provide improved lip appearance, by enlarging or thickening the lips. However, since they are absorbed by the body over time, the result is only temporary, usually lasting from about one to six months. Other injection techniques include injection of a synthetic implant material, such as silicone. These materials provide a permanent effect. However, they are difficult or impossible to remove, and may involve other complications. Injectable bio-catalysts have also been used for lip augmentation. These types of products include synthetic materials, such as Gore-Tex PTFE, and bio-derived products, such as Alloderm, provide a permanent or semipermanent result, often varying significantly between individuals. These type of bio-

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catalysts may generally be removed, if necessary, but with significant difficulty. Selfderivative implants have also similarly been used, such as fat, tendon or dermis grafting. Apart from techniques using fillers or implants, other surgical techniques, such as lip-rolls, lip lifts, or micro pigmentation, have been used with varying degrees of success to provide the illusion of larger or fuller lips. Nonsurgical techniques, such as lip pumps, lip balms, or glosses, have also been used to try to achieve the same result of an improved appearance of the lips. However, these techniques have drawbacks, and uniformly provide only fleeting if any positive results. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hematoma, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hematoma. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hematoma. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HEMATOMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hematoma. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hematoma include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hematoma” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hematoma” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hematoma” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Cerebral Contusions, Lacerations, and Hematomas (Advances in Neurotraumatology, Vol 3) by R.A. Frowein (Editor); ISBN: 0387819827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387819827/icongroupinterna

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Intracerebral Hematomas by Howard H. Kaufman (Editor); ISBN: 0881678430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881678430/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Hematoma In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hematoma, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hematoma using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and

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language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hematoma: •

Esophageal Trauma: Perforation, Mallory-Weiss Tear, Hematoma Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 105-114. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: Traumatic injury of the esophagus typically manifests as perforation, bleeding, or both. Spontaneous, traumatic, and iatrogenic causes secondary to medical or surgical injuries are most common. This chapter on esophageal trauma is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. The author focuses on esophageal perforation, Mallory Weiss tear, and hematoma formation. The most common causes of perforation are endoscopic procedures, surgical injury, trauma, and forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome). The author discusses perforation in four broad types of damage: piercing, shearing, bursting, or thinning type injury to the esophageal wall. Falls, collision, child abuse, or penetrating injuries secondary to a bullet or knife may result in traumatic injury to the esophagus. Radiologic studies are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Patient treatment plans require a team approach and must first determine whether an operative or nonoperative technique will be used. The best treatment for an esophageal perforation is prevention. Boerhaave's syndrome (spontaneous rupture of the esophagus) is a rare entity that classically occurs in patients who omit after ingesting a large meal; it is frequently associated with heavy alcohol intake. A Mallory Weiss tear is a mucosal laceration at the gastric cardia or gastroesophageal junction induced by retching or vomiting. Spontaneous esophageal hematomas (bulging, intramural purplish mass lesions) have been described in the absence of trauma, toxic ingestion, or intervention. Most hematomas require no therapy and resolve spontaneously within a few days to 1 week. 17 figures. 34 references.

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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON HEMATOMA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hematoma. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hematoma is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hematoma” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hematoma: •

No-Scalpel Vasectomy Source: Purchase, NY: P.C. Communication, Inc. 1990. Contact: Available from VideoUrology Times. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10577. (800) 342-8244. (One of six video presentations comprising a videocassette program representing Program 3 of Volume 3 of VideoUrology). PRICE: $59.95 for 6title set; $150 for 24-title set. Summary: This program, from a video journal on urology, demonstrates a refined eight minute vasectomy that eliminates the scalpel, results in fewer hematomas, and leaves a single tiny puncture hole. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMATOMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hematoma.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hematoma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hematoma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hematoma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hematoma: •

Stereotactic aspiration safe for intracerebral hematoma, improves drainage Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 20, 2003

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Antihypertensive therapy helps prevent hematoma formation after rhytidectomy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 06, 2002

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Artificial hematoma guides breast biopsy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 29, 2001

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Roller coaster ride may increase risk of subdural hematoma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 11, 2000

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Cephalhematomas can occur in utero during antepartum period Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 30, 1998

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Accidents Involving Mountain Bike Handlebars Linked to Liver Hematomas Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 30, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hematoma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hematoma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and

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search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hematoma” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Hematoma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hematoma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hematoma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 29075 155 396 23 40 29689

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “hematoma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hematoma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hematoma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hematoma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hematoma”:

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Other guides Aneurysms http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aneurysms.html Bleeding Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bleedingdisorders.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Nail Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html Thrombophlebitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thrombophlebitis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hematoma. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Discussion of Chronic Ear Infections Source: Los Angeles, CA: House Ear Institute. 1993. 25 p. Contact: Available from House Ear Institute. 2100 West Third Street, Fifth Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90057. Voice (800) 552-HEAR; (213) 483-4431; TTY (213) 484-2642; Fax (213) 483-8789. PRICE: $1.00 per booklet. Order Number BR-1. Summary: This brochure discusses chronic otitis media (infection of the middle ear). The booklet begins with a discussion of the anatomy and function of the normal ear, and then describes types of hearing impairment. Additional topics include the diseased middle ear; care of the ear; medical treatment; surgical treatment; myringoplasty; tympanoplasty; types of mastoid surgery; tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy; modified radical mastoidectomy; mastoid obliteration operation; what to expect following surgery; the risks and complications of surgery, including ear infection; loss of hearing; dizziness; facial paralysis; hematoma; and complications related to mastoidectomy. The booklet concludes with recommendations for patients who decide against surgery. 1 figure.

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Plastic Surgery Considered Source: Sharon, MA: PXE International. 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available from PXE International. 23 Mountain Street, Sharon, MA 02067. (781) 784-3817. Fax (781) 784-6672. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.pxe.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet, which is based on a presentation given at the International Centennial Meeting on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE), provides people who have PXE with information on plastic surgery. Wrinkles, folds, and looseness of the skin may result from PXE, and these can be removed with plastic surgery. However, the cobblestone appearance of the skin cannot be changed by surgery. One surgical technique that can be used in people affected by PXE is a procedure called direct excision. The folds and loose skin are smoothed out by pulling the skin in one direction, and the excess skin is cut away. However, this procedure may leave an obvious scar. Other procedures that can be used to improve the appearance of folds and loose skin include a face lift, a neck lift, or tightening of the skin of the breasts or abdomen. Anyone considering one of these procedures should find out where the incisions will be and understand that permanent scarring could occur. A person who is considering surgery should have a thorough preoperative cardiac workup and an evaluation of all other systems. Postoperative complications include scarring, calcium extrusion, infections, reaction to anesthesia, and risk of hematoma. One difficulty PXE patients deal with in deciding whether to undergo plastic surgery is that insurance coverage may be initially denied for some patients. The key to the decision is usually based on the definition of plastic surgery as either reconstructive surgery or cosmetic surgery. PXE is a congenital condition, so corrective procedures should be defined as reconstructive surgery and, thus, covered by insurance.

•

Nail Disorders and Treatments Source: Park Ridge, IL: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1998. 8 p. Contact: Available from American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 515 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068. (800) 421-2237 or (847) 292-2237. Fax (800) 382-8270 or (847) 292-2022. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.acfas.org. PRICE: Package of 50 for members, $18.50 plus shipping; for non-members, $27.50 plus shipping. Summary: This illustrated brochure provides people who have various nail disorders with information on their causes, symptoms, and treatment. Nail problems can be caused by improper trimming, minor injuries, or repeated trauma. Common nail problems include ingrown nail, fungal infection, and blood beneath the nail. Surgery may be needed to treat severe or chronic problems. In the case of an ingrown nail, a portion of the nail may be removed to ease pain. Complete removal of the nail plate is a common treatment for fungal infections and ingrown nails. Surgery may also be used to remove a bone spur or outgrowth. The brochure provides postoperative care guidelines for partial or total nail removal and hematoma drainage. 8 figures.

•

Winter Sports and Your Feet Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 275-2762 or (301) 581-9277. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost.

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Summary: This pamphlet provides the general public with information on the effect of various winter sports on the feet. Other topics are guidelines on preventing cold feet while participating in winter sports; ways to ensure correct fit in ski boots, ice skates, and cross-country footwear; and prevention of injuries through proper warmups. The pamphlet also discusses the biomechanics of winter sports and suggests ways to correct minor biomechanical imbalances. In addition, it describes the features and treatment of various winter sport-related foot problems, including frostbite, blisters, neuromas, sprains and strains, subungual hematoma, and bone problems. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “hematoma” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

(1) Part I. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. In: Management and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury. (2) Update notice. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: cerebral perfusion pressure Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 (revised 2003); 165 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3794&nbr=3020&a mp;string=hematoma

•

ACR Appropriateness Criteria for acute chest pain - suspected aortic dissection Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 (revised 1999); 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2379&nbr=1605&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for blunt abdominal or pelvic trauma--suspected vascular injury Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 (revised 1999); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2385&nbr=1611&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for cerebrovascular disease Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2000); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2437&nbr=1663&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for dementia Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2445&nbr=1671&a mp;string=hematomas

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for head trauma Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2444&nbr=1670&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for imaging of blunt abdominal trauma Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2401&nbr=1627&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for imaging of the multiply injured patient Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 (revised 1999); 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2420&nbr=1646&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for myelopathy Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2443&nbr=1669&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for orbits, vision and visual loss Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2450&nbr=1676&a mp;string=hematomas

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for spine trauma Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2451&nbr=1677&a mp;string=hematoma

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for suspected congenital heart disease in the adult Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2002); 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3563&nbr=2789&a mp;string=hematomas

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for thrombolysis for lower extremity arterial and graft occlusions Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 14 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2499&nbr=1725&a mp;string=hematoma

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American Gastroenterological Association management of oropharyngeal dysphagia

medical

position

statement

on

Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 July 24 (reviewed 2001); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3067&nbr=2293&a mp;string=hematoma •

American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation and management of occult and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 July 18 (reviewed 2001); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3062&nbr=2288&a mp;string=hematoma

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Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. In: Sixth ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 January; 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2733&nbr=1959&a mp;string=hematoma

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Clinical policy guidelines Source: National Abortion Federation - Professional Association; 1996 (revised 2003); 54 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3689&nbr=2915&a mp;string=hematoma

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Clinical practice guideline for the management of postoperative pain Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 July (revised 2002 May); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3284&nbr=2510&a mp;string=hematoma

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Congestive heart failure in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1997 October (revised 2002 Jan); 71 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3165&nbr=2391&a mp;string=hematoma

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Determination of cervical spine stability in trauma patients (update of the 1997 EAST cervical spine clearance document) Source: Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association; 2000; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2623&nbr=1849&a mp;string=hematomas

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Diagnosis and management of achalasia Source: American College of Gastroenterology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 December; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2197&nbr=1423&a mp;string=hematoma

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Disorders of the elbow Source: Work Loss Data Institute - Public For Profit Organization; 2003; 78 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3800&nbr=3026&a mp;string=hematoma

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Evaluation of surgery for Parkinson's disease. A report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. The Task Force on Surgery for Parkinson's Disease Source: American Academy of Neurology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 December; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2830&nbr=2056&a mp;string=hematoma

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Evidence based clinical practice guideline for management of children with mild traumatic head injury Source: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center - Hospital/Medical Center; 2000; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2162&nbr=1388&a mp;string=hematoma

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Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Nursing care of the woman receiving regional analgesia/anesthesia in labor Source: Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses - Professional Association; 2001 January; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2928&nbr=2154&a mp;string=hematoma

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Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain Source: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2003; 79 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3598&nbr=2824&a mp;string=hematoma

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General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Source: American Academy of Family Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 February 8; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3180&nbr=2406&a mp;string=hematoma

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Guidelines for referral to pediatric surgical specialists Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3420&nbr=2646&a mp;string=hematoma

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Guidelines of care for liposuction Source: American Academy of Dermatology - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 January (electronic version released to the public); 10 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2710&nbr=1936&a mp;string=hematomas

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Heel spur syndrome Source: Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 (revised 2003 Sep); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4245&nbr=3245&a mp;string=hematoma

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Intermetatarsal neuroma Source: Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 (revised 2003 Sep); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4243&nbr=3243&a mp;string=hematoma

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Male and female sterilisation Source: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 April; 86 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2557&nbr=1783&a mp;string=hematoma

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Management of unerupted and impacted third molar teeth. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 March; 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2305&nbr=1531&a mp;string=hematoma

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NKF-K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access: update 2000 Source: National Kidney Foundation - Disease Specific Society; 1997 (updated 2000); 45 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2783&nbr=2009&a mp;string=hematoma

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Part II. Early indicators of prognosis in severe traumatic brain injury. In: Management and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 2000; 116 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3122&nbr=2348&a mp;string=hematoma

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Practice management guidelines for management of penetrating trauma to the lower extremity Source: Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association; 1999; 35 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2797&nbr=2023&a mp;string=hematoma

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Practice management guidelines for the management of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients Source: Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association; 1998 (revised 2001); 63 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3189&nbr=2415&a mp;string=hematoma

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Practice parameter for repetitive nerve stimulation and single fiber EMG evaluation of adults with suspected myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: summary statement Source: American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 September; 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3347&nbr=2573&a mp;string=hematoma

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Practice parameters for the prevention of venous thromboembolism Source: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 August; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2593&nbr=1819&a mp;string=hematoma

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Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment following spinal cord injury Source: Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2000 August; 80 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2589&nbr=1815&a mp;string=hematoma

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Prevention of fall injuries in the older adult Source: Registered Nurses Association of Ontario - Professional Association; 2002 January; 57 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3712&nbr=2938&a mp;string=hematoma

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Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury Source: Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1997 February (updated 1999 Sep); 29 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2965&nbr=2191&a mp;string=hematoma

•

Prevention of varicella: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 May; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1980&nbr=1206&a mp;string=hematoma

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Prevention of venous thromboembolism. In: Sixth ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy Source: American College of Chest Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 January; 43 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2724&nbr=1950&a mp;string=hematoma

•

Standards for breast conservation therapy in the management of invasive breast carcinoma. Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1992 (revised 2001); 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3291&nbr=2517&a mp;string=hematoma

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Surgical repair of groin hernias Source: Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2000); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2172&nbr=1398&a mp;string=hematoma

•

Treatment of pressure ulcers Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1994 December (reviewed 2000); 154 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=810&nbr=8&st ring=hematoma

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Ultrasonographic examinations: indications and preparation of the patient Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2000 April 18 (revised 2001 October 24); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3385&nbr=2611&a mp;string=hematoma The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hematoma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hematoma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hematoma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hematoma. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hematoma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hematoma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hematoma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hematoma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 123 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 125 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HEMATOMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring

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substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampoule: A small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule). [EU] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]

Dictionary 131

Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the

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antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aortic Rupture: Tearing of aortic tissue. It may be rupture of an aneurysm or it may be due to trauma. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH]

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Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Asynchronous: Pacing mode where only one timing interval exists, that between the stimuli. While the duration of this interval may be varied, it is not modified by any sensed event once set. As no sensing occurs, the upper and lower rate intervals are the same as the pacema. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of the lung. [NIH] Atoxic: Not poisonous; not due to a poison. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the

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thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Balloon Occlusion: Use of a balloon catheter to block the flow of blood through an artery or vein. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]

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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH]

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Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU]

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Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of

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infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chilblains: Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and

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photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Collyrium: A lotion for the eyes; an eye wash. [EU] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Comatose: Pertaining to or affected with coma. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT)

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scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH]

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Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate

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macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH]

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Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Ecchymosis: Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.

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[NIH]

Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enoxaparin: A drug used to prevent blood clots. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Granuloma: The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. [NIH]

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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Escin: Saponin occurring in the seed of the horse chestnut tree. Inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Perforation: A dilated vessel in the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial

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paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin (plasmin). [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a

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more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH]

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Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemarthrosis: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhagic stroke: A disorder involving bleeding within ischemic brain tissue. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels that are damaged or dead from lack of blood supply (infarcted), located within an area of infarcted brain tissue, rupture and transform an "ischemic" stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia is inadequate tissue oxygenation caused by reduced blood flow; infarction is tissue death resulting from ischemia. Bleeding irritates the brain tissues, causing swelling (cerebral edema). Blood collects into a mass (hematoma). Both swelling and hematoma will compress and displace brain tissue. [NIH] Hemorrhaging: A copious discharge of blood from the blood vessels. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they

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are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histidine Decarboxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (gene expression regulation, developmental). [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH]

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Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of

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diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]

Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis, marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or intracranial aneurysm. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight,

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speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Keyhole: A carrier molecule. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Length of Stay: The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. [NIH]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and

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strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]

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Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the

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abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]

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Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United

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States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]

Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal,

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and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU]

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Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paramedic: An emergency medical technician (EMT) who received further training for the delivery of some aspects of advanced life support (ALS) care. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and

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muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]

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Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. [EU]

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PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors,

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precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Artery: The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predictive factor: A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. [NIH] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Progeria: An abnormal congenital condition characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature greying, hair loss, hearing loss, cataracts, arthritis,osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, atrophy of subcutaneous fat, skeletal hypoplasia, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially sarcomas. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

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Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis,

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caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large

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intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retching: Dry vomiting. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another,

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all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause

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localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the

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one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of

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bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. This condition usually is accompanied by pansinusitis and may present itself in an acute or chronic form. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They

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are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH] Surgical Flaps: Tongues of tissue (skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle) cut away from the underlying parts but attached at one end. They retain their own blood supply during transfer to the new site. They are used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region. The concept includes pedicled flaps, rotation flaps, tube flaps, etc. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

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Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment

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of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer

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both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trauma Centers: Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]

Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH]

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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Varix: An enlarged, dilated, and tortuous venous channel. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasogenic: Acute peripheral circulatory failure due to loss of capillary tone associated with a reduced circulating blood volume. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventriculostomy: Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle. [NIH]

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Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 70, 109, 129, 135, 139, 150, 154, 155, 157, 165, 172, 175, 177, 181 Abdominal, 20, 21, 48, 64, 70, 110, 111, 129, 136, 144, 153, 158, 163, 165, 172 Abscess, 32, 88, 89, 129 Acceptor, 129, 163 Acne, 89, 129 Acyl, 16, 129 Adaptability, 129, 137 Adenocarcinoma, 59, 129 Adrenergic, 88, 129, 147 Adverse Effect, 129, 173 Aerobic, 73, 129 Aerobic Exercise, 73, 129 Affinity, 66, 129, 143 Agar, 129, 166 Agonist, 17, 129 Airway, 21, 25, 81, 130 Airway Obstruction, 21, 25, 130 Algorithms, 12, 80, 130, 134 Alimentary, 117, 130, 164 Alkaline, 130, 136, 177 Alpha Particles, 130, 170 Alternative medicine, 96, 130 Amino Acids, 5, 130, 165, 167, 169, 173, 178, 179 Ampoule, 86, 130 Ampulla, 130, 146 Amputation, 8, 130 Amygdala, 130, 177 Amyloid, 130, 138 Anabolic, 130, 147 Anal, 130, 160 Analgesic, 130, 140, 153, 156, 158 Analog, 130, 143 Anaphylatoxins, 130, 140 Anatomical, 12, 130, 133, 153, 164 Anemia, 131, 177 Anesthesia, 4, 12, 15, 21, 23, 31, 41, 42, 53, 57, 58, 59, 84, 109, 114, 130, 131 Aneurysm, 35, 48, 52, 53, 55, 60, 74, 77, 131, 132 Angiogenesis, 8, 13, 131 Angiography, 28, 33, 44, 131 Angiopathy, 131, 138 Angiosarcoma, 25, 131 Animal model, 13, 131

Anionic, 83, 131 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 131, 138 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 24, 131 Antibacterial, 131, 175 Antibiotic, 131, 175 Antibody, 129, 131, 132, 140, 150, 153, 154, 158, 170, 174 Anticoagulant, 22, 50, 52, 64, 66, 131, 181 Antidiuretic, 131, 132, 143 Antigen, 129, 131, 132, 140, 153, 154, 158 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 132, 140 Anti-inflammatory, 7, 132, 143, 149, 153, 156, 158 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 132, 156 Antioxidant, 5, 132 Antipyretic, 132, 158 Antitussive, 132, 143 Anus, 130, 132, 171 Anxiety, 33, 132 Aorta, 18, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 132, 142, 150, 153, 180 Aortic Aneurysm, 31, 56, 132 Aortic Rupture, 48, 132 Apoptosis, 16, 132 Arginine, 130, 132, 143, 179 Argipressin, 132, 143 Arterial, 9, 71, 74, 88, 112, 132, 138, 153, 155, 169, 177 Arteries, 8, 74, 75, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 142, 150, 153, 155, 159, 160, 167, 179 Arterioles, 132, 135, 136, 160 Arteriovenous, 7, 12, 15, 30, 36, 132, 138 Arteriovenous Fistula, 7, 132 Arteritis, 31, 132 Arthroplasty, 35, 132 Articular, 132, 163 Aspartate, 132, 143 Aspirate, 71, 76, 132 Aspiration, 44, 46, 56, 60, 81, 95, 132 Asymptomatic, 9, 133, 163 Asynchronous, 18, 133 Ataxia, 133, 152 Atelectasis, 70, 133 Atoxic, 84, 133 Atrial, 10, 41, 42, 133, 181 Atrial Fibrillation, 10, 133, 181 Atrium, 133, 180 Atrophy, 25, 133, 168

184

Hematoma

Atypical, 23, 49, 133 Auricular, 59, 75, 76, 81, 133 Autoantibodies, 23, 133 Autoantigens, 133 Autodigestion, 133, 163 Autopsy, 66, 133 Autosuggestion, 133, 153 Axillary, 24, 133, 135 Axillary Artery, 133, 135 Axonal, 16, 133 Axons, 133, 144, 162 Axotomy, 16, 133 B Back Pain, 43, 133 Bacteria, 89, 129, 131, 134, 145, 146, 159, 170, 173, 175, 178, 180 Bacteriophage, 134, 166, 178 Balloon Occlusion, 49, 134 Basal Ganglia, 46, 133, 134, 135, 138 Base, 134, 156, 177, 179 Basement Membrane, 134, 147 Benign, 134, 135, 146, 150, 161 Bilateral, 18, 21, 23, 24, 54, 134, 164 Bile, 134, 149, 150, 157 Biliary, 134, 163 Biliary Tract, 134, 163 Biochemical, 7, 134, 163 Biological therapy, 134, 150 Biological Transport, 134, 144 Biomechanics, 110, 134 Biopsy, 11, 87, 96, 134, 147, 165 Biotechnology, 17, 18, 19, 96, 103, 134 Bladder, 48, 51, 135, 154, 168, 179, 180 Blood Coagulation, 19, 135, 136 Blood Coagulation Factors, 135 Blood Glucose, 135, 151, 154 Blood pressure, 73, 135, 137, 153, 159, 165 Blood Volume, 135, 180 Blood-Brain Barrier, 14, 15, 135, 156 Body Fluids, 89, 135, 136, 145, 162 Bone Marrow, 135, 153, 157, 174 Bone scan, 135, 172 Bowel, 66, 130, 135, 144, 155, 165 Brachial, 53, 135, 158 Brachial Artery, 53, 135 Brachial Plexus, 135, 158 Brain Diseases, 135, 163 Brain Neoplasms, 135, 152 Brain Stem, 78, 135, 136, 138 Branch, 125, 136, 157, 158, 162, 164, 174 Breakdown, 14, 136, 144, 149, 162 Bypass, 136, 160, 177

C Caesarean section, 21, 136 Calcification, 29, 32, 136 Calcium, 109, 136, 140, 155, 159, 160, 164, 169, 174, 177 Cannula, 72, 76, 77, 88, 136 Capillary, 73, 136, 172, 180, 181 Capillary Fragility, 136, 172 Carbohydrate, 136, 167 Carbon Dioxide, 136, 143, 152, 166, 171, 180 Carcinogenic, 136, 154, 168 Carcinoma, 117, 136 Cardia, 92, 136 Cardiac, 5, 26, 28, 29, 42, 44, 51, 52, 109, 133, 136, 147, 160 Cardiac catheterization, 44, 136 Cardiorespiratory, 129, 136 Cardiovascular, 22, 28, 37, 43, 44, 51, 52, 56, 57, 64, 82, 137 Cardiovascular disease, 82, 137 Carotene, 137, 171 Carotid Arteries, 80, 137 Cataracts, 137, 168 Catheterization, 28, 44, 53, 74, 137, 155, 160 Caudal, 137, 167 Causal, 8, 137 Cecum, 41, 137, 156 Cell Cycle, 16, 137, 180 Cell Death, 16, 132, 137, 161 Cell Differentiation, 137, 174 Cell Division, 134, 137, 150, 159, 166 Cell proliferation, 137, 174 Cell Survival, 137, 150 Cellulitis, 38, 88, 137 Central Nervous System, 135, 137, 138, 150, 152, 156, 160, 162, 167 Central Nervous System Infections, 138, 150, 152 Cerebellar, 25, 43, 133, 138 Cerebellum, 135, 138, 167 Cerebral Arteries, 138, 159 Cerebral hemispheres, 134, 135, 136, 138, 177 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 61, 138 Cerebral Infarction, 36, 45, 138, 152 Cerebrospinal, 39, 41, 138, 152, 157, 173, 175 Cerebrospinal fluid, 39, 41, 138, 152, 157, 173, 175

Index 185

Cerebrovascular, 10, 14, 22, 49, 110, 137, 138 Cerebrum, 8, 138, 177 Cervical, 26, 27, 31, 32, 64, 66, 113, 135, 138, 158 Cervix, 138 Character, 83, 138, 143 Chemokines, 7, 138 Chemotactic Factors, 138, 140 Chemotherapy, 17, 139 Chest cavity, 139, 167 Chest Pain, 110, 139 Chest wall, 139, 167 Chilblains, 88, 139 Cholecystectomy, 53, 139 Cholecystitis, 4, 139 Choroid, 139, 141, 171 Chromatin, 132, 139, 146 Chromosomal, 9, 139 Chromosome, 139, 157, 179 Chronic, 4, 6, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 65, 66, 83, 108, 109, 114, 133, 139, 146, 154, 163, 169, 172, 175, 176, 179 Chronic renal, 45, 139, 179 Circulatory system, 139, 155 CIS, 17, 139, 171 Clinical Medicine, 37, 65, 139, 168 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 103, 139, 164, 169, 170 Cloning, 134, 139 Clot Retraction, 14, 139, 167 Coagulation, 10, 22, 50, 135, 139, 166, 178, 181 Codeine, 140, 143 Collagen, 89, 134, 140, 148, 168 Collapse, 136, 140, 167 Collyrium, 83, 140 Colonoscopy, 40, 140 Comatose, 81, 140 Complement, 14, 23, 130, 140, 166 Compress, 140, 151 Computational Biology, 103, 140 Computed tomography, 22, 33, 36, 51, 80, 140, 141, 172 Computerized axial tomography, 140, 141, 172 Computerized tomography, 140, 141 Conception, 141, 148 Concomitant, 79, 141 Cones, 141, 172

Conjugated, 28, 141 Conjunctiva, 141 Conjunctivitis, 83, 141 Connective Tissue, 135, 137, 140, 141, 148, 157, 172 Consciousness, 4, 130, 141, 143, 144 Constitutional, 141, 160 Constriction, 141, 155, 169 Contamination, 72, 89, 141 Contraceptive, 8, 141 Contraindications, ii, 141 Contusion, 16, 18, 141 Conus, 53, 141, 169 Conventional therapy, 141 Conventional treatment, 79, 141 Cornea, 60, 141, 150, 156, 172, 176 Corneal Stroma, 83, 141 Coronary, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 51, 54, 137, 141, 142, 159, 160 Coronary Angiography, 54, 142 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 142, 160 Coronary Artery Bypass, 51, 142 Coronary heart disease, 137, 142 Coronary Thrombosis, 142, 159, 160 Cortex, 133, 135, 138, 142, 147, 159, 161 Cortical, 8, 15, 35, 142, 161, 173 Cortisone, 142, 143 Cranial, 32, 60, 65, 84, 138, 142, 150, 155, 162, 163, 165, 175 Craniocerebral Trauma, 138, 142, 150, 152, 178 Craniotomy, 8, 17, 28, 30, 31, 84, 142 Critical Care, 10, 21, 65, 142 Cultured cells, 5, 142 Cutaneous, 86, 142, 172 Cyclic, 17, 132, 142, 166 Cyst, 23, 27, 132, 142 Cysteine, 138, 142 Cytokine, 7, 10, 142 Cytopenia, 83, 142 Cytoplasm, 132, 142, 146, 150 Cytotoxic, 142, 174 Cytotoxicity, 14, 142 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 143 Decarboxylation, 143, 152 Decompression, 17, 143 Decompression Sickness, 143 Degenerative, 141, 143, 163 Deletion, 132, 143 Dementia, 4, 52, 111, 143, 144 Dendrites, 143, 161

186

Hematoma

Depolarization, 143, 174 Desmopressin, 66, 143 Dexamethasone, 18, 143 Dextromethorphan, 65, 143 Diabetes Mellitus, 143, 151, 168 Diabetic Retinopathy, 143, 166 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 96, 144 Dialyzer, 144, 151 Diaphragm, 82, 144, 167 Diastolic, 144, 153 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 22, 144 Diffusion, 11, 30, 36, 79, 80, 134, 144, 154 Digestion, 130, 134, 135, 144, 155, 157, 165, 175 Digestive system, 144, 149 Dihydroxy, 144, 172 Dilatation, 131, 144, 155 Dilation, 144, 152 Dilator, 74, 76, 77, 144 Direct, iii, 7, 14, 16, 88, 109, 139, 144, 168, 171 Dislocation, 144, 175 Dissection, 30, 40, 47, 58, 110, 144 Dissociation, 129, 144 Distal, 76, 88, 133, 142, 144, 169 Dizziness, 108, 144, 181 Dopa, 65, 145, 156 Dorsal, 145, 167 Duct, 75, 130, 136, 137, 145 Duodenum, 134, 145, 146, 165, 175 Dysphagia, 112, 145 E Ecchymosis, 88, 145 Edema, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 27, 36, 45, 46, 70, 85, 88, 144, 145, 147, 151, 155, 160, 179 Effector, 140, 145, 166 Efficacy, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 145 Elastin, 140, 145 Electrocardiogram, 73, 145 Electrocoagulation, 139, 145 Electrons, 132, 134, 145, 155, 163, 170 Emboli, 30, 145, 181 Embolism, 145, 155, 169, 181 Embolization, 30, 145, 181 Embolus, 145, 154 Embryo, 137, 145, 179 Encapsulated, 26, 53, 145 Encephalocele, 41, 145 Endocrine Glands, 146, 164 Endoscope, 146 Endoscopic, 11, 30, 31, 37, 51, 86, 92, 140, 146

Endoscopy, 3, 20, 30, 31, 33, 40, 51, 53, 54, 146 Endothelial cell, 13, 135, 146 Endotoxic, 146, 157 Endotoxins, 140, 146 End-stage renal, 139, 146 Enoxaparin, 31, 34, 35, 36, 146 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 146 Enzymatic, 136, 137, 140, 146, 148, 152, 171 Enzyme, 10, 145, 146, 152, 160, 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181 Eosinophilia, 146, 148 Eosinophilic, 32, 146, 148 Eosinophilic Granuloma, 32, 146 Eosinophils, 146, 150, 156 Epidemiological, 15, 17, 146 Epidermis, 146, 156, 169 Epidural block, 32, 42, 146 Epinephrine, 129, 147, 162 Epistaxis, 44, 147 Epithelial, 129, 134, 147 Erythema, 139, 147 Escin, 66, 88, 147 Esophageal, 3, 31, 33, 54, 92, 147, 172 Esophageal Perforation, 3, 92, 147 Esophageal Varices, 147, 172 Esophagus, 30, 51, 92, 144, 147, 149, 165, 175 Estrogens, 28, 147 Evacuation, 8, 11, 30, 33, 34, 37, 45, 60, 147 Evoke, 16, 147, 175 Excisional, 87, 147 Extracellular, 13, 130, 141, 147, 148, 177 Extracellular Matrix, 13, 141, 147, 148 Extracellular Space, 147 Extraction, 60, 147 Extravasation, 72, 145, 147, 151 Extremity, 65, 112, 116, 135, 147, 158, 164 F Facial, 89, 108, 147, 158 Facial Paralysis, 108, 147 Family Planning, 103, 148 Fasciitis, 24, 148 Fat, 76, 90, 131, 135, 137, 142, 145, 148, 157, 168, 172, 173, 174 Fatigue, 88, 148, 150 Femoral, 35, 148, 167 Femoral Artery, 148, 167 Femur, 131, 148 Fetus, 148, 166, 179, 180 Fibrin, 10, 135, 139, 148, 167, 177, 178 Fibrinogen, 148, 166, 167, 177

Index 187

Fibrinolysis, 56, 148 Fibrinolytic, 31, 148, 177 Fibrinolytic Agents, 148, 177 Fibroblasts, 148 Fibrosarcoma, 148 Fibrosis, 148, 173 Fibula, 148, 167 Fistula, 41, 51, 61, 148 Flatus, 148, 149 Fold, 148, 158, 163 Forearm, 135, 148, 158, 170 Fossa, 30, 48, 49, 138, 149, 167 Frontal Lobe, 131, 138, 149, 160 Frostbite, 110, 149 G Gait, 47, 149 Gallbladder, 129, 134, 139, 144, 149 Gangrenous, 4, 149 Gas, 75, 86, 136, 143, 144, 148, 149, 152, 167, 176, 180 Gastric, 92, 133, 146, 149, 152, 165, 172 Gastroenterology, 3, 92, 113, 149 Gastrointestinal, 20, 30, 31, 33, 40, 54, 112, 147, 149, 175 Gastrointestinal tract, 149, 175 Gastrostomy, 51, 149 Gene, 5, 7, 10, 11, 134, 149, 152 Gene Expression, 149, 152 Genital, 149, 180 Genotype, 9, 10, 149 Gestation, 5, 19, 149, 166 Gland, 25, 142, 149, 157, 163, 164, 168, 173, 175, 178 Glomeruli, 149, 170 Glucocorticoid, 143, 149 Glucose, 135, 143, 149, 151, 154 Glucuronic Acid, 83, 149, 151 Glucuronides, 149 Glutamate, 143, 150 Glycols, 150, 152 Glycosaminoglycan, 83, 150 Governing Board, 150, 168 Grade, 50, 150 Graft, 44, 85, 112, 150, 152, 160 Grafting, 85, 90, 142, 150, 153 Granulocytes, 150, 174, 181 Gravis, 116, 150 Groin, 117, 150 Growth, 10, 16, 65, 131, 132, 137, 148, 150, 158, 161, 166, 167, 173, 178, 179, 180 Growth factors, 16, 150

H Habitual, 138, 150 Haptens, 129, 150 Headache, 43, 150, 152 Headache Disorders, 150 Heart attack, 137, 150 Heart failure, 113, 150 Heart Valves, 65, 150 Heartbeat, 73, 151 Hemarthrosis, 79, 151 Heme, 14, 151, 163 Hemiparesis, 26, 151 Hemodialysis, 21, 65, 144, 151 Hemodynamics, 12, 151 Hemoglobin, 12, 14, 66, 131, 151, 163, 177 Hemolytic, 148, 151, 176, 177 Hemorrhagic stroke, 13, 151 Hemorrhaging, 77, 151 Hemorrhoids, 151, 172 Heparin, 83, 151 Hepatic, 54, 56, 151 Hereditary, 151, 177 Heredity, 149, 151 Heterogeneity, 129, 151 Histamine, 130, 152 Histidine, 88, 152 Histidine Decarboxylase, 88, 152 Histiocytosis, 146, 152 Homeobox, 5, 13, 152 Homeodomain Proteins, 5, 152 Homeostasis, 13, 16, 152 Hormonal, 8, 133, 152 Hormone, 132, 142, 143, 147, 152, 154, 174, 178 Host, 134, 152, 153, 181 Hydrocephalus, 21, 34, 36, 47, 58, 152, 155 Hydrogen, 129, 134, 136, 152, 159, 161, 163, 166, 169 Hydrolysis, 152, 166, 167, 169 Hydroxides, 152 Hydroxyl Radical, 66, 152 Hydroxylysine, 140, 152 Hydroxyproline, 140, 153 Hyperaemia, 141, 153 Hypertension, 9, 44, 55, 137, 138, 147, 153, 155, 179 Hypodermic, 72, 82, 153 Hypoplasia, 153, 168 Hypothermia, 13, 45, 153 I Iatrogenic, 3, 92, 153 Ibuprofen, 42, 153

188

Hematoma

Id, 67, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 126, 153 Ileum, 137, 153 Iliac Artery, 52, 148, 153, 179 Iliac Vein, 52, 153 Illusion, 90, 153, 181 Immune response, 131, 133, 142, 150, 153, 181 Immune Sera, 153 Immunization, 114, 117, 153 Immunodeficiency, 54, 153 Immunogenic, 153, 157 Immunologic, 138, 153 Immunology, 23, 129, 153 Impairment, 26, 108, 133, 153 Implantation, 38, 65, 141, 153 In vitro, 5, 13, 154 In vivo, 5, 12, 73, 151, 154 Incision, 31, 70, 77, 81, 86, 136, 154, 155 Incontinence, 152, 154 Indicative, 91, 154, 164, 180 Infancy, 34, 154 Infarction, 8, 138, 151, 154, 155, 167, 171 Infection, 54, 70, 84, 86, 89, 108, 109, 134, 137, 139, 148, 153, 154, 157, 161, 170, 176, 181 Inferior vena cava, 153, 154 Infertility, 154, 180 Infiltration, 7, 146, 154 Infusion, 14, 32, 56, 79, 154, 160, 172 Ingestion, 92, 154, 167, 177 Initiation, 10, 154, 178 Innervation, 135, 154, 158 Inorganic, 152, 154, 160 Insulin, 34, 154 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 154 Intermittent, 154, 165 Internal Medicine, 56, 149, 154 Intestinal, 22, 40, 137, 155 Intestine, 135, 155, 156, 176 Intracellular, 154, 155, 174 Intracranial Aneurysm, 9, 138, 155 Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 138, 155 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 15, 152, 155 Intracranial Hypertension, 8, 150, 152, 155, 178 Intracranial Pressure, 8, 155, 169 Intramuscular, 31, 155, 164 Intrathecal, 16, 65, 155 Intravascular, 37, 38, 155 Intravenous, 64, 83, 154, 155, 164 Intrinsic, 129, 134, 155

Intubation, 59, 137, 155 Invasive, 11, 12, 45, 73, 79, 80, 86, 117, 155, 157, 163 Involuntary, 155, 160, 171 Ions, 134, 144, 152, 155, 169 Ipsilateral, 36, 155 Irrigation, 20, 85, 155 Ischemia, 6, 13, 14, 15, 133, 151, 155, 160, 171 Ischemic stroke, 5, 6, 10, 112, 155 J Joint, 35, 52, 79, 132, 143, 156, 163, 175, 176 K Kb, 102, 156 Keratin, 156, 173 Keratitis, 83, 156 Ketorolac, 53, 156 Keyhole, 37, 156 Kinetic, 66, 156 L Labile, 140, 156 Laceration, 37, 92, 156 Large Intestine, 137, 144, 155, 156, 171, 174 Length of Stay, 8, 156 Lesion, 7, 29, 62, 87, 142, 156, 157, 173, 179 Lethargy, 152, 156 Leukocytes, 135, 138, 146, 150, 156 Levo, 145, 156 Levodopa, 145, 156 Levorphanol, 143, 156 Library Services, 124, 156 Ligament, 131, 156, 168, 175 Linkage, 9, 157 Lip, 89, 157 Lipid, 17, 154, 157 Lipid A, 17, 157 Lipopolysaccharides, 157 Liver, 44, 48, 50, 54, 55, 56, 83, 96, 129, 134, 144, 147, 149, 151, 157, 172 Liver scan, 157, 172 Liver Transplantation, 44, 157 Lobe, 130, 131, 138, 157, 164 Localization, 87, 157 Localized, 28, 73, 87, 129, 139, 145, 146, 151, 154, 157, 166, 172, 173, 179 Lumbar, 34, 43, 45, 48, 56, 60, 134, 157, 175 Lumbar puncture, 48, 56, 157, 175 Lumen, 88, 136, 157 Lymph, 133, 138, 139, 146, 157 Lymph node, 133, 138, 157 Lymphatic, 154, 157, 167, 174, 175, 178 Lymphatic system, 157, 174, 175, 178

Index 189

Lymphoid, 157 Lymphoma, 31, 61, 64, 157 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 37, 45, 60, 157, 172 Malformation, 12, 25, 36, 158 Malignant, 30, 129, 135, 148, 152, 158, 161, 168 Malignant tumor, 158, 168 Malnutrition, 133, 158 Mammary, 142, 158 Mammogram, 136, 158, 159 Mammography, 87, 158 Manifest, 133, 158 Maxillary, 36, 47, 158, 163 Maxillary Sinus, 36, 47, 158 Meatus, 158, 175 Medial, 158, 175 Median Nerve, 53, 158 Mediator, 145, 158 Medicament, 83, 158 MEDLINE, 103, 158 Medullary, 143, 158 Mefenamic Acid, 83, 158 Membrane, 16, 23, 39, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 158, 160, 165, 166, 167, 171, 174, 179, 181 Memory, 143, 158 Mentors, 10, 158 Mesenteric, 66, 158 Mesentery, 158, 165 Metastasis, 25, 30, 59, 159 MI, 127, 159 Microbe, 159, 178 Microbiology, 133, 159 Microcalcifications, 136, 159 Microorganism, 159, 181 Middle Cerebral Artery, 6, 159 Migration, 12, 14, 16, 73, 80, 159 Miscarriage, 46, 159 Mitochondrial Swelling, 159, 161 Mitosis, 132, 159 Mobility, 70, 159 Modeling, 14, 159 Molecular, 7, 10, 11, 16, 103, 105, 134, 140, 148, 150, 151, 159, 167 Molecule, 83, 131, 134, 140, 144, 145, 150, 152, 156, 159, 163, 170, 174, 180 Monitor, 11, 25, 50, 78, 159, 162 Mononuclear, 148, 159 Morphogenesis, 152, 159 Morphology, 38, 65, 159

Motor Cortex, 35, 160 Mucosa, 146, 160 Mucus, 89, 160 Multivariate Analysis, 38, 160 Muscular Diseases, 147, 160, 164 Musculature, 160, 175 Myasthenia, 116, 160 Myocardial infarction, 54, 142, 159, 160, 181 Myocardial Ischemia, 17, 160 Myocardial Reperfusion, 160, 171 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 160, 171 Myocardium, 5, 159, 160 Myoclonus, 35, 160 N Nasal Cavity, 158, 160, 163, 175 NCI, 1, 101, 139, 160 Necrosis, 13, 132, 138, 148, 154, 159, 160, 161, 171 Need, 3, 8, 13, 15, 70, 71, 82, 91, 93, 119, 129, 139, 161 Neocortex, 16, 161 Neoplasm, 30, 161 Neoplastic, 157, 161 Nervous System, 26, 32, 33, 45, 55, 133, 137, 138, 158, 161, 165, 180 Neural, 130, 145, 161 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 144, 161 Neurologic, 23, 34, 145, 152, 161 Neurologist, 14, 161 Neuroma, 115, 161 Neuromuscular, 147, 161, 163, 179 Neuronal, 14, 16, 30, 133, 161 Neurons, 15, 16, 143, 156, 161, 176 Neuropathy, 35, 161 Neurosurgeon, 8, 161 Neurotoxic, 11, 161 Neurotoxicity, 143, 161 Neutrons, 130, 161, 170 Neutrophil, 14, 162 Norepinephrine, 129, 162 Nuclear, 5, 7, 16, 33, 134, 145, 161, 162, 179 Nuclei, 130, 131, 145, 147, 157, 159, 161, 162, 169 Nucleus, 131, 132, 133, 139, 142, 146, 159, 161, 162, 169, 177 Nutritional Support, 149, 162 O Observational study, 15, 162 Occult, 112, 162 Ophthalmologic, 47, 83, 162 Ophthalmology, 24, 27, 39, 47, 162

190

Hematoma

Opsin, 162, 171 Optic Disk, 141, 144, 162 Optic Nerve, 162, 169, 171, 172 Orbit, 162 Orbital, 24, 162 Ossification, 26, 162 Osteoarthritis, 35, 163 Osteoporosis, 163, 168 Otitis, 108, 163 Otitis Media, 108, 163 Ovum, 149, 163 Oxidation, 5, 129, 132, 163 Oximetry, 62, 163 Oxygenase, 14, 163 Oxygenation, 12, 73, 143, 151, 163 P Palsy, 65, 163 Pancreas, 129, 144, 149, 154, 163 Pancreatic, 20, 163 Pancreatitis, 30, 39, 40, 163 Paralysis, 28, 148, 151, 163, 164 Paramedic, 80, 163 Paranasal Sinuses, 158, 163, 175 Paraplegia, 48, 53, 59, 163 Parathyroid, 34, 164, 177 Parathyroid Glands, 34, 164 Parathyroid hormone, 164 Parenchyma, 9, 164 Parenteral, 44, 130, 164 Parenteral Nutrition, 44, 164 Paresis, 148, 164 Parietal, 131, 164, 165, 167 Particle, 164, 178 Patch, 31, 53, 141, 145, 164 Pathogenesis, 4, 8, 47, 164 Pathologic, 25, 132, 134, 135, 142, 164, 168, 171, 175 Pathologic Processes, 132, 164 Pathologies, 12, 164 Pathophysiology, 14, 164 Patient Education, 108, 122, 124, 127, 164 Patient Selection, 14, 164 Pelvic, 25, 52, 110, 164, 168 Peptic, 165, 172 Peptic Ulcer, 165, 172 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 165, 172 Peptide, 156, 165, 167, 169 Percutaneous, 35, 38, 42, 51, 77, 87, 165 Perforation, 4, 28, 51, 92, 165 Perfusion, 11, 80, 110, 165 Pericardial Effusion, 5, 165 Pericarditis, 29, 165

Pericardium, 165 Peripheral blood, 88, 165 Peripheral Nervous System, 163, 165 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 163, 165 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 88, 165 Peritoneal, 37, 165 Peritoneal Cavity, 165 Peritoneal Dialysis, 37, 165 Peritoneum, 70, 158, 165, 172 Petechia, 145, 165 PH, 79, 80, 166 Pharmacologic, 131, 166, 178 Phlebitis, 70, 166 Phosphodiesterase, 7, 166 Phospholipases, 166, 174 Phospholipids, 148, 166 Phosphorus, 136, 164, 166 Photocoagulation, 27, 140, 166 Physiologic, 5, 14, 129, 145, 160, 166, 170, 171 Physiology, 16, 70, 133, 149, 166 Pigment, 166 Pigmentation, 90, 166 Pilot study, 8, 166 Placenta, 166, 179 Plants, 136, 149, 159, 162, 166, 172, 178, 180 Plaque, 80, 166 Plasma, 6, 16, 17, 135, 148, 151, 166, 167, 169, 173 Plasma protein, 166, 169 Plasmin, 148, 167, 178, 179 Plasminogen, 148, 167, 176, 178, 179 Platelet Activation, 167, 174 Platelets, 16, 167, 177 Pleura, 167 Pleural, 19, 167 Pleural cavity, 19, 167 Plexus, 34, 135, 167 Pneumothorax, 80, 167 Poisoning, 167, 173 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 44, 54, 167 Polymorphism, 8, 10, 167 Polyp, 48, 167 Polypeptide, 16, 140, 148, 167, 177 Polysaccharide, 83, 131, 150, 167, 169 Pons, 136, 147, 167 Popliteal, 35, 167 Popliteal Artery, 35, 167 Posterior, 30, 48, 49, 53, 76, 130, 133, 138, 139, 145, 163, 167, 172, 175

Index 191

Postoperative, 29, 46, 49, 58, 70, 86, 109, 113, 168 Postoperative Complications, 70, 168 Postsynaptic, 168, 174 Post-traumatic, 61, 150, 168 Potentiation, 168, 174 Practice Guidelines, 104, 110, 114, 115, 168 Preclinical, 6, 168 Precursor, 145, 146, 156, 162, 167, 168, 169, 179 Predictive factor, 22, 51, 168 Pregnancy Maintenance, 147, 168 Progeria, 33, 168 Progression, 16, 22, 40, 51, 131, 168 Progressive, 16, 137, 139, 143, 150, 161, 163, 167, 168 Projection, 46, 162, 168 Proline, 140, 153, 168 Promoter, 5, 168 Prophylaxis, 168, 181 Proportional, 82, 168 Prospective study, 38, 168 Prostate, 59, 168 Prosthesis, 42, 169 Protease, 169, 178 Protein S, 134, 169 Proteins, 130, 131, 135, 139, 140, 152, 156, 159, 165, 166, 169, 170, 173, 178 Proteoglycans, 83, 134, 169 Proteolytic, 140, 148, 167, 169, 178, 179 Prothrombin, 24, 169, 177 Protocol, 8, 17, 43, 169 Protons, 130, 152, 169, 170 Proximal, 72, 73, 76, 88, 144, 160, 169 Pruritic, 169, 172 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 155, 169 Psychic, 169, 173 Psychomotor, 145, 169 Public Policy, 103, 169 Publishing, 18, 169 Pulmonary, 50, 66, 70, 135, 146, 150, 169, 180, 181 Pulmonary Artery, 135, 169, 180 Pulmonary Embolism, 66, 169, 181 Pulse, 78, 159, 163, 169 Purpura, 24, 169 Pyelonephritis, 24, 170 Pyridoxal, 152, 170 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 152, 170 R Race, 145, 159, 170 Radiation, 73, 170, 172, 175, 181

Radiation therapy, 170, 175 Radioactive, 135, 152, 153, 157, 162, 170, 172, 177, 179 Radiography, 84, 131, 142, 170 Radiological, 26, 49, 165, 170 Radiology, 31, 34, 45, 46, 52, 58, 66, 110, 111, 112, 117, 170 Radius, 70, 170 Randomized, 8, 11, 14, 15, 46, 58, 66, 145, 170 Randomized clinical trial, 15, 170 Reactive Oxygen Species, 5, 170 Receptor, 10, 17, 42, 132, 143, 170, 174 Recombinant, 50, 56, 170, 180 Rectal, 89, 116, 170 Rectum, 41, 132, 144, 148, 149, 154, 156, 168, 170, 171 Recurrence, 10, 33, 38, 58, 81, 171 Red blood cells, 151, 163, 171 Refer, 1, 140, 144, 157, 162, 171 Reflex, 81, 171 Refraction, 171, 174 Refractory, 8, 145, 171 Regimen, 145, 171 Regurgitation, 23, 150, 171 Remission, 171 Reperfusion, 6, 160, 171 Reperfusion Injury, 6, 171 Resection, 39, 48, 171 Resorption, 152, 171 Respiration, 136, 159, 171 Retching, 4, 92, 171 Retina, 27, 139, 141, 144, 162, 171, 172, 181 Retinal, 64, 144, 162, 171, 172 Retinal Hemorrhage, 64, 172 Retinol, 171, 172 Retroperitoneal, 31, 34, 36, 42, 43, 52, 55, 57, 172 Retrospective, 28, 172 Rheumatism, 153, 172 Rigidity, 81, 85, 155, 166, 172 Risk factor, 10, 15, 38, 52, 58, 168, 172 Risk patient, 8, 172 Rod, 75, 172 Rutin, 88, 172 S Saline, 42, 172 Saphenous, 142, 172 Saphenous Vein, 142, 172 Scabies, 24, 172 Scalpel, 93, 172 Scans, 8, 12, 172

192

Hematoma

Sclera, 139, 141, 172 Scleroderma, 148, 172 Sclerotherapy, 31, 172 Screening, 9, 81, 87, 139, 173 Sebaceous, 173 Sebaceous gland, 173 Sebum, 88, 173 Secondary tumor, 159, 173 Secretion, 152, 154, 160, 173 Seizures, 15, 53, 173 Semen, 168, 173 Senescence, 168, 173 Sensor, 74, 173 Sepsis, 38, 173 Septicemia, 72, 173 Sequela, 27, 144, 173 Serine, 173, 178 Serum, 16, 130, 140, 153, 173 Sex Characteristics, 147, 173 Shock, 17, 66, 81, 160, 173, 179 Shunt, 21, 173 Side effect, 86, 129, 134, 173, 178 Signal Transduction, 16, 174 Signs and Symptoms, 167, 171, 174, 179 Skeletal, 45, 86, 88, 160, 168, 174 Skeleton, 148, 156, 174 Skin graft, 85, 174 Skull, 78, 84, 142, 145, 155, 162, 174, 175, 177 Small intestine, 137, 145, 146, 152, 153, 155, 174, 181 Soft tissue, 135, 148, 174 Solid tumor, 131, 174 Soma, 174 Somatic, 16, 159, 165, 174 Spatial disorientation, 144, 174 Specialist, 119, 144, 174 Species, 147, 159, 170, 174, 179, 181 Specificity, 17, 129, 174 Spectrum, 3, 57, 174 Sperm, 139, 175, 177, 180 Sphenoid, 32, 163, 175 Sphenoid Sinus, 32, 175 Sphenoid Sinusitis, 32, 175 Spinal cord, 39, 64, 116, 117, 135, 136, 138, 146, 155, 158, 161, 163, 165, 171, 175 Spinal Cord Diseases, 163, 175 Spinal tap, 157, 175 Spleen, 28, 77, 157, 175 Sprains and Strains, 110, 175 Staging, 172, 175 Stasis, 64, 175

Stent, 36, 175 Stereotactic, 15, 46, 56, 84, 87, 95, 175 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 15, 175 Sterile, 130, 164, 175 Stimulus, 154, 171, 175, 177 Stomach, 129, 133, 136, 144, 147, 149, 152, 165, 174, 175 Streptococci, 175, 176 Streptokinase, 54, 176 Stress, 73, 82, 136, 176 Stroke, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 33, 46, 102, 137, 151, 156, 176 Stroma, 164, 176 Structure-Activity Relationship, 17, 176 Subacute, 20, 46, 51, 154, 176 Subarachnoid, 4, 37, 48, 50, 53, 57, 150, 155, 176 Subcapsular, 24, 28, 39, 44, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56, 77, 176 Subclinical, 154, 173, 176 Subcutaneous, 28, 42, 72, 75, 77, 85, 137, 145, 149, 164, 168, 176 Sublingual, 25, 55, 176 Subungual, 34, 60, 110, 176 Suction, 4, 88, 176 Suppurative, 137, 149, 176 Supratentorial, 6, 30, 56, 176 Surgical Flaps, 85, 176 Symphysis, 168, 176 Symptomatic, 163, 176 Synaptic, 174, 176 Systemic, 132, 135, 147, 151, 154, 155, 170, 172, 173, 176, 179, 181 Systolic, 153, 177 T Tamponade, 42, 52, 177 Technetium, 33, 177 Telencephalon, 134, 177 Temporal, 7, 12, 23, 60, 130, 150, 158, 177 Testicles, 177, 180 Tetany, 164, 177 Thalamic, 36, 133, 177 Thalassemia, 54, 177 Thigh, 61, 148, 150, 177 Thoracic, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 57, 58, 64, 134, 135, 144, 158, 167, 177 Thorax, 26, 129, 157, 177 Threshold, 153, 177 Thrombin, 14, 83, 148, 169, 177 Thrombocytes, 167, 177 Thromboembolism, 10, 116, 117, 177

Index 193

Thrombolytic, 44, 52, 112, 167, 176, 177 Thrombolytic Therapy, 52, 112, 176, 177 Thrombophlebitis, 108, 177 Thrombosis, 8, 62, 83, 155, 169, 173, 176, 177 Thrombus, 50, 142, 154, 156, 160, 177, 180 Thymus, 153, 157, 178 Thyroid, 164, 178 Thyroid Gland, 164, 178 Tinnitus, 163, 169, 178 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 56, 178 Tomography, 6, 8, 12, 14, 25, 41, 60, 65, 80, 178 Topical, 66, 83, 88, 178 Torsion, 154, 178 Toxic, iv, 15, 92, 142, 161, 178 Toxicity, 14, 178 Toxicology, 104, 178 Toxins, 131, 146, 149, 154, 173, 178 Transcription Factors, 5, 178 Transduction, 17, 174, 178 Transfection, 134, 178 Transfer Factor, 153, 178 Translational, 5, 13, 179 Translocation, 7, 179 Transplantation, 44, 139, 153, 179 Transurethral, 48, 179 Trauma Centers, 17, 179 Tryptophan, 140, 179 U Ulcer, 20, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 116, 137, 165, 179, 180 Ultrasonography, 55, 179 Umbilical Arteries, 179 Umbilical Cord, 55, 179 Unconscious, 153, 179 Univalent, 152, 163, 179 Uraemia, 163, 179 Uranium, 177, 179 Urethra, 168, 179, 180 Urinary, 152, 154, 178, 179, 180 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 178, 179 Urinary tract, 179, 180 Urine, 131, 135, 150, 154, 179, 180 Urology, 38, 48, 54, 93, 180 Uterus, 138, 177, 180 V Vaccine, 169, 180

Vagina, 138, 177, 180 Vaginal, 38, 48, 180 Valves, 72, 180 Varicella, 117, 180 Varicose, 172, 180 Varicose vein, 172, 180 Varix, 52, 180 Vasculitis, 163, 167, 180 Vasectomy, 93, 180 Vasodilator, 88, 152, 160, 180 Vasogenic, 7, 45, 180 Vector, 178, 180 Vegetative, 144, 180 Vein, 20, 72, 131, 132, 134, 153, 154, 155, 162, 166, 172, 177, 179, 180 Vena, 57, 180 Venous, 8, 25, 57, 64, 88, 116, 117, 132, 138, 151, 169, 180, 181 Venous blood, 138, 180 Venous Thrombosis, 64, 180, 181 Ventricle, 130, 169, 177, 180 Ventricular, 28, 42, 52, 152, 160, 180 Ventriculostomy, 58, 180 Venules, 135, 136, 181 Vertebrae, 175, 181 Vertigo, 163, 181 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 181 Villi, 152, 181 Viral, 178, 181 Virulence, 178, 181 Virus, 54, 134, 138, 166, 178, 181 Viscera, 158, 174, 181 Visceral, 165, 181 Viscosity, 83, 181 Vitreous Body, 171, 181 Vitro, 12, 151, 181 Vivo, 12, 181 W Warfarin, 10, 19, 50, 66, 181 White blood cell, 9, 131, 156, 157, 160, 162, 181 Wound Healing, 70, 85, 181 Wound Infection, 70, 181 X Xenograft, 131, 181 X-ray, 12, 34, 80, 140, 141, 158, 162, 170, 172, 175, 181

194

Hematoma

Index 195

196

Hematoma