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Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001165 Source: Planta Medica. 2000 March; 66(2): 173-5.
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<Title>Systematic review of clinical efficacy of topical treatments for head lice. Author(s): Vander Stichele RH, Dezeure EM, Bogaert MG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 September 2; 311(7005): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7545045&dopt=Abstract •
Testing head lice. Author(s): Ali NM. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2000 February; 29(2): 103, 105. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743261&dopt=Abstract
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The challenge of choosing a pediculicide. Author(s): Hensel P. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 2000 July-August; 17(4): 300-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943778&dopt=Abstract
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The in vivo pediculicidal efficacy of a natural remedy. Author(s): Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Zamir C, Zentner G, Helbin V, Ingber A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 October; 4(10): 790-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389342&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of head lice infestation with benzyl benzoate and pyrethrum. Author(s): Rajan U. Source: Singapore Med J. 1975 December; 16(4): 297-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1224221&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of head lice. Author(s): Eichenfield LF, Colon-Fontanez F. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 May; 17(5): 419-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613657&dopt=Abstract
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Unsafe practices in the treatment of pediculosis capitis. Author(s): Magee J. Source: J Sch Nurs. 1996 February; 12(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8696013&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
Alternative Medicine 41
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to head lice; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HEAD LICE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “head lice” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on head lice, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Head Lice By performing a patent search focusing on head lice, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on head lice: •
Antimicrobial composition Inventor(s): Morris; Sandra (Norfolk, GB), Ryan; Robert Eugene (Norfolk, GB) Assignee(s): Barrier Biotech Limited (Norfolk, GB) Patent Number: 6,352,702 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: There is disclosed an antimicrobial composition comprising an antimicrobially effective amount of clove bud oil and two or more of eucalyptus oil, cajaput oil, lemongrass, lavender or tea tree oils. Use of the composition as a treatment for cold sores, head lice, vaginal thrush, verruca, warts, athletes foot, an antimicrobial mouth wash in addition to a surface cleaner are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an antimicrobial composition, and in particular with such a composition the active ingredient of which comprises natural or essential oils. Essential oils have been used previously for use as antiviral or antibacterial agents. For example, clove bud oils have been previously described having antiseptic, antiviral and larvicidal capabilities. The present inventors have surprisingly found that a composition having a particular blend of essential oils exhibits a particularly synergistic and broad spectrum antimicrobial effect, and which composition has never previously been described. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352702__
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Ectoparasite detection method Inventor(s): Spiesel; Sydney Z. (77 Everit St., New Haven, CT 06511) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,997,847 Date filed: January 7, 1998 Abstract: A method of detecting the infestation of a host by arthropod ectoparasites uses a fluorescent dye which stains the ectoparasites and/or their eggs but not the adjacent skin or hair to which they are attached. The dye can be incorporated into a shampoo or a rinsing solution and is applied to the scalp or other region of the host. After a suitable period of time has elapsed, the dye-containing solution or shampoo is rinsed off and the hair and adjacent area of the host examined under ultraviolet or near-ultraviolet light. Such illumination will cause the stained ectoparasites and/or eggs to glow and, thus, become easily detectable for diagnosis and subsequent removal. The method may be applied to detect scabies (i.e. skin-burrowing mites), head lice, body and pubic lice and to any other arthropod ectoparasites and their eggs containing a substantial percentage of chitin. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the field of ectoparasite detection. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for the detection of arthropod ectoparasites and their eggs which have infested live hosts such as humans or other animals. Accordingly, the general objects of the present invention are to provide novel and improved methods and apparatus of such character. Arthropod ectoparasite
Patents 45
infestation is an enormously persistent and troubling condition today even in industrialized nations. For example, pediculosis capitis or head lice infestation presently afflicts an estimated 12 million patients or hosts in the United States alone. Most of these hosts are school children. These arthropod ectoparasites are easily spread from child to child and are hard to eliminate once the host child has been infested. The lice themselves, which generally remain at or near scalp level, are small and difficult to find. Naturally, once infestation has begun in a host, the condition persists and is exacerbated by the reproductive cycle of the lice. Thus, the lice produce eggs, or nits, which are tenaciously affixed near the bottom of the hair shafts by a cement produced by female lice. Given this, it has long been recognized that the key to pediculosis diagnosis and treatment lies in the detection and removal of nits. In early days, control of this parasite was accomplished by a variety of wholly manual treatments. For example, lice detection and removal has long been effected by laboriously searching the scalp of an infested host and hand-removing individual louse eggs, or nits, attached to the hairs of the host. Painful and slow combing with a fine-tooth comb has also been commonly used to remove nits. This method is generally considered to be a slightly faster and more effective variant of the hand-removal method. Other methods of nit and/or louse removal include shaving the scalp or soaking the hair and scalp with dangerous materials such as kerosene. More recently, efforts have concentrated on developing chemical pediculicides to treat lice infestation. One significant drawback of such pediculicides is that evolutionary selective pressures inevitably give rise to strains of head lice which are resistant to the pediculicides. Thus, newly developed pediculicides rapidly lose effectiveness. Accordingly, removal of nits by hand or with a fine-tooth comb remains the most effective method of removing head lice. Since nits are generally less than a millimeter in diameter, they are quite hard to detect, especially in children with thick, fine hair. Thus, it is still common for a thorough delousing of the scalp using a fine-tooth comb to require over one and one half hours. Further, this combing process often needs to be repeated daily because it is so easy to overlook nits. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997847__ •
Hair comb Inventor(s): Pabari; Shantilal (6 Coppen Road, Dagenham, Essex RM8 1HJ, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,098,633 Date filed: August 16, 1999 Abstract: A hair comb has a handle (1) having an arcuate portion (2) and a finger grip portion (3). The handle is connected to a spine (4) into which are secured two parallel planes of rows of teeth (10). The teeth (10) are spaced so that a first row of teeth (11) are more widely spaced than a second row of teeth (12), the teeth having a cylindrical crosssection and rounded end tips (13). The spacing between the rows of teeth are such that as the teeth move through hair, the first row perform a first coarse combing for head lice, nits and eggs and the second row of teeth perform a more fine filtering of head lice, nits and eggs. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a hair comb and particularly to a hair comb for removing head lice, nits and/or head lice eggs. Fine toothed hair combs are well known. However, known fine toothed combs, which are preferred for smoothing hair to a desired extent, suffer from the disadvantage that they cannot readily be passed through the hair, particularly if the hair is tangled. It is therefore also well known to
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provide a comb with a single row of teeth in two portions, a second portion having teeth which are more finely spaced than the first portion. Hair may then be first coarsely combed with the more coarsely spaced portion of teeth and then more finely combed with the portion having more finely spaced teeth. Such an arrangement is not practical for a finely spaced teeth comb for the removal of lice and nits because such a comb has to be passed through the hair in contact with the scalp along the length of the comb. Because of the curvature of the scalp, this restricts the length of a straight comb. Although, in principle, a nit comb of twice the normal length could be used first with one portion, and then with the another portion, this is inconvenient, and there is no guarantee that the comb would be properly used by an inexperienced user. For example, such a user may seek to use the full length of the comb in each pass through the hair, and thereby not keep the whole length of the comb in contact with the scalp. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06098633__ •
Head lice treatment protocol Inventor(s): Enderle; A. Joy (3014 Whitehall La., Wichita Falls, TX 76309) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,115,958 Date filed: June 29, 1999 Abstract: A tubular fingertip covering or cot made of latex rubber or other flexible material is coated with a tacky or non-tacky adhesive that may include a pediculicide preparation. After the operator's index finger is inserted into the tubular fingertip covering, a layer or coating of adhesive is applied to the protective covering. During inspection, the infested hair is combed to expose lice and dislodge nits, which are then collected by adhesive contact. Because the adhesive covering is on the fingertip, the protected finger can follow the quick movements of the lice, and can collect and retrieve lice and nits from between hair follicle shafts. The fingertip covering is rolled-up or turned inside-out after use, thereby permanently encapsulating the collected lice and nits for hygienic disposal, without risk of escape or transfer to another host. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to insect pick-up devices, and in particular to a flexible finger covering that utilizes an adhesive coating for collecting lice and nits from an infected person's scalp and hair. Despite the availability of modern chemical insecticide treatments and community eradication programs, head lice infestations remain endemic in the U.S. Although head lice are not responsible for the spread of any disease, head lice infestations continue to cause considerable discomfort and social distress. Infestation is acquired mainly by head-to-head contact with an infested person's hair and by sharing towels, hats, pillows, combs, brushes and other grooming accessories. Head lice may also reside temporarily on bed linen and upholstered furniture. The infestation by head lice is known as pediculiasis, and the associated disease is referred to as pediculosis. Chemical treatments directed against lice are referred to as pediculicides. Head lice derive nutrients by blood feeding at least once each day and cannot survive for more than about two days at room temperature without ready access to a living host. A nymphal louse hatches from its egg after about eight days of development, and begins to feed, grow and develop until it attains the adult form, typically two to three weeks after hatching. A female louse may deposit more than one hundred eggs at a rate of about six eggs per day. Generally, an infested person has fewer than a dozen active lice on the scalp at any time, but may have hundreds of viable, dead and hatched eggs.
Patents 47
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06115958__ •
Method and composition for treating pediculosis capitis Inventor(s): Bernstein; Joel E. (615 Brierhill Rd., Deerfield, IL 60015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,927,813 Date filed: March 8, 1988 Abstract: A composition and method for removing head lice nits from a human are disclosed. The composition contains a therapeutically effective amount of formic acid in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition is applied to the hair and scalp of a patient and maintained for a time period sufficient to dissolve the nit cement and provide detached nits. The hair and scalp are then washed or rinsed to remove the detached nits. Excerpt(s): The present application relates generally to the treatment of parasite infestations and, more particularly, to methods and composition to treat lice infections. Pediculosis capitis (head lice) is an infestation of Pediculosis humanus, the human louse. This insect is transmitted to noninfected individuals through shared clothing and hairbrushes. Once present on the head, the adult female louse has a lifespan of about 25 days and lays up to 10 eggs each day which are attached to the hair shaft with a strong cement. Eggs hatch within 7-9 days producing more adult lice which continue the cycle. As the lice feed, they inject their digestive juices and fecal material into the skin and these "bites" cause pruritus. In the past, chemical agents, including insecticides, have been used to treat pediculosis. These compounds include cholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine (Merch Index, Tenth Edition, entry no. 6311) or prostigmine (Merch Index Tenth Edition, entry no. 6311), and range from fairly toxic (thepyrethrins, Merch Index, Tenth Edition, entry no. 7865) to very toxic (lindane (Merch Index, Tenth Edition, entry no. 5329), malathion (Merch Index, Tenth Edition, entry no. 5522). All methods involve the exposure of the scalp and hair to these agents in shampoos or creams which are washed off relatively quickly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04927813__
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Method and device for the detection and removal of head lice Inventor(s): Thorne; Barbara L. (University Park, MD) Assignee(s): University of Maryland (College Park, MD) Patent Number: 6,006,758 Date filed: February 3, 1999 Abstract: A method and comb device for detection and removal of human head lice, and eventual elimination of the lice infestation, from infested individuals by sequential combing, with no use of pesticides. The comb device has six sides, three of the sides of the comb having sets of differently sized and spaced teeth so that hair can be detangled, first with the thick, widely spaced teeth on side (1), and then with the standard comb teeth on side (2), and then the thin, closely spaced teeth of the lice removal side (3) can be used to comb out lice. The method also be used to inspect for lice, with the capability of detecting lice at an earlier stage in an infestation than possible with the current,
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Head Lice
traditional inspection method (visual searching for nits or lice eggs.) Inspection can be used to screen individuals for lice (such as early in a school or camp term when all children are checked, or to detect if an infested child's family members also have lice), or it can be used to periodically monitor previously infested people to confirm that the lice have been eliminated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and comb device for the detection and removal of lice. Head lice are a worldwide problem. Human head lice (scientific name Pediculus humanus capitis) are tiny parasitic insects that live on the head of a human host, sucking small amounts of blood from the scalp and laying eggs (called NITS) on individual shafts of hair. Head lice are found only on the scalp, and do not live on eyebrow, beard, armpit, or genital hair. Human head lice survive only on people and do not infest pets. Adult head lice are small, measuring only about 1/16-1/8 inch (1-3 mm) long. They are greyish in color, but turn reddish-brown after they have had a blood meal. Lice have three pairs of legs with elegant, hook-like claws that they can use to hold very tightly to a strand of hair. They are not bothered or removed by shampooing, swimming, brushing, or scratching. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06006758__ •
Methods and kits for removing, treating, or preventing lice with driable pediculostatic agents Inventor(s): Pearlman; Dale L. (21063 Christensen Dr., Cupertino, CA 95014) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,265,384 Date filed: January 25, 2000 Abstract: Methods and kits for removing, treating or preventing head lice infestations in patients in need of such treatment are disclosed and include topically applying to the lice-infested area an effective amount of a driable pediculostatic agent for a time sufficient to immobilize the lice, drying the agent onto the application site and removing the dried agent, thereby removing the lice and nits. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and kits for the diagnosis, treatment, removal or prevention of pedicular parasite infestations. More particularly, the methods and kits relate to the use of nontoxic driable agents that rapidly immobilize head lice and keep them immobilized when dried, in order to facilitate their removal from the hair and scalp. The methods and kits further relate to the use of driable agents that inhibit hatching of nits, obviating nit-picking and combing in the treatment of lice infestation. Pediculosis is a scalp infestation produced by Pediculus humanus capitis. Cases of pediculosis are quite frequent, both in their endemic and epidemic forms. As the lice feed on human skin and blood, they inject their digestive juices and fecal material into the skin. These materials, as well as the puncture wound itself, cause skin irritation and lesions from the resulting scratching, and can cause a serious infection with ganglionic inflammation. Lice are also vectors of certain diseases, such as exanthematic or epidemic typhus and recurrent fever. The adult female louse has a life span of about one month and lays up to ten nits a day which are firmly attached to hair through an excreted cement. The nits hatch to release instars in about seven to nine days, and the instars become mature adults in another week. To cure someone of head lice requires an approach that eliminates all 3 stages of the louse life cycle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06265384__
Patents 49
•
Pediculicidal mousse composition for killing head lice Inventor(s): Abram; Albert Z. (Rowville, AU), Halls; Neil G. (Glen Waverley, AU), Tomlinson; Roderick P. (Rowville, AU) Assignee(s): Soltec Research Pty. Ltd. (Rowville, AU) Patent Number: 5,783,202 Date filed: March 14, 1995 Abstract: A non-residual, pediculicidal mousse composition for treating head lice consisting essentially of about 0.1 to about 10% w/w of pediculicidal agent, about 70 to about 97% w/w of a foaming agent, which includes water, a surface active agent, a fatty alcohol and a surface active agent, and about 3 to about 20% w/w of an aerosol propellant. In one aspect of the invention, the pediculicidal agent and the foaming agent of the foregoing composition act synergistically against head lice and their eggs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions particularly suitable for the treatment of human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, but is also applicable to other types of lice such as clothing lice, Pediculus humanus humanus. Head lice persist in developed countries, as well as in underdeveloped countries despite the availability of modern chemical insecticide treatments, public health education, and community based programs of lice eradication. The reason for this persistence is a combination of factors. Some lice control programs suffer logistical problems. Additionally, some chemical treatments are not entirely effective, particularly shampoo formulations which continue to retain their widespread popularity. A shampoo will fail for several reasons, but most significant among these is the large dilution factor which occurs during use. Depending on how oily the hair is, the average head of hair will take between 90-150 mls of water to be thoroughly wetted. Even in hard water areas approximately 5 ml of shampoo is required to work up a good lather, a dilution of 1:30. If the water is soft, the dilution factor could be higher than 1:150. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05783202__
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Polymer delivery system in treatments for parasitic skin diseases Inventor(s): Burkhart; Craig G. (4556 Crossfields Rd., Toledo, OH 43623), Burkhart; Craig N. (4556 Crossfields Rd., Toledo, OH 43623) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,524,602 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: A formulation for the treatment of a parasitic skin disease includes a parasiticide to kill the parasite. The formulation also includes a polymer effective to increase retention of the formulation on the skin, and to reduce absorption of the formulation into the skin. Alternatively, the formulation may include a polymer such as a beta-sheet breaker peptide which is effective to increase absorption of the insecticide into the head lice and/or the eggs of the head lice. The formulation also includes a vehicle for the polymer and the parasiticide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatments for parasitic skin diseases such as infestations with lice or mites, and in particular to improved treatments for such diseases that contain a polymer delivery system. Parasitic skin diseases, such as infestations with lice or mites, cause much suffering in both humans and animals. For
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Head Lice
example, head lice is a persistent problem, especially among elementary school-aged children. It was reported that six million U.S. school children will become infested with head lice in one year, that is one out of every four students in elementary schools (Consumer Reports, February 1998). The total number of people in the U.S. infested with head lice in one year is about ten million when all ages are accounted for. The incidence of head lice is only slightly improved from the reported incidence in 1940, which was prior to the advent of insecticides and "superior" knowledge by the medical establishment. Infestation with head lice typically causes itching of the scalp. In some cases, a person may develop lesions or papules on the scalp, swollen glands in the neck or under the arms, or other symptoms. A secondary problem is that many schools have enforced absenteeism if a child has any nits (lice eggs) in their hair. Such a "no-nit" policy has negative social implications for the child and parents. Head lice is becoming a sensitive social issue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524602__ •
Topical composition for the treatment of head lice and nits and method Inventor(s): Baker; Bradley (706 Birmingham La., Monroe, NC 28110), Fesperman; Forrest (2501 Alpine Rd., Durham, NC 27707), Holland; David (427 Lafayette Way, Camden, SC 29020) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,485,734 Date filed: April 7, 1999 Abstract: A composition is provided which serves as a pediculicide for topical application to the hair and scalp of humans and other animals. The solutions take the form of a mousse, shampoo and a detergent. The active ingredient is a saponin, preferably derived from yucca extract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of head lice and more particularly to saponin containing products that kill human head lice, pediculus humanus capitus, nits (lice eggs) and other types of lice, for example clothing lice, pediculus humanus humanus and other aphids. Head lice (pediculus humanus capitus) are tiny, wingless, flat bodied parasites that live on the human body and feed by sucking blood from the host. If not destroyed, they multiply rapidly and can spread disease. Head lice are found in both the developed and undeveloped countries of the world and they can be caught by anyone, regardless of race or socioeconomic background. Head lice are generally found on the scalp and cause itchy, red spots. They leave nits or eggs which female lice attach to the base of hair shafts near the scalp. If a lice infestation is present, it is usually indicated by the presence of small, whitish flecks, securely attached to the base of the hair, especially behind the ears and on the forehead. The eggs have a gestation period on the order of one week and infestations are common in day care centers and schools as head lice usually spread by direct contact, which occurs more frequently among children. Eradication of head lice consists of over-the-counter and prescription medications. Treatment typically involves scrubbing the infested area to loosen the lice followed by application of medication, usually a shampoo which is left on for a prescribed time. After the prescribed time has elapsed, the shampoo is rinsed off. Then, the hair is combed to remove lice. As lice have a gestation period of one week, a second application is done at that time to kill the newly hatched lice as most currently available products to not kill nits.
Patents 51
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485734__ •
Use of essential oils to repel and treat head lice Inventor(s): Whitledge; Karen L. (14575 Harrison Rd., Romulus, MI 48174) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,342,253 Date filed: May 18, 2000 Abstract: Natural compositions of three essential oils effective as both a head lice repellent and treatment of pediculosis capitis. The compositions comprise essential anise oil present in an amount of about 3.5% to 50% by volume, essential tea tree oil present in an amount of about 2.5% to 40% by volume, and essential lemon oil present in an amount of about 2% to 20% by volume, the active agent can be combined with a pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically acceptable carrier for topical administration, such as aqueous or alcohol solutions, a gel, or a cream and administered with or without additives such as preservatives, antioxidants, fragrances, agents increasing solubility or delaying release of active agents. The active agent in concentrated form can be added to shampoos, hair sprays, rinses, styling gels or other personal preference haircare products. The active agent can also be used to treat material such as bedding, hair bows, headbands, caps, hats, helmet liners, brushes, and combs. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to natural compositions and methods that both repel head lice and treat pediculosis capitis. Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is a major problem in the United States, throughout Europe and Asia. In the United States alone 10 million cases of pediculosis capitis occurred in 1989. Lice are external parasites of warm blooded animals. They spread by crowding and sharing of personal items such as combs, hats, brushes and clothing. Humans are host to three different types of lice, 1) head lice, 2) body lice, 3) crab or pubic lice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342253__
Patent Applications on Head Lice As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to head lice: •
Ant spray containing D-limonene and methods of making and using same Inventor(s): McPartland, Tor; (Carmel Valley, CA) Correspondence: Jeffer, Mangels, Butler & Marmaro Llp; Tenth Floor; 2121 Avenue OF The Stars; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030008926 Date filed: September 4, 2002
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: A food-grade insecticidal composition allowed for use in organic production which is effective in controlling insects, such as ants, aphids, mealy bugs, white flies, spider mites, leaf hoppers, cabbage loopers, leaf eating beetles and caterpillars, cockroaches, flies, wasps, mosquitoes, wood boring and eating insects, and body and head lice but which is non-toxic to humans, household animals, and farm animals includes an effective insect-controlling amount of D-limonene, a non-toxic emulsifying agent, and a non-toxic hydrophilic solvent. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/706,158, filed Nov. 3, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/218,732, filed Dec. 22, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/846,351, filed Apr. 30, 1997, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. The present invention relates to an all-natural, food grade insecticidal composition that is effective in controlling insects including ants, aphids, mealy bugs, white flies, spider mites, leaf hoppers, cabbage loopers, leaf eating beetles and caterpillars, cockroaches, flies, wasps, mosquitoes, wood boring and eating insects, body and head lice and more particularly relates to an insecticidal composition that contains D-limonene, a nontoxic hydrophilic solvent, a non-toxic emulsifying agent, and a preservative, such that the insecticidal composition is an effective residual repellant and contact insecticide but is nontoxic to humans, household animals, and farm animals, and not harmful to landscaping, particularly rose bushes and ornamentals, indoor plants, foundations of structures, soil or the environment. Numerous pesticide and insecticide products are available in the market for killing insects such as ants. However, these products are generally toxic to humans and household animals, and harmful to plants and the environment. Therefore they must be administered with extreme care. This is especially a problem in the termination of ants, cockroaches and the like because they normally appear near food where a careless use of insecticides may cause accidental poisoning of humans and household animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and composition for the control of arthropods Inventor(s): Ansell, Jayne; (West Sussex, GB) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030027792 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of certain siloxanes and mixtures thereof in the control of arthropods such as insects and arachnids, and in particular ectoparasites, such as head lice. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of organo-silicon derivatives in controlling and repelling arthropods such as insects and arachnids, and to novel organo-silicon containing formulations. In particular the invention relates to the use of siloxanes for the control and eradication of head lice and their ova. Head lice frequently infest human hair and are easily spread by contact. Such infestations are particularly prevalent among children of school age and in the associated institutional environment can spread rapidly. The louse itself is mobile and the female of the species can lay many hundreds of eggs in its lifetime. A female louse can lay fertile eggs as soon as 12 days after hatching. Transfer of the mature lice leads to the spread of infestation while the
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adhesion of eggs to hair ensures a reservoir of lice in each infested head. The empty egg shells are commonly referred to as "nits". Eradication of head lice involves total removal or destruction of both the mature lice and the eggs on each host. Various attempts have been proposed to achieve such destruction but none are wholly satisfactory. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for treating ectoparasite infestation Inventor(s): Campbell, William R.; (Jamestown, NC), Palma, Kathleen G.; (McLeansville, NC), Paulsen, Neil E.; (Davidson, NC) Correspondence: Foley & Lardner; P.O. Box 80278; San Diego; CA; 92138-0278; US Patent Application Number: 20030202997 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for killing ectoparasites on a subject. Compositions containing a fatty acid ester, e.g., isopropyl myristate, effective for killing ectoparasites is described. Also described are compositions containing a fatty acid ester and a siloxane (e.g. decacyclomethicone). The compositions can also contain a mectin and/or a mycin, and S-methoprene. The compositions are useful against a variety of ectoparasites that afflict humans, animals, and plants, e.g., head lice, fleas, body lice, crab lice, scabies, ticks, and plant parasites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for killing ectoparasites. Head lice infestation is a persistent problem with as many as 6-12 million people worldwide affected each year. The problem is particularly prevalent in children with preschool and elementary-age children aged 3-10 and their families becoming infested most often. Head lice infestation is produced by the common head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, and typically causes itching of the scalp. As the lice feed on human blood, they may cause lesions to develop on the scalp, swollen glands on the neck or under arms, or other symptoms. Head lice infestation causes serious problems due to the negative social implications of the infestation. Body lice are also bothersome to humans and carry the additional hazard of being the vectors of certain diseases, such as exanthematic or epidemic typhus and recurrent fever. Various compositions are available for treating these infestations, which generally take a topical approach to treatment. Most of these treatments involve the use of insecticides that are harsh agents, thus raising toxicity concerns. The lice can also become resistant to the insecticides used and therefore the compositions can lose their effectiveness over time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods and kits for removing, treating, or preventing lice with driable pedicul ostatic agents Inventor(s): Pearlman, Dale L.; (Cupertino, CA) Correspondence: Fish & Neave; 1251 Avenue OF The Americas; 50th Floor; New York; NY; 10020-1105; US Patent Application Number: 20010021698 Date filed: April 25, 2001
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Abstract: Methods and kits for removing, treating or preventing head lice infestations in patients in need of such treatment are disclosed and include topically applying to the lice-infested area an effective amount of a driable pediculostatic agent for a time sufficient to immobilize the lice, drying the agent onto the application site and removing the dried agent, thereby removing the lice and nits. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/491,114, filed Jan. 25, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application no. 60/117,318, filed Jan. 26, 1999, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The present invention relates to methods and kits for the diagnosis, treatment, removal or prevention of pedicular parasite infestations. More particularly, the methods and kits relate to the use of nontoxic driable agents that rapidly immobilize head lice and keep them immobilized when dried, in order to facilitate their removal from the hair and scalp. The methods and kits further relate to the use of driable agents that inhibit hatching of nits, obviating nit-picking and combing in the treatment of lice infestation. Pediculosis is a scalp infestation produced by Pediculus humanus capitis. Cases of pediculosis are quite frequent, both in their endemic and epidemic forms. As the lice feed on human skin and blood, they inject their digestive juices and fecal material into the skin. These materials, as well as the puncture wound itself, cause skin irritation and lesions from the resulting scratching, and can cause a serious infection with ganglionic inflammation. Lice are also vectors of certain diseases, such as exanthematic or epidemic typhus and recurrent fever. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pediculicidal and ovacidal treatment compositions and methods for killing head lice and their eggs Inventor(s): Ho, Kie; (Princeton, NJ), Janssen, Herwing; (Princeton, NJ), Lamb, C. Scott; (Doylestown, PA), Nystrand, Glenn; (Lebanon, NJ), Williams, Dexter; (Dayton, NJ) Correspondence: Louis M. Heidelberger; Reed Smith Llp; 2500 One Liberty Place; 1650 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-7301; US Patent Application Number: 20030026822 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for administering compositions in solutions for killing adult lice and the ova comprising water, PVM/MA Decadiene crosspolymers, propylene glycol, a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols, Ceteareth-20; stearalkonium chloride; benzyl alcohol; hexylene glycol; pentylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol; a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a weight ratio of 80:20, BHT; and sodium hydroxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for controlling and treating adult lice and nits (or ova) of species of the order of Anoplura, including but not limited to pediculus capitis, pediculus humanus and pthiris pubic, by applying a composition of pediculicides and ovacides in solution to skin and hair, including but not limited to human skin and hair. The compositions comprise effective pediculicidal agents and ovacidal agents which are solubilized to promote penetration of the ova. More particularly, the effective pediculicidal agents and ovacidal agents are spinosad, Spinosyn A, Spinosyn D, or combinations thereof. Lice present a source of serious health problems worldwide for man and animals. Not only do lice carry a variety of bacteria
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on their outer surfaces, but in their fecal matter as well. Lice transmit the bacteria to their hosts through puncture wounds which are inflicted during feeding, since lice must feed from their host's blood. Ailments ranging from skin infections to typhus can be traced back to lice infestation. Lice belong to the order Anoplura. Specific species that affect human beings include pediculus capitis (head lice), pediculus humanus (body lice) and pthiris pubic (pubic lice). Lice are capable of spreading rapidly. A fertilized female lays about six to eight eggs, or nits, every twenty-four hours. It has been estimated that a single female louse and her daughters could have 112,778 offspring in a period of forty-eight days. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with head lice, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on head lice. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning head lice. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HEAD LICE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to head lice. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on head lice include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “head lice” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “head lice” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “head lice” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Head Lice by Allison Lassieur, Rick Stromoski (Illustrator) (2000); ISBN: 0531164500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531164500/icongroupinterna
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Head Lice (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 1588102297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588102297/icongroupinterna
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Head Lice to Dead Lice: The Non-Toxic Solution That Really Works by Joan Sawyer, Roberta MacPhee (2001); ISBN: 0717132269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0717132269/icongroupinterna
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Horrid Henry's Head Lice by Francesca Simon (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0786813695; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786813695/icongroupinterna
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It's Catching: Chicken Pox / Colds and Flu / Conjunctivitis / Head Lice / Warts and Verrucas (It's Catching) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 0431128618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431128618/icongroupinterna
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Let's Talk About Head Lice (The Let's Talk Library) by Melanie Apel Gordon; ISBN: 0823952002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823952002/icongroupinterna
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Pablo Diablo Y Los Piojos/Horrid Henry's Head Lice by Francesca Simon, Tony Ross (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 8434877732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8434877732/icongroupinterna
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Rainbows, Head Lice, and Pea-Green Tile: Poems in the Voice of the Classroom Teacher by Brodbagert, Brod Bagert, et al; ISBN: 0929895282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929895282/icongroupinterna
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The Lice-Buster Book: What to Do When Your Child Comes Home With Head Lice! by Lennie Copeland (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0446672491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446672491/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Head Lice Infestation: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597830703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597830703/icongroupinterna
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Those Itsy-Bitsy Teeny-Tiny Not-So-Nice Head Lice: Esos Pequenines Chiquitines Para Nada Simpaticos Piojos by Judith Rice, et al (1998); ISBN: 188483454X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188483454X/icongroupinterna
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Wiping Out Head Lice by Nick Bakalar, et al (1997); ISBN: 0451191676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451191676/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Head Lice In order to find chapters that specifically relate to head lice, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and head lice using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on head lice: •
Chapter 239: Scabies and Pediculosis Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2677-2684. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies and pediculosis. Scabies, which occurs in both sexes and in any age group, is transmitted by skin to skin contact. Itching, a symptom of classic scabies, is usually nocturnal. Diagnosis is made by microscopic identification of the mites, eggs, or fecal pellet. Treatment involves application of scabicides such as permethrin 5 percent cream, lindane, sulfur, crotamiton cream, and ivermectin. Special forms of scabies include scabies in patients with good
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hygiene, scabies incognito, nodular scabies, scabies in infants and young children, scabies in the elderly, crusted scabies, scabies in patients with human immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, scabies of the scalp, and bullous scabies. Pediculosis is an infestation by the head louse, the body or clothing louse, or the pubic or crab louse. Pruritus is the most common symptom in any type of pediculosis. Head lice infestations, which are usually confined to the scalp, are common in children. The main symptom is intense itching. Diagnosis is confirmed by plucking the hairs and studying them microscopically to differentiate the nits from seborrheic scales, hair casts, and artifacts of the hair that may be brushed off easily. Agents used to treat head lice include a 1 percent synthetic pyrethroid permethrin cream rinse, synergized pyrethrins, and lindane shampoo. Pubic lice are transmitted sexually. The pubis is the most commonly affected site. Diagnosis is usually made by identifying the more numerous nits cemented on the pubic or perianal hair. Agents used to treat pubic lice include synergized pyrethrins and lindane shampoo. Body lice are mainly transmitted by contaminated clothing or bedding. The characteristic eruption consists of numerous vertical excoriations caused by intense itching. Therapy for body lice consists mainly of proper hygiene, bathing, use of clean clothing and bedding, and proper nutrition. 10 figures, 2 tables, and 22 references. •
Chapter 203: Parasitic Skin Infections Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 4 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have parasitic skin infections with information on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies, lice infestation, and creeping eruption. Scabies, an infestation caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is characterized by tiny reddish pimples and intense itching. Diagnosis is based on the combination of itching and the burrows of the mites. Treatment involves applying a cream containing permethrin or a solution of lindane. A corticosteroid cream may be used for a few days to relieve itching. Family members and people with skin to skin contact should be treated simultaneously. A lice infestation, which causes intense itching, can affect the head, body, or pubic area. Head lice are spread by personal contact and shared personal items. Body lice usually infest people who have poor hygiene and those living in crowded conditions. Pubic lice are spread during sexual contact. Diagnosis is based on an examination of the affected area. Medications used to treat lice infestations include permethrin, lindane, and pyrethrin. Creeping eruption is a hookworm infection transmitted to exposed skin from dog and cat feces deposited on the ground. The infection causes intense itching, and it is treated with a liquid preparation of thiabendazole. 1 figure.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HEAD LICE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on head lice. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Head Lice The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in head lice (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on head lice: •
Head lice [videorecording]: common sense for a common problem Source: [presented by] Reed & Carnrick; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Piscataway, N.J.: Reed & Carnrick, c1984
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEAD LICE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover head lice.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on head lice is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to head lice. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “head lice” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for head lice: •
Head lice are basically harmless, says UK report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2003
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Head lice transmission more restricted than rampant Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 15, 2002
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Head lice in US resistant to most common pediculicides Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 22, 2002
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Nits don't always grow into head lice: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 2001
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Head lice infestations overdiagnosed by public and physicians Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2000
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Overdiagnosis of head lice increases school absenteeism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 22, 2000
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Malathion lotion twice as effective as combing for treatment of head lice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 11, 2000
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Shampoo makes head lice glow in UV light Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 16, 2000
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Head lice in US show reduced susceptibility to permethrin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 15, 1999
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Common products may not kill head lice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 14, 1999
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Malathion-containing head lice products do not affect cholinesterase activity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 31, 1999
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Regular wet combing an alternative to chemicals for controlling head lice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 24, 1999
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Combs, not lotions, may be best for head lice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 1999
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Petroleum Jelly Said To Work In Refractory Cases Of Head Lice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 21, 1997
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Most Head Lice Treatments Not Efficacious Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 05, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “head lice” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to head lice, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “head lice” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Head Lice Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to head lice. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering head lice that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for head lice. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with head lice. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to head lice: Malathion •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Ovide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202336.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 447 4 92 1 0 544
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “head lice” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on head lice can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to head lice. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to head lice. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “head lice”:
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Guides on head lice Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html
•
Other guides Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to head lice, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Head Lice Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/common/lice.html Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/headlice/factsht_head_lice.htm Lice Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00368
•
Treatment FDA Issues Health Advisory Regarding Labeling Changes for Lindane Products Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01205.html Lindane Shampoo and Lindane Lotion Questions and Answers Source: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/lindane/lindaneQA.htm Treating Head Lice Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/headlice/factsht_head_lice_treating. htm Treating Head Lice with Malathion Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/headlice/factsht_malathion.htm
Patient Resources
•
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Children Help for Head Lice Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/lice.html Pediculosis (Lice) Source: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care http://nrc.uchsc.edu/TIPS/pediculosis.htm
•
Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/default.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on head lice. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Head Lice Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have head lice with information on treating this infestation. Treatment products such as RID and NIX can be obtained without a prescription. These products contain permethrin, natural pyrethrins, or organochlorine insecticides. Any nits remaining in the hair should be combed out following loosening with a special lotion or vinegar. Treatment failures are usually the result of reinfection or not following treatment product directions. However, lice are becoming more immune to the treatment products, particularly those containing permethrin. Although oral treatment with ivermectin has been used in the treatment of head lice resistant to other treatments, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not
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yet specifically approved it for head lice treatment. The drug induces paralysis of the pharynx in bugs and worms and leads to starvation that may subsequently kill the parasite. The FDA has recently approved topical malathion to treat head lice. 2 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “head lice” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Head lice Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 September; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3452&nbr=2678&a mp;string=head+AND+lice
•
Recommendations for the treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice) in children Source: University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program - Academic Institution; 2002 May; 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3225&nbr=2451&a mp;string=head+AND+lice The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to head lice. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to head lice. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with head lice. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about head lice. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “head lice” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “head lice”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “head lice” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “head lice” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on head lice: •
Basic Guidelines for Head Lice Head lice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000840.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Head Lice Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HEAD LICE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form
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proteins. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH]
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Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta-sheet: Two or more parallel or anti-parallel strands are arranged in rows. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for
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example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach Periplaneta americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH]
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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic
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hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]
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Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestation period: The period of development of the young from the time of conception until birth. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hookworm: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small
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intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticide Resistance: The development by insects of resistance to insecticides. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may
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be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural
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junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU]
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Pediculus: Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Piperonyl Butoxide: An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of
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health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. [NIH] Pyrethrum: Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is
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both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]
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Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]
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Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trench Fever: An intermittent fever characterized by intervals of chills, fever, and splenomegaly each of which may last as long as 40 hours. It is caused by Bartonella quintana and transmitted by the human louse. [NIH]
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Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]
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INDEX A Absenteeism, 50, 64, 91 Acetylcholinesterase, 18, 91 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 59, 91 Acrylonitrile, 91, 105 Adenopathy, 4, 91 Adrenal Cortex, 91, 95 Adverse Effect, 91, 105 Aerosol, 49, 91 Affinity, 91, 106 Algorithms, 91, 93 Alternative medicine, 65, 91 Amino Acids, 91, 103, 104, 107 Analog, 92, 101 Androgens, 91, 92, 96 Antiallergic, 92, 96 Antibacterial, 44, 92, 106 Antibiotic, 92, 106 Antibody, 91, 92, 95, 99 Antigen, 91, 92, 95, 99 Anti-inflammatory, 92, 96, 98 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 92, 96 Antimicrobial, 44, 92, 107 Antineoplastic, 92, 96 Antioxidants, 51, 92 Antiseptic, 44, 92 Antiviral, 44, 92 Anus, 92, 100, 103 Aphids, 50, 52, 92 Aqueous, 51, 92, 93 Arterial, 92, 98, 104 Arteries, 92, 93, 95, 101 Artifacts, 59, 92 Astringents, 93, 97 Attenuated, 93, 96 B Bacteria, 54, 92, 93, 97, 101, 106, 108 Base, 50, 93, 100 Benzyl Alcohol, 54, 93 Beta-sheet, 49, 93 Biochemical, 5, 93 Biotechnology, 5, 65, 73, 93 Bladder, 93, 94 Blood pressure, 93, 98, 101, 106 Blood-Brain Barrier, 93, 102, 103 Body Fluids, 93, 106 Branch, 87, 93, 104, 106, 107
Bronchitis, 93, 97 Bullous, 59, 93 C Carbaryl, 12, 27, 32, 93 Carbohydrate, 93, 96, 98 Case report, 11, 93 Cell, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107 Cell Division, 93, 94, 103 Cellulose, 94, 103 Central Nervous System, 94, 98, 103 Cervical, 4, 94 Cervix, 94 Character, 44, 94 Chemotherapy, 16, 94 Cholesterol, 94, 105 Choline, 91, 94 Cholinergic, 94 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 47, 93, 94 Chronic, 91, 94, 99, 106, 108 Clinical trial, 4, 73, 94, 104, 105 Cloning, 5, 93, 94 Cockroaches, 52, 94 Cofactor, 94, 104 Combination Therapy, 14, 31, 94 Complement, 95, 98 Complementary and alternative medicine, 35, 41, 95 Complementary medicine, 35, 95 Computational Biology, 73, 95 Conception, 95, 98 Consumption, 95, 96, 105 Contraindications, ii, 95 Coronary, 95, 101 Coronary Thrombosis, 95, 101 Corticosteroid, 59, 95 Crowding, 51, 96 Curative, 96, 107 Cutaneous, 15, 21, 30, 96, 105, 108 Cyclic, 96, 106 Cysteine, 96, 107 D Databases, Bibliographic, 73, 96 Day Care, 50, 96 Dementia, 91, 96 Dermal, 93, 96 Developed Countries, 49, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 65, 96
110 Head Lice
Diarrhea, 96, 97 Diffusion, 96 Dilution, 49, 96 Diploid, 96, 103 Direct, iii, 5, 50, 67, 96, 105, 107 Disease Vectors, 96, 100 Distal, 96, 104 Drug Interactions, 68, 97 E Efficacy, 7, 8, 9, 10, 22, 30, 32, 37, 40, 97 Electrolyte, 96, 97, 101, 106 Electrons, 93, 97, 100, 102 Emaciation, 91, 97 Endemic, 46, 48, 54, 97 Environmental Health, 23, 72, 74, 97 Enzyme, 91, 97, 104, 108 Epidemic, 48, 53, 54, 97 Epidemiological, 10, 13, 97 Epidermal, 97, 108 Esophagus, 97, 103, 106 Ethnic Groups, 14, 97 Eucalyptus, 44, 97 Extracellular, 97, 106 F Family Planning, 73, 97 Fat, 96, 97, 98 Feces, 59, 97 Filarioidea, 97, 100 Flavoring Agents, 97 Fleas, 53, 97 G Gastrointestinal, 94, 97 Gastrointestinal tract, 94, 97 Gels, 51, 98 Gene, 5, 93, 98, 100 Genetic Engineering, 93, 94, 98 Genital, 48, 98 Gestation, 50, 98 Gestation period, 50, 98 Glucocorticoids, 91, 96, 98 Governing Board, 98, 103 Grade, 20, 52, 98 Graft, 98, 99 Gravis, 98, 102 Growth, 92, 98, 101, 102, 103 H Habitual, 94, 98 Hair follicles, 98, 108 Haploid, 98, 103 Helminths, 98, 99 Heredity, 98 Hookworm, 59, 98
Hormonal, 96, 98 Hormone, 96, 98, 101 Host, 4, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 96, 99, 108 Hydrogen, 93, 99, 101, 102 Hydrolysis, 91, 99, 104 Hydrophilic, 52, 99 Hygienic, 46, 99 I Id, 33, 40, 78, 80, 81, 86, 88, 99 Immune response, 92, 96, 99, 108 Immunity, 91, 99 Immunodeficiency, 59, 91, 99 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 59, 99 In vitro, 9, 30, 99 In vivo, 40, 99 Indicative, 57, 99, 108 Infarction, 95, 99, 101 Infection, 22, 35, 36, 48, 54, 59, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106 Inflammation, 48, 54, 92, 93, 99, 105, 106, 108 Ingestion, 99, 103 Inhalation, 91, 99, 103 Insecticide Resistance, 16, 19, 21, 27, 32, 99 Insecticides, 8, 15, 18, 22, 39, 47, 50, 52, 53, 79, 99, 103, 104 Intermittent, 100, 107 Intestines, 97, 100 Intracellular, 99, 100 Ions, 93, 97, 99, 100, 101 Isopropyl, 53, 54, 100 Ivermectin, 4, 7, 10, 30, 58, 79, 100 K Kb, 72, 100 Kerosene, 45, 100 Kinetic, 21, 100 L Library Services, 86, 100 Lidocaine, 93, 100 Life cycle, 48, 100 Lindane, 4, 5, 7, 9, 23, 30, 36, 47, 58, 59, 78, 100 Liver, 97, 98, 100 Localized, 99, 100, 103 Locomotion, 100, 103 Lymph, 91, 94, 100 Lymph node, 94, 100 Lymphatic, 99, 100 Lymphocyte, 91, 92, 101 Lymphocyte Count, 91, 101
Index 111
M Malathion, 4, 9, 11, 18, 31, 36, 37, 47, 64, 68, 78, 80, 101 Malignant, 91, 92, 101, 102 Mass Screening, 26, 101 MEDLINE, 73, 101 Membrane, 5, 95, 101, 107 Mental Health, iv, 4, 72, 74, 101, 104 Metamorphosis, 101 Methionine, 101, 107 Methoprene, 53, 101 MI, 39, 51, 90, 101 Microbe, 101, 107 Microscopy, 21, 101 Millimeter, 45, 101 Mineralocorticoids, 91, 96, 101 Molecular, 4, 31, 73, 75, 93, 95, 101, 105, 106 Molecular Structure, 101, 106 Molecule, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 105, 108 Monitor, 48, 101 Muscle relaxant, 101, 102 Myasthenia, 102 Myocardium, 101, 102 Myristate, 53, 102 N Necrosis, 99, 101, 102 Need, 3, 18, 48, 54, 58, 82, 102 Neoplasms, 91, 92, 102 Neostigmine, 47, 102 Neuromuscular, 91, 102, 108 Neuromuscular Junction, 91, 102 Nucleus, 96, 102, 106 O Observational study, 5, 26, 102 Opportunistic Infections, 91, 102 Ovum, 98, 100, 102 Oxidation, 92, 102 P Palliative, 102, 107 Paralysis, 80, 102 Parasite, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 80, 100, 102 Parasitic, 48, 49, 59, 78, 79, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102 Patient Education, 79, 84, 86, 90, 102 Pediculosis, 4, 6, 10, 17, 20, 30, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 58, 78, 79, 80, 102 Pediculus, 6, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30, 31, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 102, 103 Peptide, 49, 103, 104 Perianal, 59, 103
Pesticides, 11, 47, 99, 103 Petroleum, 64, 100, 103 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 94, 103, 104 Pharmacists, 23, 103 Pharmacologic, 103, 107 Pharynx, 80, 103 Physiologic, 103, 105 Physostigmine, 102, 103 Piperonyl Butoxide, 20, 31, 103 Pituitary Gland, 96, 103 Plants, 52, 53, 92, 94, 103, 105, 107 Platyhelminths, 98, 100, 103 Poisoning, 52, 103 Polymers, 103, 104, 106 Potentiation, 94, 103 Practice Guidelines, 74, 80, 103 Prevalence, 12, 16, 20, 39, 104 Propylene Glycol, 54, 104 Protease, 94, 104 Protein S, 93, 104 Proteins, 91, 92, 95, 101, 103, 104, 107 Proteolytic, 4, 95, 104 Protocol, 46, 104 Protozoa, 100, 104 Proximal, 3, 96, 104 Pruritic, 4, 104, 105 Pruritus, 3, 47, 59, 104 Public Health, 6, 11, 13, 19, 23, 30, 36, 39, 40, 49, 74, 104 Public Policy, 73, 104 Publishing, 5, 104 Pulse, 101, 104 Pyrethrins, 20, 31, 59, 79, 104 Pyrethrum, 24, 40, 104 R Race, 22, 50, 104 Randomized, 97, 105 Receptor, 5, 92, 105 Recombinant, 105, 108 Refer, 1, 95, 100, 105 Refraction, 105, 106 Regimen, 97, 105 Respiration, 101, 105 Rigidity, 103, 105 Rodenticides, 103, 105 Rotenone, 103, 105 Rubber, 46, 91, 105 S Saponin, 50, 105 Scabicide, 100, 105 Scabies, 3, 7, 12, 20, 21, 22, 24, 31, 36, 39, 44, 53, 58, 59, 105
112 Head Lice
Screening, 21, 94, 105 Sebaceous, 105, 108 Secretion, 96, 98, 101, 105 Semisynthetic, 100, 105 Sequencing, 5, 105 Side effect, 67, 91, 105, 107 Silicon, 52, 106 Silicon Dioxide, 106 Siloxanes, 52, 106 Skeletal, 92, 94, 106 Sodium, 5, 54, 101, 106 Solvent, 52, 100, 104, 106 Specialist, 81, 106 Species, 52, 54, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108 Spectrum, 44, 101, 106 Splenomegaly, 106, 107 Standardize, 20, 106 Steroids, 95, 106 Stomach, 97, 98, 100, 103, 106 Strand, 48, 106 Stress, 105, 106 Styrene, 105, 106 Subacute, 99, 106 Subclinical, 99, 106 Subspecies, 106 Sulfur, 58, 101, 107 Suppression, 96, 107 Synapses, 94, 107 Synergist, 103, 107 Synergistic, 44, 107 Systemic, 93, 99, 107 T Tea Tree Oil, 41, 44, 51, 107 Therapeutics, 22, 68, 107 Thrombosis, 104, 107 Ticks, 53, 99, 107
Tissue, 4, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107 Topical, 7, 22, 23, 30, 32, 40, 50, 51, 53, 68, 80, 93, 107 Toxic, iv, 47, 52, 57, 99, 106, 107 Toxicity, 39, 53, 93, 97, 103, 107 Toxicology, 74, 107 Toxins, 92, 99, 107 Trace element, 106, 107 Trachea, 103, 107 Transfection, 93, 107 Trees, 97, 105, 107 Trench Fever, 4, 107 Tubocurarine, 102, 108 U Unconscious, 99, 108 Urinary, 94, 108 Uterus, 94, 108 V Vaccine, 104, 108 Vagina, 94, 108 Vaginal, 44, 108 Vascular, 99, 108 Vector, 4, 108 Venous, 104, 108 Verruca, 44, 108 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 108 Viral, 108 Virulence, 26, 93, 107, 108 Virus, 91, 92, 98, 108 Virus Diseases, 92, 108 Vitro, 108 Vivo, 108 Vulgaris, 41, 108 W Warts, 44, 57, 108 Wasps, 52, 108 Windpipe, 103, 108
Index 113
114 Head Lice
Index 115
116 Head Lice
