GINKGO BILOBA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ginkgo Biloba: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83958-1 1. Ginkgo Biloba-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Ginkgo biloba. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GINKGO BILOBA........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ginkgo Biloba................................................................................ 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GINKGO BILOBA .............................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ginkgo Biloba............................................................................... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GINKGO BILOBA........................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 86 General References ....................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GINKGO BILOBA.......................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Dissertations on Ginkgo Biloba.................................................................................................... 95 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GINKGO BILOBA .................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Recent Trials on Ginkgo Biloba.................................................................................................... 97 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GINKGO BILOBA .................................................................................. 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patents on Ginkgo Biloba........................................................................................................... 103 Patent Applications on Ginkgo Biloba ....................................................................................... 125 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 133 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GINKGO BILOBA ...................................................................................... 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 135 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 136 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 137 Chapters on Ginkgo Biloba......................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GINKGO BILOBA ........................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 139 Newsletters on Ginkgo Biloba .................................................................................................... 141 Academic Periodicals covering Ginkgo Biloba ........................................................................... 141 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 147 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 151 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 153
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 155 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 155 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 155 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 161 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 161 GINKGO BILOBA DICTIONARY............................................................................................. 163 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 229
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Ginkgo biloba is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Ginkgo biloba, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Ginkgo biloba, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Ginkgo biloba. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Ginkgo biloba, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Ginkgo biloba. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Ginkgo biloba.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Ginkgo biloba, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Proof of Efficacy of the Ginkgo Biloba Special Extract EGb 761 in Outpatients Suffering from Mild to Moderate Primary Degenerative Dementia of the Alzheimer Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 29: 47-56. 1996. Summary: This article describes a study of the efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia. Researchers used a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center study to evaluate 216 patients during a randomized, 24week treatment period. Subjects received either a dose of 240 mg EGb 761 or placebo. Researchers used three measurement instruments appropriate for multi-dimensional examinations to evaluate proof of efficacy. These measurement instruments assesses psychopathology of the disease, attention and memory, and activities of daily life. Response in two of these three variables suggested clinical efficacy. The results lead to
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the conclusion that EGb 761 demonstrates clinical efficacy in the treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia. An analysis of adverse events confirmed very good tolerance of EGb 761 and showed a positive therapeutic riskbenefit relationship. 1 figure, 8 tables, numerous references. •
Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of an Extract of Ginkgo Biloba for Dementia Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 278(16): 1327-1332. October 22-29, 1997. Summary: This journal article describes a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to assess the efficacy of safety of an extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and multi infarct dementia. Outpatients with mild to severe dementia, without other significant medical conditions, from six research centers in the United States participated in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 120 milligrams a day of Egb or placebo for 52 weeks. Safety assessments were performed every 3 months, and complete outcome following at 12, 26, and 52 weeks. Primary outcome measures assessed changes in the areas: cognitive impairment, daily living and social behavior, and general psychopathology. The authors report that results demonstrate the efficacy of EGb 761 on cognitive impairment and daily living and social behavior. However, this trial does not permit conclusions about sustained benefits, particularly if drug treatment is interrupted. The authors note that further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of EGb, to fully explore the therapeutic potential of plant extract, and to help better understand the pathogenesis of dementia. 4 tables, 42 references.
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Association of Ginkgo Biloba With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Source: Neurology. 50: 1933-1934. June 1998. Summary: This letter to the editor reports on an association of the herb ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. The case reported is of a 78-year old woman who took ginkgo biloba concurrently with warfarin. Ginkgo biloba may have cognitive benefits, and it definitely has antiplatelet activity. In the reported case, the ginkgo biloba may have contributed to the hemorrhage because of its effect with warfarin; these two substances have different anticoagulant effects. In a reply, two physicians state that the reported cases do not prove that ginkgo biloba contributed to the hemorrhages, but a possible clinically relevant antiplatelet effect is suggested by these cases. These authors state that patients taking anticoagulants should be cautioned against adding ginkgo biloba to their medication regimen.
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Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer Disease Source: Archives of Neurology. 55(11): 1409-1415. November 1998. Summary: This meta-analysis of research papers is intended to determine the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba treatment on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). The authors assessed more than 50 English and non-English articles to determine 1) if clear diagnoses of dementia and AD were part of the study's patient criteria and 2) at least one outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function. Standardized dosage of Ginkgo extract, study design, and adequate statistical information to allow for meta-analysis were further inclusionary criteria. Results show only four studies meeting all criteria, with a total of 212 patients in each of the placeboand-Ginkgo treated groups. A small but significant effect of three- to 6-month treatment
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with 120 to 240 mg of Ginkgo biloba extract on objective measures of cognitive function in AD. With the exception of two reports of bleeding complications, no significant adverse effects were reported. However, limited and inconsistent data were available on the effects on noncognitive behavioral and functional measures, as well as on clinician's global rating scales regarding AD. The authors recommend additional research to determine optimal dosage levels for function improvement and define which ingredients in the Ginkgo extract are producing its effect in people with AD. 2 tables, 94 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Ginkgo Biloba The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Ginkgo biloba. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Ginkgo biloba. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Ginkgo biloba. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Ginkgo biloba: •
Project Title: ACADEMIC TEACHING AND RESEARCH CAREER DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Amri, Hakima; Cell Biology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the career development award is to help a junior faculty member develop academic teaching and research expertise in a specific field of interest. Currently, a significant number of Georgetown University faculty members are in the process of enhancing their institution's educational and research capacity in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). As a member of this faculty pool who is considered one of the initiators of the drive towards integration of CAM modalities into the Georgetown University Medical School curriculum, I am already actively involved in realizing the goals of the R-25 educational grant, fulfilling a dual role as both academic teacher and researcher. My first goal is the successful implementation and academic integration of the CAM program. The career development award would greatly facilitate this endeavor by allowing me to increase the professional time dedicated to this cause from 30% as set forth by the R-25 educational grant to 100%. This would help assure the highest academic standards for our medical and graduate students. Secondly, I will be working closely with Dr. Haramati, my mentor and the program's educational director, to develop a curriculum
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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for the envisioned CAM Master's program. This phase is scheduled to be completed by the third year of our R-25 grant, and it will be vital to receive adequate training in curriculum building and academic teaching. The third aim is to develop and launch research projects pertaining to CAM, which will constitute a much-needed training platform for our students and bring a strong evidence based perspective to the field. Having worked as a basic scientist in Dr. Papadopoulos' laboratory, I can draw on my expertise to bring together conventional and CAM research, much like I did when defining the mechanism of action of Ginkgo biloba and its role with respect to stress management. These research projects would complement the ongoing CAM research at Georgetown University and should add a new perspective to the process of uniting CAM and basic science. This in turn would allow Georgetown University to offer an improved research environment to the students by affording them additional opportunities in pursuing research-based CAM. The award would therefore (1) play a synergistic role in accomplishing the goals of the R-25 educational grant, (2) help expand my role in academic teaching and research, and (3) parley my current knowledge and abilities to help substantiate and enrich the current spectrum of CAM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA IN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Papadopoulos, Vassilios; Professor; Cell Biology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): Although our understanding of cancer has dramatically progressed, it still remains the leading cause of death, in the United States, after heart disease. The worldwide increased number of deaths from malignant tumors together with the failure of all "magic bullets" developed to prevent and/or cure these diseases brought us to look back at medicinal herbs. Ginkgo biloba is one of the most ancient trees and extracts from its leaves have been used in traditional medicine for several hundred years. Our research for the last decade has focused on understanding the function of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), an ubiquitous protein involved in intracellular cholesterol compartmentalization. PBR expression is dramatically increased in aggressive human breast cancer cells where its expression correlates with the increased cell proliferation and the aggressive phenotype of the cells. In preliminary studies we observed that the standardized extract o Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGB 761) inhibited PBR expression and cell proliferation in the aggressive human breast tumor cell line MDA-23 1, but not in a non-aggressive cell line. Using a gene expression array we found that EGB 761 treatment regulated the expression of specific gene products, including oncogenes, cell cycle regulators, apoptosis-related products, transcription factors, and growth factors, involved in various pathways regulating cell proliferation. These in vitro data were validated in an in vivo model where treatment with EGB 761 significantly inhibited the growth and PBR expression of MDA-231 cell xenografts in nude mice. Taken together, these data suggest that EGB 761 may exert cytostatic properties. It is our hypothesis that the cytostatic effect of EGB 761 is not confined to the MDA-231 cells but applies to other carcinogenic tumor cells. Our first specific aim is to validate these findings by examining the effect of EGB 761 on other aggressive breast cancer cell lines. The effect of EGB 761 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and gene expression will be studied in vitro. Its effect on primary tumor size, presence of metastases and vascularization in the tumor area will be studied in vivo in a cell xenograft nude mice model. Considering that PBR is also overexpressed in cancers such as gliomas, hepatomas, colon and prostatic carcinomas, our second aim
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is to examine the effects of EGB 761 on regulating the in vitro and in vivo proliferation and growth rates, respectively, of glioma, hepatoma, colon and prostatic carcinoma cells. These experiments should demonstrate if EGB 761 could be used to prevent and/or stabilize the progression of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BORAGE OIL AND GINKGO BILOBA (EGB 761) IN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Gershwin, Merrill E.; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Project I: Borage Oil and Ginkbo biloba (EGb 761) in Asthma, ME Gershwin, PI overall; V Ziboh, PI of Oil, Co-Invest; SS Teuber, PI of Ginkbo biloba; M Harkey, JB German & c Cross, Co-Invest; J Utts, M Watnik, AL Klassen, Statistics and Database Management; H Watanabe, Consultant The concept of asthma as a condition in which acute and chronic inflammatory changes in airways play a fundamental role is well established. The role of leukotrienes as a crucial element of these inflammatory processes is supported by abundant laboratory and clinical evidence. There is a potential for herbal medicinal approaches to ameliorate leukotriene-mediated inflammation in asthma based on data from the literature and our laboratory. Studies suggest that dietary gamma-linolenic (GLA), found in borage and evening primrose oil, is unique among the (n=6) polyunsaturated fatty acid family members (linolenic acid, GLA and arachidonic acid) in its potential to attenuate inflammatory processes. For instance, there are randomized, placebo- controlled trials (RCT) demonstrating efficacy of dietary GLA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and active synovitis. Ginkbo biloba, a flavonoid-rich extract of leaves of the Ginkbo biloba tree, has been studied in one RCT with asthma patients and is recommended by CAM practitioners as a treatment of allergic inflammation and asthma. Ginko biloba may have inhibitory effects on release of inflammatory mediators. Although improvements has been made in management of patients with asthma, may interventions are associated with adverse effects. Because of the possibility of minimal or negligible adverse effects reported with borage oil, and the widespread use of Ginkgo biloba supplements without known adverse effects, we will assess clinical efficacies and/or adverse effects of dietary borage oil containing GLA and Ginkbo biloba in patients with asthma in a 17 month RCT. We also propose to delineate whether or not the clinical course of treatment correlates with suppression of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LTC4 and LTD4, generated by activated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Additionally, in the Ginkgo biloba arm of study, the vitro/ex vivo inhibition of histamine release will be assayed, since one of its major constituents, quercetin, is known to be structurally related to cromolyn sodium and has been shown in in vitro studies to exhibit similar activities. Furthermore. Anti-inflammatory activities of Ginkbo biloba will be compared to those of some of its individual constituents in a series of in vitro experiments. It is hoped that findings from these studies will evolve relatively nontoxic therapeutic alternatives for attenuating bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in patients with asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CANCER AND LEUKEMIA GROUP B Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurd, David D.; Internal Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2009
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Summary: (provided by applicant): This Ul0 application is in support of the CALGB Cooperative Group Clinical Trials conducted through the Wake Forest University School of Medicine (WFUSM) and its affiliate Members. WFUSM has been continuously awarded a CALGB U10 Grant for 45 years (CA03927) as the key support of the infrastructure for data management, the required administrative interactions with our Affiliate Members, and for the support of scientific and administrative contributions to CALGB. In addition to support for the Main Member, this U10 Grant supports the oversight of activity at our two current Affiliate Members, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina and Carolina Oncology Associates of Salisbury, Salisbury, North Carolina. The specific aims of this grant application are: * To increase our scientific contributions to Disease and Modality Committee activities * To enhance the participation of our clinical research investigators through the development of pilot data at the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University that can be developed into CALGB protocols * To expand the Affiliate Network of the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University in order to provide improved care of the cancer patient through access to CALGB Cancer Clinical Trials * To provide a clinical trials mechanism by which minority populations can accrue to clinical trails; to improve their proportional participation in clinical trials research; and to develop specific strategies to address regional barriers to minority recruitment and retention in clinical research studies * To continue our participation as a funded Prevention Member Center Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTIVE AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF HERBALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zander, Mary E.; Pathology and Microbiology; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) has been significantly increasing over the past several years. One reason that people turn to CAM is for the prevention of serious diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US, and thus determining specific therapies that can reduce its occurrence would be greatly beneficial. Currently, it has been shown that habitual use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of CRC by 50%, but is also associated with a number of serious adverse side effects. This study seeks to evaluate herbal supplements that may have the benefits of NSAIDs without the side effects. Since NSAIDs are proposed to work by modulating prostaglandin synthesis via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, herbals with these same potential mechanisms are to be studied. Ginseng and ginkgo biloba, two of the most commonly used supplements, have demonstrated similarities with many common NSAIDs. Thus, these two herbals are to be thoroughly studied for their chemopreventive properties by their ability to modify COX and alter the levels of proliferation and apoptosis in human CRC cells. Furthermore, since conservative estimates indicate that 50% of cancer patients utilize CAM, it is important to determine any interactions between their treatment and CAM. Thus, this study also will examine the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) with ginseng and ginkgo. The effects of these supplements will be compared to pharmaceutical NSAIDs as well as curcumin, an herbal with known chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties. Finally, the in vivo activities of these compounds will be determined in the clinically relevant APCMin/+ mouse model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COGNITIVE ENHANCERS EXPLORED WITH PET IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Schultz, Susan K.; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application responds to PA-99- 134, using the Exploratory/Development Grant for Intervention Pilot Research (R2 1) mechanism. The overarching goal of this proposal is to investigate how cognitive enhancing agents affect functional brain activity in elderly subjects early in the course of cognitive decline. This study will also determine whether a novel combination of agents may have enhanced or distinct effects on brain activity and cognition. Specifically, we propose a placebocontrolled trial of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil in the treatment of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. We will also test whether augmentation with another agent, ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), may increase the therapeutic benefit. Outcome measures will include cognitive testing as well as an assessment of functional brain activity during a verbal recall activation task using H20 positron emission tomography (PET). Treatment effects on cognition, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVR) in elderly adults (over 65 years) will be examined. The treatment trial will be encompass a one year period, with initially a six month placebo-controlled donepezil trial followed by randomization to donepezil with and without GBE augmentation for a subsequent six month treatment period. PET imaging will be performed at intake, six months and one year to isolate the effects of each treatment condition. The PET imaging will assess brain activity during a specific memory activation task, and also during an acetazolamide challenge to measure total vasodilatory capacity. This will allow the investigators to determine whether treatment is associated with increased CBF during the cognitve task and/or associated with changes in cerebrovascular reserve (CVR). At the present time, there are no defmitive treatments for cognitive deterioration. The poor prognosis of dementia necessitates that every therapeutic option be investigated with rigorous scientific methods. The therapeutic effects of cholinesterase inhibitors have not yet been definitively mapped to regional changes in cerebral activity, nor have they been mapped to specific cognitive tasks. Similarly, GBE is currently being used widely, both in the context of dementia in the healthy adult population, yet the effects of this agent on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to cognition have not been quantified. The possible therapeutic effects of GBE should be tested through placebo-controlled, double-blinded research designed to objectively measure relevant disease parameters. This study will add to a foundation for future research on the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and/or GBE in specific neurodegenerative states (e.g., vascular dementia) by establishing their effects on CNS hemodynamics and cognitive function in the elderly adult. This study will specifically examine subjects with early cognitive impairment with the idea that clinical benefits may be detectable over long-term treatment due to both neuroprotective and direct flow effects, and that this particular population may benefit to the greatest extent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DISPOSITION OF GINKGO FLAVONOIDS VIA RECYCLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hu, Ming; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The present proposal will focus on sequential anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of ginkgo-flavones by intestinal microflora, large intestine, and liver. This
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sequential metabolism of ginkgo-flavones is expected to be efficient and extensive, because flavonoids and their metabolites are expected to go through repeated enterohepatic recycling. The long-term goal of our study is to determine how this sequential metabolism plus repeated recycling affects the disposition of flavonoids, an important class of antioxidants presented in Ginkgo biloba and many other herbs (e.g., garlic, tea, chamomile, and others). The special focus of the present study is on how bacterial metabolism affects the overall disposition of ginkgo- flavonoids. The specific aims are to: (l) determine if bacteria will only take up ginkgo-flavones but not ginkgoflavone glycosides, because of expected poor permeability of glycosides through the bacterial walls; (2) determine the metabolism of each ginkgo-flavone and as a mixture in Ginkgo biloba extract by various groups of bacteria normally residing in human and rat large intestine under anaerobic conditions.; (3) determine how parent compounds and metabolites formed through bacteria metabolism are absorbed in the large intestine,; (4) determine how these metabolites are further metabolized by the large intestine and the liver; and (5) determine how metabolite reshuffling, perhaps for multiple times, into the enterohepatic recycling loop will affect the over metabolic fate of ginkgo flavones and their metabolites. Through these exploratory studies, we would be able to test if a grand recycling scheme which involve sequential metabolism and/or secretion of flavonoids, their microbial and mammalian metabolites, is functionally critical to the disposition of ginkgo-flavonoids. By combining expertise from the two independent disciplines of microbiology and pharmaceutical sciences, we have the capability and the know-how to effectively test this complex hypothesis. if proven, this complex metabolic process will have profound impact on safety and efficacy of this herbal extract and other flavonoid-rich herbal products. Through future animal and human studies in vivo, we would then determine how this grand recycling scheme influences the disposition of a variety of herbal and pharmaceutical products that also undergo, perhaps repeatedly, enterohepatic recycling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO HERBS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bent, Stephen W.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Herbal products have gained widespread popularity in the United States, with up to one-quarter of adults reporting use of an herb to treat a medical illness within the past year. Although herbs are commonly perceived as safe and "natural," numerous serious side effects have been reported, including myocardial infarction, stroke, liver failure, end-stage renal disease, and death. Unfortunately, surveillance systems to detect side effects of herbal products are extremely limited. Most serious reactions to herbs (including Chinese herb nephropathy and kava-kava related hepatitis) have been identified through case reporting, an inefficient system of monitoring that captures only a small percentage of all adverse events and only after large numbers of patients have been exposed. Current monitoring systems can be described as "passive," since action is only taken after enough case reports accumulate to raise concern of a possible dangerous adverse reaction. This career development program will provide the applicant with mentored training and research experience to examine the ability of "active" systems to detect adverse reactions to herbs at an early phase, before severe clinical outcomes occur. After completing an extensive curriculum in pharmacognosy, pharmacoepidemiology, and the analysis of complex cohort data, Dr. Bent will conduct four research projects that address two specific aims. The first
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specific aim is to determine if secondary data analysis is able to detect associations between specific herbs and laboratory and clinical outcomes that may represent adverse reactions. This will be addressed by three studies that examine 1) associations in a completed randomized controlled trial, 2) associations in an existing patient database, and 3) a comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the two methods. The second specific aim is to determine the ability of a prospective cohort study to detect associations between specific herbs and laboratory/clinical outcomes that may represent adverse events. A cohort of patients at high risk for herb-drug interactions (patients on long-term anticoagulation) will be established to determine if herbal product use is associated with poor control of anticoagulation or related adverse clinical outcomes. Ultimately, this research strives to identify improved methods for the early detection of adverse events, providing patients with a safer environment to achieve the potential benefits of herbal products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF ORAL GINKGO BILOBA ON TOTAL PLASMA ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Koop, Dennis R.; Professor; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Gingko biloba is a common herbal remedy taken for the purpose of increasing mental capacity due to vascular effects on the brain. Gingko extract contains many compounds believed to have antioxidant activity including quercetin, ascorbic acid, and potentially the bilobides. Antioxidants reduce the amount of oxidative stress in the body. This stress has many adverse effects and is linked to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other pathologies. We contend that people taking gingko extract are increasing their total plasma antioxidant capacity, and thereby protecting themselves from the adverse effects of oxidative stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF GINKGO BILOBA ON COAGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Olsen, George D.; Professor; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Our hypothesis is that Ginkgo delays blood clotting as measured by tests of bleeding time, PT and PTT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF GINSENG AND GINKGO ON DRUG DISPOSITION IN MAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurwitz, Aryeh A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Over 60 million Americans use herbal medicines, of whom one fourth also take prescription drugs. Physicians often are unaware of herbal use and of possible drug/herb interactions. Ginseng and ginkgo, enhancers of physical and mental performance, are two of the most widely taken herbals. We propose a double- blind, randomized, prospective study of effects of ginseng and ginkgo on 1) disposition of
12
Ginkgo Biloba
probe drugs, 2) cognitive function, and 3) glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (NQO1), enzymes implicated in chemoprevention of cancer. Probe drugs will be administered to study effects of herbs on their disposition, not for therapeutic effect. Ideal probes must be safe, well tolerated, have minimal pharmacological effect, and share known metabolic pathways with other clinically used drugs. Medically stable drug-free non-smokers will be enrolled. During a 4-week single-blind run-in subjects will be given a 4-drug probe cocktail: caffeine to study cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2), dextromethorphan for CYP2D6, buspirone (and endogenous cortisol) for CYP3A and fexofenadine for P-glycoprotein. Losartan will be given separately for CYP2C9. These enzymes metabolize over 95 percent of clinically used drugs. Enzyme activities will be determined by assaying appropriate blood and urine specimens for probe drugs and metabolites. Cognitive function will be tested and blood lymphocytes collected for measuring GST and NQO1 activities. Sixty subjects will then be randomly assigned to one of 4 double-blind treatment groups of 15 each: 1) ginseng extract (Ginsana), 2) ginkgo extract (EGb761), 3) both herbs, or 4) matching placebos. Tolerability of herbs will be determined. After 6 to 8 weeks of twice daily treatment with study agents, all effect parameters will be reevaluated: probe drug pharmacokinetics, cognitive function, and GST and NQO1 in blood lymphocytes. Interactions of chronic ginseng and ginkgo with drug-metabolizing pathways and with cognitive function will thus be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPL IN FOCAL CNS ISCHEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Wayne M.; Neurology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the United States. Evidence suggests that even if blood flow is initially restored additional "reperfusion injury" processes can occur that can potentiate brain injury and reduce existing blood flow. Some of the mediators of this "reperfusion injury" appear to be due to an inflammatory responsive involving free radical generation, activated leukocytes, and platelet activated factor. Various commercially available "antioxidant supplements" appear to produce clinical benefit in several diseases. These supplements including Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) and alpha lipoic acid (LA) have multitude of biologic effects including reducing free radical generation, inhibiting PAF and leukocyte activation (inhibit NFalphaB), and improving cerebral blood flow. Antioxidants have shown benefits in multiple disease models involving reperfusion injury but have yet to be fully evaluated in reperfusion injury related to stroke. This project will investigate the treatment potential and protective mechanisms of selected antioxidants using an animal model that closely approximates clinical stroke. The specific aims of the study are as follows: Aim 1: To confirm and characterize the neuroprotective efficacy of EGb in focal CNS ischemia, determine the effects of EGb on the inflammatory response and CBF, and evaluate safety interventions with other medications used in stroke. Aim 2: To confirm and characterize the neuroprotective efficacy of LA and dihydro lipoic (DHLA) in focal CNS ischemia and determine their effects on the inflammatory response and CBF. This study will use the middle cerebral artery filament occlusion (MCAO) model in the mouse and will utilize a combination of ischemic damage (lesion size) and neurologic functional measurements to determine efficacy. Potential mechanisms of efficacy for each antioxidant will be assessed including effects on in vivo cerebral blood flow (laser doppler measurement of blood flow) and the inflammatory response (molecular and
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flow cytometry). The information obtained from this project will be critical in planning future clinical stroke trials involving these agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXTRACT OF GINKGO BILOBA (EGB 761) AND VASCULAR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Farquhar, John W.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This application determines if a highly standardized herbal extract of the leaves of the Ginko biloba tree, widely used in Europe for two decades, will benefit patients who have pain on walking due to narrowing of the arteries of the legs. A few studies done about ten years ago in Germany appeared to benefit such patients. It is important to confirm these findings and to learn how it may work. Animal studies suggest that this extract, known as EGb 761, works through very strong antioxidant mechanisms. A second action suggested is that is stimulates cells lining the inside of the arteries to produce the compound nitric oxide. These cells, known as endothelial cells, are susceptible to damage by blood cholesterol, smoking or high blood pressure and, when damaged, will allow cholesterol to deposit in arteries. Antioxidants can prevent the endothelial cell damage, therefore it is very important to know if EGb 761 works through this mechanism. These cells also produce nitric oxide naturally as a defense against injury, so an EGb 761 effect on nitric oxide would also provide benefit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENOMIC BIORESPONSE: QUALITY CONTROL FOR BOTANICAL DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Eyndhoven, Winfried; Phytoceutica, Inc. 5 Science Park, Ste 13 New Haven, Ct 06511 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 15-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The FDA's recently established guidelines for the approval of prescription botanical drugs focuses on botanical drug safety, efficacy and product consistency. While safety and efficacy can be addressed in well designed clinical trials, defining metrics to measure product consistency of the complex collection of phytochemicals inherent to botanical extracts remains a major unsolved problem. Chemical characterization utilizing marker compounds, is today the standard for assessing quality control. However, this method is inadequate, as it cannot detect all chemical components nor address the issue of biological relevance or importance of any of the phytochemical components. Recent technology advances in transcription profiling and comprehensive gene microarrays provide a feasible pathway to develop a holistic, bioresponse profile that focuses not on the chemical components, but on the integrated biological response of a human cell to the entire composition of chemical components. The long term goal of this proposal is to develop a standardized FDA approved process for developing unique, diagnostic gene sets to characterize the biological response of botanical drugs as a metric to assess drug product reproducibility. Towards this goal we propose, the following two specific aims: 1. Creation of a pilot gene expression profile database for ten common western and Chinese botanicals 2. Utilize these gene expression profiles to build classification models to illustrate the utility in distinguishing different botanicals and to define a preliminary set of candidate genes for further development of a Quality Control metric for a PhytoCeutica botanical drug candidate
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Ginkgo Biloba
PHY906 Successful completion of these goals will demonstrate the overall feasibility of utilizing gene expression patterns as a unique and sensitive bioresponse metric for botanical drug quality control. Phase II, will then focus on expanding and validating this technology for PHY906 and developing a proprietary gene chip as an FDA accepted method for a bioequivalent quality control measure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT & THE INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kudolo, George B.; Associate Professor; Clinical Laboratory Sciences; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Herbal remedy is popular among those with chronic diseases, who may already be taking several prescription medications, thereby increasing the risk of drug-herb interactions. Ginkgo biloba extract is a popular dietary supplement that is ingested by the general population to enhance mental focus and by the elderly to delay onset of age-acquired loss of cognitive function. In subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), ingestion of Ginkgo biloba significantly increases pancreatic beta-cell function. The increased plasma C-peptide levels in response to glucose loading is accompanied by decreased plasma insulin levels and no significant changes in plasma glucose levels. The central hypothesisof this application is that ingestion of Ginkgo biloba produces the dissimilar plasma C-peptide/insulin ratios by increasing the metabolic clearance rates of insulin and the antidiabetic medications. The underlying mechanism may involve the alteration of drug pharmacokinetics resulting in decreased efficacy of the hypoglycemic agents and increased whole body insulin resistance. The primary objective-of this study is to determine the mechanism by which Ginkgo biloba may accelerate pancreatic function and reduce glucose metabolism. The specific aims of this projects are to determine (a) the effect of ingesting Ginkgo biloba on the pharmacokinetics of glipizide, pioglitazone and metformin and (b) how the interaction between Ginkgo biloba and the three hypoglycemic agents affect the three homeostatic variables that control blood glucose levels: insulin synthesis, insulin action and hepatic glucose production. Because aging is a significant risk factor for the development of NIDDM as a result of a progressive decline in pancreatic function, and because the elderly chronically take multiple prescription medications, the increased use of Ginkgo biloba in this population may increase drug-herb interactions. Therefore, we shall examine the effect of Ginkgo biloba on the pancreatic function in the elderly to determine whether it may produce pancreatic dysfunction and a potential for the development of insulinopenia. The results of this study, when taken together should provide very important information on balancing the risk of accelerating pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, with its beneficial effects on delaying the onset of cognitive function. The results of this study should also provide valuable information for designing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases in the insulin resistance syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GINKGO BILOBA FOR ECT-INDUCED MEMORY DEFICITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Markowitz, John S.; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective modern treatment for severe depression and other specific psychiatric conditions. Although typically reserved for a subset of patients with the most severe illnesses and who have failed initial medication trials, an estimated 100,000 treatments occur per year in the US, and 1,000,000 per year worldwide with use increasing. ECT's most bothersome adverse effect is memory loss with all patients receiving ECT experiencing some degree of short term cognitive impairment. At present there are no known effective pharmacologic treatments to prevent or improve ECT-induced cognitive dysfunction. The herbal preparation Ginkgo biloba (GB) has been found, in a promising series of recent studies, to aid cognitive function and memory in both dementia and in normal volunteers. In the present proposal, we will investigate the utility and safety of GB to minimize the cognitive impairment typically associated with ECT. Specific Aims: To assess the effect of GB in reducing the adverse cognitive effects of ECT, 2) To assess the safety and tolerability of GB. Research Design: The proposed double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study will be carried out over a two year period in 40 patients and will assess the effectiveness and safety of a standardized form of GB (EGb 761,Teboninr) manufactured by Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. in a dose of 120 mg twice daily versus placebo in reducing the cognitive side effects of ECT treatment. Patients will begin taking active drug or placebo as soon as consent is obtained and baseline testing is completed, in an attempt to reach steady-state plasma levels of GB prior to ECT. Patients will undergo cognitive testing by a blinded rater in the three relevant domains of cognitive function (anterograde memory, retrograde memory, and acute orientation) at specified intervals following ECT. Groups will then be compared on measures of cognitive function, and the active drug group will be compared with published data regarding the memory effects of ECT. A standardized side effect scale will be employed to assess the tolerability of GB versus placebo. Future Studies: If, in this exploratory study it is found that GB exerts a protective effect on memory function in patients receiving ECT, future studies will utilize larger groups and additional cognitive tests will be incorporated to provide more definitive conclusions regarding efficacy, optimal dose and duration, persistence of effects, and safety and tolerability Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GINKGO BILOBA PREVENTION TRIAL IN OLDER INDIVIDUALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dekosky, Steven T.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: We are proposing to study 2000 participants in a randomized trial of 240 mg of ginkgo biloba as compared to placebo in men and women, median age of 80. Approximately 1500 participants will be recruited from current Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants who had a clinic visit in 1998-99 and 500 will be recruited from the community. There are four clinical centers: Pittsburgh, Hagerstown, Winston-Salem and Sacramento, California, and a Coordinating Center at the University of Washington, Seattle. Following randomization, participants will be seen at 1 month, 4 months, 8 months and every four months thereafter during the trial for evaluation of adherence, and side effects. There will be a telephone call at every 6 months to determine morbidity and change in cognition (telephone interview for cognition (TICS), and annual examination that will include repeat of 3MSE, DSST, and 10 battery neuropsychological evaluation and informant interview. ApoE has already been measured for all CHS
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Ginkgo Biloba
participants. The primary endpoint is dementia, secondary endpoint will be Alzheimer's Disease, vascular dementia, and other endpoints include incidence of vascular disease, changes in cognitive function scores over time, and changes in functional status. We are proposing a six year study. We estimate incidence of dementia at about 3.5 percent/year over six years and a total mortality of 6 percent/year. We would have about 90 percent power alpha.05 to determine a 35 percent reduction, and 80 percent power for 30 percent reduction in incidence of dementia. We estimate approximately 250 dementia cases in the study based on 3.5 percent yearly incidence. The diagnosis of dementia will be based on neuropsychological testing, neuro exam, MRI functional measurements, and review by a central adjudication committee and classified by DSM IV, NINCDS criteria and ADRTC criteria for vascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GINKGO DYSFUNCTION
BILOBA:
ANTIDEPRESSANT-INDUCED
SEXUAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Meston, Cindy M.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Virtually all antidepressant medications are associated with a high incidence of adverse sexual side effects. In women, the side effects most commonly reported include decreased sexual arousal with decreased lubrication, delayed or inhibited orgasm, and decreased sexual desire. To date, there are no effective pharmacological antidotes for treating these sexual side effects. Gingko biloba extract (GBE), a naturally occurring substance from the ancient Chinese Gingko tree, has properties proven to increase peripheral blood flow and to facilitate the relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. Its effectiveness in this regard has been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials that show gingko biloba to be highly efficient in treating peripheral vascular disorders. Female sexual arousal involves a complex interplay of these very actions - the relaxation of smooth muscle tissue and the inflow of blood to the genital region. Hence, pharmacologically, it is feasible that GBE may be effective in enhancing female sexual arousal. Moreover, given that the mechanisms hypothesized to facilitate female sexual function are operative at a peripheral rather than a central (i.e., neurotransmitter) level, it is unlikely that GBE would adversely impact the mood-alleviating therapeutic effects of antidepressant medications that are believed to be centrally mediated. Limited, uncontrolled studies lend support to this hypothesis. The purpose of the present study is to provide the first empirical examination of the effects of both acute and chronic GBE on subjective and physiological measures of sexual function in women who are experiencing clinically diagnosable hypoactive sexual desire disorder, female sexual arousal disorder, and/or inhibited female orgasm secondary to either to fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine use. Women (N = 110) stabilized on antidepressant medication and free of a current Axis I disorder will be randomized to 8 weeks of daily treatment with either GBE (200 mg) or placebo. Sexual functioning will be assessed through (a) daily patient diary recordings, (b) patient-rating scales completed each week, and (c) blind independent evaluator ratings. The acute effects of GBE will also be assessed using vaginal photoplethysmograph techniques to assess genital blood flow, both prior to and following chronic GBE treatment. The findings from the present study will (a) help determine whether chronic and/or acute GBE facilitates sexual function in women with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and, (b) examine whether acute GBE influences vaginal measures of sexual arousal. If effective, GBE could play a significant
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adjunctive role in the treatment of clinical depression and other psychological disorders commonly treated with antidepressant medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HERBS, APOPTOSIS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Morse, Joanne K.; Hampton University E Queen & Tyler Sts Hampton, Va 23668 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Presently, there are approximately four million people diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). As the baby boomer population continues to age, this number will increase. Research into this disorder has uncovered tantalizing bits of information, but much of the findings have been contradictory, leaving us with a confusion of ideas but few solid facts. One exciting avenue of research being used today to explore neuronal disease states and, apoptosis in particular is the use of supplemental products, such as phytomedicines or herbal products. Two of these phytomedicines are of particular interest: Gingko biloba (Gb) and Panax Ginseng (PG). A large body of evidence implicating Gingko biloba's ability to positively impact a wide variety of disease states suggests its general impact on oxidative related events in many organs of the body. Anecdotal reports indicate that patients with AD and other cognitive impairments use Gb or PG to ameliorate their problems. Studies looking at Gb use in Alzheimer's patients have reported improved mental functions. Gingko biloba has been shown to be anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidative. PG has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory; however, it has the opposite effect on apoptosis, in some instances, from Gb. Both Gb and PG have been shown to improve memory but each has a different impact on the CNS. It is possible that Gb and Ginseng together will offer the best protection from the steady mental deterioration seen in this disease overtime. Inhibition of inflammation, while turning on apoptosis, may be needed to protect the remaining viable neurons. Apoptosis is a clean cell death with the cytotoxic elements being contained within the membrane-bound "blebs" formed as part of the apoptotic modus operandi. The purpose of this study is to further elucidate the effects of (1) Gingko biloba (Gb), (2) Panax Ginseng (PG), and (3) Gb/PG on apoptosis/necrosis using cultured fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients and aged-match controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INHIBITORY AND INDUCING EFFECTS OF HERBAL MEDICINES ON CYP ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Edeki, Timi I.; Associate Professor; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In recent years there has been an increased consumption of herbal medicines. Most of those that take these medicines also consume other conventional medicines, and do not inform their physicians about the use of herbal medicines and other alternate medical practice. In addition, most of these herbal medicines have not been rigorously studied and have not been subjected to the same standards as conventional medicines. As a result of this, there is a dearth of information on possible interactions between herbal products and drugs. Contrary to the opinion of most consumers that these herbal products are benign, a number of interactions have recently been reported between herbal medicines and conventional drugs. This increased use of herbal medicines exposes a significant percentage of the population to
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Ginkgo Biloba
unknown herb drug interactions. Our hypotheses are that the metabolism of drugs mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, can be modulated by ingestion of herbal medicines such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and St. John's wart, and that ethnicity is a factor in this modulation. The resulting induction or inhibition will therefore affect the metabolism of the drugs that are substrates of these enzymes. Since many clinically important drugs are CYP substrates, there are implications for herb-drug interactions. In light of the above, the specific aims of this grant proposal are the realization of the following objectives: 1) To determine if the active pharmaceutical ingredients of American ginseng, Korean ginseng, gingko biloba and St. John's wart inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 activities, with tolbutamide, mephenytoin, bufuralol and testosterone as an in vitro probes, using microsomes prepared from human liver. 2) To determine if genotype is a factor on these inhibitory effects. 3) To determine the inducing or inhibiting effects of the important components of St. John's wart, American ginseng, Korean ginseng and gingko biloba on CYP2C9, CYP2C 19, CYP2D6, CYP3A activities in human hepatocytes obtained from Caucasians and African Americans. 4) To determine if there are interethnic differences between African Americans and Caucasians in the possible CYP enzymes modulating effects of herbal medicines in human hepatocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF GINKGO BILOBA NEUROPOTECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Luo, Yuan; Biological Sciences; University of Southern Mississippi Box 1, Southern Sta Hattiesburg, Ms 39406 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neurodegenerative disorders are affecting larger and larger proportions of our population as lifespan increases. Thus, the means to prevent or reduce the rate of these disorders is a high priority for medical research. The goal of this project is to gain understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. EGb761 has become one of the most popular preparations, especially for the prevention and treatment of primary neurodegenerative dementias associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease. Substantial experimental evidence supports neuroprotective properties of EGb761, but the actual mechanisms of its action(s) is yet unknown. We will test the hypothesis that the standardized extract EGb761 has multiple sites of action for neuroprotection, which is, at least in part, achieved by interaction of antioxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The specific aims of the present project are: 1. Evaluate antioxidative and anti-amyloidogenic mechanisms of EGb761, 2. Identify cell survival pathways of EGb761. Cultured hippocampal slices and neuronal cells will be used as models of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. State-of-the art molecular and cellular techniques and pharmacological application of inhibitors and activators will be used to define the potential pathways of EGb761 neuroprotection. All of the required methodologies are in place in the PI's laboratory and in those of the collaborators. Results from these experiments can be applied to animal models and human studies. Better understanding of the mechanisms of neuroprotection by EGb761 will be important not only for design of rational "mechanism-based" strategies that target age-related neurodegenerative disorders, but also for basic understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative processes themselves. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BILOBALIDE
NEUROMODULATORY
EFFECTS
OF
GINKGOLIDES
19
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nakanishi, Koji; Centennial Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is focused on the mode of action of the ginkgolides and bilobalide (terpenoid trilactones) from the tree Ginkgo biloba. The crude extract of G. biloba, a complex mixture composed of many different compounds, have shown effects on the diseased as well as healthy state of the mammalian brain. Clinical studies, animal studies, and various in vitro studies of the extracts have demonstrated beneficial effects against various neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, as well as memory enhancing effects in the normal brain. However, very little is known about effects of individual constituents, especially at the molecular structural level. In this proposal, we will focus on the most unique constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract, the ginkgolides and bilobalide, but not on the action of the crude extract which clearly involves synergistic effects, e.g., between the flavonoids (a major component) and the terpenoid trilactones. Some ginkgolides are antagonists of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), and appear to have antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. We have also found that ginkgolide B is a glycine receptor antagonist, while bilobalide is a potent GABAA receptor antagonist. Our goal is to determine the neuromodulatory effects of terpene trilactones on the mammalian central nervous system, using bioorganic and spectroscopic methods, including those under development in our laboratory on a molecular level. The specific topics to be studied include synthesis of radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo autoradiography studies, design and preparation of novel photolabile and fluorescent terpene trilactones analogs to be used to elucidate the interactions of terpene trilactones and PAFR. During these studies we will develop and apply novel methodologies such as ultra-microscale photolabeling and sequencing using unconventional mass spectrometric and circular dichroic techniques, as well as "membrane scissors". Using radioligand binding and microphysiometry, we will initiate studies on the effects of terpene trilactones on the cloned PAFR, using PAFR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effects of terpene trilactones on long-term potentiation will be examined in vitro as well as in animal models. These studies can potentially provide new targets for terpene trilactones in the central nervous system that require the synthesis of new ginkgolide and bilobalide ligands. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.
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Ginkgo Biloba
unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Ginkgo biloba in the PubMed Central database: •
Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. by Drew S, Davies E.; 2001 Jan 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26593
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is not active against Mycobacterium avium infection in C57BL/6 mice. by Struillou L, Cohen Y, Vilde JL, Pocidalo JJ, Perronne C.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=162676
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Inhibition of amyloid-[beta] aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. by Luo Y, Smith JV, Paramasivam V, Burdick A, Curry KJ, Buford JP, Khan I, Netzer WJ, Xu H, Butko P.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129421
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Light-dependent chloroplast development and expression of a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. by Chinn E, Silverthorne J.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159042
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Light-regulated and organ-specific expression of types 1, 2, and 3 light-harvesting complex b mRNAs in Ginkgo biloba. by Chinn E, Silverthorne J, Hohtola A.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157163
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The in vivo neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine ginkgo biloba. by Watanabe CM, Wolffram S, Ader P, Rimbach G, Packer L, Maguire JJ, Schultz PG, Gohil K.; 2001 Jun 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34395
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Ginkgo biloba, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Ginkgo biloba (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
6-Month double-blind randomised clinical trial of Ginkgo biloba extract versus placebo in two parallel groups in patients suffering from peripheral arterial insufficiency. Author(s): Bauer U. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1984; 34(6): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6386008&dopt=Abstract
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A 26-week analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia. Author(s): Le Bars PL, Kieser M, Itil KZ. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2000 July-August; 11(4): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867450&dopt=Abstract
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A double blind placebo controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract in acute cerebral ischaemia. Author(s): Garg RK, Nag D, Agrawal A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 November; 43(11): 760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773035&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo controlled study of Ginkgo biloba extract ('tanakan') in elderly outpatients with mild to moderate memory impairment. Author(s): Rai GS, Shovlin C, Wesnes KA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(6): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2044394&dopt=Abstract
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A natural and broad spectrum nootropic substance for treatment of SDAT--the Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Funfgeld EW. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 317: 1247-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602410&dopt=Abstract
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A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. Author(s): Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 October 22-29; 278(16): 1327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9343463&dopt=Abstract
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A simple HPLC-UV method for the assay of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Fuzzati N, Pace R, Villa F. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 April; 74(3): 247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727489&dopt=Abstract
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Actions of Ginkgo Biloba related to potential utility for the treatment of conditions involving cerebral hypoxia. Author(s): Logani S, Chen MC, Tran T, Le T, Raffa RB. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 August 11; 67(12): 1389-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983836&dopt=Abstract
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Activity of bilobalide, a sesquiterpene from Ginkgo biloba, on Pneumocystis carinii. Author(s): Atzori C, Bruno A, Chichino G, Bombardelli E, Scaglia M, Ghione M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 July; 37(7): 1492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8363381&dopt=Abstract
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Additional information to the in vitro antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Lugasi A, Horvahovich P, Dworschak E. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 March; 13(2): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190193&dopt=Abstract
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An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Author(s): Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 June; 6(3): 219-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890330&dopt=Abstract
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An experimental study of the effect of ginkgo biloba extract on the human and rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue. Author(s): Paick JS, Lee JH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 November; 156(5): 1876-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863636&dopt=Abstract
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Anticlastogenic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and some of its constituents in irradiated rats. Author(s): Alaoui-Youssefi A, Lamproglou I, Drieu K, Emerit I. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 September 15; 445(1): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10521695&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and Ginkgo Biloba. Author(s): Ashton AK, Ahrens K, Gupta S, Masand PS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 May; 157(5): 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784488&dopt=Abstract
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Association of Alzheimer's disease onset with ginkgo biloba and other symptomatic cognitive treatments in a population of women aged 75 years and older from the EPIDOS study. Author(s): Andrieu S, Gillette S, Amouyal K, Nourhashemi F, Reynish E, Ousset PJ, Albarede JL, Vellas B, Grandjean H; EPIDOS study. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 April; 58(4): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663701&dopt=Abstract
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Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Author(s): Matthews MK Jr. Source: Neurology. 1998 June; 50(6): 1933-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633781&dopt=Abstract
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Botanical briefs. The Ginkgo tree--Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): McGovern TW, Barkley TM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 September; 64(3): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500914&dopt=Abstract
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Can winter depression be prevented by Ginkgo biloba extract? A placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Lingaerde O, Foreland AR, Magnusson A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 July; 100(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442441&dopt=Abstract
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Cedemin, a Ginkgo biloba extract, should not be considered as a PAF antagonist. Author(s): Braquet P. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 December; 88(12): 2138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110248&dopt=Abstract
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Chemistry and biology of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Jaggy H, Koch E. Source: Pharmazie. 1997 October; 52(10): 735-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9362086&dopt=Abstract
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Clastogenic factors in the plasma of Chernobyl accident recovery workers: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Emerit I, Oganesian N, Sarkisian T, Arutyunyan R, Pogosian A, Asrian K, Levy A, Cernjavski L. Source: Radiation Research. 1995 November; 144(2): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480646&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Author(s): Maurer K, Ihl R, Dierks T, Frolich L. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997 November-December; 31(6): 645-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9447569&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical improvement of memory and other cognitive functions by Ginkgo biloba: review of relevant literature. Author(s): Soholm B. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 January-February; 15(1): 54-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10178638&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive psychophysiology in nootropic drug research: effects of Ginkgo biloba on event-related potentials (P300) in age-associated memory impairment. Author(s): Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, Binder GA, Decker KA. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995 July; 28(4): 134-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491367&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of flavonoid glycosides of Ginkgo biloba after a single oral administration of three formulations to healthy volunteers. Author(s): Wojcicki J, Gawronska-Szklarz B, Bieganowski W, Patalan M, Smulski HK, Samochowiec L, Zakrzewski J. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1995 October-December; 27(4): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000837&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two dosages of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease Fontaine's stage IIb. A randomised, doubleblind, multicentric clinical trial. Author(s): Schweizer J, Hautmann C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 November; 49(11): 900-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604042&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxicity of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Siegers CP. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 October; 6(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589448&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent claudication--a placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial. Author(s): Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1998 May; 27(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9612115&dopt=Abstract
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EEG profile of three different extractions of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Kunkel H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 27(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8515823&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on differential gene expression. Author(s): Rimbach G, Wolffram S, Watanabe C, Packer L, Gohil K. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130396&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on microsomal enzyme induction. Author(s): Duche JC, Barre J, Guinot P, Duchier J, Cournot A, Tillement JP. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1989; 9(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2744909&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers. Author(s): Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Wenzel E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1990 May; 40(5): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2383302&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of two doses of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the dual-coding test in elderly subjects. Author(s): Allain H, Raoul P, Lieury A, LeCoz F, Gandon JM, d'Arbigny P. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 May-June; 15(3): 549-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364946&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Author(s): Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780716&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of EGb 761 Ginkgo biloba extract on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Author(s): Eckert A, Keil U, Kressmann S, Schindowski K, Leutner S, Leutz S, Muller WE. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S15-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130384&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba on proliferation of human skin fibroblast. Author(s): Kim SJ, Lim MH, Chun IK, Won YH. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1997; 10(4): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413894&dopt=Abstract
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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and bleeding or haemorrhage. Author(s): Skogh M. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 3; 352(9134): 1145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798614&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen. Author(s): Meisel C, Johne A, Roots I. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 April; 167(2): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818420&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoxetine-induced genital anesthesia relieved by Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Ellison JM, DeLuca P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 April; 59(4): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590676&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Author(s): Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D, Barozzi S, Verderio L, Boscani PF. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 September-October; 15(5): 291-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10345150&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba and the central nervous system. Author(s): Di Renzo G. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S43-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930712&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) pretreatment limits free radical-induced oxidative stress in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Pietri S, Seguin JR, d'Arbigny P, Drieu K, Culcasi M. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1997 April; 11(2): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140689&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects human low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification mediated by copper. Author(s): Yan LJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 July 17; 212(2): 360-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626049&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract and cognitive decline. Author(s): Warburton DM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 August; 36(2): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8398586&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): Evans JR. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001775. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796819&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March; 108(4): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014719&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of tinnitus. Author(s): Holgers KM, Axelsson A, Pringle I. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1994 March-April; 33(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179518&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract increases ocular blood flow velocity. Author(s): Chung HS, Harris A, Kristinsson JK, Ciulla TA, Kagemann C, Ritch R. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 June; 15(3): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385132&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits oxygen species production generated by phorbol myristate acetate stimulated human leukocytes. Author(s): Pincemail J, Thirion A, Dupuis M, Braquet P, Drieu K, Deby C. Source: Experientia. 1987 February 15; 43(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3028858&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Author(s): Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, Matheis RJ, Noskin O, Richards JA, Schoenberger NE. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 May; 81(5): 668-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807109&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Schonhofer PS. Source: Lancet. 1990 March 31; 335(8692): 788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1969526&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Cohen AJ, Bartlik B. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 1998 April-June; 24(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9611693&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction? Author(s): Balon R. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 1999 January-March; 25(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10081736&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 October; 34(4): 352-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1457269&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for dementia. Author(s): Stevermer JJ, Lindbloom EJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 January; 46(1): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451364&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for dementia: a reasonable alternative? Author(s): Wincor MZ. Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996). 1999 May-June; 39(3): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10363472&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus: a review. Author(s): Ernst E, Stevinson C. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 June; 24(3): 164-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10384838&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Gilbert GJ. Source: Neurology. 1997 April; 48(4): 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109922&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Odawara M, Tamaoka A, Yamashita K. Source: Neurology. 1997 March; 48(3): 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9065574&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Source: Lancet. 1992 November 7; 340(8828): 1136-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359218&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba: a living fossil. Author(s): Jacobs BP, Browner WS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 March; 108(4): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014729&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of short-term Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Kalus JS, Piotrowski AA, Fortier CR, Liu X, Kluger J, White CM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 37(3): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639160&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorheology and walking of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases patients during treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Li AL, Shi YD, Landsmann B, Schanowski-Bouvier P, Dikta G, Bauer U, Artmann GM. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1998 September; 19(5): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10375799&dopt=Abstract
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IgE immune response to Ginkgo biloba pollen. Author(s): Yun YY, Ko SH, Park JW, Hong CS. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 October; 85(4): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061473&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of ginkgo biloba on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Author(s): Mauro VF, Mauro LS, Kleshinski JF, Khuder SA, Wang Y, Erhardt PW. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 10(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845387&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on lipoperoxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes of Behcet's patients. Author(s): Kose K, Dogan P, Ascioglu M, Ascioglu O. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 November; 75(3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434256&dopt=Abstract
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Influences of Ginkgo biloba on cyclosporin A induced lipid peroxidation in human liver microsomes in comparison to vitamin E, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Author(s): Barth SA, Inselmann G, Engemann R, Heidemann HT. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991 May 15; 41(10): 1521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2018556&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase by rolipram and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) decreases agonist-induced rises in internal calcium in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Campos-Toimil M, Lugnier C, Droy-Lefaix MT, Takeda K. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000 September; 20(9): E3440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978267&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Author(s): Cheung F, Siow YL, Chen WZ, O K. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1999 November 15; 58(10): 1665-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535759&dopt=Abstract
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Leaves of Ginkgo biloba not allergenic for Toxicodendron-sensitive subjects. Author(s): Mitchell JC, Maibach HI, Guin J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1981 January; 7(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7249626&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoperoxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocyte membranes. 1. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Author(s): Kose K, Dogan P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774754&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoperoxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocyte membranes. 2. Comparison of the antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) with those of water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidants. Author(s): Kose K, Dogan P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 9-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774762&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry of bioactive terpenoids in Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Mauri P, Migliazza B, Pietta P. Source: Journal of Mass Spectrometry : Jms. 1999 December; 34(12): 1361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587633&dopt=Abstract
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Magnitude of effect and special approach to Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in cognitive disorders. Author(s): Le Bars PL. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S44-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130388&dopt=Abstract
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Mini-epidemic of contact dermatitis from ginkgo tree fruit (Ginkgo biloba L.). Author(s): Tomb RR, Foussereau J, Sell Y. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 October; 19(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3219836&dopt=Abstract
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Myoglobinuria after ingestion of extracts of guarana, Ginkgo biloba and kava. Author(s): Donadio V, Bonsi P, Zele I, Monari L, Liguori R, Vetrugno R, Albani F, Montagna P. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 April; 21(2): 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938194&dopt=Abstract
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Natural substances in psychiatry (Ginkgo biloba in dementia). Author(s): Itil T, Martorano D. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995; 31(1): 147-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675979&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2003 September; 60(9): 1779-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523543&dopt=Abstract
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Non-remembrance of things past. Ginkgo biloba for memory loss. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 2000 January-February; 61(1): 393-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647257&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxyl radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Author(s): Maitra I, Marcocci L, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 May 26; 49(11): 1649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7786306&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Biber A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130386&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological studies supporting the therapeutic use of Ginkgo biloba extract for Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S8-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130383&dopt=Abstract
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Phase II study with 5-fluorouracil and ginkgo biloba extract (GBE 761 ONC) in patients with pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Hauns B, Haring B, Kohler S, Mross K, Robben-Bathe P, Unger C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 December; 49(12): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635450&dopt=Abstract
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Phospholipase Cgamma1 inhibitory principles from the sarcotestas of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Lee JS, Cho YS, Park EJ, Kim J, Oh WK, Lee HS, Ahn JS. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1998 July; 61(7): 867-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9677265&dopt=Abstract
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Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma. Author(s): Ritch R. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 February; 54(2): 221-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10790757&dopt=Abstract
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Pretreatment of skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract/sodium carboxymethyl-beta-1,3glucan formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in man. Author(s): Castelli D, Colin L, Camel E, Ries G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 March; 38(3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536401&dopt=Abstract
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Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Author(s): Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 March; 29(2): 47-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8741021&dopt=Abstract
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Proofs of involvement of PAF-acether in various immune disorders using BN 52021 (ginkgolide B): a powerful PAF-acether antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Braquet P. Source: Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res. 1986; 16: 179-98. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2949548&dopt=Abstract
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Protection of hypoxia-induced ATP decrease in endothelial cells by ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide. Author(s): Janssens D, Michiels C, Delaive E, Eliaers F, Drieu K, Remacle J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 September 28; 50(7): 991-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7575684&dopt=Abstract
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Radiation-induced clastogenic factors: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Emerit I, Arutyunyan R, Oganesian N, Levy A, Cernjavsky L, Sarkisian T, Pogossian A, Asrian K. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1995 June; 18(6): 985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7628734&dopt=Abstract
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Results of combined low-power laser therapy and extracts of Ginkgo biloba in cases of sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Author(s): Plath P, Olivier J. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1995; 49: 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653339&dopt=Abstract
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Scientific reporting of unscientific data--a case of Ginkgo biloba being miscredited. Author(s): Bruhn JG; ESCOP Board of Directors; ESCOP Scientific Committee. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003 May; 10(4): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809368&dopt=Abstract
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Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of kaempferol and quercetin in human urine after consumption of Ginkgo biloba tablets. Author(s): Watson DG, Oliveira EJ. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 February 19; 723(1-2): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080647&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Author(s): Rowin J, Lewis SL. Source: Neurology. 1996 June; 46(6): 1775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8649594&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 April 10; 336(15): 1108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9091822&dopt=Abstract
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Study of the long-term action of a Ginkgo biloba extract on vigilance and mental performance as determined by means of quantitative pharmaco-EEG and psychometric measurements. Author(s): Gessner B, Voelp A, Klasser M. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1985; 35(9): 1459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3910053&dopt=Abstract
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Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Vale S. Source: Lancet. 1998 July 4; 352(9121): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800751&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical applications of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy. Author(s): Glisson J, Crawford R, Street S. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1999 June; 24(6): 28, 31, 35-6 Passim; Quiz 47-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431295&dopt=Abstract
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The cognitive, subjective, and physical effects of a ginkgo biloba/panax ginseng combination in healthy volunteers with neurasthenic complaints. Author(s): Wesnes KA, Faleni RA, Hefting NR, Hoogsteen G, Houben JJ, Jenkins E, Jonkman JH, Leonard J, Petrini O, van Lier JJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(4): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493479&dopt=Abstract
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The comprehensiveness of Medline and Embase computer searches. Searches for controlled trials of homoeopathy, ascorbic acid for common cold and ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency and intermittent claudication. Author(s): Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Source: Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1992 October 16; 14(5): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1437515&dopt=Abstract
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The dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 September; 151(4): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026748&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals. Author(s): Kudolo GB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 June; 40(6): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10868316&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Author(s): Rigney U, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 August; 13(5): 408-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441781&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 November; 55(11): 1409-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823823&dopt=Abstract
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The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Gold PE, Cahill L, Wenk GL. Source: Scientific American. 2003 April; 288(4): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661320&dopt=Abstract
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The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF). Author(s): Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996 March; 50(3): 131-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8691847&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba, a plant extract, on the brain of dementia patients in comparison with tacrine. Author(s): Itil TM, Eralp E, Ahmed I, Kunitz A, Itil KZ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(3): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803773&dopt=Abstract
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The psychopharmacological effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in normal healthy volunteers. Author(s): Subhan Z, Hindmarch I. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1984; 4(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6469442&dopt=Abstract
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The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, Daly F, Belch JJ. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2002; 7(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710841&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic value of Ginkgo biloba in reducing symptoms of decline in mental function. Author(s): Curtis-Prior P, Vere D, Fray P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 May; 51(5): 535-41. Erratum In: J Pharm Pharmacol 1999 December; 51(12): Following 1466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411212&dopt=Abstract
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Trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) for tinnitus and hearing loss. Author(s): Coles R. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1988 December; 13(6): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3228994&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Ginkgo biloba.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Ginkgo Biloba The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on Ginkgo biloba: •
Brain boosters: can supplements sharpen you memory? Source: Welland, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (October 1998). volume 21(10) page 1, 4.
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EN's herbal medicine cabinet: top 10 herbs you can trust. Source: Klauser, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1998). volume 21(5) page 1, 4.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
Age-related increase of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mice prevention by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761). Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang GoetheUniversity, Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany.
[email protected] Source: Schindowski, K Leutner, S Kressmann, S Eckert, A Muller, W E J-NeuralTransm. 2001; 108(8-9): 969-78 0300-9564
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An assessment of the effect of Ginkgo Biloba EGb 761 on ischemia reperfusion injury of intestine. Author(s): Department of General Surgery, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Duzce School of Medicine, 14450 Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey. Source: Pehlivan, M Dalbeler, Y Hazinedaroglu, S Arikan, Y Erkek, A B Gunal, O Turkcapar, N Turkcapar, A G Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jan-February; 49(43): 201-4 0172-6390
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Analysis of 6-hydroxykynurenic acid in Ginkgo biloba and Ginkgo preparations. Source: Grasel, I. Reuter, G. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. August 1998. volume 64 (6) page 566-570. 0032-0943
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Analysis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. and its phytopharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214036, P R China. Source: Cao, Y Chu, Q Fang, Y Ye, J Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 September; 374(2): 294-9 1618-2642
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Analysis of terpenelactones in Ginkgo biloba by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. Author(s): National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA. Source: Ganzera, M Zhao, J Khan, I A Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2001 September; 49(9): 1170-3 0009-2363
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Apoptosis of hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 induced by Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharide. Author(s): Department of Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China. Source: Chen, Q Yang, G W An, L G World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 October; 8(5): 832-6 1007-9327
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Are there any studies showing whether ginkgo biloba is effective for tinnitus (ringing in the ears)? Source: Feinberg, A W Health-News. 2003 January; 9(1): 12 1081-5880
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Biflavones of Ginkgo biloba stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Source: Dell'Agli, M. Bosisio, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. January 2002. volume 68 (1) page 76-79. 0032-0943
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Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of Ginkgo biloba using GC/MS. Source: Biber, A. Koch, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. March 1999. volume 65 (2) page 192-193. 0032-0943
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Characteristics and antifungal activity of a chitin binding protein from Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, PR China. Source: Huang, X Xie, W Gong, Z FEBS-Lett. 2000 July 28; 478(1-2): 123-6 0014-5793
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Chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice: amelioration of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Author(s): Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Source: Agha, A M El Fattah, A A Al Zuhair, H H Al Rikabi, A C J-Exp-Clin-Cancer-Res. 2001 March; 20(1): 39-50 0392-9078
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Concentration of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba leaves in relation to the time of year. Source: Beek, T.A. van Lelyveld, G.P. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. October 1992. volume 58 (5) page 413-416. 0032-0943
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Determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. Source: Beek, T.A. van Scheeren, H.A. Rantio, T. Griepink, F.C. Melger, W.C. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 509. 00320943
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Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Source: Kennedy, D O Scholey, A B Wesnes, K A Nutr-Neurosci. 2001; 4(5): 399-412 1028-415X
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DNA polymorphism in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba from the eastern United States. Author(s): Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
[email protected] Source: Kuddus, R H Kuddus, N N Dvorchik, I Genome. 2002 February; 45(1): 8-12 08312796
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Effect of biflavones of Ginkgo biloba against UVB-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju 501-757, Korea. Source: Kim, S J J-Dermatol. 2001 April; 28(4): 193-9 0385-2407
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on glucose metabolism-related markers in streptozotocin-damaged rat brain. Author(s): Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Source: Loffler, T Lee, S K Noldner, M Chatterjee, S S Hoyer, S Schliebs, R J-NeuralTransm. 2001; 108(12): 1457-74 0300-9564 •
Effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (oral) on unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss in a prospective randomized double-blind study of 106 outpatients. Author(s): Institut fur Medizinische Statistik, Informatik und Epidemiologie der Medizinischen Einrichtungen der Universitat Koln, Germany. Source: Burschka, M A Hassan, H A Reineke, T van Bebber, L Caird, D M Mosges, R Eur-Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 2001 July; 258(5): 213-9 0937-4477
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Effects of Ginkgetin from Ginkgo biloba Leaves on cyclooxygenases and in vivo skin inflammation. Author(s): SK Chemicals Ltd., Suwon, Korea. Source: Kwak, Wie Jong Han, Chang Kyun Son, Kun Ho Chang, Hyeun Wook Kang, Sam Sik Park, Byoung Kyu Kim, Hyun Pyo Planta-Med. 2002 April; 68(4): 316-21 00320943
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on cerebral thrombosis and blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sasaki, Y Noguchi, T Yamamoto, E Giddings, J C Ikeda, K Yamori, Y Yamamoto, J Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2002 November; 29(11): 963-7 0305-1870
•
Effects on skeletal muscle fibres of diabetes and Ginkgo biloba extract treatment. Author(s): Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany. Source: Punkt, K Psinia, I Welt, K Barth, W Asmussen, G Acta-Histochem. 1999 February; 101(1): 53-69 0065-1281
•
Evaluation of commercial Ginkgo biloba dietary supplements for the presence of colchicine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA. Source: Li, W Fitzloff, J F Farnsworth, N R Fong, H H Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 442-6 0944-7113
•
Evaluation of the allergenic potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Mossabeb, R Kraft, D Valenta, R Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 2001 August 16; 113(15-16): 580-7 0043-5325
•
Evidence for toxic effects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba in the hen's egg test (HET). Source: Baron Ruppert, G. Luepke, N.P. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. March 2001. volume 8 (2) page 133-138. 0944-7113
•
Flavonol triglycosides from Ginkgo biloba. Source: Vanhaelen, M. Vanhaelen Fastre, R. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. April 1989. volume 55 (2) page 202. 0032-0943
•
Ginkgo biloba and the central nervous system. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021, Catanzaro, Italy. Source: Di Renzo, G Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S43-7 0367-326X
Nutrition
41
•
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: El Khatib, A S Moustafa, A M Abdel Aziz, A A Al Shabanah, O A El Kashef, H A Tumori. 2001 Nov-December; 87(6): 417-22 0300-8916
•
Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates the development of hypertension in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Author(s): Division of Applied Food Research, The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Umegaki, K Shinozuka, K Watarai, K Takenaka, H Yoshimura, M Daohua, P Esashi, T Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2000 April; 27(4): 277-82 0305-1870
•
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 attenuates myocardial stunning in the pig heart. Author(s): Hopital L. Pradel Lyon, France. Source: Rioufol, G Pietri, S Culcasi, M Loufoua, J Staat, P Pop, C Drieu, K Ovize, M Basic-Res-Cardiol. 2003 January; 98(1): 59-68 0300-8428
•
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 or pentoxifylline for the treatment of sudden deafness: a randomized, reference-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Reisser, C H Weidauer, H Acta-Otolaryngol. 2001 July; 121(5): 579-84 0001-6489
•
Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): 'Glaxo' Department of Ophthalmology Epidemiology, Institute of Ophthalmology (UCL) and Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London, UK, EC1V 2PD.
[email protected] Source: Evans, J R Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD001775 1469-493X
•
Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Author(s): University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Source: Cohen, A J Bartlik, B J-Sex-Marital-Ther. 1998 Apr-June; 24(2): 139-43 0092-623X
•
Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Author(s): Department of Clinical Geratology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX2 6HE.
[email protected] Source: Birks, J Grimley, E V Van Dongen, M Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD003120 1469-493X
•
Ginkgo biloba for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy Practice, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Mahady, G B J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 21-32 0889-4655
•
Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) starting one day before rapid ascent. Author(s): The University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, and the Kapiolani Clinical Research Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. Source: Gertsch, Jeffrey H Seto, Todd B Mor, Joanne Onopa, Janet High-Alt-Med-Biol. 2002 Spring; 3(1): 29-37 1527-0297
42
Ginkgo Biloba
•
Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus: a review. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
[email protected] Source: Ernst, E Stevinson, C Clin-Otolaryngol. 1999 June; 24(3): 164-7 0307-7772
•
High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry study of ginkgolic acid in the leaves and fruits of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba). Author(s): Research Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, A.M. Todd Botanicals, Eugene, OR 97402, USA. Source: He, X Bernart, M W Nolan, G S Lin, L Lindenmaier, M P J-Chromatogr-Sci. 2000 April; 38(4): 169-73 0021-9665
•
Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells: protection by Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. Source: Wei, T Ni, Y Hou, J Chen, C Zhao, B Xin, W Pharmacol-Res. 2000 April; 41(4): 427-33 1043-6618
•
Identification of kaempferol as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and potential Neuroprotectant in extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Author(s): CV Technologies, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Source: Sloley, B D Urichuk, L J Morley, P Durkin, J Shan, J J Pang, P K Coutts, R T JPharm-Pharmacol. 2000 April; 52(4): 451-9 0022-3573
•
In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lubeck, Ratzeburger Alle 160, Lubeck, Germany. Source: Hecker, H Johannisson, R Koch, E Siegers, C P Toxicology. 2002 August 15; 177(2-3): 167-77 0300-483X
•
Inhibition of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis by ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Source: Kim, H.K. Son, K.H. Chang, H.W. Kang, S.S. Kim, H.P. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. June 1999. volume 65 (5) page 465-467. 0032-0943
•
Non-remembrance of things past. Ginkgo biloba for memory loss. Author(s): Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA.
[email protected] Source: Mack, R B N-C-Med-J. 2000 Jan-February; 61(1): 393-5 0029-2559
•
Occurrence of neurotoxic 4'-O-methylpyridoxine in Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgo medications and Japanese Ginkgo food. Source: Arenz, A. Klein, M. Fiehe, K. Gross, J. Drewke, C. Hemscheidt, T. Leistner, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. December 1996. volume 62 (6) page 548551. 0032-0943
•
Ontogenic aspects of ginkgolide production in Ginkgo biloba. Source: Huh, H. Staba, E.J. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. June 1993. volume 59 (3) page 232-239. 0032-0943
•
Pharmaceutical quality of different Ginkgo biloba brands. Author(s): Biocenter Niederursel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Germany. Source: Kressmann, S Muller, W E Blume, H H J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2002 May; 54(5): 661-9 0022-3573
Nutrition
43
•
Potent insecticidal activity of Ginkgo biloba derived trilactone terpenes against Nilaparvata lugens. Source: Ahn, Y.J. Kwon, M. Park, H.M. Han, C.H. Phytochemicals for pest control /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. page 90-105. ISBN: 0841234884
•
Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York 10003, USA.
[email protected] Source: Ritch, R Med-Hypotheses. 2000 February; 54(2): 221-35 0306-9877
•
Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on the myocardium of experimentally diabetic rats. II. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation on microvessels and interstitium. Author(s): Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany. Source: Welt, K Weiss, J Koch, S Fitzl, G Exp-Toxicol-Pathol. 1999 May; 51(3): 213-22 0940-2993
•
Quantitative analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaves and Ginkgo products using (1)H-NMR. Author(s): Division of Pharmacognosy, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Source: Choi, Y H Choi, H K Hazekamp, A Bermejo, P Schilder, Y Erkelens, C Verpoorte, R Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2003 February; 51(2): 158-61 0009-2363
•
Rapid analysis of terpene lactones in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Anal. & Test Centre of Cereal, Oil & Foodstuffs, Nanjing Institute of Economics, Nanjing 210003, China. Source: Wang, H F Ju, X R Se-Pu. 2000 September; 18(5): 394-7 1000-8713
•
The effect of Li 1370, extract of Ginkgo biloba, on REM sleep in humans. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK. Source: Murray, B J Cowen, P J Sharpley, A L Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 1557 0176-3679
•
The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Author(s): Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Bld LaSalle, Verdun, Quebec, Canada. Source: Bastianetto, S Ramassamy, C Dore, S Christen, Y Poirier, J Quirion, R Eur-JNeurosci. 2000 June; 12(6): 1882-90 0953-816X
•
Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J dihydrate, all determined at 120 K. Author(s): National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Source: Zhao, Jianping Muhammad, Ilias Dunbar, D Chuck Khan, Ikhlas A Fischer, Nikolaus H Fronczek, Frank R Acta-Crystallogr-C. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): o195-8 01082701
44
Ginkgo Biloba
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym): •
Age-related increase of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mice prevention by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761). Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang GoetheUniversity, Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany.
[email protected] Source: Schindowski, K Leutner, S Kressmann, S Eckert, A Muller, W E J-NeuralTransm. 2001; 108(8-9): 969-78 0300-9564
•
An assessment of the effect of Ginkgo Biloba EGb 761 on ischemia reperfusion injury of intestine. Author(s): Department of General Surgery, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Duzce School of Medicine, 14450 Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey. Source: Pehlivan, M Dalbeler, Y Hazinedaroglu, S Arikan, Y Erkek, A B Gunal, O Turkcapar, N Turkcapar, A G Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jan-February; 49(43): 201-4 0172-6390
•
Analysis of 6-hydroxykynurenic acid in Ginkgo biloba and Ginkgo preparations. Source: Grasel, I. Reuter, G. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. August 1998. volume 64 (6) page 566-570. 0032-0943
•
Analysis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. and its phytopharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214036, P R China. Source: Cao, Y Chu, Q Fang, Y Ye, J Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 September; 374(2): 294-9 1618-2642
•
Analysis of terpenelactones in Ginkgo biloba by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. Author(s): National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA. Source: Ganzera, M Zhao, J Khan, I A Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2001 September; 49(9): 1170-3 0009-2363
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Apoptosis of hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 induced by Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharide. Author(s): Department of Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China. Source: Chen, Q Yang, G W An, L G World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 October; 8(5): 832-6 1007-9327
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Are there any studies showing whether ginkgo biloba is effective for tinnitus (ringing in the ears)? Source: Feinberg, A W Health-News. 2003 January; 9(1): 12 1081-5880
•
Biflavones of Ginkgo biloba stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Source: Dell'Agli, M. Bosisio, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. January 2002. volume 68 (1) page 76-79. 0032-0943
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Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of Ginkgo biloba using GC/MS. Source: Biber, A. Koch, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. March 1999. volume 65 (2) page 192-193. 0032-0943
Nutrition
45
•
Characteristics and antifungal activity of a chitin binding protein from Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, PR China. Source: Huang, X Xie, W Gong, Z FEBS-Lett. 2000 July 28; 478(1-2): 123-6 0014-5793
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Chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice: amelioration of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Author(s): Dept. of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Source: Agha, A M El Fattah, A A Al Zuhair, H H Al Rikabi, A C J-Exp-Clin-Cancer-Res. 2001 March; 20(1): 39-50 0392-9078
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Concentration of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba leaves in relation to the time of year. Source: Beek, T.A. van Lelyveld, G.P. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. October 1992. volume 58 (5) page 413-416. 0032-0943
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Determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. Source: Beek, T.A. van Scheeren, H.A. Rantio, T. Griepink, F.C. Melger, W.C. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 509. 00320943
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Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Source: Kennedy, D O Scholey, A B Wesnes, K A Nutr-Neurosci. 2001; 4(5): 399-412 1028-415X
•
DNA polymorphism in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba from the eastern United States. Author(s): Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
[email protected] Source: Kuddus, R H Kuddus, N N Dvorchik, I Genome. 2002 February; 45(1): 8-12 08312796
•
Effect of biflavones of Ginkgo biloba against UVB-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju 501-757, Korea. Source: Kim, S J J-Dermatol. 2001 April; 28(4): 193-9 0385-2407
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on glucose metabolism-related markers in streptozotocin-damaged rat brain. Author(s): Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Loffler, T Lee, S K Noldner, M Chatterjee, S S Hoyer, S Schliebs, R J-NeuralTransm. 2001; 108(12): 1457-74 0300-9564
•
Effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (oral) on unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss in a prospective randomized double-blind study of 106 outpatients. Author(s): Institut fur Medizinische Statistik, Informatik und Epidemiologie der Medizinischen Einrichtungen der Universitat Koln, Germany.
46
Ginkgo Biloba
Source: Burschka, M A Hassan, H A Reineke, T van Bebber, L Caird, D M Mosges, R Eur-Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 2001 July; 258(5): 213-9 0937-4477 •
Effects of Ginkgetin from Ginkgo biloba Leaves on cyclooxygenases and in vivo skin inflammation. Author(s): SK Chemicals Ltd., Suwon, Korea. Source: Kwak, Wie Jong Han, Chang Kyun Son, Kun Ho Chang, Hyeun Wook Kang, Sam Sik Park, Byoung Kyu Kim, Hyun Pyo Planta-Med. 2002 April; 68(4): 316-21 00320943
•
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on cerebral thrombosis and blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sasaki, Y Noguchi, T Yamamoto, E Giddings, J C Ikeda, K Yamori, Y Yamamoto, J Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2002 November; 29(11): 963-7 0305-1870
•
Effects on skeletal muscle fibres of diabetes and Ginkgo biloba extract treatment. Author(s): Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany. Source: Punkt, K Psinia, I Welt, K Barth, W Asmussen, G Acta-Histochem. 1999 February; 101(1): 53-69 0065-1281
•
Evaluation of commercial Ginkgo biloba dietary supplements for the presence of colchicine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA. Source: Li, W Fitzloff, J F Farnsworth, N R Fong, H H Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 442-6 0944-7113
•
Evaluation of the allergenic potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Mossabeb, R Kraft, D Valenta, R Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 2001 August 16; 113(15-16): 580-7 0043-5325
•
Evidence for toxic effects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba in the hen's egg test (HET). Source: Baron Ruppert, G. Luepke, N.P. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. March 2001. volume 8 (2) page 133-138. 0944-7113
•
Flavonol triglycosides from Ginkgo biloba. Source: Vanhaelen, M. Vanhaelen Fastre, R. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. April 1989. volume 55 (2) page 202. 0032-0943
•
Ginkgo biloba and the central nervous system. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021, Catanzaro, Italy. Source: Di Renzo, G Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S43-7 0367-326X
•
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: El Khatib, A S Moustafa, A M Abdel Aziz, A A Al Shabanah, O A El Kashef, H A Tumori. 2001 Nov-December; 87(6): 417-22 0300-8916
•
Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Author(s): University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Source: Cohen, A J Bartlik, B J-Sex-Marital-Ther. 1998 Apr-June; 24(2): 139-43 0092-623X
Nutrition
47
•
Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Author(s): Department of Clinical Geratology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX2 6HE.
[email protected] Source: Birks, J Grimley, E V Van Dongen, M Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD003120 1469-493X
•
Ginkgo biloba for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy Practice, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Mahady, G B J-Cardiovasc-Nurs. 2002 July; 16(4): 21-32 0889-4655
•
Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus: a review. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
[email protected] Source: Ernst, E Stevinson, C Clin-Otolaryngol. 1999 June; 24(3): 164-7 0307-7772
•
High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry study of ginkgolic acid in the leaves and fruits of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba). Author(s): Research Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, A.M. Todd Botanicals, Eugene, OR 97402, USA. Source: He, X Bernart, M W Nolan, G S Lin, L Lindenmaier, M P J-Chromatogr-Sci. 2000 April; 38(4): 169-73 0021-9665
•
Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells: protection by Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. Source: Wei, T Ni, Y Hou, J Chen, C Zhao, B Xin, W Pharmacol-Res. 2000 April; 41(4): 427-33 1043-6618
•
Identification of kaempferol as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and potential Neuroprotectant in extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Author(s): CV Technologies, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Source: Sloley, B D Urichuk, L J Morley, P Durkin, J Shan, J J Pang, P K Coutts, R T JPharm-Pharmacol. 2000 April; 52(4): 451-9 0022-3573
•
In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lubeck, Ratzeburger Alle 160, Lubeck, Germany. Source: Hecker, H Johannisson, R Koch, E Siegers, C P Toxicology. 2002 August 15; 177(2-3): 167-77 0300-483X
•
Inhibition of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis by ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Source: Kim, H.K. Son, K.H. Chang, H.W. Kang, S.S. Kim, H.P. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. June 1999. volume 65 (5) page 465-467. 0032-0943
•
Non-remembrance of things past. Ginkgo biloba for memory loss. Author(s): Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA.
[email protected] Source: Mack, R B N-C-Med-J. 2000 Jan-February; 61(1): 393-5 0029-2559
48
Ginkgo Biloba
•
Occurrence of neurotoxic 4'-O-methylpyridoxine in Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgo medications and Japanese Ginkgo food. Source: Arenz, A. Klein, M. Fiehe, K. Gross, J. Drewke, C. Hemscheidt, T. Leistner, E. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. December 1996. volume 62 (6) page 548551. 0032-0943
•
Ontogenic aspects of ginkgolide production in Ginkgo biloba. Source: Huh, H. Staba, E.J. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. June 1993. volume 59 (3) page 232-239. 0032-0943
•
Pharmaceutical quality of different Ginkgo biloba brands. Author(s): Biocenter Niederursel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Germany. Source: Kressmann, S Muller, W E Blume, H H J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2002 May; 54(5): 661-9 0022-3573
•
Potent insecticidal activity of Ginkgo biloba derived trilactone terpenes against Nilaparvata lugens. Source: Ahn, Y.J. Kwon, M. Park, H.M. Han, C.H. Phytochemicals for pest control /. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 1997. page 90-105. ISBN: 0841234884
•
Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York 10003, USA.
[email protected] Source: Ritch, R Med-Hypotheses. 2000 February; 54(2): 221-35 0306-9877
•
Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on the myocardium of experimentally diabetic rats. II. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigation on microvessels and interstitium. Author(s): Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany. Source: Welt, K Weiss, J Koch, S Fitzl, G Exp-Toxicol-Pathol. 1999 May; 51(3): 213-22 0940-2993
•
Quantitative analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaves and Ginkgo products using (1)H-NMR. Author(s): Division of Pharmacognosy, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Source: Choi, Y H Choi, H K Hazekamp, A Bermejo, P Schilder, Y Erkelens, C Verpoorte, R Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2003 February; 51(2): 158-61 0009-2363
•
Rapid analysis of terpene lactones in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Anal. & Test Centre of Cereal, Oil & Foodstuffs, Nanjing Institute of Economics, Nanjing 210003, China. Source: Wang, H F Ju, X R Se-Pu. 2000 September; 18(5): 394-7 1000-8713
•
The effect of Li 1370, extract of Ginkgo biloba, on REM sleep in humans. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK. Source: Murray, B J Cowen, P J Sharpley, A L Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 1557 0176-3679
•
The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Author(s): Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Bld LaSalle, Verdun, Quebec, Canada. Source: Bastianetto, S Ramassamy, C Dore, S Christen, Y Poirier, J Quirion, R Eur-JNeurosci. 2000 June; 12(6): 1882-90 0953-816X
Nutrition
•
49
Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J dihydrate, all determined at 120 K. Author(s): National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Source: Zhao, Jianping Muhammad, Ilias Dunbar, D Chuck Khan, Ikhlas A Fischer, Nikolaus H Fronczek, Frank R Acta-Crystallogr-C. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): o195-8 01082701
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to Ginkgo biloba; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html
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Minerals Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paroxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vinpocetine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10065,00.html
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Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Ginkgo biloba. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Ginkgo: A Practical Guide Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1998. 172 p. Contact: Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757; INTERNATIONAL: (516) 741-2155; FAX: (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $9.95. ISBN: 0895298120. Summary: This book is designed to help consumers use 'Ginkgo biloba' safely and effectively to promote health, prevent illness, and treat disease. Chapter 1 reviews the history of Ginkgo in herbal medicine; and Chapter 2 examines the attitudes toward herbal medicines in Chinese, Indian, and Western cultures. Chapter 3 discusses the science of Ginkgo, including its key active components and its actions in the body. Chapters 4 through 7 focus on specific applications of Ginkgo and its effects in disorders of the brain, the heart and circulatory system, the senses, and sexuality. Chapter 8
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discusses the use of Ginkgo in other conditions such as radiation exposure, sun damage, allergies, asthma, and hepatitis; and offers advice to consumers about the reasons for taking Ginkgo, methods of taking it, and how much to take. Chapter 9 summarizes the health benefits of using Ginkgo. The book includes a glossary and an index.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Ginkgo biloba and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Ginkgo biloba: •
A case of cerebral haemorrhage-can Ginkgo biloba be implicated? Author(s): Benjamin J, Muir T, Briggs K, Pentland B. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 February; 77(904): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161079&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Author(s): Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2002 November; 73(4): 893-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213536&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Zhang PY, Wu GY, Su JM, Cao LY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 November; 62(11): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775047&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Author(s): Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 17(6): 267-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404671&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot trial of piracetam and ginkgo biloba for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Author(s): Kampman K, Majewska MD, Tourian K, Dackis C, Cornish J, Poole S, O'Brien C. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 April; 28(3): 437-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628617&dopt=Abstract
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A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 17(6): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404672&dopt=Abstract
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A simple HPLC-UV method for the assay of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Fuzzati N, Pace R, Villa F. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 April; 74(3): 247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727489&dopt=Abstract
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A single dose of Ginkgo biloba does not affect soleus motoneuron pool excitability. Author(s): Stone MB, Vaughan MA, Ingersoll CD, Edwards JE, Babington JP, Palmieri RM, Cordova ML, Krause BA. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2003 August; 17(3): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12930191&dopt=Abstract
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Acute administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) affords neuroprotection against permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): Lee EJ, Chen HY, Wu TS, Chen TY, Ayoub IA, Maynard KI. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2002 June 1; 68(5): 636-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111854&dopt=Abstract
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Acute Ginkgo biloba facilitates decision-making in a working memory task in rats. Author(s): Wilson WJ, Ogg JA, Marsack KZ. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2000; 60(4): 511. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200180&dopt=Abstract
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Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Author(s): Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 January; 17(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404705&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus: further characterisation using TUNEL and effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, and ginkgolide B. Author(s): Maclennan KM, Zheng Y, Sheard PW, Williams SM, Darlington CL, Smith PF.
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Source: Hippocampus. 2003; 13(2): 212-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699329&dopt=Abstract •
Age-related increase of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mice prevention by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761). Author(s): Schindowski K, Leutner S, Kressmann S, Eckert A, Muller WE. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2001; 108(8-9): 969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716149&dopt=Abstract
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Alkylresorcinols in fruit pulp and leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Zarnowska ED, Zarnowski R, Kozubek A. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 November-December; 55(11-12): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204190&dopt=Abstract
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Amikacin ototoxicity enhanced by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Author(s): Miman MC, Ozturan O, Iraz M, Erdem T, Olmez E. Source: Hearing Research. 2002 July; 169(1-2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121745&dopt=Abstract
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An anxiolytic-like effect of Ginkgo biloba extract and its constituent, ginkgolide-A, in mice. Author(s): Kuribara H, Weintraub ST, Yoshihama T, Maruyama Y. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 October; 66(10): 1333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14575433&dopt=Abstract
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An assessment of the effect of Ginkgo Biloba EGb 761 on ischemia reperfusion injury of intestine. Author(s): Pehlivan M, Dalbeler Y, Hazinedaroglu S, Arikan Y, Erkek AB, Gunal O, Turkcapar N, Turkcapar AG. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 January-February; 49(43): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11941954&dopt=Abstract
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An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Lister RE. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 March-April; 30(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025528&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. and its phytopharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Cao Y, Chu Q, Fang Y, Ye J.
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Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 September; 374(2): 294-9. Epub 2002 August 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324852&dopt=Abstract •
Analysis of Ginkgo biloba for the presence of ginkgotoxin and ginkgotoxin 5'glucoside. Author(s): Scott PM, Lau BP, Lawrence GA, Lewis DA. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 November-December; 83(6): 1313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128132&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba L. extract injections by highperformance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. Author(s): Tang C, Wei X, Yin C. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 November 24; 33(4): 811-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623609&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of terpenelactones in Ginkgo biloba by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. Author(s): Ganzera M, Zhao J, Khan IA. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 September; 49(9): 1170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558605&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of the content of flavonoids, phenolic acids as well as free radicals from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves during the vegetative cycle. Author(s): Ellnain-Wojtaszek M, Kruczynski Z, Kasprzak J. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2001 May-June; 58(3): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712738&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-apoptotic properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in differentiated PC12 cells. Author(s): Smith JV, Burdick AJ, Golik P, Khan I, Wallace D, Luo Y. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 699-707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396082&dopt=Abstract
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Antifungal activity of biflavones from Taxus baccata and Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Krauze-Baranowska M, Wiwart M. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2003 January-February; 58(1-2): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622229&dopt=Abstract
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Apoptosis of hepatoma cells SMMC-7721 induced by Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharide. Author(s): Chen Q, Yang GW, An LG.
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Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 October; 8(5): 832-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378625&dopt=Abstract •
Are there any studies showing whether ginkgo biloba is effective for tinnitus (ringing in the ears)? Author(s): Feinberg AW. Source: Health News. 2003 January; 9(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545957&dopt=Abstract
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Association of Alzheimer's disease onset with ginkgo biloba and other symptomatic cognitive treatments in a population of women aged 75 years and older from the EPIDOS study. Author(s): Andrieu S, Gillette S, Amouyal K, Nourhashemi F, Reynish E, Ousset PJ, Albarede JL, Vellas B, Grandjean H; EPIDOS study. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 April; 58(4): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663701&dopt=Abstract
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Biflavones of Ginkgo biloba stimulate lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Author(s): Dell'Agli M, Bosisio E. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 January; 68(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842336&dopt=Abstract
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Bilobalide, a component of the Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), protects against neuronal death in global brain ischemia and in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Author(s): Chandrasekaran K, Mehrabian Z, Spinnewyn B, Chinopoulos C, Drieu K, Fiskum G. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 663-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396077&dopt=Abstract
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Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone from Ginkgo biloba, is an antagonist at recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. Author(s): Huang SH, Duke RK, Chebib M, Sasaki K, Wada K, Johnston GA. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 March 7; 464(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600688&dopt=Abstract
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Biologically active secondary metabolites from Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Bedir E, Tatli II, Khan RA, Zhao J, Takamatsu S, Walker LA, Goldman P, Khan IA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009978&dopt=Abstract
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Can the cognitive enhancing effects of ginkgo biloba be explained by its pharmacology? Author(s): Nathan P. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 December; 55(6): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090296&dopt=Abstract
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Central Nervous System Effects of Ginkgo Biloba, a Plant Extract. Author(s): Itil TM, Eralp E, Tsambis E, Itil KZ, Stein U. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1996 January; 3(1): 63-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856998&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in zinc levels and superoxide dismutase activities in the skin of acute, ultraviolet-B-irradiated mice after treatment with ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Aricioglu A, Bozkurt M, Balabanli B, Kilinc M, Nazaroglu NK, Turkozkan N. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 May; 80(2): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437182&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts. Author(s): van Beek TA. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 August 16; 967(1): 21-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219929&dopt=Abstract
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Chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice: amelioration of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Author(s): Agha AM, El-Fattah AA, Al-Zuhair HH, Al-Rikabi AC. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2001 March; 20(1): 39-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370828&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and characterization of Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase which catalyzes the first committed step in ginkgolide biosynthesis. Author(s): Schepmann HG, Pang J, Matsuda SP. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 August 15; 392(2): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488601&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Author(s): Polich J, Gloria R. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 16(5): 409-416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404561&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Santos RF, Galduroz JC, Barbieri A, Castiglioni ML, Ytaya LY, Bueno OF.
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Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 July; 36(4): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12905098&dopt=Abstract •
Common gene targets of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in human tumor cells: relation to cell growth. Author(s): Li W, Pretner E, Shen L, Drieu K, Papadopoulos V. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396076&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study of two Ginkgo biloba extracts on the phagocytic activity and DTH response of healthy mice. Author(s): Villaseno-Garcia MM, Puebla-Perez AM, Lozoya X. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 May; 16(3): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164271&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of Antioxidant Activity in Commercial Ginkgo biloba Preparations. Author(s): Mantle D, Wilkins RM, Asim Gok M. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 October; 9(5): 625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14629840&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary cardioprotective effects of flavonoid metabolites and terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) during ischemia and reperfusion. Author(s): Liebgott T, Miollan M, Berchadsky Y, Drieu K, Culcasi M, Pietri S. Source: Basic Research in Cardiology. 2000 October; 95(5): 368-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099163&dopt=Abstract
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Complexation of Ginkgo biloba extract with phosphatidylcholine improves cardioprotective activity and increases the plasma antioxidant capacity in the rat. Author(s): Carini M, Aldini G, Rossoni G, Morazzoni P, Facino RM. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 June; 67(4): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458448&dopt=Abstract
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Coumaroyl flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Tang Y, Lou F, Wang J, Li Y, Zhuang S. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 December; 58(8): 1251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738417&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of allergenic urushiols in Ginkgo biloba leaves. Author(s): Schotz K.
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Source: Pharmazie. 2002 July; 57(7): 508-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168544&dopt=Abstract •
Determination of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves by reversed-phase argentation high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): He JR, Xie BJ. Source: Se Pu. 2001 May; 19(3): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541797&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of quercetin and kaempferol in human urine after orally administrated tablet of ginkgo biloba extract by HPLC. Author(s): Wang FM, Yao TW, Zeng S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 September 19; 33(2): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972097&dopt=Abstract
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Development and validation of a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for simultaneous identification and quantification of marker compounds including bilobalide, ginkgolides and flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. extract and pharmaceutical preparations. Author(s): Deng F, Zito SW. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 31; 986(1): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585329&dopt=Abstract
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Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001; 4(5): 399-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842916&dopt=Abstract
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Diffuse morbilliform eruption after consumption of ginkgo biloba supplement. Author(s): Chiu AE, Lane AT, Kimball AB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 January; 46(1): 145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756966&dopt=Abstract
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Disposition of quercetin and kaempferol in human following an oral administration of Ginkgo Biloba extract tablets. Author(s): Wang FM, Yao TW, Zeng S. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2003 July-September; 28(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14527089&dopt=Abstract
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DNA polymorphism in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba from the eastern United States. Author(s): Kuddus RH, Kuddus NN, Dvorchik I. Source: Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil National De Recherches Canada. 2002 February; 45(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908671&dopt=Abstract
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Down-regulation of c-jun N-terminal kinase-activator protein-1 signaling pathway by Ginkgo biloba extract in human peripheral blood T cells. Author(s): Cheng SM, Yang SP, Ho LJ, Tsao TP, Juan TY, Chang DM, Chang SY, Lai JH. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 August 15; 66(4): 679-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906932&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of biflavones of Ginkgo biloba against UVB-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Author(s): Kim SJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 28(4): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449670&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Author(s): Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 June; 87(6): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083489&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on differential gene expression. Author(s): Rimbach G, Wolffram S, Watanabe C, Packer L, Gohil K. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130396&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on glucose metabolism-related markers in streptozotocin-damaged rat brain. Author(s): Loffler T, Lee SK, Noldner M, Chatterjee SS, Hoyer S, Schliebs R. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2001; 108(12): 1457-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810408&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on beta-adrenergic receptors in different rat brain regions. Author(s): Hadjiivanova ChI, Petkov VV. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 August; 16(5): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203273&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Author(s): Sun B, Xia Z, Yang M, Qiu P. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 2001 December; 16(4): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903768&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma. Author(s): Quaranta L, Bettelli S, Uva MG, Semeraro F, Turano R, Gandolfo E. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 110(2): 359-62; Discussion 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578781&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, on the cellular immune response in a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation model in the rat. Author(s): Puebla-Perez AM, Lozoya X, Villasenor-Garcia MM. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 January; 3(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538036&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on electroencephalography of rat with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Author(s): Zhang YY, Li PF, Li D. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 February; 24(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546724&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of one week treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on ischemiainduced infarct volume in gerbils. Author(s): Chung SY, Wang MF, Lin JY, Lin MC, Liu HM, Cheng FC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(4): 533-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14587876&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on the circulating and cellular profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids: correlation with the anti-oxidant properties of the extract. Author(s): Drieu K, Vranckx R, Benassayad C, Haourigi M, Hassid J, Yoa RG, Rapin JR, Nunez EA. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 November; 63(5): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090256&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, on memory formation in day-old chicks. Author(s): Rickard NS, Kowadlo N, Gibbs ME.
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Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2001 July-August; 69(3-4): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509191&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Author(s): Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Shan JJ, Pang P, Benishin C. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 May; 26(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394191&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation and urinary prostanoid excretion in healthy and Type 2 diabetic subjects. Author(s): Kudolo GB, Dorsey S, Blodgett J. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 November 1; 108(2-3): 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590952&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (oral) on unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss in a prospective randomized double-blind study of 106 outpatients. Author(s): Burschka MA, Hassan HA, Reineke T, van Bebber L, Caird DM, Mosges R. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 July; 258(5): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548897&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Drew S, Davies E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154618&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Author(s): Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780716&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a Ginkgo biloba extract on forearm haemodynamics in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Mehlsen J, Drabaek H, Wiinberg N, Winther K. Source: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2002 November; 22(6): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464140&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of EGb 761 Ginkgo biloba extract on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.
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Author(s): Eckert A, Keil U, Kressmann S, Schindowski K, Leutner S, Leutz S, Muller WE. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S15-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130384&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of estradiol, phytoestrogens, and Ginkgo biloba extracts against 1-methyl-4phenyl-pyridine-induced oxidative stress. Author(s): Gagne B, Gelinas S, Bureau G, Lagace B, Ramassamy C, Chiasson K, Valastro B, Martinoli MG. Source: Endocrine. 2003 June; 21(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777708&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its constituents on carcinogenmetabolizing enzyme activities and glutathione levels in mouse liver. Author(s): Sasaki K, Hatta S, Wada K, Ueda N, Yoshimura T, Endo T, Sakata M, Tanaka T, Haga M. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 February 22; 70(14): 1657-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991253&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgetin from Ginkgo biloba Leaves on cyclooxygenases and in vivo skin inflammation. Author(s): Kwak WJ, Han CK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Park BK, Kim HP. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 April; 68(4): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988854&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharideinduced release of nitric oxide. Author(s): Wadsworth TL, Koop DR. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2001 July 31; 137(1): 43-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518563&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharideinduced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Author(s): Wadsworth TL, McDonald TL, Koop DR. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2001 October 1; 62(7): 963-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543732&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on cerebral thrombosis and blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Sasaki Y, Noguchi T, Yamamoto E, Giddings JC, Ikeda K, Yamori Y, Yamamoto J.
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Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2002 November; 29(11): 963-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366386&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on hydroxyl radical-induced thymocyte apoptosis and on age-related thymic atrophy and peripheral immune dysfunctions in mice. Author(s): Tian YM, Tian HJ, Zhang GY, Dai YR. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2003 August-September; 124(8-9): 977-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14499503&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide, a main constituent, on the ionic currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes. Author(s): Satoh H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(6): 407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872611&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and tanshinone on cytochrome P-450 isozymes and glutathione transferase in rats. Author(s): Yang XF, Wang NP, Lu WH, Zeng FD. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 October; 24(10): 1033-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531948&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on acute cerebral ischemia in rats analyzed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Peng H, Li YF, Sun SG. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 May; 24(5): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740184&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on somatosensory evoked potential, nitric oxide levels in serum and brain tissue in rats with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Sun BL, Xia ZL, Yang MF, Qiu PM. Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2000; 23(2-4): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321433&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and on intimal thickening and interleukin-1beta expression after balloon injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits in vivo. Author(s): Lin SJ, Yang TH, Chen YH, Chen JW, Kwok CF, Shiao MS, Chen YL.
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Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2002; 85(3): 572-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967997&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Cieza A, Maier P, Poppel E. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2003 September-October; 34(5): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14602503&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of L-carnitine and ginkgo biloba extract (EG b 761) in experimental bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Author(s): Daba MH, Abdel-Aziz AA, Moustafa AM, Al-Majed AA, Al-Shabanah OA, El-Kashef HA. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 June; 45(6): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162946&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of mexiletine, ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), and their combination on experimental head injury. Author(s): Menku A, Koc RK, Tayfur V, Saraymen R, Narin F, Akdemir H. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2003 October; 26(4): 288-91. Epub 2003 July 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884054&dopt=Abstract
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Effects on cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Hartley DE, Heinze L, Elsabagh S, File SE. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2003 June; 75(3): 711-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895689&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Le Bars PL, Kastelan J. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2000 December; 3(4A): 495-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276297&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy, safety, and use of ginkgo biloba in clinical and preclinical applications. Author(s): McKenna DJ, Jones K, Hughes K. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 7086, 88-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565403&dopt=Abstract
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Efficient extraction of ginkgolides and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Author(s): Lichtblau D, Berger JM, Nakanishi K.
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Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 October; 65(10): 1501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398553&dopt=Abstract •
Egb 761 in the postgenomic era: new tools from molecular biology for the study of complex products such as Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Christen Y, Olano-Martin E, Packer L. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 593-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396069&dopt=Abstract
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Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh VR, Moore B, Ashton H. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2003 June; 75(3): 701-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895688&dopt=Abstract
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Elevation of oxidative free radicals in Alzheimer's disease models can be attenuated by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Author(s): Smith JV, Luo Y. Source: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : Jad. 2003 August; 5(4): 287-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624024&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced conditioned inhibitory avoidance by a combined extract of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Topic B, Hasenohrl RU, Hacker R, Huston JP. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 June; 16(4): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112284&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced maze performance and reduced oxidative stress by combined extracts of zingiber officinale and ginkgo biloba in the aged rat. Author(s): Topic B, Tani E, Tsiakitzis K, Kourounakis PN, Dere E, Hasenohrl RU, Hacker R, Mattern CM, Huston JP. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755028&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of commercial Ginkgo biloba dietary supplements for the presence of colchicine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Li W, Fitzloff JF, Farnsworth NR, Fong HH. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 July; 9(5): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222666&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ginkgo biloba in rats. Author(s): Shenoy KA, Somayaji SN, Bairy KL.
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Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 April; 46(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500491&dopt=Abstract •
Evaluation of the allergenic potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Mossabeb R, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 August 16; 113(15-16): 580-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571835&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for toxic effects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba in the hen's egg test (HET). Author(s): Baron-Ruppert G, Luepke NP. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 March; 8(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315756&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental hypoxia of STZ-diabetic rat myocardium and protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. II. Ultrastructural investigation of microvascular endothelium. Author(s): Welt K, Fitzl G, Schepper A. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 2001 February; 52(6): 503-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256752&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental study on inhibition of neuronal toxical effect of levodopa by ginkgo biloba extract on Parkinson disease in rats. Author(s): Cao F, Sun S, Tong ET. Source: J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2003; 23(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973934&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of the small heat-shock protein Hsp-16-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans is suppressed by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Author(s): Strayer A, Wu Z, Christen Y, Link CD, Luo Y. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 October 2 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525938&dopt=Abstract
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Extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol was effective for positive symptoms in refractory schizophrenia. Author(s): Knable MB. Source: Evidence-Based Mental Health. 2002 August; 5(3): 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180457&dopt=Abstract
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Extraction of pharmaceutical components from Ginkgo biloba leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. Author(s): Yang C, Xu YR, Yao WX. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 13; 50(4): 846-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829655&dopt=Abstract
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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Author(s): Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D, Mendelow AD. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000; 76: 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450098&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen. Author(s): Meisel C, Johne A, Roots I. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 April; 167(2): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818420&dopt=Abstract
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Feeding of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) enhances gene expression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and attenuates the hypotensive effect of nicardipine in rats. Author(s): Shinozuka K, Umegaki K, Kubota Y, Tanaka N, Mizuno H, Yamauchi J, Nakamura K, Kunitomo M. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 April 26; 70(23): 2783-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269382&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic responses to herbal extracts: lessons from in vitro and in vivo studies with an extract of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Gohil K. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 September; 64(5-6): 913-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213586&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds with sequence similarity to embryo-abundant protein. Author(s): Wang H, Ng TB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 December 20; 279(2): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118300&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761) improves microcirculation after warm ischemia of the rat liver. Author(s): Topp S, Knoefel WT, Schutte A, Brilloff S, Rogiers X, Gundlach M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 February-March; 33(1-2): 979-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11267155&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba abolishes aggression in mice lacking MAO A. Author(s): Shih JC, Chen K, Ridd MJ, Seif I. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2000 Fall; 2(3): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229360&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and CNS functions: basic studies and clinical applications. Author(s): DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. Source: Current Drug Targets. 2000 July; 1(1): 25-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475535&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Author(s): El-Khatib AS, Moustafa AM, Abdel-Aziz AA, Al-Shabanah OA, El-Kashef HA. Source: Tumori. 2001 November-December; 87(6): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989597&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects Na,K-ATPase isoenzymes during cerebral ischemia. Author(s): Pierr S, Jamme I, Robert K, Gerbi A, Duran MJ, Sennoune S, Droy-Lefaix MT, Nouvelot A, Maixent JM. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396078&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Naidu MU, Shifow AA, Kumar KV, Ratnakar KS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 June; 7(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185729&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 attenuates myocardial stunning in the pig heart. Author(s): Rioufol G, Pietri S, Culcasi M, Loufoua J, Staat P, Pop C, Drieu K, Ovize M. Source: Basic Research in Cardiology. 2003 January; 98(1): 59-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494270&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 increases stress resistance and extends life span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Author(s): Wu Z, Smith JV, Paramasivam V, Butko P, Khan I, Cypser JR, Luo Y. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396085&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 or pentoxifylline for the treatment of sudden deafness: a randomized, reference-controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Reisser CH, Weidauer H. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 July; 121(5): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583389&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 protects against mitochondrial aging in the brain and in the liver. Author(s): Sastre J, Lloret A, Borras C, Pereda J, Garcia-Sala D, Droy-Lefaix MT, Pallardo FV, Vina J. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 685-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396080&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba Extract Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Transcription Factor Activation, and Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Author(s): Chen JW, Chen YH, Lin FY, Chen YL, Lin SJ. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2003 September; 23(9): 15591566. Epub 2003 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893683&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract markedly induces pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity in rats. Author(s): Umegaki K, Saito K, Kubota Y, Sanada H, Yamada K, Shinozuka K. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 December; 90(4): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501011&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract preserves pyruvate and enhances ascorbate in the cortex of gerbils during focal cerebral ischemia. A microdialysis-liquid chromatography study. Author(s): Lee MS, Yang DY, Cheng CL, Liang YJ, Yang LL, Cheng FC. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 24; 985(1-2): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580507&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract: cognitive enhancer or antistress buffer. Author(s): Ward CP, Redd K, Williams BM, Caler JR, Luo Y, McCoy JG. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2002 July; 72(4): 913-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062581&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract: from molecular mechanisms to the treatment of Alzhelmer's disease. Author(s): Zimmermann M, Colciaghi F, Cattabeni F, Di Luca M.
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Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 613-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396071&dopt=Abstract •
Ginkgo biloba extract: review of CNS effects. Author(s): Ponto LL, Schultz SK. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2003 June; 15(2): 109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938868&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extract-induced relaxation of rat aorta is associated with increase in endothelial intracellular calcium level. Author(s): Kubota Y, Tanaka N, Umegaki K, Takenaka H, Mizuno H, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K, Kunitomo M. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 October 5; 69(20): 2327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681620&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extracts and cancer: a research area in its infancy. Author(s): DeFeudis FV, Papadopoulos V, Drieu K. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 August; 17(4): 405-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914542&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba extracts EGb 761 and bilobalide increase NADH dehydrogenase mRNA level and mitochondrial respiratory control ratio in PC12 cells. Author(s): Tendi EA, Bosetti F, Dasgupta SF, Stella AM, Drieu K, Rapoport SI. Source: Neurochemical Research. 2002 April; 27(4): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958534&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Author(s): Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003120. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519586&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Author(s): Mahady GB. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 21-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597260&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) starting one day before rapid ascent. Author(s): Gertsch JH, Seto TB, Mor J, Onopa J.
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Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2002 Spring; 3(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006162&dopt=Abstract •
Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Bilia AR. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 June; 73(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048026&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba leaf extract enhances levels of caspase-3 and amyloid precursor protein in normal rat hippocampus. Author(s): Luo C, Wu Q, Huang XN, Sun AS, Shi JS. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 February; 24(2): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546723&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba leaf extract: review of biological actions and clinical applications. Author(s): Yoshikawa T, Naito Y, Kondo M. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 1999 Winter; 1(4): 469-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233145&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba neuroprotection: Therapeutic implications in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Luo Y. Source: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : Jad. 2001 August; 3(4): 401-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214044&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba normalises stress-elevated alterations in brain catecholamines, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels. Author(s): Shah ZA, Sharma P, Vohora SB. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 October; 13(5): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957329&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba precipitating epileptic seizures. Author(s): Granger AS. Source: Age and Ageing. 2001 November; 30(6): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742783&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba retains functions of both type I and type II flowering plant phytochrome. Author(s): Christensen S, LaVerne E, Boyd G, Silverthorne J. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 2002 July; 43(7): 768-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12154139&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Sierpina VS, Wollschlaeger B, Blumenthal M. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 September 1; 68(5): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678141&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba: a CNS enhancer. Author(s): Huber N. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2000 November; 8(11): 36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397914&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba: a smart drug? A systematic review of controlled trials of the cognitive effects of ginkgo biloba extracts in healthy people. Author(s): Canter PH, Ernst E. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Summer; 36(3): 108-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473969&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba: applications in traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Elovic EP, Zafonte RD. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2001 December; 16(6): 603-7. Review. Erratum In: J Head Trauma Rehabil 2002 February; 17(1): Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732975&dopt=Abstract
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Ginkgo biloba-induced frequent ventricular arrhythmia. Author(s): Cianfrocca C, Pelliccia F, Auriti A, Santini M. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 November; 3(11): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506530&dopt=Abstract
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Global gene expression analysis identifies cell and tissue specific actions of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761. Author(s): Gohil K, Packer L. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 625-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396072&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of short-term Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Kalus JS, Piotrowski AA, Fortier CR, Liu X, Kluger J, White CM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 37(3): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639160&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of ginkgo biloba on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Author(s): Mauro VF, Mauro LS, Kleshinski JF, Khuder SA, Wang Y, Erhardt PW.
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Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 10(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845387&dopt=Abstract •
In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): Hecker H, Johannisson R, Koch E, Siegers CP. Source: Toxicology. 2002 August 15; 177(2-3): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135620&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of glutathione synthesis in human keratinocytes by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761). Author(s): Rimbach G, Gohil K, Matsugo S, Moini H, Saliou C, Virgili F, Weber SU, Packer L. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2001; 15(1): 39-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673643&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of heme oxygenase 1 by Ginkgo biloba in neuronal cultures and potential implications in ischemia. Author(s): Zhuang H, Pin S, Christen Y, Dore S. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 647-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396075&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of heme oxygenase-1 by Ginkgo biloba extract but not its terpenoids partially mediated its protective effect against lysophosphatidylcholine-induced damage. Author(s): Chen JX, Zeng H, Chen X, Su CY, Lai CC. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 January; 43(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207067&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of Ginkgo Biloba extract (EGB 761) on expression of EGR-1 mRNA and HSP-70 mRNA after warm ischemia in the rat liver. Author(s): Schutte A, Topp SA, Knoefel WT, Brilloff S, Mueller L, Rogiers X, Gundlach M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 November-December; 33(7-8): 3724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750587&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of pharmaceutical quality on the bioavailability of active components from Ginkgo biloba preparations. Author(s): Kressmann S, Biber A, Wonnemann M, Schug B, Blume HH, Muller WE. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 November; 54(11): 1507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495553&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. Author(s): Luo Y, Smith JV, Paramasivam V, Burdick A, Curry KJ, Buford JP, Khan I, Netzer WJ, Xu H, Butko P. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 September 17; 99(19): 12197-202. Epub 2002 Sep 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213959&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on vascular endothelial growth factor in rat aortic endothelial cells. Author(s): Zhang L, Rui YC, Yang PY, Qiu Y, Li TJ, Liu HC. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 October; 23(10): 919-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370096&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) with hypotensive agent, nicardipine, in rats. Author(s): Kubota Y, Kobayashi K, Tanaka N, Nakamura K, Kunitomo M, Umegaki K, Shinozuka K. Source: In Vivo. 2003 September-October; 17(5): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598602&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the free radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves. Author(s): Ellnain-Wojtaszek M, Kruczynski Z, Kasprzak J. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628386&dopt=Abstract
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K(Ca) channel-opening activity of Ginkgo Biloba extracts and ginsenosides in cultured endothelial cells. Author(s): Li Z, Nakaya Y, Niwa Y, Chen X. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2001 May-June; 28(5-6): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380519&dopt=Abstract
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Lacandonia granules are present in Ginkgo biloba cell nuclei. Author(s): Jimenez-Ramirez J, Agredano-Moreno LT, Segura-Valdez Md Mde L, Jimenez-Garcia LF. Source: Biology of the Cell / under the Auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization. 2002 November; 94(7-8): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566224&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Author(s): Mauri P, Simonetti P, Gardana C, Minoggio M, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Pietta P.
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Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2001; 15(12): 929-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400198&dopt=Abstract •
MADS-Box Genes in Ginkgo biloba and the Evolution of the AGAMOUS Family. Author(s): Jager M, Hassanin A, Manuel M, Guyader HL, Deutsch J. Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2003 May; 20(5): 842-54. Epub 2003 April 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679535&dopt=Abstract
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Magnitude of effect and special approach to Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in cognitive disorders. Author(s): Le Bars PL. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S44-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130388&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms for the vasodilations induced by Ginkgo biloba extract and its main constituent, bilobalide, in rat aorta. Author(s): Nishida S, Satoh H. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 April 25; 72(23): 2659-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672511&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2002 April 15; 75(5): 739-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020739&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and cellular assessment of ginkgo biloba extract as a possible ophthalmic drug. Author(s): Thiagarajan G, Chandani S, Harinarayana Rao S, Samuni AM, Chandrasekaran K, Balasubramanian D. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2002 October; 75(4): 421-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387790&dopt=Abstract
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mRNA Expression Profile of a Human Cancer Cell Line in Response to Ginkgo Biloba Extract: Induction of Antioxidant Response and the Golgi System. Author(s): Gohil K, Moy RK, Farzin S, Maguire JJ, Packer L. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 December; 33(6): 831-849. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264886&dopt=Abstract
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mRNA expression profile of a human cancer cell line in response to Ginkgo biloba extract: induction of antioxidant response and the Golgi system. Author(s): Gohil K, Moy RK, Farzin S, Maguire JJ, Packer L.
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Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 December; 33(6): 831-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237105&dopt=Abstract •
Multiple n = 1 trials in the identification of responders and non-responders to the cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Canter PH, Ernst E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 August; 41(8): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940592&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple-Dose Administration of Ginkgo biloba Did Not Affect Cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 Activity in Normal Volunteers. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Lindsay DeVane C, Sipkes L, Chavin KD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 December; 23(6): 576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14624188&dopt=Abstract
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NADPH-diaphorase activity in the spinal cord after ischemic injury and the effects of pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Author(s): Mechirova E, Domorakova I. Source: Acta Histochemica. 2002; 104(4): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553715&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide, a component of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in global brain ischemia and in excitotoxicity-induced neuronal death. Author(s): Chandrasekaran K, Mehrabian Z, Spinnewyn B, Chinopoulos C, Drieu K, Fiskum G. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130395&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide, a component of the Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), in gerbil global brain ischemia. Author(s): Chandrasekaran K, Mehrabian Z, Spinnewyn B, Drieu K, Fiskum G. Source: Brain Research. 2001 December 20; 922(2): 282-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743961&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in brain ischemia are mediated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Author(s): Calapai G, Crupi A, Firenzuoli F, Marciano MC, Squadrito F, Inferrera G, Parisi A, Rizzo A, Crisafulli C, Fiore A, Caputi AP. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 October 20; 67(22): 2673-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105983&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J.
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Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2003 September; 60(9): 1779-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523543&dopt=Abstract •
Neuropsychological changes after 30-day Ginkgo biloba administration in healthy participants. Author(s): Stough C, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Nathan PJ. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 June; 4(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466162&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide synthase isoforms I, III and protein kinase-Ctheta in skeletal muscle fibres of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with and without Ginkgo biloba extract treatment. Author(s): Punkt K, Zaitsev S, Park JK, Wellner M, Buchwalow IB. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 2001 April; 33(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550802&dopt=Abstract
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N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins from Ginkgo biloba pollen, an allergenic pollen. Author(s): Kimura Y, Suzuki M, Kimura M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 September; 65(9): 2001-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676012&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmaceutical quality of different Ginkgo biloba brands. Author(s): Kressmann S, Muller WE, Blume HH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 May; 54(5): 661-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005361&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Author(s): Drago F, Floriddia ML, Cro M, Giuffrida S. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 April; 18(2): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002672&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Biber A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130386&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological studies supporting the therapeutic use of Ginkgo biloba extract for Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S8-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130383&dopt=Abstract
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Phase II study of combined 5-fluorouracil/ Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE 761 ONC) therapy in 5-fluorouracil pretreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Author(s): Hauns B, Haring B, Kohler S, Mross K, Unger C. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 February; 15(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11180520&dopt=Abstract
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Polysomnographic effects of adjuvant ginkgo biloba therapy in patients with major depression medicated with trimipramine. Author(s): Hemmeter U, Annen B, Bischof R, Bruderlin U, Hatzinger M, Rose U, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 March; 34(2): 50-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302564&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal exposure of rats to Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) increases neuronal survival/growth and alters gene expression in the developing fetal hippocampus. Author(s): Li W, Trovero F, Cordier J, Wang Y, Drieu K, Papadopoulos V. Source: Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 2003 September 10; 144(2): 16980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12935914&dopt=Abstract
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Preparative isolation and dual column high-performance liquid chromatography of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): van Beek TA, Wintermans MS. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 September 28; 930(1-2): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681568&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of age-related spatial memory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by chronic Ginkgo biloba treatment. Author(s): Stackman RW, Eckenstein F, Frei B, Kulhanek D, Nowlin J, Quinn JF. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 November; 184(1): 510-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14637120&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of neuronal cell damage induced by oxidative stress in-vitro: effect of different Ginkgo biloba extracts. Author(s): Guidetti C, Paracchini S, Lucchini S, Cambieri M, Marzatico F.
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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 March; 53(3): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291754&dopt=Abstract •
Protective effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts for Parkinson disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Author(s): Yang SF, Wu Q, Sun AS, Huang XN, Shi JS. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001 December; 22(12): 1089-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749805&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract on endothelial cell against damage induced by oxidative stress. Author(s): Ren de C, Du GH, Zhang JT. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2002 December; 40(6): 809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451313&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on gastric mucosa. Author(s): Wang Q, Zhao WZ, Ma CG. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 December; 21(12): 1153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603292&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on rats during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Author(s): Hu B, Sun S, Mei G, Chen L, Tong E. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 September; 115(9): 1316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411102&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaves and Ginkgo products using (1)H-NMR. Author(s): Choi YH, Choi HK, Hazekamp A, Bermejo P, Schilder Y, Erkelens C, Verpoorte R. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 February; 51(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576648&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid analysis of terpene lactones in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Wang HF, Ju XR. Source: Se Pu. 2000 September; 18(5): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541697&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Jezova D, Duncko R, Lassanova M, Kriska M, Moncek F.
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Source: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : an Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 2002 September; 53(3): 337-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369732&dopt=Abstract •
Removal of magnesium by Mg-dechelatase is a major step in the chlorophylldegrading pathway in Ginkgo biloba in the process of autumnal tints. Author(s): Tang L, Okazawa A, Fukusaki E, Kobayashi A. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 November-December; 55(11-12): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204197&dopt=Abstract
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Reversed-phase argentation high-performance liquid chromatography in phytochemical analysis of ginkgolic acids in leaves from Ginkgo biloba L. Author(s): He J, Xie B. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 January 18; 943(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833651&dopt=Abstract
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Root formation from transgenic calli of Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Ayadi R, Tremouillaux-Guiller J. Source: Tree Physiology. 2003 July; 23(10): 713-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777244&dopt=Abstract
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Scientific reporting of unscientific data--a case of Ginkgo biloba being miscredited. Author(s): Bruhn JG; ESCOP Board of Directors; ESCOP Scientific Committee. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003 May; 10(4): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809368&dopt=Abstract
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Seizure associated with Ginkgo biloba? Author(s): Gregory PJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 February 20; 134(4): 344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182853&dopt=Abstract
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Selective responses of three Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived constituents on human intestinal bacteria. Author(s): Lee HS, Kim MJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 1840-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902921&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization of human neutrophil defense activities through activation of plateletactivating factor receptors by ginkgolide B, a bioactive component of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGB 761. Author(s): Lenoir M, Pedruzzi E, Rais S, Drieu K, Perianin A.
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Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 April 1; 63(7): 1241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960600&dopt=Abstract •
Simultaneous determination of terpene lactones and flavonoid aglycones in Ginkgo biloba by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. Author(s): Li W, Fitzloff JF. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 August 22; 30(1): 6775. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151066&dopt=Abstract
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Soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba: their potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Author(s): Gardner CD, Messina M, Lawson LD, Farquhar JW. Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2003 November; 5(6): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525680&dopt=Abstract
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Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators. Author(s): Chatterjee SS, Kondratskaya EL, Krishtal OA. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 June; 36 Suppl 1: S68-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130392&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on interactions between functional foods or dietary supplements and medicines. I. Effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats. Author(s): Ohnishi N, Kusuhara M, Yoshioka M, Kuroda K, Soga A, Nishikawa F, Koishi T, Nakagawa M, Hori S, Matsumoto T, Yamashita M, Ohta S, Takara K, Yokoyama T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 September; 26(9): 1315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12951478&dopt=Abstract
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Terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba are antagonists of cortical glycine and GABAA receptors. Author(s): Ivic L, Sands TT, Fishkin N, Nakanishi K, Kriegstein AR, Stromgaard K. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 September 22 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504293&dopt=Abstract
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The acute effects of combined administration of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in humans. Author(s): Maher BF, Stough C, Shelmerdine A, Wesnes K, Nathan PJ.
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Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 April; 17(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404694&dopt=Abstract •
The acute nootropic effects of Ginkgo biloba in healthy older human subjects: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Nathan PJ, Ricketts E, Wesnes K, Mrazek L, Greville W, Stough C. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 January; 17(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404706&dopt=Abstract
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The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats. Author(s): Bridi R, Crossetti FP, Steffen VM, Henriques AT. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 August; 15(5): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507743&dopt=Abstract
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The CNS effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts and ginkgolide B. Author(s): Maclennan KM, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Source: Progress in Neurobiology. 2002 June; 67(3): 235-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169298&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in individuals with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Kudolo GB. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 June; 41(6): 600-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402628&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of extract of ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol on superoxide dismutase in inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Author(s): Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Su JM, Zhang PY. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 February; 21(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199954&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on gliotic reactions in the hippocampal formation after unilateral entorhinal cortex lesions. Author(s): Dietrich A, Fulop ZL, Chambers MD, Darrell RS, Stein DG. Source: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 2000; 16(2): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671211&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of ginkgo biloba extract on free radical production in hypoxic rats. Author(s): Louajri A, Harraga S, Godot V, Toubin G, Kantelip JP, Magnin P.
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Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 June; 24(6): 710-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411566&dopt=Abstract •
The effect of Ginkgo biloba on memory in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Moulton PL, Boyko LN, Fitzpatrick JL, Petros TV. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2001 July; 73(4): 659-65. Erratum In: Physiol Behav 2002 April 15; 75(5): 773. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495672&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of Li 1370, extract of Ginkgo biloba, on REM sleep in humans. Author(s): Murray BJ, Cowen PJ, Sharpley AL. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518478&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of classic antipsychotic haloperidol plus the extract of ginkgo biloba on superoxide dismutase in patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia. Author(s): Zhou D, Zhang X, Su J, Nan Z, Cui Y, Liu J, Guan Z, Zhang P, Shen Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 December; 112(12): 1093-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721446&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (LI 1370) supplementation on activities of daily living in free living older volunteers: a questionnaire survey. Author(s): Cockle SM, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 15(4): 227-235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404317&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on the memory and motor functions of rats with chronic cerebral insufficiency. Author(s): Lin CC, Cheng WL, Hsu SH, Chang CM. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 47(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606845&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of melatonin and Ginkgo biloba extract on memory loss and choline acetyltransferase activities in the brain of rats infused intracerebroventricularly with beta-amyloid 1-40. Author(s): Tang F, Nag S, Shiu SY, Pang SF. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 October 18; 71(22): 2625-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354581&dopt=Abstract
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The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 increases viability of hnt human neurons in culture and affectsthe expression of genes implicated in the stress response. Author(s): Soulie C, Nicole A, Christen Y, Ceballos-Picot I.
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Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396074&dopt=Abstract •
The Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 rescues the PC12 neuronal cells from betaamyloid-induced cell death by inhibiting the formation of beta-amyloid-derived diffusible neurotoxic ligands. Author(s): Yao Z, Drieu K, Papadopoulos V. Source: Brain Research. 2001 January 19; 889(1-2): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166702&dopt=Abstract
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The Ginkgo biloba extract modulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice following bulbectomy. Author(s): Didier A, Jourdan F. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396084&dopt=Abstract
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The in vivo neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Watanabe CM, Wolffram S, Ader P, Rimbach G, Packer L, Maguire JJ, Schultz PG, Gohil K. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 June 5; 98(12): 6577-80. Epub 2001 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381109&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of hypoxia on the myocardium of experimentally diabetic rats with and without protection by Ginkgo biloba extract. III: Ultrastructural investigations on mitochondria. Author(s): Fitzl G, Welt K, Wassilew G, Clemens N, Penka K, Mukke N. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 2001 February; 52(6): 557-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256759&dopt=Abstract
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The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Gold PE, Cahill L, Wenk GL. Source: Scientific American. 2003 April; 288(4): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661320&dopt=Abstract
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The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Author(s): Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 November; 152(4): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140327&dopt=Abstract
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The therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in SHR rats and its possible mechanisms based on cerebral microvascular flow and vasomotion. Author(s): Zhang J, Fu S, Liu S, Mao T, Xiu R. Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2000; 23(2-4): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321432&dopt=Abstract
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The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, Daly F, Belch JJ. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2002; 7(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710841&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic mechanism of ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on gastric cancer. Author(s): Xu AH, Chen HS, Sun BC, Xiang XR, Chu YF, Zhai F, Jia LC. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 November; 9(11): 2424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606069&dopt=Abstract
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Three ginkgolide hydrates from Ginkgo biloba L.: ginkgolide A monohydrate, ginkgolide C sesquihydrate and ginkgolide J dihydrate, all determined at 120 K. Author(s): Zhao J, Muhammad I, Dunbar DC, Khan IA, Fischer NH, Fronczek FR. Source: Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications. 2002 March; 58(Pt 3): O195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870327&dopt=Abstract
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Variation in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf characters across a climatic gradient in China. Author(s): Sun B, Dilcher DL, Beerling DJ, Zhang C, Yan D, Kowalski E. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 June 10; 100(12): 7141-6. Epub 2003 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777617&dopt=Abstract
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What is Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761? An overview--from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Author(s): Christen Y, Maixent JM. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 2002 September; 48(6): 601-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396070&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to Ginkgo biloba; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Age-related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aging Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Tenderness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Disorientation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dizziness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Impotence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Impotence Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Memory Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress SyndroMen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psychological Conditions and Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vertigo Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Chinese Medicine Baiguo Alternative names: Ginkgo Seed; Semen Ginkgo Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Angelica Sinensis Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chinese Angelica Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Citalopram Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Danggui Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Fluvoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Biloba Alternative names: Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Maidenhair Tree Alternative names: Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phenothiazines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sertraline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tang Kuei Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trazodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Ginkgo biloba. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Ginkgo biloba, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Ginkgo Biloba ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Ginkgo biloba. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Anti-salmonella Adhesion Activity of Saccharomyces Boulardii: Effects of Ginkgo Biloba on Activities of Cytochromes P-450 by Mohutsky, Michael Antony; PhD from University of Washington, 2002, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072117
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Evaluation and Correlation of Biological Activity and Chemical Markers in Phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo Biloba L. by Deng, Fengxia; PhD from St. John's University (New York), School of Pharmacy, 2003, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060346
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Ginkgo biloba.
Recent Trials on Ginkgo Biloba The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Ginkgo biloba.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Borage Oil and Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761) in Asthma Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will assess clinical efficacies and/or adverse effects of dietary borage oil containing gama-linolenic acid and Ginkgo biloba in patients with mild persistent to moderate asthma. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029679
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Extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGB 761) and Vascular Function Condition(s): Intermittent Claudication; Peripheral Vascular Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine if a highly standardized herbal extract of the leaves of the Ginkgo Biloba tree will benefit patients who have pain on walking due to narrowing of the arteries of the legs. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029991 •
Ginkgo Biloba Extract and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome Condition(s): Type 2 diabetes mellitus Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine whether the ingestion of the herbal dietary supplement Ginkgo biloba extract has any effect on the efficacy of three classes of diabetic medications - (Glucotrol, Glucophage and Actose). Additionally, the study will examine the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic insulin production in non-diabetic subjects between the ages of 20 and 75 years old. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032474
•
Ginkgo Biloba to Improve Short-Term Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Memory
Losses
Associated
With
Condition(s): Memory, Short-Term Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe or medication-resistant depression and other psychiatric disorders. A common side effect of ECT is problems with short-term memory during treatment. This study will test whether taking ginkgo biloba (GB) prior to and during the course of ECT will lessen the effects of ECT on short-term memory. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00070954 •
Ginkgo Biloba: Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction Condition(s): Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to provide the first empirical examination of the effects of Ginkgo biloba (GBE), sex therapy, and a combination of the two on subjective and physiological measures of sexual function in women who are experiencing sexual disorders secondary to antidepressants. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00034021 •
Ginkgo Biloba Prevention Trial in Older Individuals Condition(s): Dementia; Alzheimer's Disease Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine the effect of 240mg/day Ginkgo biloba in decreasing the incidence of dementia and specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD), slowing cognitive decline and functional disability, reducing incidence of cardiovascular disease, and decreasing total mortality. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010803
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Effect of Ginkgo Biloba on Phenytoin Elimination Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine how the herbal remedy ginkgo biloba may affect the body's elimination of other medicines. Many people take ginkgo biloba to improve memory, mental alertness and overall feeling of well being. Since this product is considered a food supplement and not a drug, it is not subject to the rigorous premarket testing required for prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. As a result, information has not been collected on possible interactions between ginkgo biloba and other medications. This study will look at how ginkgo biloba affects the elimination of phenytoin-a medication used to treat patients with seizures. Normal healthy volunteers 21 years of age or older may be eligible for this 40-day study. Candidates will provide a medical history and undergo a physical examination and routine blood tests. Women of childbearing age must use a reliable form of birth control other than oral contraceptives ("the pill"). For at least 2 weeks before the study and throughout its duration, study participants may not have any of the following: 1) medications that can affect platelet function (e.g., aspirin, Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, ibuprofen, etc.); 2) alcoholic beverages; 3) grapefruit and grapefruit juice; and 4) all medications except those given by study personnel. On day 1 of the study, subjects take one 500-mg dose of phenytoin at 8:00 A.M. On an empty stomach. (Subjects fast the night before taking the phenytoin and are allowed to eat breakfast 2 hours after the dose). Blood samples are drawn just before dosing and again at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the dose.
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Blood drawn on this first study day is collected through a catheter (small plastic tube) placed in a vein to avoid multiple needlesticks. After the 12-hour sample is collected, the subject goes home and then returns to the clinic for the remaining blood draws, which are taken by direct needlestick. When the blood sampling is completed, subjects begin ginkgo therapy. The NIH Clinical Center provides participants a supply of 60-mg capsules of ginkgo to take twice a day (at 8 A.M. and 8 P.M.) for 4 weeks. At the end of the 4 weeks, subjects are given a second dose of phenytoin as described above and repeat the blood sampling procedure. Subjects continue taking ginkgo during this second phenytoin study. Phase(s): Phase I; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011063
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GINKGO BILOBA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Ginkgo biloba, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Ginkgo Biloba By performing a patent search focusing on Ginkgo biloba, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Ginkgo biloba: •
Composition for the prevention and/or treatment of circulatory disorders, comprising derivatives of L-carnitine and extracts of ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): Cavazza; Claudio (Rome, IT) Assignee(s): Sigma-Tau HealthScience S.p.A. (Pomezia, IT) Patent Number: 6,641,849 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: A composition is disclosed suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of circulatory disorders at both peripheral and cerebral level, and which can therefore take the form of a dietary supplement, a dietetic support or of an actual medicine, comprising as characterizing active ingredients: (a) a carnitine selected from the group consisting of acetyl L-carnitine and propionyl L-carnitine or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof or mixtures thereof; and (b) an extract of Ginkgo biloba or one or more of the ginkgolides isolated from Ginkgo biloba or mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This application is the US national phase of international application PCT/IT00/00391 filed Oct. 2, 2000 which designated the U.S. The present invention relates to a composition suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of circulatory disorders both at peripheral and cerebral level. Correspondingly, the composition may take the form and exert the activity of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine, depending upon the support or preventive action or the strictly therapeutic action which the composition is intended to exert according to the particular individuals for whom it is to be used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641849__
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Compositions and methods for regulating metabolism and balancing body weight Inventor(s): Jiang; David (Irvine, CA), Yegorova; Inna (Northridge, CA) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,399,089 Date filed: May 15, 2000 Abstract: Compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. The compositions comprise chromium, fat-free cocoa powder, Hypericum perforatum extract, Garcinia cambogia extract, Ginkgo biloba extract, Panax ginseng extract, and quercetin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of
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men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY 731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399089__ •
Compositions for treating Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses Inventor(s): Castillo; Gerardo (Seattle, WA), DeSantis; Deborah A. (Coral Springs, FL), Snow; Alan D. (Lynnwood, WA) Assignee(s): University of Washington (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 6,264,994 Date filed: December 8, 1998 Abstract: A composition of plant matter comprising Uncaria tomentosa and at least one of ginkgo biloba, rosemary, gotu kola and bacopin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions and methods for treating Alzheimer's Disease and other amyloidoses and cognitive and mental effects thereof; more particularly, it relates to herbal compositions for intervention in Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidoses and for remedies to cognitive and mental effects thereof. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of a 39-43 amino acid peptide termed the beta-amyloid protein or A.beta., in a fibrillar form, existing as extracellular amyloid plaques and as amyloid within the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Fibrillar A.beta. amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is believed to be detrimental to the patient and eventually leads to toxicity and neuronal cell death, characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Accumulating evidence implicates amyloid as a major causative factor of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. A variety of other human diseases also demonstrate amyloid deposition and usually involve systemic organs (i.e. organs or tissues lying outside the central nervous system), with the amyloid accumulation leading to organ dysfunction or failure. In Alzheimer's disease and "systemic" amyloid diseases, there is currently no cure or effective treatment, and the patient usually dies within 3 to 10 years from disease onset. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264994__
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Dietary supplement for nutritionally promoting healthy joint function Inventor(s): Barnes; David J. (Wildwood, MO), Daley; Christine A. (Columbia, IL), Hastings; Carl W. (Glencoe, MO) Assignee(s): Reliv International, Inc. (Chesterfield, MO) Patent Number: 6,224,871 Date filed: March 11, 1998 Abstract: A dietary supplement for nutritionally promoting healthy joint function in human subjects is disclosed. The supplement includes as a major ingredient a protein derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen in combination with lesser proportions of glucosamine sulfate, ginkgo biloba, borage oil powder, turmeric, boswellia serrata, ashwagandha, piper nigrum extract, and a herbal blend. Excerpt(s): Degenerative joint diseases, commonly known as orthroses, are most frequently found in bradytrophic tissue (tendon, cartilage) which is known to show little or no blood flow and, because of its slow metabolism, is incapable of responding to external noxious influences either with inflammatory and or with regenerative processes. As brought out in Koepff et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,745, clinical investigations have now led to the discovery that peptides soluble in cold water, and specifically those from a group of hydrolyzed collagens, are suitable for the treatment of orthoses. Particularly suitable is an enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen having an average molecular weight of from 10,000 to 80,000 daltons. Such enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen is almost flavorless or neutral in flavor, is soluble in cold water, and, unlike denatured collagen (gelatin) is incapable of binding significant amounts of water. Collagen is a fiber protein forming the main constituent of the supporting tissue and connective tissue in animals (including humans) and, more particularly, is found in the skin, tendons and bones. Therefore, hydrolyzed collagen, and specifically enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen, may be produced from animal skin, animal bones, and other sufficiently purified connective tissue. Such enzymatically hydrolyzed collagens have previously been used in the pharmaceutical industry as tabletting aids, encasing agents and fillers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,745 describes that clinical investigations and double blind studies have now established that these enzymatically hydrolyzed collagens, taken in an amount of from 5 to 12 g per day, have alleviating effects on orthoses and also produce an analgesic effect which tends to reduce the need for administering other analgesics. Recent studies have also shown the beneficial effects of glucosamine sulfate and its relationship with the symptoms of osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis. Glucosamine sulfate, which is naturally found in high concentrations in joint structures, is a stable, tasteless and water-soluble nutrient. It is readily absorbed from the intestines, stays in the blood for several hours, and very little is excreted. Glucosamine sulfate, taken as a dietary supplement, has been shown to exert a protective effect against joint destruction and is selectively used by joint tissues, exerting a dramatic positive effect in reducing arthritic symptoms and promoting healthy joint function. In particular, glucosamine stimulates the body's manufacture of collagen, the protein portion of the fibrous substance that holds joints together. Collagen is the main component of the shock-absorbing cushion called articular cartilage, and glucosamine is therefore a necessary nutrient in the production of cartilage and synovial fluid. However, the body's production of glucosamine decreases as a person ages, thereby inhibiting the new growth of cartilage destroyed through wear and tear. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06224871__
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Effervescent composition with dry extract of ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): Oschmann; Rainer (Landau, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, DE) Patent Number: 6,399,099 Date filed: September 17, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to effervescent compositions containing a dry extract of ginkgo biloba and an effervescent mixture. By dissolving the mixture in water a virtually clear and almost neutral solution is produced which is stable during the period of use. Excerpt(s): dizziness, tinnitus (noise in the ears) of vascular and involutional origin. The effect of the dry extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves may be caused by one therapeutically effective component or by a combination of many effective components. The most important therapeutically effective components are flavonoids, such as ginkgo flavone glycosides and terpenoids, e.g. ginkgolides and bilobalides. Accordingly pharmaceutical preparations are standardized on said components. One of these dry extracts, EGb 761, contains about 24% ginkgo flavone glycosides and about 6% terpenes; see Jos Kleijnen, Paul Knipschild, The Lancet Nov. 7, 1992, Vol. 340, 1136. Further dry extracts and processes for their preparation and their use are described in German patents DE 39 40 091 and DE 39 40 092. The active agent is usually administered in the form of tablets or as a solution, in which nonaqueous solvents, such as ethanol or propylene glycol must be used. Purely aqueous solutions are not available because on the one hand certain components show a very poor solubility in water, like ginkgolides of less than 0.02%. On the other hand, some components, like bilobalide are not stable in neutral or slightly basic aqueous medium. Precipitations as well as chemical degradation processes of extract components occur in aqueous solutions. For these reasons it is not obvious to prepare effervescent preparations. Additionally the extract has hygroscopic, sticky characteristics which impair the processing to effervescent tablets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399099__
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Extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves, its method of preparation and pharmaceuticals containing the extract Inventor(s): Schwabe; Klaus-Peter (Karlsruhe, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, DE) Patent Number: 5,399,348 Date filed: June 24, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to an improved extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves, a method of preparation of the same and pharmaceuticals containing the extract. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves, a method of preparation of the extract and the pharmaceuticals containing the extract. Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba have been used for a long time for the therapy of peripheral and cerebral arterial circulatory disturbances. Methods of preparation of Ginkgo biloba extracts with a greatly enriched content of flavone glycosides as the active components are known; see DE-B 17 67 098 and DE-B 21 17 429. These extracts are also referred to as Ginkgo biloba monoextracts. After separation of the precipitate and acidification of the filtrate, a liquid-liquid-extraction is carried out
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with a C.sub.4-6 -ketone compound in the presence of ammonium sulfate. The extract is obtained after stripping of the ketone compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05399348__ •
Extract from leaves of ginkgo biloba for intravenous injection or infusion Inventor(s): Schwabe; Klaus-Peter (Karlsruhe, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, DE) Patent Number: 5,512,286 Date filed: February 23, 1994 Abstract: The present application relates to an extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba containing most of the flavone glycosides, ginkgolides and bilobalide originally present in the leaves, characterized in that it is essentially free of components of the leaves with serum-precipitating and/or haemagglutinating properties, method of its preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing the extract. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba which is free of components with serum-precipitating and/or haemagglutinating properties and a method for its preparation. The extract of the invention is especially suitable for the preparation of pharmaceuticals for intravenous administration, such as intravenous injection or infusion, since it does not contain components with serum-precipitating and/or haemagglutinating properties which disturb such an application. The invention therefore also relates to ampoule preparations containing the extract of the invention which are directed to intravenous administration. Further embodiments of this method, the aim of which is to separate components with allergenic potential from the extracts, are described in the patent applications P 39 40 092.1 and P 39 40 091.3 which are not prepublished. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05512286__
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Extract from the leaves of ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): O'Reilly; Joseph (Glouthaune, IE) Assignee(s): Montana Limited (County Cork, IE) Patent Number: 5,885,582 Date filed: January 15, 1998 Abstract: An extract from Ginkgo biloba is prepared by separating a lipid fraction, mixing with an alcohol, extracting the alcoholic solution with an organic solvent to remove neutral lipids, and the alcoholic solution is dissolved in a solvent and applied to a chromatographic column. A number of extracting media are applied to the chromatographic column to extract various fractions. The particular fractions of interest for incorporation into topical compositions have characteristics of cerebrosides or digalactosyldiglycerides. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba and its method of preparation. Certain extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba are widely used for the therapy of peripheral and cerebral arterial circulatory disturbances. Various processes for preparing such extracts are described for example in DE-B -1767098, DE-
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B2117429, EP-A 0 324 197, EP-A 330 567 and EP-A 0 436 129. substantially removing the associated extracting medium from the desired fraction to provide a concentrated extract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05885582__ •
Extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): O'Reilly; Joseph (County Cork, IE) Assignee(s): Montana Limited (Little Island, IE) Patent Number: 6,086,883 Date filed: August 25, 1997 Abstract: Extracts of leaves of Ginkgo biloba contain at least 25% glycolipids by weight, preferably at least 1% cerebrosides including galactocerebroside. The extract has less than 50 ppm of ginkgolic acid. The extract is prepared by recovering a lipid fraction which is mixed with alcohol providing an alcoholic medium. The alcoholic medium is treated in a chromatographic column with a mixture of acetone and toluene to remove neutral lipids and ginkgolic acid, and subsequently the alcoholic solution in the column is further treated with a mixture of acetone and water to extract the glycolipids. The extracts have shown activity in cosmetic and skin care applications. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba and its method of preparation. Certain extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba are widely used for the therapy of peripheral and cerebral arterial circulatory disturbances. Various processes for preparing such extracts are described for example in DE-B-1767098, DE-B 2117429, EP-A 0 324 197, EP-A 330 567 and EP-A 0 436 129. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided an extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba containing at least 25% glycolipids by weight and less than 50 ppm of ginkgolic acids. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the extract further contains at least 1% by weight cerebrosides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086883__
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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and their methods of preparation Inventor(s): Bertani; Marco (Milan, IT), Bombardelli; Ezio (Milan, IT), Mustich; Giuseppe (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Indena SpA (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,637,302 Date filed: May 22, 1995 Abstract: A process is provided for producing a purified extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves by solvent extraction with selected solvents. In the process, a crude or partially purified extract is subjected to solvent extraction with a solvent comprising toluene and n-butanol. Pharmaceutical. compositions comprising dimeric flavones and/or polyphenols are also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing novel extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The invention particularly relates to a procedure which can lead to extracts having chemical compositions and biological activities which correspond
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closely to those described in the literature but from which undesired components have been substantially eliminated. The invention further provides new extracts which find application in both the therapeutic and the cosmetic field. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05637302__ •
General anti-depressant composition for dietary supplement Inventor(s): Bewicke; Calverly M. (1423 Butterfield Rd., San Anselmo, CA 94960) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,820,867 Date filed: April 24, 1997 Abstract: A novel dietary supplement composition is provided that serves as a general anti-depressant. The dietary supplement employs an extract of St. John's Wort and additionally includes an extract of Ginkgo biloba, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folic acid, and Vitamin C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and, more particularly, to a special blend of St. John's Wort herb extract formulated with other herbal extracts, vitamins and minerals, when taken over a period of time, to improve mental well-being and mental acuity and to assist in relief of depression. Throughout history, humans have ingested and otherwise consumed a wide variety of substances to relieve depression and increase mental acuity. Examples of such substances include prescription drugs, such as many brands of tricyclic anti-depressants, Prozac, and other stimulants. However, many such substances have undesirable side-effects such as nausea, insomnia, and other problems. A significant number of patients (estimated between 17% and 30%) have to discontinue the use of prescription anti-depressants because of these effects. St. John's Wort has been in use for centuries in the field of traditional herbal medicine. In recent years, the plant has been scientifically scrutinized, and a number of its key chemical constituents have been identified. These include a volatile oil, a resin, a tannin, glycosides of stearic, palmic, and myric acids, and hypercin. Modern scientifically calibrated extracts are made containing guaranteed levels of one of the constituents, Hypericin, at concentrations between 0.1% to 0.3% by weight. Studies have shown that use of specific amounts of these extracts, when taken over a period of time (two weeks or more), provide relief from depression in a high percentage of individuals, without causing the negative side effects often found when prescription drugs are used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05820867__
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Ginkgo Bilboa flavonoid extract which is terpene-free and has a high flavonoid heteroside content Inventor(s): O'Reilly; Joseph (County Cork, IE) Assignee(s): Societe de Conseils de Recherches et d'Applications Scientifiques (FR) Patent Number: 6,242,030 Date filed: November 5, 1997 Abstract: The invention concerns a Ginkgo biloba leaf flavonoid extract and more specifically an extract which is terpene free and/or has a high flavonoid heteroside
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content. The invention also concerns a flavoring compound containing such an extract and the use of this extract as a flavoring ingredient. The invention finally concerns a process for obtaining a substantially terpene-free Ginkgo biloba leaf flavonoid extract. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a flavonoid extract of Ginkgo biloba and more specifically an extract either substantially free of terpenes or with a high content of flavonoid heterosides, or free of terpenes and with a high content of flavonoid heterosides. This extract may advantageously be used as a flavoring agent. The invention likewise concerns a flavoring composition comprising such an extract and the use of this extract as a flavoring ingredient. Applications of extracts of Ginkgo biloba in the field of medicine and cosmetics are well known. The extract EGb-761 is perhaps the best known in the medical field (The extract of Ginkgo biloba [EGb-761], La Press Medicale, 1986, Vol. 31, Special Number, Masson Publishing Co.). This extract primarily includes two families of substances: the flavonoid and terpene substances. New extracts were defined which, in an unexpected way, modify the organoleptic [sensory] properties of certain foods such as drinks, dairy products, [and] sweets. One of the aspects of the present invention therefore has as its object extracts which do not comprise any or only a small quantity of terpenes (ginkgolides and bilobalides) which have a high degree of therapeutic activity. Moreover, it has been found to be of interest to obtain extracts enriched with flavonoid substances: these are essentially the mono-, di-, and tri-glucosides of Kaempferol, of Quercetine, and of Isorhamnetine with glucose and with rhamnose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242030__ •
Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced bioavailability composition and food products Inventor(s): Daoud; Abdulwahid H. (P.O. Box 740382, Houston, TX 77274-0382) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,001,393 Date filed: July 14, 1997 Abstract: A composition and method which increases the bioavailability of ingested Ginkgo Biloba extract (GBE). The composition comprises a mixture of polyol(s), and GBE. The composition is ingested, either in the concentrated paste form, diluted with edible liquid or food as an additive. Increased serum levels of gingolide A, B and bilobalide are demonstrated for individuals ingesting the composition over ingesting GBE without the polyol(s). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel composition of Ginkgo Biloba extract (GBE) and edible polyol or combination of edible polyols which increase the bioavailability of GBE, providing increased serum levels of GBE and decreased urine levels of GBE for a given dose over GBE ingested lacking polyol(s). The composition can be used alone as a concentrate, diluted or as a food or beverage additive. Ginkgo Biloba trees are thought to be the oldest species of tree living, with fossil records dating back more than 200 million years. Surviving ice ages, and incalculable environmental pressures ginkgo tree leaves have evolved to contain a complex mixture of compounds discovered by the ancient chinese in 2800 BC to be useful for treating memory loss. Today, GBE has been the subject of over 300 published studies and reports and is the most frequently prescribed herbal medicine worldwide. GBE is believed to be useful for treating both central nervous system and peripheral circulatory deficiency, useful as an antioxidant in the brain, retina and cardiovascular system, useful for treatment of cerebrovascular
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insufficiency and other circulatory conditions, and also useful as a PAF inhibitor. Much attention has been devoted to improving and developing extraction techniques for collecting pure GBE. Schwabe, U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,286 describes an extraction technique suitable for collecting GBE free of serum-precipitating properties. Schwabe, U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,348 describes an extraction procedure which collects GBE free of alkylphenols without the use of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. O'Reilly, etal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,370 discloses an extraction technique which results in a higher active component extract. Ayroles, etal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,688 discloses a process for obtaining GBE using organic solvent and removing the proanthocyanidins by precipitation. And Matsumoto, etal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,929 describes a procedure for obtaining substantially pure flavone glycosides. Some of these patent holders have also described pharmaceuticals and therapeutic compositions utilizing GBE in addition to Chatterjee, etal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,883 and Liu, U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,949 and others. This prior art coupled with the numerous published articles addressing GBE therapeutic qualities exemplifies the need to increase the efficiency and availability of the prized GBE. The inventor has recognized the need for increasing the bioavailability and efficiency of ingested GBE so that a higher percent of the GBE ingested will actually be utilized instead of being eliminated. Majeed, etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,506 discloses the use of piperine to increase the bioactivity of nutritional compounds, such as GBE. In contrast to the present invention the Majeed invention utilizes a relatively rare extract, piperine whose drug bioavalability enhancement mechanism is unknown, while the present invention utilizes readily available edible polyols as an additive to increase gastrointestinal absorption of ingested GBE. The GBE polyol composition may be ingested either alone or in combination with other additives, as a concentrate, diluted, encapsulated, elixir formula, or as a food and beverage additive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001393__ •
Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts with a reduced 4'-O-methylpyridoxine and biflavone content Inventor(s): Schwabe; Klaus-Peter (Karlsruhe, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, DE) Patent Number: 6,328,999 Date filed: May 25, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to extracts from ginkgo biloba leaves with a reduced 4'O-methyl pyridoxine and biflavones content, to a method for the production thereof and to medicaments containing said extracts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves with reduced 4'-O-methyl pyridoxine and biflavones content, a process for their preparation and medicaments comprising said extracts, which do not exhibit undesirable side effects initiated by 4'-O-methyl pyridoxine and biflavones even at high dosages. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves have been used therapeutically for 30 years. The Commitee E of the Federal Health Office (Bundesgesundheitsamt) in Berlin has acknowledged that medicaments comprising defined extracts are effective in the symptomatic treatment of performance disturbances caused by cerebral insufficiency, peripheral occlusive disease, vertigo and tinnitus (BAnz No. 133, Jul. 19, 1994). These extracts are characterized by a content of 22 to 27% flavone glycosides, 5 to 7% terpene lactones, 2.8 to 3.4% thereof being ginkgolides A, B and C, and 2.6 to 3.2% bilobalide, and by a maximum content of 5 ppm ginkgolic acids (alkyl phenol compounds). Such extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves
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and methods for their preparation are known from DE 39 40 091 (EP-B-0 431 535) and DE 39 40 092 (EP-30 B-0 431 536). The occurence of 4'-methoxy pyridoxine (4'-O-methyl pyridoxine) in ginkgo biloba seeds has been described by Wada et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33 (1985), 3555-3557. This compound causes symptoms of poisoning like convulsions and unconsciousness ("Gin-nan food poisoning" and "Gin-nan sitotoxism"), which may occur after consumption of larger amounts of ginkgo seeds. Therefore, the discoverer of this compound named it "ginkgotoxin". In a later work the same research group found out that 4'-O-methyl pyridoxine is absent in ginkgo leaves (Wada et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 16 (1993), 210-212). Contrary to this statement is a recently issued publication reporting on the isolation and identification of 4'-O-methyl pyridoxine from ginkgo leaves (Arenz et al., Planta Medica 62 (1996), 548-551). In this work commercial preparations with extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been analyzed with respect to their anti-vitamin B.sub.6 (4'-O-methyl pyridoxine) content and concentrations of between about 4 and 10.mu.g/ml of liquid medicinal form have been found. This corresponds to a concentration of about 100 to 250 ppm in the dry extracts processed to preparations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06328999__ •
Herbal caffeine replacement composition and food products incorporating same Inventor(s): Zhou; James H. (32 Hallmark Dr., Wallingford, CT 06492) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,416,806 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: A caffeine replacement composition including a first plant extract portion containing at least one flavoglycoside selected from the group consisting of quercetin, quercetagetin, ginkgetin, biloba, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, rutin, isoginkgetin, ginnol, and mixtures thereof; a second plant extract portion containing Ginkgolactones; and a third plant extract portion containing a component selected from the group consisting of puerarin, acetylpuerarin, puerarin-xyloside and combinations thereof. These extracts are preferably obtained from Ginkgo biloba and kudzu (Pueraria). Excerpt(s): Coffee is heavily consumed around the world for various reasons, one of which is the enhanced alertness provided by the caffeine contained in coffee. Unfortunately, caffeine is quite addictive. Approximately 2.1 billion cups of coffee are consumed per day worldwide, with four hundred twenty million cups being consumed daily in the United States. Numerous other products such as chocolate, cola, and the like also contain caffeine and are consumed in large quantities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416806__
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Herbal composition for enhancing sexual response Inventor(s): Heleen; Pamela A. (P.O. Box 460463, San Francisco, CA 94146) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,444,237 Date filed: September 13, 2001
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Abstract: The present invention provides a unique combination of herbal ingredients designed to overcome natural inhibitors of human sexual response and allow for improved response and psychological effects. The composition is comprised of extracts taken from crataegus monogyna berry, turnera diffusa, pfaffia paniculata, ginkgo biloba, pygeum africanum, and ginsenosides extract, that are combined with L-arginine, L-glutamic acid and L-theanine in amounts effective to produce desired results. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions of herbal ingredients and, more particularly, to herbal compositions and methods which can be used for enhancing human sexual response. The first major scientific breakthrough in the area of enhanced human sexual response in recent years has been attributed to researchers at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. who discovered the important role that cyclic guanosine monophosphate nucleotide ("cyclic-GMP") plays in the occurrence of an erection in humans. For a clitoral or penile erection to occur this "pro-erection" chemical cyclicGMP must be present in a sufficient quantity so that it can overcome an antagonist enzyme, phosphodiesterase type 5 ("PDE-5") and produce an erection. This antagonist enzyme rapidly breaks down cyclic-GMP, thus hindering the sexual response. Furthering this research, in 1998, the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology was awarded to American researchers who recognized nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system, including its role in vaso-dilation and the production and release of cyclic-GMP. Sufficient quantities of nitric oxide (NO) must be present for the cyclic-GMP to promote sexual response. Generally, when there is more cyclic-GMP in the penis/clitoris than there is PDE-5, and nitric oxide is present in sufficient quantities, an erection/distension may occur with sufficient stimulation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444237__ •
Medication for impotence containing lyophilized roe and a powdered extract of Ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): Omar; Lotfy Ismail (P.O. Box F396, Kew Gardens, NY 11415) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,730,987 Date filed: June 10, 1996 Abstract: A composition for treating impotence in human males is disclosed, which includes a mixture of lyophilized roe and a dry powdered extract from leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The lyophilized roe is obtained from a species of Sturgeon. The dry powdered extract is standardized to include flavonoid glycosides and terpenes. The mixture preferably provides lyophilized roe to lyophilized Ginkgo biloba in the ratio of approximately 12.33:1. The composition is preferably encapsulated and orally given to patients. A process for producing the composition is also provided. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to a medication for impotence that relieves erectile dysfunction and enhances a man's sexual desire. Large doses of exogenous androgens may suppress spermatogenisis through the negative feedback of inhibition of pituitary follice stimulating hormone (FSH.) This results in inadequate endogenous testosterone production once exogenous testosterone is discontinued. Testosterone and its derivatives have been used successfully to develop or to maintain sexual characteristics and other physiologic functions in androgen deficient males. However it is of no benefit to patients that are not androgen deficient as can be demonstrated by plasma testosterone levels.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05730987__ •
Method and composition for improving sexual fitness Inventor(s): Kwock; Denny W. (Honolulu, HI), Trant; Aileen S. (Mountain View, CA), Wuh; Hank C. K. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): The Daily Wellness Company (Mountain View, CA) Patent Number: 6,368,640 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for maintaining a state of wellness in a human by providing a dietary supplement comprising L-arginine, alone or in combination with ginseng and ginkgo biloba and/or additional nutritional supplements. The invention provides a unique blend of components that, in combination, synergistically bestow sexual wellness upon a human when taken regularly as a dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the maintenance of a state of wellness in which sexual health is improved. Quality of life is increasingly valued in today's society. Proper nutrition and exercise, and healthy sexual function contribute to maintain an overall state of wellbeing, which can serve to manage stress, maintain a properly functioning immune system, protect against disease, maintain a positive mental outlook, and generally to enable one to feel good and enjoy life. It has been found that the combination of L-arginine, ginseng, and optionally, ginkgo biloba when administered to a human in combination improves the blood circulation and improves the sexual, mental, and cardiac health of an individual. The invention provides methods and compositions for maintaining a state of wellness in an animal by providing a dietary supplement comprising L-arginine, in combination with ginseng and optionally ginkgo biloba and/or additional nutritional supplements. The invention provides a unique blend of components that, in combination, synergistically bestow sexual wellness upon an animal when taken regularly as a dietary supplement alone, or in combination with a pharmaceutical composition which facilitates smooth muscle relaxation and vascular dilatation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368640__
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Method for obtaining an extract from ginkgo biloba leaves Inventor(s): Bernal Suarez; Maria del Mar (Warwick, NY), Ramazanov; Zakir (Warwick, NY) Assignee(s): Pharmline Inc. (Florida, NY) Patent Number: 6,117,431 Date filed: December 3, 1999 Abstract: A novel and environmentally friendly method is disclosed for producing a purified extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves comprising the novel steps of differential centrifugation and extraction with supercritical CO.sub.2. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns a method for producing a clinically useful Ginkgo biloba extract that contains low levels of undesired allergenic alkyl phenols, specifically ginkgolic acid and ginkgolic acid derivatives. The method employs differential
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centrifugation and supercritical CO.sub.2 extraction. Extracts from the leaves of the Maiden hair tree or Ginkgo biloba have long been known to possess medicinal properties. Recently, Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been reported for use in treating asthma, tinnitus, impotence, immunosupression and memory loss among others. However, the clinical effect of GBE that is best documented is that of a vasodilator. For this reason, GBE is used as an aid to circulation and as an enhancer of memory and cognitive function in mammals. Over the counter tablets, which are taken orally, are the most commonly available form of GBE. The primary constituents of GBE are compounds known as flavone glycosides. Secondary components in GBE include other flavonoids, ginkgo terpene lactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide), proanthocyanidines and undesired lipophilic constituents which contain alkyl bilobalide phenols. These components are typically present in the commercial GBE products currently available. GBE products must contain at least 24% by weight of ginkgo flavone glycosides, 6% by weight of ginkgo terpene lactones, and a maximum level of ginkgolic acid of 5 ppm in order to meet the standards adopted by the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices and by U.S. manufacturers of phytomedicines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117431__ •
Method for obtaining an extract or Ginkgo biloba leaves Inventor(s): Ayroles; Georges (Gaillac, FR), Cadiou; Michel (Castelnau-de-Montmiral, FR), Rossard; Rene-Marc (Gaillac, FR) Assignee(s): Pierre Fabre Medicament (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,981,688 Date filed: February 21, 1989 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method for obtaining an extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves.In the method according to the invention, the following successive operations are performed: grinding of the Ginkgo biloba leaves; extraction of the ground preparation of Ginkgo biloba leaves using an aqueous ketone solvent; concentration of the extraction liquors in order to precipitate the biflavonoids and the hydrophobic substances; filtration of the aqueous concentrate; alkalinization of the filtrate so as to precipitate the proanthocyanidins; removal by filtration of the insoluble fraction containing the proanthocyanidins; acidification of the filtrate; liquid-liquid extraction of the filtrate with a C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 ketone in the presence of ammonium sulfate; and recovery of the extract by taking the ketone phase to dryness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for obtaining an extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, intended for administration orally or by injection for treating disorders of the arterial, capillary and venous circulation. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves have been used for a very long time in the treatment of disorders of the peripheral and cerebral circulation, especially in elderly people. The nature of the active substances present in these extracts, which are responsible for their venotropic activity, is also known (H. Peter, J. Fisel and W. Weisser: Pharmacologie des principes actifs de Ginkgo biloba (Pharmacology of the active principles of Ginkgo biloba), pages 719 -725, no. 6, 1966). It has also been known for a long time that extracts of green leaves of Ginkgo biloba contain some constituents which cause various problems, in particular of toxicity, when these extracts are intended for administration by injection. The constituents in question are polyphenolic derivatives, generally designated by the name proanthocyanidins, especially prodelphinidins.
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Method for treating sexual dysfunction disorders with compositions containing ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): Cohen; Alan J. (2340 Ward St. #201, Berkeley, CA 94705) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,897,864 Date filed: May 23, 1997 Abstract: A method for treating sexual dysfunction in a patient taking antidepressant medication is described, comprising administering an effective amount of ginkgo biloba to the patient. A method for treating sexual dysfunction in a patient taking antihypertensive medication is described, comprising administering an effective amount of ginkgo biloba to the patient. A method for treating sexual dysfunction in menopausal or perimenopausal patients is described, comprising administering an effective amount of ginkgo biloba to the patient. A method for treating sexual dysfunction that is not caused by a medication is described. A method for enhancing sexual response and performance is described. The invention further encompasses an antidepressant composition for the treatment of a patient in need of antidepressant therapy which comprises an amount of antidepressant sufficient to alleviate the depression and an amount of Ginkgo Biloba sufficient to alleviate any sexual dysfunction associated with the antidepressant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a method and medication for treating sexual dysfunction and more specifically to a treating drug-induced sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction is commonly associated with antidepressant drugs (J. R. T. Davidson, Sexual dysfunction and antidepressants, Depression 2:233-240 1994,95; Richard Balon, et al., Sexual Dysfunction during antidepressant treatment, J. Clin. Psychiatry Update Monograph, 1:1 November 1994). Patients' complaints relate to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, orgasmic and ejaculatory problems. Several treatments have been tried to alleviate patients' complaints of sexual dysfunction, but only limited success has been reported (Bartlik, B., Kaplan, P., Kaplan, H. S., Psychostimulants apparently reverse sexual dysfunction secondary to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, J. Sex Mar Ther., 21(4):264-271, Winter 1995). Several pharmacological formulations have been used in attempts to intervene in the onset of this unwanted side effect. They include administering amantadine, amphetamine, buspirone, cyproheptadine, ginseng, Ritalin.RTM., and yohimbine. These attempts at pharmaceutical intervention have not been satisfactory. The antidepressant, fluoxetine, commercially available under the trade designation Prozac.RTM., has been found to reduce sexual reaction so effectively that it is successfully used to treat premature ejaculation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,448). However, for patients seeking only the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine, the associated reduction in libido, reduced or delayed orgasm, delayed ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction is significant enough to prevent patients' use of the drug. It would be highly desirable if antidepressant drugs could be administered without the unwanted side affect of sexual dysfunction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05897864__
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Method of preparation of an extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves and pharmaceuticals containing the extract Inventor(s): Schwabe; Klaus-Peter (Karlsruhe, DE) Assignee(s): Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. (Karlsruhe, DE) Patent Number: 5,322,688 Date filed: June 15, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparation of an improved extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves and to pharmaceuticals containing the extract. Excerpt(s): Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba have been used for a long time for the therapy of peripheral and cerebral arterial circulatory disturbances. Methods of preparation of Ginkgo biloba extracts with a greatly enriched content of flavone glycosides as the active components are known; see DE-B 17 67 098 and DE-B 21 17 429. These extracts are also referred to as Ginkgo biloba monoextracts. The use of bilobalide, a further substance contained in the Ginkgo biloba leaves, is known from DE-A 33 38 995 and the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4 571 407 for the treatment of demyelinating neuropathies, encephalopathies and cerebral edemas. Bilobalide is a sesquiterpene lactone structurally related to ginkgolides (see K. Nakanishi et al., R. T. Major et al., and K. Weinges et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 93 (1971), 3544-3546). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05322688__
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Method of preparation of biologically active Ginkgo biloba product Inventor(s): Junsheng; Zhu (Costa Mesa, CA) Assignee(s): Viva America Marketing, Inc. (CA) Patent Number: 6,221,356 Date filed: December 13, 1996 Abstract: This invention provides a method for preparing a biologically active ginkgo biloba extract that is not subject to environmental restrictions and is efficient. The method involves extracting purified ginkgo biloba from ginkgo biloba leaf through a series of steps using alcohol as a solvent, including filtration, vacuum distillation, adsorption with silica gel, centrifugation, and chromatography. The invention also provides for a method of making dietary supplements from the ginkgo biloba product and of administering these supplements. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of human dietary supplements, and more specifically to improved supplements comprising extract preparations of the ginkgo biloba leaf, and to methods of making and administering such supplements. The ginkgo biloba tree is native to southeastern China, and is a member of the Ginkgoales family, which dates from the Permian Period of the Paleozoic Era. Ginkgo biloba has been a staple Chinese herbal ingredient for thousands of years, and is frequently recommended by Chinese herbal practitioners for coughs, asthma and acute allergic inflammations. Commercially prepared extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been used for decades as a medicinal aid, and are believed to be an important component of a food supplement program to ensure optimum nutritional health. The commercially prepared mixtures are intended to substantially conform to an established molecular component profile, that includes a 24% flavonoid glycoside component, which comprises mostly kaempferol and quercetin glucorhamnoside esters, and 6% characteristic terpene
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lactones, the ginkgolides and bilobalides. A ratio of about 24% flavonoid glycosides to about 6% terpene lactones occurs in nature. [Kleijnen, J. and Knipschild, P., Br. J. Pharmac., 34:352-58 (1992)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221356__ •
Methods and compositions for the treatment of sexual dysfunction in humans and animals Inventor(s): Omar; Lotfi Ismail (P.O. Box F396, Kew Gardens, NY 11415) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,200,571 Date filed: May 28, 1999 Abstract: Therapeutic composition for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility in humans and animals and methods for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility and the improvement of sexual desire in humans and animals by the administration of the composition. The composition comprises fish roe. The methods comprise the administration of fish roe and the administration of fish roe with yohimbine, estrogens, clomiphene, and Ginkgo biloba. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a therapeutic composition for the treatment of sexual dysfunction and infertility in humans and animals and, in particular to a composition capable of improving sexual desire in humans and animals, improving erection in male humans and animals, and improving vaginal lubrication, sensitivity, and engorgement in female humans and animals by using fish roe either alone or in combination with Ginkgo biloba, yohimbine, estrogens, or clomiphene. Sexual dysfunction in humans and animals involves a multitude of physiological and/or psychological factors. Sexual dysfunction in male humans and animals involves lack of penile erection and sexual desire. Sexual dysfunction in female humans and animals involves lack of sexual desire and lack of vaginal lubrication, sensitivity, and engorgement. To engage in satisfying sexual intercourse both partners must be stimulated both psychologically and physically, their sex organs must function and they must have sufficient sexual desire. In male humans and animals sufficient sexual desire and penile erection are necessary for proper sexual function. There are a variety of pharmacological and surgical options for those suffering from erectile dysfunction however, each option is not without its risks. Available pharmacological options for human males include sildenafil and alprostadil while surgical options include flexible and inflatable penile implants. However, there is a lack of treatment options proven to increase the level of sexual desire. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200571__
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Methods of preparation of bioginkgo Inventor(s): Chang; Michael (Thousand Oaks, CA), Cooper; Raymond (Los Altos, CA), Yu; Zhanghun (Shanghei, CN), Zhang; De Cheng (Shanghei, CN) Assignee(s): Pharmanex Inc. (Redwood City, CA) Patent Number: 6,174,531 Date filed: November 23, 1998
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Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for producing novel extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The invention further relates to a process which produces novel extracts of Ginkgo biloba with an increased amount of one of the major lactones and having an improved biological activity. Further, the disclosed process allows for a controlled method to produce a desired ratio of flavone glycosides to lactones in the end product. The invention also discloses new extracts from Ginkgo biloba, particularly for oral application. Excerpt(s): The present invention encompasses a novel process for producing extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The invention particularly relates to a process leading to new chemical compositions useful for therapeutic purposes. More particularly, the invention relates to Ginkgo biloba extracts containing an increased concentration of a major endogenous lactone normally found in such leaves and shows improved biological activity. Further, the processes of the invention allow for control over the ratio of flavone glycosides to lactones in the final composition. Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest species in the world, and is considered a living fossil. Zhongliang, Chin. Pharm J. 1996, 31:(6) 326-331. It is indigenous to China, although now it has been introduced and cultured in most places in the world. The mature seeds are edible and are used as one of the traditional Chinese medicines. The chemical constituents of Ginkgo leaves are characterized by the presence of diterpene (sesquiterpene) lactones, and flavonoid glycosides as active principles, and ginkgolic acids as toxic substances in the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). Some of the above mentioned compounds are used as reference substances in qualitative and quantitative analysis of GBE. Ginkgolides A, B, C are diterpene lactones; bilobalide is a sesquiterpene lactone. The lactones are specific antagonists against platelet activating factors (PAF). Flavonoid glycosides are thought to have many useful biological activities including the activities of dilating coronary vessels, improving peripheral and brain blood circulation, and preventing intravascular thrombogenesis. For example, extracts from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree (maidenhair tree) have been used for many years in the treatment of patients with conditions related to aging (DeFeudis, F. G., (1991) Ginkgo biloba extract. (EGb 761): Pharmacological activities and clinical applications. Editions Scientifiques Elsevier, Paris; Kleijnen, J., Knipschild, P. (1992) Lancet 340, 1136-1139). These conditions include cerebral insufficiency, which is defined by a group of symptoms exemplified by problems with short-term memory and concentration, lack of energy, tinnitis, headache, and depression (Kleijnen, J., Knipschild, P. (1992) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 352-358). The most important active ingredients of the extracts are thought to be the flavonoids and the terpenoids, whereas ginkgolic acids are believed to cause contact dermatitis and other toxicities. Ginkgo extracts are usually standardized in terms of their flavonoid glycoside and terpene lactone (ginkgolides and bilobalide) content (Sticher, O. (1993) Planta Med., 59, 2-11; Stinke, B., Muller, B., Wagner, H. (1993) Planta Med. 59, 155-160). Methods of preparing active extracts of Ginkgo biloba have been described in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06174531__ •
Nutritional formula Inventor(s): Greenberg; Mike (11633 San Vicente Bl. #214, Los Angeles, CA 90049) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,569,458 Date filed: September 14, 1994
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Abstract: A vitamin and mineral formulation which provides for improved absorption of its nutrients by the addition of digestive enzymes to the formula and including the herb goldenseal to prevent the enzymes from eating up the other nutrients, giving it the capability to retain its value for up to six months. Goldenseal, in conjunction with dandelion and chamomile, also neutralizes the pH of the supplement, thus avoiding a common supplemental problem of widespread ineffectiveness due to large quantities of nutrients being deposited simultaneously into the digestive system. In addition, the formulation of the new invention provides the user with 70 different nutrients, including ginkgo biloba which increases brain alpha rhythms which are associated with mental alertness. Further, the new invention employs an alternate method of construction that does not require high heat or pressure levels, nor the addition of binders or glue like additives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vitamin and mineral supplement formulations and more particularly to a capsulated formulation providing digestive enzymes for improved absorption of the nutrients into the body, a special herb to increase blood circulation in the brain, and also a means for balancing the pH of the invention in order to prevent undesired interactions between components in the formulation. Invention and use in the subject area is known to the public. As for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,364 entitled Nutritional Dry food Concentrate, by Theodore Kalogris shows a highly nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of plant and other non-animal natural components having a low caloric content and containing no added simple sugars. The nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of natural ingredients is useful as supplement and in a weight reduction program. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,416 entitled Preserved Nutrients and Products, by Sol Katzen shows an encapsulation agent and a nutrient are admixed, and then the encapsulating agent is gelatinized polymerized under high pressure and temperature so as to encapsulate the nutrient. The encapsulation allows the nutrient to be kept in a dry stabilized state for a long period of time without the loss of potency. Further, the encapsulation allows the nutrients to be released into the digestive tract after a predetermined amount of time. The digestive tract digests the encapsulating agent thereby fleeing the nutrient. Encapsulation is preferably conducted using a heated extruder or expander. The encapsulating agent may be a high protein vegetable composition, such as, wheat flour gluten, a grain flower or carbohydrate flour. The nutrients may be in particulate or liquid form and can be such elements as vitamins, amino acids, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts (minerals). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05569458__ •
Pharmaceutical composition comprising ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba extract Inventor(s): Ann; Hyung Soo (Seoul, KR), Kang; Sung An (Seoul, KR), Kim; Yeong Shik (Seoul, KR), Lee; Kyung Hee (Kyungki-do, KR), Lee; Yong Oh (Kyungki-do, KR), YunChoi; Hye Sook (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Yuyu International Co., Ltd. (Kyungki-Do, KR) Patent Number: 6,383,528 Date filed: June 19, 2000 Abstract: The invention herein relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba extract. In detail, as an anti-thrombotic preparation, the pharmaceutical composition comprising said ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba extract with the PAF-antagonistic and anti-oxidant actions is used in combination to naturally
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suppress the neutropenia and agranulocytosis caused by the toxicity resulting from the repeated use of ticlopidine alone. Excerpt(s): As a platelet aggregation inhibitor belonging to the thienopyridine group, ticlopidine is widely used clinically. Unlike aspirin, ticlopidine does not affect the production of prostacycline-thromboxane A.sub.2. Further, metabolites such as 2hydroxyticlopidine (2-HT) inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, arachidonic acid, thrombin, or PAF, which in turn stimulate the expression of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors on platelets. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, a fibrinogen receptor on the plasma membrane of platelets, is required for the formation of a plug via platelet aggregation. By suppressing the expression of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors, ticlopidine inhibits the platelet aggregation therein. Consequently, the suppression is put to an effect as if the platelets were in anesthesia. Further, ticlopidine decreases the viscosity of blood by means of reducing fibrinogen in the plasma in conjunction with an increase in the plasticity of the red blood cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383528__ •
Pharmaceutical compositions having vasodilating and antianoxic activities Inventor(s): Brasey; Pierre-Noel (Communy, CH) Assignee(s): Seuref A.G. (Vaduz, LI) Patent Number: 4,778,798 Date filed: July 31, 1986 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions having vasodilating and antianoxic activities containing an ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q.sub.10 and a vasodilating compound selected from the groups of ergotamine, Rauwolfia, vincamine alkaloids, calcium antagonists,.beta.-blockers, papaverine, Ginkgo biloba, xanthine derivatives, ACE inhibitors, cyclospasmol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a combination of a ubiquinone coenzyme and one or more compounds having vasodilating activity. Preferred ubiquinone coenzyme according to the invention is ubiquinone Q.sub.10, whilst the vasodilators which may be used are selected from the group comprising dihydroergocristine, dihydroergotoxine, nicergoline, vincamine, vincamone, flunarizine, cinnarizine, diltiazem, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, atenolol, sotalol, captopril, raubasine, cyclospasmol; papaverine, xanthine and Ginkgo biloba derivatives. The ubiquinone component and the vasodilators are present in the combination in ratios ranging from 1:100 to 100:1, preferably from 10 to 1,000. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04778798__
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Slimming composition based on Ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2-blocker Inventor(s): Nadaud; Jean-Francois (Paris, FR), Soudant; Etienne (Fresnes, FR) Assignee(s): L'Oreal (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,194,259 Date filed: November 27, 1991
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Abstract: A cosmetic slimming composition for topical application to the skin contains in combination Ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2-blocker and at least one other alpha-2blocker. This anti-cellulitis composition is capable of checking or stopping local fat accumulation and improving the esthetic appearance of the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of ginkgo biloba as an alpha-2blocker in combination with at least one other alpha-2-blocker in the preparation of a slimming composition intended for topical application as well as to such compositions. It is known that the swelling of sub-cutaneous conjunctive tissue called cellulitis gives to the skin a "quilted" appearance. Cellulitis is constituted by the local accumulation of fat and water trapped in a gangue having more or less tight compartments. Topical application of an anti-cellulitis agent is capable of checking local fat accumulation by a lipolytic action thereby improving the esthetic appearance of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05194259__ •
Therapeutic composition Inventor(s): Kattan; Maha (620 Live Oak Dr., McLean, VA 22101) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,193,978 Date filed: July 10, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutic composition and a method of use therefor in adults and children are disclosed. The therapeutic composition alleviates symptoms associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness. The therapeutic composition contains proanthocyanidin, yucca root, hawthorn berry, bilberry, silymarin, and ginkgo biloba. The therapeutic composition is taken in a single daily dose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to therapeutic compositions for treating attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults, and more particularly to a single dose therapeutic composition comprising all-natural herbs and antioxidants. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are among the most common mental disorders among children. ADHD also often continues into adolescence and adulthood. Inattentive behavior is often characterized by difficulty focusing on one task and persisting until completion, a failure to pay attention to details, and making careless mistakes in a variety of tasks. Individuals exhibiting inattentive behavior may appear as if their minds are elsewhere or they are not listening or did not hear what has just been said. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193978__
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Use of ginkgo biloba extracts for preparing a medicine for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Inventor(s): Christen; Yves (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Societe de Conseils de Recherches et d'Applications Scientifiques (FR) Patent Number: 6,524,629 Date filed: January 23, 2001
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Abstract: The invention relates to the use of extracts of Ginkgo biloba, and in particular extracts of Ginkgo biloba comprising 20 to 30% of flavoneglycosides, 2.5 to 4.5% of ginkgolides A, B, C and J, 2 to 4% of bilobalide, less than 10% of proanthocyanidines and less than 10 ppm of compounds of alkylphenol type, for preparing a medicament intended to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of extracts of Ginkgo biloba for preparing a medicament intended to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is already known that extracts of Ginkgo biloba have an activity in the cardiovascular field (in particular the reduction of platelet adhesion), in the central nervous field (in particular a neuroprotective activity) or in the neurosensory system (in particular retinal protection); cf. for example DeFeudis et al., Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761), Pharmaceutical Activities and Clinical Applications (Elsevier, Paris, 1991). Their preparation has been the subject of a certain number of patents, of which there can be mentioned the European Patents EP 431 535 and EP 431 536, and the American Patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,370. Certain products can be used in the treatment of ALS. In particular there can be mentioned riluzole, gabapentin, 1-(2-naphth-2-ylethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrid ine or vitamin E (cf. Gurney M. E. et al., Ann. Neurol., 39 (1996), 147-157; Patent Application PCT WO 97/15304). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524629__ •
Weight loss composition for burning and reducing synthesis of fats Inventor(s): Barnes; David J. (St. Louis, MO), Hastings; Carl W. (Glenco, MO) Assignee(s): Reliv International, Inc. (Chesterfield, MO) Patent Number: 5,626,849 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention involves a dietary supplement that can be used as a weight loss composition. The composition comprises of an essentially dry mixture of chromium, L-carnitine, gamma-linolenic acid, (-) hydroxycitric acid, choline, inositol, antioxidants and herbs. The preferred antioxidants are Coenzyme Q10 and the herbs are ginkgo biloba leaves. The essentially dry mixture can be prepared as a beverage and delivered enterally. The present invention also involves a method for inducing weight loss in a mammal. The method involves administering to a mammal, preferably a human, a weight loss inducing effective amount of the above described essentially dry mixture. The weight loss inducing effective amount of the above composition is administered daily in at least two separate portions of 7.325 grams each. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition that supplies chromium, L-carnitine, gamma-linolenic acid, (-) hydroxycitric acid, choline, inositol, antioxidants and herbs to the human body. The composition of this invention can be used as a dietary supplement to help facilitate weight loss. The composition can be prepared as a beverage and delivered enterally. 1. Citrimax.RTM. Power (by Natures Herbs)--Provides Citrimax.RTM. which is a stabilized non-lactonized calcium salt of the free form of (-) hydroxycitric acid. 2. Energy (by Excel)--Provides 20 mg of (-) HCA, chromium, Uva Ursi, Cayenne, Ma Huang and Kola Nut. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05626849__
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Patent Applications on Ginkgo Biloba As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Ginkgo biloba: •
Analogs of terpene trilactones from ginkgo biloba for bioorganic and imaging studies Inventor(s): Nakanishi, Koji; (New York, NY), Stromgaard, Kristian; (New York, NY), Suehiro, Makiko; (White Plains, NY) Correspondence: John P. White; Cooper & Dunham Llp; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030194370 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: A compound having the structure: 1wherein R.sub.1 is H, OH, a photoactivatable moiety, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioactive moiety;wherein R.sub.2 is H, OH, a photoactivatable moiety, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioactive moiety;wherein R.sub.3 is H or OH;wherein R.sub.4 is H, OH, a photoactivatable moiety, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioactive moiety; andwherein at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.31 or R.sub.4 is a photoactivatable moiety, a fluorescent moiety, or a radioactive moiety. Optically pure enantiomers and salts of the compound are also described. Also, the synthesis of the compound, and uses of the compound, such as in a method for detecting the localization of, or identifying, receptors, enzymes or other targets, whether in a cell or in a subject. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications may be referenced by Arabic numerals in brackets. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. A standardized G. biloba extract (EGb 761) containing terpene trilactones (5-7%) and flavonoids (22-24%) has demonstrated neuromodulatory properties (7), and several clinical studies using EGb 761 have reported positive effects on various neurodegenerative diseases (8-13), including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In two studies involving a total of 549 AD patients, EGb 761 significantly slowed the loss of cognitive symptoms of dementia, with an efficacy in between donezepil (Aricept.RTM.) and rivastigmine (Exelon.RTM.), the two currently marketed drugs for treatment of AD symptoms (14, 15). Moreover, a recent study by Schultz and co-workers found that EGb 761 upregulated several genes in rat hippocampus and cortex, including genes expressing proteins such as transthyretin and neuronal tyrosine/threonine phosphatase, both of which are believed to be involved in AD (16). Several recent studies on healthy volunteers have shown positive effects of EGb 761 on short-term working memory (17-20) indicating that constituents of G. biloba also influence the brain under physiological conditions. Although the molecular basis for the action of G. biloba terpene trilactone constituents on the central nervous system (CNS) is only poorly understood, it is known that the ginkgolides, particularly ginkgolide B (GB, 2), is a potent in vitro antagonist of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) (21). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Anti-angiogenic composition comprising ticlopidine and gingko biloba extract Inventor(s): Kim, Min-Young; (Daejeon, KR), Moon, Chang-Hee; (Daejeon, KR), Park, Byung-Young; (Daejeon, KR) Correspondence: David A Einhorn; Anderson Kill & Olick; 1251 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10020-1182; US Patent Application Number: 20030165586 Date filed: January 27, 2003 Abstract: A composition comprising ticlopidine and a Ginkgo biloba extract is used in the manufacture of a medicine for inhibiting angiogenesis, which has an enhanced antiangiogenic activity with reduced side effect. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a use of a composition comprising ticlopidine and a Ginkgo biloba extract in the manufacture of a medicine having enhanced anti-angiogenic activity with reduced cytotoxicity. Angiogenesis is the process of generating new capillary blood vessels. Neovascularization is tightly regulated, and the proliferation rate of endothelial cells is very low compared with that of other cell types in the body. The failure to regulate angiogenesis may lead to such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis and tumor (Liekens S., et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 61, 253-270 (2001); and Folkman J., Nat. Med., 1, 27-31 (1995)). Solid tumor growth and metastasis, in particular, are angiogenesis-dependent. That is, new blood vessels in tumor provide not only nutrients and oxygen but also a way for tumor cells to enter the blood stream causing metastasis. Currently, a large variety of chemotherapeutic drugs are used for the treatment of cancer. However, many compounds show severe side effects and limited efficacy, due to the lack of tumor selectivity and the development of drug resistance. Since anti-angiogenic therapy targets activated endothelial cells, it offers several advantages in terms of selectivity and efficacy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition comprising ingredients of panax ginseng and ginko biloba Inventor(s): Soldati, Fabio; (Savosa, CH) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P O Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20010036484 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: A method of improving blood flow circulation comprising the administration of the combination of the medicinal plants Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba or the combination of extracts of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba.Said combination can be used for the treatment or the prevention of pathologies related to impaired blood flow circulation or to impaired blood flow velocity, particularly of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Excerpt(s): The benefit of prior provisional application Ser. No. 60/172,501 filed Dec. 17, 1999 is hereby claimed. The present invention relates to a novel use of a combination of the medicinal plants Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba or the combination of extracts of
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both plants for improving hemorrheological and circulatory characteristics of blood, to the use of said combination for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing pathologies related to impaired blood flow circulation and to a method of treatment or prevention of pathologies related to an impaired blood flow circulation. The Panax ginseng root and its extracts (PG) have been recognised as an effective tonic or roborant of health for thousands of years in China. The Ginkgo biloba leaves and its extracts (GB) were also introduced as medicine in the treatment of many diseases throughout a long history in China. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING NATURAL INGREDIENTS Inventor(s): PERKES, LYNN; (REXBURG, ID) Correspondence: Richard J. Anderson; Fish & Richardson P.C., P.A.; 60 South Sixth Street; Suite 3300; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20020048575 Date filed: May 11, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a dietary supplement comprising at least one flavonoid source and an enzyme, that is effective for inhibiting in vivo platelet activity and LDL cholesterol oxidation in a mammal at a dosage of about 30 mg/Kg or less. The supplement may contain flavonoid sources found in grape seed extracts, grape skin extracts, bilberry extracts, ginkgo biloba extracts or the flavonoid quercetin. The supplement may also contain fungal proteases, acid stable proteases and bromelain. The invention further provides a method for using the dietary supplement and an article of manufacture containing the supplement. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dietary supplements containing natural ingredients. Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other vascular occlusions are major health concerns. A common characteristic of these diseases is the atherosclerotic process, or the narrowing of arteries. Blood platelets contribute to the development and progression of the atherosclerotic process by releasing growth factors, chemotactic substances and other factors that accelerate the atherosclerotic process. In addition, platelet aggregation at or near the point of arterial damage contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and acute platelet thrombus formation. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is also associated with atherosclerosis. It has been proposed that nonatherogenic LDL cholesterol circulating in the blood is converted to atherogenic LDL cholesterol through oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids, which leads to modification of the apoprotein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ginkgo biloba composition, method to prepare the same and uses thereof Inventor(s): Gao, Qi; (Shanghai, CN), Huang, Xin Sheng; (Shanghai, CN), Jin, Xiao Wu; (Shanghai, CN), Shao, Bao Ping; (Shanghai, CN), Wang, Ning; (Shanghai, CN), Xie, De Long; (Shanghai, CN), Zhang, Guo An; (Shanghai, CN) Correspondence: Albert Wai-kit Chan; Suite 7803; 1 World Trade Center; New York; NY; 10048; US Patent Application Number: 20010055629 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides different compositions extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Said compositions comprise new active components. This invention also provides a method of preparation of the compositions and individual components of said compositions. Finally, this invention provides various uses of this composition. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced and full citations for these publications may be found in the text where they are referenced. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to the skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. Ginkgo Biloba is the oldest genus among existing seed plants and the only survivor of the family Ginkgoaceae, that can be traced back more than 200 million years to the fossils of the Permian period. Preparations of Ginkgo Biloba leaves have been used as remedies in China for more than 5,000 years, I. e. since the earliest origin of Chinese herbal medicine. Phytopharmaceutical extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba have been applied to treat cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases in many countries, such as Germany, France, Japan and Korea since the 1960's. The principal effective component in Ginkgo biloba leaves is flavonoids, that comprise at least 14 different compounds, such as flavonols, flavones, flavanols and biflavonoids etc. Among all these compounds, flavone glycosides and flavonol glycosides, that include kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin with glucose or rhamnose, are the most emphasized in Ginkgo biloba extracts on the market for therapeutic purposes (Tebonin.RTM., Tanakan.RTM., Roekan.RTM., or "EGb 761"). As experiments have demonstrated, flavone glycosides and flavonol glycosides are potent antioxidants that scavenge oxygen free radicals, thereby preventing age-related cell and tissue damage that can adversely affect various mental functions, including memory and concentration; see J. Pincemail et al., La Presse Medicale Vol. 15 (1986), 1475-1479; J. Robak et al., Biochem Pharmacol Vol 37 (1988), 837-841 and J. Kleijnen and P. Knipschild, Ginkgo biloba (Drug Profiles), the Lancet 340:1136 (1992). In addition, the flavone glycosides and flavonol glycosides increase peripheral circulation. Methods of preparation of Ginkgo biloba extracts with a greatly enriched content of flavone glycosides as the active components are described in DE-B 17 67 098 and DE-B 21 17 429. These preparations are Ginkgo biloba monoextracts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ginkgo biloba flavonoid extract free of terpene and/or with a high flavonoid heteroside content Inventor(s): O'Reilly, Joseph; (County Cork, IE) Correspondence: Charles A. Muserlian; C/o Bierman, Muserlian And Lucas; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; US Patent Application Number: 20010043976 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: A process for preparing a flavonoid extract from the leaves of ginkgo biloba comprising multiple distractions of the leaves of the ginkgo biloba with solvents wherein at least one of the extraction stages is a deterpenation step using a solvent of the formula RC(O)OR' wherein R and R' are individually lower alkyl. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba and more specifically an extract either substantially free of terpenes or with a high content of flavonoid heterosides, or free of terpenes and with a high content of flavonoid heterosides. This extract may advantageously be used as a flavoring agent. The invention likewise concerns a flavoring composition comprising such an extract and the use of this extract as a flavoring ingredient. Applications of extracts of ginkgo biloba in the field of medicine and cosmetics are well known. The extract EGb-761 is perhaps the best known in the medical field (The extract of ginkgo biloba [EGb-761], La Press Mdicale, 1986, Vol. 31, Special Number, Masson Publishing Co.). This extract primarily includes two families of substances: the flavonoid and terpene substances. New extracts were defined which, in an unexpected way, modify the organoleptic [sensory] properties of certain foods such as drinks, dairy products, [and] sweets. One of the aspects of the present invention therefore has as its object extracts which do not comprise any or only a small quantity of terpenes (ginkgolides and bilobalides) which have a high degree of therapeutic activity. Moreover, it has been found to be of interest to obtain extracts enriched with flavonoid substances: these are essentially the mono-, di-, and tri-glucosides of Kaempferol, of Quercetine, and of Isorhamnetine with glucose and with rhamnose. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase Inventor(s): Matsuda, Seiichi P.T.; (Houston, TX), Schepmann, Hala G.; (Talent, OR) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 1301 Mckinney; Suite 5100; Houston; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20020164736 Date filed: January 7, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to nucleic acid sequences of Ginkgo biloba diterpene synthases, particularly of a levopimaradiene synthase. More specifically, the invention is directed to a cell of a unicellular organism, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Escherichia coli, comprising levopimaradiene synthase for the metabolically engineered in vivo biosynthesis of a diterpene and a ginkgolide. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the fields of molecular biology, molecular genetics, and organic chemistry. Specifically, the present invention is directed to the cloning and characterization of at least one Ginkgo biloba sequence for
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biosynthesis of ginkgolides. More specifically, the present invention is directed to the cloning, characterization and expression of Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase. The gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba, of the Conopsida class, Ginkgoales order, and Ginkgoaceae family, originated in Eastern China approximately 150 million years ago and is the sole living representative of its order (Schwarz and Arigoni, 1999; Benson, L., 1957; Chaw, et al., 2000; Bowe, et al., 2000). This hardy tree, termed a "living fossil" by Charles Darwin, is well-known for its ability to withstand harsh climate conditions and resist insect infestation (Major, R. T., 1967). The apparent lack of change over millions of years is presumably due to its long time span between generations; reproduction begins after 20 years of age and continues to 1000 years of age. G. biloba is renowned as a potent herbal therapeutic that aids in the revascularization of ischemic tissue through improved microcirculation. G. biloba leaf extracts have been used for centuries to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, dementia, tinnitus, arthritis, and vertigo (Itil, et al., 1995; Briskin, D. P., 2000). These beneficial pharmacological effects have been attributed, in part, to the ginkgolides, a unique series of diterpene molecules which are highly specific platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists (Hosford et al., 1990). Generation of PAF occurs during anaphylaxis or shock and leads to bronchoconstriction, contraction of smooth muscle, and reduced coronary blood flow, which are often fatal. The isomer known as ginkgolide B demonstrates the highest activity of the diterpenes and antagonizes all known PAF-induced membrane events. Furthermore, the American Medical Association recently endorsed the Chinese herb as a viable alternative to traditional approaches in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies report that the extract delayed the progression of dementia in approximately one third of the patients studied (Le Bars et al., 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and composition for enhancing sexual desire Inventor(s): Trant, Aileen S.; (Mountain View, CA), Wuh, Hank C.K.; (Los Altos, CA) Correspondence: James C. Wray; Suite 300; 1493 Chain Bridge Road; Mclean; VA; 22101; US Patent Application Number: 20020192307 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: The dietary supplement for wellness includes in a combination ofL-arginine, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and damiana. The unit dosage is in a capsule or a tablet form or as an aqueous composition. The unit dosage may include an amount of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B complex, and minerals sufficient to provide up to about 100% to about 200% of the percent daily values of the antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B complex, and minerals upon administering an appropriate quantity of the unit dosages to achieve a desired daily dosage. The daily dosage may be in an amount of up to about 600 ml. of an aqueous composition and may be administered as a beverage. The composition may be administered daily to a subject for a time sufficient for sexually arousing the subject more easily than without administration of the combination. The daily dosage is administered to the subject for a time sufficient to improve the quality of orgasm for the subject and/or to improve the frequency of desire to engage in sexual activity. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/295,297, filed Jun. 1, 2001. This invention relates to the maintenance of a state of wellness in which sexual health is improved. Quality of life is increasingly valued in today's society. Proper nutrition and exercise, and healthy sexual function contribute to
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maintain an overall state of well being, which can serve to manage stress, maintain a properly functioning immune system, protect against disease, maintain a positive mental outlook, and generally to enable one to feel good and enjoy life. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for isolating terpene trilactones (ginkgolides, bilobalide) from leaves and pharmaceutical powders of ginkgo biloba Inventor(s): Berger, John; (Oro Valley, AZ), Berova, Nina; (New York, NY), Lichtblau, Dirk; (Halle/S., DE), Nakanishi, Koji; (New York, NY) Correspondence: John P. White; Cooper & Dunham Llp; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030031736 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: A method of isolating terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba plant material or extract comprising the steps of suspending the plant material or extract in either water or an aqueous solution of an oxidation reagent; extracting the terpene trilactones using an acceptable extraction agent; separating the organic layer from the aqueous layer; washing the organic layer with an acceptable aqueous salt or hydroxide solution, which may be an alkaline solution; and drying the organic layer to form a dried extract containing terpene trilactones. Further purification by treatment with or filtration over activated charcoal, by treatment with or filtration over alumina and by recrystallization with an acceptable solvent or solvent mixture leads to extracts with a content of terpene trilactones higher than 50%. Unwanted levels of ginkgolic acids are reduced to acceptable levels by reversed phase chromatography. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/903,049, filed Jul. 11, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Throughout this application various publications are referenced in parenthesis. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Ginkgo biloba fruits and seeds have been long used in Chinese folk medicine. The first mentioning of such a use appeared in the book of Liu Wen-Tai in 1505 in China. In the 1960's the structures of the active components have been analyzed. Around the same time, in 1965 the first leaf preparations were placed in modern medicine by the Willmar Schwabe AG, Germany. In 1971 after a collaboration between the Willmar Schwabe AG, Germany and the Beuafour group (IPSEN) in France the first concentrated and standardized extract EGb761 (Germany 1971: DE 2117429 C3 and France 1972: 72.12288) were launched and commercialized as Tanakan (France) and Tebonin Forte (Germany). Following the European application, in 1977 a leaf extract was described in the Medical Dictionary of the Republic of China. During the next decade other companies also placed similar products on the market. Today, Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts are found in several kinds of products, such as food supplements and energy pills, homeopathic uses, juices, cosmetics, various tea preparation, cigarettes, Ginkgo wine or and even in potato snacks referred to as the `memory snack`. The biological activities from the extracts are diverse and known to be effective in: increasing shortterm memory, treatment of cerebral insufficiency and dementia, beneficial effects as an antiasthmatic and against polyuria or tinitus, PAF-inhibitor and improving the blood flow, vaso-protection and radical scavenging.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of a composition Inventor(s): Gidlund, Bo; (Uppsala, SE) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, NW; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20010033871 Date filed: March 2, 2001 Abstract: Use of an extract derived from the fruits, the leaves, the bark or the roots of Morinda citrifolia L. for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a mammal suffering from tinnitus. The extract may be a liquid present in the medicament in an amount such as to give a daily dosage of 0.1-2 ml, or 0.2-1 ml, e.g. 0.4-0.7 ml, per kg body weight of the patient. The extract also may be a solid present in the medicament in an amount such as to give a daily dosage of 5-200 mg, or 10-100 mg, e.g. 20-70 mg, per kg body weight of the patient. Optionally, the medicament also may comprise lycopene, vitamine C, coenyme Q10 and an extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The medicament may be given e.g. by oral, rectal, transdermal or inhalation administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a mammal suffering from tinnitus. More specifically the present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising an extract from Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae) for the manufacture of such a medicament. Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), the Indian mulberry, also called noni, is an evergreen shrub tree which is native to Asia, Australia and some Pacific Islands. Its botanical description is given e.g. in Levand O. (Part I Some chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia L (noni), thesis, University of Hawaii, 1963). The roots, bark, stem, leaves and fruits thereof have traditionally been used in medicine, in food and as a dye in different cultures, e.g. on Hawaii and in the French Polynesia. As an example, a plurality of indications of use is reported in the indigenous Samoan medicine, (Dittmar A."Morinda citrifolia L.--Use in Indigenous Samoan Medicine", J. of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1(3) pp 77-91 (1993)), covering a wide range of ailments, such as tooth ache (roots), septicemia (leaf), diarrhea of infants (bark) and eye complaints (fruit). just to mention a few. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba substantially devoid of terpenes, in the dentibuccal field, and composition containing such extract Inventor(s): O'Reilly, Joseph; (Glounthaune, IE) Correspondence: Charles A. Muserlian; C/o Bierman, Muserlian And Lucas; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; US Patent Application Number: 20030044476 Date filed: September 17, 2002 Abstract: A cosmetic composition containing a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba leaves comprising 28 to 35% by weight of flavonoid glycosides and a maximum of 1% by weight of terpenes.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba, and more specifically an extract substantially devoid of terpenes, in the dentibuccal field. The invention also relates to an dentibuccal composition containing such extract. A flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba leaves devoid of terpenes according to the invention comprises flavonoid glycosides and little or no terpenes. When the extract contains terpenes, the terpene content is 1% maximum, and preferably 0.5% maximum. This extract contains from 28 to 35% of flavonoid glycosides, and preferably 28 to 32%. Such extracts are preferably obtained from leaves from pruned young ginkgo biloba trees. A subject of the invention is a process for obtaining such an extract, a process which comprises several extraction stages of ginkgo biloba leaves by solvents and characterized in that one of the extraction stages is a deterpenation stage and the solvent used is a compound of formula RC(O)OR in which R and R represent, independently, a lower alkyl, alone or mixed with a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing at least 5 carbon atoms. The extraction stage can be carried out at any stage in the process. Preferably, the solvent used during the deterpenation stage contains from 0 to 20% of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Water-soluble complex of an extract of ginkgo biloba, process for the preparation thereof and composition comprising the same Inventor(s): Paracchini, Silvano; (Muralto, CH) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020012713 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: A water-soluble complex of N-methylglucamine with an extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, process for the preparation thereof and composition comprising the same. Excerpt(s): This application is based on European Patent Application No. 00202088.1 filed on Jun. 16, 2000, the content of which is incorporated hereinto by reference. The present invention relates to a water-soluble complex of an extract of Ginkgo biloba, to a process for the preparation thereof and to a composition comprising the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a water-soluble complex of an extract of Ginkgo biloba with N-methylglucamine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Ginkgo biloba, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Ginkgo biloba.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Ginkgo biloba. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GINKGO BILOBA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Ginkgo biloba. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Ginkgo biloba include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Ginkgo biloba: •
Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy Source: San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. 300 p. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This book serves as a resource for people who experience pain related to peripheral neuropathy. About one half of peripheral neuropathies are related to complications from diabetes mellitus. The book focuses on traditional, conventional, and alternative treatments for neuropathic pain. The book begins with a chapter that defines peripheral neuropathy and discusses this condition in terms of its types, symptoms and effects, causes, and evaluation. The next chapter explains the physical and psychological aspects of peripheral neuropathic pain. The following chapter discusses medications for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including nonopioid drugs, opioids, and topical
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medications. A discussion of nonopioid drug costs is included. The fourth chapter focuses on other medical therapies for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including hematologic treatments such as plasmapheresis, immunosuppressant medications, and nerve based treatments such as nerve blocks and direct nerve stimulation. This is followed by a chapter on alternative treatments, including physical therapy; psychotherapeutic methods such as relaxation and meditation training, biofeedback, self hypnosis, and prayer; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; acupuncture; touch therapies such as massage, reflexology, Reiki, Qigong, and therapeutic touch; magnets; and chelation. Treating peripheral neuropathic pain with various nutrients (vitamins A, B, C, and E; minerals such as selenium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc; and herbs such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wart, bioflavonoids, and others) is the topic of the next chapter. In addition, the chapter provides information on other supplements such as alpha-lipoic acid, gamma linolenic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, glutamine, coenzyme Q10, S-adenosylmethionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl sulfonyl methane. The focus of the next chapter is on experimental or unapproved drugs, including aldose reductase inhibitors; aminoguanidine; COX-2; ABT-594; SNX-111; lamotrigine; memantine; natural pain relievers such as bimoclomol, cannabinoids, endorphins, and nocistatin/OFQ2; nerve regenerating compounds such as NGF, IGF-1, neutrophin-3, and GPI 1046; nimodipine; peptide T; and PN 401. This is followed by a chapter that examines diabetes and HIV. Diabetes classifications and diabetic neuropathy (types, risk factors, blood sugar control, and treatment approaches) are discussed. The final chapter presents ways of coping with peripheral neuropathy, including exercising, using heat or cold therapy, creating conducive conditions for sleeping, avoiding certain foods, and selecting appropriate footwear. The book concludes with an index.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Ginkgo biloba” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Ginkgo biloba” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) as a Free-Radical Scavenger by C. Ferradini, et al; ISBN: 2906077364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2906077364/icongroupinterna
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on the Central Nervous System by Y. Christen, et al; ISBN: 2906077283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2906077283/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba by Diana Martin (2001); ISBN: 8441409250; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8441409250/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba - Ancient Medicine by Desmond Corrigan (1995); ISBN: 0951772341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951772341/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba (In a Nutshell, Healing Herbs Series) by Jill Rosemary Davies; ISBN: 1862045046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862045046/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo biloba (Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Industrial Profiles) by Teris A. Van Beek (Editor); ISBN: 9057024888; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057024888/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba (Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin, A-231) by Stephan Brown (2000); ISBN: 1580172806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580172806/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba (Woodland Health Series) by Rita Elkins (1996); ISBN: 1885670109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670109/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba a Global Treasure: From Biology to Medicine by T. Hori (Editor), et al; ISBN: 4431702040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4431702040/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Applications by F.V. DeFeudis; ISBN: 2906077216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2906077216/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo Biloba: Therapeutic and Antioxidant Properties of the "Tree of Health" (Keats Good Herb Guide) by Frank Murray; ISBN: 0879837705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837705/icongroupinterna
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User's Guide to Ginkgo Biloba by Hyla Cass, et al; ISBN: 1591200199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200199/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Adaptive effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) Author: Papadopoulos, Vassilios.; Year: 1999; Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, c1997; ISBN: 2842990102
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on aging and age-related disorders: proceedings of the international symposium, Chantilly, France, May 30, 1994, under the auspices of the IPSEN Institute Author: Christen, Yves.; Year: 1998; Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, c1995; ISBN: 2906077615
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on organic cerebral impairment: a selection of thirteen papers presented at the international symposium held in New York, 22nd September 1984 Author: Agnoli, A.; Year: 1995; London: J. Libbey Eurotext, c1985; ISBN: 0861960645
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Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1999; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057024888/icongroupinterna
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB 761): from chemistry to the clinic Author: DeFeudis, F. V.; Year: 1996; Wesbaden: Ullstein Medical, c1998; ISBN: 3861261731
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): lessons from cell biology Author: Packer, Lester.; Year: 1997; Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier, c1998; ISBN: 2842990234
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Ginkgo biloba, a global treasure: from biology to medicine Author: Hori, T. (Terumitsu),; Year: 2000; Tokyo; New York: Springer, c1997; ISBN: 4431702040 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4431702040/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Ginkgo Biloba In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Ginkgo biloba, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Ginkgo biloba using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Ginkgo biloba: •
Plants Can Do It: Herbal Medicines for Males Source: in Newman, A.J. Beyond Viagra: Plain Talk About Treating Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Montgomery, AL: Starrhill Press. 1999. p. 113-117. Contact: Available from Black Belt Press. P.O. Box 551, Montgomery, AL 36101. (800) 959-3245 or (334) 265-6753. Fax (334) 265-8880. PRICE: $13.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1573590142. Summary: This chapter on herbal medicines for males is from a book that discusses the drug sildenafil (Viagra) in the context of a larger discussion about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. The author describes six widely used natural medicines: yohimbine, potency wood (Muira Puama), ginkgo biloba extract, Damiana (turnera diffusa), Panax ginseng, and chaste berry. For the most part, the herbal medicines may either increase male libido or, in some cases, play a role in improving arterial circulation. The natural approach to erectile dysfunction treatment involves overall improvements in diet, increased regular exercise with avoidance of bad health practices such as smoking or excess alcohol and drug consumption, nutritional supplements with vitamins, one tablespoon daily of flaxseed oil, and herbs. The chapter is written in nontechnical language but includes enough medical information to be of use to medical professionals wishing to learn more about sexuality and sexual dysfunction.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GINKGO BILOBA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Ginkgo biloba.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Ginkgo biloba is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Ginkgo biloba. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Ginkgo biloba: •
Ginkgo biloba use linked to epileptic seizures Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 17, 2002
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Ginkgo biloba compound may affect fetus Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2001
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Tinnitus not improved with Ginkgo biloba treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 11, 2001
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Ginkgo biloba may not boost memory in elderly Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 05, 2000
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Ginkgo biloba effective for treatment of intermittent claudication Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 27, 2000 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Ginkgo biloba, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Ginkgo Biloba Find newsletters on Ginkgo biloba using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “Ginkgo biloba.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Reflections: Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center's Newsletter Source: Indianapolis, IN: Indiana ADC Educational Core. 1999. 6 p. Contact: Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center Educational Core. 541 Clinical Drive, Suite CL 590, IU Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5111. (317) 274-4939; FAX: (317) 2741248. Internet: http://www.pathology.iupui.edu/ad. PRICE: Free. Summary: This newsletter is for families and professionals concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It includes news from the Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, research updates, a column for caregivers, a list of contributions, and a calendar of current and upcoming events. A typical issue may include articles on such topics as how to distinguish age-related memory loss from AD, the benefits of exercise for people with AD, and an upcoming trial of ginkgo biloba for the treatment of AD.
Academic Periodicals covering Ginkgo Biloba Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Ginkgo biloba. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Ginkgo biloba that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1102 24 691 1 0 1818
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Ginkgo biloba can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Ginkgo biloba. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Ginkgo biloba. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Ginkgo biloba”:
152 Ginkgo Biloba
•
Other guides Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Female Sexual Dysfunction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/femalesexualdysfunction.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on Ginkgo biloba. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Ginkgo Biloba Source: Silver Spring, MD: ADEAR Center. 1998. One page, eight panels. Contact: ADEAR Center. PO Box 8250, Silver Spring, MD 20907-8250. (800) 438-4380; (301) 495-3311; FAX (301) 495-3334. PRICE: Free. Order Number Z-144. NIH Publication Number: 98-4013. The full text of this document is also available at http://www.alzheimers.org/pubs/ginkgo.html. Summary: This fact sheet discusses what is known about ginkgo biloba as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although findings from a 1997 study at the New York Institute for Medical Research suggest that a ginkgo extract may improve some of the symptoms of AD and vascular dementia, there is currently no evidence that ginkgo biloba will cure or prevent AD. In addition, some recent case studies indicate that daily use of ginkgo biloba may cause side effects such as excessive bleeding, especially in people with blood circulation or clotting disorders and those taking anticoagulants such as aspirin. The fact sheet briefly summarizes the New York study, describes a new study of ginkgo biloba sponsored by the National Institute on Aging and the Office of Alternative Medicine, and discusses some of the factors to consider before using ginkgo extracts.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Ginkgo Biloba Summary: This fact sheet summarizes the research findings to date regarding the effectiveness of this natural extract in treating Alzheimer's disease. Source: Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center, National Institute on Aging http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6920 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Ginkgo biloba. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Ginkgo biloba. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Ginkgo biloba.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Ginkgo biloba. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Ginkgo biloba”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Ginkgo biloba” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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GINKGO BILOBA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex
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characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when
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their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalinization: The process by which a substance becomes an alkali. An alkali is the opposite of an acid. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprostadil: A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow. It inhibits platelet aggregation and has many other biological effects such as bronchodilation, mediation of inflammation, etc. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
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Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampoule: A small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule). [EU] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously
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encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiasthmatic: An agent that relieves the spasm of asthma. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
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Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU]
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Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial Occlusive Diseases: Diseases in which arterial vessels are partially or completely obstructed or in which the blood flow through the vessels is impeded. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH]
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Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance
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whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioequivalent: Having the same strength and similar bioavailability in the same dosage form as another specimen of a given drug substance. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus
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consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness. [NIH] Brain Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral infarction), thalami, basal ganglia, brain stem (brain stem infarctions), or cerebellum secondary to an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
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Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU]
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Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the
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small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the
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cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular
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reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA
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molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH]
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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH]
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Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH]
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Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased
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risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different ergotaman-3',6',18-triones, dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine, and dihydroergocryptine. It has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The combination of the methanesulfonate salts of these alkaloids is dihydroergotoxine mesylate. [NIH]
Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH]
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Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given
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stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]
symptoms
resulting
from
an
absent
or
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the
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latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]
Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH]
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End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known
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as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]
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Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an
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antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossils: Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes
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place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU]
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Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.
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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and
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homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
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Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune,
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genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH]
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Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its
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actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH]
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Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]
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Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic Clearance Rate: Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH]
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Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious,
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medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and
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ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It has been suggested to ameliorate cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular disease. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH]
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Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these
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families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the
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former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panax ginseng: A Chinese herb (Panax schinseng) having 5-foliolate leaves and umbels of small greenish flowers succeeded by scarlet berries. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Penile Erection: The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated. [NIH]
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Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH]
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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Phytochrome: A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH]
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Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from
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plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]
Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va
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and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the
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term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not
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influence allocation.
[NIH]
Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most
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common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested
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as possible causes. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rolipram: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor with antidepressant properties. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH]
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Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet
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activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening
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arrhythmias. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and
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often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH]
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Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH]
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Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Ticlopidine: Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of
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restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate
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nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary
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artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin E: Vitamin found largely in plant materials, especially wheat germ, corn, sunflower seed, rapeseed, soybean oils, alfalfa, and lettuce. It is used as an antioxidant in vegetable oils and shortenings. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and
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extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]
229
INDEX 1 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine, 80, 163 A Abdomen, 163, 172, 197, 199, 207, 220 Abdominal, 163, 190, 207 Acceptor, 163, 199, 206 Acetone, 109, 163, 198 Acetylcholine, 163, 176, 205 Acetylcysteine, 30, 163 Activities of Daily Living, 84, 163 Acuity, 110, 163 Adaptability, 163, 175 Adaptation, 163, 210 Adenosine, 163, 173, 209 Adipocytes, 39, 44, 56, 163, 180 Adjuvant, 42, 47, 79, 163, 189, 190 Adolescence, 123, 163 Adrenal Cortex, 164, 180, 188, 215 Adrenergic, 60, 164, 168, 170, 183, 184, 187, 212, 219, 221, 224, 227 Adsorption, 118, 164 Adsorptive, 164 Adverse Effect, 5, 7, 11, 15, 97, 164, 197, 218 Aerobic, 9, 164, 202, 206, 225 Aerobic Metabolism, 9, 164, 206 Aerobic Respiration, 164, 206 Affinity, 164, 170, 183, 199, 219 Agonist, 30, 164, 173, 177, 183, 184, 187 Agranulocytosis, 122, 164 Airways, 7, 164 Akathisia, 164, 168 Albumin, 164, 222 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 136, 165 Alertness, 99, 113, 121, 165, 173 Alfalfa, 165, 226 Algorithms, 165, 171 Alkaline, 131, 165, 166, 173, 207 Alkalinization, 116, 165 Alkaloid, 165, 178, 207, 226, 227 Alpha Particles, 165, 214 Alpha Rhythm, 121, 165 Alpha-1, 165, 187 Alprostadil, 119, 165 Alternative medicine, 140, 165 Amantadine, 117, 165, 200 Ambulatory Care, 165
Amine, 166, 194 Amino Acids, 121, 166, 191, 208, 210, 213, 221 Ammonia, 166, 191, 221 Ammonium Sulfate, 108, 116, 166 Amphetamine, 117, 166, 183 Ampoule, 108, 166 Amyloid, 20, 43, 48, 72, 75, 84, 85, 105, 166 Anabolic, 166, 183 Anaerobic, 9, 166, 217 Anaesthesia, 166, 196 Analgesic, 106, 166, 178, 186, 195, 198, 206 Analog, 166, 183, 189 Analogous, 166, 210, 224 Anaphylactic, 166, 210 Anaphylatoxins, 166, 179 Anaphylaxis, 87, 130, 166 Anatomical, 167, 195, 217 Androgens, 114, 164, 167 Anemia, 167, 172 Anesthesia, 26, 122, 167 Angina, 87, 167, 204, 212 Anginal, 167, 204 Angiogenesis, 126, 167 Animal model, 12, 18, 19, 167 Anions, 164, 167, 197, 221 Antagonism, 167, 173, 184 Anterograde, 15, 167 Antiallergic, 167, 181 Antiasthmatic, 131, 167 Antibacterial, 167, 220 Antibiotic, 167, 182, 184, 220 Antibody, 164, 167, 168, 179, 195, 196, 200, 214, 220 Anticoagulant, 4, 167, 212, 227 Anticonvulsant, 167, 201, 217 Antidepressant, 16, 23, 28, 41, 46, 53, 98, 117, 167, 190, 195, 217, 224 Antidiabetic, 14, 167 Antiemetic, 167, 168, 177 Antifungal, 39, 45, 55, 68, 168 Antigen, 164, 167, 168, 179, 194, 195, 196, 200 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 168, 179 Antihypertensive, 168, 204, 226 Anti-infective, 168, 194, 219 Anti-inflammatory, 7, 8, 17, 94, 168, 170, 173, 195, 217
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Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 168, 170 Antimetabolite, 168, 189 Antineoplastic, 168, 172, 180, 184, 189, 204 Antineoplastic Agents, 168, 180, 204 Antioxidant, 11, 12, 13, 19, 22, 30, 31, 58, 76, 83, 111, 130, 137, 168, 169, 206, 219, 226 Antipruritic, 168, 181 Antipsychotic, 84, 168, 204 Antiseptic, 163, 168 Antithrombotic, 168, 223 Antitussive, 168, 183, 206 Antiviral, 163, 165, 169, 208 Anus, 169, 172, 215 Anxiety, 164, 169, 197, 212 Anxiolytic, 54, 169, 173 Aorta, 71, 76, 169, 226 Apolipoproteins, 169, 199 Apoptosis, 6, 8, 17, 38, 42, 44, 47, 54, 55, 64, 169, 174 Aqueous, 107, 116, 130, 131, 169, 170, 181, 186, 194 Arachidonic Acid, 7, 122, 169, 198, 212 Arginine, 114, 115, 130, 166, 169, 205 Aromatic, 137, 169, 191, 209 Arrhythmia, 73, 169 Arterial, 21, 24, 29, 107, 108, 109, 116, 118, 127, 138, 169, 172, 174, 176, 195, 213, 222 Arterial Occlusive Diseases, 29, 169 Arteries, 13, 98, 127, 169, 170, 172, 175, 180, 199, 201, 203, 223 Arterioles, 169, 172, 173, 201 Arteriosclerosis, 30, 70, 88, 169, 223 Arteriovenous, 169, 175, 201, 223 Arteriovenous Fistula, 169, 223 Articular, 106, 169, 199, 206 Ascorbic Acid, 11, 35, 169, 194 Aspartate, 169, 183 Aspirin, 92, 99, 122, 152, 170 Assay, 22, 53, 170 Astrocytes, 170, 202 Atenolol, 122, 170 Atherogenic, 127, 170 Atmospheric Pressure, 75, 170, 194 Atrial, 170, 227 Atrial Fibrillation, 170, 227 Atrophy, 64, 170, 204 Attenuated, 66, 170 Autonomic, 163, 168, 170, 205, 208 Autoradiography, 19, 170 Axons, 170, 182, 206, 214
B Bacteremia, 170, 217 Bacteria, 10, 81, 164, 167, 168, 170, 186, 192, 193, 201, 217, 220, 225 Bactericidal, 170, 188 Bacteriophage, 170, 210, 217 Basal Ganglia, 168, 170, 172, 177 Base, 170, 182, 191, 197, 214, 222 Basophil, 171, 194 Benign, 17, 171, 193 Benzo(a)pyrene, 39, 45, 57, 171 Benzodiazepines, 171, 173 Beta-pleated, 166, 171 Bewilderment, 171, 179 Bilateral, 34, 171 Bile, 171, 190, 199, 220 Bioavailability, 24, 39, 44, 74, 78, 111, 171 Biochemical, 27, 30, 32, 33, 60, 63, 68, 82, 168, 171, 189, 206, 218 Bioequivalent, 14, 171 Biological therapy, 171, 192 Biosynthesis, 57, 129, 130, 169, 171 Biotechnology, 19, 20, 78, 137, 140, 147, 171 Biotransformation, 171 Bladder, 171, 176, 225 Blebs, 17, 171 Bleeding Time, 11, 171 Bleomycin, 41, 46, 65, 69, 171 Blood Coagulation, 172, 173 Blood Flow Velocity, 27, 126, 172 Blood Glucose, 14, 172, 193, 195, 196 Blood Platelets, 172, 218, 223 Blood pressure, 13, 40, 46, 63, 80, 168, 172, 174, 176, 195, 204, 205, 208, 219 Blood vessel, 105, 126, 167, 172, 174, 175, 177, 186, 192, 197, 208, 219, 221, 223, 225 Blood Viscosity, 57, 172 Blood-Brain Barrier, 172, 198, 222 Body Fluids, 172, 173, 219 Body Mass Index, 105, 172, 206 Boron, 172, 181 Bowel, 172, 183, 197, 220 Bowel Movement, 172, 183, 220 Bradykinin, 172, 205 Brain Hypoxia, 172 Brain Infarction, 172 Brain Ischemia, 56, 77, 172, 175 Branch, 159, 172, 207, 214, 220, 222 Breakdown, 173, 183, 190, 206 Bromelain, 127, 173 Bronchi, 173, 187
Index 231
Bronchial, 7, 173, 194 Bronchoconstriction, 130, 173, 210 Bronchus, 173 Buspirone, 12, 117, 173 Bypass, 27, 173, 203, 223 C Caffeine, 12, 113, 173 Calcium, 30, 71, 122, 124, 173, 177, 179, 184, 189, 203, 204, 205, 207, 213, 218 Calcium Channels, 173, 207 Calmodulin, 173, 189 Cannabidiol, 173 Cannabinoids, 136, 173 Cannabinol, 173 Capillary, 38, 44, 54, 116, 126, 171, 172, 173, 174, 217, 226 Capillary Fragility, 174, 217 Capsules, 100, 174, 190 Captopril, 122, 174 Carbohydrate, 121, 174, 192, 210 Carbon Dioxide, 68, 174, 182, 209, 216 Carcinogen, 63, 171, 174 Carcinogenesis, 39, 45, 57, 174, 176 Carcinogenic, 6, 174, 196, 220 Carcinoma, 7, 174 Cardiac, 115, 170, 173, 174, 187, 188, 190, 198, 203, 220 Cardioselective, 170, 174, 212 Cardiotoxicity, 39, 45, 57, 174 Cardiovascular, 11, 15, 27, 41, 47, 71, 80, 82, 99, 111, 114, 124, 130, 166, 173, 174, 198, 218 Cardiovascular disease, 11, 41, 47, 71, 82, 99, 130, 174 Cardiovascular System, 111, 114, 174 Carnitine, 65, 104, 124, 136, 174 Carotene, 174, 216 Case report, 4, 10, 174 Caspase, 20, 72, 75, 174 Catecholamines, 72, 174, 184, 202 Cause of Death, 6, 12, 174 Cecum, 174, 198 Cell Cycle, 6, 175, 213, 225 Cell Death, 17, 43, 48, 53, 85, 105, 169, 175, 203 Cell Division, 170, 175, 192, 202, 210 Cell proliferation, 6, 169, 175, 205, 218 Cell Respiration, 164, 175, 202, 206, 216 Cell Size, 175, 189 Cell Survival, 18, 175, 192 Cellulitis, 123, 175 Cellulose, 175, 210
Central Nervous System Infections, 175, 193 Centrifugation, 115, 116, 118, 175, 202 Cerebellar, 42, 47, 175 Cerebellum, 172, 175, 176 Cerebral Arteries, 175, 202 Cerebrovascular, 9, 111, 126, 128, 130, 174, 175, 204, 205, 226 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 175, 226 Cerebrum, 175, 176 Chamomile, 10, 121, 176 Character, 176, 182, 192 Chelation, 136, 176 Chemoprevention, 12, 176 Chemopreventive, 8, 39, 45, 57, 176 Chemoreceptor, 168, 176 Chemotactic Factors, 176, 179 Chlorophyll, 20, 81, 176 Cholesterol, 6, 13, 64, 127, 171, 176, 177, 180, 199, 220 Cholesterol Esters, 176, 199 Choline, 84, 124, 176 Cholinergic, 168, 176 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 9, 176, 184 Chorea, 168, 176 Choroid, 177, 216 Chromatin, 169, 177, 187 Chromium, 104, 124, 136, 177 Chronic, 7, 12, 14, 16, 34, 79, 83, 84, 177, 187, 196, 198, 213, 221 Chronic Disease, 14, 177 Chylomicrons, 177, 199 Ciliary, 177, 218 Ciliary Body, 177, 218 Cinnarizine, 122, 177 Circulatory system, 51, 177 CIS, 177, 216 Citrus, 169, 177 Claudication, 25, 27, 35, 89, 97, 140, 177 Clear cell carcinoma, 177, 183 Clinical Medicine, 86, 177, 211 Clinical trial, 5, 8, 13, 16, 21, 24, 97, 100, 147, 177, 180, 184, 209, 213, 215 Clitoral, 114, 177 Clomiphene, 119, 177 Clonic, 177, 201 Cloning, 57, 129, 171, 177 Coagulation, 172, 178, 193, 223, 227 Coca, 178 Cocaine, 52, 178 Cochlear, 178, 223, 226 Cochlear Diseases, 178, 223
232 Ginkgo Biloba
Codeine, 178, 183, 206 Coenzyme, 54, 60, 122, 124, 136, 169, 178 Cofactor, 178, 213 Cognition, 9, 15, 65, 76, 178, 204 Cognitive restructuring, 178, 221 Colchicine, 40, 46, 66, 178 Collagen, 106, 122, 173, 178, 189, 190, 210, 212 Collapse, 167, 173, 178 Colloidal, 164, 178, 186, 188 Colorectal, 8, 79, 178 Colorectal Cancer, 8, 79, 178 Complement, 6, 166, 179, 191 Complementary and alternative medicine, 5, 8, 51, 52, 94, 179 Complementary medicine, 52, 179 Computational Biology, 147, 179 Conception, 179, 189, 220 Cones, 179, 216 Confusion, 17, 179, 184, 204 Congestion, 168, 179, 187 Conjugated, 179, 181 Connective Tissue, 106, 169, 175, 178, 179, 180, 189, 190, 216 Connective Tissue Cells, 179, 180 Consciousness, 166, 180, 182, 184 Constipation, 168, 180 Constriction, 180, 197 Consumption, 17, 34, 59, 113, 138, 180, 190, 216 Contact dermatitis, 31, 33, 120, 180 Contraindications, ii, 180 Control group, 180, 209, 211, 214 Controlled study, 21, 180 Convulsions, 113, 167, 180 Coordination, 175, 180, 213 Coronary, 27, 88, 120, 127, 130, 174, 180, 201, 203, 204, 223 Coronary heart disease, 174, 180 Coronary Thrombosis, 180, 201, 203 Coronary Vessels, 120, 180 Corpus, 22, 180, 208 Corpuscle, 180, 187 Cortex, 70, 125, 175, 180, 187, 189, 202, 214 Cortical, 82, 180, 188, 214, 217 Cortisol, 12, 80, 164, 180 Coumarins, 176, 180 Cranial, 175, 181, 193, 197, 206, 208, 226 Craniocerebral Trauma, 181, 193, 223 Cromolyn Sodium, 7, 181 Curative, 181, 222 Curcumin, 8, 181
Cutaneous, 23, 123, 180, 181 Cyclic, 88, 114, 173, 181, 192, 205, 209, 212 Cyproheptadine, 117, 181 Cysteine, 136, 163, 181, 221 Cystine, 181 Cytochrome, 12, 18, 64, 68, 77, 181 Cytokine, 181, 208 Cytoplasm, 169, 181, 187, 192, 202 Cytostatic, 6, 181 Cytotoxic, 17, 42, 47, 74, 181, 218 Cytotoxicity, 25, 39, 45, 60, 126, 181 D Dairy Products, 111, 129, 181 Databases, Bibliographic, 147, 182 Daunorubicin, 182, 184 Deamination, 182, 202 Decarboxylation, 182, 194 Decubitus, 182, 219 Decubitus Ulcer, 182, 219 Degenerative, 3, 33, 106, 182, 193, 200, 202, 206, 216 Deletion, 169, 182 Delirium, 168, 182 Dendrites, 182, 204, 214 Density, 27, 127, 172, 175, 182, 189, 199, 205 Dentate Gyrus, 53, 182, 194 Depigmentation, 182, 226 Dermatitis, 30, 31, 33, 182 DES, 116, 166, 182 Detergents, 183, 219 Deuterium, 183, 194 Dextroamphetamine, 166, 183 Dextromethorphan, 12, 183 Diabetes Mellitus, 98, 135, 183, 191, 193 Diabetic Retinopathy, 126, 183 Diagnostic procedure, 103, 140, 183 Diarrhea, 132, 183 Diastolic, 183, 195 Digestion, 171, 172, 183, 197, 199, 220 Digestive system, 101, 121, 183 Digestive tract, 121, 183, 219 Dihydroergotoxine, 122, 183 Dihydrotestosterone, 183, 215 Dihydroxy, 183, 217 Dilatation, 115, 183, 211, 225 Dilation, 114, 172, 183, 225 Diltiazem, 82, 122, 184 Dimethyl, 136, 184, 204 Diploid, 184, 210 Direct, iii, 9, 100, 136, 177, 184, 207, 208, 215, 222
Index 233
Disinfectant, 184, 188 Disorientation, 88, 179, 182, 184 Disposition, 10, 11, 59, 184 Dissociation, 164, 184, 197 Distal, 184, 208 Diuresis, 173, 184 Dizziness, 88, 107, 184, 226 Donepezil, 9, 184 Dopa, 184, 198 Dopamine, 165, 166, 168, 178, 183, 184, 198, 202, 209 Dose-dependent, 35, 53, 184 Double-blinded, 9, 184 Doxorubicin, 39, 45, 57, 184 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 37, 141, 184, 198 Drug Costs, 136, 185 Drug Interactions, 11, 18, 185 Drug Resistance, 126, 185 Drug Tolerance, 185, 223 Dumping Syndrome, 181, 185 Duodenum, 171, 185, 220 Dyes, 166, 185, 189 Dyskinesia, 168, 185 Dystonia, 168, 185 E Echinacea, 185 Edema, 61, 88, 180, 183, 185, 197, 198, 203 Effector, 163, 179, 185, 204, 209 Efficacy, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 24, 25, 33, 35, 65, 98, 125, 126, 173, 185, 199 Effusion, 185, 222 Ejaculation, 117, 185, 218 Elastin, 178, 185 Electroencephalography, 61, 185 Electrolyte, 182, 185, 219 Electrons, 168, 171, 185, 197, 200, 206, 214 Electrophoresis, 38, 44, 54, 186 Elementary Particles, 185, 186, 200, 204, 213 Emboli, 186, 227 Embolism, 175, 186, 214, 227 Embolization, 186, 227 Embryo, 68, 186, 196, 210 Empirical, 16, 99, 186 Emulsion, 170, 186 Encapsulated, 112, 114, 186 Endorphin, 186, 190 Endothelial cell, 13, 30, 33, 75, 80, 126, 172, 186 Endothelium, 67, 186, 205 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 186 Endothelium, Vascular, 186
Endothelium-derived, 186, 205 Endotoxin, 186, 224 End-stage renal, 10, 187 Enhancer, 70, 73, 116, 187 Enterohepatic, 10, 187 Entorhinal Cortex, 83, 187, 194 Environmental Health, 146, 148, 187 Enzymatic, 106, 173, 174, 179, 187, 194, 216 Enzyme Induction, 25, 187 Eosinophils, 164, 187, 192, 198 Epidemic, 31, 187, 220 Epidermal, 187, 198 Epidermis, 187, 197, 198, 211, 214 Epinephrine, 164, 184, 187, 205, 225 Epithelial, 177, 187, 193 Epithelial Cells, 187, 193 Epithelium, 85, 186, 187, 190 Erectile, 89, 114, 117, 119, 138, 187, 207, 208 Erection, 114, 119, 187 Ergot, 187, 204 Ergotamine, 122, 187 Erythema, 180, 187, 225 Erythrocyte Membrane, 31, 187 Erythrocytes, 30, 167, 188, 193, 215 Esophagus, 183, 188, 220 Estradiol, 63, 188 Estrogen, 177, 188 Estrogen receptor, 177, 188 Ethanol, 107, 188, 189 Excitability, 53, 188 Excitation, 176, 188, 189 Excitatory, 188, 191 Excitotoxicity, 56, 77, 188 Exocytosis, 188, 194 Exogenous, 114, 164, 171, 174, 188 Expander, 121, 188 Extender, 188 Extensor, 188, 213, 226 Extracellular, 105, 166, 170, 179, 180, 188, 189, 201, 219 Extracellular Matrix, 179, 180, 188, 189 Extracellular Space, 188, 201 Extraction, 34, 65, 68, 107, 109, 112, 115, 116, 129, 131, 133, 188 Extrapyramidal, 164, 165, 168, 184, 188 F Family Planning, 147, 188 Fat, 104, 105, 123, 163, 169, 174, 180, 182, 186, 188, 198, 199, 206, 210, 216, 222 Fatty acids, 164, 189, 199, 212, 219 Fermentation, 189, 217
234 Ginkgo Biloba
Fetus, 139, 189, 209, 211, 225 Fibrin, 172, 189, 223 Fibrinogen, 122, 189, 223 Fibroblasts, 17, 180, 189 Fibrosis, 65, 189, 217 Filtration, 116, 118, 131, 189 Fissure, 182, 189 Flatus, 189, 190 Flow Cytometry, 13, 189 Flunarizine, 122, 189 Fluorescence, 189 Fluorescent Dyes, 189 Fluorouracil, 32, 79, 189 Fluoxetine, 16, 26, 50, 117, 189 Forearm, 62, 172, 190 Fossils, 128, 190 Fractionation, 166, 190 Friction, 190, 199 Fructose, 190, 192, 197 Fungi, 168, 190, 201, 227 G Gallbladder, 163, 183, 190 Gamma-Endorphin, 190 Ganglia, 163, 190, 204, 208 Gas, 34, 59, 166, 174, 189, 190, 194, 203, 205, 221, 225 Gastrectomy, 181, 190 Gastric, 80, 86, 174, 190, 194 Gastric Mucosa, 80, 190 Gastrin, 190, 194 Gastroenteritis, 190, 217 Gastrointestinal, 112, 172, 176, 185, 187, 188, 190, 198, 218, 221 Gastrointestinal tract, 176, 188, 190, 198, 218 Gelatin, 106, 190, 192, 221, 222 Gene, 6, 13, 20, 25, 58, 60, 68, 73, 79, 137, 171, 187, 190, 191, 205, 210 Gene Expression, 6, 13, 25, 60, 68, 73, 79, 191 Genetic Code, 191, 205 Genetic Engineering, 171, 177, 191 Genetics, 129, 191 Genital, 16, 26, 177, 191 Genotype, 18, 191, 209 Germ Cells, 191, 206, 222 Ginger, 191 Ginseng, 8, 11, 17, 18, 76, 94, 115, 117, 126, 127, 130, 191 Gland, 164, 191, 207, 212, 217, 220, 223 Glioma, 7, 191 Glipizide, 14, 191
Glucose Intolerance, 183, 191 Glutamate, 56, 183, 188, 191, 217 Glutamic Acid, 114, 191, 212 Glutamine, 136, 191 Glutathione Peroxidase, 191, 217 Glutathione Transferase, 64, 191 Gluten, 121, 192 Glycine, 19, 82, 192 Glycols, 192, 194 Glycoprotein, 12, 122, 189, 192, 203, 224 Glycoside, 118, 120, 192 Glycosidic, 192, 205 Goats, 181, 192 Gout, 178, 192 Governing Board, 192, 211 Gp120, 192, 208 Gram-negative, 192, 216, 217 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 192, 216 Granule, 42, 47, 182, 192 Granulocytes, 164, 171, 192, 218, 227 Growth, 6, 58, 79, 106, 126, 127, 164, 167, 168, 169, 175, 181, 192, 200, 203, 205, 210, 217, 223, 224, 225, 227 Growth factors, 6, 127, 192, 205 Guanylate Cyclase, 192, 205 H Habitual, 8, 176, 192 Haematoma, 192, 193 Haemorrhage, 26, 34, 52, 193 Haloperidol, 52, 67, 83, 84, 193 Haploid, 193, 210 Headache, 89, 120, 173, 193 Headache Disorders, 193 Heart attack, 174, 193 Helminths, 193, 196 Heme, 74, 181, 193, 207 Hemodynamics, 9, 193 Hemoglobin, 167, 188, 193 Hemolysis, 188, 193 Hemorrhage, 4, 23, 61, 64, 181, 193, 203, 214, 221, 227 Hemostasis, 193, 218 Hepatic, 14, 68, 165, 182, 193, 202 Hepatitis, 10, 52, 193 Hepatocytes, 18, 193 Hepatoma, 7, 38, 44, 55, 193 Heredity, 190, 191, 193 Hippocampus, 54, 72, 79, 125, 182, 194, 214, 221 Histamine, 7, 166, 168, 177, 181, 189, 194 Histamine Release, 7, 166, 194 Histidine, 194
Index 235
Hormonal, 170, 194 Hormone, 114, 180, 182, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 216, 218, 222, 223 Host, 170, 194, 198, 226 Hydrogen, 30, 31, 42, 47, 163, 166, 171, 174, 183, 191, 194, 199, 202, 204, 206, 213, 221 Hydrogen Peroxide, 30, 31, 191, 194, 199, 221 Hydrolysis, 106, 171, 194, 199, 210, 213 Hydrophobic, 116, 183, 194, 199 Hydroxides, 194 Hydroxyl Radical, 64, 194 Hydroxylysine, 178, 194 Hydroxyproline, 178, 194 Hygienic, 194, 219 Hyperbaric, 136, 194 Hyperbaric oxygen, 136, 194 Hypericum, 104, 194 Hypersensitivity, 166, 195, 198, 216 Hypertension, 41, 89, 90, 174, 195, 197, 212 Hypoglycemic, 14, 191, 195 Hypoglycemic Agents, 14, 195 Hypotension, 168, 180, 195, 210 Hypotensive, 68, 75, 195 Hypothalamic, 61, 195 Hypothalamus, 195, 212 Hypoxia, 22, 33, 67, 85, 175, 182, 195 I Ibuprofen, 26, 68, 99, 195 Id, 49, 86, 153, 158, 160, 195 Idiopathic, 40, 45, 62, 195 Illusion, 195, 226 Imipramine, 195, 224 Immune response, 30, 61, 163, 168, 195, 221, 226 Immune system, 115, 131, 171, 195, 198, 200, 225, 227 Immunologic, 176, 195, 208 Immunology, 30, 163, 164, 189, 195 Immunosuppressant, 136, 189, 195 Impairment, 4, 9, 15, 21, 24, 41, 47, 71, 138, 171, 175, 182, 185, 195, 201, 213 Impotence, 89, 114, 116, 187, 195, 207, 227 In vitro, 6, 7, 18, 19, 22, 30, 39, 42, 45, 47, 60, 64, 68, 74, 125, 172, 195 In vivo, 6, 8, 10, 12, 20, 40, 46, 63, 64, 68, 85, 127, 129, 195, 201, 223 Indicative, 136, 195, 207, 225 Induction, 18, 74, 76, 167, 168, 196 Infancy, 71, 196 Infarction, 172, 175, 196, 215, 223
Infection, 20, 88, 171, 175, 176, 177, 182, 190, 196, 200, 204, 216, 221, 225, 227 Infertility, 119, 196 Infestation, 130, 196 Inflammation, 7, 17, 40, 46, 63, 91, 165, 168, 170, 175, 177, 180, 182, 189, 190, 193, 196, 198, 216, 222 Infusion, 108, 196, 203, 224 Ingestion, 14, 18, 31, 34, 35, 62, 83, 98, 196, 210 Inhalation, 132, 196, 210 Initiation, 196, 224 Inorganic, 121, 194, 196 Inositol, 124, 196 Inotropic, 170, 184, 196 Inpatients, 83, 196 Insomnia, 110, 196 Insulin, 14, 83, 98, 104, 196, 198 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 83, 196 Interleukin-1, 64, 197 Interleukin-2, 197 Intermittent, 25, 27, 35, 89, 97, 140, 197 Intestinal, 9, 81, 174, 197 Intestine, 10, 38, 44, 54, 172, 178, 187, 197, 198, 201 Intracellular, 6, 71, 173, 196, 197, 205, 212, 215, 217, 218 Intracranial Hypertension, 193, 197, 223 Intravascular, 120, 197 Intravenous, 108, 196, 197, 207 Inulin, 185, 197 Involuntary, 176, 197, 203, 215, 220 Ionization, 42, 47, 75, 197 Ions, 170, 173, 184, 185, 194, 197, 202, 213 Ischemia, 12, 38, 44, 53, 54, 58, 61, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 80, 170, 172, 182, 197, 203, 215 Isozymes, 64, 197 J Joint, 106, 169, 197, 206, 222 K Kava, 10, 31, 93, 197 Kb, 146, 197 Keratin, 197, 198 Keratinocytes, 74, 198 Ketone Bodies, 163, 198 Kidney Failure, 187, 198 Kinetic, 198 L Labile, 179, 198 Large Intestine, 9, 174, 178, 183, 197, 198, 215, 219
236 Ginkgo Biloba
Laser therapy, 33, 198 Lesion, 12, 198, 199, 222, 225 Leukemia, 184, 198 Leukocytes, 12, 28, 176, 187, 192, 198, 202, 224 Leukotrienes, 7, 61, 169, 198 Levodopa, 67, 184, 198 Levorphanol, 183, 198 Libido, 117, 138, 167, 198 Library Services, 158, 198 Lidocaine, 198, 201 Ligaments, 180, 199 Ligands, 19, 85, 199 Lipid, 30, 31, 108, 109, 169, 176, 196, 199, 207, 225 Lipid Peroxidation, 30, 199, 207 Lipolysis, 39, 44, 56, 199 Lipophilic, 116, 199 Lipopolysaccharide, 63, 192, 199 Lipoprotein, 127, 192, 199 Lipoxygenase, 198, 199 Lithium, 168, 199 Localization, 125, 199 Localized, 172, 186, 192, 196, 199, 202, 210, 225 Locomotion, 199, 210 Long-Term Potentiation, 19, 199 Loop, 10, 199 Low-density lipoprotein, 199 Lubricants, 199 Lubrication, 16, 119, 199 Lycopene, 132, 200 Lymph, 177, 180, 186, 200 Lymphatic, 186, 196, 200, 219 M Macrophage, 197, 200 Macula, 200 Macula Lutea, 200 Macular Degeneration, 27, 41, 89, 90, 200 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 200 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 64, 200 Malignant, 6, 168, 200 Malignant tumor, 6, 200 Malnutrition, 165, 170, 200 Manic, 168, 199, 200, 214 Meat, 173, 200 Mediator, 184, 197, 200, 218 Medical Staff, 184, 200 Medicament, 116, 124, 127, 132, 200, 221 MEDLINE, 147, 200 Medullary, 183, 200
Melanin, 182, 200, 209, 225 Memantine, 136, 200 Meninges, 175, 181, 201 Menopause, 201, 208, 211, 212 Mental Disorders, 101, 123, 201, 213 Mephenytoin, 18, 201 Mercury, 189, 201 Mesolimbic, 168, 201 Meta-Analysis, 4, 27, 201 Metabolic Clearance Rate, 14, 201 Metabolite, 10, 171, 184, 201 Metastasis, 126, 201 Methionine, 184, 201, 212, 221 Mexiletine, 65, 201 MI, 105, 161, 201 Microbe, 201, 224 Microbiology, 8, 10, 163, 201 Microcirculation, 25, 64, 68, 86, 130, 201 Microdialysis, 70, 201 Microorganism, 178, 201, 227 Microsomal, 25, 202 Middle Cerebral Artery, 12, 202 Milk Thistle, 202, 219 Mitochondria, 85, 202, 203, 206 Mitochondrial Swelling, 202, 203 Mitosis, 169, 202 Modification, 27, 127, 191, 202 Molecular Structure, 202, 224 Molecule, 70, 114, 168, 171, 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 192, 194, 202, 206, 215, 218 Monoamine, 42, 47, 166, 183, 202, 224 Monoamine Oxidase, 42, 47, 166, 183, 202, 224 Monocytes, 197, 198, 202, 210 Mononuclear, 202, 224 Monophosphate, 114, 202 Morphological, 186, 202 Motility, 202, 218 Motion Sickness, 202, 203 Motor Activity, 180, 202, 213 Movement Disorders, 165, 168, 202 Mucolytic, 163, 203 Mutagen, 171, 203 Mydriatic, 183, 203, 227 Myocardial infarction, 10, 127, 180, 201, 203, 212, 227 Myocardial Reperfusion, 203, 216 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 203, 216 Myocardium, 43, 48, 67, 85, 201, 203 Myristate, 28, 203 N Nausea, 110, 167, 168, 190, 203
Index 237
NCI, 1, 100, 145, 177, 203 Necrosis, 17, 169, 172, 196, 201, 203, 215 Need, 3, 106, 112, 117, 135, 138, 141, 154, 164, 203, 223 Neoplastic, 203, 205 Nephropathy, 10, 203 Nerve, 136, 164, 165, 167, 170, 180, 182, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 217, 220, 226 Nervous System, 19, 26, 40, 46, 57, 105, 111, 125, 136, 163, 166, 173, 175, 176, 178, 183, 190, 191, 198, 200, 203, 204, 206, 208, 218, 221, 222, 225 Neural, 38, 40, 44, 45, 54, 60, 166, 202, 204 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 19, 125, 204 Neuroleptic, 164, 168, 204 Neurologic, 12, 204 Neuronal, 17, 18, 56, 67, 74, 77, 79, 85, 105, 125, 173, 204 Neurons, 17, 43, 48, 84, 178, 182, 188, 190, 198, 204, 214, 222, 226 Neuropathy, 135, 165, 204, 208 Neurotoxic, 42, 48, 85, 163, 204 Neurotoxicity, 18, 183, 204 Neurotransmitters, 202, 204 Neutrons, 165, 204, 214 Neutropenia, 122, 204, 210 Neutrophil, 81, 204 Nicardipine, 68, 75, 122, 204 Nicergoline, 122, 204 Nifedipine, 122, 204 Nimodipine, 122, 136, 205 Nitric Oxide, 13, 30, 63, 64, 77, 114, 205 Nitrogen, 165, 166, 167, 191, 205, 224 Norepinephrine, 164, 184, 205 Nuclear, 170, 186, 203, 205 Nuclei, 75, 165, 185, 191, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 213, 226 Nucleic acid, 129, 191, 205 Nucleus, 169, 177, 181, 183, 186, 187, 202, 204, 205, 213, 226 O Occipital Lobe, 165, 205 Ocular, 27, 78, 205 Ointments, 176, 205, 219 Oligosaccharides, 78, 205 Oncogenes, 6, 205, 213 Opacity, 182, 205 Ophthalmic, 76, 205 Opioid Peptides, 205 Opium, 206, 207 Opsin, 206, 216 Optic Disk, 183, 200, 206
Optic Nerve, 206, 216 Organelles, 175, 181, 202, 206 Organoleptic, 111, 129, 206 Orgasm, 16, 117, 130, 185, 206 Orthostatic, 168, 206 Osteoarthritis, 106, 206 Outpatient, 206 Ovary, 19, 188, 206, 210 Overweight, 49, 104, 206 Ovulation, 177, 206 Oxidation, 127, 131, 163, 168, 171, 181, 191, 199, 206, 207 Oxidative metabolism, 164, 198, 206 Oxidative Stress, 11, 18, 26, 27, 38, 44, 54, 62, 63, 66, 79, 80, 206 Oxides, 191, 207 Oxygenase, 74, 207 P Palliative, 207, 222 Panax ginseng, 35, 39, 45, 53, 59, 66, 68, 85, 94, 104, 126, 138, 207 Pancreas, 163, 183, 196, 207 Pancreatic, 14, 32, 35, 83, 98, 174, 207 Pancreatic cancer, 32, 207 Papaverine, 122, 206, 207 Parasitic, 193, 196, 207 Parenteral, 166, 207 Parietal, 165, 207 Parkinsonism, 168, 198, 207 Paroxetine, 16, 50, 207 Patch, 207, 224 Pathogenesis, 4, 105, 207 Pathologic, 169, 180, 195, 207, 213, 225 Pathologic Processes, 169, 207 Pathologies, 11, 126, 127, 207 Patient Education, 152, 156, 158, 161, 207 Penile Erection, 114, 119, 207 Penis, 114, 185, 207, 208 Pentoxifylline, 41, 70, 208 Peptide, 14, 105, 136, 190, 197, 206, 208, 210, 212, 213 Peptide T, 105, 208 Perception, 57, 208 Perennial, 185, 194, 208, 224 Perfusion, 195, 208 Perimenopausal, 117, 208 Peripheral blood, 16, 60, 165, 208 Peripheral Nervous System, 204, 208, 221 Peripheral Neuropathy, 135, 208 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 89, 97, 128, 189, 204, 208 Peripheral vision, 208, 226
238 Ginkgo Biloba
Peroxide, 42, 47, 208 Pest Control, 43, 48, 208 Petechiae, 193, 208 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 59, 107, 175, 188, 190, 209, 212 Pharmacokinetic, 209 Pharmacologic, 15, 167, 209, 224 Phenotype, 6, 209 Phenyl, 63, 209 Phenylalanine, 209, 225 Phorbol, 28, 209 Phosphodiesterase, 30, 114, 208, 209, 217 Phospholipids, 188, 196, 199, 209 Phosphorus, 173, 209 Phosphorylated, 178, 209 Physical Examination, 99, 209 Physical Therapy, 136, 209 Physiologic, 114, 164, 171, 184, 197, 209, 212, 215 Phytochrome, 72, 209 Pigment, 182, 200, 209 Pilot study, 54, 62, 209 Piracetam, 52, 209 Placebos, 12, 209 Placenta, 188, 209 Plana, 209, 218 Plaque, 170, 210 Plasmapheresis, 136, 210 Plasticity, 122, 210 Platelet Activating Factor, 120, 210 Platelet Aggregation, 62, 122, 127, 165, 166, 205, 208, 210, 223 Platelets, 122, 127, 205, 210, 223 Platinum, 199, 210 Poisoning, 113, 182, 187, 190, 201, 203, 210, 217, 218 Pollen, 30, 78, 210, 214 Polymorphic, 182, 210 Polymorphism, 39, 45, 60, 210 Polypeptide, 178, 189, 210 Polyposis, 178, 210 Polysaccharide, 38, 44, 55, 168, 175, 210 Polyunsaturated fat, 7, 61, 210, 223 Polyuria, 131, 211 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 165, 211 Postmenopausal, 65, 211 Potentiate, 12, 211 Potentiating, 104, 211 Potentiation, 176, 199, 211, 218 Practice Guidelines, 148, 211 Precancerous, 176, 211 Precipitation, 112, 211
Preclinical, 65, 211 Precursor, 72, 169, 176, 184, 185, 187, 190, 198, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213, 224, 225 Pregnancy Maintenance, 211 Prenatal, 79, 186, 211 Prescription Fees, 185, 211 Prevalence, 104, 211 Prickle, 198, 211 Primary endpoint, 16, 211 Primary tumor, 6, 211 Probe, 12, 201, 211 Progression, 7, 127, 130, 167, 211 Progressive, 14, 182, 185, 192, 203, 204, 206, 212 Proline, 178, 194, 212 Prone, 40, 46, 63, 212 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 190, 206, 212 Prophylaxis, 189, 212, 216, 227 Proportional, 8, 212 Propranolol, 170, 212 Propylene Glycol, 107, 212 Prospective study, 11, 212 Prostaglandin, 8, 33, 212, 223 Prostaglandins A, 212 Protein C, 164, 169, 170, 197, 199, 212 Protein Kinases, 205, 213 Protein S, 137, 171, 191, 213 Proteolytic, 165, 179, 189, 213 Prothrombin, 213, 223 Protocol, 209, 213 Protons, 165, 194, 200, 213, 214 Proto-Oncogenes, 205, 213 Psoriasis, 126, 213, 216 Psychiatric, 15, 24, 98, 201, 213 Psychiatry, 9, 15, 23, 26, 31, 43, 48, 52, 62, 71, 117, 213 Psychic, 198, 213, 217 Psychomotor, 35, 182, 204, 213 Psychomotor Performance, 35, 213 Psychopathology, 3, 4, 213 Psychophysiology, 24, 213 Psychosis, 168, 213, 214 Psychotomimetic, 166, 183, 214 Public Health, 65, 148, 171, 214 Public Policy, 147, 214 Publishing, 20, 51, 111, 129, 214 Pulmonary, 90, 172, 180, 198, 214, 225, 227 Pulmonary Artery, 172, 214, 226 Pulmonary Embolism, 214, 227 Pupil, 183, 203, 214 Purpura, 193, 214 Pyramidal Cells, 182, 214
Index 239
Q Quercetin, 7, 11, 34, 50, 59, 63, 104, 113, 118, 127, 128, 214 Quiescent, 214, 227 R Radiation, 24, 33, 52, 170, 184, 186, 189, 190, 194, 214 Radiation therapy, 184, 190, 194, 214 Radioactive, 125, 170, 194, 197, 205, 214 Random Allocation, 214 Randomization, 9, 15, 214 Randomized, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 21, 27, 40, 41, 45, 52, 62, 70, 185, 215 Reagent, 131, 215 Receptor, 6, 19, 82, 122, 125, 130, 163, 168, 173, 176, 177, 183, 184, 192, 208, 215, 218 Receptors, Serotonin, 215, 218 Recombinant, 56, 215 Rectal, 132, 215 Rectum, 169, 172, 178, 183, 189, 190, 198, 215, 221 Recurrence, 176, 215 Red blood cells, 122, 188, 207, 215 Reductase, 12, 165, 215 Refer, 1, 179, 184, 190, 191, 199, 200, 204, 213, 215 Reflex, 136, 215 Refraction, 215, 220 Refractory, 67, 84, 215 Regimen, 4, 185, 215, 216 Relaxant, 207, 215 Renin, 174, 215 Renin-Angiotensin System, 174, 215 Reperfusion, 12, 38, 44, 54, 58, 61, 80, 203, 215 Reperfusion Injury, 12, 38, 44, 54, 215 Research Design, 9, 15, 216 Respiration, 174, 176, 216 Restoration, 203, 209, 215, 216 Retina, 111, 177, 179, 183, 200, 206, 216, 217, 218, 227 Retinal, 124, 183, 206, 216 Retinoids, 216, 226 Retinol, 216 Retinopathy, 90, 165, 183, 216 Retreatment, 33, 216 Retrograde, 15, 216 Rhamnose, 111, 128, 129, 216 Rheology, 208, 216 Rheumatism, 195, 216 Rheumatoid, 7, 126, 216 Rheumatoid arthritis, 7, 126, 216
Rigidity, 207, 210, 217 Riluzole, 124, 217 Risk factor, 14, 136, 212, 217 Rod, 217 Rolipram, 30, 217 Rutin, 113, 214, 217 S Salicylate, 176, 217 Saliva, 201, 217 Salivary, 183, 207, 217 Salivary glands, 183, 217 Salmonella, 95, 190, 217 Schizophrenia, 52, 67, 83, 84, 217 Sclerosis, 90, 123, 124, 169, 217 Screening, 177, 217 Secondary tumor, 201, 217 Secretion, 10, 194, 196, 217, 218 Sedative, 178, 195, 197, 217, 224 Seizures, 72, 99, 139, 182, 217 Selenium, 136, 217 Self Care, 163, 218 Semen, 92, 185, 218 Septicemia, 132, 218 Sequence Homology, 208, 218 Sequencing, 19, 218 Serotonin, 72, 104, 117, 168, 173, 181, 189, 202, 207, 215, 218, 224 Serous, 186, 218 Serrata, 106, 177, 218 Serrated, 218 Sertraline, 16, 94, 218 Serum, 64, 91, 108, 111, 164, 166, 179, 199, 218, 224 Sex Characteristics, 164, 167, 218, 222 Shock, 67, 106, 130, 167, 218, 224 Side effect, 8, 10, 15, 16, 98, 110, 112, 117, 126, 152, 164, 168, 171, 184, 218, 224 Signal Transduction, 196, 218 Silymarin, 123, 202, 219 Skeletal, 40, 46, 78, 167, 176, 219, 220 Skeleton, 197, 212, 219 Skin Care, 109, 219 Small intestine, 175, 177, 185, 194, 197, 219 Smooth muscle, 16, 64, 115, 130, 166, 173, 180, 194, 207, 215, 219, 220, 221 Soaps, 219 Social Behavior, 4, 219 Social Support, 219, 221 Sodium, 33, 192, 219, 221 Solid tumor, 126, 167, 172, 184, 219 Solvent, 108, 109, 112, 116, 118, 129, 131, 133, 163, 188, 212, 219
240 Ginkgo Biloba
Somatic, 164, 202, 208, 219 Sorbitol, 165, 219 Sotalol, 122, 219 Soybean Oil, 211, 220, 226 Spasm, 167, 220 Spatial disorientation, 184, 220 Specialist, 154, 183, 220 Specificity, 11, 164, 173, 220 Spectrum, 6, 21, 181, 220 Sperm, 167, 210, 220 Spinal cord, 77, 170, 175, 176, 201, 203, 204, 208, 215, 220 Spinous, 187, 198, 220 Sporadic, 204, 220 Sterile, 166, 220 Sterility, 196, 220 Steroid, 180, 220 Stimulant, 166, 173, 181, 183, 194, 220, 222 Stimulus, 185, 188, 215, 220, 223 Stomach, 99, 163, 183, 188, 190, 194, 203, 219, 220 Stool, 198, 220 Stress, 6, 11, 69, 72, 80, 84, 90, 115, 131, 174, 180, 190, 203, 207, 216, 220, 225 Stress management, 6, 220 Stroke, 10, 12, 40, 46, 63, 91, 101, 127, 146, 174, 221 Subacute, 196, 221 Subarachnoid, 34, 61, 64, 193, 221 Subclinical, 196, 217, 221 Subcutaneous, 163, 175, 185, 207, 221 Subiculum, 194, 221 Subspecies, 220, 221 Substance P, 201, 217, 221 Suction, 189, 221 Sulfur, 192, 201, 221 Superoxide, 57, 83, 84, 221 Superoxide Dismutase, 57, 83, 84, 221 Supplementation, 84, 221 Suppositories, 190, 221 Suppression, 7, 122, 221 Suppurative, 175, 221 Sweat, 201, 221 Sympathomimetic, 166, 183, 184, 187, 205, 221, 224 Symptomatic, 23, 56, 112, 165, 221 Symptomatic treatment, 112, 165, 221 Synapses, 176, 199, 204, 222 Synaptic, 199, 218, 222 Synergistic, 6, 19, 222 Synovial, 106, 222 Synovial Fluid, 106, 222
Synovial Membrane, 222 Synovitis, 7, 222 Systemic, 105, 167, 169, 172, 182, 187, 193, 196, 197, 210, 214, 218, 222, 227 Systolic, 195, 222 T Tacrine, 36, 222 Tardive, 168, 222 Temporal, 193, 194, 200, 222 Teratogenic, 184, 222 Testis, 188, 222 Testosterone, 18, 114, 215, 222 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 173, 222 Therapeutics, 25, 27, 30, 57, 74, 78, 202, 222 Threonine, 125, 208, 222 Threshold, 188, 195, 223 Thrombin, 122, 189, 210, 212, 213, 223 Thrombocytes, 210, 223 Thrombocytopenia, 210, 223 Thrombosis, 30, 40, 46, 60, 62, 63, 70, 175, 213, 221, 223 Thromboxanes, 169, 223 Thrombus, 127, 180, 196, 203, 210, 223, 225 Thyroid, 91, 223, 225 Ticks, 196, 223 Ticlopidine, 94, 121, 122, 126, 223 Time Management, 221, 223 Tin, 208, 210, 223 Tinnitus, 20, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 47, 56, 62, 91, 107, 112, 116, 130, 132, 140, 223, 226 Tissue, 16, 22, 64, 73, 106, 123, 128, 130, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 215, 216, 218, 220, 223, 224 Tolerance, 4, 163, 191, 223 Tome, 105, 223 Tomography, 9, 19, 200, 223 Tonic, 127, 201, 223 Topical, 108, 123, 135, 188, 194, 219, 224 Toxic, iv, 7, 40, 46, 67, 120, 181, 182, 204, 217, 224 Toxicity, 105, 116, 122, 174, 185, 201, 224 Toxicokinetics, 224 Toxicology, 42, 47, 74, 148, 224 Toxins, 168, 173, 196, 218, 224 Trace element, 172, 177, 223, 224 Transcription Factors, 6, 205, 224 Transdermal, 132, 224
Index 241
Transfection, 171, 224 Transfusion, 188, 224 Trauma, 73, 182, 203, 224 Trees, 6, 111, 133, 224 Tricyclic, 110, 195, 224 Trigger zone, 168, 224 Trimipramine, 79, 224 Tryptophan, 178, 218, 224 Tuberculosis, 180, 224 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 63, 70, 224 Tyramine, 202, 224 Tyrosine, 125, 174, 184, 225 U Ubiquinone, 122, 225 Ulcer, 175, 182, 225 Unconscious, 195, 225 Univalent, 194, 206, 225 Urethra, 208, 225 Urinary, 62, 176, 211, 225, 227 Urine, 12, 34, 59, 111, 171, 184, 198, 211, 225 Urticaria, 167, 225 Uterus, 180, 225 V Vaccine, 163, 213, 225 Vagina, 183, 225 Vaginal, 16, 119, 199, 225 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 75, 225 Vasodilation, 207, 225 Vasodilator, 116, 165, 172, 184, 194, 203, 204, 207, 225, 226 VE, 116, 225 Vegetative, 55, 225 Vein, 100, 169, 197, 205, 225 Venous, 116, 169, 172, 213, 223, 225, 227
Venous Thrombosis, 223, 225, 227 Ventricle, 194, 195, 214, 222, 225, 226 Ventricular, 64, 73, 203, 226 Venules, 172, 173, 186, 201, 226 Vertebrae, 220, 226 Vertigo, 91, 112, 130, 189, 226 Vesicular, 202, 226 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 223, 226 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 223, 226 Veterinary Medicine, 147, 226 Vincamine, 122, 226 Viral, 163, 205, 213, 226 Virulence, 170, 224, 226 Virus, 170, 175, 187, 191, 192, 210, 226 Viscosity, 122, 163, 172, 216, 226 Visual field, 61, 226 Vitamin A, 121, 196, 216, 226 Vitamin E, 226 Vitiligo, 26, 62, 226 Vitreous Body, 216, 227 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 183, 227 Vitro, 6, 7, 19, 79, 227 Vivo, 6, 7, 19, 75, 227 W Warfarin, 4, 60, 94, 227 Wart, 18, 136, 227 White blood cell, 167, 171, 198, 200, 204, 227 X Xanthine, 122, 227 Xenograft, 6, 167, 227 Y Yeasts, 190, 209, 227 Yohimbine, 117, 119, 138, 227
242 Ginkgo Biloba
Index 243
244 Ginkgo Biloba
