Geographic Tongue: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R ...

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GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Geographic Tongue: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00474-7 1. Geographic Tongue-Popular works.I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on geographic tongue. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Geographic Tongue ....................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE ............................................. 11 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 11 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 11 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 12 General References ....................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE ............................................................................. 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 13 Chapters on Geographic Tongue .................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE ............................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 21 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 23 Academic Periodicals covering Geographic Tongue .................................................................... 23 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 27 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 29 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 33 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 37 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 37 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 43 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 44 GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE DICTIONARY.................................................................................. 45 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 67

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with geographic tongue is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about geographic tongue, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to geographic tongue, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on geographic tongue. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to geographic tongue, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on geographic tongue. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on geographic tongue.

Federally Funded Research on Geographic Tongue The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to geographic tongue. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to geographic tongue. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore geographic tongue.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with geographic tongue, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for geographic tongue (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinico-pathologic presentation. Geographic tongue. Author(s): Cataldo E, Santis HR. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 1993 Spring; 42(2): 69, 102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151220

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Annulus migrans. Identical lesions in pustular psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, and geographic tongue. Author(s): O'Keefe E, Braverman IM, Cohen I. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 February; 107(2): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4685581

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Atypical benign migratory glossitis. Report of a case with histologic and electron microscopic evaluations. Author(s): Samit AM, Greene GW Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 December; 42(6): 780-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1069222

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Benign migratory glossitis and allergy. Author(s): Barton DH, Spier SK, Crovello TJ. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1982 September; 4(3): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6963406

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Benign migratory glossitis associated with lichen planus. Author(s): Boozer CH, Langland OE, Guillory MB. Source: J Oral Med. 1974 April-June; 29(2): 58-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4524269

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Benign migratory glossitis in patients with juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Wysocki GP, Daley TD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 January; 63(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3468467

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion. Author(s): Assimakopoulos D, Patrikakos G, Fotika C, Elisaf M. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 15; 113(9): 751-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517366

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Benign migratory glossitis. Author(s): Scholle RH, Tiecke RW. Source: Ill Dent J. 1975 April; 44(4): 228-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1054669

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Benign migratory glossitis--a cause for worry? Author(s): Yaacob HB. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1981 December; 36(4): 246-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7334963

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Both psoriasis and benign migratory glossitis are associated with HLA-Cw6. Author(s): Gonzaga HF, Torres EA, Alchorne MM, Gerbase-Delima M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 September; 135(3): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8949427

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Case #5. Benign migratory glossitis. Author(s): Haring JI. Source: Rdh. 1991 May; 11(5): 11, 35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1887082

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Case of the month. Suspected geographic tongue. Author(s): Bhatt AP. Source: J Indian Dent Assoc. 1985 December; 57(12): Inside Front Cover. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3867697

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Clinical Images: geographic tongue. Author(s): Murphy FT, Enzenauer RJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999 May; 42(5): 1061. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323465

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Differential diagnosis in dentistry: benign migratory glossitis. Author(s): Lynch DP. Source: J Houston Dist Dent Soc. 1988 August; 60(1): 30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3216128

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Ectopic geographic tongue and AIDS. Author(s): Grinspan D, Fernandez Blanco G, Aguero S, Bianchi O, Stringa S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 March; 29(2): 113-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2182550

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Electron microscopy of composite and intranuclear keratohyalin granules in geographic tongue of psoriasis. Author(s): Kanerva L, Hietanen J. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1984 April; 11(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6203947

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Erythema circinata migrans--ectopic geographic tongue. Author(s): Hoexter DL. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1980 June-July; 46(6): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6931342

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Geographic tongue (migrant glossitis) and psoriasis. Author(s): Femiano F. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 2001 June; 50(6): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11535977

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Geographic tongue developing in a patient on lithium carbonate therapy. Author(s): Patki AH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1587672

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Geographic tongue during a year of oral contraceptive cycles. Author(s): Waltimo J. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 August 10-24; 171(3-4): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1888590

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Geographic tongue in two siblings. Author(s): Kuramoto Y, Tadaki T, Hatchome N, Tagami H. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 174(6): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3622882

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Geographic tongue. Author(s): Drezner DA, Schaffer SR. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 September; 117(3 Pt 1): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9334780

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Geographic tongue. Author(s): Monica WS. Source: Dent Radiogr Photogr. 1967; 40(1): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5226628

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Geographic tongue. A case report. Author(s): Konis AB. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1992 December; 58(10): 28-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454283

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Geographic tongue. Report of a case showing significant reduction in lingual tactile sensitivity. Author(s): Fucci D, Petrosino L, Musto R, Townsend L. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 March; 98(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6699496

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Geographic tongue: a clinico-pathological review. Author(s): Marks R, Radden BG. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1981 August; 22(2): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7325922

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Geographic tongue: an SEM study. Author(s): Kullaa-Mikkonen A. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1986 April; 13(2): 154-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722522

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Geographic tongue: sensitivity to the environment. Author(s): Marks R, Czarny D. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 August; 58(2): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6592509

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Geographic tongue--a manifestation of atopy. Author(s): Marks R, Simons MJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 August; 101(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=486322

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Hereditary component in the etiology of benign migratory glossitis. Author(s): Redman RS, Shapiro BL, Gorlin RJ. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1972 March; 24(2): 124-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5016506

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Histocompatibility antigens and geographic tongue. Author(s): Fenerli A, Papanicolaou S, Papanicolaou M, Laskaris G. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 October; 76(4): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8233428

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HLA antigens in geographic tongue. Author(s): Marks R, Taitt B. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1980 January; 15(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735333

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Hyperkeratosis of the buccal alveolar mucosa and geographic tongue. Author(s): Feder M. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1969 June-July; 35(6): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5254063

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Image and diagnosis. Geographic tongue. Author(s): Fitz-Henley M. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 52(2): 178, 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974074

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Incidence of geographic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis in 3,319 Negro college students. Author(s): Richardson ER. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968 November; 26(5): 623-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5245682

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Intraoral findings in patients with psoriasis with a special reference to ectopic geographic tongue (erythema circinata). Author(s): Pogrel MA, Cram D. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 August; 66(2): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3174052

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Lithium and geographic tongue. Author(s): Gracious BL, Llana M, Barton DD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 September; 38(9): 1069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504802

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Microscopic appearance of geographic tongue. Author(s): Dawson TA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1969 November; 81(11): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5359901

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Occurrence of fissured tongue, geographic tongue and filiform atrophy among dental patients in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Mani NJ. Source: Ann Dent. 1985 Winter; 44(2): 14-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3867320

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Oral pathology quiz #4. Ectopic geographic tongue. Author(s): Geist JR, Parise M. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2002 March; 84(3): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928580

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Palliative treatment of geographic tongue. Author(s): Henricsson V, Axell T. Source: Swed Dent J. 1980; 4(4): 129-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6160631

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Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Author(s): Redman RS. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 September; 30(3): 390-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5270895

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Psoriasiform lesions of the oral mucosa (with emphasis on "ectopic geographic tongue"). Author(s): Weathers DR, Baker G, Archard HO, Burkes EJ Jr. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974 June; 37(6): 872-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4524888

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Psychological component in the etiology of geographic tongue. Author(s): Redman RS, Vance FL, Gorlin RJ, Peagler FD, Meskin LH. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1966 September-October; 45(5): 1403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4380992

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Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits. Author(s): Eidelman E, Chosack A, Cohen T. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 November; 42(5): 591-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1068416

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Symptomatic benign migratory glossitis: report of two cases and literature review. Author(s): Sigal MJ, Mock D. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1992 November-December; 14(6): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1303549

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The prevalence of scrotal tongue and geographic tongue in 70,359 israeli school children. Author(s): Chosack A, Zadik D, Eidelman E. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1974; 2(5): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4529675

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The treatment of geographic tongue with topical Retin-A solution. Author(s): Helfman RJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 August; 24(2): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=477388

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The ultrastructure of geographic tongue. Author(s): Plackova A, Skach M. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975 December; 40(6): 760-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1060032

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to geographic tongue. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to geographic tongue and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to geographic tongue: •

A preliminary clinical study on the oral lesions among the Dumagats. Author(s): Cadugo MA, Chua MG, Feliciano MA, Jimenez FC Jr, Uy HG. Source: J Philipp Dent Assoc. 1998 September-November; 50(2): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597148

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A psychological component in the etiology of geographic tongue. Author(s): REDMAN RS, GORLIN RJ, PEAGLER FD, VANCE FL, MESKIN LH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1965 February; 121: 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14267595

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Psychiatric disorders in orofacial dysaesthesia. Author(s): Hampf G, Vikkula J, Ylipaavalniemi P, Aalberg V.

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Geographic Tongue

Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1987 August; 16(4): 4027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3117911 •

Temporary resolution of geographic tongue with cytotoxic therapy. Author(s): Keipert JA. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1974 August; 10(4): 222-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4480041

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to geographic tongue. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on geographic tongue include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on geographic tongue: •

Tongue Complaints Source: in Scully, C. Handbook of Oral Disease: Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Thieme New York. 2001. p.356-384. Contact: Available from Thieme New York. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (212) 760-0888, ext 110. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841840874. Summary: This chapter on tongue complaints is from a handbook of oral disease that is intended to be used by all members of the dental team who need a ready office reference. The handbook covers the more common and important soft tissue orofacial disorders and gives clinically relevant aspects of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This chapter covers amyloidosis, ankyloglossia (tongue tie), black hairy tongue, candidal glossitis (associated with fungal infection, thrush), coated tongue (white hairy tongue), deficiency glossitis, eosinophilic ulcer, erythema migrans

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Geographic Tongue

(geographic tongue), fissured tongue, foliate papillitis, granular cell tumor, hairy leukoplakia, lingual thyroid, median rhomboid glossitis, oral-facial-digital syndrome, sublingual (under the tongue) keratosis, swelling, and syphilitic leukoplakia. For each condition, the authors note etiology (cause), diagnosis, symptoms, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention (where possible). Much of the information is provided in table or outline format for ease of reference. Full color photographs illustrate some conditions. 39 figures. 9 references.

Chapters on Geographic Tongue In order to find chapters that specifically relate to geographic tongue, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and geographic tongue using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on geographic tongue: •

Miscellaneous Orofacial Lesions Source: in Wray, D., et al. Textbook of General and Oral Medicine. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 329-343. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $50.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443051895. Summary: A whole range of simple lump, bumps, and other lesions that occur in the mouth commonly cause diagnostic problems and unnecessary concern. This chapter on miscellaneous orofacial lesions is the final chapter in an undergraduate dentistry textbook that covers both general medicine and surgery, and oral medicine, emphasizing the overlap between them. The author discusses buccal swellings, denture induced hyperplasia (overgrowth), fibroma, fordyce spots, gingival (gum) swellings, giant cell epulis, pregnancy gingivitis, lumps and swellings related to drug therapy, hemangioma, lipoma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, papilloma, pyogenic granuloma, brown or black lesions, amalgam tattoo, bluish lesions, geographic tongue, glossitis (tongue discomfort or burning), lip lesions, bony lesions, halitosis (bad breath), and disturbance of taste. The authors also cover extraoral lesions, including facial swelling, and neck lumps. Clinical points to remember are highlighted in text boxes. 26 figures. 9 tables.

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Red Lesions Source: in Laskaris, G. Pocket Atlas of Oral Diseases. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 33-55. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $22.00. ISBN: 0865776350. Summary: Red lesions are a large, heterogenous group of disorders of the oral mucosa. The red color of the lesions may be due to thin epithelium, inflammation, dilation of

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blood vessels or increased numbers of blood vessels, and extravasation of blood into oral soft tissues. This chapter on red lesions is from a desktop reference tool for otolaryngologists, dentists, dermatologists, and primary care practitioners which includes coverage of both local and systemic oral disease. The classification of the material in the book is based on the morphological presentation and the site at which the clinician first sees the lesions at examination. This chapter covers traumatic erythema, thermal burn, radiation mucositis, fellatio, geographic tongue, medican rhomboid glossitis, denture stomatitis, erythematous candidiasis, squamous cell carcinoma, erythroplakia, plasma-cell gingivitis, contact allergic stomatitis, hemangioma, lupus erythematosus, CREST syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telaciectasia, anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, and infectious mononucleosis. Each of the entities is provided with a representative color plate and a brief, concise description of the definition, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory tests, and directions on treatment. •

Acquired and Developmental Disturbances of the Teeth and Associated Oral Structures Source: in McDonald, R.E. and Avery, D.A., eds. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2000. p. 105-150. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $72.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815190174. Summary: This chapter on acquired and developmental disturbances of the teeth and associated oral structures is from a textbook on dentistry for the child and adolescent that is designed to help undergraduate dental students and postdoctoral pediatric dentistry students provide comprehensive oral health care for infants, children, teenagers, and individuals with various disabilities. This chapter covers alveolar abscess; cellulitis (a diffuse infection of the soft tissues); developmental anomalies of the teeth, including odontoma (a tumor arising from a tooth germ), fusion of the teeth, germination, and dens in dente (dens invaginatus, tooth within a tooth); early exfoliation (shedding) of primary teeth, including that due to hypophosphatasia, familial fibrous dysplasia (cherubism), acrodynia, hypophosphatemia (rickets), cyclic neutropenia, and other disorders; enamel hypoplasia (less than normal growth of the enamel), including that due to nutritional deficiencies, to brain injury and neurologic defects, nephrotic syndrome, allergies, chronic pediatric lead poisoning, local infection and trauma, repaired cleft lip and palate, X radiation, rubella embryopathy, and fluoride (fluorosis); the use of enamel microabrasion to remove superficial enamel discolorations; preeruptive 'caries' (defects of the developing permanent teeth); inherited dentin defects, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia; amelogenesis imperfecta; enamel and dentin aplasia (lack of enamel and dentin); taurodontism; agenesis of teeth, including adontia (complete failure of the teeth to develop), hypodontia (oligodontia, a condition where only a few teeth develop), and ectodermal dysplasias; intrinsic discoloration of teeth, in erythroblastosois fetalis, porphyria, cystic fibrosis, tetracycline therapy, and their treatment with bleaching; micrognathia (small jaw); anomalies of the tongue, including macroglossia (large tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue tie), fissured tongue, geographic tongue, coated tongue, white strawberry tongue, black hairy tongue, indentation of the tongue margin (crenation), median rhomboid glossitis, and trauma to the tongue; and abnormal labial frenum and frenectomy. For each condition, the authors describe etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. 51 figures. 100 references.

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Geographic Tongue

Congenital and Hereditable Disorders with Sole or Prominent Orofacial Involvement Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.17-41. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on congenital (present at birth) and hereditable disorders with sole or prominent orofacial involvement is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. Topics include abnormal labial frenum, amelogenesis imperfecta, ankyloglossia (tongue tie), cherubism, clefting disorders, congenital epulis, dentine dysplasia type II, dentinogenesis imperfecta, erythema migrans (geographic tongue, benign migratory glossitis), fissured tongue, focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease), gingival and palatal cysts of the newborn, gingival fibromatoses, hemangioma, hereditary angioedema, hypophosphatasia, lingual thyroid, lip pits, lymphangioma, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, natal teeth, odontodysplasia, oral-facial-digital syndrome, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, plasminogen deficiency, Rett syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, syphilis, vitamin D resistant rickets, whistling face syndrome, and white sponge nevus. Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 71 figures.

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Oral Disease and Oral-Cutaneous Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 339-358. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: This chapter on oral disease and oral-cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal and liver diseases is from a comprehensive text on gastrointestinal and liver disease. Topics include disorders of the mouth and tongue, mucocutaneous candidiasis, mucocutaneous features of HIV infection, mucocutaneous ulcerative diseases, vesiculobullous diseases, lichen planus, cutaneous manifestations of intestinal disease (including inflammatory bowel disease), vascular and connective tissue disorders, cutaneous disorders associated with gastrointestinal malignancies, cutaneous manifestations of liver disease, parasitic diseases of the gut and skin, dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease, and vitamin deficiencies. Disorders of the mouth and tongue include xerostomia (dry mouth), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), taste disorders, glossodynia (burning sensation or pain in the tongue), geographic tongue, and black hairy tongue. 26 figures. 2 tables. 172 references.

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Oral Lesions Source: in Jafek, B.W.; Stark, A.K., eds. ENT Secrets: Questions You Will Be Asked On Rounds, In the Clinic, In the OR, On Exams. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1996. p. 118-123.

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Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus. Medical Publishers, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. (800) 962-1892 or (215) 546-7293; Fax (215) 790-9330; http://www.hanleyandbelfus.com. PRICE: $35.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560531592. Summary: This chapter on oral lesions is from a book that utilizes a question and answer format to review the specialty of otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat medicine, or ENT). Topics include the most common cause of xerostomia (dry mouth), medications that can cause xerostomia, medical conditions associated with xerostomia, complications of salivary gland hypofunction, aphthous ulcers and their causes, three types of aphthous ulcers, treatment options for aphthous stomatitis, oral candidiasis (thrush) and its diagnosis, desquamative gingivitis, oral malignancies presenting as white lesions, keratotic versus nonkeratotic lesions, leukoplakia, geographic tongue, squamous cell carcinoma in the mouth, differential diagnosis of an oral pigmented lesion, risk factors for hairy leukoplakia, torus mandibulae and torus palatinus, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG, or trench mouth), Fordyce spots, and mucocele. Each topic is briefly described, with the emphasis on symptoms and recognition of various conditions. Treatment options are also noted. 8 references. •

Red-Blue Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 122-145. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on red-blue lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This chapter focuses primarily on intravascular lesions, including developmental lesions such as hemangioma; reactive lesions, including pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, and median rhomboid glossitis; neoplasms, including erythroplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma; unknown etiology, notably geographic tongue; metabolic endocrine conditions, including vitamin B deficiencies, pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and burning mouth syndrome; infectious conditions, including scarlet fever and atrophic candidiasis; and immunologic abnormalities, including plasma cell gingivitis and drug reactions and contact allergies. A final section discusses extravascular red-blue lesions including petechiae and ecchymoses. 24 figures. 6 tables. 32 references.

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Reiter's Syndrome Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 57-58. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397.

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Summary: This chapter on Reiter's syndrome is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Reiter's syndrome usually involves young males, and follows genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract infection. The typical clinical triad is arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. The typical triggering agents are genitourinary chlamydia or enteric salmonella or Yersinia infections. The chapter covers the clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of Reiter's syndrome. The oral mucosa in Reiter's may be involved in a manner similar to psoriasis. The transient lesions are those of geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis. In addition, more permanent plaques are likely to be seen. 2 figures. 4 references. •

Therapeutic Management of Common Oral Lesions Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2002. p. 548-563. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 535-9935. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $56.95. ISBN: 323011713. Summary: This chapter on the therapeutic management of common oral lesions is included as an appendix in a resource text that helps dental professionals work with medically compromised patients. The chapter offers a quick reference to the etiologic factors (causes), clinical description, currently accepted therapeutic management, and patient education of the more common oral conditions. Conditions include herpes simplex infections, varicella zoster (shingles), recurrent aphthous stomatitis, candidiasis (thrush), cheilitis and cheilosis, geographic tongue, xerostomia (dry mouth), lichen planus, pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid, oral erythema multiforme, denture sore mouth, burning mouth syndrome, chapped or cracked lips, gingival (gum) enlargement, taste disorders, and management of patients receiving cancer therapy. No cure exists for many oral conditions described here, but treatment modalities are available that can relieve discomfort, shorten the clinical duration and frequency, and minimize recurrences. Management of oral mucosal conditions may require topical and systemic interventions. Therapy should address patient nutrition and hydration, oral discomfort, oral hygiene, management of secondary infection, and local control of the disease process. Depending on the extent, severity, and location of oral lesions, consideration should be given to obtaining a consultation from a dentist who specializes in oral medicine, oral pathology, or oral surgery. 1 table. 48 references.

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Tongue Lesions Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 107-122. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on tongue lesions is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 15 full color photographs of tongue lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: ankyloglossia (tongue tie), macroglossia (enlarged tongue), amyloidosis, neurilemmoma (schwannoma), neurofibroma, hemangioma, fissured

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(scrotal) tongue, erythema migrans (benign migratory glossitis, or geographic tongue), deficiency glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, candidal glossitis, Sjogren syndrome, burning mouth (oral dysesthesia), furred tongue, and black or brown hairy tongue. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options. •

Acquired Diseases of the Tongue Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 20-27. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, covers acquired diseases of the tongue. The chapter describes the clinical features, histology, etiology, and therapy for geographic tongue, black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra), increased coating of the tongue, neurologic diseases of the tongue, and burning mouth syndrome. Each disorder is illustrated with a full-color photograph and references are provided in each section. 13 figures. 2 tables. 44 references. (AA-M).

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White Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 83-121. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: White-appearing lesions of the oral mucosa obtain their characteristic appearance from the scattering of light through an altered mucosal surface. This chapter on white lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This chapter covers hereditary conditions, including leukoedema, white sponge nevus, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, and follicular keratosis; reactive lesions, including focal (frictional) hyperkeratosis, white lesions associated with smokeless tobacco, nicotine stomatitis, and solar cheilitis; other white lesions, including idiopathic leukoplakia, hairy leukoplakia, hairy tongue, geographic tongue, lichen planus, and dentifrice associated slough; and nonepithelial white yellow lesions, including candidiasis, mucosal burns, submucous fibrosis, Fordyce's granules, ectopic lymphoid tissue, gingival cysts, parulis, and lipoma. 46 figures. 5 tables. 99 references.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover geographic tongue.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on geographic tongue is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to geographic tongue. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “geographic tongue” (or synonyms).

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Geographic Tongue

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “geographic tongue” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to geographic tongue, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “geographic tongue” (or synonyms).

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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on geographic tongue: •

Dermatologic Tongue Conditions Easy to Manage Source: Skin and Allergy News. 31(8): 21. August 2000. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: The tongue can be the site of a number of dermatologic conditions that are very troubling for patients, but most are either easy to treat or require no treatment at all. This brief news article familiarizes readers with common dermatologic tongue conditions and how they are managed. The article reports on a recent talk at the Alabama Dermatology Society, given by Dr. Roy S. Rogers III. Dr. Rogers described 10 of the most common tongue troubles: furred tongue, black hairy tongue, smooth tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, geographic tongue, sublingual varices, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpetic geometric glossitis, and enlarged tongue. The article briefly describes each of these 10 conditions, noting the recommended treatment for each. 2 figures.

Academic Periodicals covering Geographic Tongue Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to geographic tongue. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering geographic tongue that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

4

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

28

Geographic Tongue

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

29

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

5 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

30

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway7

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 235 3 98 1 11 348

HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 11 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 7 8

Physician Resources

31

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 12

13

33

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on geographic tongue can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to geographic tongue. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to geographic tongue. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “geographic tongue”:

34

Geographic Tongue

AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Behcet's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Cleft Lip and Palate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cleftlipandpalate.html Mouth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html Oral Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/oralcancer.html Salivary Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salivaryglanddisorders.html Taste and Smell Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tasteandsmelldisorders.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on geographic tongue. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Tongue, Geographic Source: Danbury, CT: National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD). 2002. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD). 55 Kenosia Avenue, P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968. (203) 744-0100. Fax: (203) 7982291. TDD: (203) 797-9590. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.rarediseases.org. PRICE: Full-text available online for $7.50. Summary: Geographic tongue is a benign, most often asymptomatic, inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) that may come and go and recur over time. The term alludes to the

Patient Resources

35

map-like appearance of the irregular, denuded patches on the tongue's surface. The patches, and the patterns they form, result from the loss of the tiny finger-like projections (papillae) from the tongue's surface. This fact sheet reviews this condition, covering synonyms, a general introduction, the symptoms, causes (etiology), affected population, related disorders, and standard therapies. The fact sheet concludes with a list of resources for more information and a list of references. The fact sheet includes the contact addresses for the National Organization for Rare Disorders. 9 references. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to geographic tongue. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to geographic tongue. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with geographic tongue. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about geographic tongue. For more information,

36

Geographic Tongue

see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “geographic tongue” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “geographic tongue”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “geographic tongue” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “geographic tongue” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

37

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

15

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Geographic Tongue

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

16

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

39

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

40

Geographic Tongue

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

41

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on geographic tongue: •

Basic Guidelines for Geographic Tongue Geographic tongue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001049.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Geographic Tongue Swallowing difficulties Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

•

Background Topics for Geographic Tongue Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acrodynia: A condition occurring in infants, marked by swollen, bluish red hands and feet and disordered digestion, followed by multiple arthritis and muscular weakness. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amelogenesis Imperfecta: Either hereditary enamel hypoplasia or hypocalcification. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU]

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Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most

Dictionary 47

important. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed

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round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Cherubism: A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]

Dictionary 49

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU]

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Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dens in Dente: Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentin Dysplasia: Abnormal tissue development or growth occurring subsequent to the appearance of the primordial cells. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with

Dictionary 51

the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH]

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Enamel Microabrasion: Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. A common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU]

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Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as

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Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossalgia: Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glossodynia: Pain in the tongue; glossalgia. [EU] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granular Cell Tumor: Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the

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previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience

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with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek,

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gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukoplakia, Hairy: Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]

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Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Millimeter: A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory

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component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurofibroma: A fibrous tumor, usually benign, arising from the nerve sheath or the endoneurium. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Olfaction Disorders: Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU]

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Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic

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nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]

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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and

Dictionary 63

cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the

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skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taste Disorders: Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with olfaction disorders. Additional potential etiologies include metabolic diseases; drug toxicity; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., taste bud diseases; facial nerve diseases; glossopharyngeal nerve diseases; and brain stem diseases). [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein

Dictionary 65

synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH]

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Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abortion, 45, 55 Abscess, 15, 45 Acantholysis, 45, 60 Acrodynia, 15, 45 Adrenal Glands, 45 Adverse Effect, 45, 51, 63 Agenesis, 15, 45 Agonist, 45, 59 Algorithms, 45, 47 Alkaloid, 45, 59 Alpha Particles, 45, 62 Alternative medicine, 22, 45 Amelogenesis Imperfecta, 15, 16, 45 Amyloidosis, 13, 18, 45 Anaerobic, 45, 63 Anaplasia, 46 Anatomical, 46, 51, 57 Anemia, 15, 17, 46, 61 Angioedema, 16, 46 Anomalies, 15, 46 Antibiotic, 46, 64 Antibody, 46, 49, 55, 56 Antigen, 46, 49, 56 Aphthous Stomatitis, 17, 18, 46 Aplasia, 15, 46, 51 Arteries, 46, 47, 50, 58 Arterioles, 46, 47 Asymptomatic, 34, 46 Atrophy, 9, 45, 46 Atypical, 4, 46, 56 Autoantibodies, 46, 51 B Bacteremia, 46, 63 Bacteria, 46, 54, 63, 64 Bacteriophage, 46, 63 Benign, 4, 5, 7, 10, 16, 19, 34, 43, 47, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63 Benign tumor, 47, 53, 57 Bile, 47, 57 Biogenic Monoamines, 47, 57 Biotechnology, 3, 22, 29, 47 Blister, 47, 60 Blood Cell Count, 47, 61 Blood vessel, 15, 47, 56, 57, 63, 66 Body Burden, 47, 56 Bowel, 47, 51, 56 Brain Stem, 47, 64

Buccal, 8, 14, 47, 55, 57, 64 Bullous, 47, 50 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 17, 18, 19, 47 Burns, 19, 47 Burns, Electric, 47 C Calcium, 47, 49, 60, 66 Callus, 47, 56 Candidiasis, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 34, 48 Candidosis, 48 Carcinoma, 48 Case report, 7, 48 Case series, 48 Celiac Disease, 16, 48 Cell, 14, 15, 17, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 64, 66 Cellulitis, 15, 48 Cervical, 48, 63 Cheilitis, 18, 19, 48 Cherubism, 15, 16, 48 Chlamydia, 18, 48 Cholinergic, 48, 59 Chronic, 15, 48, 50, 56, 60, 62, 64, 65 Cirrhosis, 48, 65 Cleft Lip, 15, 34, 48 Clinical study, 11, 48 Clinical trial, 3, 29, 48, 49 Cloning, 47, 49 Colitis, 49, 56 Colon, 49, 56 Complement, 49 Complementary and alternative medicine, 11, 12, 49 Complementary medicine, 11, 49 Computational Biology, 29, 49 Conception, 45, 49, 50 Congenita, 50, 51 Congestion, 50, 52 Conjunctiva, 50 Conjunctivitis, 18, 50 Connective Tissue, 16, 48, 50, 51, 53, 57, 63 Connective Tissue Cells, 50 Consultation, 18, 50 Contraceptive, 6, 50 Contraindications, ii, 50 Cornea, 50, 66 Coronary, 50, 58 Coronary Thrombosis, 50, 58

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Curative, 50, 62, 65 Cutaneous, 6, 7, 10, 16, 48, 50, 57 Cyclic, 15, 50, 61 Cytotoxic, 12, 50 D Dens in Dente, 15, 50 Dental Care, 50, 60 Dentin Dysplasia, 15, 50 Dentists, 15, 50 Depressive Disorder, 50, 57 Dermal, 50, 51, 57 Dermatitis, 16, 50 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 16, 50 Dermis, 46, 51, 58 Diagnostic procedure, 22, 51 Diarrhoea, 51, 53, 55 Digestion, 45, 47, 51, 57, 64 Digestive system, 51, 58 Digestive tract, 51, 64 Dilation, 14, 51 Direct, iii, 51, 60, 62 Discrete, 51, 57, 66 Dorsal, 51, 52, 61 Drug Interactions, 51 Drug Toxicity, 51, 64 Duct, 51, 63 Dysplasia, 15, 16, 51 E Ectoderm, 51 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 15, 51 Edema, 46, 51, 59 Electrons, 51, 62 Enamel, 15, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53 Enamel Microabrasion, 15, 52 Endocarditis, 48, 52 Environmental Health, 28, 30, 52 Eosinophilic, 13, 52 Epidermal, 52, 57, 58 Epidermis, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60, 62 Epidermoid carcinoma, 52, 64 Epithelial, 16, 52, 57, 60 Epithelial Cells, 52 Epithelium, 14, 52, 66 Erythema, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 52 Erythema Multiforme, 18, 52 Erythrocytes, 46, 47, 52 Esophagus, 51, 52, 64, 65 Exfoliation, 15, 52 Extensor, 52, 62 Extracellular, 50, 52 Extracellular Matrix, 50, 52 Extravasation, 15, 52

Extravascular, 17, 52 F Facial, 14, 16, 52, 53, 64 Facial Nerve, 53, 64 Facial Nerve Diseases, 53, 64 Family Planning, 29, 53 Fat, 53, 57, 63 Fermentation, 53, 63 Fibrinogen, 53, 61 Fibroma, 14, 53 Fibrosis, 15, 19, 53 Flexor, 52, 53, 57 Fluorine, 53 Fluorosis, 15, 53 Fungi, 53, 65 Fungus, 48, 53 G Ganglion, 53, 66 Gastroenteritis, 53, 63 Gastrointestinal, 16, 18, 54 Gastrointestinal tract, 18, 54 Gene, 47, 54 Gingivitis, 14, 15, 17, 54 Gland, 17, 34, 54, 57, 60, 65 Glossalgia, 54 Glossitis, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23, 34, 54 Glossodynia, 16, 54 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 54, 64 Gluten, 48, 54 Glycogen, 48, 54 Governing Board, 54, 61 Gram-negative, 48, 54, 63 Granular Cell Tumor, 14, 54 Granuloma, 14, 17, 54 H Halitosis, 14, 54 Heme, 54, 61 Hemoglobin, 46, 47, 52, 54, 61 Hemorrhage, 55, 62 Hepatic, 55, 61 Hepatitis, 55, 56 Hepatomegaly, 55, 56 Hereditary, 7, 15, 16, 19, 45, 48, 51, 55 Herpes, 18, 55 Herpes Zoster, 55 Heterogenic, 55 Heterogenous, 14, 55 Histology, 19, 55 Hormonal, 46, 55, 66 Hormone, 55, 60, 65, 66 Hydration, 18, 55

69

Hydrochloric Acid, 52, 55 Hyperaemia, 50, 55 Hyperkeratosis, 8, 19, 55 Hyperplasia, 14, 16, 55, 57 Hypertrophy, 55 Hypoplasia, 15, 45, 51, 55 I Idiopathic, 19, 55 Immune system, 55, 66 Immunologic, 17, 55 Infancy, 56, 62 Infarction, 50, 56, 58 Infection, 13, 15, 16, 18, 48, 53, 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66 Infectious Mononucleosis, 15, 56 Infiltration, 56, 66 Inflammation, 14, 16, 34, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65 Inflammatory bowel disease, 16, 56 Ingestion, 54, 55, 56, 61 Intestinal, 16, 48, 56, 58, 66 Intestinal Mucosa, 48, 56 Intestines, 51, 53, 54, 56 Intracellular, 56 Intraepithelial, 19, 56 Intravascular, 17, 56 Intrinsic, 15, 56 Ischemia, 46, 56 K Kb, 28, 56 Keratosis, 14, 19, 45, 56 L Lead Poisoning, 15, 56 Lesion, 5, 17, 54, 56, 57, 63, 65 Leukoplakia, 14, 17, 19, 23, 56, 57 Leukoplakia, Hairy, 19, 57 Lichen Planus, 4, 16, 18, 19, 57 Lip, 14, 16, 48, 57 Lipoma, 14, 19, 57 Liquor, 57, 62 Lithium, 6, 8, 57 Lithium Carbonate, 6, 57 Liver, 16, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 57, 66 Localized, 45, 46, 56, 57, 65 Lupus, 15, 57 Lymph, 48, 56, 57, 63 Lymph node, 48, 57, 63 Lymphadenopathy, 56, 57 Lymphatic, 56, 57, 62, 63 Lymphatic system, 57, 62, 63 Lymphocytes, 46, 56, 57, 63, 66 Lymphoid, 19, 57

M Malabsorption, 48, 58 Malignant, 58, 63 Malnutrition, 46, 58 Manic, 57, 58 Maxillary, 48, 58 Medial, 48, 58 MEDLINE, 29, 58 Melanocytes, 58, 59 Membrane, 18, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60, 64 Mesoderm, 48, 58 Metastasis, 58 MI, 44, 58 Migrans, 4, 6, 13, 16, 19, 58 Migration, 48, 58 Millimeter, 52, 58 Molecular, 29, 31, 45, 47, 49, 53, 58, 61 Mononuclear, 54, 56, 58 Morphological, 15, 53, 58 Mucocutaneous, 16, 58 Mucosa, 8, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 57, 58, 64 Mucositis, 15, 58 Mydriatic, 51, 58 Myocardium, 58 N Necrosis, 56, 58 Neoplasm, 54, 58, 60, 63 Nephrosis, 58, 59 Nephrotic, 15, 59 Nephrotic Syndrome, 15, 59 Nerve, 53, 54, 59, 63, 66 Nervous System, 53, 57, 59, 60, 64 Neurofibroma, 14, 18, 59 Neurologic, 15, 19, 59 Neurons, 59, 64 Neutrons, 45, 59, 62 Neutropenia, 15, 59 Neutrophils, 59 Nevus, 16, 19, 59 Nicotine, 19, 59 Nuclei, 45, 51, 53, 59, 62 Nucleus, 50, 57, 58, 59, 62 O Olfaction, 59, 64 Olfaction Disorders, 59, 64 Oral Health, 15, 59 Oral Hygiene, 18, 54, 59 Orofacial, 11, 13, 14, 16, 59 Ossification, 60, 62 Otolaryngology, 6, 17, 60 P Palate, 15, 34, 54, 60, 64

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Palliative, 9, 60, 65 Papillary, 55, 60 Papilloma, 14, 60 Parasite, 60 Parasitic, 16, 60 Parasitic Diseases, 16, 60 Parathyroid, 60, 62 Parathyroid Glands, 60, 62 Patch, 56, 57, 60 Pathogenesis, 17, 19, 60 Pathologic, 4, 17, 19, 48, 50, 60, 62 Patient Education, 18, 34, 38, 40, 44, 60 Pediatric Dentistry, 15, 60 Pemphigus, 18, 45, 60 Perception, 60, 64 Periodontitis, 54, 60 Peripheral Nervous System, 60, 63 Pernicious anemia, 17, 61 Petechiae, 17, 61 Pharmacologic, 61, 65 Pharyngitis, 61, 63 Plasma, 15, 17, 53, 55, 61 Plasmin, 61 Plasminogen, 16, 61 Plasminogen Activators, 61 Pneumonia, 50, 61 Poisoning, 51, 53, 61, 63 Porphyria, 15, 61 Porphyrins, 61 Posterior, 51, 54, 60, 61 Practice Guidelines, 30, 61 Precursor, 61, 66 Prevalence, 9, 10, 61 Protein S, 47, 62, 65 Proteins, 46, 49, 61, 62, 65 Proteinuria, 59, 62 Protons, 45, 62 Pruritic, 50, 57, 62 Psoriasis, 4, 5, 6, 8, 18, 62 Public Policy, 29, 62 Pulmonary, 52, 62 Pupil, 50, 51, 58, 62 Purpura, 15, 62 Pustular, 4, 62 Pyogenic, 14, 17, 62 R Radiation, 15, 62 Rectum, 49, 51, 56, 62 Recur, 34, 62 Refer, 1, 47, 49, 53, 55, 59, 62 Rickets, 15, 16, 62, 66 Risk factor, 14, 17, 62

Rod, 62, 63 Rubella, 15, 62 S Saliva, 63 Salivary, 17, 34, 51, 53, 63, 66 Salmonella, 18, 54, 63 Sarcoma, 17, 63 Scarlet Fever, 17, 63 Schwannoma, 18, 63 Screening, 49, 63 Shedding, 15, 63 Shock, 63, 65 Side effect, 45, 63, 65 Sneezing, 63 Soft tissue, 13, 15, 63 Specialist, 36, 51, 63 Species, 48, 54, 55, 58, 60, 63, 65 Spirochete, 63, 64 Spleen, 45, 57, 63 Splenomegaly, 56, 63 Squamous, 15, 17, 52, 54, 63, 64 Squamous cell carcinoma, 15, 17, 52, 54, 63, 64 Squamous cells, 54, 63, 64 Stomach, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64 Stomatitis, 15, 18, 19, 64 Streptococci, 63, 64 Subacute, 56, 64 Subclinical, 56, 64 Subcutaneous, 46, 48, 51, 64 Sublingual, 14, 23, 64 Submucous, 19, 64 Suppurative, 48, 64 Synaptic, 59, 64 Synaptic Transmission, 59, 64 Syphilis, 16, 64 Systemic, 15, 18, 45, 48, 56, 64 T Taste Disorders, 16, 18, 64 Tetracycline, 15, 64 Therapeutics, 65 Thermal, 15, 59, 65 Thrombolytic, 61, 65 Thrush, 13, 17, 18, 48, 65 Thyroid, 14, 16, 60, 65 Tissue, 8, 19, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65 Tone, 59, 65 Tonsillitis, 63, 65 Topical, 10, 18, 65 Toxic, iv, 59, 65 Toxicity, 51, 65

71

Toxicology, 30, 65 Toxins, 46, 56, 65 Trachea, 65 Transfection, 47, 65 Trauma, 15, 58, 59, 65 Triad, 18, 65 Tuberculosis, 57, 65 Tunica, 58, 65 U Ulcer, 13, 48, 65 V Vagina, 48, 65 Vaginitis, 48, 65 Varicella, 18, 65 Varices, 23, 65 Vascular, 16, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66 Vector, 60, 66

Veins, 47, 65, 66 Venereal, 64, 66 Venules, 47, 66 Vesicular, 50, 55, 66 Veterinary Medicine, 29, 66 Villous, 48, 66 Virus, 46, 56, 57, 62, 66 Vitamin D, 16, 62, 66 W Wart, 56, 66 White blood cell, 46, 56, 57, 59, 66 Windpipe, 65, 66 X Xerostomia, 16, 17, 18, 66 Z Zoster, 18, 66

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