A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fruit: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84287-6 1. Fruit-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fruit. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FRUIT ......................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Fruit .............................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 29 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 34 Academic Periodicals covering Fruit ........................................................................................... 74 Dissertations on Fruit.................................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FRUIT ............................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fruit............................................................................................. 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 82 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FRUIT....................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 103 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 104 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 117 General References ..................................................................................................................... 156 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FRUIT ................................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Recent Trials on Fruit................................................................................................................ 157 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FRUIT ................................................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Patent Applications on Fruit ..................................................................................................... 161 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 163 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FRUIT ....................................................................................................... 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 165 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 173 Chapters on Fruit....................................................................................................................... 173 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FRUIT ............................................................................................ 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 175 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 176 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 177 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 182 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 187 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 187 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 187 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 189 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 192 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 193 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 193 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 193 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 197 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 198
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Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 199 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 201 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 201 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 201 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 207 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 207 FRUIT DICTIONARY ................................................................................................................... 209 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 271
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fruit is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fruit, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fruit, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fruit. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fruit, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fruit. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FRUIT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fruit.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and fruit, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Take Me Out To The Ball Game: Buy Me Some Fresh Fruit And Frozen Yogurt! Source: Diabetes Forecast. 56(5): 55. May 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In a recent study by the American Dietetic Association, registered dietitians critiqued the food offerings at 28 major league ball fields across the United States and Canada. Along with typical high-fat, high-calorie foods, they also found a number of healthful items. This brief article helps readers with diabetes make good choices as they attend their favorite ballgames. All 28 parks offered hot dogs, peanuts, nachos, ice cream, carbonated beverages, and beer. Nearly all had pizza, French fries, and cotton candy. Fresh fruits were sold at 8 parks and vegetables at 5 parks. Half of the stadiums
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featured salad bars. Mild was available at 10 of the stadiums. Twenty-two parks offered grilled or baked chicken sandwiches, 17 included turkey sandwiches, and 5 parks had garden or veggie burgers. The article concludes with a few basic tips for smart ballpark eating. •
Fruit's the Route Source: Runner's World. p.30,32. August 1997. Summary: This article discusses the nutritional value of fruit. According to the author, fruits are an excellent source of several types of nutrients. Some of these nutrients are Vitamin C, potassium, fiber, and phytochemicals. Applegate includes information on several specific fruits and their benefits.
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Milk Coatings on Fruit: A Future Possibility Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 1-2. Spring 1991. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This article discusses the possibility of milk-based coatings made from milk and other farm products to preserve fruits and vegetables, and the effects of this practice on food-intolerant or allergic consumers. Although the search for a healthier alternative to chemical preservatives is to be lauded, the author emphasizes the importance of considering the needs of consumers who are lactose or gluten intolerant in designing such an alternative. The contact people and addresses for two government agencies currently conducting research in this area are supplied.
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Fruit Is Sweet, Healthy Food Choice Source: Diabetes in the News. August 1991. p. 42-46. Contact: Available from Ames Center for Diabetes Education. Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, P.O. Box 3115, Elkhart, IN 46515. (312) 664-9782 or (800) 348-8100. Summary: This article reminds readers of ways to use fruits as a sweet, healthy food choice that fits nicely into a diabetic diet. The author stresses that fruit is nutritious and helps to satisfy the sweet tooth for the person on a sugar-restricted diet. The author presents tips for buying fruits, discusses some exotic fruits and their characteristics, and lists a selection of fruits available in a supermarket, along with the times of year when they are at peak availability. Five recipes are included: Chinese Plum Chicken, Fruity Ice Cream, Cherry-Pineapple Compote, Baked Apples, and So Easy Fruit Cooler. Each recipe includes the exchange list information, and nutritional information including calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and sodium.
Federally Funded Research on Fruit The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fruit. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration
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(Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fruit. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fruit. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for fruit: •
Project Title: A WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAM FOR OBESE BLACK WOMEN WITH OA Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, Carol J.; Assistant Professor; Nutrition & Lab Technologies; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): African American (AA) women are at increased risk for obesity and the subsequent development of knee OA. A modest weight loss of 5-10% of baseline weight has been shown to reduce pain, functional disability, and improve gait in patients with knee OA. No culturally sensitive comprehensive weight loss programs combining diet and exercise have been developed for AA women with knee OA. We will test the hypothesis that overweight or obese, low socioeconomic (SES), urban AA women with knee OA who participate in a culturally sensitive dietary and physical activity behavior change pilot intervention for 3 months will experience at least a 5% reduction in their baseline body weight. It is also hypothesized that postintervention 6-minute walking distance will improve compared to baseline. Specific Aim 1: To gain an understanding of behavioral and psychosocial determinants of dietary intake, eating patterns, and physical activity, a review of the literature and discussions with researchers, practitioners, and local community leaders will be performed. Specific Aim 2: Conduct exploratory focus groups to qualitatively evaluate factors that influence fruit/vegetable (F&V), fat intake, calorie-containing beverage consumption (CCB), and physical activity. Specific Aim 3: Develop new or modify existing dietary and physical activity-related educational materials and evaluation instruments for use in the pilot weight loss intervention. Specific Aim 4: Conduct focus groups to pre-test the cultural sensitivity and potential salience of intervention messages and materials. Specific Aim 5: Perform a 3-month pilot intervention to assess weight and maximal walking distance and the feasibility of implementing the culturally sensitive weight loss program. Methodology: A pre-post repeated measures design will be implemented in at least 36 overweight or obese AA women with knee OA. Primary outcomes are % weight change from baseline body weight and % change in 6minute maximum walking distance from baseline. Daily walking distance will be determined using pedometers. Other outcomes include dietary, physical activity, pain, functional ability, and stage of change assessment that will be performed at baseline and 3 months. Long-term goals: Conduct a prospective RCT in overweight or obese, low SES, urban AA women with knee OA utilizing the newly developed culturally sensitive weight loss program, and study the longevity of sustained weight loss.
(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF CYTOTOXIC NATURAL PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Coleman, Robert S.; Professor; Chemistry; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The schiarisanrins are a structurally novel family of lignan natural products that exhibit potent cytotoxicity that were isolated from the fruit of the Chinese medicinal plant Schizandra arisanensis. These agents are derived from the wellrepresented dibenzocyclooctadiene class of lignans by an oxidative spirocyclization to form the unique 2,4- cyclohexadienone-6-spiro-3'-(2',3'-dihydrobenzo[b]furan) ring system. A synthetic approach to this family of natural products is proposed and is based on a biomimetic strategy for the formation of the spirodihydrobenzo[b]furan ring system. Two strategies for biaryl bond construction are proposed, the first based on an intermolecular coupling of an appropriately substituted 1,4-diarylbutane system, and the second based on novel synthetic methodology for an asymmetric intermolecular biaryl coupling reaction. In the first strategy, the three stereogenic centers of the cyclooctadiene ring will be introduced by an asymmetric allylboration reaction, and 1,4diarylbutane construction will be completed by a stereoselective hydroboration/Suzuki coupling reaction sequence. In the second strategy, the cyclooctadiene ring will be formed by a ring- closing metathesis reaction of an appropriately substituted chiral biaryl system. The final spirocyclization is proposed to proceed regioselectively from a dioxepin precursor based on an inherent steric bias of the biaryl system. The oximidines are macrocyclic diene and triene lactone natural products that exhibit potent cytotoxicity that is selective for oncogene transformed cells. Studies are proposed for the total synthesis of these agents that feature a novel intramolecular Castro-Stephens coupling for macrolactone formation and a palladium catalyzed coupling between a (Z)-vinyl iodide and a lactam for installation of the enamide side chain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CANCER NARRATIVES FOR LOW-LITERACY ADULT LEARNERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crangle, Colleen E.; Converspeech, Llc 60 Kirby Pl Palo Alto, Ca 94301 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed project aims to help low-literacy adults understand information on colon cancer and take action for themselves. Phase I will establish the technical feasibility of producing an interactive multimedia system for low-literacy learners and will evaluate its effectiveness on a purposive sample of 25 learners. The design of the curriculum and multimedia presentation is based on principles of social learning theory and combines direct and narrative-based instruction. Direct instruction uses text, illustrations, and optional audio to present material. Narrative techniques employ stories that convey information via character, dialogue and plot, with optional audio to narrate the story. Phase I objectives are to a) produce a prototype CD-ROM based on specific desired behavior change related to colon cancer prevention, and b) evaluate the usability of the CD-ROM by learners, the tutors' level of satisfaction with the CD-ROM, and the extent to which the desired behavior change in the learner has been promoted by the use of the CD-ROM. The material will focus on eating at least 5 fruit and vegetable servings each day, knowing what a serving size is,
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and limiting high-fat additions to fruits and vegetables. Phase I locates its evaluation activities within Project Read, a library-based adult learning service in California. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTION OF ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoner, Gary D.; Professor and Chairman; Environmental Health Sciences; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cancers of the human esophagus are the eighth most common malignancy. Worldwide, greater than 90% of esophageal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs); a multifactorial disease with a significant behavioral component. A large majority of esophageal SCC patients present with advanced, metastatic disease. Five year survival rate in such cases is less than 10%. Epidemiological studies have identified tobacco use and alcohol consumption as the two main risk factors for esophageal SCC in developed countries. Recent evidence suggests that the risk for esophageal SCC remains high for almost a decade in smokers even after they quit tobacco use. There is a necessity for developing effective strategies that inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to clinical disease in this high risk population of former tobacco smokers. Primary chemoprevention is a viable approach in achieving this important health objective. N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in the Fischer 344 rat is a valuable animal model to identify putative chemopreventive agents against this disease. The multistep process of tumor development in this model closely mimics the progression of human esophageal SCC in former tobacco smokers. Therefore, this animal model is an ideal surrogate to identify agents that can inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to malignant tumors. In this proposal we outline our strategy to identify compounds that inhibit tumor development when given subsequent to carcinogen exposure. These agents will potentially inhibit progression of precancerous lesions to frank tumors and may be valuable for use as chemopreventive agents in former tobacco smokers. During the course of these studies, we will also identify morphological and molecular markers that may help assess the efficacy of these compounds. Studies in Specific Aim 1 will evaluate the effects of a known chemopreventive, freeze-dried strawberries on several known morphological and molecular markers to validate their use in human clinical studies. In Specific Aim 2, we will determine the efficacy of three additional chemopreventive agents against tumor progression. Further studies will be undertaken to develop a combination of agents that may have synergistic activity. In Specific Aim 3 we will identify novel biomarkers for future use in human clinical studies. Overall, the results from this proposal will provide important data to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of malignant progression of esophageal precancerous lesions and will identify candidate chemoprevention agents to reduce esophageal cancer risk in former tobacco smokers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTIVE EFFICACY OF BROCCOLI SPROUTS IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kensler, Thomas W.; Professor; Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 13-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological studies provide convincing evidence for an inverse relation between quantities of fruit and vegetables consumed and the risk of developing cancer. A major mechanism for protection involves induction of phase 2 detoxication enzymes that promote elimination of carcinogens and boost antioxidant capacity. Many edible plants, most notably 3-day-old broccoli sprouts, contain potent phase 2 enzyme inducer activity in the form of isothiocyanates or their glucosinolate precursors. In animals, sulforaphane, derived from the principal glucosinolate (glucoraphanin) of broccoli sprouts, is a very potent inducer of phase 2 enzyme activity and protects against chemical carcinogenesis. The objective of this study is to translate and evaluate these laboratory findings in a high-risk human population. Previous trials have afforded important information on the safety, metabolism and urinary disposition of isothiocyanates, and on the activation of glucosinolates. Since it is possible to grow broccoli sprouts with a consistent composition of glucoraphanin, we propose to conduct a clinical trial to provide the first assessment of the efficacy of broccoli sprouts to modulate the metabolism of an environmental carcinogen in humans. The target population for this clinical trial is residents of Qidong, People's Republic of China, who are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part from consumption of dietary staples contaminated with aflatoxins. The capacity of ingestion of broccoli sprouts to reduce the urinary excretion of aflatoxin-DNA damage products will provide the primary means for measuring efficacy of the intervention. This clinical trial will provide a rigorous assessment of the usefulness of modulating expression of carcinogen detoxication enzymes by means of a food containing a standardized level of a phytochemical as a general strategy for chemoprevention in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HUMAN OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stunkard, Albert J.; Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): We propose to continue the most complete, prospective, longitudinal study of growth and development yet undertaken of children at high risk of obesity. The study of 78 children, now 32 to 53 months of age, selected on the basis of maternal obesity or leanness, has already achieved its initial goal: it has disconfirmed, the results of an influential study and the associated, widely held belief that a low total energy expenditure (TEE) and maternal obesity predict body size and composition at 1 year of age. Instead, it has found, unexpectedly, that the two independent measures of energy intake at 3 months of age predict body size and composition at 1 year of age. We now propose to search further for the risk factors for obesity in this large, carefully studied cohort as it enters the early childhood years. After 24 months in which there was minimal evidence of genetic influence, our high risk strategy has begun to bear fruit: at 30 months 14% of our sample now exceeds the 95th percentile of weight for height. As at 3 and 24 months, and now at 48 months, we will assess, at 6 and at 8 years, the influence of maternal and paternal body mass index (BMI = kg/m2), subject's body weight, TEE and resting metabolic rate. In addition, to identify behaviors that might be modified in programs of obesity prevention, we will continue to measure food intake (both 3-day records and test meals), taste (especially fat) preferences and psychosocial factors that have been implicated in the development of
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obesity. These efforts will be greatly enhanced by the ability (for the first time) to assess the environmental factors in a cohort that has been defined genetically as being at high risk for obesity and where metabolic status is known. Our ultimate objective is to identify behaviors that contribute to adiposity and that might be modified in programs of prevention and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CULTURE BIAS IN TESTING EXPRESSIVE ABILITY IN DEMENTIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Tappen, Ruth M.; Eminent Scholar and Professor; None; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The dramatically increasing numbers of African American and Hispanic American older adults raises concerns about their adequate representation in research and the appropriateness of current assessments and interventions. This is especially important for those who develop dementia with concomitant difficult expressing their thoughts and feelings. The purpose of this study is to: 1) examine existing and newly created measures of expressive language and mood for culture bias in use with older African Americans and Hispanic Americans, and 2) refine and modify those instruments that do not demonstrate adequate reliability and validity until satisfactory levels are achieved. Six hundred subjects, 100 African American, 100 Hispanic American and 100 European American older adults with dementia and equal number of normal controls, will be recruited from community and institutional sites. Data on subjects' age, gender, socioeconomic status, education, ethnic group, acculturation and mental status will be obtained. Primary raters will be matched on ethnic group; reliability of raters of same and different ethnic group will be examined using videotapes of the testing sessions. Two new instruments, the Miami Naming Test and Alzheimer's Mood Scale will be evaluated as will the well known Boston Naming Test, Animal Fluency, Lawton Observed Affect Scale, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and Dementia Mood Assessment Scale. Internal consistency of each measure will be evaluated. Using generalizability theory as a framework for analysis, all measures will be evaluated for interrater reliability and stability over time. Cultural match/mismatch between subject and rater will also be evaluated on the mood scales. Ability of Miami Naming Test to discriminate cognitively impaired and unimpaired will be compared with the Boston Naming Test as will the Animal Fluency with other categories (fruit, vegetable, clothing). Likewise, ability of the new Alzheimer's Mood Scale to discriminate psychiatrically distressed from nondistressed subjects will be compared with the other mood scales. Differential item functioning analysis will guide the revisions and modifications. As outreach efforts to bring minority individuals in for assessment of memory disorders expands and research on the efficacy of treatment is conducted, the demand for culturally appropriate tests is an urgent one. Both clinicians and researchers need to know which tests are appropriate, the extent to which the ethnicity of the examiner affects the results and how to interpret the scores obtained on both the newly developed and widely used tests. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIET AND ESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN NORMAL MAMMARY TISSUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Trichopoulos, Dimitrios V.; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02115
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: APPLICANT'S The major causes of a disease should be able to explain its dominant epidemiological patterns. Yet, with respect to breast cancer, there appears to be a major paradox. The role of endogenous estrogens in the etiology of breast cancer in women is well defined. However, differences between Caucasian and Asian women, with respect to estrogen production and blood levels, are not sufficiently large to explain the 5-fold difference in breast cancer incidence between these groups. Given the obligate role of estrogen receptors in estrogen response expression of these receptors in normal breast tissue could be a major determinant of breast cancer risk and an important explanatory factor of the marked variability in breast cancer incidence worldwide. A number of studies have indicated that breast cancer risk may be elevated when estrogen receptor expression is high, but exogenous determinants of estrogen receptor expression have not been identified. Diet in adult life does not appear to be a powerful determinant of breast cancer risk; however, consumption of vegetables, fruits, and olive oil are inversely associated with risk, whereas alcohol intake and perhaps saturated fat of animal origin may increase risk. Because food groups and nutrients may affect breast cancer risk, and expression of estrogen receptor-a (ER-a) in normal mammary tissue may modify this risk, we wish to investigate whether diet may affect the expression of ER-a in normal mammary epithelium. Specifically, we wish to investigate whether 1-) a diet high in fruits and vegetables or high in olive oil intake reduces ER-a expression in the mammary tissue, and 2-) whether a diet high in animal fat, in n-6 polyunsaturated fats, or alcohol consumption increases ER-a expression in mammary tissue. In the breast clinic of a major university hospital in Athens, Greece, some 4,000 women undergo annual mammography screening. Every year, more than 300 non-malignant breast biopsies are taken from these women. Thus, over a period of 18 months we estimate that biopsies from 440 women without breast cancer will be available. These women will be interviewed in person for demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive and biomedical variables, and they will complete a validated extensive food frequency questionnaire. The percent of ER-a positive cells (ER-oc+ percent) will be determined through immunohistochemistry and through semi-quantitative PCR. All statistical analyses will conducted using linear models to determine the distribution of ER-a percent, by diet and other covariates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET, COLON CANCER, AND CANCER COMMUNICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Satia, Jessie Abouta.; Assistant Professor; Nutrition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application describes a career development/transition plan for Jessie A. Satia, PhD, MPH, a newly appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The candidate's overall career goal is to establish an interdisciplinary research career combining her background in epidemiology, nutrition, and laboratory sciences to conduct methodologic, observational, and intervention studies of diet and human cancers. In particular, she would like to conduct studies to identify risk factors for cancer and design appropriate interventions for prevention and control in minority and underserved populations. The candidate proposes a career development plan that includes: teaching and mentoring students; submitting research manuscripts and pilot project proposals; and a research plan (75% of her effort) with two proposed projects.
Studies 11
Project 1 titled "Cancer Communications among African American Adolescents" aims to collect information necessary to design diet-related cancer prevention messages for African American adolescents; and evaluate the effectiveness of messages framed in different ways on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions to improve diet in this population. Qualitative methods will be used to collect information on various factors that affect dietary behavior among African American adolescents (14 to 16 years) in Durham, NC. This information will then be used to design messages focused on lowering dietary fat intake in this population that will be delivered via the Internet. Participants will be randomized into four groups based on Prospect theory and message framing, and will complete pre- and post-tests and cognitive interviews to assess the short-term impact of the framed messages. Project 2, "Diet and Colon Cancer in African Americans and Whites in North Carolina" describes proposed analyses using previously collected data from a study of 654 colon cancer cases (40-80 years) and 1067 populationbased controls, with equal numbers of African Americans and whites, in a 33-county area of North Carolina. The specific aims of the analyses proposed here are to examine effects of dietary factors (e.g., fat, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, fiber, alcohol, and total calories) and food intake patterns (meal frequency and snacking timing) on colon cancer risk. Potential future research opportunities using biological specimens from this study are described. The long-term success of cancer research efforts rests, in part, on building the career of talented young faculty. Obtaining this award will greatly broaden and strengthen the candidate's focus on cancer prevention and control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATION OF CALIFORNIA'S SB19 PUPIL NUTRITION ACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Carthy, William J.; Wested 730 Harrison St San Francisco, Ca 941071242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): In response to growing alarm over the rise of obesity among its children, California recently signed into law ambitious changes in the nutrition environment of California's elementary and middle schools. SB 19, the Pupil Nutrition, Health and Achievement Act of 2001, is scheduled to begin in 2004. Among other things, this act would effectively ban the sale of sodas, candy and other energy dense snacks during the school day in all California elementary schools and limit soda sales in middle schools. It would also promote increased physical activity and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables via school district policy changes. Scientists have a window of opportunity to conduct a randomized, controlled study of SB 19 during calendar year 2003 to assess SB 19's potential for reducing child overweight. Further benefit will result from continuing surveillance of study schools during Year 2, following enactment of SB 19 in 2004. Primary study outcomes are body composition (sex-specific growth-chart adjusted BMI) and aerobic capacity (one-mile run time). These measures are already collected annually by law at most California schools. Process measures will include school level and individual student level data. School data will include analysis of competitive foods and documented changes in nutrition and physical activity policies. Individual data will come from the Healthy Kids Survey, a biennial survey completed by most schools that includes BRFS-type items on diet, physical activity and weight control practices. Blood pressure will also be assessed. Four mixed ethnicity school districts will be randomized to SB 19 or usual practices. Baseline measures of BMI and physical fitness will have already been collected, by state law. Baseline and 12-month follow-up BMI and physical fitness measures will be collected from 2520 primary and 2500 middle school students. Analyses will include multi-level
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modeling as well as linear mixed model analyses and will take into account intraclass correlation. Data collected statewide exclusively at the school level will be compared to the multi-level study data in order to assess the impact of the natural experiment represented by the adoption of SB19. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILYS' WEB: CANCER PREVENTION FOR DAUGHTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cullen, Karen W.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): African-Americans (AA) experience a higher incidence of many cancers, and higher mortality rates than those of other ethnic populations. Inadequate intakes of fruit, juice, and vegetables (FJV) and high dietary fat have been associated with increased risks for several cancers. Children's current FJV and fat intakes do not meet recommended guidelines and national data indicate a decline in children's fruit consumption through the school years. Families are an important component of the social environment within which health related behaviors are learned and are practiced. Two primary mechanisms of family influence on children's dietary behaviors are direct modeling and authoritative parenting of dietary behaviors. This proposal will test the feasibility of a parent targeted intervention program on parent modeling and authoritative parenting practices, delivered via the internet, for a target group of AA parents of 9-12 year old daughters, to promote increased preferences for fruit, juice, vegetables, and low fat foods. The control group will receive a knowledgebased "Eat 5 A day" message, while the treatment group will receive the knowledgebased message plus a tailored modeling and authoritative parenting practices intervention, with pre, post, and follow up assessments of the process evaluation and mediating psychosocial measures. The internet will be also be utilized to collect the data. Use of the internet is designed to minimize problems of low participation. In phase 1 of this research, focus groups will be conducted for the development and pre-assessment of the intervention, and of the psychosocial measures. The process evaluation of the intervention with participants recruited from 12 AA churches (12 parent-daughter pairs per church) will take place during phase 2. Church will be the unit of assignment and analysis. An internet delivered intervention targeting family mechanisms is an innovative approach for children's dietary behavior change. This feasibility or pilot study will provide the foundation for a full scale intervention focused on dietary change. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FOOD PREVENTION
SUBSTITUTION
FOR
CHILD
NUTRITION/OBESITY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Faith, Myles S.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Childhood obesity is increasing nationwide, is associated with serious health complications, and tracks into adulthood. However, controlled obesity prevention studies remain scarce. Behavioral-economics theory offers a novel framework for conceptualizing and designing such interventions. To this end, we propose a randomized controlled trial that tests the effects of a "Family-Based Food Substitutions" intervention - with and without a Home-Food-Provisions component - on
Studies 13
long-term weight change in children at risk for obesity. Based on behavioral-economics theory, we predict that increasing fruit and vegetable intake will substitute for the intake of untargeted energy dense foods and thereby reduce weight gain in children atrisk for obesity. This effect is predicted to be enhanced among families provided home provisions of targeted fruits and vegetables. Participants will be 180 families of diverse ethnic background, with the target child being 4 to 6 years old and "at-risk" for obesity. Families will be randomized to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) Minimal Intervention Control; (2) Family-Based Food Substitutions (FBFS); or (3) FBFS with Home-Food Provisions. There will be 60 families per condition. Families assigned to the control group will receive nutrition education. Those assigned to the FBFS group will be trained in behavioral strategies that target increased child fruit and vegetable intake (e.g., role modeling and contingency management training for parents). Families assigned to the FBFS with Home-Food-Provisions group will receive the aforementioned package plus supplies of targeted fruits and vegetables to enhance their home accessibility. The primary outcome measure will be short-term and 2-year changes in the children's body composition. Secondary outcomes will include measures of dietary intake, parental food preparation skills, and fruit and vegetable accessibility. Mediator analyses will elucidate the mechanisms by which the intervention exerts its effect on changes in body composition. This investigation is designed to provide new insights into environmental manipulations that will induce food substitutions compatible with obesity prevention, while advancing behavioral-economics theory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTIONS OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS MATING TYPE LOCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Heitman, Joseph B.; Professor; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that infects the human brain. The organism has a defined sexual cycle involving haploid MATalpha and MATa strains, and the MATalpha locus has been linked to virulence and differentiation. Most environmental and clinical isolates are MATalpha mating type, and MATalpha strains are more virulent than congenic MATa strains. MATalpha strains also haploid fruit and produce filaments and infectious basidiospores when nitrogen limited. Thus, the structure and function of the mating type loci and their links to virulence and ecology are of considerable interest. Moore and Edman used difference cloning to identify part of the MATalpha locus encoding a mating pheromone. Later, Wickes and colleagues identified a Ste12 homolog that is MATalpha-specific but not encoded by the known MATalpha region. STE12alpha is required for virulence of a congenic lab adapted serotype D strain but is dispensable for virulence of a pathogenic serotype A clinical isolate. To establish functions of the mating type loci, we propose to clone, sequence, and mutate the MAT loci from three divergent C. neoformans varieties. MATalpha and MATa strains of each variety were known or identified in our lab and MATalpha and MATa specific genes were cloned. Six BAC libraries were constructed to isolate clones spanning each MAT locus. Sequencing of the serotype A and D MATalpha and MATa loci is in progress. These loci are unusually large (greater than 100 kb) with more than a dozen genes encoding three pheromones and a pheromone receptor, homologs of Ste20, Stel1, Ste12, and a Zn2+ finger protein. Other genes encode a myosin, a favoprotein, and a translation factor. Our studies reveal the MATalpha and MATa loci encode diverged alleles of the same genes and have extensively rearranged during evolution. Mutation of
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individual MATalpha locus genes confers defects in mating, fruiting, and virulence. A haploid strain lacking a 50 kb region of the MATalpha locus was inviable, indicating one or more genes in the region is essential. A diploid a/delta strain deleted for this part of the MATalpha locus was still self-filamentous like an a/alpha diploid, and a/a and alpha/alpha diploids were not self- filamentous, excluding a ploidy-dependent model. Our preliminary results support a locus-dependent model. We have discovered a novel, linked region of the MATalpha locus encoding a homeodomain homolog (Hdp1alpha) and a candidate transcriptional regulator (Rum1alpha), and we will establish the functions of these genes. We also propose to develop DNA based methods to test if MAT locus alterations occur naturally and affect fertility or virulence. These studies will provide insights into the role of MAT loci and sexual cycles in fungal differentiation and virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FURANOCOUMARINS AND DRUGS EFFECT ON CYP3A4 Principal Investigator & Institution: Watkins, Paul B.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1986; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: CYP3A4 is the major P450 present in human liver and small bowel epithelial cells (enterocytes). The contribution of enterocyte CYP3A4 to drug elimination is believed to be substantial. However, distinguishing the contributions of the intestinal vs. the liver enzyme, as well as the role of the transporter P-glycoprotein, has been problematic. We have developed experimental techniques that have enabled us to safely study liver and enterocyte CYP3A4 in living people. We have shown that there exists marked inter- and intraindividual variation in the activity of enterocyte CYP3A4. We have also shown that there is generally not a good intraindividual correlation between the relative activities of CYP3A4 in liver and intestine. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying these variations, we have chosen to intensively pursue our observation that some fruit juices (grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice) cause a marked and relatively rapid loss of enterocyte CYP3A4 by a mechanism that does not appear to involve loss of CYP3A4 mRNA. We have shown that 2 juice-derived furanocoumarins (FC s), 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB) and a related dimer (FC726), cause selective loss of CYP3A4 in a novel human intestinal (Caco-2) cell monolayer culture system, and that DHB is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4. However, DHB and FC726 can not fully account for the effects of whole juice, and their effects may not be CYP3A4 selective. We will test the hypothesis that multiple FC s, which are quite ubiquitous in fruits and vegetables, cause mechanism-based inactivation and accelerated intracellular degradation of CYP3A4. To this end, we will characterize the time course of the effects of selected FC s on CYP3A4 and on other major enterocyte P450s in human intestinal microsomes, in our Caco-2 cell system, and in healthy volunteers. We will also determine the effects of selected FC s on rates of synthesis and degradation of CYP3A4 in our cultured cells. Finally, we will test the hypothesis that some oral medication regimens that result in clinically important induction of CYP3A4 in liver do not induce the enzyme in enterocytes. The data obtained from the proposed studies should provide substantial insight into the basis for variations in CYP3A4 activity between people, within a person over time, and between liver and intestine. In addition, the identification of orally administered FC s that specifically ablate CYP3A4 activity in enterocytes (but not liver), or drugs that selectively induce CYP3A4 in liver (but not in enterocytes) would provide powerful research tools to assess the relative
Studies 15
contributions of enterocyte and hepatic CYP3A4 to the disposition of xenobiotics in living people. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GESTATIONAL DIABETES IN WOMEN:TASTE & ENDOCRINE FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tepper, Beverly J.; Associate Professor; Food Science; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: provided by applicant): Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy with serious consequences for maternal and child health. Diet is an integral part of the management of GDM, but current diet strategies for pregnant women with 0DM are poorly defined and often fail. We have shown that GDM increases the preference for sweet taste and dietary intake of sweet foods, which could have important implications for the management of this disease. At the time of diagnosis (-30 30 wk gestational age) pregnant women with GDM showed a higher preference for sweetened dairy drinks compared to pregnant women without GDM. In addition, increased plasma glucose in women with GDM was related to higher preference for the sweet taste of glucose and higher dietary intake of simple sugars as fruit and fruit juices. Because these studies were limited to a single observation point during gestation and excluded women with severe diabetes or those treated with insulin, further studies are needed. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to determine the relationship between hyperglycemia and increased taste preference and dietary intake of sweet foods in GDM, 2) to compare the temporal pattern of taste and dietary changes in women with GDM to those of women without 0DM across pregnancy stages, and 3) to relate these taste changes to alterations in gestational hormone and metabolic profiles. A single prospective study will be conducted. We will measure sweet taste preferences, food cravings, dietary intake of sweet foods and plasma indices of selected hormones and metabolites (including insulin, cortisol and leptin) during early, middle and late gestation and at 6-wk and 26 wk post-delivery. Four groups of pregnant women will be studied; overweight women with GDM; normal weight women with GDM; overweight women without GDM and normal weight women without GDM. Non-pregnant controls will also be studied. The long-term goal of this project is to obtain a better understanding of taste changes in GDM to develop better preventative and therapeutic dietary intervention strategies for this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHENOTYPES
GLUCURONIDATION
IN
HUMANS--GENOTYPES
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lampe, Johanna W.; Associate Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Glucuronidation is an important detoxification process that plays a critical rote in the defense against chemical induced carcinogenesis. drug toxicities, and hormonal imbalances. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of the glucuronyl group from uridine 5'-disphosphoglucuronic acid to endogenous molecules, such as bilirubin and steroid hormones, and exogenous substrates, such as drugs, plant-food Constituents, environmental pollutants, and carcinogens. The resulting glucuronyl products are more polar, generally water-soluble,
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less toxic, and more easily excreted than the substrate molecules. Polymorphisms in several UGT isoforms influence glucuronidation of xenobiotic compounds, as well as bile acids and some steroid hormones. The opposite reaction, the hydrolysis of such glucuronide moieties by human beta-glucuronidase (f3-G) can restore biologic activity of xenobiotics and steroid hormones. Thus, the impact of beta-G as part of the glucuronidation cycle should also be considered. We postulate that the induction of UGTs and the inhibition of beta-G are plausible mechanisms by which a diet high in vegetables and fruit (V&F) may reduce risk of various diseases. We propose to examine the effects of V&F consumption on UGT and beta-G activities, considering the potential interaction with genetic polymorphisms in several relevant UGTs. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) To determine whether UGT activity, as measured by acetaminophen and aspirin glucuronide formation and serum bilirubin concentrations, differs by UGT genotypes for the following isozyme polymorphisms: UGTIAI*28, UGT/A6*2, and UGT2B15(D85Y); 2) To measure the effect of feeding specific V&F under controlled dietary conditions on UGT and beta-G activity; and 3) To determine whether the effects of these plant foods on UGT activity differ by UGTgenotypes (UGTJA1*28, UGTIA6*2, UGT2BI5(D85Y)). The project will be implemented in two parts: 1) a cross-sectional study and 2) a feeding study. For the cross-sectional study, we will recruit 300 non-smokers, aged 20-40 years, and who are not taking any medication. We will genotype them for UGTIAI*28, (UGTIA6*2, and UGT2B15(D85Y), measure acetaminophen, aspirin metabolite, and bilirubin conjugation, and serum beta-G activity, and assess diet using a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day food records. For the feeding study, we will recruit a subset of the 300 (30 men and 30 women), based on their UGT genotypes, to take part in two, 14-day feeding periods. We will examine the effect of a high-V&F diet compared to a basal (low-phytochemical) diet on UGT and beta-G activities. The randomized cross-over design will allow us to test efficiently for diet effects within individuals, as well as for gene-by-diet and sex-by-diet interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GLUTATHIONE REDOX POTENTIAL REGULATION OF COLON CANCER CHEMOPREVEN
INVOLVEMENT
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirlin, Ward G.; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Colorectal cancer (CRC) is affected more by dietary factors than any other form of cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which diet is involved in its progression may lead to strategies for its prevention. The importance of these strategies is underscored by its being the third most common neoplasia in the United States. About 6% of individuals in the U.S. will develop invasive CRC during their lifetime. Although there is little difference in incidence between subpopulations in the U.S., world-wide the CRC incidence varies some ten-fold. This wide variation adds to the concept that this cancer may be largely avoidable if causative and preventative factors are discovered. There is strong epidemiological evidence for the benefits of fruit, vegetables and fiber in CRC prevention, with much supportive data from animal studies. There is also experimental evidence indicating that various chemicals either naturally occurring or released upon processing and cooking are involved in the carcinogenesis process. However, many of the chemical compounds thought to be candidates for chemoprevention or cancer initiation and promotion have multiple effects. This is further complicated by the variability in individual genetic susceptibility and response to these dietary compounds. This project utilizes the HT29
Studies 17
human colon cancer cell line to investigate the role of individual dietary factors in stimulating enhanced expression of detoxification enzymes and activating enzymes involved in biotransformation of the model carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. These studies will be in the context of the effects of dietary chemical compounds on the intracellular glutathione (GSH) redox potential and its role in the signaling process in the regulation of these biotransformation pathways. The relationship between intracellular concentrations of reduced and oxidized GSH, the expression of activator protein-1 and phosphorylation involvement in regulation of these enzymes will be investigated. This study's overall hypothesis is that the carcinogen metabolizing enzymes are influenced by measurable changes in cellular redox status affected by dietary chemical compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON NEUROETHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zakon, Harold H.; Professor; Gordon Research Conferences Box 984, 512 Liberty Ln West Kingston, Ri 02892 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INNOVATIVE VIDEO TAILORING FOR DIETARY CHANGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gans, Kim M.; Associate Professor; Community Health; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The purposes of the current proposal are: 1. To develop an innovative intervention (tailored "take-home" video tapes with accompanying low literacy tailored written materials) to help individuals improve their eating habits, particularly decreasing fat and increasing fiber and fruit and vegetable intake; 2. To study the feasibility and efficacy of this intervention in the context of worksite health promotion with Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Massachusetts (BCBSMA) worksites; and 3. To assess the effectiveness of this intervention compared with other traditional interventions on improving dietary habits using a randomized controlled trial. A 5-year research project is proposed. In Y01, we will gather qualitative and quantitative data using formative evaluation techniques to design tailored written materials and rodeo scripts and begin producing video segments for tailoring. We will also finalize and begin piloting our process and outcome measures. In Y02, we will complete the video and written materials, and conduct a pilot test. Beginning in Y02, we will recruit 36 BOBS worksites, which will be randomized to one of 3 groups: Usual care - tip sheets/brochures (LTC); Tailored written information (TVV); Tailored video (TV). The randomized trial will be completed during Y05. A total of 2520 subjects will be recanted from the 36 worksites. At baseline, subjects will complete demographic information, a Rate Your Plate eating pattern assessment and a telephone survey to collect information needed for tailoring as well as evaluation. Subjects in the tailored video condition (TV) will receive three separate tailored videos about two months apart. We expect that videos will be tailored on socio-demographic characteristics; specific dietary habits that I participants want and need to change; pros and cons of dietary change; and barriers and facilitators to dietary I change. The baseline tapes will include approximately 15 video segments averaging 6 minutes each for a total of 90 minutes of programming. At the end of the second month and fourth months, the participant will be asked to complete and mail another selfassessment to us. This information will be combined with baseline variables to produce a booster tailored video, which will include approximately 10 segments for a total of one
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hour of programming. These videos will include tailored information on food categories, barriers arid facilitators, and additional segments of nutrition information such as: low-fat cooking, dining out, label reading, etc. Participants in the TW conditions will receive baseline and booster written materials tailored for them based on the same tailoring variables described above. Those in the UC conditions will receive traditional untailored nutrition education handouts. Evaluation surveys will be administered at baseline, 6 and 12-months. We will conduct both process and outcome evaluation, including use of the materials, participant satisfaction, qualitative and quantitative dietary assessment tools, and psychosocial measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IRON AND THE BREAST-FED INFANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ziegler, Ekhard E.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's description): Increasing numbers of infants are enjoying the benefits of breast feeding for longer and longer periods. Prolonged breast feeding is relatively uncharted territory from a nutritional point of view. Iron nutrition is one area where there has been concern. Iron stores present at birth provide all the iron the normal infant needs for growth during the first 5-6 months of life. But after iron stores are exhausted the infant depends on a dietary source of iron. Breast milk alone provides only a fraction of the iron the infant needs for growth. Complementary foods vary widely in content of available iron, and it appears unlikely that infants always receive the necessary amounts of iron. The presumption that prolonged breast feeding engenders a risk of iron deficiency was born out by a pilot study. After 6 months of age several infants became iron deficient and some even became anemic due to iron deficiency. Provision of medicinal iron from 1 to 5 1/2 months of age did not improve iron status. Other studies in our unit have shown that infants re-excrete into the stool appreciable amounts of absorbed iron. This proposal builds on these earlier studies. In Specific Aim 1 we propose to generate a broad picture of the iron nutritional status of breast-fed infants (specifically, infants who are breast-fed for prolonged periods) and of the complementary foods they are fed and the amount of iron they derive thereof. Infants will be studied longitudinally from 1 to 24 months of age. From a public health point of view there is an urgent need for this information because it will delineate the magnitude and the nature of the problem. Equally urgent is the need to find ways of preventing iron deficiency. The objective of Specific Aim 2 is to explore the efficacy of two different regimens of iron supplementation. One is the provision of medicinal iron (iron drops), the other is the feeding of one jar per day of an iron-fortified cereal-fruit combination, both from 4 to 9 months of age. We expect these regimens to be effective and the beneficial effects to persist beyond the supplementation period. Specific Aim 3 is concerned with the mechanisms that allow most breast-fed infants to remain in good iron status despite the low iron content of breast milk. We also hope to solve the puzzle why iron supplementation was ineffective in the young infants in our pilot study. We will use two stable (non-radioactive) isotopes of iron to determine absorption and excretion of iron by breast-fed infants both at 4 and 9 months of age and with and without iron supplementation. We expect to find that infants re-excrete iron into the feces when their iron stores are full, but retain most of the absorbed iron when iron stores are low. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ISOTHIOCYANATES, PREVENTION
LIMONENE
AND
BREAST
CANCER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomson, Cynthia A.; Assistant Professor; None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cynthia A. Thomson, Ph.D., R.D., is a junior investigator in the field of cancer prevention nutrition science at the Arizona Cancer Center. Her training in biology, biochemistry, immunology and nutritional science as well as experience with dietary intervention trials, support her potential in cancer prevention research. The mentored training available through this award will ensure she develops the skills necessary to advance as an independent scientist. This research will be conducted at the Arizona Cancer Center, an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center with an international reputation for cancer prevention research. Mentoring by Drs. David Alberts and Anna Giuliano, along with collaborations with leading cancer prevention faculty, provide the intellectual foundation for a highly productive training experience. Each year in the U.S. over 180,000 women are treated for breast cancer and 25-30 percent of cases may be attributable to diet yet the link between diet and disease recurrence is unknown. Epidemiological evidence and basic science research suggest that a plant-based diet that includes cruciferous and citrus plants may reduce the risk of breast cancer. In 1994, the NIH-sponsored Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study (WHEL) was initiated to test the hypothesis that a diet high in vegetables, fruit and fiber and low in fat would reduce breast cancer recurrence rates among a cohort of 3000 women previously treated for breast cancer. This trial has demonstrated significant changes in dietary intake among intervention group subjects and provides a rich research environment to test additional diet-disease recurrence hypotheses. The research proposed here will test the hypothesis that dietary intake of isothiocyanates and dlimonene is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence in the WHEL cohort. The specific aims include development of dietary methodology to measure intake, assessment of intake in the WHEL cohort, validation of intake against analytical measures of isothiocyanates and limonene and statistical analysis to determine if a significant association exists. Methods include development of an isothiocyanate database, validation and application of dietary instruments, development of dietary analysis programming to measure intake, analysis of biological samples to quantify isothiocyante and limonene status and advanced statistical applications to test the hypothesis. This research will provide the foundation for future phytochemical assessment, a critical gap in current cancer prevention-diet research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METHYLATION EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND
OXIDATION
IN
BREAST
CANCER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Freudenheim, Jo L.; Professor; Social and Preventive Medicine; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is considerable epidemiologic evidence that alcohol intake is related to risk of breast cancer and that intake of vegetables and fruits may reduce risk. Utilizing an existing case control study, we propose to examine two etiological mechanisms, one-carbon metabolism and/or oxidative stress and breast cancer. Our first aim is to examine the relation of elements related to one-carbon
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metabolism with risk. We propose a) to investigate genetic variation in enzymes important in one-carbon metabolism (methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MS) and cystathione B-synthase (CBS)) in relation to risk and to investigate interaction of these genetic factors with dietary folate and alcohol with breast cancer risk; b) to investigate the association of dietary folate and alcohol and these genetic factors with total p53 mutations and with particular p53 mutations and c) to investigate the association of dietary folate and alcohol and these genetic factors with hypermethylation of the p16 gene, the BRCA1 gene and the estrogen receptor gene in breast tumors. Our second aim is to examine elements related to oxidative stress and antioxidants with risk. We propose to a) examine the relation of genetic variation in an enzyme important in the control of oxidative balance (manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)) and to examine interactions of this genetic factor with dietary factors both oxidants and antioxidants; and b) to investigate the association between dietary sources of oxidants and antioxidants with total and particular p53 mutations. By combining information on intake, genetic susceptibility and tumor characteristics, it will be possible to make clearer inferences about the role of these two mechanisms in breast cancer etiology, with potentially important public health implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF SNELL DWARF AND LITTLE LONGEVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Papaconstantinou, John; Professor; Human Biol Chem and Genetics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MOTIVATING DIETARY CHANGES IN CHURCHES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bowen, Deborah J.; Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: We know how to change the dietary habits of motivated individuals. The results of our past randomized intervention trials indicate that if people are ready and motivated to change dietary behaviors, the likelihood of success is very high. We know far less about how to change the dietary habits of individuals who are not yet motivated to attempt changes. We hypothesize that two finding from our own and others' research will increase motivation for dietary change: the relationship of social support to health behaviors, and the effects of messages specifically designed to motivate individuals to change. This proposal will rigorously test an intervention package, based on our previous experience, designed to change dietary practices (lowering fat, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption) among lower socioeconomic (SES) families in religious organizations. We selected religious organizations because of the important role they play in the lives of their members and because of the social and supportive messages that can be delivered by them. The intervention package will deliver social support and motivating messages, as well as materials and skill-building opportunities for dietary change. Forty religious organizations will be randomized to intervention or comparison status. The 18-month intervention package, based on a merger of Social Learning Theory and Trans-theoretical Model of Behavior Change, will consist of material adapted from interventions of proven efficacy that present strategies for changing current behavior, messages that influence motivations and beliefs, and organization-wide interventions
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that affect environmental variables. We will base evaluation upon a randomly selected cohort from each religious organization's mailing list. Dietary habits will be assessed at baseline and 6 and 18 months follow-up, using a modified version of the Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire, with a subset selected to receive 24-hour recalls. The intervention process will be measured and used as a mediator of dietary change in all intervention organizations. The primary outcome will be the difference in change in fat scores between intervention and comparison religious organizations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTI-MEDIA ADOLESCENTS
OBESITY
PREVENTION
PROGRAM
FOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Sara S.; Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc. 2 Chafee Rd Kingston, Ri 02881 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity and overweight are of epidemic proportions and has almost tripled in the past two decades for adolescents. Since adolescence is the period of greatest risk for developing adult obesity, we propose to develop a pilot version of a multi-media interactive computer program, Teen-wise, which promotes the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors related to the prevention of overweight and obesity. Teen-wise will be a unique and innovative product that delivers TTMbased tailored communications to facilitate not only education, but also behavior change using expert system technology in a school setting. Innovative features will include the minimal class time and teacher preparation needed to deliver the program and use of evidence-based approaches to behavior change that can have substantial impacts on health behavior. This application will develop a pilot version of Teen-wise that will target physical activity, television time, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Its acceptability and feasibility will be evaluated with high school students and with teachers, school administrators, and content experts. The results of the trial will determine the feasibility of submitting a Phase II proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NESTED CASE CONTROL STUDY OF MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Maskarinec, Gertraud; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The hypothesis for the proposed study is that women diagnosed with breast cancer have higher mammographic density patterns in prediagnostic mammograms than women without a diagnosis of breast cancer. In addition, we postulate that despite differences in mammographic density patterns among ethnic groups, the relation between mammographic densities and breast cancer risk is similar in Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and Caucasian women and that dietary factors contribute to the variation in mammographic densities among ethnic groups. A large multiethnic cohort in Hawaii established between 1993 and 1996 with well documented differences in breast cancer risk offers a unique opportunity to research these hypotheses. The specific aims of this project are to investigate the association between mammographic density patterns and breast cancer risk in women of Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and Caucasian ancestry, to examine the possible effect of dietary fat, fruit and vegetable intake, soy consumption, and other dietary components on mammographic densities, and to elucidate the relative importance of percent
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densities vs. the absolute size of the dense areas in relation to breast cancer risk in women of different ethnicity. We are proposing a nested case-control study using mammograms from women who are part of the multiethnic cohort. We will include 3 ethnic groups who represent the largest sub-groups: Caucasian, Japanese, and Native Hawaiian. Mammograms performed before the diagnosis of breast cancer will be obtained for women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1994 and 2000. For an equal number of healthy controls, matched by age and ethnicity, we will identify mammograms taken within 2 years of the time when the respective cases selected for Inclusion in the study received their mammogram. Women with the following characteristics will be excluded from the study: a diagnosis of breast cancer before entry into the cohort, bilateral breast cancer, no previous mammogram, and a previous history of breast augmentation, reduction surgery, or an extensive surgical biopsy with a diagnosis of benign breast disease. Based on breast cancer incidence in the cohort, mammography rates, and estimated participation rates, we plan to enroll approximately 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls with 500 Japanese, 300, Caucasian, and 200 Native Hawaiian per group. Potential study subjects will be contacted by mail and asked for permission to retrieve a suitable mammogram from their mammography clinic. Women will also complete a short questionnaire related to breast health. The statistical analysis will include logistic regression to estimate the risk of developing breast cancer in relation to mammographic density patterns and multiple linear regression to examine the association between diet and density patterns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT IN PRESCHOOL MINORITY CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgibbon, Marian L.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the U.S. is over 10 percent. Overweight in childhood is linked to overweight in adulthood, as well as earlier morbidity and mortality. This strongly suggests the need for primary prevention and intervention in children. Furthermore, in contrast to the disappointing weight loss outcome data for adults, weight loss studies with children report far more effective results. The inclusion of a parent in the intervention appears to contribute to the success. Thus, it seems vital that a successful overweight prevention and intervention program must include both children and parents. Finally, studies indicate that early prevention and intervention efforts may be particularly important for minority populations. For example, the prevalence of overweight among minority women approaches a staggering 50 percent compared to 33 percent for White women. Children often acquire a genetic predisposition toward overweight and model their eating patterns after their parents. Therefore, it follows that minority children from families where one or both parents are overweight are at greatest risk for becoming overweight themselves. The proposed research was designed to address the needs of the Black and Hispanic communities, focusing on intervention with preschool aged children. Twenty-four Head Start sites will be randomly assigned to intervention or no-intervention conditions. Of these 24 sites, 12 will serve a predominantly Black population, and 12 will serve a predominantly Hispanic population. The investigators anticipate enrolling an average of 35 Black or Hispanic children and parents per site. Parents and children will participate in health screenings at baseline, following the intervention, and 12 and 24 months later. The
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intervention consists of a 16-week nutrition and activity based weight control program that includes parental participation. The no-intervention control group will receive the standard curriculum provided by the Head Start preschool program. It is expected that children in the intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in the primary outcome measure, percent ideal body weight for height (%IBWH), as well as dietary fat intake; and an increase in dietary fiber and fruit and vegetable intake. It is expected that the parent intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in body mass index; decreased dietary fat; and increased dietary fiber, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and support for healthy eating. These changes will be seen following the intervention and at 12 and 24 months later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROMOTING CANCER PREVENTION/CONTROL WITH MESSAGE FRAMING Principal Investigator & Institution: Salovey, Peter; Chris Argyris Professor; Psychology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The purpose of the research proposed here is to investigate ways in which to communicate cancer-related information through Cancer Information Service (CIS) telephone interactions and follow-up print materials that could increase its effectiveness in motivating subsequent behavior. The goal is to investigate whether the influence of CIS-delivered messages can be improved by framing them in gain (benefits) or loss (risks) terms and by tailoring them to individual differences in the psychological styles with which people process health-related information. These styles include individual variability in the willingness to (a) ponder complex arguments, (b) monitor the environment for threatening information, (c) feel motivated by accomplishment versus safety, and (d) attribute the responsibility for maintaining good health to oneself or to health professionals. Building on nearly a decade of research focused on optimizing messages concerning cancer prevention and early detection behaviors, ten experiments are proposed for the five-year project period. The first two experiments concern the framing in gain versus loss terms of CIS-delivered, proactive messages about fruit and vegetable consumption. Then, eight experiments tailor messages to the four health information processing strategies listed above. Four of the eight tailoring experiments target fruit and vegetable consumption among healthy callers to the CIS, and four encourage individuals with cancer to ask their physicians about available clinical trials. It is our hope that findings from this line of research will allow us to articulate clear principles for developing especially effective health messages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: PROMOTING HEALTHY LIFESTYLES--ALTERNATIVE MODELS EFFECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Elliot, Diane L.; Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Evidence that regular physical activity and a healthy diet prevent/treat illness and prolong life is overwhelming, yet the majority of Americans do neither. Achieving and maintaining behavior change remains a major challenge. Investigators with different theoretical orientations and expertise have designed this application to test two model- derived interventions, addressing
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unhealthy nutrition practices and sedentary lifestyles. The models are based on Social Learning Theory (Model 1) and the Transtheoretical Model (Model 2). Model 1 s intervention is social unit based, with all members participating together. It capitalizes on vicarious experiences, shared behavioral norms and peer influences. The Transtheoretical Model intervenes with the individual. It recognizes the dynamic nature and individual differences in the change process and defines stage of change, tailoring each interaction accordingly. Progress from the defined stage is enhanced by use of motivational theory. Fire fighters will be the participants in the study. They have a concentration of the harmful behaviors and health risks afflicting the US population, and their unique work schedules makes them ideal for both interventions. The investigators believe that the established relationship they have with firefighters should facilitate recruitment and participation, while reducing attrition. The study s primary outcomes are increased physical activity and aerobic fitness, reduced percent calories as fat, increased servings of fruit ad vegetables and normalized percent body fat. A pilot study of interventions and research process will be conducted in year one. The full outcome trial will be conducted in years two-to-four. In the full trial, firefighters from 36 stations (20-2 subjects per station) will be randomly assigned by station to 1 of 3 conditions: Model 1, Model 2, or usual practice control. Model 1 will be 11, 45-minute peer facilitated group meetings, with 5, 45-minute booster meetings the following year. Peer facilitators will be trained and use scripted lesson plans. Model 2 will use an initial physician visit, 6 health educator meetings and 18, bi-weekly follow-up phone calls. Five, 45-minute additional health educator meetings will occur the following year. The Models contact times are the same, and indices assessed are the same for all three conditions. Evaluation will occur pre- intervention and annually, with quarterly determination of the stage of change for each targeted behavior. Annual measures include maximum oxygen uptake; dietary surveys; body fat percent and distribution; indices of strength, flexibility, spine health and self-reported physical activity; and a questionnaire assessing theoretical constructs and mediating variables. During year 4, no interventions will occur, although subjects will continue to be assessed. Program implementation and fidelity will be monitored for both models, using direct observation and audio taping. Outcomes will be assessed hierarchical linear modeling, including latent and added growth models, which are appropriate for the nested subjects and repeated measures design. Investigators will identify relationships among mediators, the intervention and outcome measures. The study will compare the two health promotion paradigms and provide an understanding of how, and under what conditions behavior change can occur and be maintained. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROMOTION OF HEALTHY BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Nies, Mary A.; Professor; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The long term goal of this project is to identify practical mechanisms to improve the health of African American women. The primary hypothesis of this study is that women who receive a community-based intervention comprised of physical activity and nutritional guidance via telephone counseling will have improved measures of health compared to women who receive a control intervention in which the communitybased intervention is absent. The specific aim of this research is to test a physical activity and nutrition telephone counseling (PAN-TEC) intervention in 360 urban sedentary
Studies 25
African American women. The goal of the PAN-TEC intervention is to increase walking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and to lower fat intake. Significantly fewer African American adults engage in physical activity or healthy eating behaviors than other ethnic/racial groups. According to Healthy People 2010, up to 67% of AA women are sedentary, and few follow the 5-a-day recommendations for fruits and vegetables. The PAN-TEC intervention is designed for easy use by health care providers who frequently counsel women in their practice settings. Walking and increased fruit and vegetable intake may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease through its effects on the cardiovascular system by increasing VO2 max and decreasing body mass index and percent body fat. In addition, physical activity improves mood states by reducing symptoms of anxiety, relieving mild depression, and improving self-esteem. Proximal behavioral outcomes for this study are walking, healthy eating, and decreased fat intake. Specific health measures include increases in VO2 max and high density lipoproteins, and decreases in percent body fat, BMI, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, glucose, and blood pressure and increases in psychological health (mood). Biomarkers of inflammation (CRP), fruit and vegetable intake (carotenoids) and appetite suppression (leptin) will also be studied. A 2-group randomized clinical trial will be conducted. African American women, varying in age from 18 to 60 years, will be randomly assigned to PAN-TEC or Control Conditions. The active or control intervention will be for six months, and outcomes will be measured at 6 12, and 18 months. Participants in the PAN-TEC intervention will be counseled to walk for 210 minutes/week, spread over 6 or more occasions, eat 4 fruits and 5 vegetables a day, 7 days a week, and decrease their fat intake. It is hypothesized that women who complete the intervention will increase walking, increase fruit and vegetable consumption, and decrease fat intake at 6, 12, and 18-month follow-up, and will have improved health measures that are sustained even after the formal intervention has been completed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REDUCING PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN MINORITY FAMILIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccauley, Linda A.; Professor; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Taken from Applicant's Abstract) This is a competing continuation of a community-based participatory research program focusing on pesticide contamination in migrant farm worker communities. Oregon Health Sciences University Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology and the Oregon Child Development Coalition propose to extend the participatory research model that has been developed to increase community capacity and to build knowledge on the nature and extent of childhood exposures to pesticide and resulting health effects. The project includes involvement from representatives of academic institutions, child and family educational, health, and social services, and the agricultural community. The investigators propose to extend their program of research beyond the state of Oregon to accomplish the following specific aims: 1) Develop and validate a pathway model of organophosphate pesticide exposure for children residing near tree fruit orchards. 2) Conduct a longitudinal investigation of pesticide residue analysis, work practices, home characteristics and biological markers of exposure in migrant families residing in multiple homes and communities throughout a year. 3) Evaluate specific neurobehavioral outcomes in Latino children who speak Spanish and indigenous languages, living in homes with measured pesticide residues and in children living in homes with minimal measurable pesticide residues. 4) Assess the effectiveness of
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accepted methods of intervention including health education and environmental exposure reduction on changing behavior and reducing pesticide exposure in the migrant agricultural community. The project also includes mechanisms to strengthen and expand the partnerships among migrant farm worker communities to increase the capacity of the community to address issues of environmental exposures and health. Training opportunities are provided for youth from the Latino farm worker community in environmental issues in affected communities. In addition to measuring the outcome of our research interventions in modifying exposures to pesticides and resulting health effects they have incorporated a comprehensive evaluation plan including measures to document increased research capacity in the community, leveraging by obtaining additional funding for further efforts, sustainability, culturally appropriate tools, policy or systems change, and impact on the field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REINVENTING 5 A DAY TESTED INTERVENTION WITH TECHNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Buller, Mary K.; President; Klein Buendel, Inc. Suite 190 Golden, Co 80401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-OCT-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Emerging Internet-based technology has vast potential to extend cancer prevention communications and interventions widely through corporate wellness markets. While access to web-based technology is not yet universal, computer-based tools for worksite health promotion offer the potential for significantly increasing the accessibility of programs and breadth of option that employers can provide. Currently, 51 percent of worksites with 750+ employees use Internet, Intranet or kiosk-based delivery channels for lifestyle behaviors change programs. A 1999 national survey of worksites found that, in as few as 3 years, computer-based programs could become the most feasible and comprehensive channel for employee health promotion. Of all the dietary factors related to cancer prevention, research evidence is most consistent for an inverse association between cancer risk and fruit and vegetable consumption. We will produce a web-based multimedia worksite 5 A Day health promotion program with computer resources for worksite wellness professionals and educational interfaces and communication features for employees. The multimedia program is based on successful worksite 5 A Day interventions developed by researchers at the AMC Cancer Research Center (AMC) and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) in NCI-funded ROl projects. Partners for Health Systems, Inc. will collaborate with AMC, FHCRC, and the Produce for Better Health Foundation on multimedia development and evaluation. A pair-matched randomized controlled trial with 800 employees and 64 worksite wellness professionals in 32 companies will test the effectiveness of the web-based 5 A Day Program at increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables and its efficacy for Phase III commercialization. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Worksite health promotion programs are considering by employers to be one of the most effective strategies for managing health care costs, increasing employee moral, and improving employee health status. The interactive multimedia nutrition education program created in this project will represent the next generation in worksite health promotion technologies. It will have application in any and all worksite wellness settings as personal computers and Internet/Intranet systems expand in the workplace. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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•
Project Title: SINGAPORE COHORT STUDY OF DIET AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Mimi C.; Professor; Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This is a request for continued funding of a residential cohort of 60,000 Singapore Chinese men and women aged 45-74 years. The cohort was initiated in April 1993. At recruitment, each cohort subject is interviewed in-person by a trained interviewer using a structured questionnaire that focuses on current diet. The cohort has been passively followed for the occurrence of cancer and death through record linkage with the population-based Singapore Cancer Registry and the Singapore Vital Statistics Office. As shown in the grant application, this cost- efficient method of follow-up generates numbers of incident cancers and deaths that are as expected based on age-sexspecific general population rates applied to cumulative person-years of observation of the studied cohort. Beginning in April 1994, a 3 percent random sample of enrolled subjects were re-contacted and asked to provide a blood and spot urine sample. We propose to extend the blood and spot urine collection to 50 percent of all surviving members of the cohort under age 75 years. The expected size of this biospecimen subcohort is approximately 23,000. The availability of blood and urine specimens on cohort members will enable us to employ biochemical markers to assess exposures and to include genetic factors in exposure-disease association studies. A series of diet/cancer analyses will be conducted during the next five years. The aims are (1) to confirm Cantonese salted fish and related foods as major etiologic agents of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and high-risk southern Chinese, and to evaluate the possibly beneficial effects of fresh fruit and vegetables and associated micronutrients on NPC development; (2) to determine the independent and interactive roles of dietary isothiocyanates, carotenoids, tocopherols, vitamin C and selenium in lung carcinogenesis, and to evaluate their effects on the smoking/lung cancer association; (3) to determine the roles of dietary soy and various types of dietary fat (total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids) in the development of female breast cancer; and (4) to determine the roles of dietary isothiocyanates and soy in the development of colorectal cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE OF SPORULATION PROTEINS IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Varughese, Kottayil I.; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Bacteria, fungi and plants recognize and respond to a multitude of environmental, metabolic and cell cycle signals through two-component signal transduction system and phosphorelays. These systems regulate a variety of genes and operons ranging from essential functions and virulence determinants to development and the ripening of fruit. Signal input activates an ATP-dependent autophosphorylation of a histidine residue of a kinase and signal propagation in these systems involves HisAsp phosphotransfer discovered, that of sporulation in bacteria, has been the subject of extensive genetic and biochemical studies. Structural analysis of the components of the pathway have shown how these signaling proteins interact and have given a first view of what residues determine specificity of molecular recognition. The objectives of the present proposal are to elucidate in detail the nature of molecular recognition, molecular
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specificity, and the mechanism of phosphotransfer in the phosphorelay using crystallographic techniques in conjunction with biochemical and genetic analyses. Two areas of focus will be the structure of the ultimate transcription factor, Spo0A, and its interaction with DNA and the structure of the signal-sensing histidine kinase that regulates phosphoryl input in the phosphorelay. The objective of this latter aim is to understand the mechanism by which signal ligand interaction activates kinase activity. Through these studies the complete mechanism of the pathway of signal transduction from signal ligand binding to gene activation will be understood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: WORKSITE PROGRAM TO INCREASE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Beresford, Shirley a A.; Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to develop an effective community-based intervention, using worksites as communities, to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. It builds on the current Seattle 5 a Day project and aims to: 1) Use qualitative methods to modify the community-based 5 a Day intervention for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to be appropriate for a worker with low socioeconomic status (SES); 2) Develop and automate an additional component, to augment the community-based 5 a Day intervention, which will produce individually tailored information and personalized feedback for low SES workers, 3) Evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption using a rigorous randomized controlled trial of small worksites that employ low SES workers, and 4) Use an objective biomarker (serum carotenoids) to test for intervention-associated response set bias. Variability in cancer mortality rates can be attributed in part to dietary factors, and the Year 2000 goals include a per capita intake of five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. National studies indicate that this goal is not yet attained, and the shortfall in consumption is particularly apparent among adults with low family income. A six-month pilot phase will be used to revise and test the survey instrument, revise the intervention to include personalized tailored feedback, and begin worksite recruitment. In the study phase, 44 worksites will be recruited, all employees will complete baseline surveys, and the worksites will be randomized to intervention or control status. Intervention activities will last 24 months, and will include forming the Employee Advisory Boards, a Kick-off event in each worksite, four personalized tailored feedback mailings to individual employees, and four additional worksite-wide events including a close-out event. The intervention will be followed by a final survey which will occur exactly two years after the baseline. The primary evaluation will use the two crosssectional surveys, at baseline and follow-up, to assess change in fruit and vegetable consumption, using seven food frequency type summary questions, at the worksite level. Serum carotenoids, as an objective estimator, and data from 24 hour recalls in a subset of respondents will be used to validate results from the main surveys. This rigorous study has the potential to produce an intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake of demonstrated efficacy, thereby contributing to cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for fruit in the PubMed Central database: •
A cDNA clone highly expressed in ripe banana fruit shows homology to pectate lyases. by Dominguez-Puigjaner E, LLop I, Vendrell M, Prat S.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158396
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A cDNA sequence from kiwifruit homologous to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. by MacDiarmid CW, Gardner RC.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=160621
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A Family of at Least Seven [beta]-Galactosidase Genes Is Expressed during Tomato Fruit Development. by Smith DL, Gross KC.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59080
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A Fruit-Specific Putative Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Is Differentially Expressed in Strawberry during the Ripening Process. by Moyano E, Portero-Robles I, Medina-Escobar N, Valpuesta V, Munoz-Blanco J, Luis Caballero J.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34992
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A Gene Encoding a Hevein-Like Protein from Elderberry Fruits Is Homologous to PR4 and Class V Chitinase Genes. by Van Damme EJ, Charels D, Roy S, Tierens K, Barre A, Martins JC, Rouge P, Van Leuven F, Does M, Peumans WJ.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32040
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A Mutant Arabidopsis Heterotrimeric G-Protein [beta] Subunit Affects Leaf, Flower, and Fruit Development. by Lease KA, Wen J, Li J, Doke JT, Liscum E, Walker JC.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139478
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A new class of regulatory genes underlying the cause of pear-shaped tomato fruit. by Liu J, Van Eck J, Cong B, Tanksley SD.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130628
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A Novel Small Heat Shock Protein Gene, vis1, Contributes to Pectin Depolymerization and Juice Viscosity in Tomato Fruit. by Ramakrishna W, Deng Z, Ding CK, Handa AK, Ozminkowski RH Jr.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166848
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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A polygalacturonase gene from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). by Atkinson RG, Gardner RC.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159031
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An Allele of the Ripening-Specific 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase Gene (ACS1) in Apple Fruit with a Long Storage Life. by Sunako T, Sakuraba W, Senda M, Akada S, Ishikawa R, Niizeki M, Harada T.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32014
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An Expansin Gene Expressed in Ripening Strawberry Fruit. by Civello PM, Powell AL, Sabehat A, Bennett AB.; 1999 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59494
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Asaia sp., an Unusual Spoilage Organism of Fruit-Flavored Bottled Water. by Moore JE, McCalmont M, Xu J, Millar BC, Heaney N.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123994
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Behavioural counselling to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults: randomised trial. by Steptoe A, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Rink E, Hilton S, Cappuccio FP.; 2003 Apr 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153474
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Characterization of Ripening-Regulated cDNAs and Their Expression in EthyleneSuppressed Charentais Melon Fruit. by Hadfield KA, Dang T, Guis M, Pech JC, Bouzayen M, Bennett AB.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58934
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Characterization of Two Divergent Endo-[beta]-1,4-Glucanase cDNA Clones Highly Expressed in the Nonclimacteric Strawberry Fruit. by Llop-Tous I, DominguezPuigjaner E, Palomer X, Vendrell M.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32027
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Coordinate Accumulation of Antifungal Proteins and Hexoses Constitutes a Developmentally Controlled Defense Response during Fruit Ripening in Grape. by Salzman RA, Tikhonova I, Bordelon BP, Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34966
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Correct processing of the kiwifruit protease actinidin in transgenic tobacco requires the presence of the C-terminal propeptide. by Paul W, Amiss J, Try R, Praekelt U, Scott R, Smith H.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157330
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Detection of Expansin Proteins and Activity during Tomato Fruit Ontogeny. by Rose JK, Cosgrove DJ, Albersheim P, Darvill AG, Bennett AB.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59115
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Differential gene expression in ripening banana fruit. by Clendennen SK, May GD.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158503
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Differentiation of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in European fruit trees by PCR using specific primers derived from the sequence of a chromosomal fragment of the apple proliferation MLO. by Jarausch W, Saillard C, Dosba F, Bove JM.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201743
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Down-Regulation of TM29, a Tomato SEPALLATA Homolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion. by Ampomah-Dwamena C, Morris BA, Sutherland P, Veit B, Yao JL.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166590
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Down-Regulation of Tomato [beta]-Galactosidase 4 Results in Decreased Fruit Softening. by Smith DL, Abbott JA, Gross KC.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166763
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Effect of Regulated Overexpression of the MADS Domain Factor AGL15 on Flower Senescence and Fruit Maturation. by Fang SC, Fernandez DE.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166541
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Enhanced Levels of the Aroma and Flavor Compound S-Linalool by Metabolic Engineering of the Terpenoid Pathway in Tomato Fruits. by Lewinsohn E, Schalechet F, Wilkinson J, Matsui K, Tadmor Y, Nam KH, Amar O, Lastochkin E, Larkov O, Ravid U, Hiatt W, Gepstein S, Pichersky E.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129293
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Ethylene Biosynthesis in Detached Young Persimmon Fruit Is Initiated in Calyx and Modulated by Water Loss from the Fruit. by Nakano R, Ogura E, Kubo Y, Inaba A.; 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166807
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Evidence for the control of phytolith formation in Cucurbita fruits by the hard rind (Hr) genetic locus: Archaeological and ecological implications. by Piperno DR, Holst I, Wessel-Beaver L, Andres TC.; 2002 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125074
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Expression of Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Relation to Anthocyanin, Proanthocyanidin, and Flavonol Levels during Bilberry Fruit Development. by Jaakola L, Maatta K, Pirttila AM, Torronen R, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166602
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Fruit-Localized Phytochromes Regulate Lycopene Accumulation Independently of Ethylene Production in Tomato. by Alba R, Cordonnier-Pratt MM, Pratt LH.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59010
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fw2.2 Directly Affects the Size of Developing Tomato Fruit, with Secondary Effects on Fruit Number and Photosynthate Distribution. by Nesbitt TC, Tanksley SD.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125092
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Genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants: improved fruit productivity under both greenhouse and open field cultivation. by Acciarri N, Restaino F, Vitelli G, Perrone D, Zottini M, Pandolfini T, Spena A, Rotino GL.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101493
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High-Pressure Inactivation and Sublethal Injury of Pressure-Resistant Escherichia coli Mutants in Fruit Juices. by Garcia-Graells C, Hauben KJ, Michiels CW.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106191
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Hormone and Seed-Specific Regulation of Pea Fruit Growth. by Ozga JA, van Huizen R, Reinecke DM.; 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154265
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Inhibition of Proteasome Activity Strongly Affects Kiwifruit Pollen Germination. Involvement of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway as a Major Regulator. by Speranza A, Scoccianti V, Crinelli R, Calzoni GL, Magnani M.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116471
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Interaction of a developmentally regulated DNA-binding factor with sites flanking two different fruit-ripening genes from tomato. by Cordes S, Deikman J, Margossian LJ, Fischer RL.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159839
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LEFPS1, a Tomato Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Gene Highly Expressed during Early Fruit Development. by Gaffe J, Bru JP, Causse M, Vidal A, Stamitti-Bert L, Carde JP, Gallusci P.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59093
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Manipulation of Strawberry Fruit Softening by Antisense Expression of a Pectate Lyase Gene. by Jimenez-Bermudez S, Redondo-Nevado J, Munoz-Blanco J, Caballero JL, Lopez-Aranda JM, Valpuesta V, Pliego-Alfaro F, Quesada MA, Mercado JA.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148936
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Molecular and Genetic Characterization of a Non-Climacteric Phenotype in Melon Reveals Two Loci Conferring Altered Ethylene Response in Fruit. by Perin C, GomezJimenez M, Hagen L, Dogimont C, Pech JC, Latche A, Pitrat M, Lelievre JM.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155893
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Apricot Fruit Polyphenol Oxidase. by Chevalier T, de Rigal D, Mbeguie-A-Mbeguie D, Gauillard F, Richard-Forget F, FilsLycaon BR.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32010
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Novel Insight into Vascular, Stress, and Auxin-Dependent and -Independent Gene Expression Programs in Strawberry, a Non-Climacteric Fruit. by Aharoni A, Keizer LC, Van Den Broeck HC, Blanco-Portales R, Munoz-Blanco J, Bois G, Smit P, De Vos RC, O'Connell AP.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166497
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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from melon fruits. by Miki T, Yamamoto M, Nakagawa H, Ogura N, Mori H, Imaseki H, Sato T.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=161218
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Overexpression of a Gene Encoding a Cytochrome P450, CYP78A9, Induces Large and Seedless Fruit in Arabidopsis. by Ito T, Meyerowitz EM.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149068
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Parthenocarpic apple fruit production conferred by transposon insertion mutations in a MADS-box transcription factor. by Yao JL, Dong YH, Morris BA.; 2001 Jan 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14750
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pH Regulation of Pectate Lyase Secretion Modulates the Attack of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Avocado Fruits. by Yakoby N, Kobiler I, Dinoor A, Prusky D.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91938
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Pollination-, Development-, and Auxin-Specific Regulation of Gibberellin 3[beta]Hydroxylase Gene Expression in Pea Fruit and Seeds. by Ozga JA, Yu J, Reinecke DM.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166877
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Polygalacturonase Gene Expression in Ripe Melon Fruit Supports a Role for Polygalacturonase in Ripening-Associated Pectin Disassembly. by Hadfield KA, Rose JK, Yaver DS, Berka RM, Bennett AB.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34956
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Proline Accumulation in Developing Grapevine Fruit Occurs Independently of Changes in the Levels of [Delta]1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase mRNA or Protein. by Stines AP, Naylor DJ, Hoj PB, van Heeswijck R.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59332
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Regulation of Early Tomato Fruit Development by the Diageotropica Gene. by Balbi V, Lomax TL.; 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166799
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Regulation of gene expression by ethylene during Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) fruit development. by Lincoln JE, Cordes S, Read E, Fischer RL.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304745
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Stage- and Tissue-Specific Expression of Ethylene Receptor Homolog Genes during Fruit Development in Muskmelon. by Sato-Nara K, Yuhashi KI, Higashi K, Hosoya K, Kubota M, Ezura H.; 1999 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59264
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The Abundant Class III Chitinase Homolog in Young Developing Banana Fruits Behaves as a Transient Vegetative Storage Protein and Most Probably Serves as an Important Supply of Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Ripening-Associated Proteins. by Peumans WJ, Proost P, Swennen RL, Van Damme EJ.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166631
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The Expression of Alternative Oxidase and Uncoupling Protein during Fruit Ripening in Mango. by Considine MJ, Daley DO, Whelan J.; 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117161
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The Forms and Sources of Cytokinins in Developing White Lupine Seeds and Fruits. by Emery RJ, Ma Q, Atkins CA.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59116
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Two divergent endo-beta-1,4-glucanase genes exhibit overlapping expression in ripening fruit and abscising flowers. by Lashbrook CC, Gonzalez-Bosch C, Bennett AB.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160536
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Variation in Its C-Terminal Amino Acids Determines Whether Endo-[beta]Mannanase Is Active or Inactive in Ripening Tomato Fruits of Different Cultivars. by Bourgault R, Bewley JD.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166646
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Yeast succession in the Amazon fruit Parahancornia amapa as resource partitioning among Drosophila spp. by Morais PB, Martins MB, Klaczko LB, Mendonca-Hagler LC, Hagler AN.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167736
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fruit, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fruit (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
(31)phosphorous and single voxel proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging in a case of star fruit poisoning. Author(s): Chan YL, Ng HK, Leung CB, Yeung DK. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 October; 23(9): 1557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372747&dopt=Abstract
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A 2-year stage of change evaluation of dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake behaviors of cardiac rehabilitation patients. Author(s): Frame CJ, Green CG, Herr DG, Taylor ML. Source: American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp. 2003 July-August; 17(6): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858615&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the effect of advice to eat either '5-a-day' fruit and vegetables or folic acid-fortified foods on plasma folate and homocysteine. Author(s): Ashfield-Watt PA, Whiting JM, Clark ZE, Moat SJ, Newcombe RG, Burr ML, McDowell IF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571666&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A curriculum based on social learning theory emphasizing fruit exposure and positive parent child-feeding strategies: a pilot study. Author(s): Gribble LS, Falciglia G, Davis AM, Couch SC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 January; 103(1): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525801&dopt=Abstract
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A home-based nutrition intervention to increase consumption of fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods in community dwelling elders. Author(s): Bernstein A, Nelson ME, Tucker KL, Layne J, Johnson E, Nuernberger A, Castaneda C, Judge JO, Buchner D, Singh MF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 102(10): 1421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396159&dopt=Abstract
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A method of preserving and testing the acceptability of gac fruit oil, a good source of beta-carotene and essential fatty acids. Author(s): Vuong LT, King JC. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2003 June; 24(2): 224-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891827&dopt=Abstract
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A mixed fruit and vegetable concentrate increases plasma antioxidant vitamins and folate and lowers plasma homocysteine in men. Author(s): Samman S, Sivarajah G, Man JC, Ahmad ZI, Petocz P, Caterson ID. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840177&dopt=Abstract
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A mixed green vegetable and fruit beverage decreased the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Author(s): Suido H, Tanaka T, Tabei T, Takeuchi A, Okita M, Kishimoto T, Kasayama S, Higashino K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 May 22; 50(11): 3346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010009&dopt=Abstract
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A new pollen-fruit cross-reactivity. Author(s): Callejo A, Sanchis ME, Armentia A, Moneoa I, Fernandez A. Source: Allergy. 2002 November; 57(11): 1088-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359020&dopt=Abstract
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A population-based case-control study on fruit and vegetable intake and lung cancer: a paradox effect? Author(s): Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A, Dosil-Diaz O, Barreiro-Carracedo A, BarrosDios JM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467134&dopt=Abstract
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A short dutch questionnaire to measure fruit and vegetable intake: relative validity among adults and adolescents. Author(s): Van Assema P, Brug J, Ronda G, Steenhuis I, Oenema A. Source: Nutr Health. 2002; 16(2): 85-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102370&dopt=Abstract
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After the blueberries. Summer is gone and so are the healthy fruits and veggies of the season. What do we eat now? Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Time. 2002 October 7; 160(15): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389454&dopt=Abstract
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Age-related maculopathy and consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in urban elderly. Author(s): Vaicaitiene R, Luksiene DK, Paunksnis A, Cerniauskiene LR, Domarkiene S, Cimbalas A. Source: Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2003; 39(12): 1231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14704513&dopt=Abstract
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Allergies to cross-reactive plant proteins. Latex-fruit syndrome is comparable with pollen-food allergy syndrome. Author(s): Yagami T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 128(4): 271-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218365&dopt=Abstract
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Allergy to azufaifa fruit and latex. Author(s): Alvarado MI, Moneo I, Gonzalo MA, Alvarez-Eire M, Diaz-Perales A. Source: Allergy. 2002 May; 57(5): 460-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972491&dopt=Abstract
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Aluminium content of drinking waters, fruit juices and soft drinks: contribution to dietary intake. Author(s): Lopez FF, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 June 26; 292(3): 205-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146520&dopt=Abstract
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Amides from Piper tuberculatum fruits. Author(s): de O Chaves MC, de F Junior AG, de O Santos BV. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628420&dopt=Abstract
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Amount of raw vegetables and fruits needed to yield 1 c juice. Author(s): Newman V, Faerber S, Zoumas-Morse C, Rock CL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 July; 102(7): 975-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146562&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of typhoid Fever in Florida associated with an imported frozen fruit. Author(s): Katz DJ, Cruz MA, Trepka MJ, Suarez JA, Fiorella PD, Hammond RM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 July 15; 186(2): 234-9. Epub 2002 June 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134260&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-angiogenic potential of Gleditsia sinensis fruit extract. Author(s): Chow LM, Chui CH, Tang JC, Lau FY, Yau MY, Cheng GY, Wong RS, Lai PB, Leung TW, Teo IT, Cheung F, Guo D, Chan AS. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2003 August; 12(2): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851730&dopt=Abstract
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Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components. Author(s): Silalahi J. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(1): 79-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890643&dopt=Abstract
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Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A doubleblind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Javidnia K, Dastgheib L, Mohammadi Samani S, Nasiri A. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678227&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial study of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum leaves and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides fruits from Cameroon. Author(s): Ngassoum MB, Essia-Ngang JJ, Tatsadjieu LN, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Adjoudji O. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 April; 74(3): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727495&dopt=Abstract
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Antiproliferative activity of the extract of Gleditsia sinensis fruit on human solid tumour cell lines. Author(s): Chow LM, Tang JC, Teo IT, Chui CH, Lau FY, Leung TW, Cheng G, Wong RS, Wong IL, Tsang KM, Tan WQ, Zhao YZ, Lai KB, Lam WH, Guo DA, Chan AS. Source: Chemotherapy. 2002; 48(6): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673105&dopt=Abstract
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Antiproliferative constituents from Umbelliferae plants VI. New ursane-type saikosaponin analogs from the fruits of Bupleurum rotundifolium. Author(s): Fujioka T, Yoshida K, Fujii H, Nagao T, Okabe H, Mihashi K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 April; 51(4): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672986&dopt=Abstract
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Applying theory of planned behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption of young adolescents. Author(s): Lien N, Lytle LA, Komro KA. Source: American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp. 2002 March-April; 16(4): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913324&dopt=Abstract
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Are the effects of dietary fruits and vegetables on human health related to those of chronic dietary restriction on animal longevity and disease? Author(s): Cuthbertson WF. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 87(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898772&dopt=Abstract
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Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GCMS and multidimensional GC/GC-O. Author(s): Jordan MJ, Margaria CA, Shaw PE, Goodner KL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 September 11; 50(19): 5386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207479&dopt=Abstract
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Aspiration of fruit gel snacks. Author(s): Qureshi S, Mink R. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612261&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake in young adults: a combination of traditional staging algorithms and food-frequency questionnaires. Author(s): Ma J, Betts NM, Horacek T, Georgiou C, White A. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 April; 18(2): 224-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729181&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of cross-reactivity between Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen and tomato fruit extracts by RAST inhibition and immunoblot inhibition. Author(s): Kondo Y, Tokuda R, Urisu A, Matsuda T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 32(4): 590-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972607&dopt=Abstract
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Association between fruit and vegetable intake and change in body mass index among a large sample of children and adolescents in the United States. Author(s): Field AE, Gillman MW, Rosner B, Rockett HR, Colditz GA. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 July; 27(7): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821968&dopt=Abstract
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Association between infantile colic and carbohydrate malabsorption from fruit juices in infancy. Author(s): Duro D, Rising R, Cedillo M, Lifshitz F. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 May; 109(5): 797-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986439&dopt=Abstract
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Associations between perceived family meal environment and parent intake of fruit, vegetables, and fat. Author(s): Boutelle KN, Birnbaum AS, Lytle LA, Murray DM, Story M. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 January-February; 35(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588677&dopt=Abstract
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Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Author(s): Steffen LM, Jacobs DR Jr, Stevens J, Shahar E, Carithers T, Folsom AR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936919&dopt=Abstract
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Availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables influence children's dietary behavior. Author(s): Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Owens E, Marsh T, Rittenberry L, de Moor C. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2003 October; 30(5): 615-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14582601&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioural counselling to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults: randomised trial. Author(s): Steptoe A, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Rink E, Hilton S, Cappuccio FP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 19; 326(7394): 855. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702620&dopt=Abstract
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Bioactive novel polyphenols from the fruit of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla). Author(s): Ma J, Luo XD, Protiva P, Yang H, Ma C, Basile MJ, Weinstein IB, Kennelly EJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 July; 66(7): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880319&dopt=Abstract
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Blood pressure and vitamin C and fruit and vegetable intake. Author(s): Beitz R, Mensink GB, Fischer B. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2003; 47(5): 214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12748415&dopt=Abstract
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Brief, validated survey instruments for the measurement of fruit and vegetable intakes in adults: a review. Author(s): Kim DJ, Holowaty EJ. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 36(4): 440-7. Review. Erratum In: Prev Med. 2003 July; 37(1): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649052&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. The more I eat a health diet--one that's rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables--the more trouble I have with flatulence. Is this unusual? Any suggestions? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2003 March; 10(7): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654596&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium, protein, and fruit and vegetables as dietary determinants of bone health. Author(s): New SA, Millward DJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1340-1; Author Reply 1341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716695&dopt=Abstract
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Can fruits and vegetables and activities substitute for snack foods? Author(s): Goldfield GS, Epstein LH. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2002 May; 21(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027037&dopt=Abstract
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Cancer prevention and therapy with kiwifruit in Chinese folklore medicine: a study of kiwifruit extracts. Author(s): Motohashi N, Shirataki Y, Kawase M, Tani S, Sakagami H, Satoh K, Kurihara T, Nakashima H, Mucsi I, Varga A, Molnar J. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 August; 81(3): 357-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127237&dopt=Abstract
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CAY-I, a fungicidal saponin from Capsicum sp. fruit. Author(s): De Lucca AJ, Bland JM, Vigo CB, Cushion M, Selitrennikoff CP, Peter J, Walsh TJ. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2002 April; 40(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058725&dopt=Abstract
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Cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals. Author(s): Mozaffarian D, Kumanyika SK, Lemaitre RN, Olson JL, Burke GL, Siscovick DS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 2; 289(13): 1659-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672734&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in vegetable and fruit consumption and awareness among US adults: results of the 1991 and 1997 5 A Day for Better Health Program surveys. Author(s): Stables GJ, Subar AF, Patterson BH, Dodd K, Heimendinger J, Van Duyn MA, Nebeling L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 June; 102(6): 809-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067046&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of the aromatic profile in aqueous essence and fruit juice of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa degner) by GC-MS and GC/O. Author(s): Jordan MJ, Goodner KL, Shaw PE. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879031&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical composition of the fruit mesocarp of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) populations grown in central Amazonia, Brazil. Author(s): Yuyama LK, Aguiar JP, Yuyama K, Clement CR, Macedo SH, Favaro DI, Afonso C, Vasconcellos MB, Pimentel SA, Badolato ES, Vannucchi H. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 January; 54(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701237&dopt=Abstract
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Children's growth parameters vary by type of fruit juice consumed. Author(s): Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Nichols MJ, Jenkins P. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999 August; 18(4): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038478&dopt=Abstract
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Children's lung function and antioxidant vitamin, fruit, juice, and vegetable intake. Author(s): Gilliland FD, Berhane KT, Li YF, Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Peters J. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 September 15; 158(6): 576-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12965883&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features of cross-reactivity of food allergy caused by fruits. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Crespo JF. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 2(3): 233-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045420&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of plasma biomarkers with dietary assessment methods for fruit and vegetable intake. Author(s): Pollard J, Wild CP, White KL, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, Kirk SF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 57(8): 988-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879094&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the nutrient content of fresh fruit juices vs commercial fruit juices. Author(s): Densupsoontorn N, Jirapinyo P, Thamonsiri N, Wongarn R, Phosuya P, Tritiprat A, Patraarat S, Pidatcha P, Suwannthol L. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S732-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403253&dopt=Abstract
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Constituents from Piper marginatum fruits. Author(s): de Oliveira Chaves MC, de Oliveira Santos BV. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385887&dopt=Abstract
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Constituents of the fruits and leaves of Euodia daniellii. Author(s): Yoo SW, Kim JS, Kang SS, Son KH, Chang HW, Kim HP, Bae K, Lee CO. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 December; 25(6): 824-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510833&dopt=Abstract
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Consumer motivation towards purchasing fruit from integrated production in Belgium. Author(s): Vannoppen J, Verbeke W, Van Huylenbroeck G. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001; 66(2B): 805-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425106&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, and high-fat-containing snacks among Mexican children on the Mexico-U.S. border. Author(s): Jimenez-Cruz A, Bacardi-Gascon M, Jones EG. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 January-February; 33(1): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825635&dopt=Abstract
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Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries. Author(s): Agudo A, Slimani N, Ocke MC, Naska A, Miller AB, Kroke A, Bamia C, Karalis D, Vineis P, Palli D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Hjartaker A, Navarro C, Martinez Garcia C, Wallstrom P, Zhang JX, Welch AA, Spencer E, Stripp C, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Casagrande C, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1179-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639226&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT. Author(s): Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Perry C, Story M. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 September; 37(3): 198-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914825&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-reactivity between Ficus benjamina latex and fig fruit in patients with clinical fig allergy. Author(s): Focke M, Hemmer W, Wohrl S, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 33(7): 971-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859455&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic triterpenoids from the fruits of Zizyphus jujuba. Author(s): Lee SM, Min BS, Lee CG, Kim KS, Kho YH. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 November; 69(11): 1051-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735446&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxicity and apoptotic inducibility of Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract in cultured human normal and cancer cells and effect on growth. Author(s): Ohyama K, Akaike T, Hirobe C, Yamakawa T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 January; 26(1): 10-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520164&dopt=Abstract
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Development and validation of the Day in the Life Questionnaire (DILQ) as a measure of fruit and vegetable questionnaire for 7-9 year olds. Author(s): Edmunds LD, Ziebland S. Source: Health Education Research. 2002 April; 17(2): 211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036236&dopt=Abstract
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Development of low erosive carbonated fruit drinks 2. Evaluation of an experimental carbonated blackcurrant drink compared to a conventional carbonated drink. Author(s): West NX, Hughes JA, Parker DM, Moohan M, Addy M. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2003 July; 31(5): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799121&dopt=Abstract
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Development of low erosive carbonated fruit drinks. 1. Evaluation of two experimental orange drinks in vitro and in situ. Author(s): Hunter ML, Hughes JA, Parker DM, West NX, Newcombe RG, Addy M. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2003 May; 31(4): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735919&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary diversity: case study of fruit and vegetable consumption by chiropractic patients. Author(s): Jamison JR. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 26(6): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902967&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary fruit and vegetables protect against somatic mutation in vivo, but low or high intake of carotenoids does not. Author(s): Nyberg F, Hou SM, Pershagen G, Lambert B. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 April; 24(4): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727797&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, and fat in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Author(s): DeBoer SW, Thomas RJ, Brekke MJ, Brekke LN, Hoffman RS, Menzel PA, Aase LA, Hayes SN, Kottke TE. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 February; 78(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583527&dopt=Abstract
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Discrepancies between ecological and individual data on fruit and vegetable consumption in fifteen countries. Author(s): Pomerleau J, Lock K, McKee M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 89(6): 827-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828799&dopt=Abstract
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DNA adducts and the protective role of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Vineis P. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 469-74. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484236&dopt=Abstract
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Does stage of change predict outcome in a primary-care intervention to encourage an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption? Author(s): John JH, Yudkin PL, Neil HA, Ziebland S. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 August; 18(4): 429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939125&dopt=Abstract
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Dried fruits decrease nocturnal polyuria. Author(s): Thomas DV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 November; 170(5): 1956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14532830&dopt=Abstract
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Eating tropical fruit reduces mercury exposure from fish consumption in the Brazilian Amazon. Author(s): Passos CJ, Mergler D, Gaspar E, Morais S, Lucotte M, Larribe F, Davidson R, de Grosbois S. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 October; 93(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963396&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Beuchat LR. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2002 April; 4(4): 413-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932192&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a fruit and vegetable subscription in Danish schools. Author(s): Eriksen K, Haraldsdottir J, Pederson R, Flyger HV. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581466&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of acute load of grapefruit juice on urinary excretion of citrate and urinary risk factors for renal stone formation. Author(s): Trinchieri A, Lizzano R, Bernardini P, Nicola M, Pozzoni F, Romano AL, Serrago MP, Confalanieri S. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408462&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of five-year supplementation of vitamin C on serum vitamin C concentration and consumption of vegetables and fruits in middle-aged Japanese: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Kim MK, Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805247&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of high fiber vegetable-fruit diet on the activity of liver damage and serum iron level in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Author(s): Dabrowska E, Jablonska-Kaszewska I, Falkiewicz B. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1: 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211737&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of individual heterozygosity on fruiting in dwarf Siberian pine (Pinus pumila (Pall) Regel). Author(s): Maluchenko OP, Altukhov Y. Source: Doklady Biological Sciences : Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Ussr, Biological Sciences Sections / Translated from Russian. 2002 May-June; 384: 23841. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134493&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide on Cryptosporidium parvum viability in fruit juices. Author(s): Kniel KE, Sumner SS, Lindsay DS, Hackney CR, Pierson MD, Zajac AM, Golden DA, Fayer R. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 September; 66(9): 1650-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503720&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): John JH, Ziebland S, Yudkin P, Roe LS, Neil HA; Oxford Fruit and Vegetable Study Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 8; 359(9322): 1969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076551&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fruits and vegetables on levels of vitamins E and C in the brain and their association with cognitive performance. Author(s): Martin A, Cherubini A, Andres-Lacueva C, Paniagua M, Joseph J. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2002; 6(6): 392-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459890&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of Rosa canina fruit extract on neutrophil respiratory burst. Author(s): Daels-Rakotoarison DA, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Luyckx M, Dine T, Bailleul F, Cazin M, Cazin JC. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933119&dopt=Abstract
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Energy density predicts preferences for fruit and vegetables in 4-year-old children. Author(s): Gibson EL, Wardle J. Source: Appetite. 2003 August; 41(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880626&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Author(s): Riboli E, Norat T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 559S569S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936950&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological studies of cereals, fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Schatzkin A. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484131&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of fruit and vegetable intake using a two-item dietary questionnaire: a potential tool for primary health care workers. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Rink E, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Hilton S, Steptoe A. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003 February; 13(1): 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772433&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of the uncertainty in a multiresidue method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Christensen HB, Poulsen ME, Pedersen M. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 August; 20(8): 764-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129793&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnicity and asthma symptoms associated with ingestion of fruits. Author(s): Chan PW, Samsinah H, Azlin NM. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 December; 38(6): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410882&dopt=Abstract
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Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Mathew A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Kulldorff M, Sinha R. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 10; 108(2): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639617&dopt=Abstract
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Fermenting fruit and the historical ecology of ethanol ingestion: is alcoholism in modern humans an evolutionary hangover? Author(s): Dudley R. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 April; 97(4): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964055&dopt=Abstract
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Flavonoids in human urine as biomarkers for intake of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Nielsen SE, Freese R, Kleemola P, Mutanen M. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 May; 11(5): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010860&dopt=Abstract
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Fourth-grade children's consumption of fruit and vegetable items available as part of school lunches is closely related to preferences. Author(s): Baxter SD, Thompson WO. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 May-June; 34(3): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047841&dopt=Abstract
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Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents. Author(s): Irwig MS, El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Rifai N, Campos H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 132(10): 3161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368412&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable assessment: performance of 2 new short instruments and a food frequency questionnaire. Author(s): Thompson FE, Subar AF, Smith AF, Midthune D, Radimer KL, Kahle LL, Kipnis V. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1764-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487538&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal cancer incidence. Author(s): Michels KB, Giovannucci E, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 139-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484148&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable consumption and LDL cholesterol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Author(s): Djousse L, Arnett DK, Coon H, Province MA, Moore LL, Ellison RC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749225&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cancer of the digestive tract: metaanalysis of published case-control and cohort studies. Author(s): Norat T, Riboli E. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 123-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484143&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable consumption. Author(s): Perez CE. Source: Health Reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports Sur La Sante / Statistique Canada, Centre Canadien D'information Sur La Sante. 2002; 13(3): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743958&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk in Portugal. Author(s): Reis MF, Oliveira L, Pereirinha A, Pereira Miguel JM. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 137-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484147&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intake and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Lindenauer P, Rastegar DA, von Goeler D. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 July 16; 137(2): 144; Author Reply 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118978&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intake and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Alves-Rodrigues A, Thomas B. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 July 16; 137(2): 143-4; Author Reply. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118976&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Author(s): Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081821&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up cohort. Author(s): Flood A, Velie EM, Chaterjee N, Subar AF, Thompson FE, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Troisi R, Schatzkin A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 936-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976170&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetable intakes are an independent predictor of bone size in early pubertal children. Author(s): Tylavsky FA, Holliday K, Danish R, Womack C, Norwood J, Carbone L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 February; 79(2): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14749239&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetables--attitudes and knowledge of primary school children. Author(s): Edwards JS, Hartwell HH. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 15(5): 365-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270017&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit and vegetables--building a solid foundation. Author(s): Rimm EB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081813&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit genome projects ripen on the vine. Author(s): Christensen D. Source: Nature Medicine. 2003 March; 9(3): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612559&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit juice and dried fruit--healthy choices or not? Author(s): Stillman-Lowe C. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 April 26; 194(8): 408; Author Reply 408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778086&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status and DNA damage. Author(s): Bub A, Watzl B, Blockhaus M, Briviba K, Liegibel U, Muller H, Pool-Zobel BL, Rechkemmer G. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 February; 14(2): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667600&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine. Author(s): Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Leake BF, Schwarz UI, Dawson PA, Freeman DJ, Kim RB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 January; 71(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823753&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit polyphenolics and brain aging: nutritional interventions targeting age-related neuronal and behavioral deficits. Author(s): Galli RL, Shukitt-Hale B, Youdim KA, Joseph JA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 959: 128-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976192&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit tree model for uptake of organic compounds from soil. Author(s): Trapp S, Rasmussen D, Samsoe-Petersen L. Source: Sar and Qsar in Environmental Research. 2003 February; 14(1): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688413&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: the Boyd Orr cohort. Author(s): Maynard M, Gunnell D, Emmett P, Frankel S, Davey Smith G. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 March; 57(3): 218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594199&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit, vegetables, and the prevention of cancer: research challenges. Author(s): Temple NJ, Gladwin KK. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 May; 19(5): 467-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714102&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Author(s): Miller AB, Altenburg HP, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Boshuizen HC, Agudo A, Berrino F, Gram IT, Janson L, Linseisen J, Overvad K, Rasmuson T, Vineis P, Lukanova A, Allen N, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Berglund G, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Day NE, Hallmans G, Lund E, Martinez C, Navarro C, Palli D, Panico S, Peeters PH, Quiros JR, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Slimani N, Riboli E. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 January 10; 108(2): 269-76. Erratum In: Int J Cancer. 2004 March 1; 108(6): 945. Palli Dominico [corrected to Palli Domenico]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639614&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET). Author(s): Neuhouser ML, Patterson RE, Thornquist MD, Omenn GS, King IB, Goodman GE. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 April; 12(4): 350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692110&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables categorized: an application of the generalized context model. Author(s): Smits T, Storms G, Rosseel Y, De Boeck P. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2002 December; 9(4): 836-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613691&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cellular oxidative damage. Author(s): Prior RL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 570S578S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936951&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables intake differentially affects estrogen receptor negative and positive breast cancer incidence rates. Author(s): Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Thomsen BL, Loft S, Stripp C, Overvad K, Moller S, Olsen JH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2342-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840204&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables. Make their synergy work for your pediatric patients. Author(s): Frank GC. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 August; 10(8): 39-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425189&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables: do they protect from gastric cancer? Author(s): Roukos DH, Paraskevaidis E, Agnantis NJ, Kappas AM. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 124(7): 2006-7; Author Reply 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812202&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Author(s): Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Albanes D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Feskanich D, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi LH, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 December 20; 107(6): 1001-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14601062&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits, vegetables, and adenomatous polyps: the Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study. Author(s): Smith-Warner SA, Elmer PJ, Fosdick L, Randall B, Bostick RM, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Louis TA, Wood JR, Potter JD. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 June 15; 155(12): 1104-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048224&dopt=Abstract
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Furosine as indicator of maillard reaction in jams and fruit-based infant foods. Author(s): Rada-Mendoza M, Olano A, Villamiel M. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 July 3; 50(14): 4141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083898&dopt=Abstract
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General outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with salad vegetables and fruit, England and Wales, 1992-2000. Author(s): Long SM, Adak GK, O'Brien SJ, Gillespie IA. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 June; 5(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166293&dopt=Abstract
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Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Author(s): Liu RH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 517S520S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936943&dopt=Abstract
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Healthy eating. Grilling. Fire up your fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Webb R. Source: Diabetes Forecast. 2002 August; 55(8): 39-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14765448&dopt=Abstract
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Higher fat intake and lower fruit and vegetables intakes are associated with greater acculturation among Mexicans living in Washington State. Author(s): Neuhouser ML, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Solomon CC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004 January; 104(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702584&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and characterization of the allergens in the tomato fruit by immunoblotting. Author(s): Kondo Y, Urisu A, Tokuda R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 December; 126(4): 2949. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815736&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of a copper chaperone from tomato fruits infected with Botrytis cinerea by differential display. Author(s): Company P, Gonzalez-Bosch C. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727232&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of an allergen related to Phl p 4, a major timothy grass pollen allergen, in pollens, vegetables, and fruits by immunogold electron microscopy. Author(s): Grote M, Stumvoll S, Reichelt R, Lidholm J, Rudolf V. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 September; 383(9): 1441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437137&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Cucumisin (Cuc m 1), a subtilisin-like endopeptidase, as the major allergen of melon fruit. Author(s): Cuesta-Herranz J, Pastor C, Figueredo E, Vidarte L, De las Heras M, Duran C, Fernandez-Caldas E, de Miguel J, Vivanco F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 33(6): 827-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801320&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of epoxybergamottin as a CYP3A4 inhibitor in grapefruit peel. Author(s): Wangensteen H, Molden E, Christensen H, Malterud KE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 663-8. Epub 2003 January 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610742&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of factors affecting purchasing and preparation of fruit and vegetables by stage of change for low-income African American mothers using the think-aloud method. Author(s): Henry H, Reicks M, Smith C, Reimer K, Atwell J, Thomas R. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 December; 103(12): 1643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647093&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of triterpene hydroxycinnamates with in vitro antitumor activity from whole cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Murphy BT, MacKinnon SL, Yan X, Hammond GB, Vaisberg AJ, Neto CC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769521&dopt=Abstract
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IgE cross-reactivity between meadow fescue pollen and kiwi fruit in patients' sera with sensitivity to both extracts. Author(s): Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Cirkovic T, Burazer L, Vuckovic O, Jankov RM. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(4): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926188&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoblot studies in birch pollen-allergic patients with and without fruit hypersensitivity: part I: antibody pattern for birch pollen extract. Author(s): Jeep S, Pilz B, Baisch A, Kleine-Tebbe J, Ohnemus U, Kunkel G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001; 11(4): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908813&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoblot studies in birch pollen-allergic patients with and without fruit hypersensitivity: part II: antibody pattern for fruit extracts. Author(s): Jeep S, Pilz B, Baisch A, Kleine-Tebbe J, Ohnemus U, Kunkel G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001; 11(4): 264-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908814&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of television viewing patterns on fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. Author(s): Boynton-Jarrett R, Thomas TN, Peterson KE, Wiecha J, Sobol AM, Gortmaker SL. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14654604&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro erosive capacity of some fruit juices and soft or low alcoholic strength beverages on human teeth. Author(s): Lissera RG, Luna Maldonado ER, Battellino LJ. Source: Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1998; 11(1): 55-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885455&dopt=Abstract
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Increased fruit and vegetable consumption: potential health benefits. Author(s): Southon S. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894760&dopt=Abstract
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Increased fruit, vegetable and fiber intake and lower fat intake reported among women previously treated for invasive breast cancer. Author(s): Thomson CA, Flatt SW, Rock CL, Ritenbaugh C, Newman V, Pierce JP. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 June; 102(6): 801-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067045&dopt=Abstract
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Increased intake of fruit and vegetables: estimation of impact in terms of life expectancy and healthcare costs. Author(s): Gundgaard J, Nielsen JN, Olsen J, Sorensen J. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581462&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: an apple a day may be the secret. Author(s): Hayes SF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 28; 326(7404): 1458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829571&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: brief interventions have useful long term results. Author(s): Brown DA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 28; 326(7404): 1458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829570&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among adults attending colorectal cancer screening: the efficacy of a brief tailored intervention. Author(s): Baker AH, Wardle J. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 February; 11(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867508&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. Author(s): Saleem A, Husheem M, Harkonen P, Pihlaja K. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 August; 81(3): 327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127233&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of fruit extracts on P-glycoprotein-related efflux carriers: an in-vitro screening. Author(s): Deferme S, Van Gelder J, Augustijns P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 September; 54(9): 1213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356275&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of hot-water extract from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in cell and cell-free systems. Author(s): Chu CY, Lee MJ, Liao CL, Lin WL, Yin YF, Tseng TH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 17; 51(26): 7583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664511&dopt=Abstract
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Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women. Author(s): Johnsen SP, Overvad K, Stripp C, Tjonneland A, Husted SE, Sorensen HT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816771&dopt=Abstract
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Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Malin AS, Qi D, Shu XO, Gao YT, Friedmann JM, Jin F, Zheng W. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 June 20; 105(3): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704679&dopt=Abstract
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Intake of soft drinks, fruit-flavored beverages, and fruits and vegetables by children in grades 4 through 6. Author(s): Cullen KW, Ash DM, Warneke C, de Moor C. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 September; 92(9): 1475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197978&dopt=Abstract
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Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Author(s): Michaud DS, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtanen M, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 960-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434284&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction between warfarin and mango fruit. Author(s): Monterrey-Rodriguez J. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 36(5): 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014354&dopt=Abstract
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Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 uraemic patients: treatment and outcome. Author(s): Neto MM, da Costa JA, Garcia-Cairasco N, Netto JC, Nakagawa B, Dantas M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 January; 18(1): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480969&dopt=Abstract
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Iron status of South African women working in a fruit-packing factory. Author(s): Wolmarans P, Dhansay MA, Mansvelt EP, Laubscher JA, Benade AJ. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 August; 6(5): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943559&dopt=Abstract
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Is a tomato a fruit and a vegetable? Author(s): Cunningham E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 June; 102(6): 817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067047&dopt=Abstract
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Jordan Friends of Behcet's Disease Patients Society. A fruit of joint efforts between doctors and patients. Author(s): Tamimi J, Madanat W. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 528: 609-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918776&dopt=Abstract
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Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly. Author(s): Rush EC, Patel M, Plank LD, Ferguson LR. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(2): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074185&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fruit, -vegetable, and -fiber diet on serum prostatespecific antigen of men without prostate cancer: results from a randomized trial. Author(s): Shike M, Latkany L, Riedel E, Fleisher M, Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, Begg CB. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 September 1; 20(17): 3592-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202659&dopt=Abstract
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Lansium domesticum: skin and leaf extracts of this fruit tree interrupt the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum, and are active towards a chloroquine-resistant strain of the parasite (T9) in vitro. Author(s): Yapp DT, Yap SY. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 March; 85(1): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576213&dopt=Abstract
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Latex allergy and fruit cross-reaction in subjects who are nonatopic. Author(s): Isola S, Ricciardi L, Saitta S, Fedele R, Mazzeo L, Fogliani O, Gangemi S, Purello-D'Ambrosio F. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866323&dopt=Abstract
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Latex allergy and latex-fruit syndrome among medical workers in Taiwan. Author(s): Chen YH, Lan JL. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 September; 101(9): 622-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645189&dopt=Abstract
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Latex-fruit syndrome. Author(s): Blanco C. Source: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003 January; 3(1): 47-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542994&dopt=Abstract
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Low colonic obstruction due to Opuntia ficus indica seeds: the aftermath of enjoying delicious cactus fruits. Author(s): Kleiner O, Cohen Z, Mares AJ. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(5): 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113334&dopt=Abstract
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Low hanging fruit: a subset of human cSNPs is both highly non-uniform and predictable. Author(s): Horvath MM, Fondon JW 3rd, Garner HR. Source: Gene. 2003 July 17; 312: 197-206. Erratum In: Gene. 2003 November 27; 320: 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909356&dopt=Abstract
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Low intake of fruits, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Author(s): Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK, Venho B, Vanharanta M, Mursu J, Salonen JT. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514290&dopt=Abstract
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Low-income consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards access, availability and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Dibsdall LA, Lambert N, Bobbin RF, Frewer LJ. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 April; 6(2): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675958&dopt=Abstract
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Manipulating the symbolic meaning of meat to encourage greater acceptance of fruits and vegetables and less proclivity for red and white meat. Author(s): Allen MW, Baines S. Source: Appetite. 2002 April; 38(2): 118-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027371&dopt=Abstract
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Maria. An unexpected meeting between a doctor and a girl with AIDS bears fruit for HIV prevention efforts. Author(s): Johnson M. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2003 July-August; 22(4): 179-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889766&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring fruit and vegetable consumption: providing serving size information doubles estimated percent eating five per day. Author(s): Bensley L, Van Eenwyk J, Bruemmer BA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 November; 103(11): 1530-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14576722&dopt=Abstract
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Men should eat nine servings of fruit and vegetables a day. Author(s): Gottlieb S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 10; 326(7397): 1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742910&dopt=Abstract
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Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the nutrition and breast health study. Author(s): Djuric Z, Poore KM, Depper JB, Uhley VE, Lababidi S, Covington C, Klurfeld DM, Simon MS, Kucuk O, Heilbrun LK. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(2): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588694&dopt=Abstract
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Methylation of quercetin and fisetin, flavonoids widely distributed in edible vegetables, fruits and wine, by human liver. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 May; 40(5): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051572&dopt=Abstract
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Moderate antioxidant supplementation has no effect on biomarkers of oxidant damage in healthy men with low fruit and vegetable intakes. Author(s): Jacob RA, Aiello GM, Stephensen CB, Blumberg JB, Milbury PE, Wallock LM, Ames BN. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 740-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612146&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of digoxin transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers by citrus fruit juices: lime, lemon, grapefruit, and pummelo. Author(s): Xu J, Go ML, Lim LY. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2003 February; 20(2): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636154&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring of pesticide residue in summer fruits and vegetables growing on the riverbed side. Author(s): Banerji R, Dixit BS. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 April; 70(4): 7838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12677391&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality and fresh fruit consumption. Author(s): Appleby PN, Key TJ, Burr ML, Thorogood M. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 131-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484145&dopt=Abstract
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Motivational versus social cognitive interventions for promoting fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity in African American adolescents. Author(s): Wilson DK, Friend R, Teasley N, Green S, Reaves IL, Sica DA. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2002 Fall; 24(4): 310-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434942&dopt=Abstract
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Motivations for fruit and vegetable consumption in the UK Women's Cohort Study. Author(s): Pollard J, Greenwood D, Kirk S, Cade J. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 June; 5(3): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003661&dopt=Abstract
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Multi-residue screening of pesticides in vegetables, fruits and baby food by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Sandra P, Tienpont B, David F. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 June 6; 1000(1-2): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877176&dopt=Abstract
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New cytotoxic cucurbitacins from the pericarps of Trichosanthes tricuspidata fruits. Author(s): Mai le P, Guenard D, Franck M, Van TM, Gaspard C, Sevenet T. Source: Natural Product Letters. 2002 February; 16(1): 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942676&dopt=Abstract
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New diterpenes and norditerpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Author(s): Ono M, Yanaka T, Yamamoto M, Ito Y, Nohara T. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 April; 65(4): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975496&dopt=Abstract
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New lanostanoids, elfvingic acids A-H, from the fruit body of Elfvingia applanata. Author(s): Yoshikawa K, Nishimura N, Bando S, Arihara S, Matsumura E, Katayama S. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 April; 65(4): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975498&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional associations with bone loss during the menopausal transition: evidence of a beneficial effect of calcium, alcohol, and fruit and vegetable nutrients and of a detrimental effect of fatty acids. Author(s): Macdonald HM, New SA, Golden MH, Campbell MK, Reid DM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 January; 79(1): 155-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684412&dopt=Abstract
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Object familiarity affects finger shaping during grasping of fruit stalks. Author(s): Gentilucci M. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 April; 149(3): 395-400. Epub 2003 February 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632242&dopt=Abstract
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Ochratoxin A concentrations in Greek domestic wines and dried vine fruits. Author(s): Stefanaki I, Foufa E, Tsatsou-Dritsa A, Dais P. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 January; 20(1): 74-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519722&dopt=Abstract
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One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 May; 36(5): 594-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689805&dopt=Abstract
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Pacific pandanus fruit: an ethnographic approach to understanding an overlooked source of provitamin A carotenoids. Author(s): Englberger L, Fitzgerald MH, Marks GC. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737009&dopt=Abstract
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Parental influences on young girls' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. Author(s): Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 January; 102(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794503&dopt=Abstract
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Parenting style and adolescent fruit consumption. Author(s): Kremers SP, Brug J, de Vries H, Engels RC. Source: Appetite. 2003 August; 41(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880620&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of fruit, vegetable, and milk consumption among smoking and nonsmoking female teens. Author(s): Baer Wilson D, Nietert PJ. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 May; 22(4): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988380&dopt=Abstract
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Perceived benefits and barriers of increased fruit and vegetable consumption: validation of a decisional balance scale. Author(s): Chuan Ling AM, Horwath C. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 September-October; 33(5): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031176&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma beta-carotene and retinol concentrations of children increase after a 30-d supplementation with the fruit Momordica cochinchinensis (gac). Author(s): Vuong le T, Dueker SR, Murphy SP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 872-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976161&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable servings in women. Author(s): Polsinelli ML, Rock CL, Henderson SA, Drewnowski A. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 February; 98(2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515423&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Erlund I, Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Rantala M, Kesaniemi YA, Aro A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 56(9): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209378&dopt=Abstract
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Poisoning with “hondala” leaves due to misidentification as “passion fruit” leaves. Author(s): Ratnatilaka A, Yakandawala D, Ratnayake J, Sugathadasa S. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2003 March; 48(1): 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795016&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Lytle LA, Varnell S, Murray DM, Story M, Perry C, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 July-August; 35(4): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859881&dopt=Abstract
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Prickly pear fruit bezoar presenting as rectal perforation in an elderly patient. Author(s): Steinberg JM, Eitan A. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003 July; 18(4): 365-7. Epub 2003 March 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664325&dopt=Abstract
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Protective action of fresh fruit and vegetable consumption on the synergic effect of alcohol and tobacco use on esophageal cancer in South China. Author(s): Ke L, Ping Y, Ge H. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 September; 19(9): 821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921901&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake and with biomarkers in adults from a low-income neighborhood. Author(s): Steptoe A, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Rink E, Hilton S, Cappuccio FP. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2003 March; 22(2): 148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683735&dopt=Abstract
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Purification and characterization of complement-activating acidic polysaccharides from the fruits of Capsicum annuum. Author(s): Paik SY, Ra KS, Chang IS, Park YC, Park HS, Baik HS, Yun JW, Choi JW. Source: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 March 31; 36(2): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689524&dopt=Abstract
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Qualitative investigation of the meanings of eating fruits and vegetables for adult couples. Author(s): Paisley J, Sheeshka J, Daly K. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953241&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of a brief dietary intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. Source: American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp. 2002 January-February; 16(3): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802257&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial with fruits and vegetables in prevention of cancer. Author(s): Tadjalli-Mehr K, Becker N, Rahu M, Stengrevics A, Kurtinaitis J, Hakama M. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2003; 42(4): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899499&dopt=Abstract
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Reactivity to potential cross-reactive foods in fruit-allergic patients: implications for prescribing food avoidance. Author(s): Crespo JF, Rodriguez J, James JM, Daroca P, Reano M, Vives R. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 946-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269944&dopt=Abstract
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Recombinant Pru p 3 and natural Pru p 3, a major peach allergen, show equivalent immunologic reactivity: a new tool for the diagnosis of fruit allergy. Author(s): Diaz-Perales A, Sanz ML, Garcia-Casado G, Sanchez-Monge R, Garcia-Selles FJ, Lombardero M, Polo F, Gamboa PM, Barber D, Salcedo G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 628-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642848&dopt=Abstract
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Relations between vegetable, fruit and micronutrient intake. Implications for odds ratios in a case-control study. Author(s): Negri E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 February; 56(2): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857050&dopt=Abstract
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Repellent activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Author(s): Kim DH, Kim SI, Chang KS, Ahn YJ. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 November 20; 50(24): 6993-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428949&dopt=Abstract
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Response to Worthington on nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. Author(s): Matthews RA. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 December; 8(6): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614521&dopt=Abstract
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Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danish market, 2000-01. Author(s): Poulsen ME, Andersen JH. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 August; 20(8): 742-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129791&dopt=Abstract
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Ripe fruit of Solanum nigrum L. inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Author(s): Son YO, Kim J, Lim JC, Chung Y, Chung GH, Lee JC. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 October; 41(10): 1421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909277&dopt=Abstract
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Role of fibre and fruit in the Mediterranean diet to protect against myocardial infarction: a case-control study in Spain. Author(s): Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Jarne E, Martinez-Losa E, PradoSantamaria M, Brugarolas-Brufau C, Serrano-Martinez M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 56(8): 715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122546&dopt=Abstract
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Roots, shoots, but too little fruit: assessing the contribution of COPC in South Africa. Author(s): Tollman SM, Pick WM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 November; 92(11): 1725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406793&dopt=Abstract
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Self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and weight satisfaction discriminate among stages of change for fruit and vegetable intakes for young men and women. Author(s): Horacek TM, White A, Betts NM, Hoerr S, Georgiou C, Nitzke S, Ma J, Greene G. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 102(10): 1466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396169&dopt=Abstract
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Separating the apples and oranges in the fruit cocktail: the mixed results of psychosocial interventions on cancer survival. Author(s): Lillquist PP, Abramson JS. Source: Social Work in Health Care. 2002; 36(2): 65-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555828&dopt=Abstract
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Sessiline, a new nitrogenous compound from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Author(s): Lee S, Ji J, Shin KH, Kim BK. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 October; 68(10): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391563&dopt=Abstract
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Severe anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: Immunologic changes related to successful sublingual allergen immunotherapy. Author(s): Mempel M, Rakoski J, Ring J, Ollert M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 111(6): 1406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789247&dopt=Abstract
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Sex differences in fruit and vegetable intake in older adults. Author(s): Baker AH, Wardle J. Source: Appetite. 2003 June; 40(3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798784&dopt=Abstract
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Socioeconomic differences among Australian adults in consumption of fruit and vegetables and intakes of vitamins A, C and folate. Author(s): Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 15(5): 375-85; Discussion 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270018&dopt=Abstract
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Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults. Author(s): Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 October; 5(5): 663-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372160&dopt=Abstract
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Spider-mite allergy and asthma in fruit growers. Author(s): Kim YK, Kim YY. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 April; 2(2): 103-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964757&dopt=Abstract
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Stages of change tools to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in high school students. Author(s): Brinley C, Barrar C, Cotugna N. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 January-February; 33(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031208&dopt=Abstract
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Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) intoxication: an important cause of consciousness disturbance in patients with renal failure. Author(s): Chang CT, Chen YC, Fang JT, Huang CC. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 May; 24(3): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166706&dopt=Abstract
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Star fruit intoxication in uraemic patients: case series and review of the literature. Author(s): Tse KC, Yip PS, Lam MF, Choy BY, Li FK, Lui SL, Lo WK, Chan TM, Lai KN. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 July; 33(7): 314-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823678&dopt=Abstract
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Tasting the forbidden fruit: the social context of debut sexual encounters among young persons in a rural Nigerian community. Author(s): Izugbara CO. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2001 August; 5(2): 22-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471910&dopt=Abstract
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Telephone counseling intervention increases intakes of micronutrient- and phytochemical-rich vegetables, fruit and fiber in breast cancer survivors. Author(s): Pierce JP, Newman VA, Flatt SW, Faerber S, Rock CL, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, Gold EB, Hollenbach KA, Wasserman L, Jones L, Ritenbaugh C, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Kealey S; Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study Group. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 134(2): 452-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14747688&dopt=Abstract
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Television viewing and its associations with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among US high school students: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. Author(s): Lowry R, Wechsler H, Galuska DA, Fulton JE, Kann L. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2002 December; 72(10): 413-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617028&dopt=Abstract
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The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and peripheral arterial disease. Author(s): Hung HC, Merchant A, Willett W, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Rimm E, Joshipura KJ. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 November; 14(6): 659-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569180&dopt=Abstract
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The dental health of 12-year-old children whose diets include canned fruit from local factories: an added risk for caries? Author(s): van Wyk W, Stander I, van Wyk I. Source: Sadj. 2001 November; 56(11): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885432&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a low-fat, high fiber, fruit and vegetable intervention on rectal mucosal proliferation. Author(s): Pfeiffer R, McShane L, Wargovich M, Burt R, Kikendall W, Lawson M, Lanza E, Schatzkin A. Source: Cancer. 2003 September 15; 98(6): 1161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973839&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of processed grapefruit-seed extract as an antibacterial agent: I. An in vitro agar assay. Author(s): Reagor L, Gusman J, McCoy L, Carino E, Heggers JP. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 June; 8(3): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165190&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of processed grapefruit-seed extract as an antibacterial agent: II. Mechanism of action and in vitro toxicity. Author(s): Heggers JP, Cottingham J, Gusman J, Reagor L, McCoy L, Carino E, Cox R, Zhao JG, Reagor L. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 June; 8(3): 333-40. Erratum In: J Altern Complement Med 2002 August; 8(4): 521. Reagor Lana [corrected to Reagor Lee]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165191&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of fruit juices on drug disposition: a new model for drug interactions. Author(s): Dresser GK, Bailey DG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 November; 33 Suppl 2: 10-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641551&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of behavioral interventions to modify dietary fat and fruit and vegetable intake: a review of the evidence. Author(s): Ammerman AS, Lindquist CH, Lohr KN, Hersey J. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 July; 35(1): 25-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079438&dopt=Abstract
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The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Author(s): Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 July; 54(4): 247-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850886&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of decisional balance and self-efficacy in relation to stages of change for fruit and vegetable intakes by young adults. Author(s): Ma J, Betts NM, Horacek T, Georgiou C, White A, Nitzke S. Source: American Journal of Health Promotion : Ajhp. 2002 January-February; 16(3): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802261&dopt=Abstract
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The latex-fruit syndrome. Author(s): Wagner S, Breiteneder H. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2002 November; 30(Pt 6): 935-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440950&dopt=Abstract
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The pomegranate: nature's power fruit? Author(s): Longtin R. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 March 5; 95(5): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618495&dopt=Abstract
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The starch from Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill. fruit is not a hypoglycemic agent. Author(s): Oliveira AC, Endringer DC, Araujo RJ, Brandao MG, Coelho MM. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 April; 36(4): 525-30. Epub 2003 April 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700833&dopt=Abstract
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The variable effect on proliferation of a colon cancer cell line by the citrus fruit flavonoid Naringenin. Author(s): Frydoonfar HR, McGrath DR, Spigelman AD. Source: Colorectal Disease : the Official Journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2003 March; 5(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780904&dopt=Abstract
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Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: implications for dietary planning and food preservation. Author(s): Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 January; 87(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898770&dopt=Abstract
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Total antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetables and risk of gastric cancer. Author(s): Serafini M, Bellocco R, Wolk A, Ekstrom AM. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 123(4): 985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360458&dopt=Abstract
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Total tooth loss and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women: possible roles of citrus fruit consumption, vitamin C, and inflammatory and thrombotic variables. Author(s): Lowe G, Woodward M, Rumley A, Morrison C, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Stephen K. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 July; 56(7): 694-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921939&dopt=Abstract
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Toxin producing micromycetes on fruit, berries, and vegetables. Author(s): Lugauskas A, Stakeniene J. Source: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine : Aaem. 2002; 9(2): 183-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498588&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary total flavonoid excretion but not 4-pyridoxic acid or potassium can be used as a biomarker for the intake of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Krogholm KS, Haraldsdottir J, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 134(2): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14747687&dopt=Abstract
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Urine mutagenicity and lymphocyte DNA damage in fruit growers occupationally exposed to the fungicide captan. Author(s): Lebailly P, Devaux A, Pottier D, De Meo M, Andre V, Baldi I, Severin F, Bernaud J, Durand B, Henry-Amar M, Gauduchon P. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 December; 60(12): 910-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14634181&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the think aloud method to examine fruit and vegetable purchasing behaviors among low-income African American women. Author(s): Reicks M, Smith C, Henry H, Reimer K, Atwell J, Thomas R. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 May-June; 35(3): 154-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773287&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of a short food frequency questionnaire for screening of low intake of fruit and vegetable and for intake of fat. Author(s): Andersen LF, Johansson L, Solvoll K. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2002 September; 12(3): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232961&dopt=Abstract
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Using a correction factor to correct for overreporting in a food-frequency questionnaire does not improve biomarker-assessed validity of estimates for fruit and vegetable consumption. Author(s): Bogers RP, Dagnelie PC, Westerterp KR, Kester AD, van Klaveren JD, Bast A, van den Brandt PA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672945&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of a fruit, juice, and vegetable availability questionnaire. Author(s): Marsh T, Cullen KW, Baranowski T. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 March-April; 35(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725715&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetable and fruit consumption in the EPIC cohorts from 10 European countries. Author(s): Agudo A, Slimani N, Ocke MC, Naska A; EPIC Working Group on Dietary Patterns. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 99-103. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484136&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Author(s): Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Allen N, Kodama K. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 October; 34(10): 2355-60. Epub 2003 September 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14500940&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetable and fruit: the evidence in their favour and the public health perspective. Author(s): Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Antoniou A, Friel S, Trygg K, Turrini A. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 March; 73(2): 63-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747212&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetable, fruit and cereal consumption and gastric cancer risk. Author(s): Gonzalez CA; EPIC Working Group on Gastric Cancer. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 79-83. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484132&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetables and fruit intake and cancer mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Author(s): Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Hayashi M, Spencer E, Shimizu Y, Allen N. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 March 10; 88(5): 689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618875&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetables and fruits and lung cancer. Author(s): Miller AB; EPIC Working Group on Lung Cancer. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 85-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484133&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetables, fruit and risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a 10-year follow-up of the JPHC Study Cohort I. Author(s): Kobayashi M, Tsubono Y, Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 November 1; 102(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353232&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Altieri A, Tavani A. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2001 December; 40(6): 261-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876489&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetables, fruits, fibre and colorectal cancer. Author(s): Hill MJ. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2002 February; 11(1): 1-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917202&dopt=Abstract
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Visual ecology: coloured fruit is what the eye sees best. Author(s): Wolf K. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 2002 April 2; 12(7): R253-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937043&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin K content of nuts and fruits in the US diet. Author(s): Dismore ML, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Peterson JW, Booth SL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 December; 103(12): 1650-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14647095&dopt=Abstract
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Volatile components and aroma active compounds in aqueous essence and fresh pink guava fruit puree (Psidium guajava L.) by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O. Author(s): Jordan MJ, Margaria CA, Shaw PE, Goodner KL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 26; 51(5): 1421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590492&dopt=Abstract
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What is the role of the hevein-like domain of fruit class I chitinases in their allergenic capacity? Author(s): Diaz-Perales A, Sanchez-Monge R, Blanco C, Lombardero M, Carillo T, Salcedo G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 March; 32(3): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940077&dopt=Abstract
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Why are fruits and vegetables so healthy? Author(s): Walter P. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 March; 73(2): 53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747210&dopt=Abstract
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Academic Periodicals covering Fruit Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to fruit. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
Dissertations on Fruit ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to fruit. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “fruit” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Studies on Chilling Injury of Tomato Fruit by Marangoni, Alejandro G; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57097
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FRUIT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fruit.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Fruit The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on fruit: •
A dozen dos and don'ts. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (June 1996). volume 23(5) page 11-13.
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All juiced up Source: Hurley, J. Schmidt, S. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (Jul-August 1995). volume 22(6) page 11-13.
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Are you eating right? Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (October 1992). volume 57(10) page 644-651.
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Beta-carotene proves disappointing, maybe risky: fruits and vegetables still reign. Source: Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1996). volume 19(3) page 8.
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Cultivated blueberries: the good-for-you blue food. Source: Kenyon, N. Nutrition-today (USA). (May-June 1997). volume 32(3) page 122-124.
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Don't be blindsided by eye disease: how diet can protect your sight. Source: Flynn, M.E. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1996). volume 19(5) page 1, 6.
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Fruit: something good that's not illegal, immoral or fattening. Source: Segal, M. F.D.A.-consumer (USA). (May 1988). volume 22(4) page 10-13.
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In search of a better diet: a Mediterranean odyssey. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (August 1993). volume 11(6) page 3-6.
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Pop a cool one, but make it a frozen yogurt or fruit bar. Source: Welland, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (July 1995). volume 18(7) page 5.
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Super foods: power-packing your diet. Source: Moll, L. Vegetarian-times (USA). (March 1986). (no. 103) page 20-25.
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The changing American diet. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (April 1997). volume 24(3) page 8-9.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
A friend sent me a copy of the Mayo Clinic Diet. It seems to advocate a lot of grapefruit and high protein foods. Is this the “real” Mayo Clinic Diet? Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2001 February; 19(2): 8 0741-6245
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Abundant fruits of summer offer good nutrition, few calories, no fat. Source: Zupke, M.P. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (July 1992). volume 15(7) page 5. fruits nutritive value vitamins 0893-4452
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All you want to know about fruit juice. Source: McVicker, R.G. Nutr-today. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. April 1994. volume 29 (2) page 14-28. 0029-666X
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Are foods sweetened with fruit juice any healthier than those sweetened with regular sugar? Source: Blackburn, G L Health-News. 2000 February; 6(2): 10 1081-5880
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Are fruit tuck shops in primary schools effective in increasing pupils' fruit consumption? A randomised controlled trial. Source: Anderson, A.S. Cox, D. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Jan/February 2000. volume 30 (1) page 35-38. 0034-6659
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Breast cancer and fruits and vegetables. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2001 May; 8(9): 1-2 1070-910X
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Consumption pattern of fruits in Mauritius. Source: Subratty, A.H. Jowaheer, V. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Mar/June 2001. volume 31 (2/3) page 125-128. 0034-6659
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Fantastic fruit. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. May 1998. volume 25 (4) page 14-15. 0885-7792
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Fresh fruit. Source: Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. May 1992. volume 19 (4) page 10-11. 0885-7792
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Fresh fruit: sweet way to get vitamins, fiber and more. Source: Termus, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1995). volume 18(5) page 5. fruits vitamins dietary fibres diet minerals nutritive value energy value 0893-4452
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Fruit and vegetable retailing and consumption in two disparate neighbourhoods. Source: Mela, D. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Winter 1997. volume 22 (82) page 167-177. 0141-9684
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Fruit juice makes antirejection drug more potent. Source: Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1995). volume 18(8) page 3. grapefruits fruit juices immune response transplantation drugs 0893-4452
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Fruits & veggies: bone boosters. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 1999 May 10; 5(6): 5 1081-5880
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Fruits, veggies, and breast cancer: time to toss away five-a-day? Source: Runowicz, C D Health-News. 2001 April; 7(4): 4 1081-5880
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Highlights of FDA food safety efforts: fruit juice, mercury in fish. Source: Formanek, R. Jr. FDA-consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. Mar/April 2001. volume 35 (2) page 15-17. 0362-1332
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Not all juices are alike: the fruity facts and fiction. Source: Platzman, A.D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1997). volume 20(3) page 5. fruit juices vegetable juices beverages proximate composition nutritive value 0893-4452
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Nutrition. Whole fruits and vegetables. Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2000 October; 25(12): 6-7 1052-1577
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Takling diet-related disease by promoting fruit and vegetables. Source: Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. 1999. (4/5) page 173-177. 0034-6659
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The coming of vegetables, fruits and key nutrients to the European diet. Author(s): Department of History, Potsdam College, State University of New York 13676, USA. Source: Knapp, V J Nutr-Health. 1996; 10(4): 313-21 0260-1060
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The facts about fruit. Source: Liebman, B. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. July/August 1987. volume 14 (6) page 9. charts. 0199-5510
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The fruit bowl approach to the treatment of obesity. Source: Ashwell, M. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The Foundation,. Sept 1994. volume 19 (72) page 170-177. 0141-9684
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Understanding consumer requirements for fruit and vegetable texture. Source: Kilcast, D. Fillion, L. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. July/August 2001. volume 31 (4/5) page 221-225. 0034-6659
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Vegetables, fruits, and colorectal cancer risk: what should we believe? Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Kim, Y I Nutr-Revolume 2001 December; 59(12): 394-8 0029-6643
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fruit” (or a synonym): •
Vanishing plant species in the Ilocos [Philippines]. Author(s): Mariano Marcos State Univ., Batac, 2906, Ilocos Norte (Philippines) Source: Pascua, M.E. Antonio, M.A. Agustin, E.D. Bucao, D.S. Gabriel, M.L. Pablico, S.Ma. Malab, B.S. Philippine-Journal-of-Crop-Science (Philippines). (April 2002). volume 27 (Supplement no. 1) page 27. Received May 2002.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
(31)phosphorous and single voxel proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging in a case of star fruit poisoning. Author(s): Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. Source: Chan, Y L Ng, H K Leung, C B Yeung, D K AJNR-Am-J-Neuroradiol. 2002 October; 23(9): 1557-60 0195-6108
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A new lanostane-type triterpene from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China. Source: Luo, J Zhao, Y Y Li, Z B J-Asian-Nat-Prod-Res. 2002 June; 4(2): 129-34 1028-6020
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A new pentacyclic cucurbitane glucoside and a new triterpene from the fruits of Gymnopetalum integrifolium. Author(s): Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sekine, T Kurihara, H Waku, M Ikegami, F Ruangrungsi, N Chem-Pharm-Bull(Tokyo). 2002 May; 50(5): 645-8 0009-2363
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A short dutch questionnaire to measure fruit and vegetable intake: relative validity among adults and adolescents. Author(s): Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Van Assema, P Brug, J Ronda, G Steenhuis, I Oenema, A Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 85-106 0260-1060
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Anti-allergic effects of cnidii monnieri fructus (dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri) and its major component, osthol. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Matsuda, H Tomohiro, N Ido, Y Kubo, M Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 June; 25(6): 80912 0918-6158
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Antifungal activity of fruit pulp extract from Bromelia pinguin. Author(s): Food Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, 80010, Sinaloa, Mexico. Source: Camacho Hernandez, I L Chavez Velazquez, J A Uribe Beltran, M J Rios Morgan, A Delgado Vargas, F Fitoterapia. 2002 August; 73(5): 411-3 0367-326X
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Antioxidant ortho-benzoyloxyphenyl acetic acid ester, vaccihein A, from the fruit of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei). Author(s): Kyushu Tokai University School of Agriculture, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Ono, M Masuoka, C Koto, M Tateishi, M Komatsu, H Kobayashi, H Igoshi, K Ito, Y Okawa, M Nohara, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 October; 50(10): 1416-7 00092363
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Antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetable juices: more to the story than ascorbic acid. Author(s): Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. Source: Leonard, S S Cutler, D Ding, M Vallyathan, V Castranova, V Shi, X Ann-ClinLab-Sci. 2002 Spring; 32(2): 193-200 0091-7370
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Chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of essential oil from the fruit of Zanthoxylum limonella. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Itthipanichpong, C Ruangrungsi, N Pattanaautsahakit, C J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S344-54 0125-2208
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Clinical features of cross-reactivity of food allergy caused by fruits. Author(s): Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Rodriguez, J Crespo, J F Curr-Opin-Allergy-Clin-Immunol. 2002 June; 2(3): 233-8 1528-4050
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Comparison of the nutrient content of fresh fruit juices vs commercial fruit juices. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Densupsoontorn, N Jirapinyo, P Thamonsiri, N Wongarn, R Phosuya, P Tritiprat, A Patraarat, S Pidatcha, P Suwannthol, L J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 August; 85 Suppl 2: S732-8 0125-2208
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Constituents from Piper marginatum fruits. Author(s): Laboratorio de Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cx Postal 5009, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
[email protected] Source: de Oliveira Chaves, M C de Oliveira Santos, B V Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 547-9 0367-326X
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Consumer motivation towards purchasing fruit from integrated production in Belgium. Author(s): Vredeseilanden-Coopibo, Leuven, Belgium. Source: Vannoppen, J Verbeke, W Van Huylenbroeck, G Meded-Rijksuniv-Gent-FakLandbouwkd-Toegep-Biol-Wet. 2001; 66(2b): 805-13 1373-7503
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Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Inducibility of Vitex agnus-castus Fruit Extract in Cultured Human Normal and Cancer Cells and Effect on Growth. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science. Source: Ohyama, K Akaike, T Hirobe, C Yamakawa, T Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2003 January; 26(1): 10-8 0918-6158
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Effect of high fiber vegetable-fruit diet on the activity of liver damage and serum iron level in porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Author(s): Baltic Humanistic University, Faculty of Pedagogics, ul. Monte Cassino 6, 75412 Koszalin, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Dabrowska, E Jablonska Kaszewska, I Falkiewicz, B Med-Sci-Monit. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1: 282-6 1234-1010
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Evaluation of food additives and low-toxicity compounds as alternative chemicals for the control of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. Author(s): Area de Postcollita, CeRTA, Centre UdL-IRTA, Av Rovira Roure 177, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Palou, L Usall, J Smilanick, J L Aguilar, M J Vinas, I Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 May; 58(5): 459-66 1526-498X
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Fumigant activity of (E)-anethole identified in Illicium verum fruit against Blattella germanica. Author(s): School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441744, Republic of Korea. Source: Chang, K S Ahn, Y J Pest-Manag-Sci. 2002 February; 58(2): 161-6 1526-498X
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Genetic control of fruit quality, and prospects for nutrient modification. Source: Giovannoni, J.J. HortScience. Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science. June 2002. volume 37 (3) page 453-456. 0018-5345
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Immunoblot studies in birch pollen-allergic patients with and without fruit hypersensitivity: part II: antibody pattern for fruit extracts. Author(s): Allergy and Asthma Clinic, Charite Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. Source: Jeep, S Pilz, B Baisch, A Kleine Tebbe, J Ohnemus, U Kunkel, G J-InvestigAllergol-Clin-Immunol. 2001; 11(4): 264-70 1018-9068
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In vivo antioxidant action of a lignan-enriched extract of Schisandra fruit and an anthraquinone-containing extract of Polygonum root in comparison with schisandrin B and emodin. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China. Source: Chiu, P Y Mak, D H Poon, M K Ko, K M Planta-Med. 2002 November; 68(11): 951-6 0032-0943
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Increased fruit and vegetable consumption: potential health benefits. Author(s): Nutrition and Consumer Science Division, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
[email protected] Nutrition 81
Source: Southon, S Nutr-Metab-Cardiovasc-Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 78-81 09394753 •
Inhibitory effect of fruit extracts on P-glycoprotein-related efflux carriers: an in-vitro screening. Author(s): Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium. Source: Deferme, S Van Gelder, J Augustijns, P J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2002 September; 54(9): 1213-9 0022-3573
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Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Author(s): Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
[email protected] Source: Michaud, D S Pietinen, P Taylor, P R Virtanen, M Virtamo, J Albanes, D Br-JCancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 960-5 0007-0920
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Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fruit, -vegetable, and -fiber diet on serum prostatespecific antigen of men without prostate cancer: results from a randomized trial. Author(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
[email protected] Source: Shike, M Latkany, L Riedel, E Fleisher, M Schatzkin, A Lanza, E Corle, D Begg, C B J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 September 1; 20(17): 3592-8 0732-183X
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Modulation of acute cadmium toxicity by Emblica officinalis fruit in rat. Author(s): Industrial Toxicology Research Centre Lucknow 226001, India.
[email protected] Source: Khandelwal, S Shukla, L J Shanker, R Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2002 May; 40(5): 564-70 0019-5189
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Motivational versus social cognitive interventions for promoting fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity in African American adolescents. Author(s): Prevention Research Center, and Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
[email protected] Source: Wilson, D K Friend, R Teasley, N Green, S Reaves, I L Sica, D A Ann-BehavMed. 2002 Fall; 24(4): 310-9 0883-6612
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New withanolides and other constituents from the fruit of Withania somnifera. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Aswan, Egypt.
[email protected] Source: Abou Douh, A M Arch-Pharm-(Weinheim). 2002 June; 335(6): 267-76 0365-6233
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Nobiletin as a tyrosinase inhibitor from the peel of Citrus fruit. Author(s): Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sasaki, K Yoshizaki, F Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2002 June; 25(6): 806-8 0918-6158
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Non-invasive localization of thymol accumulation in Carum copticum (Apiaceae) fruits by chemical shift selective magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Gersbach, P V Reddy, N Ann-Bot-(Lond). 2002 August; 90(2): 253-7 0305-7364
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Oil extraction from Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J. Lam fruit. Source: Kapseu, C. Avouampo, E. Djeumako, B. For-trees-livelyhood. Bicester, Oxon : AB Academic, c2001-. 2002. volume 12 (1/2) page 97-104. 1472-8028
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Sessiline, a new nitrogenous compound from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea. Source: Lee, S Ji, J Shin, K H Kim, B K Planta-Med. 2002 October; 68(10): 939-41 00320943
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The case for fruits and vegetables: a one-two punch against disease. Source: Antinoro, L. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. August 2000. volume 23 (8) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
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The fruiting body and its caterpillar host of Cordyceps sinensis show close resemblance in main constituents and anti-oxidation activity. Author(s): Department of Biology and Biotechnology Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. Source: Li, S P Su, Z R Dong, T T Tsim, K W Phytomedicine. 2002 May; 9(4): 319-24 09447113
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Usefulness of a short food frequency questionnaire for screening of low intake of fruit and vegetable and for intake of fat. Author(s): Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
[email protected] Source: Andersen, L F Johansson, L Solvoll, K Eur-J-Public-Health. 2002 September; 12(3): 208-13 1101-1262
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Using dried fruits to add essential nutrients to cereals, bars, and breads. Source: Van Drunen, K. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. July/August 2002. volume 47 (7) page 311-313. 0146-6283
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Vegetables, fruits, fibre and colorectal cancer. Source: Hill, M J Eur-J-Cancer-Prevolume 2002 February; 11(1): 1-2 0959-8278
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White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) diet and fruit availability in a Costa Rican rain forest. Author(s): Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamerica y el Caribe, Universidad Nacional, Apdo. 1350, Heredia, Costa Rica.
[email protected] Source: Altrichter, M Carrillo, E Saenz, J Fuller, T K Rev-Biol-Tropage 2001 SepDecember; 49(3-4): 1183-92 0034-7744
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Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense fruit reduces experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea. Source: Kim, H P Lee, E J Kim, Y C Kim, J Kim, H K Park, J H Kim, S Y Kim, Y C BiolPharm-Bull. 2002 March; 25(3): 390-2 0918-6158
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to fruit; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C and Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,935,00.html •
Minerals Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium D-glucarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Chloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Food and Diet Appenzeller Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Apricots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Apricots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,45,00.html Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html
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Asiago Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atemoya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,232,00.html Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Bagels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bananas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bibb Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blackberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,142,00.html Blood Type Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Blueberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,101,00.html Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breadfruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,234,00.html Brick Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Cactus Pear (Prickly Pear) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,237,00.html Camembert Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cantaloupe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,125,00.html Carambola Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbo-loading Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherimoya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,242,00.html Cherries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chili Peppers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,132,00.html Chips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cinnamon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,271,00.html Coconuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Complex Carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html Corn-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cranberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,144,00.html Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cucumbers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Dates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,50,00.html Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diadex Grapefruit Diet Plan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dry Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplant Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Emmenthaler Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fast Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feijoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,244,00.html Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Figs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,51,00.html
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Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gouda Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,53,00.html Gruyère Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,139,00.html Half-and-Half Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Hot Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ice Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jarlsberg Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kiwi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kiwi Fruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,54,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kombu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,250,00.html Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,55,00.html Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Lhassi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,210,00.html Longan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,251,00.html Loquat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,252,00.html Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lychee (Litchee) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,254,00.html
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Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mango Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mangoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,56,00.html Mascarpone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,57,00.html Mexican Custard Apple Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monstera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,256,00.html Monterey Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muenster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muffins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,58,00.html Non-dairy Frozen Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nori Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Olives Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,318,00.html Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Papaya Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,60,00.html Parmesan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passion Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passion Fruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,257,00.html Peaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peaches Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,61,00.html Pears Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pears Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,62,00.html Pepino Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,258,00.html Persimmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,63,00.html Pineapple Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Pineapple Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,64,00.html Pistachio Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pistachios Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plums Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plums Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,65,00.html Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pomegranate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Pomelo Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,259,00.html Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Provolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prunes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,66,00.html Quark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raisins & Currants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,67,00.html Raspberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,109,00.html Red Leaf Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rhubarb Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rhubarb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,68,00.html Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ricotta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Roquefort Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rose Petals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sapote Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,261,00.html Scones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snacks and Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sports Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sports Gels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Star Fruit (Carambola) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,238,00.html Stilton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Strawberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,108,00.html Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Swiss Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Tamarillo Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,262,00.html Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tangerines & Other Mandarins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,165,00.html Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Tomatillo Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,264,00.html Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Tropical Fruit Smoothie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tyramine-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ugli Fruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,265,00.html Ugli Tangelo Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Violets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FRUIT Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fruit. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “fruit” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Criteria and Recommendations for Vitamin C Intake Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 281(15): 1415-1423. April 21, 1999. Summary: This journal article reviews the role of vitamin C in human metabolic processes, discusses criteria used to determine recommended doses of vitamin C, and presents recommendations for vitamin C intake. Recommendations for vitamin C intake are under revision by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Since 1989 when the last recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 60 mg of vitamin C was published, extensive biochemical, molecular, epidemiologic, and clinical data have become available. The authors note that new recommendations can be based on the following criteria: dietary availability, steady-state concentrations in plasma and tissues, bioavailability, urine excretion, adverse effects, biochemical and molecular function in relationship to vitamin concentration, beneficial dose effects, and prevention of deficiency. These criteria can be applied to the Food and Nutrition Board's new
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guidelines, which include four Dietary Reference Intakes categories: the estimated average requirement, RDA, adequate intake amount, and tolerable upper intake level. This article presents the recommended values for each category. The values suggest that five servings of fruit and vegetables per day may be beneficial in preventing cancer and providing sufficient vitamin C intake for healthy people, and that 1 g or more of vitamin C may have adverse consequences in some people. The article has 3 figures, 1 table, and 107 references.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fruit and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fruit: •
A new ecdysteroid, 2-deoxy-5beta,20-dihydroxyecdysone from the fruits of Diploclisia glaucescens. Author(s): Jayasinghe L, Mallika Kumarihamy BM, Suranga Arundathie BG, Dissanayake L, Hara N, Fujimoto Y. Source: Steroids. 2003 May; 68(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798495&dopt=Abstract
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A new in vitro tissue factor inhibitory triterpene from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis. Author(s): Lee MH, Han YN. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 April; 69(4): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709899&dopt=Abstract
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A new sesquiterpene ester from the fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus. Author(s): Guo YQ, Li X, Wang JH, Li W, Sha Y. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2003 September; 5(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12931853&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of the Ah receptor by extracts of dietary herbal supplements, vegetables, and fruits. Author(s): Jeuken A, Keser BJ, Khan E, Brouwer A, Koeman J, Denison MS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 27; 51(18): 5478-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926901&dopt=Abstract
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Alleviation of vitamin A deficiency with palm fruit and its products. Author(s): Solomons NW, Orozco M.
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Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(3): 373-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506004&dopt=Abstract •
Amides from Piper tuberculatum fruits. Author(s): de O Chaves MC, de F Junior AG, de O Santos BV. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628420&dopt=Abstract
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Anti fi larial potential of the fruits and leaves extracts of Pongamia pinnata on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi. Author(s): Uddin Q, Parveen N, Khan NU, Singhal KC. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 November; 17(9): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14595597&dopt=Abstract
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Antiangiogenic activity of Gardenia jasminoides fruit. Author(s): Park EH, Joo MH, Kim SH, Lim CJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 September; 17(8): 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13680835&dopt=Abstract
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Antibacterial activity of berry fruits used for culinary purposes. Author(s): Cavanagh HM, Hipwell M, Wilkinson JM. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804021&dopt=Abstract
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Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. Author(s): Nagappa AN, Thakurdesai PA, Venkat Rao N, Singh J. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 September; 88(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902049&dopt=Abstract
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Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rhus javanica ripen fruit extract in albino mice. Author(s): Tangpu V, Yadav AK. Source: Fitoterapia. 2004 January; 75(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14693218&dopt=Abstract
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Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A doubleblind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Javidnia K, Dastgheib L, Mohammadi Samani S, Nasiri A. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678227&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial study of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum leaves and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides fruits from Cameroon. Author(s): Ngassoum MB, Essia-Ngang JJ, Tatsadjieu LN, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Adjoudji O. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 April; 74(3): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727495&dopt=Abstract
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Antimycobacterial activity of phorbol esters from the fruits of Sapium indicum. Author(s): Chumkaew P, Karalai C, Ponglimanont C, Chantrapromma K. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 April; 66(4): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713411&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant systems and their relationship with the response of pepper fruits to storage at 20 degrees C. Author(s): Jimenez A, Romojaro F, Gomez JM, Llanos MR, Sevilla F. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 8; 51(21): 6293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518958&dopt=Abstract
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Antiproliferative activity of the extract of Gleditsia sinensis fruit on human solid tumour cell lines. Author(s): Chow LM, Tang JC, Teo IT, Chui CH, Lau FY, Leung TW, Cheng G, Wong RS, Wong IL, Tsang KM, Tan WQ, Zhao YZ, Lai KB, Lam WH, Guo DA, Chan AS. Source: Chemotherapy. 2002; 48(6): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673105&dopt=Abstract
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Antiproliferative constituents from Umbelliferae plants VI. New ursane-type saikosaponin analogs from the fruits of Bupleurum rotundifolium. Author(s): Fujioka T, Yoshida K, Fujii H, Nagao T, Okabe H, Mihashi K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 April; 51(4): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672986&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-tumour and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp. Author(s): Shin KH, Lim SS, Lee S, Lee YS, Jung SH, Cho SY. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916090&dopt=Abstract
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Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice. Author(s): Furusawa E, Hirazumi A, Story S, Jensen J. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 December; 17(10): 1158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14669249&dopt=Abstract
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Antitussive activity of the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae). Author(s): Nosal'ova G, Mokry J, Hassan KM. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678247&dopt=Abstract
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Bioactive novel polyphenols from the fruit of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla). Author(s): Ma J, Luo XD, Protiva P, Yang H, Ma C, Basile MJ, Weinstein IB, Kennelly EJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 July; 66(7): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880319&dopt=Abstract
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Bioassay-guided isolation of antimutagenic factors from fruits of Terminalia bellerica. Author(s): Kaur S, Arora S, Kaur S, Kumar S. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 2003; 22(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678407&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the carotenoid metabolism of capsicum fruits during application of modelized slow drying process for paprika production. Author(s): Perez-Galvez A, Hornero-Mendez D, Minguez-Mosquera MI. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 February 11; 52(3): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759142&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of volatiles in bullock's heart (Annona reticulata L.) fruit cultivars from Cuba. Author(s): Pino JA, Marbot R, Fuentes V. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 18; 51(13): 3836-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797752&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical characterization and biological effects of Sicilian Opuntia ficus indica (L.) mill. Fruit juice: antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activity. Author(s): Galati EM, Mondello MR, Giuffrida D, Dugo G, Miceli N, Pergolizzi S, Taviano MF. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 August 13; 51(17): 4903-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903943&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral HPLC separation and CD spectra of the C-2 diastereomers of naringin in grapefruit during maturation. Author(s): Caccamese S, Manna L, Scivoli G. Source: Chirality. 2003 October; 15(8): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923803&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from crabapple fruits. Author(s): Seeram NP, Cichewicz RH, Chandra A, Nair MG. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 1948-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643656&dopt=Abstract
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Cytotoxic triterpenoids from the fruits of Zizyphus jujuba. Author(s): Lee SM, Min BS, Lee CG, Kim KS, Kho YH. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 November; 69(11): 1051-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14735446&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of antioxidant properties of aromatic herbs, olives and fresh fruit using an enzymatic sensor. Author(s): Campanella L, Bonanni A, Favero G, Tomassetti M. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 April; 375(8): 1011-6. Epub 2003 March 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733012&dopt=Abstract
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Development of low erosive carbonated fruit drinks 2. Evaluation of an experimental carbonated blackcurrant drink compared to a conventional carbonated drink. Author(s): West NX, Hughes JA, Parker DM, Moohan M, Addy M. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2003 July; 31(5): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799121&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary diversity: case study of fruit and vegetable consumption by chiropractic patients. Author(s): Jamison JR. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 26(6): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902967&dopt=Abstract
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Differential expression of fatty acid synthase genes, Acl, Fat and Kas, in Capsicum fruit. Author(s): Aluru MR, Mazourek M, Landry LG, Curry J, Jahn M, O'Connell MA. Source: Journal of Experimental Botany. 2003 July; 54(388): 1655-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810854&dopt=Abstract
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Editorial: On psycho-oncology, lycopene and the Noni fruit. Author(s): Block KI. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2002 June; 1(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664735&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of DBP/DEHP in vegetable planted soil on the quality of capsicum fruit. Author(s): Yin R, Lin XG, Wang SG, Zhang HY.
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Source: Chemosphere. 2003 February; 50(6): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688494&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of five-year supplementation of vitamin C on serum vitamin C concentration and consumption of vegetables and fruits in middle-aged Japanese: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Kim MK, Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805247&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Author(s): Mehta K, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, Gulati OD. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 June; 86(2-3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738086&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Semecarpus anacardium fruits on reproductive function of male albino rats. Author(s): Sharma A, Verma PK, Dixit VP. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2003 June; 5(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778323&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of commonly consumed fruit juices and carbohydrates on redox status and anticancer biomarkers in female rats. Author(s): Breinholt VM, Nielsen SE, Knuthsen P, Lauridsen ST, Daneshvar B, Sorensen A. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2003; 45(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791504&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of enhanced consumption of fruit and vegetables on plasma antioxidant status and oxidative resistance of LDL in smokers supplemented with fish oil. Author(s): Roberts WG, Gordon MH, Walker AF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 57(10): 1303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506493&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of fruit and vegetable intake using a two-item dietary questionnaire: a potential tool for primary health care workers. Author(s): Cappuccio FP, Rink E, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Hilton S, Steptoe A. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003 February; 13(1): 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772433&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats. Author(s): Kameswararao B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C.
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Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 February; 74(1-2): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628387&dopt=Abstract •
Fruit and vegetable concentrate or vitamin supplement? Author(s): Watzl B, Bub A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11): 3725; Author Reply 3726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608104&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit juice and dried fruit--healthy choices or not? Author(s): Stillman-Lowe C. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 April 26; 194(8): 408; Author Reply 408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778086&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status and DNA damage. Author(s): Bub A, Watzl B, Blockhaus M, Briviba K, Liegibel U, Muller H, Pool-Zobel BL, Rechkemmer G. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 February; 14(2): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667600&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit odor discrimination and sympatric host race formation in Rhagoletis. Author(s): Linn C Jr, Feder JL, Nojima S, Dambroski HR, Berlocher SH, Roelofs W. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 September 30; 100(20): 11490-3. Epub 2003 Sep 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504399&dopt=Abstract
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Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees. Author(s): Klein AM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 2003 May 7; 270(1518): 955-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803911&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET). Author(s): Neuhouser ML, Patterson RE, Thornquist MD, Omenn GS, King IB, Goodman GE. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 April; 12(4): 350-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692110&dopt=Abstract
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Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cellular oxidative damage. Author(s): Prior RL.
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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 570S578S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936951&dopt=Abstract •
fs3.1: a major fruit shape QTL conserved in Capsicum. Author(s): Ben Chaim A, Borovsky Y, Rao GU, Tanyolac B, Paran I. Source: Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil National De Recherches Canada. 2003 February; 46(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669791&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China. Author(s): Chen YQ, Hu B, Xu F, Zhang W, Zhou H, Qu LH. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2004 January 15; 230(1): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14734179&dopt=Abstract
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Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Author(s): Liu RH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 517S520S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936943&dopt=Abstract
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Hypoglycaemic effect of water extracts of Aegle marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Author(s): Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 August; 87(2-3): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860309&dopt=Abstract
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Identification and antiradical properties of anthocyanins in fruits of Viburnum dilatatum thunb. Author(s): Kim MY, Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 8; 51(21): 6173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518940&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of host fruit volatiles from flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) attractive to dogwood-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Author(s): Nojima S, Linn C Jr, Roelofs W. Source: Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2003 October; 29(10): 2347-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14682516&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of host fruit volatiles from hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) attractive to hawthorn-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Author(s): Nojima S, Linn C Jr, Morris B, Zhang A, Roelofs W. Source: Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2003 February; 29(2): 321-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737261&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of triterpene hydroxycinnamates with in vitro antitumor activity from whole cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Author(s): Murphy BT, MacKinnon SL, Yan X, Hammond GB, Vaisberg AJ, Neto CC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 4; 51(12): 3541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769521&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of clastogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and of its trans-7,8-dihydrodiol in mice in vivo by fruits, vegetables, and flavonoids. Author(s): Edenharder R, Krieg H, Kottgen V, Platt KL. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 June 6; 537(2): 169-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787821&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production in mouse macrophage-like cells by Barbados cherry, a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC. Author(s): Wakabayashi H, Fukushima H, Yamada T, Kawase M, Shirataki Y, Satoh K, Tobe T, Hashimoto K, Kurihara T, Motohashi N, Sakagami H. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 3237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926058&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of hot-water extract from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in cell and cell-free systems. Author(s): Chu CY, Lee MJ, Liao CL, Lin WL, Yin YF, Tseng TH. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 December 17; 51(26): 7583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14664511&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoid and phenolic acid glycosides from pericarp of hot pepper fruit Capsicum annuum L. Author(s): Materska M, Piacente S, Stochmal A, Pizza C, Oleszek W, Perucka I. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 August; 63(8): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895536&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of defense-related genes differentially expressed in the resistance interaction between pepper fruits and the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Author(s): Oh BJ, Ko MK, Kim KS, Kim YS, Lee HH, Jeon WB, Im KH.
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Source: Molecules and Cells. 2003 June 30; 15(3): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872991&dopt=Abstract •
Isolation of two triterpenoids and a biflavanone with anti-Inflammatory activity from Schinus molle fruits. Author(s): Yueqin Z, Recio MC, Manez S, Giner RM, Cerda-Nicolas M, Rios JL. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 October; 69(10): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14648390&dopt=Abstract
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Jordan Friends of Behcet's Disease Patients Society. A fruit of joint efforts between doctors and patients. Author(s): Tamimi J, Madanat W. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 528: 609-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918776&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage of the A locus for the presence of anthocyanin and fs10.1, a major fruit-shape QTL in pepper. Author(s): Chaim AB, Borovsky Y, De Jong W, Paran I. Source: Tag. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik. 2003 March; 106(5): 889-94. Epub 2002 October 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647064&dopt=Abstract
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Muscle relaxant activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruit seeds in mice. Author(s): Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Namjo N. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 February; 84(2-3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648826&dopt=Abstract
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Pacific pandanus fruit: an ethnographic approach to understanding an overlooked source of provitamin A carotenoids. Author(s): Englberger L, Fitzgerald MH, Marks GC. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737009&dopt=Abstract
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Paeonianins A-E, new dimeric and monomeric ellagitannins from the fruits of Paeonia lactiflora. Author(s): Tanaka T, Fukumori M, Ochi T, Kouno I. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 June; 66(6): 759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828458&dopt=Abstract
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Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition. Author(s): Sundram K, Sambanthamurthi R, Tan YA.
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Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(3): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506001&dopt=Abstract •
Palm fruit in traditional African food culture. Author(s): Atinmo T, Bakre AT. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(3): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506000&dopt=Abstract
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Pectate lyase activity during ripening of banana fruit. Author(s): Payasi A, Sanwal GG. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 June; 63(3): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737974&dopt=Abstract
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Peroxisomes from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.): purification, characterisation and antioxidant activity. Author(s): Mateos RM, Leon AM, Sandalio LM, Gomez M, del Rio LA, Palma JM. Source: Journal of Plant Physiology. 2003 December; 160(12): 1507-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14717445&dopt=Abstract
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Phytonutrient deficiency: the place of palm fruit. Author(s): Wattanapenpaiboon N, Wahlqvist MW. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 12(3): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506002&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Lytle LA, Varnell S, Murray DM, Story M, Perry C, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 July-August; 35(4): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859881&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive agents against sepsis and new phenylpropanoid glucosides from the fruits of Illicium verum. Author(s): Lee SW, Li G, Lee KS, Jung JS, Xu ML, Seo CS, Chang HW, Kim SK, Song DK, Son JK. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 September; 69(9): 861-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598217&dopt=Abstract
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Prickly pear fruit bezoar presenting as rectal perforation in an elderly patient. Author(s): Steinberg JM, Eitan A. Source: International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003 July; 18(4): 365-7. Epub 2003 March 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664325&dopt=Abstract
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Purification and characterization of complement-activating acidic polysaccharides from the fruits of Capsicum annuum. Author(s): Paik SY, Ra KS, Chang IS, Park YC, Park HS, Baik HS, Yun JW, Choi JW. Source: J Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 March 31; 36(2): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689524&dopt=Abstract
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Ripe fruit of Solanum nigrum L. inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Author(s): Son YO, Kim J, Lim JC, Chung Y, Chung GH, Lee JC. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 October; 41(10): 1421-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909277&dopt=Abstract
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Separation and characterization of a salt-dependent pectin methylesterase from Citrus sinensis var. Valencia fruit tissue. Author(s): Cameron RG, Savary BJ, Hotchkiss AT, Fishman ML, Chau HK, Baker RA, Grohmann K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 2070-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643675&dopt=Abstract
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Severe anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: Immunologic changes related to successful sublingual allergen immunotherapy. Author(s): Mempel M, Rakoski J, Ring J, Ollert M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 111(6): 1406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789247&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diosmin, hesperidin and naringin in different citrus fruit juices and pharmaceutical formulations. Author(s): Kanaze FI, Gabrieli C, Kokkalou E, Georgarakis M, Niopas I. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 September 19; 33(2): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972089&dopt=Abstract
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Solubilisation of tomato fruit pectins by ascorbate: a possible non-enzymic mechanism of fruit softening. Author(s): Dumville JC, Fry SC. Source: Planta. 2003 October; 217(6): 951-61. Epub 2003 June 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838420&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the toxicity of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. Author(s): Vidal A, Fallarero A, Pena BR, Medina ME, Gra B, Rivera F, Gutierrez Y, Vuorela PM.
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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 December; 89(2-3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14611895&dopt=Abstract •
Telephone counseling intervention increases intakes of micronutrient- and phytochemical-rich vegetables, fruit and fiber in breast cancer survivors. Author(s): Pierce JP, Newman VA, Flatt SW, Faerber S, Rock CL, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, Gold EB, Hollenbach KA, Wasserman L, Jones L, Ritenbaugh C, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Kealey S; Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study Group. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 134(2): 452-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14747688&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a low-fat, high fiber, fruit and vegetable intervention on rectal mucosal proliferation. Author(s): Pfeiffer R, McShane L, Wargovich M, Burt R, Kikendall W, Lawson M, Lanza E, Schatzkin A. Source: Cancer. 2003 September 15; 98(6): 1161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973839&dopt=Abstract
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The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Author(s): Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 July; 54(4): 247-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850886&dopt=Abstract
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The making of a bell pepper-shaped tomato fruit: identification of loci controlling fruit morphology in Yellow Stuffer tomato. Author(s): van der Knaap E, Tanksley SD. Source: Tag. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik. 2003 June; 107(1): 139-47. Epub 2003 March 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835939&dopt=Abstract
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The nociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects of evodiamine from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa in mice. Author(s): Kobayashi Y. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 May; 69(5): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802723&dopt=Abstract
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The starch from Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill. fruit is not a hypoglycemic agent. Author(s): Oliveira AC, Endringer DC, Araujo RJ, Brandao MG, Coelho MM.
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Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 April; 36(4): 525-30. Epub 2003 April 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700833&dopt=Abstract •
Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Ternstroemia japonica. Author(s): Shin MH, Wang W, Nam KI, Jo Y, Jung JH, Im KS. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 October; 66(10): 1351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14575436&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary total flavonoid excretion but not 4-pyridoxic acid or potassium can be used as a biomarker for the intake of fruits and vegetables. Author(s): Krogholm KS, Haraldsdottir J, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 February; 134(2): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14747687&dopt=Abstract
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Variability of the polyphenolic composition of cider apple (Malus domestica) fruits and juices. Author(s): Guyot S, Marnet N, Sanoner P, Drilleau JF. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 October 8; 51(21): 6240-7. Erratum In: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 December 3; 51(25): 7522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518950&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetable and fruit: the evidence in their favour and the public health perspective. Author(s): Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Antoniou A, Friel S, Trygg K, Turrini A. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 March; 73(2): 63-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747212&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to fruit; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy A Course in Miracles Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Aromatherapy Alternative names: aromatic medicine conventional aromatherapy holistic aromatherapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Ayurveda Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayce Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Living Foods Lifestyle Alternative names: Hippocrates Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Mucusless Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raw Juice Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html
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Chinese Medicine Awei Alternative names: Chinese Asafetida; Resina Ferulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baibiandou Alternative names: White Hyacinth Bean; Semen Lablab Album Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiiaohuixiang Alternative names: Chinese Star Anise; Fructus Anisi Stellati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banzhilian Alternative names: Barbated Skullcup Herb; Herba Scutellariae Darbatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bibo Alternative names: Long Pepper; Fructus Piperis Longi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bichengqie Alternative names: Mountain Spicy Fruit; Fructus Litseae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bimazi Alternative names: Castor Seed; Semen Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Binglang Alternative names: Areca Seed; Semen Arecae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cang'erzi Alternative names: Siberian Cocklebur Fruit; Fructus Xanthii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caodoukou Alternative names: Katsumada Galangal Seed; Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Caoguo Alternative names: Fructus Tsaoko Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenpi Alternative names: Dried Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cheqianzi Alternative names: Plantain Seed; Semen Plantaginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chixiaodou Alternative names: Rice Bean; Semen Phaseoli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chongweizi Alternative names: Motherwort Fruit; Fructus Leonuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanbei Xueli Alternative names: Chuanbei Xueli Concentrated Decoction; Chuanbei Xueli Gao Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Chuanlianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chushizi Alternative names: Papermulberry Fruit; Fructus Broussonetiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dafupi Alternative names: Areca Peel; Pericarpium Arecae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daodou Alternative names: Jack Bean; Semen Canavaliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dazao Alternative names: Chinese Date; Fructus Jujubae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Difuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongguapi Alternative names: Chinese Waxgourd Peel; Exocarpium Benincasae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Dongkuiguo Alternative names: Cluster Mallow Fruit; Fructus Malvae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Doukou Alternative names: Round Cardamon Fruit; Fructus Amomi Rotundus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Foshou Alternative names: Finger Citron; Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fupenzi Alternative names: Palmleaf Raspberry Fruit; Fructus Rubi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouqizi Alternative names: Barbary Wolfberry Fruit; Fructus Lycii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualou Alternative names: Snakegourd Fruit; Fructus Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualoupi Alternative names: Snakegourd Peet; Pericarpium Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualouzi Alternative names: Snakegourd Seed; Semen Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangzao Alternative names: Axillary Chocrospondias Fruit; Fructus Choerospondiatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gujingcao Alternative names: Pipewort Flower; Flos Eriocauli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guya Alternative names: Millet Sprout; Fructus Setariae Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heizhima Alternative names: Black Sesame; Semen Sesami Nigrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Heshi Alternative names: Wild Carrot Fruit; Nanheshi; Fructus Carotae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hetaoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hezi Alternative names: Medicine Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Chebulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdoukou Alternative names: Galanga Galangal Fruit; Fructus Galangae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Honghua Alternative names: Safflower; Flos Carthami Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajuhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hujiao Alternative names: Pepper Fruit; Fructus Piperis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huluba Alternative names: Common Fenugreek Seed; Semen Trigonellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huomaren Alternative names: Hemp Seed; Semen Cannabis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiezi Alternative names: Mustard Seed; Semen Sinapis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiguanhua Alternative names: Cockcomb Flower; Flos Celosiae Cristatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Jili Alternative names: Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit; Fructus Tribuli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiucaizi Alternative names: Tuber Onion Seed; Semen Allii Tuberosi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixingzi Alternative names: Garden Balsam Seed; Semen Impatientis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixuecao Alternative names: Asiatic Pennywort Herb; Herba Centellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhe Alternative names: Tangerine Seed; Semen Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Huajuhong; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kuxingren Alternative names: Bitter Apricot Seed; Semen Armeniacae Amarum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Laifuzi Alternative names: Radish Seed; Semen Raphani Source: Chinese Materia Medica Laoguancao Alternative names: Common Heron's Bill Herb, Wilford Granesbill Herb; Herba ErodiiHerba Geranii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianfang Alternative names: Lotus Receptacle; Receptaculum Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Lianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Chuanlianzi; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lizhihe Alternative names: Lychee Seed; Semen Litchi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longyanrou Alternative names: Longan Aril; Longyanrou (Long Yan Rou); Arillus Longan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lulutong Alternative names: Beautiful Sweetgum Fruit; Fructus Liquidambaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luohanguo Alternative names: Grosvenor Momordica Fruit; Fructus Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabo Alternative names: Puff-ball; Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Madouling Alternative names: Dutohmanspipe Fruit; Fructus Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maiya Alternative names: Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manjingzi Alternative names: Shrub Chastetree Fruit; Fructus Viticis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maohezi Alternative names: Belleric Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Terminaliae Billericae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi Alternative names: Nux Vomica; Semen Strychni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mubiezi Alternative names: Cochinchina Momordica Seed; Semen Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mugua Alternative names: Common Floweringquince Fruit; Fructus Chaenomelis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Muhudie Alternative names: Indian Trumpetflower Seed; Semen Oroxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nanheshi Alternative names: Wild Carrot Fruit; Fructus Carotae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niubangzi Alternative names: Great Burdock Achene; Fructus Arctii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nuzhenzi Alternative names: Glossy Privet Fruit; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pangdahai Alternative names: Boat-fruited Sterculia Seed; Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianjinzi Alternative names: Caper Euphorbia Seed; Semen Euphorbiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianniuzi Alternative names: Pharbitis Seed; Semen Pharbitidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianshi Alternative names: Gordon Euryale Seed; Semen Euryales Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingguo Alternative names: Chinese White Olive; Fructus Canarii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingmazi Alternative names: Chingma Abutilon Seed; Semen Abutili Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingpi Alternative names: Green Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingxiangzi Alternative names: Feather Cockscomb Seed; Semen Celosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingyedan Alternative names: Mile Swertia Herb; Herba Swertiae Mileensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Qumai Alternative names: Lilac Pink Herb; Herba Dianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ruiren Alternative names: Hedge Prinsepia Nut; Nux Prinsepiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangshen Alternative names: Mulberry Fruit; Fructus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shaii Alternative names: Seabuckthorn Fruit; Fructus Hippophae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzha Alternative names: Hawthorn Fruit; Fructus Crataegi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzhuyu Alternative names: Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit; Fructus Corni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sharen Alternative names: Villous Amomum Fruit; Fructus Amomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shayuanzi Alternative names: Flatstem Milkvetch Seed; Semen Astragali Complanati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shidi Alternative names: Persimmon Calyx; Calyx Kaki Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shijunzi Alternative names: Rangooncreeper Fruit; Fructus Quisqualis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiliupi Alternative names: Pomegranate Rind; Pericarpium Granati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuihonghuazi Alternative names: Prince's-feather Fruit; Fructus Polygoni Orientalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Sigualuo Alternative names: Luffa Vegetable Sponge; Retinervus Luffae Fructus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suanzaoren Alternative names: Spine Date Seed; Semen Ziziphi Spinosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Taoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Hetaoren; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianxianzi Alternative names: Henbane Seed; Semen Hyoscyami Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tinglizi Alternative names: Pepperweed Seed; Semen Lepidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tusizi Alternative names: Dodder Seed; Semen Cuseutae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wumei Alternative names: Smoked Plum; Fructus Mume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wuweizi Alternative names: Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit; Fructus Schisandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wuzhuyu Alternative names: Medicinal Evodia Fruit; Fructus Evodiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiakucao Alternative names: Common Selfheal Fruit-Spike; Spica Prunellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangru Alternative names: Haichow Elsholtzia Herb; Herba Mosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangyuan Alternative names: Citron Fruit; Fructus Citri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaohuixiang Alternative names: Fennel; Fructus Foeniculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Xiaoyelian Alternative names: Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit; Fructus Podophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixin Alternative names: Manchurian Wildginger; Herba Asari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yadanzi Alternative names: Java Brucea Fruit; Fructus Bruceae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yamazi Alternative names: Linseed; Semen Lini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yiyiren Alternative names: Coix Seed; Semen Coicis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yizhi Alternative names: Sharpleaf Glangat Fruit; Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuganzi Alternative names: Emblic Leafflower Fruit; Fructus Phylianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuliren Alternative names: Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed; Semen Pruni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhizi Alternative names: Akebia Fruit; Fructus Akebiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhiqiao Alternative names: Orange Fruit; Fructus Aurantii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhishi Alternative names: Immature Orange Fruit; Fructus Aurantii Immaturus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhizi Alternative names: Cape Jasmine Fruit; Fructus Gardeniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuyazao Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit; Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Zisugeng Alternative names: Perilla Stem; Caulis Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisuzi Alternative names: Perilia Fruit; Fructus Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements Acebutolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Achillea Millefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amiodarone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amlodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anthocyanins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Atenolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Beni-koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Beta-carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaxolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus, European Blueberry, Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Bisoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bitter Melon Alternative names: Momordica charantia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Blueberry Alternative names: Vaccinium spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum Frutescens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Caraway Alternative names: Carum carvi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carob Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum spp., Capsaicin, Chili Pepper, Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chaste Tree Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chasteberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Cherry Fruit Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10015,00.html Chili Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Angelica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria baicalensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cornus Alternative names: Dogwood; Cornus florida & officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cranberry Alternative names: Vaccinium macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Laevigata Alternative names: Hawthorn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Monogyna Alternative names: Hawthorn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Devil's Claw Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,970,00.html Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Elderberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10024,00.html Elecampane Alternative names: Inula helenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estradiol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,849,00.html Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html
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Flaxseed Alternative names: Linum usitatissimum, Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-oryzanol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10028,00.html Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Kola Alternative names: Bitter Kola Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Man Alternative names: Mangosteen; Garcinia mangostana Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Sp Alternative names:. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,985,00.html Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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HMB (Hydroxymethyl Butyrate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hong Qu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hops Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hung-chu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inositol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Juniper Alternative names: Juniperus communis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniper Berry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lepidium Sp Alternative names: Cress; Lepidium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia cordata, Tilia platyphyllos, Limetree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Linum Usitatissimum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Losartan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lycopene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lycopene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lycopene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,803,00.html Mahonia Alternative names: Mahonia aquifolium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maitake Alternative names: Grifola frondosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Maitake Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Malic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Metoprolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Milk Thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Monascus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Neem Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Noni Alternative names: Morinda citrifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylpropanolamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Plantago Isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proteolytic Enzymes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psyllium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,814,00.html Quinidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Koji Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Rice Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak, Beni-koju, Hong Qu, Hung-chu, Monascus, Red Leaven, Red Rice, Red Koji, Zhitai, Xue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Saw Palmetto Alternative names: Serenoa serrulata, Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Schisandra Alternative names: Schisandra chinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Symphytum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Theophylline Alternative names: Accurbron, Aerolate, Aquaphyllin, Asmalix, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Lanophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T-SR, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-Sav, Theo-X, Theobid, Theochron, Theoclear L.A., Theoclear-80, Theolair, Theolair-SR, Theospan-SR, Theostat 80, Theovent, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tilia Cordata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Tilia Platyphyllos Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Timolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-beta-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uva Ursi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10063,00.html Vaccinium Macrocarpon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaccinium Myrtillus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitis Vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium, Milfoil Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zhitai Alternative names: Red Yeast Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FRUIT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning fruit.
Recent Trials on Fruit The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to fruit.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Fruit and Vegetable Extracts in Treating Patients With Stage I, Stage II, or Stage III Head and Neck Cancer Condition(s): Hypopharyngeal Cancer; Laryngeal Cancer; lip and oral cavity cancer; Oropharyngeal Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain substances to try to prevent the development or recurrence of cancer. Fruit and vegetable extracts may be effective in preventing the recurrence or further development of head and neck cancer. PURPOSE: Randomizedphase II trial to study the effectiveness of fruit and vegetable extracts in preventing the recurrence of stage I, stage II, or stage III head and neck cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064298
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “fruit” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
•
For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
•
For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
•
For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
•
For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FRUIT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “fruit” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on fruit, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Fruit As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to fruit:
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 10 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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•
Nutraceutical chips and production method thereof Inventor(s): Hayabuchi, Hitomi; (Hukuoka-shi, JP), Miyano, Reiko; (Kawasaki-shi, JP), Nomura, Yoshihiro; (Tokyo, JP), Tsunematsu, Motoko; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030232110 Date filed: April 15, 2003 Abstract: In this application are disclosed a method for producing nutraceutical chips, comprising the steps of: preparing a viscous liquid by use of at least one selected from the group consisting of vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts and seaweeds which may have been heat-treated in advance as desired or as required, and a calcium-coagulable edible polymer material, spreading the viscous liquid into thin layers, applying an aqueous calcium salt solution onto the thin layers, whereby the calcium-coagulable edible polymer material is caused to gel, and heat-drying or/and vacuum-drying the resulting thin-film gel products, and a method for producing nutraceutical chips, comprising the steps of: preparing a gel by use of at least one selected from the group consisting of vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts and seaweeds which may have been heat-treated in advance as desired or as required, a calcium-coagulable edible polymer material, and a calcium salt, molding the gel into thin films, and heat-drying or/and vacuum-drying the resulting thin-film gel products, according to which methods new nutraceutical chips are provided which improve the shelf life and processability of the raw material vegetable, fruit, seed, nut, seaweed or the like, use no fats and oils, and are suitable for the health, nutrition and palatability of consumers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a health-appealing food which has improved shelf life of vegetable, fruit, seed, nut, seaweed and the like and has characteristics that it is rich in calcium and dietary fiber, that it is oil-free and that it is low in calories. Further, the present invention also relates to a method for producing snack food chips which can conform to a variety of requests associated with the health, nutrition, preference and the like of consumers, from vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, seaweeds and the like. In addition, the present invention also relates to a snack food which incorporates a poly-.gamma.-glutamic acid so as not only to retain calcium and increase the content of calcium but also to enable calcium to be efficiently absorbed into a living body, in other words, enhance absorbability of calcium. A variety of processed foods are produced and sold which take advantage of the characteristics of raw materials such as vegetables and fruits of various types, i.e., being naturally occurring materials and being good for health. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 45769/1992, a method of producing a healthy snack food using a large quantity of vegetables such as spinach, burdock and pumpkin and fruits such as apple, pineapple and banana, is disclosed. However, according to this production method, fats and oils are added to the paste-like material in a proportion of 5 to 15% so as to impart crunchiness to the target healthy snack food, so that the resulting healthy snack food becomes high in calories. Further, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 178422/2001, a fish-egg processed food sheet produced by forming fish eggs into a sheet with the use of a film forming edible polymer material is proposed. This claims that the processed food sheet is rich in calcium and dietary fiber and low in calories. However, vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts and seaweeds other than fish eggs are not studied. Further, no mention is made of the absorption of in-taken calcium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with fruit, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on fruit. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning fruit. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FRUIT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to fruit. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on fruit include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on fruit: •
Diabetic's Innovative Cookbook: A Positive Approach to Living With Diabetes Source: New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. 1994. 416 p. Contact: Available from Henry Holt and Company, Inc. 115 West 18th Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 488-5233. PRICE: $25. ISBN: 0805025189. Summary: In this book the authors present a positive approach to living well with diabetes. In the first part of the book, Juliano, himself a physician with diabetes, shares with the reader his 30 years of experience in dealing with the day-to-day challenges of diabetes. He advocates a take-charge attitude toward living well within the confines of a diabetes diet. He also reviews the guidelines for good nutrition and discusses issues such as fiber, fruit and fruit sugar, vegetable and fruit juices, and desserts. In the second part of the book, Young presents more than 145 low-fat, heart-healthy recipes in nine categories: appetizers, breakfast, broths and soups, sauces and relishes, salads, vegetables and side dishes, rice and pasta, entrees, and desserts. The recipes include
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exchange list and nutritional information. The book also includes the full American Diabetes Association Exchange Lists, a selected reading list, and subject and recipe indexes. •
The 'Can Have' Diet and More!: The Easy Guide to Informed Exercise and Food Choices Source: Olathe, KS: NCES, Inc. (Nutritional Counseling and Education Services). 1995. 140 p. Contact: Available from NCES. 1904 East 123rd Street, Olathe, KS 66061. (800) 445-5653. Fax (800) 251-9349. PRICE: $8.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0962096512. Summary: This book helps readers adopt a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits without resorting to a strict diet. Sixteen chapters cover dieting and weight loss; the benefits of exercise; exercising safely; dietary fats and learning about fats in the diet; controlling blood cholesterol; sodium and limiting sodium in the diet; planning a diet for people with diabetes; reading food labels; food values; and altering recipes for lower fat content. The chapter on food values lists serving size, grams of fat, calories, and milligrams of sodium for generic foods including bread and cereal products, fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, dairy products, protein foods, fats, oils and salad dressings, desserts and sweets, frozen foods, canned foods, and other prepared foods. The chapter lists the same nutrient values for 29 franchised restaurants, including fast food restaurants and 'sit down' restaurants such as Country Kitchen, Olive Garden, and Pizza Hut. 10 references.
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Diet Guide for the Renal Patient Source: Springfield, MO: Ozarks Dialysis Services. 199x. 17 p. Contact: Available from Ozarks Dialysis Services. 330 East Division, Springfield, MO 65803. (417) 836-3443. PRICE: $5. Summary: This book provides an easy-to-read introduction to diets typically prescribed for renal patients. Topics include general information about diet therapy; the role of protein, sodium, and phosphorus; sample meal plans; food preparation; exchange list information for the meat, starch, vegetable, fruit, and fat groups; beverages; suggestions for adding calories; foods to avoid; and tips for eating out in restaurants.
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Good Food: The Comprehensive Food and Nutrition Resource Source: Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. 1995. 379 p. Contact: Available from Crossing Press. P.O. Box 1048, Freedom, CA 95019-1048. (800) 777-1048. Fax (408) 722-7249. PRICE: $18.95. ISBN: 0895947463. Summary: This book, which uses the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Guide Pyramid as its organizational structure, teaches readers the basic principles of nutrition and how to incorporate them into meals. Chapter one presents guidelines for a healthful diet, explains the food pyramid guide, and discusses additives and alternatives. Chapters two through seven focus on each of the building blocks of the food pyramid, including the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group; the vegetable group; the fruit group; the meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nut group; the milk, yogurt, and cheese group; and the fat, oils, and sweets group. Each food group is discussed in terms of background information, special features, how it is produced, buying and storing tips, and cooking guidelines. Recipes with accompanying nutrition information
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are also included in each food group chapter. An appendix presents nutrition information about various foods. A bibliography and index conclude the book. 1 appendix. 39 references. •
Eating Healthy with Diabetes: Easy Reading Guide Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2003. 18 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. E-mail:
[email protected]. Fax: (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $4.00, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This booklet is a teaching tool for use with persons with diabetes. Written in nontechnical language, with illustrations for each concept presented, the brochure introduces healthy eating and why it is important for good diabetes control. The booklet begins with a discussion of the importance of normal blood glucose (sugar) levels, how to eat less fats, and which foods should be included on a regular basis. The booklet then outlines each of the three meals of the day, plus snacks, with food choices in each food group: starch, fruit, milk, nonstarchy vegetable, meat and meat substitutes, fat, and free foods. There is space for the reader and his or her dietitian to individualize the recommendations. Additional sections discuss how to include sweets into one's meal plan, how to count mixed foods, and how to measure foods. The brochure is illustrated with brightly colored graphics and full-color photographs of food items.
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Eating Right: A Nutritional Guide for the Diabetic Dialysis Patient (3rd ed.) Source: Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Inc. 1993. 21 p. Contact: Available from Dialyrn Renal Education System. 914 South Eighth Street, Minneapolis, MN 55404. (612) 347-5949. PRICE: $3.50 each for 1-9 copies; $3 each for 10 or more. Order Number: 330. Summary: This booklet provides food and meal planning guidelines and information for people with diabetes who undergo dialysis treatment. Food choices, daily allowable portions, and foods to avoid are covered for the various food groups: meat and meat substitutes; milk and milk products; starches; fruits, fruit juices, and vegetables; fats; and fluids. The text also summarizes important dietary guidelines, tips for controlling fluid intake, and guidelines concerning insulin reactions, eating away from home, eating ethnic foods, and for developing a personal daily meal plan.
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Lionel Learns What Matters Most Source: Mascoutah, IL: National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias (NFED). 2003. [36 p.]. Contact: Available from National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias (NFED). National Office, 410 East Main Street, P.O. Box 114, Mascoutah, IL 62258-0114. (618) 5662020. Fax: (618) 566-4718. Website: www.nfed.org. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: $15.00 per copy plus 7.1 percent sales tax. Summary: This children's book helps kids learn that there is more to a person's character and strengths than how he or she appears on the outside. The story features a young lion, Lionel, who does not develop a large mane as most young lions do. However, Lionel has strengths that are useful to the other lions: he knows where to find the best shade (because he could not stay out in the sun), the better fruit (because he could not chew meat), and how to be compassionate to others who are coping with problems. The
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book closes with a section of full-color photographs of children with ectodermal dysplasia (ED), a rare, genetic birth disorder in which two or more ectodermal structures (hair, teeth, nails, and glands) function abnormally. Missing teeth, the inability to sweat, and sparse hair are typical symptoms of ED syndromes. The inside front cover of the book includes more information about ED and about the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias (NFED), the leading organization in the world dedicated to serving individuals and families affected by ED syndromes. The book is illustrated with colorful drawings of Lionel and the other lions. •
Better Homes and Gardens New Diabetic Cookbook Source: Des Moines, IA: Meredith Books. 1999. 240 p. Contact: Available from Meredith Books. P.O. Box 132, Des Moines, IA 50301-0132. (800) 678-8091. Fax (515) 284-3371. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0696207923. Summary: This cookbook presents recipes and menus for people with diabetes and their families. The cookbook includes familiar dishes as well as new and inventive ones. Recipe categories include snacks and sippers; breads and rolls; breakfast, brunch, and dinner; soups and stews; salad meals; vegetables and side dishes; and desserts and treats. Each recipe is accompanied by nutritional analyses that note the diabetes exchanges; number of calories; number of grams of fat, carbohydrates, protein, and fiber; number of milligrams of cholesterol and sodium; and daily values for vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron. Preparation and cooking times are also provided. The book also presents the latest information about diabetes, including definitions of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, who is at risk, and how diabetes is diagnosed and treated. This is followed by information on the role of food in managing blood sugar levels and the use of exchange lists for meal planning; advice on nutrition; and tips for shopping, cooking, and eating out. In the addition, the cookbook answers questions about diabetes and nutrition issues; lists additional sources of information; provides detailed exchange lists for starches, fruit, milk, other carbohydrates, vegetables, meat and meat substitutes, fat, fast foods, combination foods, and free foods. The cookbook also includes a glossary of terms relating to diabetes and a special page for a personal meal plan that can be photocopied.
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Great Chicken Cookbook for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 228 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400221. Order number 462701. Summary: This cookbook provides more than 150 great tasting, low fat chicken recipes. The first chapter covers all chicken dishes that require finishing in the oven including pies, tarts, quiches, and crepes. Deep dish pie recipes can be prepared without a crust or topping. The next chapter presents braised chicken dishes. In braising, the chicken is simmered in stock, broth, wine, or water, along with condiments, aromatic herbs, and vegetables. The following chapter covers baked chicken dishes that include various condiments and aromatic herbs. Ethnic chicken dishes are highlighted in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter features recipes that combine chicken and fruit. The next chapter is devoted to grilled and broiled chicken and is followed by a chapter covering chicken dishes that depend mainly on herbs, spices, and condiments for their appeal.
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Subsequent chapters present recipes for chicken with pasta, chicken livers, chicken with rice or grains, and roasted chicken. The focus of the twelfth chapter is on recipes for rolling and stuffing chicken scallops, boned legs and thighs, and various vegetables. The next chapter provides recipes for cold chicken dishes with vegetables and condiments. Final chapters offer recipes for chicken soups and stir fried dishes. Each recipe is accompanied by nutritional analyses that note the diabetes exchanges; number of calories; number of grams of fat, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, and sugar; and number of milligrams of cholesterol and sodium. The number of servings and the serving size are also provided for each recipe. The book also includes tips on healthier cooking and the secrets to making perfect sauces. The book concludes with an index of recipes listed alphabetically. •
Wheat-Free, Gluten-Free Dessert Cookbook Source: Cuyahoga Falls, OH: Connie Sarros. 2000. 94 p. Contact: Available from Connie Sarros. 3270 Camden Rue, Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223. (330) 929-1651. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.glutenfree.homestead.com/homepage.html. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0615116221. Summary: This dessert cookbook offers guidelines and recipes for people following a wheat free, gluten free diet. Celiac disease (gluten intolerance) is a chronic disease in which the water soluble protein component in grains (gluten) creates an immune reaction in the small intestine. Once the immune system is activated in this response, there is progressive destruction of the intestinal surface cells that are normally responsible for nutrition absorption. Gluten is found in most cereal grains, primarily wheat, barley, eye, and oats. The cookbook offers introductory material that briefly reviews gluten intolerance, then provides hints for successful gluten free baking (using alternative flours). The introduction also offers explanations and definitions of terms, a listing of general foods that are acceptable for someone following a gluten free diet, and a list of gluten free food additives. Recipes are then provided in nine categories: cakes (including cake rolls and caking fillings and toppings), cookies, fruit desserts, ice cream desserts, low calorie desserts, miscellaneous desserts (including cheesecakes), pie crusts, pies, and puddings. Each recipe includes ingredients, directions, and a comment or suggestion on making the item; nutritional information is not provided. A subject index concludes the cookbook.
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Diabetes Carbohydrate and Fat Gram Guide: Quick, Easy Meal Planning Using Carbohydrate and Fat Gram Counts. 2nd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. 478 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400507. Summary: This newly revised and updated book provides people who have diabetes with information on meal planning approaches and the fat and carbohydrate content of both generic and brand name foods. The book consists of charts that list foods, serving sizes, exchanges, and nutrient data for both generic and packaged products. Foods are listed alphabetically by food category and manufacturer. Nutrient data include calories, carbohydrates, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, fiber, and protein. Nutrient values will depend on the meal planning approach the reader uses. Values have been rounded
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to the nearest calorie, gram, or milligram per serving. Exchange values of foods have been calculated using the rounding off method. Chapters focus on appetizers and dips; beverages; bread products and baked goods; candy; cereals; cheese and cheese products; combination foods and frozen entrees; desserts; eggs and egg dishes; ethnic foods; fast foods; fats, oils, and salad dressings; fruit and fruit juices; grains, noodles, and rice; legumes; meats, fish, and poultry; milk and yogurt; nuts, seeds, and nut/seed products; sauces, condiments, and gravies; snack foods; soups and stews; vegetables and vegetable juices; and vegetarian foods. •
Official Pocket Guide to Diabetic Exchanges Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1997. 64 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $4.95 for members; $5.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400035. Summary: This pocket guide provides people who have diabetes with exchange lists for meal planning. The guide contains the same information found in the standard exchange lists, but its small size allows people to take it with them to the grocery store or to restaurants. The lists are organized into the main groups of carbohydrates, meat and meat substitutes, and fat. Starch, fruit, milk, other carbohydrates, and vegetables are in the carbohydrate group. The meat and meat substitute group divides these foods into very lean, lean, medium-fat, and high-fat groups. Foods in the fat group, which include monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fats, have very small serving sizes. Foods are listed with their serving sizes, and each list begins with nutrition and selection tips. In addition, the guide provides lists for foods with added sugars, free foods, combination foods, and fast foods. The guide concludes with suggestions for using food nutrition labels and an index.
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Pocket Guide to Good Food: A Shopper's Resource Source: Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. 1996. 157 p. Contact: Available from Crossing Press. P.O. Box 1048, Freedom, CA 95019-1048. (800) 777-1048. Fax (408) 722-7249. PRICE: $6.95. ISBN: 0895947471. Summary: This pocket guide, which serves as a companion to 'Good Food: The Complete Guide to Eating Well,' provides information about diet and nutrition, food storage, and menu planning according to the new food pyramid guidelines. Initial chapters explain how to plan food menus and define words about ingredients and food processing. Remaining chapters provide information about the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group; the vegetable group; the fruit group; the meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nut group; the milk, yogurt, and cheese group; and the fats, oils, and sweets group. Each of these chapters includes a glossary of terms; a list of additives to avoid when reading labels; and at-a-glance information about how much food to buy, how to store it for optimum nutrition and safety, and how much time it takes to prepare the food. Appendices list quick-cooking foods, describe various seasonings and condiments, and present weights and measures. The book concludes with an index. 3 appendices. 2 figures.
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Farmers' market idea and resource kit for farmers' market managers Source: Sacramento, CA: California Children's 5 a Day Campaign, California Department of Health Services. 1998. 80 pp. Contact: Available from Tanya Garbolino, California Department of Health Services, California 5 a Day Campaign, P.O. Box 942732, Sacramento, CA 94234-7320. Telephone: (916) 323-0594 / fax: (916) 322-1532. Available for loan. Summary: This publication for farmers' market managers is designed to help children and their parents eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day for better health by raising public awareness of the benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables based on the concepts of the food guide pyramid. The objective of this publication is to provide 9, 10, and 11 year-olds with repeating consistent messages in a variety of environments, using creative educational and marketing strategies. The book lists the supplies needed to complete the activities, describes the preparation needed, gives stepby-step directions for completing the activity, provides extension ideas and suggestions for adapting the activities, and provides activities for children to do at home with their families. Ready-to-duplicate activity sheets in both English and Spanish follow each activity. The 18 activities are organized into two sections. The first section is for activities at farmer's markets. The second section is for visits to children at schools and youth organizations. The appendix includes a resource list as well as additional fruit and vegetable facts and artwork.
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School idea and resource mini kit for 4th and 5th grade classroom teachers: Child nutrition/food service staff Source: Sacramento, CA: California Children's 5 a Day Campaign, California Department of Health Services. 1998. ca. 75 pp. Contact: Available from Tanya Garbolino, California Department of Health Services, California 5 a Day Campaign, P.O. Box 942732, Sacramento, CA 94234-7320. Telephone: (916) 323-0594 / fax: (916) 322-1532. Available for loan. Summary: This publication for teachers is designed to help raise awareness and encourage children to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables every day for good health as part of a low-fat, high-fiber diet and an active lifestyle based on the food guide pyramid. The ideas in this book are excerpted from the School Idea and Resource Kit which has 50 more fun fruit and vegetable activities. The 17 activities in this book are organized into 6 components. Activities involve each of the four social-influence groups that affect children: schools, families, peers, and communities. The book is based on prevention research with children and is designed to develop protective factors that help children prevent or avoid negative health behaviors. These factors are bonding and belonging, norms, skills, and recognition and rewards.
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Community youth organization idea and resource kit for youth organization leaders working with 9, 10 and 11 year old children Source: Sacramento, CA: California Children's 5 a Day Campaign, California Department of Health Services. 1998. 64 pp., 1 audiotape (3:11 minutes). Contact: Available from Tanya Garbolino, California Department of Health Services, California 5 a Day Campaign, P.O. Box 942732, Sacramento, CA 94234-7320. Telephone: (916) 323-0594 / fax: (916) 322-1532. Available for loan.
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Summary: This publication for youth organization leaders is designed to help them teach children about healthy eating using fun, simple, and flexible activities based on the food guide pyramid. The 12 activities in this book are designed to be used in any order and incorporated into daily activities. A list of all the supplies needed, simple directions for conducting the activity, possibilities for expanding or adapting the activity, and ideas for reaching family and friends are included. The topics discussed are introducing children to fruits and vegetables, learning to make fruit and vegetable snacks, gardening and science activities, and involving children in the community. An audiotape of 5 a day rap accompanies the book. The text of the rap is also included in the appendices of the book. •
Fat-Proof Your Child Source: New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company. 1997. 494 p. Contact: Available from Workman Publishing Company. 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003. (800) 722-7207 ext. 7509 or (212) 614-7509. PRICE: $22.95. ISBN: 1563051508. Summary: This spiral bound cookbook stresses fitness and health in addressing the problem of American children and adolescents who are overweight and out of shape. The author focuses on the overweight child and teen, the reasons behind the problem, and the role of parents. The book emphasizes that parents are the single most influential factor regarding how active and healthy their children will be. The book examines many of the reasons for lack of exercise and fitness in teenagers, including increased television viewing, increased computer use, lack of physical education programs in schools, and societal changes that have restricted the unchaperoned use of parks and playgrounds by children. The author provides specific, realistic suggestions for parents who want to help their children (and themselves) become more physically active. In the sections on food intake, the author provides seven simple steps that parents can take to moderate fat and to change their children's eating habits. The book concludes with 150 pages of recipes, many of which provide low-fat adaptations of familiar foods that children like. Recipes are provided in 10 categories: soups and chili, pasta, salads, poultry, beef, veal and pork, seafood, side dishes, kid-friendly vegetables, old favorites made lean, and fresh fruit endings. A section of recommended menus, a bibliography, a general index, and a recipe index complete the book. 73 references. (AA-M).
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Kids' kitchen. (Rev. ed.) Source: Northampton, MA: Foodplay Productions. 1996. 1 videotape (45 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch), 1 guidebook (24 pp.). Contact: Available from Foodplay Productions, 221 Pine Street, 3A6, Northampton, MA 01060. Telephone: (413) 524-7802 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.foodplay.com. $129.00. Summary: This videotape and guidebook set includes 20 reproducible handouts on snack recipes, step-by-step multidisciplinary lesson plans, hands-on activities for nutrition fun, nutrition basics and safety rules, and a list of recommended resources. Lessons are presented on the food guide pyramid and creative ways of consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Also included are tips for both adults and children on reading food labels, kitchen safety, food budgeting, and planet- friendly choices. All recipes use foods reimbursable through the Department of Agriculture's Child and Adult Care Feeding Program.
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “fruit” (or a synonym) in their titles. •
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=fruit&mode=books
Chapters on Fruit In order to find chapters that specifically relate to fruit, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and fruit using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on fruit: •
Fruits Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 121-163. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Fruits are packed with vitamins and minerals, they may satisfy one's sweet tooth, and many fruits make great portable snacks or put the finishing touch on a meal. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 2 to 4 servings of fruit each day. This chapter on fruits is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating fruits, tips for portion control, fruit juices, fruits as sources of vitamin A and vitamin C, common questions about fruits and nutrition, fanciful fruits (figs, pomegranates, papayas, pineapples), berries, and citrus. Numerous recipes are then provided: blueberries with almond cream, blueberry lemon muffins, strawberry-peach soup, strawberry raspberry almond shake, orange and fennel salad, grapefruit combo salad, lime guacamole with mango, pan-seared pork with mango salsa, mango chicken salad, cool melon soup, orange and kiwi salad, minted kiwi salad, apple sandwiches, red cherry frozen yogurt sundae, red grape and turkey salad, pears baked with white wine, and island sundaes. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and two special focus sections on fiber and on fats.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FRUIT Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on fruit. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on fruit is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “fruit” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on fruit: •
Fascinating Free Foods for Fun and Family Feasting Source: Charleston, WV: Charleston Area Medical Center. 1991. Contact: Available from Charleston Area Medical Center. Memorial Division, Diana Salamie, Diabetes Center, 3200 MacCorkle Avenue, S.E., Charleston, WV 25304. (304) 348-5555. PRICE: $49.95 plus $4.35 shipping and handling for videotape and cookbook set. Prepaid only. Summary: This videotape, a companion educational tool to the cookbook of the same name (see AN DMBK00851), presents a variety of foods and recipes using Free Foods, tasty and exciting spices and seasonings that have few or no calories. The recipes incorporate the most recent nutritional guidelines and include exchange list values. The videotape describes and shows how to prepare many of the recipes. Recipes are categorized as follows: sauces, gravies, and meat poultry coating for main courses; salads, salad dressings and dips; fruit sauces, jam and jelly; and beverages, desserts, diabetic candies and treats. The recipes are suitable for persons on weight reduction diets, low triglyceride diets and/or general diets for diabetes management.
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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on fruit: •
Community youth organization idea and resource kit for youth organization leaders working with 9, 10 and 11 year old children Source: Sacramento, CA: California Children's 5 a Day Campaign, California Department of Health Services. 1998. 64 pp., 1 audiotape (3:11 minutes). Contact: Available from Tanya Garbolino, California Department of Health Services, California 5 a Day Campaign, P.O. Box 942732, Sacramento, CA 94234-7320. Telephone: (916) 323-0594 / fax: (916) 322-1532. Available for loan. Summary: This publication for youth organization leaders is designed to help them teach children about healthy eating using fun, simple, and flexible activities based on the food guide pyramid. The 12 activities in this book are designed to be used in any order and incorporated into daily activities. A list of all the supplies needed, simple directions for conducting the activity, possibilities for expanding or adapting the activity, and ideas for reaching family and friends are included. The topics discussed are introducing children to fruits and vegetables, learning to make fruit and vegetable snacks, gardening and science activities, and involving children in the community. An audiotape of 5 a day rap accompanies the book. The text of the rap is also included in the appendices of the book.
•
Implications of Art Therapy With Cognitively Impaired Elderly Source: Redmond, WA: Tree Farm Cassettes. 1992. (audiocassettes). Contact: Available from Tree Farm Cassettes. K24-250, 23703 N.E. 4th Street, Redmond, WA 98053. (206) 868-0464. PRICE: $12.00. Summary: This set of two audiocassettes discusses the use of art therapy with cognitive impaired elderly people. The speaker offers specific suggestions for art materials and the use of continued verbal and nonverbal support of the participants' work. A large portion of the discussion focuses on an art therapy program developed especially for nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease. The speaker describes her use of pictures from calendars and magazines such as Arizona Highways to stimulate the residents' interest before drawing landscapes. She discusses the use of themes such as the ocean, mountains, flowers, or holidays to provide a focus for the participants and stresses the importance of a well thought out but improvisational performance. The speaker also offers practical solutions to problems such as keeping the art group members awake and interested. For example, she involving engaging them as soon as they arrive, changing the colors they are using, and bringing a bowl of oranges so that participants can draw the fruit and then eat it. She also emphasizes the importance of helping each patient to become engaged with the art project on his or her own level.
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for fruit. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with fruit. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The following
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drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to fruit: Antidepressants, Tricyclic •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html
Antidiabetic Agents, Sulfonylurea •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaryl; DiaBeta; Diabinese; Dymelor; Glucotrol; Glucotrol XL; Glynase PresTab; Micronase; Orinase; Tolinase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202742.html
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html
Atorvastatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lipitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203635.html
Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate, and Benzoic Acid •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atrosept; Dolsed; Hexalol; Prosed/DS; UAA; Urimed; Urised; Uriseptic; Uritab; Uritin; Uro-Ves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html
Attapulgite •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Diar-Aid; Diarrest; Diasorb; Diatrol; Donnagel; Kaopectate; Kaopek; K-Pek; Parepectolin; Rheaban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202076.html
Beta-Carotene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html
Bismuth Subsalicylate •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Bismatrol; Pepto-Bismol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202092.html
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adalat; Adalat CC; Calan; Calan SR; Cardene; Cardizem; Cardizem CD; Cardizem SR; Dilacor-XR; DynaCirc; Isoptin; Isoptin SR; Nimotop; Plendil; Procardia; Procardia XL; Vascor; Verelan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202107.html
Researching Medications 179
Calcium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html
Cholestyramine •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html
Cisapride •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Propulsid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202672.html
Colestipol •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Colestid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202161.html
Cromolyn •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Gastrocrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202169.html
Cyclosporine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Neoral; Sandimmune; SangCya http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202176.html
Dantrolene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dantrium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202181.html
Didanosine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Videx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202616.html
Difenoxin and Atropine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Motofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202193.html
Diphenoxylate and Atropine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lofene; Logen; Lomocot; Lomotil; Lonox; Vi-Atro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202200.html
Enalapril and Felodipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lexxel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203638.html
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Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 ) •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folvite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202250.html
Hmg-Coa Reductase Inhibitors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Baycol; Lescol; Lipitor; Mevacor; Pravachol; Zocor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202284.html
Insulin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html
Iron Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: DexFerrum; Femiron; Feosol; Feostat; Feostat Drops; Feratab; Fer-gen-sol; Fergon; Fer-In-Sol Capsules; Fer-In-Sol Drops; Fer-In-Sol Syrup; Fer-Iron Drops; Fero-Gradumet; Ferospace; Ferralet; Ferralet Slow Release; Ferralyn Lanacaps; Ferra-TD; Ferretts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202305.html
Kaolin and Pectin •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Kao-Spen; Kapectolin; K-P http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202313.html
Lamotrigine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamictal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202786.html
Lansoprazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html
Laxatives •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html
Lithium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html
Loperamide •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Imodium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202332.html
Researching Medications 181
Loxapine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loxitane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202333.html
Metformin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glucophage http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202756.html
Methenamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hiprex; Mandelamine; Urex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202354.html
Molindone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Moban http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202379.html
Narcotic Analgesics for Pain Relief •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Astramorph PF; Buprenex; Cotanal-65; Darvon; DarvonN; Demerol; Dilaudid; Dilaudid-5; Dilaudid-HP; Dolophine; Duramorph; Hydrostat IR; Kadian; Levo-Dromoran; M S Contin; Methadose; MS/L; MS/L Concentrate; MS/S; MSIR; Nubain; Numorphan; OMS Concentrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202390.html
Nicotine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Habitrol; Nicorette; Nicotrol; Prostep http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202407.html
Nisoldipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203431.html
Nitrofurantoin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Furadantin; Macrobid; Macrodantin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202414.html
Paraldehyde •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202440.html
Penicillins •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html
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Phenothiazines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Intensol; Compazine; Compazine Spansule; Mellaril; Mellaril Concentrate; Mellaril-S; Permitil; Permitil Concentrate; Prolixin; Prolixin Concentrate; Prolixin Decanoate; Prolixin Enanthate; Serentil; Serentil Concentrate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202457.html
Potassium Iodide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pima http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202472.html
Sacrosidase •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sucraid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203409.html
Salicylates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acuprin 81; Amigesic; Anacin Caplets; Anacin Maximum Strength; Anacin Tablets; Anaflex 750; Arthritis Pain Ascriptin; Arthritis Pain Formula; Arthritis Strength Bufferin; Arthropan; Aspergum; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Adult Low Dose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202515.html
Sodium Fluoride •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html
Sodium Phenylbutyrate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Buphenyl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202916.html
Succimer •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chemet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202664.html
Thioxanthenes •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navane; Taractan; Thiothixene HCl Intensol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202564.html
Vitamin E •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Researching Medications 183
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 189
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “fruit” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Ten Steps to a Healthy 1998 Source: Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 10p., 1998. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1501 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 332-9110. Web Address http://www.cspinet.org/. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: The authors offer ten suggestions for improving the diet. For each suggestion, they give a rationale and a way to implement it. The tips include eating less cheese; eating veggieburgers, ground chicken breast, or ground turkey; switching to lower-fat tub margarine; switching to skim milk; and eating more vegetables and fruit every day. The ideas are focused on reducing fat and salt intake, and increasing the intake of vegetables, fruits and whole grains.
•
Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia) Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This compilation of information on bitter melon, Momordica charantia (MC). It characterizes this tropical plant and describes its protein derivative, MAP30. Directions for processing the fruit, different therapy courses, and case studies of HIVpositive persons who use bitter melon are included. Scientific studies detailed show initial findings of antitumor and antiviral activity of MAP30. These results, coupled with its nontoxicity and low cost, suggest further research as a treatment and for prevention of HIV infection. The isolation, purification, and characterization of MAP30 is described, and the similarity between it and Trichosanthin from the Chinese cucumber is pointed out.
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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(NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 28441 354 598 24 541 29958
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “fruit” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
18
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.
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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
21
After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fruit can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fruit. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fruit. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fruit”:
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•
Other guides African American Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/africanamericanhealth.html Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Infant and Toddler Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlernutrition.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on fruit. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Eat More Fruits and Vegetables, 5 a Day for Better Health Source: Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. 8 p., 1991. Contact: Office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, Building 31, Room 10A16, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. (800)4-CANCER. NIH Publication Number 92-3248. Summary: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Academy of Sciences all recommend that Americans should eat a balanced diet low in fat that includes lots of fruit and vegetables. Leading health authorities recommend eating five servings of fruit and vegetables every day, including several servings a week of cruciferous vegetables. All fruit and vegetables supply a variety of nutrients; some are especially good sources of vitamins A and C, and most contain fiber. This illustrated brochure provides nutritional information about fruit and vegetables and offers tips to help individuals meet the "5 a Day" goal.
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•
Low-Calorie, Lowfat and Low Cost Fruits and Vegetables Source: Raleigh, NC: Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR), Division of Adult Health Promotion, 4p, 1994. Contact: North Carolina DEHNR, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611. Summary: This booklet contains simple suggestions for incorporating five servings of fruits and vegetables into the daily diet. A recipe for Hopping John peas and a simple chart explaining the benefits of selecting low-fat fruit and vegetable food items are included.
•
Sane Talk About Healthy Eating for the '90s' the Dietary Guidelines Way: Choose a Diet with Plenty of Vegetables, Fruits and Grains Source: Memphis, TN: Kraft Food Ingredients Corporation, 8 p., N.D. Contact: Kraft Food Ingredients Corp., 6410 Poplar Avenue, Memphis, TN 38119. Summary: This booklet is one of a series of booklets designed to help consumers follow the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This particular booklet focuses on choosing a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruit, and grain products. The importance of eating these foods and their link to improved health is discussed. Recommended daily servings of carbohydrates and fiber are provided, and sources of fiber are also discussed. Sample recipes are included.
•
Year 200 dietary guidelines: the case for fruits and vegetables first Source: Produce for Better Health Foundation. Contact: Produce for Better Health Foundation, 5301 Limestone Road, Suite 101, Wilmington, DE 19808-1249. (302) 235-ADAY. Summary: This booklet reviews the ever-growing evidence of the unique health benefits derived from eating fruits and vegetables. Researchers continue to find a strong link between increased fruit and vegetable consumption and the decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Evidence is also emerging about the positive role of fruit and vegetable consumption and a reduced incidence of cataracts, diverticulosis, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This booklet also discusses the important role of fruits and vegetables in weight management and the control of diabetes.
•
Fruits for Health in Hawai'i Source: [Honolulu, HI]: Hawai'i Department of Health. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from Hawai'i Department of Health, Nutrition Branch. (808) 586-4671 (O'ahu), (808) 933-4675 (Hawai'i), (808) 243-5373 (Maui), (808) 241-3650 (Kaua'i). PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes various fruits available in Hawaii and their role in a healthy diet. The brochure includes a chart listing the vitamin C content of each of the fruits; guidelines for storing fresh fruits; and a chart of the food groups and the recommended daily amount for each group. The bulk of the brochure consists of a description of each fruit and its uses; fruits covered are: avocado, banana, breadfruit, guava, Hawai'i orange, lychee, mango, mountain apple, papaya, passion fruit or liliko'i, pineapple, poha or cape gooseberry, pomelo, starfruit or carambola, surinam cherry, tangerine, and watermelon.
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5-A-Day for Better Health! Summer Fun with the California Summer Fruits Source: Sacramento, CA: California Tree Fruit Agreement, 17p., 1993. Contact: California Tree Fruit Agreement, PO Box 255627, Sacramento, CA 95865. Summary: This comic and activity book encourages children to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, highlighting the summer fruits that come from California. The story takes the reader through a fruit orchard and introduces a variety of tree fruits: peaches, plums, pears, and nectarines. The process of fruit farming, packing, and shipping for sale is described. The comic book includes simple recipes. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Eat 5 a Day for Better Health Summary: The national 5 A Day for Better Health Program gives Americans a simple, positive message—eat 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day for better health. Source: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7041 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fruit. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on fruit is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to fruit. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “fruit” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to
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Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “fruit” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to fruit, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “fruit” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on fruit: •
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk Source: AICR Science News. Issue 17, p.2. September 2000. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202)328-7744. www.aicr.org. Summary: Researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center studied the fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study of 1,230 men under 65 years old. No associations were found between fruit intake and prostate cancer risk, but vegetable intake was shown to be protective. Men consuming 28 or more servings of vegetables per week showed a 35 percent decreased risk for prostate cancer when compared with those eating fewer than 14 servings per week. There was also a 41 percent decreased risk among men eating three or more servings of cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage) per week compared with those eating less than one serving per week. This suggests that diets high in vegetables that specifically feature a variety of cruciferous vegetables may significantly reduce prostate cancer risk.
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•
Gardening: An Exercise That Bears Fruit in More Ways Than One Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 18(4):3. June 2000. Summary: Researchers at the University of Minnesota and the University of South Carolina found that gardening can be excellent exercise. Using a measure of activity called METs, for metabolic equivalents, they discovered that gardening can require as much energy expenditure as softball or tennis. The activity need not all be done at once, but can be done in 15-minute segments. However, it must be strenuous, such as weeding, digging, or pushing a lawn mower. Older gardeners should move cautiously, and take advantage of knee pads, raised beds, and tools with extra-long handles. Other suggestions for all gardeners include alternating between movements and bending from the knees, not the back.
•
Fantastic Fruit Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. May 1998. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1501 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 332-9110. Web Address http://www.cspinet.org/. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This article compares fresh fruits to determine which are the most nutritious. Meltzer considered five nutrients as critical: vitamin C, carotenoids, folate, potassium, and fiber. Some of the fruits scored as best include guava, watermelon, grapefruit, papaya, cantaloupe, orange, kiwifruit, apricots, and strawberries. The least nutritious group included dried figs, nectarines, dried currants, canned pineapple, canned peaches, and cranberry sauce.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fruit. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fruit. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fruit. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines.
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The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fruit” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fruit”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fruit” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fruit” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FRUIT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the
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environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on
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homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a,
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C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anemic: Hypoxia due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anophthalmia: Absence of an eye or eyes in the newborn due to failure of development of the optic cup or to disappearance of the eyes after partial development. [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Anthracnose: A type of disease characterized by numerous sharply defined necrotic lesions on leaves and twigs and the formation of acervuli. [NIH] Anthropogenic: Of human origin or influence. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.
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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. [NIH] Art Therapy: The use of art as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus
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fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH]
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Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Clocks: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena in plants and animals. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of
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tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU]
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Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Captan: An industrial fungicide. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbonated Beverages: Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which
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can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which
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oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH]
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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Compassionate: A process for providing experimental drugs to very sick patients who have no treatment options. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire
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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is
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exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Croton Oil: Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and
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allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclopia: Elements of the two eyes fused into one median eye in the center of the forehead of a fetal monster. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]
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Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developmental Biology: The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel
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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diosmin: A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulosis: A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]
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Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat
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or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH]
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Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrogen receptor negative: ER-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Body: A nutritional reservoir of fatty tissue found mainly in insects and amphibians. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are
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observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation,
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damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH]
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Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]
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Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH]
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Growth Cones: Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the
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previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hesperidin: Predominant flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods. [NIH] Holometabolous: Of an insect life cycle characterized by complete metamorphosis. [NIH] Holoprosencephaly: Anterior midline brain, cranial, and facial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. Alobar prosencephaly is the most severe form and features anophthalmia; cyclopia; severe mental retardation; cleft lip; cleft palate; seizures; and microcephaly. Semilobar holoprosencepaly is characterized by hypotelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma, nasal malformations, and variable degrees of mental retardation. Lobar holoprosencephaly is associated with mild (or absent) facial malformations and intellectual abilities that range from mild mental retardation to normal. Holoprosencephlay is associated with chromosome abnormalities. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]
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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
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Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH]
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Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Instar: The form of an insect during a particular stadium, i. e. any post-egg stage initiated or terminated by ecdysis. There are larval, nymphal, pupal, and adult instars; any larval stadium. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraindividual: Being or occurring within the individual. [EU] Intraspecific: Occurring among members of a single species. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU]
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Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU]
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Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lyases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lyssavirus: A genus of the family Rhabdoviridae that includes rabies virus and other rabieslike viruses. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH]
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maillard Reaction: One of a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Food browning reactions, such as those that occur with cooking of meats, and also food deterioration reactions, resulting in decreased nutritional value and color changes, are attributed to this reaction type. The Maillard reaction is studied by scientists in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and carbohydrate chemistry fields. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH] Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH]
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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH]
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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]
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Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH]
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Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosciences: The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous sytem. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
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Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the
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organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Owls: Members of the Strigiformes order of birds, with strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal raptors, some owls do hunt by day. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar
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gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove
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dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phorbol Esters: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH]
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Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH]
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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polygalacturonase: A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU]
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Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]
Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus
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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxic Acid: Chief metabolic product of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine in urine. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Rabies Virus: The type species of lyssavirus causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,
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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Raptors: Birds that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the Falconiformes group, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of eagles, falcons, hawks, and others, as well as the Strigiformes group, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes owls. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU]
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Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Reticulata: Part of substantia nigra. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour
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vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrotransposons: DNA sequence which is a copy of a RNA virus into a host's DNA and which can reinsert itself elsewhere in the genome. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rhythmicity: Regular periodicity. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable
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oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence
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(protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]
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Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU]
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Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU]
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Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subtilisin: A serine endopeptidase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. It hydrolyzes proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. It also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.62. [NIH]
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Sympatric: Of species or races inhabiting the same or overlapping areas. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU]
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Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]
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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU]
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Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]
268 Fruit
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
Dictionary 269
Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH] Zinc Fingers: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
271
INDEX A Abdominal, 209, 221, 249 Aberrant, 209 Ablate, 14, 209 Acceptor, 209, 241, 249 Acculturation, 9, 53, 209 Acetaminophen, 16, 138, 209 Acetylcholine, 209, 247 Actin, 209, 246 Adaptability, 209, 218, 219 Adaptation, 209, 252 Adenocarcinoma, 209, 236 Adenosine, 209, 251 Adipocytes, 209, 241 Adipose Tissue, 209 Adjunctive Therapy, 209, 213 Adjustment, 209 Adolescence, 21, 210 Adrenal Cortex, 210, 223, 254 Adrenergic, 139, 210, 226, 229, 248, 264, 267 Adverse Effect, 103, 210, 261 Aerobic, 11, 24, 210, 245 Afferent, 210, 241, 252 Affinity, 210, 262 Aflatoxins, 8, 210 Agar, 69, 210, 224, 238 Age of Onset, 210, 267 Agonist, 210, 226 Airway, 210 Aldehydes, 210, 243 Algorithms, 38, 210, 216 Alimentary, 210, 225, 250 Alkaline, 210, 211, 217 Alleles, 13, 210 Allergen, 54, 65, 66, 94, 115, 211 Alloys, 211, 249 Allylamine, 211 Alpha Particles, 211, 257 Alternative medicine, 197, 211 Amine, 211, 236, 248 Ammonia, 211, 264, 267 Amnestic, 211, 244 Amniotic Fluid, 211, 233 Anaesthesia, 211, 238 Anal, 211, 229, 242 Analgesic, 209, 211 Analogous, 211, 253, 266
Anaphylatoxins, 211, 222 Anaphylaxis, 66, 115, 118, 212 Anatomical, 212, 216, 219, 238 Anemia, 122, 212, 217, 231 Anemic, 18, 212 Anesthesia, 210, 212 Animal model, 7, 212 Anions, 212, 240, 264 Anomalies, 212 Anophthalmia, 212, 236 Anthocyanins, 111, 138, 212 Anthracnose, 112, 212 Anthropogenic, 212 Antibacterial, 69, 105, 212 Antibodies, 212, 235, 238, 242 Antibody, 55, 80, 210, 212, 213, 221, 235, 236, 238, 239, 243, 262 Anticoagulant, 212, 255, 269 Antidiabetic, 105, 109, 178, 212 Antigen, 210, 212, 213, 222, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 213, 222 Anti-infective, 213, 231, 237, 262 Anti-Infective Agents, 213, 231 Anti-inflammatory, 209, 213, 214 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 213, 214 Antimicrobial, 37, 106, 213, 225 Antioxidant, 8, 35, 42, 46, 60, 70, 79, 80, 106, 107, 108, 109, 114, 213, 214, 249 Antipyretic, 209, 213 Antiviral, 190, 213 Anus, 211, 213, 216, 221, 231, 257 Anxiety, 25, 213, 260 Aplasia, 213, 227 Aponeurosis, 213, 232 Apoptosis, 66, 115, 213 Aqueous, 38, 41, 73, 162, 213, 215, 224, 228, 237, 241 Aromatic, 41, 108, 127, 168, 213, 222, 251, 262 Arrestin, 213 Art Therapy, 176, 213 Arterial, 68, 211, 213, 237, 255, 265 Arteries, 213, 216, 223, 240, 242, 245, 246 Arterioles, 213, 216, 217 Artery, 39, 120, 213, 223, 227, 228, 240, 256 Ascorbic Acid, 70, 79, 83, 84, 178, 213, 237 Aspartate, 214
272 Fruit
Aspirin, 16, 182, 214 Assay, 69, 214 Astringents, 214, 244 Atrial, 214, 269 Atrial Fibrillation, 214, 269 Attenuation, 214 Auditory, 214, 235 Autonomic, 209, 214, 247, 250 Autonomic Nervous System, 214, 250 Axonal, 214 Axons, 214, 235, 248 B Bacteria, 27, 212, 214, 215, 222, 228, 230, 234, 245, 246, 257, 260, 266, 267 Bacterial Infections, 214, 234, 258 Bacterial Physiology, 209, 214 Bactericidal, 214, 230 Bacteriophage, 214, 266, 268 Bacterium, 214, 223 Basal cell carcinoma, 214 Basal cells, 214 Basal Ganglia, 215, 232 Base, 21, 214, 215, 225, 230, 231, 240, 252, 265 Beer, 3, 215 Benign, 22, 215, 232, 246, 255 Bezoar, 64, 114, 215 Bilateral, 22, 215 Bile, 16, 215, 232, 242, 263 Bile Acids, 16, 215, 263 Bile Acids and Salts, 215 Bilirubin, 15, 215 Binaural, 215 Binding Sites, 215, 269 Bioassays, 215 Bioavailability, 103, 215 Biochemical, 27, 54, 70, 103, 211, 215, 241, 261 Biological Clocks, 215 Biological Markers, 25, 215 Biomarkers, 7, 25, 42, 48, 52, 56, 60, 63, 64, 109, 110, 215 Biopsy, 22, 215 Biotechnology, 29, 34, 80, 82, 189, 197, 216 Biotransformation, 17, 216 Bladder, 57, 81, 216, 222, 255, 267 Blood Coagulation, 216, 217, 265 Blood Glucose, 167, 216, 235, 237, 239 Blood Platelets, 216, 261 Blood pressure, 11, 25, 40, 46, 216, 218, 237, 245, 262
Blood vessel, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 228, 233, 242, 263, 265, 268 Body Composition, 11, 13, 216 Body Fluids, 215, 216, 227, 262, 266 Body Mass Index, 8, 23, 25, 39, 216, 249 Body Regions, 216, 221 Bone Marrow, 216, 233, 237, 242 Bowel, 14, 122, 211, 216, 225, 239, 241, 263 Bowel Movement, 216, 226, 263 Branch, 79, 81, 195, 205, 216, 227, 242, 250, 256, 262, 265 Breakdown, 216, 219, 225, 232, 248, 250 Bronchi, 216, 217, 229, 266 Bronchial, 216, 236 Bronchitis, 119, 217, 220 Butyric Acid, 217 C Cadmium, 81, 217 Cadmium Poisoning, 217 Calcium, 35, 40, 62, 84, 85, 162, 168, 178, 179, 217, 222, 261, 268 Callus, 217, 228 Capillary, 61, 119, 217, 259, 268 Capsaicin, 141, 142, 217 Capsicum, 41, 64, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 141, 142, 217 Captan, 71, 217 Carbohydrate, 39, 169, 170, 173, 217, 233, 234, 243, 248, 253, 260, 261 Carbon Dioxide, 217, 232, 258 Carbonated Beverages, 3, 217 Carcinogen, 7, 8, 17, 217 Carcinogenesis, 8, 15, 16, 27, 44, 217, 219 Carcinogenic, 217, 239, 255, 263 Carcinoma, 27, 217 Cardiac, 34, 211, 214, 217, 229, 246, 249, 263 Cardiotonic, 217, 248 Cardiovascular, 25, 41, 49, 70, 119, 217, 218, 248, 261 Cardiovascular disease, 41, 49, 70, 217 Cardiovascular System, 25, 218 Carotene, 35, 52, 63, 76, 110, 139, 140, 155, 178, 218, 258 Carotenoids, 25, 27, 28, 44, 57, 62, 63, 81, 113, 141, 199, 218 Case report, 218 Case series, 67, 218 Cataract, 218 Catecholamine, 218, 226, 251 Cations, 218, 240 Causal, 218, 229, 239
Index 273
Cell Adhesion, 218 Cell Death, 213, 218 Cell Differentiation, 218, 261 Cell Division, 214, 218, 243, 245, 252, 255, 260 Cell Lineage, 218 Cell membrane, 218, 225, 240, 251 Cell Movement, 218 Cell proliferation, 218, 261 Cell Respiration, 218, 245, 258 Cell Survival, 219 Cellular metabolism, 219 Cellulose, 219, 232, 252 Central Nervous System, 209, 214, 219, 232, 234, 248, 261 Cerebrovascular, 218, 219 Cerium, 219 Character, 6, 167, 219, 224, 234 Chemoprevention, 7, 8, 16, 157, 219 Chemopreventive, 7, 219 Chemotactic Factors, 219, 222 Chimeras, 219 Chin, 219, 244 Chiropractic, 44, 108, 219 Chlorophyll, 219, 232 Chloroquine, 58, 219 Cholesterol, 25, 35, 49, 121, 166, 168, 169, 215, 219, 223, 237, 241, 242, 259, 260, 263 Choroid, 219, 258 Chromaffin System, 219, 228 Chromatin, 213, 220 Chromosomal, 30, 220 Chromosome, 220, 223, 235, 236, 241, 260 Chromosome Abnormalities, 220, 236 Chronic, 38, 49, 120, 169, 195, 220, 228, 239, 240, 253, 263, 265, 269 Chronic Disease, 49, 169, 195, 220 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 120, 195, 220 Chronic renal, 220, 253 Circadian, 220 Circadian Rhythm, 220 Circulatory system, 220, 228 CIS, 23, 220, 258 Citrus, 19, 37, 60, 70, 80, 81, 115, 173, 213, 220 Clamp, 220 Clear cell carcinoma, 220, 225 Cleave, 220 Cleft Lip, 220, 236 Cleft Palate, 220, 236 Clinical Medicine, 220, 254
Clinical trial, 5, 8, 23, 157, 158, 189, 220, 223, 227, 255, 257 Clone, 13, 29, 220 Cloning, 13, 32, 216, 221 Coagulation, 216, 221, 236, 265, 269 Coenzyme, 214, 221 Cofactor, 221, 255, 265 Cohort Studies, 49, 53, 221, 229 Colic, 39, 122, 221 Collagen, 211, 221 Collapse, 212, 216, 221 Colloidal, 221, 227 Coloboma, 221, 236 Colon, 6, 11, 17, 70, 120, 221, 226, 241 Colorectal, 16, 27, 48, 50, 56, 64, 70, 73, 78, 82, 114, 120, 221 Colorectal Cancer, 27, 48, 50, 56, 73, 78, 82, 120, 221 Communis, 148, 221 Compassionate, 167, 221 Complement, 64, 69, 115, 211, 221, 222, 233 Complementary and alternative medicine, 103, 104, 156, 222 Complementary medicine, 104, 222 Compliance, 60, 222 Computational Biology, 189, 222 Conception, 222, 231 Concomitant, 9, 222 Condiments, 168, 170, 222 Cone, 222, 251 Congenita, 222, 227 Conjugated, 215, 222, 224 Conjugation, 16, 216, 222 Connective Tissue, 214, 216, 221, 223, 231, 232, 259, 265 Consciousness, 67, 211, 223, 225, 226 Contamination, 25, 61, 223, 250 Contraindications, ii, 223 Control group, 12, 13, 23, 223 Controlled study, 11, 37, 105, 223 Coronary, 25, 39, 49, 120, 217, 223, 245, 246 Coronary heart disease, 25, 49, 217, 223 Coronary Thrombosis, 223, 245, 246 Cortex, 128, 223, 231 Cortical, 223, 230, 260 Cortisol, 15, 223 Cranial, 223, 236, 248, 250 Crossing-over, 223, 257 Croton Oil, 223, 251 Cruciferous vegetables, 194, 198, 224
274 Fruit
Cues, 224 Culture Media, 210, 224 Cultured cells, 14, 224 Curative, 224, 259, 265 Cyclopia, 224, 236 Cytochrome, 32, 224, 258 Cytochrome b, 224, 258 Cytoplasm, 213, 218, 224, 228, 234, 259 Cytoskeleton, 224 Cytotoxic, 43, 61, 108, 217, 224, 261 Cytotoxicity, 6, 43, 80, 211, 224 D Dairy Products, 166, 224, 259 Data Collection, 224, 231 Degenerative, 224 Deletion, 213, 225 Delivery of Health Care, 225, 235 Dementia, 9, 225, 244 Dendrites, 225, 235, 247 Density, 21, 25, 47, 216, 225, 241, 248 Depolarization, 225, 261 Depressive Disorder, 225, 242 Dermal, 225, 227 DES, 61, 211, 225 Detergents, 225, 231 Detoxification, 15, 17, 225 Deuterium, 225, 237 Developed Countries, 7, 225, 231 Developmental Biology, 225 Diagnostic procedure, 161, 198, 225 Diastolic, 225, 237 Dietary Fats, 166, 225 Dietary Fiber, 23, 162, 194, 225 Dietitian, 167, 225 Digestion, 210, 215, 216, 225, 239, 242, 263, 267 Digestive system, 158, 225 Digestive tract, 49, 226, 261, 263 Dihydrotestosterone, 226, 257 Dilatation, 226, 254 Dimerization, 226 Diosmin, 115, 226 Diploid, 14, 226, 252 Direct, iii, 6, 12, 24, 177, 220, 226, 257, 264 Discrete, 226, 265 Discrimination, 110, 226 Disinfectant, 226, 230 Disposition, 8, 15, 69, 226 Dissection, 226 Dissociation, 210, 226 Dissociative Disorders, 226 Distal, 214, 226, 256
Diverticula, 226 Diverticulitis, 226 Diverticulosis, 195, 226 Dopamine, 226, 247, 251 Dorsal, 227, 253, 262 Double-blind, 37, 105, 227 Drive, ii, vi, 75, 227, 240 Drug Interactions, 69, 183, 227 Drug Resistance, 227 Drug Tolerance, 227 Duct, 227, 230, 249, 259, 264 Duodenum, 215, 227, 263 E Ectoderm, 227 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 167, 168, 227 Ectopic, 227 Effector, 209, 222, 227 Efficacy, 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 20, 26, 28, 52, 56, 66, 69, 110, 227 Elastic, 227, 234 Electrolyte, 227, 254, 262 Electrophoresis, 227, 238 Electrophysiological, 227 Emboli, 227, 228, 269 Embolism, 228, 256, 269 Embolization, 228, 269 Embryo, 218, 227, 228, 231, 233, 238, 244, 253 Embryogenesis, 228 Embryology, 228, 247 Emodin, 80, 228 Emphysema, 220, 228 Emulsions, 210, 228 Encephalitis, 228, 244 Endemic, 228, 262 Endocrine Glands, 228 Endocrine System, 228 Endocytosis, 228 Endogenous, 10, 15, 226, 228, 229, 249, 266 Endorphins, 228, 247 Endotoxins, 222, 228 End-stage renal, 220, 228, 253 Energy balance, 228, 241 Energy Intake, 8, 228, 229 Enhancer, 229 Enkephalins, 229, 247 Enterocytes, 14, 229 Environmental Exposure, 26, 215, 229, 248 Environmental Health, 7, 188, 190, 229 Enzymatic, 108, 211, 217, 218, 222, 229, 236, 258 Epidemic, 21, 229, 262
Index 275
Epidemiologic Studies, 215, 229 Epidemiological, 7, 8, 10, 16, 19, 47, 229 Epidermis, 214, 227, 229 Epidermoid carcinoma, 229, 263 Epigastric, 229, 249 Epinephrine, 210, 226, 229, 247, 267 Epithelial, 14, 209, 229, 234, 250, 255 Epithelial Cells, 14, 229, 255 Epithelium, 10, 229 Esophageal, 7, 64, 229 Esophagus, 7, 226, 229, 263 Estrogen, 10, 20, 52, 229, 230, 255 Estrogen receptor, 10, 20, 52, 230 Estrogen receptor negative, 52, 230 Ethanol, 48, 230 Ethnic Groups, 21, 230 Eukaryotic Cells, 230, 238, 249 Excipients, 230, 231, 251 Excitation, 230, 247 Excitatory, 230, 234 Excrete, 18, 230 Exocrine, 230, 249 Exogenous, 10, 15, 216, 228, 230, 232, 267 Expiration, 230, 258 Extracellular, 223, 228, 230, 262 Extraction, 61, 81, 230 Extrapyramidal, 226, 230 F Facial, 230, 236, 249 Family Planning, 189, 230 Fat Body, 230 Fatty acids, 27, 35, 62, 230, 262 Feces, 18, 230, 263 Fermentation, 215, 230, 231 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 230 Fetal Development, 231 Fetus, 231, 254 Fibrosis, 82, 211, 231 Fish Oils, 231 Fish Products, 231, 260 Fissure, 220, 221, 231 Flatulence, 40, 231 Flatus, 231, 232 Flavoring Agents, 231, 251 Fluorescence, 231 Focus Groups, 5, 12, 231 Folate, 20, 34, 35, 67, 85, 199, 231 Fold, 10, 16, 231 Folic Acid, 34, 83, 180, 231 Food Additives, 47, 62, 65, 80, 169, 231 Food Preservatives, 231 Foramen, 219, 221, 231
Forearm, 216, 231 Free Radicals, 213, 226, 231 Fungi, 27, 222, 232, 234, 245, 246, 269 Fungicide, 71, 217, 232 Fungus, 112, 232 G Gait, 5, 232 Gallbladder, 209, 226, 232 Gametogenesis, 232 Ganglia, 209, 232, 246, 250 Ganglion, 232, 248 Gas, 61, 211, 217, 231, 232, 237, 247, 248, 256, 258 Gas exchange, 232, 258 Gastric, 52, 70, 72, 232, 236 Gastrin, 232, 237 Gastrointestinal, 217, 229, 230, 231, 232, 261, 264, 266 Gastrointestinal tract, 230, 231, 232, 261, 266 Gels, 100, 232 Gene Expression, 30, 32, 33, 232, 233 Gene Targeting, 232 Gene Therapy, 233 Genetic Engineering, 216, 221, 233 Genetics, 13, 20, 81, 113, 116, 223, 233 Genomics, 233 Genotype, 16, 233, 251 Germ Cells, 233, 243, 249, 262 Germ Layers, 227, 233 Gestation, 15, 221, 233 Gestational, 15, 233 Gestational Age, 15, 233 Ginger, 145, 233 Ginseng, 139, 151, 233 Gland, 210, 219, 233, 249, 255, 260, 263, 264, 265 Glomerular, 233, 258 Glomeruli, 233 Glomerulus, 233 Gluconeogenesis, 233 Glucose, 15, 25, 213, 216, 219, 233, 234, 235, 239 Glucosinolates, 8, 233 Glutamate, 234 Glutamic Acid, 162, 231, 234, 247 Glutathione Peroxidase, 234, 260 Gluten, 4, 92, 169, 234 Glycerol, 217, 234, 251 Glycine, 211, 215, 234, 247, 261 Glycogen, 234 Glycolysis, 234
276 Fruit
Glycoprotein, 14, 56, 81, 234, 265 Goats, 224, 234 Goblet Cells, 229, 234 Gonadal, 234, 263 Governing Board, 234, 254 Government Agencies, 4, 234, 254 Grade, 48, 171, 234 Graft, 234, 237, 238 Graft Rejection, 234, 238 Grafting, 234, 238 Granulocytes, 234, 261, 269 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 234, 258 Grasses, 231, 234 Growth Cones, 235 H Habitat, 235 Habitual, 63, 219, 235 Hair Cells, 235 Hair follicles, 235, 269 Haploid, 13, 235, 252 Haptens, 210, 235 Health Behavior, 20, 21, 171, 235 Health Care Costs, 26, 235 Health Education, 26, 38, 39, 44, 45, 78, 235 Health Expenditures, 235 Health Promotion, 17, 24, 26, 34, 38, 64, 69, 81, 195, 235 Health Services, 171, 176, 225, 235 Health Status, 26, 235 Heart attack, 218, 235 Heme, 215, 224, 235, 253, 267 Hemoglobin, 212, 235, 236, 253 Hemoglobinopathies, 233, 236 Hemorrhage, 236, 263 Hemostasis, 236, 261 Hepatic, 15, 82, 236, 253 Hepatocellular, 8, 236 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 8, 236 Hereditary, 227, 236 Heredity, 232, 233, 236 Hesperidin, 115, 236 Heterogeneity, 210, 236 Heterotrophic, 232, 236 Histamine, 211, 236 Histidine, 27, 236 Holidays, 176, 236 Holometabolous, 236 Holoprosencephaly, 236 Homologous, 29, 211, 223, 232, 233, 236, 260, 264 Hormonal, 15, 236, 250, 268
Hormone, 15, 31, 215, 220, 223, 225, 229, 230, 232, 236, 237, 239, 241, 244, 254, 255, 261, 265, 268 Host, 82, 110, 111, 112, 214, 237, 238, 239, 259, 268 Human Development, 188, 237 Hybrid, 220, 237 Hydrogen, 46, 209, 211, 215, 217, 225, 234, 237, 241, 245, 247, 249, 256, 264 Hydrogen Peroxide, 46, 234, 237, 241, 264 Hydrolysis, 16, 216, 237, 240, 242, 251, 253, 255 Hydroxyproline, 211, 221, 237 Hypercholesterolemia, 122, 237, 250 Hyperglycemia, 15, 237 Hypersensitivity, 55, 80, 119, 211, 212, 237 Hypertension, 92, 122, 195, 218, 237 Hypoglycemic, 70, 116, 237 Hypoplasia, 227, 237 Hypotension, 237, 248 I Ice Cream, 3, 4, 93, 169, 237 Id, 83, 117, 196, 204, 206, 237 Immune response, 77, 212, 234, 235, 237, 238, 264, 268 Immune system, 169, 237, 238, 242, 250, 267, 269 Immunity, 237 Immunization, 237, 238, 254 Immunodiffusion, 210, 238 Immunoelectrophoresis, 210, 238 Immunoglobulin, 212, 238 Immunohistochemistry, 10, 238 Immunologic, 65, 66, 115, 219, 233, 237, 238 Immunology, 19, 36, 38, 42, 43, 54, 65, 66, 67, 73, 115, 210, 238 Immunosuppressive, 238 Immunosuppressive therapy, 238 Immunotherapy, 66, 115, 238 Impairment, 238, 244 Implantation, 222, 238 In situ, 44, 238 In Situ Hybridization, 238 In vitro, 44, 55, 58, 69, 104, 112, 233, 238, 265 In vivo, 44, 80, 112, 233, 238, 249 Incision, 238, 240 Indicative, 238, 250, 268 Induction, 8, 14, 16, 238, 255 Infancy, 39, 238, 259 Infant Food, 53, 238
Index 277
Infarction, 238 Infection, 45, 125, 126, 190, 213, 219, 228, 238, 242, 256, 263, 267, 269 Inflammation, 25, 126, 213, 214, 217, 223, 226, 228, 231, 239, 252, 265, 267, 269 Infuse, 239 Ingestion, 8, 47, 48, 217, 239, 253 Inhalation, 239, 253 Initiation, 16, 239, 266 Inotropic, 226, 239 Insect Control, 239 Insect Vectors, 239 Insecticides, 239, 250, 269 Insight, 14, 32, 239 Insomnia, 239 Instar, 239 Insulin, 15, 122, 167, 180, 239, 240, 267 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 239 Insulin-like, 239 Interstitial, 239, 258 Intervention Studies, 10, 239 Intestinal, 14, 53, 122, 169, 218, 229, 239, 243, 250, 268 Intestine, 14, 215, 216, 221, 239, 241 Intoxication, 57, 67, 239 Intracellular, 14, 17, 239, 240, 244, 254, 257, 260, 261 Intracellular Membranes, 240, 244 Intraindividual, 14, 240 Intraspecific, 240 Intrinsic, 210, 240 Invasive, 16, 56, 81, 237, 240, 243 Invertebrates, 240, 248 Ion Channels, 240 Ion Transport, 240 Ionizing, 211, 229, 240 Ions, 215, 226, 227, 237, 240 Ischemic stroke, 39, 57, 240 Islet, 240 Isothiocyanates, 8, 19, 27, 240 J Joint, 58, 113, 240, 264, 265 K Kb, 13, 188, 240 Kidney Disease, 158, 188, 240 L Labile, 221, 240 Labyrinth, 240, 255 Lactation, 240, 255 Lag, 241 Large Intestine, 221, 226, 239, 241, 257, 261 Larva, 126, 241, 244
Latent, 24, 241, 254 Laxative, 210, 228, 241 Lectin, 241, 244 Lens, 218, 222, 241, 258, 268 Leptin, 15, 25, 241 Lethal, 214, 241 Leukemia, 233, 241 Library Services, 204, 241 Life cycle, 232, 236, 241, 248, 256 Life Expectancy, 56, 241 Ligament, 241, 255 Ligands, 241 Linear Models, 10, 241 Linkage, 27, 113, 241 Lip, 157, 220, 241 Lipid, 109, 228, 234, 239, 241, 249, 266 Lipid Peroxidation, 241, 249 Lipoprotein, 241, 242 Lithium, 180, 242 Liver, 14, 45, 46, 60, 80, 209, 215, 219, 226, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 242, 253, 267, 268 Localization, 81, 238, 242 Localized, 31, 239, 242, 252, 267 Locomotion, 242, 252 Longitudinal study, 8, 242 Loop, 149, 242 Low-density lipoprotein, 35, 57, 112, 241, 242 Lutein Cells, 242, 255 Lyases, 29, 242 Lymph, 220, 242 Lymphatic, 123, 239, 242 Lymphatic system, 242 Lymphocyte, 71, 212, 242, 243 Lysosome, 242 Lyssavirus, 242, 256 Lytic, 242, 268 M Macrophage, 112, 242 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 81, 243 Maillard Reaction, 53, 243 Malabsorption, 39, 243 Malignancy, 7, 243 Malignant, 7, 10, 209, 243, 246, 255, 259 Malignant tumor, 7, 243 Mammary, 10, 243 Mammogram, 22, 243 Mammography, 10, 22, 243 Mania, 243 Manic, 242, 243 Manifest, 214, 243 Mannans, 232, 243
278 Fruit
Maximum Tolerated Dose, 227, 243 Meat, 59, 166, 167, 168, 170, 175, 225, 243, 259 Meat Products, 225, 243 Mediate, 226, 243 Mediator, 13, 21, 243, 261 MEDLINE, 189, 243 Megaloblastic, 231, 243 Meiosis, 243, 264 Melanin, 243, 251, 267 Membrane Proteins, 244 Memory, 9, 225, 244 Memory Disorders, 9, 244 Meninges, 219, 244 Mental deficiency, 230, 244 Mental Disorders, 159, 244, 254, 256 Mental Health, iv, 4, 159, 188, 191, 244, 254, 256 Mental Processes, 226, 244, 256 Mental Retardation, 236, 244 Mercury, 45, 77, 244 Mesoderm, 220, 244 Meta-Analysis, 49, 244 Metabolite, 16, 216, 244 Metamorphosis, 236, 244, 248 Metastasis, 244 Metastatic, 7, 244, 260 Methionine, 20, 244, 264 Methyltransferase, 244 MI, 4, 8, 36, 107, 207, 245 Microbe, 245, 266 Microbiology, 13, 111, 209, 245 Micronutrients, 27, 57, 245 Microorganism, 221, 245, 250, 268 Microscopy, 54, 245 Migration, 220, 245 Milligram, 170, 245 Mitochondria, 245, 249 Mitosis, 213, 245 Mobility, 245 Mode of Transmission, 245 Modeling, 12, 13, 24, 245 Modification, 80, 211, 233, 245 Molecule, 212, 215, 221, 222, 226, 227, 230, 236, 237, 241, 245, 249, 252, 257, 261, 268 Monitor, 23, 46, 245, 247 Morphogenesis, 230, 245 Morphological, 7, 228, 232, 245 Morphology, 116, 218, 245 Mosquito Control, 245 Motility, 245, 261 Motivations, 20, 61, 246
Motor Neurons, 246 Mucinous, 232, 246 Mucins, 229, 234, 246, 259 Mucosa, 229, 246, 255 Mucus, 215, 246 Muscle Fibers, 246 Mutagenicity, 71, 246 Mutate, 13, 246 Mycotoxins, 210, 246 Myocardial infarction, 66, 223, 245, 246, 269 Myocardium, 245, 246 Myosin, 13, 246 N Natural selection, 246 NCI, 1, 19, 26, 157, 158, 187, 220, 246 Need, 3, 9, 17, 18, 22, 165, 173, 175, 190, 198, 199, 200, 210, 220, 230, 234, 242, 246 Neoplasia, 16, 246 Neoplasm, 246, 259, 266 Neoplastic, 246 Nephropathy, 240, 246 Nervous System, 210, 214, 219, 235, 243, 246, 247, 248, 250, 256, 264, 267 Networks, 246 Neural, 210, 247, 250, 255 Neuronal, 51, 235, 247 Neurons, 225, 230, 232, 246, 247, 256, 264 Neuropeptide, 247 Neurophysiology, 225, 247 Neurosciences, 247 Neurosecretory Systems, 228, 247 Neurotransmitter, 209, 211, 226, 234, 236, 240, 247, 248, 261, 264, 267 Neutrons, 211, 247, 256 Neutrophil, 47, 247 Nitrogen, 13, 211, 247, 266 Norepinephrine, 210, 226, 247 Nuclear, 215, 222, 230, 232, 247 Nuclei, 211, 223, 233, 243, 245, 247, 248, 255 Nucleic acid, 238, 247 Nucleus, 213, 214, 220, 224, 225, 230, 243, 247, 255 Nutritional Status, 18, 248 Nutritive Value, 76, 77, 231, 248 Nymph, 244, 248 O Octopamine, 248 Odds Ratio, 65, 248 Odour, 213, 248 Olfaction, 248
Index 279
Oncogene, 6, 248 Oncology, 48, 52, 56, 58, 107, 108, 110, 248 Opacity, 218, 225, 248 Operon, 248, 258 Opsin, 248, 258, 259 Optic cup, 212, 248 Optic Nerve, 248, 258 Orbital, 221, 248 Organ Culture, 248, 265 Organelles, 224, 249, 252 Ovary, 249, 253 Overweight, 5, 11, 15, 21, 22, 68, 83, 172, 249 Ovum, 233, 241, 249, 254, 255, 269 Owls, 249, 257 Oxidants, 20, 249 Oxidation, 57, 82, 112, 209, 213, 216, 224, 234, 241, 242, 249 Oxidation-Reduction, 216, 249 Oxidative Stress, 19, 249 Oxygen Consumption, 249, 258 P Pacemaker, 249 Palladium, 6, 249 Palliative, 249, 265 Pancreas, 209, 215, 226, 239, 240, 249, 250, 266 Pancreatic, 124, 250 Paneth Cells, 229, 250 Parasite, 58, 105, 250 Parenteral, 229, 250 Parturition, 250, 255 Pathogen, 13, 250 Pathologic, 213, 215, 223, 237, 250 Pathologic Processes, 213, 250 Patient Education, 194, 202, 204, 207, 250 Pectins, 115, 250 Pelvic, 250, 255 Peptide, 211, 241, 250, 255, 264 Perception, 222, 250 Perennial, 250, 266 Perforation, 64, 114, 231, 250 Periodicity, 250, 259 Peripheral Nervous System, 229, 247, 250, 264 Pesticide Residues, 25, 47, 65, 250 Pesticides, 26, 61, 239, 250 Phagocyte, 249, 250 Phagocytosis, 251 Pharmaceutic Aids, 231, 251 Pharmacologic, 212, 223, 251, 266 Pharmacotherapy, 57, 251
Phenotype, 32, 215, 251 Phenylalanine, 251, 267 Pheromone, 13, 251 Phorbol, 106, 251 Phorbol Esters, 106, 251 Phospholipases, 251, 261 Phospholipids, 230, 241, 251 Phosphorous, 34, 78, 251 Phosphorus, 166, 217, 251 Phosphorylate, 251 Phosphorylated, 213, 221, 251 Phosphorylation, 17, 251 Photoreceptor, 251, 259 Photosensitivity, 251, 253 Phototherapy, 251, 260 Phototransduction, 213, 252 Physical Examination, 233, 252 Physical Fitness, 11, 252 Physiologic, 210, 231, 245, 252, 257 Physiology, 79, 114, 215, 227, 247, 252 Pigmentation, 252 Pigments, 212, 218, 252, 258 Pilot study, 12, 18, 24, 35, 252 Plant Proteins, 36, 252, 268 Plasma, 15, 34, 35, 42, 46, 48, 63, 103, 109, 212, 218, 236, 252, 260 Plasticity, 252 Plastids, 249, 252 Platelet Activation, 252, 261 Platelets, 248, 252, 265 Platinum, 242, 249, 252 Pneumonia, 223, 252 Point Mutation, 252 Poisoning, 34, 63, 78, 121, 217, 239, 244, 253 Policy Making, 234, 253 Pollen, 32, 35, 36, 38, 54, 55, 80, 253, 256 Polycystic, 253 Polygalacturonase, 30, 33, 253 Polymerase, 253, 258 Polyposis, 221, 253 Polysaccharide, 106, 212, 219, 253 Polyunsaturated fat, 10, 253 Polyuria, 45, 253 Porphyria, 46, 80, 253 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 46, 80, 253 Porphyria, Hepatic, 253 Porphyrins, 253 Posterior, 211, 219, 227, 249, 253 Postnatal, 230, 253, 263 Postsynaptic, 254, 261 Post-translational, 254
280 Fruit
Postural, 254, 263 Potassium, 4, 71, 85, 117, 182, 199, 254, 262 Potentiation, 254, 261 Practice Guidelines, 191, 254 Precancerous, 7, 219, 254 Precursor, 6, 226, 227, 228, 229, 247, 251, 254, 266, 267, 268 Predisposition, 22, 254 Pregnancy Tests, 233, 254 Premalignant, 254 Prenatal, 228, 230, 254 Presumptive, 254 Presynaptic, 247, 254 Prevalence, 22, 248, 254 Primary Prevention, 22, 254 Probe, 254 Progeny, 223, 254 Progesterone, 254, 255, 263 Progression, 7, 16, 212, 254 Progressive, 169, 218, 220, 225, 227, 234, 252, 255, 258, 266 Prolactin, 255 Promoter, 255 Prophase, 255, 264 Prophylaxis, 255, 259, 269 Proprioception, 255 Prosencephalon, 236, 255 Prospective study, 15, 242, 255 Prostate, 58, 81, 124, 198, 215, 255, 266 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 58, 81, 255 Protease, 30, 255 Protein C, 169, 214, 241, 255, 267 Protein S, 216, 255, 259 Proteolytic, 152, 222, 255 Protocol, 255 Protons, 211, 237, 240, 255, 256 Protozoa, 222, 245, 256 Proximal, 25, 226, 254, 256 Psychiatric, 215, 244, 256 Psychiatry, 8, 12, 22, 256 Psychic, 244, 256, 260 Psychology, 23, 40, 64, 226, 256 Psyllium, 152, 256 Public Health, 9, 18, 20, 39, 43, 45, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 71, 72, 81, 117, 191, 194, 256 Public Policy, 189, 256 Pulmonary, 216, 223, 256, 258, 268, 269 Pulmonary Artery, 216, 256, 268 Pulmonary Embolism, 256, 269 Pulmonary Ventilation, 256, 258 Pulse, 245, 256
Pupa, 244, 256 Pyridoxal, 256 Pyridoxic Acid, 71, 117, 256 Q Quercetin, 60, 63, 86, 256 R Rabies, 242, 256 Rabies Virus, 242, 256 Race, 68, 110, 245, 256 Radiation, 125, 229, 231, 240, 256, 257, 269 Radioactive, 18, 237, 238, 247, 257 Radiography, 233, 257 Randomized, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, 28, 46, 58, 64, 65, 81, 109, 227, 257 Randomized clinical trial, 25, 257 Raptors, 249, 257 Reactive Oxygen Species, 257 Receptor, 10, 13, 33, 104, 209, 212, 222, 226, 230, 251, 257, 261 Receptors, Serotonin, 257, 261 Recombinant, 65, 257, 268 Recombination, 223, 232, 233, 257 Rectal, 64, 68, 114, 116, 257 Rectum, 213, 216, 221, 226, 231, 232, 241, 255, 257 Recur, 250, 257, 260 Recurrence, 19, 157, 219, 220, 250, 257, 260 Red blood cells, 253, 257 Reductase, 20, 29, 180, 257 Refer, 1, 221, 228, 232, 242, 247, 257, 268 Regeneration, 257 Regimen, 182, 227, 251, 257 Relaxant, 113, 257 Reliability, 9, 258 Remission, 257, 258 Renal failure, 67, 258 Repressor, 248, 258 Reproductive cells, 232, 233, 258 Resolving, 258 Respiration, 217, 245, 258 Respiratory Burst, 47, 258 Respiratory System, 258 Resting metabolic rate, 8, 258 Reticulata, 107, 258 Retina, 219, 241, 248, 252, 258, 259, 267, 268 Retinal, 213, 222, 248, 252, 258, 259 Retinoids, 259 Retinol, 52, 63, 86, 110, 258, 259 Retrotransposons, 259 Retroviral vector, 233, 259 Rheumatoid, 219, 249, 259
Index 281
Rhodopsin, 213, 248, 258, 259 Rhythmicity, 259 Ribosome, 259, 266 Rickets, 259, 268 Rigidity, 252, 259 Risk factor, 7, 8, 10, 45, 226, 229, 255, 259 Rod, 214, 220, 251, 259 Rodenticides, 250, 259 Rutin, 256, 259 S Saliva, 256, 259 Salivary, 226, 259 Salivary glands, 226, 259 Saponin, 41, 259 Sarcoma, 106, 259 Saturated fat, 10, 169, 170, 259 Schizophrenia, 244, 260 Screening, 10, 56, 61, 71, 81, 82, 220, 260 Seafood, 172, 260 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 260 Sebaceous, 260, 269 Secondary tumor, 244, 260 Secretion, 32, 220, 236, 239, 240, 246, 260, 267 Secretory, 260 Sedentary, 24, 68, 258, 260 Segmentation, 236, 260 Segregation, 257, 260 Seizures, 236, 260 Selenium, 27, 260 Semen, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 255, 260 Senescence, 31, 260 Sensor, 108, 260 Sepsis, 114, 260 Sequence Analysis, 260 Sequencing, 13, 261 Serine, 255, 261, 264 Serotonin, 247, 251, 257, 261, 266 Serum, 16, 28, 35, 46, 58, 80, 81, 109, 125, 211, 221, 242, 261 Sex Characteristics, 210, 261, 265 Sex Determination, 261 Shock, 29, 212, 261 Side effect, 177, 210, 261, 265 Signal Transduction, 27, 261 Skeletal, 220, 261 Skeleton, 209, 240, 261 Skull, 261, 265 Small intestine, 169, 227, 237, 239, 261 Soaps, 231, 262 Social Environment, 12, 262
Social Support, 20, 262 Sodium, 4, 166, 168, 169, 182, 252, 262, 264 Solvent, 230, 234, 262 Soma, 262 Somatic, 44, 210, 228, 243, 245, 250, 262 Somatic cells, 243, 245, 262 Soybean Oil, 253, 262 Specialist, 199, 262 Species, 78, 111, 217, 229, 237, 240, 243, 245, 250, 251, 256, 257, 262, 264, 266, 268, 269 Specificity, 27, 210, 262, 264 Spectrometer, 262 Spectroscopic, 262 Sperm, 220, 253, 258, 262 Spices, 168, 175, 217, 262 Spinal cord, 219, 232, 244, 246, 250, 262 Spinal Nerves, 250, 262 Sporadic, 253, 262 Squamous, 7, 229, 263 Squamous cell carcinoma, 7, 229, 263 Squamous cells, 263 Staging, 38, 263 Steady state, 263 Steel, 220, 263 Stem Cells, 263 Stereotyped Behavior, 263 Sterile, 263 Steroid, 15, 215, 223, 263 Stimulants, 233, 263 Stimulus, 227, 230, 240, 241, 263, 265 Stomach, 209, 215, 226, 229, 232, 237, 261, 263 Stool, 18, 221, 241, 263 Stress, 20, 32, 124, 214, 218, 223, 249, 254, 263, 267 Stroke, 72, 125, 159, 188, 195, 218, 240, 263 Subacute, 239, 263 Subclinical, 239, 260, 263 Sublingual, 66, 115, 263 Subspecies, 262, 264 Substance P, 244, 260, 264 Substrate, 16, 264, 267 Subtilisin, 54, 264 Sulfur, 244, 264 Superoxide, 20, 258, 264 Superoxide Dismutase, 20, 264 Supplementation, 18, 46, 60, 63, 109, 264 Suppression, 25, 264 Survival Rate, 7, 264 Sweat, 168, 264 Sweat Glands, 264
282 Fruit
Sympathomimetic, 226, 229, 247, 248, 264, 267 Sympatric, 110, 264 Symphysis, 219, 255, 264 Synapse, 210, 254, 264, 266 Synapsis, 264 Synaptic, 247, 261, 264 Synergistic, 7, 53, 111, 255, 265 Systemic, 125, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 212, 216, 219, 229, 239, 265, 269 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 219, 265 Systemic therapy, 219, 265 Systolic, 237, 265 T Temporal, 15, 265 Tendon, 221, 232, 265 Testosterone, 257, 265 Therapeutics, 44, 51, 108, 183, 265 Thermal, 61, 226, 247, 265 Threshold, 237, 265 Thrombin, 255, 265 Thrombomodulin, 255, 265 Thrombosis, 255, 263, 265 Thrombus, 223, 238, 240, 265, 268 Thyroid, 265, 267 Tissue, 10, 33, 104, 115, 209, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 252, 253, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266 Tissue Culture, 265 Tooth Loss, 70, 265 Tooth Preparation, 209, 265 Topical, 214, 230, 237, 262, 265 Toxic, iv, 16, 210, 223, 224, 229, 233, 234, 237, 260, 265, 266 Toxicity, 69, 80, 81, 115, 227, 228, 243, 244, 266 Toxicology, 25, 61, 66, 81, 107, 115, 190, 266 Toxins, 212, 228, 239, 246, 266 Trachea, 216, 265, 266 Traction, 220, 266 Transcription Factors, 266 Transduction, 28, 261, 266 Transfection, 216, 233, 266 Transgenes, 266 Translating, 266 Translation, 13, 211, 266 Translational, 266 Translocation, 266
Transmitter, 209, 226, 240, 243, 247, 266, 267 Transplantation, 57, 77, 220, 237, 266 Trees, 30, 81, 252, 266 Triglyceride, 175, 266 Tryptophan, 221, 261, 266 Tumor marker, 215, 266 Tumour, 37, 106, 232, 266 Type 2 diabetes, 168, 267 Tyramine, 101, 248, 267 Tyrosine, 226, 267 U Ultrasonography, 233, 267 Unconscious, 237, 267 Unsaturated Fats, 231, 267 Urea, 264, 267 Uremia, 258, 267 Ureters, 267 Urethra, 255, 267 Urinary, 8, 45, 71, 117, 126, 253, 267 Urinary tract, 267 Urine, 27, 48, 71, 103, 212, 216, 253, 256, 267 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 253, 267 Urticaria, 212, 267 Uveitis, 126, 213, 267 V Vaccine, 255, 267 Vacuoles, 228, 249, 267 Vagina, 225, 267 Vascular, 32, 211, 212, 219, 226, 238, 239, 265, 267, 268 Vasodilator, 226, 236, 268 Vector, 266, 268 Vegetable Proteins, 252, 268 Vein, 247, 268 Venous, 255, 268, 269 Venous Thrombosis, 268, 269 Venter, 268 Ventral, 262, 268 Ventricle, 256, 265, 268 Venules, 216, 217, 268 Vertebrae, 262, 268 Vestibular, 235, 268 Veterinary Medicine, 189, 268 Viral, 126, 228, 256, 266, 268 Virulence, 13, 27, 266, 268 Virulent, 13, 268 Virus, 214, 229, 233, 256, 259, 266, 268 Vitamin D, 259, 268 Vitreous, 241, 258, 268
Index 283
Vitreous Body, 258, 268 Vitro, 56, 81, 268 Vivo, 269 Vulgaris, 139, 154, 269 W Warfarin, 57, 269 Weight Gain, 13, 260, 269 White blood cell, 212, 242, 246, 247, 269 Windpipe, 265, 269
X Xenobiotics, 15, 16, 269 Xenograft, 212, 269 X-ray, 231, 243, 247, 269 Y Yeasts, 232, 251, 269 Z Zebrafish, 269 Zinc Fingers, 269 Zygote, 222, 223, 269 Zymogen, 255, 269
284 Fruit
