Forts of the United States: An Historical Dictionary, 16th Through 19th Centuries

Forts of the United States

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Forts of the United States An Historical Dictionary, 16th through 19th Centuries BUD HANNINGS

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London

LIBRARY

OF

CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Hannings, Bud. Forts of the United States : an historical dictionary, 16th through 19th centuries / Bud Hannings. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7864-1796-4 (illustrated case binding : 50# alkaline paper) 1. Fortification — United States — History — Dictionaries. I. Title. UG410.H36 2006 355.70973 — dc22 2005026328 British Library cataloguing data are available ©2006 Bud Hannings. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover art: Alfred Jacob Miller, Fort William on the Laramie, oil painting, 1840 Manufactured in the United States of America

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Je›erson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com

Contents Preface 1

Forts of the United States (Arranged by State or Territory)

5 Appendix A. Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses 629 Appendix B. Florida Seminole Indian War Forts 638 Appendix C. Pony Express Depots 640 Appendix D. Spanish Missions and Presidios 643 Appendix E. Conflicts in America and Europe, 1492–1898: A Chronolog y 645 Appendix F. Twentieth Century U.S. Forts, Posts, Bases and Stations 653 Bibliography 669 Index 673

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Preface This book provides a brief history of each of the fortifications established in what became the United States of America during 400 tumultuous years of growth from the sixteenth century to the dawn of the twentieth. In addition, it is intended to clear up confusion regarding some places thought to have forts or camps, where none was ever constructed. The meaning of the word fortification was often determined by those who established the post. Usually the word fort signifies a permanent installation and camp a temporary facility, but there are exceptions: for example, Camp LeJeune and Camp Pendleton are both permanent posts of the United States Marine Corps. In Spanish installations, the word presidio usually signified a permanent post. During the period covered in this work, settlers often established primitive blockhouses and called them forts. Many crude trading posts were also known as forts. Sometimes a military installation was known as both a fort and a camp, and frequently a battery was referred to as a fort. In some instances, towns were named after a fort when in fact no fort ever existed in the community. The descriptions in this book are consistent with how the fortification was described at the time of its establishment. Often the U.S. Army would establish a post designated as a camp which later would be redesignated a fort and then redesignated a camp once again. These variations are covered with the individual installations as they occur. In spelling the names of the Spanish missions and presidios this book attempts to follow standard practice in the areas where they are located. Official publications and Web sites of the state governments uniformly use the English spelling “Mission” but usually include the Spanish-language spellings and diacriticals in the names themselves: for example, Mission Nuestra Señora de Soledad. That practice has been employed here. The fortifications listed in this work are arranged alphabetically within each state. Each entry includes the fort’s date of establishment and date of capture, abandonment or destruction when available. When possible, military actions that occurred in or near the respective forts are included.

This book details all primary forts in the original 13 colonies and those parts of the country that were settled by the Spanish and French, which later became part of the continental United States. Covering the same time period, the trading posts, blockhouses, garrison houses and fortified villages are detailed. With regard to the Spanish and French fortifications, usually a mission was in close proximity. There is a brief history of each of the major Spanish missions, including those with garrisons. Some minor missions that lacked a garrison are, however, not in the text, but they are listed in Appendix D. The missions are listed in the respective states and the appendix lists all missions and presidios in alphabetical order. Coverage of fortifications established by the United States military naturally begins with the American Revolution. The book also includes the posts controlled by the British during the American Revolution as well as the War of 1812. Of course the need for fortification did not end with the success of the Revolution. Continued conflicts required continual expansion of defenses. In addition to the countless clashes with the various Indian tribes, the United States military was called to action in the Quasi-War with France, the War of 1812, the Creek War, the three Seminole Indian Wars, the Texas War of Independence, the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Plains Indian Wars, and — near the dawn of the twentieth century — the Spanish-American War. Conflict spawned new structures. Often, the history of a structure includes the saga of the soldiers and pioneers attached to it. Sadly, innumerable names have been lost to history. In some cases, a fort or blockhouse lacked sufficient documentation for inclusion in the manuscript. All primary fortifications and many minor posts whose existence could be documented are included in this book. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States had become a world power; the country had not been threatened by a foreign adversary since the close of the War of 1812; and the colonial-era forts had become vulnerable to modern weaponry. Consequently, as the 1900s began, many of the older defensive forts were abandoned. Meanwhile, forts 1

Preface

established in the twentieth century continue to serve the nation well, and the military personnel based at the respective posts stand ready to defend the nation when called upon. Forts established within the twentieth century are listed in Appendix F, which also contains a list of active United States military bases around the world. The information in this book is an accumulation of more than twenty years’ research — though the fortifications themselves were not originally the principal subject of that research e›ort. The information on forts and related structures accumulated as I was writing other historical works, including a chronology of early military operations in America. In writing those works, I was often faced with the difficulty of separating fact from myth. Solid facts about the fortifications were often very helpful in that endeavor. Hence the information in this book should prove useful to other historians faced with similar problems. Pinpointing the correct location of a particular fort or the correct dates associated with that fort was often difficult. Fortunately I was ably and generously assisted by expert historians, for whose help I am deeply grateful. Confusion arose concerning Civil War fortifications in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Within about six months after the start of the war, nearly 50 Union fortifications were established around the capital and within an additional six months, the number grew to 120. Frequently, one regiment would name a fort and another regiment would call the identical post by another name. Another problem that developed was trying to distinguish whether the post was in D.C., Maryland or Virginia. Here, too, I was greatly aided by an historian, Wally Owens of Fort Ward. His research and the book (Mr. Lincoln’s Forts) he co-authored, combined with original documentation by General Totten and the National Parks System, were invaluable in compiling an accurate record of the defenses of Washington, D.C. In conjunction, the forts that encircled Washington are listed in the respective states and all the forts are listed in Appendix A in alphabetical order. During the Seminole Indian Wars, several hundred posts were established, but a complete list does not exist as many of them have never been located or validated by fact. In compiling information on the Florida Seminole Indian War forts I was greatly assisted by historian Chris Kimball, who specializes on the period. The Seminole Indian forts have their own entries in the main text, but for the interested reader a list is also provided as Appendix B. Assistance from historian, park ranger and author Scott Sheads helped me accurately detail another complicated series of fortifications located in Baltimore in the vicinity of Fort McHenry. Yet another expert historian, Chris Fonvielle, easily untangled the confusion surrounding some of the defenses in the vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina. Often, a fort would be mentioned in a publication without any indication of its geographical location. An author might, for example, list every fort lost during Pontiac’s War

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without mentioning where even one of them was located. This presented complications, particularly if the post had a common name such as Fort George, Fort Anne or Fort St. Joseph. The most difficult example is Fort Apalachicola. The bestknown Fort Apalachicola was located in Florida, but another fort with the same name was located in Alabama. The search for that fort was complicated because it stood where Fort Benning later was established, and Fort Benning is located in Georgia and Alabama, in adjoining counties, both of which are named Russell County. One of the most difficult challenges was an accurate accounting of the Pony Express Stations that operated between Missouri and California during 1860 and 1861. Operators and locations changed often, depending upon conditions in the various areas and the accompanying dangers. I am indebted to Travis Boley at the Pony Express Museum in St. Joseph’s, Missouri, and the National Parks System (Department of the Interior) for their respective research on the Pony Express. The stations are listed in the various states and a complete listing is included in Appendix C. Research continues into the Pony Express Stations; the existence of each station included in this manuscript has, however, been validated by either the Pony Express Museum or the National Parks. In most instances where conflicts existed, the discrepancies were usually eliminated by contacting the individual national, state or county historic sites. Information attributed to legends that had been handed down but not verified was either confirmed or clarified by personal contact. For example, legend holds that the first time the American flag was flown in battle was at Fort Stanwix (renamed Fort Schuyler) in August 1777. Historians at the Fort discount the legend, explaining that it was not possible for those at the Fort to have received the official design for the flag prior to the battle. Another example of how legend di›ers from fact is the “Battle of Bennington.” The battle is celebrated in Vermont each year; however, the battle was actually fought in New York. Misinformation existed even on major forts, such as Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania. Some publications list Fort Duquesne as having been seized during Pontiac’s War. Actually, Fort Duquesne was earlier captured from the French by the English and was renamed Fort Pitt. Fort Pitt, in turn, was one of only three forts along the frontier that did not fall during Pontiac’s War. Even historical markers sometimes o›ered this sort of erroneous information. Frequently a fort was listed in one county but located in another because county boundaries had changed. These problems were most often solved, thanks to the meticulous recordkeeping of state archives, historical societies and individual counties. Frequently, settlers’ forts and garrison houses could be validated by county records of deeds. In some cases, however, records either never existed or long ago vanished. Other primary sources that contributed to the accuracy of the information included the individual historical divisions of the armed forces, the National Parks System, and local li-

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braries stretched across the country. Usually the local library, onsite historian or historical society was able to answer questions and resolve discrepancies. A comprehensive bibliography is included; the reader should understand, however, that it would be impossible to list every reference librarian and historical society that has added to the accuracy of this book over the years. Despite the constant search for the origin of a fortification, and the most gracious cooperation of librarians, state archivists, county historians, historical societies and military historians, some installations and camps could not be verified sufficiently to include in this book. However, that does not suggest that they never existed. Nevertheless, if in my judgment insufficient evidence existed, the fortification was omitted. This book is essentially a history of structures that protected the pioneers and soldiers, along with their families, who carved a nation out of the wilderness. To the eyes of many, the ruins of those ancient forts are just rubble; however, with each log and brick and with each adobe wall or mud earthworks that once stood, there was a story of boldness and of determination. Many of those stories have been lost, but many others are attached to the history of the respective forts in this book. With each of the fortifications, there was a garrison, either regular military, militia or settlers; therefore, the trail of the cavalry and infantry regiments as well as the artillery and signal corps and the pioneers often remains fresh enough for the reader to get a glimpse of the trials that they faced.

Preface

Many traces of the ancient forts are still visible and a large number are still standing. When possible, the listings note whether the particular fort is open to the public. Many of the fortifications are operated by the National Park System or the respective states and counties. Most often, local historians are on site. Some forts are still in active service, but the military permits access to many of the active forts. A large number of fortifications contain comprehensive museums and gift shops. Even as each European nation sought to dominate America, Europe itself was a cauldron of open warfare. From the War of the Roses during the 1440s until the close of the American Civil War, the nations of Europe were nearly always in conflict with one another. Meanwhile, the United States grew, prospered, and survived its own civil war, as one unified nation. European conflicts are included in Appendix E, along with those taking place within the present-day United States. The chronology is provided in order to give the reader an opportunity to compare the American military situation to the situation in Europe at any period. This reference work records the history of the thousands of installations that were established, destroyed, rebuilt, captured, recaptured, and abandoned during the tumultuous years between Columbus’s arrival and the end of the nineteenth century. The logs, bricks and granite that o›ered protection for the garrisons of old now provide the foundation for Americans of the twenty-first century to more easily grasp the legacy of sacrifices made by those who came before.

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FORTS OF THE UNITED STATES ALABAMA established during 1864 by the Confederates to defend Mobile Bay.

Apalachicola Fort— See Fort Apalachicola. Arnold Battery— A Union force landed at Mobile Point, Alabama, on 15 August 1864 and by the morning of the 17th, Arnold Battery was in operation. It was manned by the elements of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, commanded by Captain H. Borris, who was replaced on the 17th by Lieutenant Frank B. Benton on orders of Brigadier General Richard Arnold. The 1st Indiana Artillery, commanded by Major William Roy, also held the battery.

Camp Defiance— Shortly after establishing Fort Hull, General John Floyd’s force established Camp Defiance during January 1814 at Calabee Creek, Alabama. On 27 January 1814, the Redsticks (Upper Creeks), armed with British weapons and led by Chief Paddy Welsh, launched a surprise attack before dawn against Camp Defiance. The troops were initially stunned. The Creeks penetrated the camp, but the Americans and their Lower Creek allies held until dawn. Afterward, the artillery, which had remained intact during the opening stages, continued to pound the Indians. At daylight, the artillery was bolstered by a counterattack. The charge by the men, with fixed bayonets, proved too much for the Indians to handle. They retired. Afterward, Floyd remained at Camp Defiance for nearly one week before returning to Fort Hull. Once back at Fort Hull, Floyd returned to Georgia.

Battery Arnold— See Arnold Battery. Battery Buchanan— The Confederates during 1864 established Battery Buchanan below Mobile at Mobile Bay. During the Union attack against the Confederate fortifications and the naval defending force (August 1864), the crew of the CSS Gaines, after the ship was disabled, moved to Fort Morgan and was directed by Commodore Ferrand to proceed to Battery Buchanan to command its four rifleguns. The Gaines, after being struck by shells nearly 20 times during the fighting in Mobile Bay, was forced to shore near Fort Morgan. Other troops, including the crews of both the CSS Tennessee and the CSS Selma (both vessels captured by the Union), were ordered to New Orleans.

Camp Montgomery— See Fort Montgomery. Canby Battery— By April 1865, Union forces under General E. R. S. Canby moved against Fort Blakely and Spanish Fort at Mobile Bay in Baldwin County, Alabama. The Confederates were led by Brigadier General St. John R. Liddell. Elements of the XIII and XIV Corps drove the Confederates back to their forts, and then the Union initiated the digging of tunnels to the lines. Fort Blakeley was defended by nine earthen works that were constructed along the eastern shore. It was bolstered by land mines, stakes and a variety of other obstacles. By 1 April, the Union had Spanish Fort encircled. A more determined effort was then initiated against Confederate Missourians in strategic Redoubt No. 4. By 2 April, Canby initiated the digging (First Parallel) and artillery was placed in position to bombard the Confederate lines. By 6 April, Confederate fire impeded the Union, but not totally. Canby’s guns were within 500 yards of the defensive lines. By 8 April, the Rebels were streaming steady fire into the 15th Massachusetts Battery, forcing it to abandon the position. Spanish Fort fell on 8 April. Fort Blakeley held until 9 April 1865.

Battery Canby— See Canby Battery. Battery Huger— Battery Huger, sometimes known as Fort Huger, was established in Mobile Bay by the Confederates during 1864. Battery McDermott— Battery McDermott, also known as Fort McDermott, was established at Mobile Bay by the Confederates during 1864. Battery McIntosh— Battery McIntosh was established as one of a chain of coastal defense forts at Mobile Bay during 1864. One of the original Brooke Number S-26 8-inch smoothbore guns was transferred to the Confederate cemetery in Gainesville, Alabama, during 1876. The gun, weighing more than 10,000 pounds, had served the Confederacy originally at Oven Bluff on the Tombigbee River and afterwards at Battery McIntosh. During March 1865 it was moved and stored at Mobile.

Canton Washington— See Fort Dearborn.

Battery Powell— See Fort Powell.

Cantonment Montpelier— The U.S. Army established Cantonment Montpelier in about 1817 in Baldwin County, Alabama, at a spot about seven miles northeast of Camp (Fort) Montgomery. It was constructed by the Fourth Regiment and included officers’ quarters and enlisted men’s barracks.

Battery Stanton— See Fort Gaines. Battery Terrett— See Fort Gaines. Battery Tracey— Battery Tracey, also known as Fort Tracey, was

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ALABAMA / Cato’s Fort Cato’s Fort— Settlers established Cato’s Fort in Clark County during 1813. Choctaw Trading House— See Fort Estevan. Chinnabee’s Fort— See Fort Chinnebee. Chinnebee’s Fort— See Fort Chinnebee. Curry’s Fort— During 1813, settlers established Curry’s Fort in Clarke County abut 50 miles above Fort Montgomery at a spot about 40 miles southwest of Fort Claiborne. The fort was another defensive position brought about because of hostility with the Creeks. Easley Fort— See Fort Easley. Fort Adams— The Americans established Fort Adams at present-day Fort Adams, Alabama, during 1798. In conjunction, on 7 April 1798, the Mississippi Territory, composed of portions of present-day Alabama and Mississippi, was organized by act of Congress. During 1804 the territory was enlarged and extended northward to Tennessee. During 1812, the boundary moved southward to include west Florida. Fort Alexandria— The Confederates established Fort Alexandria at Mobile Bay as one of a series of fortifications constructed to thwart a Union attempt to gain the bay area. Fort Apalachicola— Fort Apalachicola was established by the Spanish during 1689 at Holy Trinity along the Chattahoochie River in the Chattahoochie Valley, present-day Phenix City, Russell County. The fort remained active until 1691. Fort Apalachicola was located south of the location of Fort Mitchell, which was subsequently built by the U.S. during 1811. This should not be confused with Fort Apalachicola, Florida. Fort Armstrong— Fort Armstrong was established about two miles south of Cedar Bluff near the border with Georgia in northern Alabama on present-day Williamson Island during 1813. The fort was utilized as a supply depot during the Creek War (1813–1814) and also as a trading post. During 1814, subsequent to the Battle of Talladega, circumstances changed for General Jackson as many troops’ enlistments expired and others deserted. For a while, Jackson depended upon Cherokee allies to garrison the fort while he awaited reinforcements from Governor William Blount of Tennessee. Two regiments under Colonels Higgins and Perkins arrived at Fort Strother to alleviate the situation, but the term of enlistment for those troops was only 60 days. Fort Bainbridge— Fort Bainbridge, between Tuskagee and Union Springs was established during 1814 by General John Floyd (Georgia militia) near Tuskagee. It was manned by Georgia militia. The Marquis de Lafayette, a general and hero of the Revolutionary War, visited here during 1825 while touring Georgia and Alabama. He also visited Fort Mitchell and Montgomery, Alabama, being received as a celebrity at each destination. Fort Bell— A settlers’ fort was established in Bellville during 1817 to provide protection from Indians for the many families that had recently streamed into the area (Conecuh County) about 1815. Settlers in large numbers continued coming to the area through 1817, particularly people from North Carolina. A settlement was established at Bellville and another settlers’ fort, Fort Warren, was constructed in the county during that same year. Fort Bibb— Fort Bibb was established during 1818 by settlers in Butler County at a spot slightly west of Greenville and southwest of Fort Dale, the latter also established during 1818 during a period of turbulence with the Indians. Butler County was named in honor of

6 Captain William Butler, who had fought in the recent Creek Indian War (1813–1814) and was later killed by Creeks during 1818. Greenville was initially known as Buttsville, named in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, an officer from South Carolina who had died during the heavy fighting at Calabee Creek (Macon County) during 1814. Fort Blakeley— The Confederates established Fort Blakeley atop Blakeley Bluff at Spanish Fort during 1864. The Union Navy was able to demolish the Confederate Navy ships in the bay during August 1864; however, Fort Blakeley, one of the defensive positions at Mobile Bay, held until 9 April 1865, the same day that Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox. Fort Bowyer— During April 1813, an American force under General James Wilkinson, overran a British garrison at Mobile. Militia under Col. John Bowyer participated. Fort Bowyer was then established there. Andrew Jackson’s force was in Natchez, unable to participate in the victory. On 12 September 1814, the British initiated a siege. The garrison held firmly, but on 15 September, the British watched as the flag came down, which gave them a premature sense of victory. However, it wasn’t taken down; rather, it had apparently been struck by a shell. Quickly, the troops again unfurled the Stars and Stripes at about the same time the British were launching a charge. Meanwhile, the HMS Hermes became disabled and was floating with the current, away from the fort. The British were repulsed. They retired to New Orleans and in the process aborted their plan to take Mobile. Subsequently, following the close of hostilities, a 5,000-man British force arrived at the fort and Captain Lawrence, who had earlier repelled the British, had only about 400 defenders. Neither Lawrence nor the British were aware that the war was over. After a conference, the Americans, unable to match the power of such a large naval and ground force, agreed to capitulate. The garrison surrendered on the following day, 13 February. The troops marched out of Fort Bowyer with the colors flying and became prisoners for a few weeks. The U.S. then gained the fort and replaced it with Fort Morgan. See also Fort Morgan. Fort Burnt Corn— See Fort Warren. Fort Carlotta— See Fort Charlotte. Fort Charlotte— During March 1780, a Spanish force under Bernardo de Galvez attacked and seized British-held Fort Charlotte in Mobile, formerly Spanish-held Fort Conde. The Spaniards renamed the fort, calling it Fort Carlotta. While there de Galvez gathered a large force of more than 9,000 men for the purpose of seizing Pensacola (west Florida) during 1781. On 16 April 1813, Spanish-held Fort Carlotta (formerly Fort Charlotte under the British) at Mobile was attacked and seized by Americans. The U.S. Army was bolstered by U.S. Navy gunboats that had Marine units aboard. The Spanish commander decided to surrender the fort. The Americans discarded the French name, Carlotta, and renamed it Fort Charlotte, which it had previously been called after the English received it from the Spanish during 1763. Later, the fort’s name was again changed. It became Fort Mobile and remained active until 1819. In conjunction, the French initially established a fort (Fort Conde) there during 1711. It replaced Fort LeMayne which had been established there during 1702. During 1711, Mobile was the capital of French Louisiana. See also Fort Le Mayne. Fort Chinnabee— See Fort Chinnebee. Fort Chinnebee— Fort Chinnebee (Fort Chinnabee) was established during 1813 as a settlers’ fort. It was located southeast of Fort Leslie and about 15–20 miles east of Talladega. Fort Claiborne— General Ferdinand L. Claiborne established Fort Claiborne during the latter part of 1813 as a springboard for American

7 forces, including regulars (3rd U.S. Infantry), militia and allied Indians, the Choctaw, against the Creeks. The stockade fort contained three blockhouses and a battery formed in the shape of a half-moon. During early 1814, Colonel Russell led his regiment and two companies of volunteers from the fort toward the Cahaba River to engage the Creeks. While en route, a small party was dispatched to find and speed up an approaching barge, but the party was intercepted by Indians and only two of the six men escaped. The captives were killed and scalped before they could be rescued. A funeral for the dead, including Lieutenant Joseph M. Wilcox, was held at Fort Claiborne on 7 January. Subsequent to the Second Creek War, another massacre occurred near the fort. During March 1818, Creeks raided a settler’s house (William Ogle) in present-day Butler County. Ogle was killed and the Indians under Savannah Jack beat the Ogle infant to death with their “Red Sticks” and batted the baby’s head against the walls. Several other children were also awakened and slain. Two children survived, but only one, Elizabeth, regained her health. The other, Mary Ann Ogle, died soon after at Fort Claiborne. Mrs. Stroud, who had been struck by a tomahawk during the grueling ordeal, succumbed while en route to Fort Claiborne. On 18 March 1818 yet another massacre occurred when five men departed Fort Claiborne to rendezvous with volunteers en route under Colonel Dale. Two men survived. The bodies of the three dead men were discovered, but their heads had been batted into innumerable pieces by the Creeks. Other similar attacks also occurred near Fort Claiborne. Fort Coffee— Fort Coffee was established near Hobdy’s Bridge, less than 10 miles from Williams about 1836. Hobdy’s Bridge was the scene of the final battle with Indians in Alabama. It occurred when a force under General William Wellborn defeated a large band of Creeks there during 1836. The Creeks were at their encampment and had refused to move west into Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and were instead heading toward Florida. Fort Conde de la Mobile— During 1711, the French relocated Fort Louis de la Louisiane (Fort Louis) from Axis to Mobile. Later during 1720, the fort, constructed of brick, was renamed Fort Conde de la Mobile (Fort Mobile). It became the first permanent white settlement in Alabama and for a while served as the capital of French Louisiana which at that time included Alabama. The French retained control of the fort until 1763. Subsequent to the French loss to the British in the French and Indian War, the English assumed control of the fort. Once under English control, the fort was renamed Fort Charlotte in honor of England’s Queen Charlotte, the wife of King George III. The English retained control of the fort until 1780. During March 1780, a Spanish force under Bernardo de Galvez attacked and seized British Fort Charlotte. They renamed it Fort Carlotta. In conjunction, after seizing Fort Charlotte, de Galvez gathered a large force of more than 9,000 men for the purpose of regaining Pensacola (west Florida) during 1781. The Spanish retained Fort Carlotta until the Americans seized it during 1813 and renamed it Fort Charlotte, which the British had called it. The fort was destroyed by the Americans during 1819. While under American control, Fort Charlotte was also known as Fort Mobile. In Mobile, the fort is reconstructed from its appearance during 1702. A museum is on site and the fort has tour guides. Fort Conde serves as the official welcome center for visitors to Mobile. It is open daily from 8 A.M. until 5 P.M. except for Christmas Day and Mardi Gras Day. The Fort Conde Charlotte House originally served as the initial jail in Mobile. Fort Conde is located at 150 South Royal St., Mobile, Alabama, 36602. For further information, contact Mobile Convention & Visitors Corporation, One South Water Street, Mobile, Alabama 36602. Fort Crawford— Fort Crawford, based on records in the National Archives, was named in honor of Lt. Joel Crawford, aide de camp to General John Floyd. It was established by the U.S. Army in Es-

Fort Deposit / ALABAMA cambia County upon orders from General Andrew Jackson. The fort was constructed atop a bluff above the Aloochahatcha (Murder Creek) in present-day East Brewton. It was manned by Alabama militia and units of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment. Captain David E. Twiggs, who later surrendered all U.S. troops under his command in Texas to the Confederates, commanded at Fort Crawford during 1816, prior to his transfer to Fort Scott, Georgia, during 1817. The fort was used for the protection of settlers from the Indians and to observe Spanish operations in west Florida. The year 1815 had been relatively quiet, but during 1816 problems with the Indians again occurred. Supplies for the fort had to be transported from New Orleans to Fort Montgomery and from there, overland to Fort Crawford, but during March 1817, General Gaines eased the problem by having the supplies shipped up instead from Pensacola, Florida, aboard barges that traveled the Conaka and Escambia rivers. Fort Crawford and Fort Gaines were both temporarily abandoned by the U.S. troops during March 1817, and the Upper Creeks (Redsticks) took advantage by initiating raids. The actions by the Indians caused the troops to soon after return to garrison the fort. By June of 1817, trouble erupted between the U.S. and the Seminoles, compelling the army to once again strengthen its positions along the frontier to handle the remaining hostile Creeks and the Seminoles. During 1818, Major White Youngs, commander at Fort Crawford, led a contingent of troops against the Seminoles near Pensacola, Florida. Youngs’ successful raids raised the morale of the settlers at Fort Crawford, particularly when a sizable group of Seminoles surrendered to Youngs and sued for peace. The fort was deactivated by 1818. Fort Curney— Fort Curney was established about 1813 in Clark County. Fort Dale— Col. Sam Dale established Fort Dale during the spring of 1818, while he commanded Fort Claiborne. The fort was located along the Federal Road at Poplar Spring near Oakview Cemetery. The fort was established to protect settlers during a time of turbulence. At about the time of the construction of the fort, massacres were occurring, including the Ogle Massacre near Fort Claiborne. The exact time that the fort was abandoned is unavailable, but after the Indian problems were solved, the settlers returned to their homes and farms. By about 1819, a store opened there and by 1825, the new owner of the land, Mr. Joseph Hartley, was engaged in clearing the land. Soon after a settlement was established there. Fort Dearborn— Fort Dearborn was established during 1803 at Washington to participate with Fort Adams (1798) in protecting the region. The fort was renamed Fort Washington (Cantonment Washington) during 1809 and remained active until after the close of the War of 1812. In conjunction, English prisoners taken at New Orleans were brought to Fort Washington and from there they were taken to Natchez under guard by a militia contingent led by Captain James Green. Fort Decatur— Fort Decatur was established in north central Alabama during 1814 at a location southeast of Fort Jackson and west of Fort Hull as another fortification for the army against the Creeks. During 1815, John Sevier, a Revolutionary War hero and later the governor of Tennessee, succumbed and was buried near Fort Decatur. Sevier was a U.S. commissioner working on establishing a border between Alabama and Georgia at the time of his death. He was interred without even a headstone. During 1888, the state of Tennessee initiated action to have Sevier’s remains returned to Tennessee where he was reinterred at Knoxville. Fort Defiance— See Camp Defiance. Fort Deposit— General Ferdinand Claiborne established Fort Deposit at Double Swamp, Lowndes County, which was along his route

ALABAMA / Fort Easley of march from Fort Claiborne to the Creek’s “Holy Ground” during December 1813. It was located about 30 miles from Econachaca, referred to by the Indians as “Holy Ground, a position thought by the Indians to be invulnerable to attack by the Americans.” Claiborne established the depot to care for the soldiers who had become ill along the march and as a place to harbor the wagons and supplies. About 100 troops remained to guard the fort when the army reinitiated its march on 22 December 1813. General Claiborne’s force, including volunteers (Carson’s) from Mississippi, spent part of Christmas (25 December) at Weatherford’s Place (Alabama), but the command lacked food except some corn. Nevertheless, the troops continued to search for Weatherford’s warriors until the following day before marching back to Fort Deposit en route to Fort Claiborne. The fort remained active until after all hostilities with the Creeks were terminated. Later, the government authorized the construction of the Jackson Military Road, which linked Fort Deposit with other forts in the region. The settlers from the surrounding country often used the fort as a refuge and for protection from the Indians. Slowly, the fort emerged as a small town, the town of Fort Deposit. On 13 February 1891, the town was incorporated by the legislature. At the site of the fort, there are visible remains including an ammunition dump. Fort Deposit is located about five miles from Greenville. Fort Easley— Fort Easley was established at Baker’s Bluff, Clarke County, during 1813. Fort Estevan— See Fort San Estevan. Fort Gaines— The French established a fort (later Fort Gaines) on Dauphin Island in Mobile Bay during 1699, but at that time it was known as Massacre Island, named by Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’Ilberville, because of the many bones and skeletons he discovered there. It was changed to Dauphin Island during 1707 in honor of the heir to the French throne. Fort Gaines was established there by the Americans during 1821. The construction of the fort was greatly hindered due particularly to disputes over land and the water from Mobile Bay. The fort remained unfinished after 30 years of toil. During 1853, the fort was named after General Edmund Pendleton Gaines. During 1853, the chief engineer scrapped the original plans and initiated construction with a new design. Nevertheless, by 1861, the fort was still not complete. After the outbreak of war, the Confederates completed the construction of Fort Gaines. The fort was constructed of brick and sand to defend against artillery fire. It also contained a dry moat and drawbridge and was capable of holding 50 guns, 10 atop each of its five walls. Subsequently, during the Spanish-American War period (1898), the fort was modified and some more modern guns were put in place. Fort Gaines remained active throughout World War I, and following the close of hostilities it was used as a school for antiaircraft gunners. During 1901, Endicott gun batteries were installed. Battery Stanton (1901–1928) was established on the site of an unnamed battery that had been placed there during 1898 due to the Spanish-American War. And Battery Terrett (1901–1923) was also established. The government during 1926 sold Fort Gaines to the city of Mobile. Afterward, the city transferred the land to the Alabama Department of Conservation, and the latter transferred it to the Dauphin Island Park and Beach Board. Nevertheless, during World War II it was utilized as a Coast Guard base. The Coast Guard held responsibility for protecting the shore from enemy submarines. After the war, the Coast Guard still used the base. National guard units also trained there until after the close of World War II. Fort Gary— Fort Gary, also known as Gary’s Fort, was established in Butler County during 1818 by Thomas Gary as a defense against the Creeks. Settlers flocked there, but many departed for Fort Dale,

8 rather than pay Gary a price to remain at the fort. By the following year, the trouble with the Indians subsided and the settlers returned to their homesteads. Fort Glass— On 10 August 1813, General Ferdinand Claiborne dispatched a contingent of troops led by Colonel Carson to Fort Glass with orders for Carson to also establish Fort Madison (Clarke County). In addition, another contingent under Captain Scott was dispatched to St. Stephens to secure and garrison an old Spanish blockhouse there. Other missions were initiated to prepare for any Indian incursions. Mounted reconnaissance patrols scoured the area. In addition, another contingent was dispatched to Oaktupa during late August to fortify blockhouses there. Fort Hampton— The U.S. Army established Fort Hampton in northern Alabama near the border with Tennessee during 1809. At the time of its establishment, the land was part of Tennessee. The fort was located on the Tennessee River east of Florence and southwest of Athens. Troops from the garrison often ventured into the Chickasaw reservation (1809–1811) to evict settlers who were forbidden to settle there. Major John L. Allen commanded the garrison during 1810. In conjunction with a complicated land deal (Yazoo Company), territory north of the Tennessee River in Alabama had been purchased from the Cherokees by men from North Carolina for the purpose of establishing an independent country to be known as “Houston.” However, the area was also claimed by Georgia and South Carolina. Colonel Wade Hampton (father of Confederate general Wade Hampton) of South Carolina was brought in as an investor. Hampton dispatched surveyors, and soon after, settlers began to converge on the area near Muscle Shoals. At that point, Fort Hampton was established to protect the settlers. The land was never developed by the company due to the protests of South Carolina. The area was then ceded to the federal government. During 1814, a contingent of General Coffee’s brigade (mounted) en route to New Orleans stopped at Fort Hampton and from there headed to Baton Rouge before joining General Jackson at New Orleans. The fort is abandoned subsequent to the War of 1812. Fort Huger— See Battery Huger. Fort Hull— The Georgia militia under General John Floyd (Georgia militia) established Fort Hull about 40 miles west of Fort Mitchell, Alabama during January 1814, while his force was involved in a campaign against the Upper Creeks (Redsticks). General Floyd departed the fort to engage the Creeks at Calabee Creek. On 27 January, prior to dawn, the Creeks which had concealed themselves in the swamp near General Floyd’s positions at Calibee Creek sprang from their positions and struck the flank and immediate front of the American lines. The Indians attacking the front positions were met by an enfilade of artillery fire that dampened their momentum somewhat, but still, the attack continued and even for awhile isolated a contingent under Captain John Broadnax. Meanwhile, as most of the friendly Indians remained within the perimeter, a group led by Chief Timpoochy Bernard, a half-breed, bolted to the aid of Broadnax by driving through the swampy lines of the Creeks, ending the jeopardy there. The Creeks maintained the attack, but despite its suddenness and the cover of early morning darkness, the Georgians held. By about dawn, General Floyd was able to gain a better fix on the situation and, after some quick modifications, he ordered the cavalry under Captain Duke Hamilton and the accompanying infantry on the right flank to take the offensive and charge the Creeks. With fixed bayonets, the infantry drove toward the Indians. The combination of galloping hooves and swaying bayonets forced the Indians to retire to the sanctuary of the swamps with the Georgians and their allied Indians in hot pursuit. However, the chase lasted only a while as the tenacious battle had indeed taken a toll on the Americans

9 as well as the Creeks. Floyd’s force sustained only 17 killed but more than 130 wounded. And the friendly Indians suffered five killed and about 15 wounded. The Creeks sustained 37 dead by a count after the battle. Following the contest, General Floyd withdrew to Fort Hull and from there, after leaving a small garrison force, returned to Fort Mitchell where his volunteers were discharged honorably at the end of their service. This expedition was the final one by Georgian troops against the Creeks. Meanwhile the Creeks who had gained refuge in the nearby swamps returned on the following day to the creek. U.S. Regulars remained at Fort Hull. Fort Jackson— During 1814, the Americans established Fort Jackson at this site where the French earlier established Fort Toulouse in Alabama when it was still Louisiana near the convergence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. During April 1814, on the 20th, following General Jackson’s victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, General Thomas Pickney arrived at Fort Jackson and assumed command as the senior officer in the U.S. Southern Army. On the following day, the troops from West Tennessee under Andrew Jackson headed home while other troops, including those from the Carolinas and East Tennessee, remained. The hostilities with the Creeks had essentially been terminated, but still about 500 troops from East Tennessee garrisoned Fort Williams. Other troops initiated operations around the Cahawba and Chattahoochee rivers to seek out Creeks in an attempt to get them to surrender. General Jackson returned to his residence, the Hermitage in Tennessee, but shortly thereafter, during July, he returned to the area. On 9 August, one portion of the Creek Indian tribe subscribed to the Treaty of Fort Jackson. This treaty ceded approximately 20 million acres of land in the area of Georgia and Mississippi territories to the United States. Another part of the treaty had the Creeks agree to leave portions of Alabama. The treaty created a line separating the Mississippi Territory from the Creek lands. This boundary line began at a point 10 miles from the mouth of the Ofucshee Creek and ran directly to the mouth of the Summochio Creek which lies at the mouth of the Chattahoochee River. In conjunction, in Alabama, the Poarch (Creeks) are protected by the treaty and the Creeks are directed to cede land to tribes that had been friendly to the U.S. Fort Jonesboro— Fort Jonesboro was established in north central Alabama slightly southwest of Birmingham during 1815 as a defense against Indians. Subsequent to the hostility with Indians in the region the town of Bessemer, named after a British engineer, Sir Henry Bessemer, emerged. It was incorporated during 1887. Fort la Mobile— See Fort Conde. Fort Le Mayne— During 1702 the French, who had moved their primary fort from Biloxi, Louisiana (later Mississippi) established Fort Le Mayne at Mobile Bay. It became the initial European settlement in Alabama at Axis. At the time, a deadly epidemic of fever which had struck the French the previous year continued to take a high toll on the colonists. Only about 30 families remained in Louisiana. Even Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d’Ilberville, had become a victim of “yellow fever.” Due to the condition of his health, d’Ilberville departed the colony. The colony was also troubled by incessant flooding, which compelled the French to relocate the fort. During 1711, the French moved the fort to Mobile and renamed it Fort Louis de la Louisiane. Axis, the original site of the fort, is within the boundary of present-day Mobile and is now referred to as “Old Mobile.” Subsequently, during 1720, the fort was again renamed. It became Fort Conde de la Mobile. See also Fort Conde de la Mobile. Fort Leslie— Fort Leslie, also known as Leslie’s Post and Leslie’s Station, was established during 1813 by Alexander Leslie, who was part Indian. The fort was actually a fortified house. During November 1813, while Major General Andrew Jackson was at Fort Struther,

Fort Mims / ALABAMA he learned that Fort Leslie, overcrowded with settlers, was under attack. Jackson moved immediately and by the following day his force arrived near the Indians’ camp, about 25 miles from Fort Mims. Jackson’s force inflicted heavy losses upon the Indians (Battle of Talladega) and lifted the siege. Fort Louis— See Fort Louis de la Louisiane. Fort Louis de la Louisiane— During 1711, the French established Fort Louis at Mobile (at the time it was part of Louisiana) in place of Fort Le Mayne, which had been established there during 1702 in the vicinity of Axis (present-day Mobile). Later during 1720, Fort Louis was renamed Fort Conde de la Mobile. Fort Conde remained under French control until 1763. Subsequent to the end of the French and Indian War, the British took control of Fort Conde and renamed it Fort Charlotte. See also Fort Charlotte and Fort Le Mayne. Fort Madison— During August 1813, General Ferdinand Claiborne dispatched a contingent of troops led by Colonel Carson to Fort Glass to establish another fort. Once there Carson established Fort Madison (Clarke County) in close proximity to Fort Glass. Due to the high risk of more Indian attacks following the massacre at Fort Mims, other missions, including mounted reconnaissance patrols, were initiated to prepare for any possibility of incursions. During November 1813, a group of 11 war-painted Indians were traveling down the Alabama River by canoe (flat-bottomed) while another band moved by land, just as a force of soldiers was crossing the river at Randon’s Plantation. Unexplainedly, the Indians on land retired, but the ones in the canoe failed to spot the troops. A battle broke out as Samuel Dale and one other man bolted into the river and boarded the canoe. Caesar, a Negro, moved another canoe out and by his sheer strength, held the two canoes together by straddling both. All the while, the fight continued, with Dale and James Smith swinging their rifles as clubs. Another man, Austill, joined the fight. The 11 Indians were eliminated, to the joy of the main force on the river banks who were forced to watch as observers. Following the encounter, the contingent moved about two miles to Curnell’s Ferry. They discovered no hostile Indians there and then returned to Fort Madison. The fort remained active while the hostilities in the area continued. With Fort Glass nearby, about 1,000 settlers were able to be accommodated by the two sister forts. Fort McDermott— See Battery McDermott. Fort Mims— The Americans (Georgia Militia) established Fort Mims, a stockaded blockhouse at Lake Tensaw near Mobile during 1813. On 29 August, two slaves reported seeing Creeks in war paint nearby, but the commanding officer, Major Daniel Beasley, ignored the report and claimed that the slaves lied. Beasley ordered punishment for them. One received lashes, but the owner of the other slave believed the story. On the following day, the Indians attacked, while the gates of the fort were wide open. Beasley was killed while attempting to close the gates. The fort’s defenders resisted for about five hours, but by 5 P.M. it was over. Captain Dixon Bailey, a halfbreed, assumed command at the death of Beasley and he continued to rally the defenders, but their arms were not sufficient against the Indians who had been armed by the British in Pensacola. Bailey and 12 soldiers escaped to the swamp. The Indians, led by Chief Red Eagle (William Weatherford, a half-breed), massacred more than 400 people, including women and children. Pregnant women were brutally butchered and their unborn children were thrown into the air. No white woman or child escaped death or scalping. About 400 Indians were also killed. Survivors were relocated to Fort Madison and nearby Fort Glass. Andrew Jackson, extremely ill at the time of the massacre, soon after took command of the troops during October of that year. Under his command, the Americans increased their tenacity; however, the Creeks continued their hostilities with equal

ALABAMA / Fort Mitchell

The Massacre at Fort Mims — 30 August 1813

ferocity. Another Creek, Prophet Francis, was also raiding in the region. The hostilities were finally terminated during the following year with Jackson’s victory at Horseshoe Bend. The fort had been created by fortifications that were built around the house of Samuel Mims (he too was killed and scalped) a wealthy half-breed who had relocated in Alabama. Fort Mitchell— Georgia militia led by General John Floyd (Georgia militia) established Fort Mitchell during 1813 as another link in the defenses against the Creeks. The fort, situated in Alabama along a primary route used by the Indians to reach the Tombigbee River, was near the site of an old Spanish fort (Apalachicola) and presentday Fort Benning, Georgia. U.S. troops garrisoned the fort until 1840. After the U.S. Army took over Fort Mitchell, the fort was reconstructed atop the original site. In addition to being used as a fort during the Creek Wars, the installation was also used as a holding place for Lower Creeks during the move to the West (Oklahoma) during what is remembered as the Trail of Tears. During 1822, a Christian mission was established near the fort in the vicinity of an Indian village, Coweta, but it ceased operations during 1830 when the Lower Creeks in the region (Chattahoochee River Valley) were compelled to move west. The Lower Creeks had been allies of the Spanish and to a point remained friendly with the Americans as opposed to the Upper Creeks (Redsticks) who aligned themselves with the British. During the Civil War, the fort was used by the Confederates for a while. The Confederate 15th Alabama Regiment was established there. There are visible remains of Fort Mitchell, but the original site is now private property. A historical marker stands at the entrance to Fort Mitchell Park. The cemetery, which served both forts, stands atop a nearby hill. Nearby, on the grounds of Fort Benning, Georgia, stands Fort Mitchell National Cemetery, established during the latter part of the 1980s. Services are held at the cemetery on Memorial Day during May and Veterans Day during November. From Phenix City, take U.S. Route 431 south for about five miles until you reach State Route 165. Turn left at Route 165 and proceed about eight miles to Fort Mitchell, which will be on the left. The National Cemetery is situated on the Cantey Plantation (Civil War era) owned by a Confederate colonel, James Cantey. Colonel Cantey established and trained the 15th Alabama Regiment at Fort Mitchell.

10 Fort Mobile— See Fort Charlotte. Fort Montgomery— Fort Montgomery was established in Clarke County near Fort Pierce about 1813–1814. Fort Montgomery (also known Camp Montgomery) was built slightly more than 10 miles above the convergence of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers, northeast of the site of Fort Mims. At the time, Major General Edmund P. Gaines was in command of the area comprising north and central Alabama. He maintained his headquarters at Fort Montgomery. Following the defeat of the Creeks by Andrew Jackson during March of 1814 at Horseshoe Creek the region remained quiet through 1815; but by the following year, hostilities again erupted. During 1817, while the main body of the 7th Infantry Regiment was based at the fort, it was demolished and rebuilt. A letter at the time from Inspector General Colonel A.P. Hayne noted that the new barracks made of round logs would be better for both the health and comfort of the soldiers. The fort also contained a hospital. Fort Montgomery was located about 50 miles east of Fort Crawford. Fort Morgan— Fort Morgan was established during 1818 at Mobile Point, the site of Fort Bowyer, which was built duri1813, and later during the War of 1812 seized by the British. In conjunction, during 1559, the Spanish established Fort Serof in the same vicinity. Subsequently, during 1861, Fort Morgan was seized by the Confederates. Later, during 1864, it was regained by the Union. The Battle of Mobile Bay, during August 1864, brought the fort under Union control. It was during that battle that Admiral David Farragut coined the phrase: “Damn the torpedoes. Full speed ahead.” The fort remained active until 1928. Fort Morgan is situated 22 miles from Gulf Shores, nestled between the Gulf of Mexico and Mobile Bay. The fort’s history includes the Revolution and the War of 1812, when it played a prominent part in the Battle of Mobile Bay, and the Civil War. Like Texas, this region came under six flags: Spanish 1699; French 1763; British (West Florida) 1780; Spanish (West Florida) 1813; U.S. 1861; independent state of Alabama 1861; Confederate States of America 1861; United States 1865. Fort Morgan, Gulf Shores, Alabama 36542. Fort Okfuskee— The British established Fort Okfuskee at a spot northwest of Dadeville, about 30 miles southeast of Rockville during 1735. The British, who had moved into the region from Carolina, failed to succeed in their attempt to trade with the Creeks, who favored the French who operated at that time out of Fort Toulouse, about 50 miles south of the British fort. The fort was constructed on the Tallapoosa River among the Upper Creeks in present-day Alabama. The fort was garrisoned by the Independent Company of Rangers (mounted), commanded by Captain Patrick Mackay. The fort was one of a series decided upon by James Oglethorpe to form a barrier to defend South Carolina from both the French and the Spanish. He established these fortifications from the Savannah River to the St. Johns River. The Lower Creeks became more adaptable to the British than to the Redsticks (Upper Creeks). Some of the Lower Creeks served as rangers. Subsequently, a company of Highland Rangers was raised, followed by a Marine Company of Boatmen, commanded by Captain Mark Carr who operated patrols along the waterways. The Rangers and other units participated in the British invasion of Spanish Florida, and they participated in the defense of St. Simon’s Island when the Spanish invaded Georgia. Those units that served Oglethorpe so well were each disbanded during June

11 1747 while King George’s War was coming to an end on the southern frontier. Fort Payne— Fort Payne was established by Captain John C. Payne at Willstown Mission, named after a chief, Red-Head Will. It was located in present-day Fort Payne, DeKalb County. The garrison, composed of 22 soldiers, was commanded by Captain Payne who was ordered there by General Winfield Scott. The fort served as a holding place for Cherokees that chose not to move west voluntarily according to the terms of the Treaty of Echota, signed during 1835. Groups of Cherokees departed Fort Payne during 1838, heading for the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), some by a guide, while others were led by Cherokees. John Benje, a Cherokee chief, departed for Oklahoma from Fort Payne, leading a group of more than 1,000 Cherokees. The final column of Cherokees to depart Fort Payne departed during October 1838 on what is known as the Trail of Tears. In conjunction, Sequoyah, a Cherokee who invented the Cherokee alphabet (86 symbols) and used it to educate Cherokees, had earlier moved into DeKalb County from Tennessee. Fort Pierce— On 13 December 1813, Colonel George Henry Nixon, who had succeeded Colonel William Russell at Mount Vernon, Alabama, also received command of Fort Pierce, which was established the same year in Clarke County along the Alabama River near another post, Fort Montgomery, also established during 1813. In conjunction, General Claiborne, on the 13th, advanced toward Double Swamp, about 80 miles distant. Once there he established Fort Deposit in Lowndes County, Alabama. General Claiborne also established Fort Claiborne in Wilcox (later Monroe) County. Fort Deposit stood about 30 miles from Econachaca, the latter, referred to by the Indians as “Holy Ground, a position thought to be invulnerable to attack by the Americans.” Fort Powell— The Confederates established Fort Powell at the western entrance to Mobile Bay about 1862. The 21st Alabama Regiment, originally established at Mobile, subsequent to serving at Fort Pillow and later at the Battle of Shiloh, returned to Alabama to reinforce Fort Morgan. Later the regiment dispatched two companies to nearby Fort Powell in the vicinity of Grant’s Pass. During the battle for domination of Mobile Bay, sections of the 21st Alabama were spread about Fort Gaines, Fort Morgan and Fort Powell, while others were dispatched to Spanish Fort. The Confederates at Fort Powell destroyed it with explosives before evacuating on 5 August 1864, two days after Admiral Farragut’s fleet arrived there. Farragut’s fleet, composed of 18 warships, arrived at Mobile Bay, opposed by a small Confederate naval force commanded by Admiral Franklin Buchanan. The Union ground forces debarked on Dauphin Island on 3 August and secured Fort Gaines on 8 August. Afterward, on 23 August, the Union gained Fort Morgan. Fort St. Stephens— See Fort San Estevan. Fort San Estevan— About 1789, the Spanish established an outpost (blockhouse) known as Fort San Estevan on Hobuckintopa Bluff overlooking the Tombigbee River in Washington County. The post, located on the west bank of the river, was named in honor of Estevan Miro, the Spanish governor of Mobile at the time. Later, during 1795, a new fort was built in its place just a short distance away. During February 1799, the U.S. assumed control of Spanish-held Fort San Estevan. The Spanish were compelled to relinquish control because the fort was on American soil and their presence was in violation of the Treaty of San Lorenzo. A contingent of militia under Lieutenant John McClary assumed control of the fort. The Americans renamed the fort, calling it Fort St. Stephens. Old Glory, at the time having 15 stars and 15 stripes, was unfurled over the fort, which would later become the capital of the Alabama Territory. The fort was also used as a trading post (Choctaw Trading House) for a time

Fort Sinquefield / ALABAMA during its existence. During August 1813, a contingent of troops led by Captain Scott and under orders from General Ferdinand Claiborne, moved to St. Stephens to establish a fort where the old Spanish blockhouse had stood, at a point about 50 miles above Fort Stoddert. Later, on 4 July 1820, the fort would hoist the Stars and Stripes with her new outfit, 23 stars and 13 stripes, in recognition of the statehood of Alabama (22nd state) and Maine (23rd state). It was abandoned by the 1820s. The area is now part of the Saint Stephens Historical Park. Old St. Stephens in southwestern Alabama is a ghost town. The site of the old fort is located in Washington County off Highway 43, north of Mobile near Leroy. It lies on the west bank of the Tombigbee River. Also St. Stephens became the territorial capital during 1817, when Mississippi became a state. The Old Town St. Stephens is on a dirt road, but a paved road leads into the town of St. Stephens. Ruins of the fort remain at the St. Stephens Historical Park. Fort Serof— Spanish troops under Tristan de Luna established a colony at Pensacola, Florida, during 1559, while they worked to colonize the Carolinas. A settlement was later begun further inland; however, it was abandoned and the settlement was transferred back to Pensacola. Fort Serof was established at Mobile Point, Alabama, but it was later abandoned. Nevertheless, Spain abandoned the project at Pensacola during 1561, but toward the latter part of the sixteenth century, Spaniards again colonized Pensacola. The Spaniards and French bickered over the region (1719–1723), but the Spanish retained it until eventually, during 1763, the English dominated there. Subsequently, during 1818, Fort Morgan was established in the same area by the Americans. See also Fort Morgan. Fort Sidney Johnston— Fort Sidney Johnston was established in Alabama south of Mobile near the mouth of the Mobile River at Mobile Bay during 1864. The 1st Texas Battery commanded the siege guns at Fort Sidney Johnston until its capitulation on 11 April 1865. Fort Sinquefield— Fort Sinquefield was established by the Americans during 1813. On 1 September 1813, the fort was crowded with settlers and friendly Creeks (Lower Creeks) in anticipation of an Indian attack. The Redsticks (Upper Creeks) were raiding in the Bassett’s Creek Valley. Some settlers believed that the threat had passed and left the safety of the fort to return to their homes. Two families (Kimbell and James) paid the ultimate price for their choice. While both families were at the Kimbell home, about two miles from the fort, the Indians under Prophet Francis attacked. One man visiting the place and Abner James were nearby but not in the house and Ransom Kimbell was off the plantation, giving the renegades an effortless entry. No mercy was shown, even to the women and children, whose bodies were cut to pieces and their scalps removed, some before they had died (Kimbell Massacre). Afterward, one woman (Sarah Merrill, a daughter of James Abner), thought by the Indians to be dead, had only been unconscious. When she awoke, minus her scalp, she glanced around the mangled bodies of the dead and spotted her baby, who also had survived the massacre. The surviving men previously mentioned and several of the children (not in the house) made it to the fort, as did Sarah Merrill and her child. The remains of the dead were retrieved by settlers from the fort on the following day. The dead were buried by the fort. During the ceremony, the Indians again attacked, only to meet an unexpected foe. The dogs in the fort were unleashed, and they had been trained to dislike the scent of Indians. Most of the settlers got back into the fort, but one pregnant woman (Mrs. Sarah Phillips) was caught and slaughtered. Following the attacks, the settlers at Fort Sinquefield moved to Fort Madison to gain added safety. On 15 October 1813, General Ferdinand Claiborne, following the attacks, which included the Mims Massacre and the demise of Colonel McGrew and some of his contingent at Tallahatta (Barshi Creek) during August, was

ALABAMA / Fort Stoddert ordered by General Flournoy to initiate offensive action to protect the settlers. A column, led by Claiborne, departed St. Stephens and on 16 October it arrived at the scene of Colonel McGrew’s recent demise. During the advance some Indians set up an ambush, but no major engagement occurred. Afterward, patrols were initiated and Claiborne spent some time at Fort Easley. Fort Stoddard— See Fort Stoddert. Fort Stoddart— See Fort Stoddert. Fort Stoddert— The U.S. established Fort Stoddert, named in honor of Benjamin Stoddert, the first secretary of the U.S. Navy (1798–1801), during 1799. It was constructed at Mount Vernon Landing along the Mobile River near present-day Mount Vernon, Mobile County. During January 1807, Aaron Burr, the man who had lost the election for the presidency to Thomas Jefferson in 1801, was apprehended in the Mississippi Territory (Alabama) on charges of treason. (The electoral votes ended in a tie, giving the decision to the House of Representatives who elected to select Jefferson and gave the vice presidency to Burr. He was held for awhile at Fort Stoddert. The case came to trial during June, with acquittal during September. Burr, although acquitted, was to be tried on other charges, including the murder of Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Burr chose to avoid the upcoming trial and fled to Europe. Later during 1813, Colonel Ferdinand L. Claiborne was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and assigned command at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. However, he was soon directed by General Flournoy to move to Fort Stoddert to focus on the defense of Mobile. During 1811, work began on the long-awaited Federal Road, which cut a path from Fort Stoddert leading eastward to Fort Wilkinson, Georgia, at Milledgeville, Baldwin County. Fort Strother— Fort Strother was established during 1813 in St. Clair County about 75 miles southwest of Fort Payne as a headquarters for General Andrew Jackson during the campaign against the Redsticks (Upper Creeks). The U.S. 39th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Williams arrived there during early February 1814 to bolster Jackson, who had lost many of his troops due to expiration of their enlistments. Other troops were also en route from Tennessee. Jackson also learned from friendly Kialigee Indians that many warriors including Fish Ponds, Hillabees, New-Yaucas, Ocfuskes, Ufaulas and Red Sticks (Creeks whose clubs were always painted red) had formed together at the Tallapoosa near a bend (Horseshoe Bend) in the river and on a nearby island in the vicinity of Emuckfau which made the arrival of reinforcements crucial for his plan. During March 1814, Jackson’s force swelled to about 5,000, but he left more than 400 troops at Fort Strother to protect it when he moved against the Creeks. Fort Struther— See Fort Strother. Fort Tombecbee— The French established Fort Tombecbee in Sumter County during 1736 as a precaution against the British traders and Indians (Chickasaws and Choctaws). It was located along the Tombigbee River near present-day Epes. The fort remained under French control until the conclusion of the French and Indian War during 1763 when it passed to the control of the English and was renamed Fort York. The British abandoned it during 1767. Later, about 1793–1794, it was gained by the Spanish who renamed it Fort Confederacion and maintained it until 1797 when the territory came under U.S. control as the Mississippi Territory. During the nineteenth century (1802), the U.S. took control of the fort and renamed it Fort Tombigbee. Later, the installation became an Indian trading post. During 1802, a treaty was reached with the Choctaws that changes the boundary of their lands. The agreement in part: “ARTICLE 2. The said line, when thus remarked and re-established,

12 shall form the boundary between the United States and the said Choctaw nation in that quarter, and the said Choctaw nation, for, and in consideration of one dollar, to them in hand paid by the said United States, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby release to the said United States, and quit claim for ever, to all that tract of land which is included by the beforenamed line on the north, by the Chickasawhay river on the west, by the Tombigby and the Mobile rivers on the east, and by the boundary of the United States on the south.... In testimony whereof, the parties have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals, at Fort Confederation, on the Tombigbee, in the Choctaw country, this 17th day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and two, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-seventh.” It was signed on behalf of the U.S. by General James Wilkinson. During 1830, according to the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Choctaw Indians ceded more land (Sumter County) to the U.S. government. Sumter County, named in honor of General Thomas Sumter, a Revolutionary War hero, was established on 18 December 1832. The town of Epes was incorporated later during 1899. Fort Toulouse—(Toulouse aux Alibamons)— During 1717, the French established Fort Toulouse (Toulouse aux Alibamons) in Louisiana (Alabama) at a site near the convergence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. The fort was also known as the Post of Alabama, named after the Indian tribe residing there. French Marines manned the fort, which was used as a trading depot with the Indians. During 1749, the fort was reconstructed. It remained under French control until the close of the French and Indian War when the English acquired it (1763). At the time of the establishment of the fort, the English were also operating in the area. The French under Bienville incited the Choctaw Indians to push the English out of the area. Also, during 1722, some of the garrison attempted mutiny. Initially the French officers were captured, but friendly Indians came to their aid and the mutiny was thwarted. The mutinous troops were transported to headquarters at Mobile. During 1763, when the English assumed control of the fort, they discovered that the Indians were unhappy with the transition. The British were unable to retain the fort. Later, during the American War for Independence, the fort was used by Indians. Subsequently, during 1814, the Americans established Fort Jackson at the site on the ruins of the French fort. Fort Jackson played a role in the Creek War (1813–1814). See also Fort Jackson. Fort Tracey— See Battery Tracey. Fort Tyler— See Fort Tyler, Georgia. Fort Warren— Fort Warren, also known as Fort Burnt Corn, was established in the vicinity of Burnt Corn near Pine Orchard about 1813 by Colonel Richard Warren, who had served in the Revolutionary War and subsequently moved from Georgia to Alabama. The fort was used to protect settlers along the Federal Road during the hostilities with the Indians. During November 1813 troops were dispatched by General Claiborne to Oaktupa (Burnt Corn) to fortify several blockhouses located there. Fort Washington— See Fort Dearborn. Fort White— Settlers established Fort White during 1813 in Clarke County. Fort Williams— Fort Williams was established southwest of Talladega during 1814 while General Andrew Jackson was en route from Fort Strother to Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River. A garrison was left to defend the fort in Jackson’s absence. His force, composed of regulars and militia, was supplemented by cavalry under General John Coffee, Chief William McIntosh (Lower Creeks) and Cherokees. Meanwhile, the Creeks under Chief Menawa, under the

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Spanish Fort / ALABAMA

advice of a medicine man, deployed in untenable positions along the Tallapoosa River, believing it impregnable from attack. On 27 March 1814, Jackson’s artillery struck from the front, while Coffee and McIntosh hit the rear. The Redsticks (Upper Creeks) were devastated. Further punishment was inflicted by the Tennessee volunteers, who launched a bayonet attack. This decisive victory for the Tennessee Militia and the U.S. Army ended further Creek Indian resistance; in effect, it ended the Creek War, which was considered to be part of the War of 1812. Sam Houston was wounded at the battle. Davy Crockett also participated. Jackson’s troops were aided by several hundred Cherokee allies under Chief Whale and Lower Creeks under McIntosh. Chief William McIntosh (Coweta-Lower Creeks) for his service during that action, as well as the Florida campaign, was later appointed brigadier general in the U.S. Army. More than 800 Creeks were killed at the battle. Jackson’s force lost about 32 killed and 99 wounded. Jackson departed for Fort Williams on the following day. The dead troops were also transported back to the fort. The original site of Fort Williams is now under water. Subsequent to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the U.S. and the Creeks (Upper and Lower) consummated a treaty whereby the Creeks relinquished slightly less than 20,000 acres of land (Alabama and Georgia). The battle is memorialized at the Horseshoe Bend National Park, located at 11288 Horseshoe Bend Road Daviston, Alabama 36256.

1861. About four companies of state militia seized the arsenal from Reno, whose command included less than 20 soldiers. Subsequently, Reno was killed at the Battle of South Mountain during September 1862. During the summer of 1862, the arsenal operations at Mount Vernon were moved to Selma by Confederate general Josiah Gorgas. General Gorgas, also a West Point graduate, class of 1841, had been stationed at the arsenal as a U.S. Army officer during the 1850s. Union troops regained control of the arsenal during 1864. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the installation was used as an army barracks from 1887 until 1894. The facility also was utilized as a depot for holding Apache prisoners, including Geronimo. Another wellknown American, Dr. Walter Reed, the man responsible for defeating “yellow fever,” was based there as a medical surgeon during the 1880s. The U.S. government transferred the arsenal to the state of Alabama during 1895. (This Mount Vernon is not to be confused with Mount Vernon Arsenal in Florida.) Post of Alabama— See Fort Toulouse (Toulouse aux Alibamons). Selma Arsenal— The Confederates established an arsenal in Selma during 1862. Initially they used supplies that had earlier been confiscated from federal arsenals, but afterward ordnance and machinery arrived from other sources to build the installation into a primary facility. In addition, the Confederates established a naval works (Great Naval Ordnance Works and Arsenal). Union cavalry under General James H. Wilson overwhelmed the forces of Nathan B. Forrest and captured the works on 6 April 1865, just prior to the cavalry’s advance against the arsenal at Montgomery. Confederate lieutenant colonel John C. Moore commanded at the Selma Arsenal. Moore was often mistaken for Confederate brigadier general John Creed Moore (West Point 1849) who was with the 2nd Texas Infantry and was captured at Vicksburg and later exchanged. General Moore’s last duty was at Mobile, where he resigned from the service during February 1864. After seizing Selma and Montgomery, Wilson’s cavalry reached Macon, Georgia, on 20 April. Spanish Fort— During 1780, the Spanish established a fort at Mobile which became known as Spanish Fort. At the time of the outbreak of the American War for Independence, the Spanish in Louisiana sided with the Americans against the British, but English troops dominated the region, including Mobile and Pensacola. However, Spain did not officially enter the conflict until 1779. The British were not impressed with the American Declaration of Independence and some patriots who arrived in the area from Virginia to spread the word about independence were detained by the English. The Spanish governor of Louisiana, however, showed no fear of the British and in fact he decided to use the war as an opportunity for Spain. Governor Bernardo de Galvez seized Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and from there he prepared to evict the British from Fort Charlotte at Mobile. A Spanish party moved to the British fort and after exchanging some pleasantries, the Spaniards requested surrender of the fort. The English commander, Captain Durnford, declined. Afterward, the Spanish initiated a siege that lasted nearly two weeks before the fort capitulated. With control of Mobile, the British across the bay at Pensacola lost a strategic point. The Spanish established Spanish Fort and securely planted Catholicism in the region. Catholicism became the official religion of Mobile. The Spanish retained the fort until the 1800s when it reverted to the Americans. Although the Spanish declared Spanish as the official language, most people continued to speak the language of the French. Under Spanish rule, slavery remained, but often Negroes that gained their freedom acquired slaves for themselves. Meanwhile, the Spanish, English and the Americans disputed boundaries; however, the territory under dispute was actually dominated by the Creek Indians led at the time by a half-breed, Chief Alexander McGillivray. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Spanish Fort was held by the Confederates. Spanish

Gallett’s Bluff Fort— Gallett’s Bluff Fort was established during 1813 in Clark County. Gary’s Fort— See Fort Gary. Gary’s Stockade— See Fort Gary. Glass’ Fort— See Fort Glass. Landrum’s Fort— Landrum’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Grove Hill, Clarke County, about 1813. Lavier Fort— Lavier Fort was established during 1813 in Clarke County. Leslie’s Post— See Fort Leslie. Leslie’s Station— See Fort Leslie. McGrew’s Fort— McGrew’s Fort was established during 1813 in Clarke County. During October 1813, a contingent of men under Colonel McGrew was ambushed at Tallahatta (Barshi Creek). McGrew and several others were killed. Meanwhile, volunteers under General Andrew Jackson were gathering in Fayetteville, Tennessee, preparing to advance against the Creeks in retaliation for the ongoing attacks by the Redsticks (Upper Creeks). The volunteers included Lieutenant John Coffee and Davy Crockett. Montgomery Arsenal— The Confederates made use of Montgomery, the first capital of the Confederacy, by establishing an ordnance depot there during 1861 and enlarging the operation to an arsenal. Nothing remains of the original site, and no records survived. Montgomery fell to the Union when troops under General James Wilson seized it on 12 April 1865, shortly after Robert E. Lee capitulated at Appomattox, Virginia. Mott’s Fort— Settlers established Mott’s Fort in Clarke County during 1813. Mount Vernon Arsenal— Mount Vernon Arsenal and Barracks were established by Congress during 1828. Its construction was completed during the 1830s. Captain (later major general) Jesse L. Reno, a classmate of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and George McClellan at West Point, class of 1846, was commander of the Mount Vernon Arsenal in Mobile when it was seized by Confederates on 4 January

14

ALABAMA / Turner’s Fort // ALASKA Fort and Fort Blakeley were seized on the night of 8–9 April 1865 by Union troops under Major General Edward Richard S. Canby. The Union had essentially surrounded the fort by 1 April. The Confederates, commanded by Brigadier General Randall L. Gibson, found their positions untenable. Many of them were able to escape the Union net and make it to Mobile. Spanish Fort was located in Baldwin County and is part of the present-day metro area of Mobile. It is located on Mobile Bay off I10. Blakeley State Park is composed of about 3,800 acres. It is located along the Tensaw River and

contains ancient Indian mounds and about 15 miles of nature trails. The park contains the site of Fort Blakeley, the site of the final major battle fought during the Civil War and what is now considered a ghost town, Blakeley, a treasure of the South. Turner’s Fort— Settlers established Turner’s Fort in Clarke County during 1813 during a period of conflict with the Redsticks (Upper Creeks).

ALASKA Alaska— During 1805, the Russians initiated the establishment of forts in Alaska. In addition, the Russians during the next five to seven years also established forts in the northern sector or California. At the time, the United States was not sufficiently strong enough to take action; however, later, the United States confronted Russia regarding settling in California. Later during 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia, which at the time was still a Christian nation, which explains the names of saints used to name forts. No American colonial forts were established in what became the state of Alaska, but the U.S. began to establish posts there during the 1860s. Camp Dyea— Camp Dyea was established during the SpanishAmerican War period (1898) in the vicinity of Skagway. It was abandoned during 1899. Camp Skagway— The U.S. Army established a post at Skagway during the Spanish-American War period (1898). The camp remained active until the early 1900s until the garrison was redeployed at Fort Seward. Fort Egbert— The U.S. Army established Fort Egbert (initially known as Camp Eagle City) during 1899 to establish order in the Klondike region following the gold rush there along the Yukon River. The post was located in the vicinity of Eagle, about 175 miles from Tok at the terminus of Taylor Highway. Fort Kenay— Fort Kenay, an outpost, was established on the Kenai Peninsula by the U.S. Army during 1868. It remained active until the following year. Elements of the U.S. 2nd Artillery formed the garrison. The post was located where the Russians had earlier, during the 1790s, established a trading post known as Fort St. Nicholas (Russian-American Fur Company). In conjunction, the Russian post was also referred to by several other names, including Fort Nikolaya and Fort St. Paul. During 1795, a Russian Orthodox priest, Father Juvenaly, arrived at the post to initiate the spread of Christianity in the region. Fort Kodiak— The U.S. Army established an outpost at Kodiak during 1868. It remained active until 1870. Subsequently during 1911, the U.S. Navy established an outpost at Woody Island during 1911 and afterward, during 1939, the Kodiak Navy Base was established there due to its harbor being ice free. The U.S. Navy abandoned the base during 1971, but afterward it became a Coast Guard base. In conjunction, the Russians had established a colony nearby at what they named Three Saints Bay during the 1780s. The U.S. Army had

the primary responsibility for defending the base. The Kodiak Military History Museum is located in a reconstructed battery in the Fort Abercrombie (twentieth century fort) State Historical Park in Kodiak. Fort Tongass— Fort Tongass was established by the U.S. Army during 1868. It was located on Tongass Island. The fort, the initial post established in Alaska by the U.S., was abandoned during 1870. It was located in present-day Misty Fjords National Monument near the border with Canada. Fort William H. Seward— Fort William H. Seward was established in the vicinity of Port Chilkoot (present-day Fort Seward) during the Spanish-American War period (1898). The post was initially known as Post at Haines and later as Chilkoot Barracks. Fort William H. Seward was deactivated during 1946. The post was located on a complex of about 4,000 acres and the buildings were constructed of granite acquired locally; however, the stone masons were Italian. Elements of the U.S. 3rd Infantry were followed by others, including the 4th, 7th and 32nd Infantry Regiments. In addition, during 1912–1913, the regimental band of the 30th Infantry was based there. Fort Wrangel— Fort Wrangel (also Wrangell) was established by the U.S. during 1868 in the vicinity of Wrangell. The post was abandoned during 1870 and reactivated during 1874. During 1877, the post was again abandoned when the troops were needed during the ongoing Indian conflicts. Subsequently, during the Spanish-American War period, the post was again activated and it remained active from 1898 through 1900. Fort Yukon— Fort Yukon was initially established as a Hudson Bay trading post during 1847. Subsequent to the U.S. acquiring Alaska from Russia during 1867, the U.S. compelled the British to abandon the post. Later, during the Spanish-American War period (1897–1898), U.S. troops deployed there to provide assistance and protection to the local gold miners. Post of Sitka— The Post of Sitka was established by the U.S. during 1867. The post was initially established by the Russians during 1799 and named Fort Archangel Michael. Later during 1802, the Indians in the region, the Tlingits, drove the Russians out and destroyed the fort. During 1804, the Russians returned and rebuilt the post. During 1831, St. Dionys was established there. It was renamed Post at Sitka after the Americans took control of Alaska. The post remained active until 1877. In conjunction, the fort was sometimes

15

Camp Colorado / ARIZONA

referred to as Fort Sitka. The site of the post is now part of the Sitka National Historic Park.

Paul Island during 1869. It remained active into the following year. In conjunction, during the twentieth century, the U.S. deployed forces there during World War II.

St. Paul Island Post— The U.S. Army established an outpost on St.

ARIZONA Bowie Station— The U.S. Army used the railroad station (Bowie Station) essentially as an outpost during the campaign against Geronimo during 1886. The station was slightly less than 15 miles from Fort Bowie. Burke’s Station— A Butterfield stage depot was established about 1858 in Maricopa County in the vicinity of Agua, now a ghost town. The depot ceased to operate as the railroads arrived in the region. The site was acquired by King Woolsey, an aide to Governor John Goodwin, who carried the rank of lieutenant colonel. Camp Alexander— During the latter part of 1867, the U.S. Army established a temporary camp, known as Camp Alexander, in close proximity to the border with California. The outpost was west of Camp Willow Grove and between Fort Mojave and the Camp at Beale’s Springs (formerly Bishop’s Springs). Camp Apache— See Fort Apache. Camp Beale Springs— The U.S. Army established a temporary post at Beale Springs, formerly known also as Bishop’s Springs slightly more than 40 miles from Fort Mohave during March 1866, but the region had been used by the military for some time. The post, named for Lieutenant Edward F. Beale, a naval officer attached to the U.S. Army Topographical Corps, was established by Captain S.B.M. Young, the commander at Fort Mojave. Beale had been responsible for the construction of a road leading to Prescott. The garrison at Camp Beale Springs became responsible for protecting the road from Beale Springs to Fort Rock. The troops also provided escorts for supply trains and mail coaches. Prior to the establishment of the fort, there had been trouble with the Hualapai Indians (Hualapai War) which seemed to have changed from sporadic skirmishes to open conflict during 1865. At that time more settlers and travelers began to use the toll road established there. The fort was attacked during the latter part of May 1867 by a large force of Indians. The Indians confiscated much stock, and one man outside the fortified house was killed. A mail carrier was approaching during the attack and upon spotting the Indians he rushed to get reinforcements. A contingent of troops sped to the scene. During the following month the station again came under attack on the 26th. A relief column arrived on the following morning and the Indians broke off their attack. While the hostilities continued, troops from Fort Mojave and Fort Whipple played a large part in ending the conflict in support of the small posts at Beale Springs and Willow Grove. The war between the U.S. Army and the Hualapai was costly for the Indians as they are thought to have lost more than 30 percent of the tribe. During March 1871, Camp Beale Springs was officially established by elements of Company F, U.S. 12th Infantry, commanded by Captain Thomas Byrne. The troops had arrived from Fort Whipple. Under Captain Byrne, the fort’s garrison maintained the security of the Fort Mojave Prescott toll road. The fort was also used as a depot for

food for the Hualapai Indians. In conjunction, during January 1873, an Indian agency and temporary reservation was established at the fort. Much of the food intended for the Indians was taken by the Indian agent. The Indian agent was eventually exposed by Captain Byrne. Subsequently, during April 1874, the Hualapai were compelled to leave their lands and relocate at La Paz, where the Colorado River Indian tribes’ reservation was located. The forced removal of the Indians was opposed by many, including Captain Byrne, but to no avail. Captain Byrne established a new fort, Camp La Paz, where he remained until 1865. Later during 1879, Byrne became commanding officer at Fort Mojave. Camp Beale Springs was abandoned during April–May 1874. Camp Bonita— The U.S. Army established a temporary camp in the vicinity of Bonita Canyon during the latter part of the 1880s. See also Chiricahua National Monument. Camp Cameron— Camp Cameron was established by the U.S. Army near Madera Canyon at the Santa Rita Mountains. The camp, which remained active into 1867, was used as a temporary refuge from Fort Mason, which had been hit by an epidemic. Camp Carroll— Elements of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment established Camp Carroll as a temporary camp during December 1867 after abandoning another temporary post (Camp Miller) at Sycamore Creek. The contingent, led by Major James Miller, was en route to establish a new permanent post, Fort Reno. The camp was abandoned during February 1868. Camp Clark— See Fort Whipple. Camp Colorado (vicinity of Riviera)— See Fort Mojave, Needles. Not to be confused with Camp Colorado, La Paz County. Camp Colorado (LaPaz County)— The settlement of Camp Colorado along the Colorado River was established by settlers during the 1860s, but problems with the Indians emerged. Afterward, the settlers attacked a group of Indians near La Paz, but apparently the Indians were not responsible for the earlier raids; rather, they were peaceful Indians merely heading into town to purchase some items. Nevertheless, the settlers remained concerned about further attacks. The U.S. Army dispatched troops (elements of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment) to establish Camp Colorado during the autumn of 1868, but it was abandoned during 1871 and the anticipated trouble never occurred. Camp Colorado afterwards became a ghost town. Not to be confused with Camp Colorado (Fort Mojave). Camp Crittenden— See Fort Crittenden. Camp Date Creek— See Camp McPherson. Camp Devin— See Camp Tollgate. Camp Goodwin— See Fort Goodwin (camp).

ARIZONA / Camp Grant Camp Grant (New)— See Fort Grant. Camp Grant (Old)— Camp Grant, formerly Fort Arivaypa, Fort Breckenridge and Camp Stanford, was established near the San Pedro River at the Aravaipa Canyon (Pinal Mountains) near present-day Winkleman during November 1865. Initially the post was known as Fort Grant, but during 1866 it was redesignated Camp Grant. Camp Grant was named in honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. A contingent of the California 2nd Volunteer Infantry formed the garrison. The California volunteers were later relieved by a contingent of the U.S. 14th Regiment during March 1866. During 1860, the Army had established Fort Arivaypa near the convergence of the San Pedro River and Aravaipa Creek in Arizona at the Aravaipa Canyon near present-day Dudleyville. The fort’s name was afterward changed to Fort Breckenridge. During July of 1861, the fort was destroyed to prevent it from falling into the control of Confederates. Later, during May 1863, the fort was regained by the Union when California volunteers arrived in the region to meet the Confederate threat. The volunteers renamed the fort Camp Stanford, in honor of California governor Leland Stanford. By October 1863, the fort’s name again became known Fort Breckenridge; however soon after the close of hostilities, during November 1865, Fort Breckenridge was renamed Camp Grant in honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. The garrison participated in the campaigns against the Apaches. The camp was nearly totally destroyed by floods during the summer of 1866. The garrison temporarily relocated at the old Fort Breckenridge and plans were made to abandon the post, but it received a reprieve. During April 1871, the Camp Grant Massacre occurred near the fort when civilians, reacting to Indian raids in the area, attacked and devastated a peaceful Apache village and killed more than 100 Indians, mostly women and children. In addition, the mob took captives. Subsequently, a trial was held for the perpetrators, but they were not imprisoned. The mob that attacked the Indians was led by Jesus Elias and his brother Jose. A small group of white settlers including William S. Oury and Sidney R. DeLong, aided by San Xavier Papagos and Mexicans, unleashed the massacre. The Indians were supposed to be under the protection of the garrison at Camp Grant after their recent surrender. After the trial a jury found all innocent of the charges; however, at that time, it was extremely difficult to convict anyone of murder if they had killed an Apache. General George Crook during 1872 ordered that a new camp (Fort Grant), be established. The post was abandoned during March 1873. See also Fort Grant and Fort Arivaypa (Aravaipa). Camp Hentig— Camp Hentig, named after an officer of the 6th Cavalry Regiment, Lieutenant Edwin Hentig, was established as a temporary post in the vicinity of Ash Canyon in Graham County during the early fall of 1882. The camp was held by a contingent of the 6th Cavalry and elements of an infantry unit. In conjunction, Lieutenant Hentig was killed during a mutiny by Indian scouts on 30 August 1881. See also Fort Apache. Camp Hualpai— See Camp Tollgate. Camp Ilges— During the early part of 1867 a contingent of the 32nd Infantry Regiment arrived at Camp McDowell; however, upon their arrival, the cramped space at the post left no room to house the troops. They established a nearby camp and named it Camp Ilges. In conjunction, Captain Guido, later during 1881, became commanding officer at Fort Loramie. Camp Lincoln— Volunteers from New Mexico established Camp Lincoln during January 1864. The installation was garrisoned by volunteers from Arizona. During 1865, the camp became a military post. By 1866, only a small detail was available to garrison the fort, but a contingent of regulars arrived during autumn. Later, during November 1868, Camp Lincoln was renamed Camp Verde. The

16 post, during the following year, was relocated to nearby higher land. Subsequently, during April 1879, the post was renamed Fort Verde. It remained active until April 1890. Not to be confused with Camp Lincoln (Ehrenberg). See Fort Verde. Camp Lowell— See Camp Tucson. Camp Mansfield— A temporary camp was established by California volunteer forces during 1863 in the vicinity of Fort Defiance. It was also referred to as Camp at Corner Rock. The region was known as Window Rock-Fort Defiance. Camp Mason— During 1865, elements of the California 4th Volunteer Infantry Regiment established a temporary camp near Date Creek. Date Creek was the site of other temporary camps also. See Camp McPherson. Camp McKee— See Fort Mason. Camp McPherson— Camp McPherson, named in honor of General James McPherson, was established by the U.S. Army during 1867. McPherson was killed in the vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia, on 22 July 1864. California volunteers (4th California Infantry Regiment) constructed it in the vicinity of Camp Date Creek, in the identical vicinity of where a temporary camp had been located during 1865. The fort was in Yavapai County northeast of Parker and southwest of Prescott. The post contained a hospital and it had a kitchen and bake house. Barracks were constructed and the post had four separate officers’ quarters, each a one-room structure of poor quality and dirt roofs. The garrison was responsible for the protection of settlers traveling between Prescott and the Colorado River. During 1868, the fort, about 60 miles southwest of Prescott, was relocated to a point about 25 miles north and given a new name, Camp Skull Valley. Nevertheless, soon after, during early May of that same year, the fort was moved back to its original location where it again received a new name, Camp Date Creek. Subsequently, the fort was again moved twice more to other positions along Date Creek until it was abandoned in 1874. Camp Miller— The U.S. Army dispatched elements of the 14th Infantry Regiment to establish Fort Reno in the Tonto Basin. En route, a temporary camp, known as Camp Miller, was established during autumn 1867. The post was located in the vicinity of Sycamore Creek. The camp was abandoned during December 1866 and the infantry moved to a new temporary post, Camp Carroll. Camp Mogollon— See Fort Apache. Camp Mohave— See Fort Mojave (camp). Camp Mojave— See Fort Mojave (camp). Camp Moore— The U.S. Army established Camp Moore in the vicinity of Calabasas on 18 November 1856. The troops (1st Dragoons) at the garrison often provided security for the stagecoaches passing through the region around the Sonoita River between Patagonia and Sonoita. The post, less than 10 miles from the border with Mexico, was the initial U.S. post established in the territory acquired by the Gadsden Purchase. Later, during May 1857, the fort’s name was changed to Fort Buchanan when it relocated to a new site. See also Fort Buchanan. Camp Newell— See Fort Whipple. Camp O’Connell— Camp O’Connell, actually the town of Sunflower (now a ghost town) in Maricopa County, was established about 1867. The temporary camp was one of several established by the contingent that was en route to establish Fort Reno. It also served as a watering place for the garrison at Camp Reno. It was located on the military road that linked Fort McDowell with Camp Reno.

17

Camp Tucson / ARIZONA

Camp on Ash Creek— The U.S. Army established a temporary camp in the vicinity of Ash Creek during the summer of 1887. The camp was garrisoned by troops from Fort Thompson who maintained the outpost during the final days of the frontier forts in Arizona. Geronimo had surrendered for the third and final time during 1886. Units at the camp included elements of the U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry and the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment.

on a mail coach escorted by several troops and another raid against a party moving cattle, a cavalry force from Fort Bowie moved out to intercept Apaches under Cochise near Chiricahua Pass. The battle is known as the Campaign of Rocky Mesa. Lieutenant Lafferty was wounded. Sergeant Stevens and Private Fuller were killed and two others received the Medal of Honor, Corporal Charles H. Dickens and Private Edwin Elwood.

Camp Ord— See Fort Apache.

Camp Thomas— See Fort Apache.

Camp Pinal— See Picket Post.

Camp Tollgate— Camp Tollgate, initially known as Camp Hualpai, was established by the U.S. Army during 1869 to protect settlers in the area (Yavapai County) from Indian attacks and to guard the road (Prescott-Fort Mojace Road) in the region. Camp Tollgate was located just under 40 miles northwest of Fort Whipple. The military abandoned the post during the 1880s. The post, established by elements of the U.S. 8th Cavalry, was referred to unofficially as Camp Devin; however, Lt. Colonel Thomas C. Devin, was not too overjoyed with the name and he changed it to Camp Tollgate. Other units that served at the post included the U.S. 3rd Cavalry, which was later relieved by elements of the U.S. 5th Cavalry. Contingents of the U.S. 23rd Infantry were also posted there. The post was actually named after a toll road that was named after William Hardy. During 1882, a short-lived post office opened there, but it ceased operations during the following year when the post was abandoned. Camp Tollgate later became known as Juniper, which now is a ghost town.

Camp Price— The U.S. Army established a temporary camp known as Camp Price, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel William R. Price, during the spring of 1882 during a campaign against the Apaches. The post was located in the vicinity of the Chiricahua Mountains several miles from Camp Rucker. The outpost was used by elements of the U.S. 6th Cavalry and abandoned by the fall of that same year. Camp Rawlins— The U.S. Sixth Infantry Regiment established Camp Rawlins at a place along the Prescott-Fort Mojave Road during 1870. The post was initially garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 12th Infantry Regiment and later the infantry was bolstered by a contingent of the U.S. 3rd Cavalry. The post contained no barracks, but the post did contain some structures including the commissary, storage buildings and a blacksmith’s shop. The area in which the post was established was slightly more than 10 miles east of Camp Tollgate, however, the region lacked fresh water. Camp Rawlins proved unsuitable for a cavalry post and it was abandoned during August of that same year. Camp Reno— See Fort Reno. Camp Rigg— Colonel Edwin A. Rigg, commander of the 1st California Volunteer Infantry, established Camp Rigg during 1864. Rigg had been in command at Fort Craig, New Mexico, until ordered by General Carleton to move into Arizona and establish a fort (Fort Goodwin) in the southeastern part of the territory along the Gila River. The Woolsey Expedition, led by Lt. Colonel K.S. Woolsey, an aide to Arizona territorial governor Goodwin, stopped at Camp Rigg and conferred with Colonel Rigg during July of 1864. Woolsey’s expedition to liquidate Apaches found little success as the Apaches for the most part vanished quickly and chose not to fight. Camp Rucker— See Camp Supply. Camp Skull Valley— See Camp McPherson. Camp Stanford— See Camp Grant (Old) and Fort Arivaypa. Camp Supply— During the campaign against the Apaches under Victorio (Victorio’s War), the U.S. Army established Camp Supply at White River Canyon in the Chiricahua Mountains (Cochise County) during April 1878. Later, the same year, Lieutenant, John A. Rucker accidentally drowned on 11 July while attempting to cross a swollen stream. Apparently the rest of the party crossed safely, but Rucker’s horse and that of another officer, Lt. Austin Henely, collided, and both were lost in the current. The installation was renamed Camp Rucker (later Fort Rucker) during April 1879. The fort remained active until 1880, but during the period covering the pursuit of Geronimo, the fort was used sporadically until 1886 when Geronimo surrendered for the third and final time. In conjunction, Lt. Rucker had been a cadet at West Point, class of 1872, but he was released for poor grades during 1870. The other officer who perished, Lt. Austin Henely, born in Ireland and a West Point graduate (1872, Cadet No. 2444), had been a classmate of Rucker. White River Canyon, also known as Rucker Canyon, had previously been the site of clashes. During October 1869, following an Indian attack

Camp Tonto— The Union established a temporary camp known as Camp Tonto in the vicinity of Payson during 1864. A contingent of New Mexican volunteers (1st New Mexican Cavalry) established the camp. Other posts established in the Pinal and Gila counties region included Camp Pinal (1870), Fort Breckenridge (1860) and the Post at San Carlos (1873). Camp (at) Tubac— See Tubac. Camp Tucson— During 1860, the U.S. Army established Camp Tucson near present-day Tucson. At the outbreak of hostilities between the states, during 1861, the camp was abandoned, but Confederate control lasted only until the following year when California volunteers moved into the area. On 21 May 1862, elements of the California 1st Volunteer Cavalry, led by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph R. West, arrived at Tucson along with what was known as Lieutenant Jeremiah Phelan’s Jackass Battery, an artillery unit and a large contingent of California infantry. The column was trailed by the main body. A contingent of the 3rd Artillery (Battery A) entered the town on 2 June. When Colonel Carleton arrived on 2 June, he was met with an artillery salute. By May 1864, the fort was deemed untenable and it was afterward abandoned by the Union. Afterward Post Tucson (Camp Tucson No. 2) was established nearby during 1865 by a contingent of the California 7th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Later during 1866, Camp Lowell was established at present-day Tucson. Initially, the post was called Fort Lowell and afterward, during December of that same year, it was redesignated as Camp Lowell. The post was established by elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry, which arrived there during the latter part of August. The military complex was essentially composed of small tents, each capable of providing shelter for two soldiers, but the garrison’s kitchen was an adobe structure. Officers also had tents, but those officers with families were able to acquire quarters in the town of Tucson from private parties. By 1869, the camp still contained tents, but a hospital was enclosed in a structure which was rented in the town. In addition, by that same time, the post’s guardhouse was contained in an adobe structure. Ammunition was also stored in an adobe building. During 1873, the post was relocated to the outskirts of the town

ARIZONA / Camp Verde near Rillito Creek, slightly more than five miles northeast of the town. The post was renamed Fort Lowell during April 1879 in honor of Brigadier General Charles R. Lowell of the U.S. 6th Cavalry. In conjunction, supplies for Fort Lowell continued to be procured from Tucson. Elements of the U.S. 5th Cavalry (regimental headquarters) arrived there during March of 1873. At that time, Colonel Eugene Carr assumed command of the new post. The fort remained active until it was abandoned on 5 April 1891. In the meantime, subsequent to the phasing out of the Yuma Supply Depot, the Tucson Depot was established in the vicinity of Fort Lowell and it served as a major supply center until Fort Lowell was abandoned. In conjunction, the Spanish during the 1770s had established a presidio there, but the Spanish departed the region about 1829 when Mexicans took control of Tucson. Afterward, during 1846, the Mormon Battalion under General Philip Cooke arrived here. The post played a vital part during the campaigns against the Indians including the search for Geronimo. Also, Colonel Charles Russell Lowell had served as a captain with the 3rd (later, 6th) Cavalry during the Civil War and he raised the Massachusetts 2nd Cavalry during 1862. Later, during 1863–1864, he commanded the outer defenses of Washington, D.C., and during his service with the Union he saw 12 horses shot from under him without harm. However, on 19 October 1864, while leading a brigade against General Jubal Early, he was mortally wounded at Cedar Creek. A museum operated by the Arizona Historical Society is located at 2900 N. Craycroft Road in Tucson. Camp Verde (Fort McDowell near Phoenix)— See Fort McDowell. Not to be confused with Camp Verde, later Fort Verde at Camp Verde. Camp Verde (at Camp Verde)— See Fort Verde. Not to be confused with Camp Verde at Fort McDowell. Camp Wallen— See Fort Wallen. Camp on Walnut Creek— A contingent of the U.S. 6th Cavalry established a temporary encampment along Walnut Creek in close proximity to Camp Tollgate during an operation against the Apaches during 1881. Camp Willow Grove— The U.S. Army established Camp Willow Grove as a subpost along the road to San Bernardino during 1867. Troops were stationed there to secure the road running between Fort Mojave and Fort Whipple, which was susceptible to attack upon travelers by the Hualapai Indians. At the time, General Henry W. Halleck, who had succeeded General Irwin McDowell as commander of the Department of the Pacific, was concerned for the need of more troops in Arizona and at the same time he was plagued by desertions in the ranks. Arizona was not the only territory that required troops and Halleck was not in a position to spare more troops. About two regiments of infantry and 29 cavalry companies stood duty there in a territory that exceeded 100,000 square miles. At Camp Willow Grove, elements of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment garrisoned the post. During May of the following year, a contingent of the U.S. 8th Cavalry arrived there to replace the infantry. The post was abandoned by October of 1869. Chiricahua National Monument— The monument is located where the Chiricahuan and Sonoran deserts meet as well as being at the point where the northern Sierra Madre Mountains of Mexico and Rocky Mountains converge. This park is located within the Coronado National Forest east of Benson and north of Douglas and can be reached from either the east or west side of the Chiricahua Mountain range. This National Historic Site is composed of about 12,000 acres of land. For more information contact Chiricahua National Monument 13063 E. Bonita Canyon Road, Willcox, Arizona 85643. The Coronado National Forest is located in southeastern Arizona

18 amidst several mountain ranges (including the Chiricahua and Pinalleno ranges) and it contains various historical sites of the past including Fort Bowie and Bonita Canyon. Fort Bowie is situated slightly outside the forest northwest of the Chiricahua Monument along the northern tip of the Chiricahua Mountains. The site contains ruins of the fort, which while active protected settlers and the Butterfield Stage route. Another historic point within the forest is Cochise’s Stronghold, where Cochise and his followers engaged the U.S. Army. Fort Huachuca, located in Sierra Vista, has been restored as a historical fort and museum and it also remains an active military post. Another historic site of Arizona’s history is the Coronado National Memorial which deals with the Spanish explorer Francisco Coronado, who arrived in the area during 1540. It lies south of Sierra Vista, slightly north of the border with Mexico. The park is operated by the National Park Service. It contains a museum and a visitors center which is open daily. See also Fort Bowie and Fort Huachuca. El Reventon— During 1862, while California volunteers under General Carleton were moving toward the Rio Grande, for operations there, no clashes occurred between the California troops and Confederates as the Confederates had already moved back into Texas. The volunteers established a temporary post at El Reventon and other places, including a key supply depot at Tucson. They also deployed a garrison force at Fort Bowie. During the same campaign, troops were deployed at Fort Buchanan which had earlier been abandoned, and at the San Pedro (River) Crossing. The troops which were scattered about New Mexico and West Texas focused on hostile Apaches for several years. The troops at El Reventon remained there only during July and August of 1862; however, during 1864, troops again deployed there during the spring until the garrison relocated to Tubac toward the latter part of June. The posts in West Texas manned by California volunteers attached to Carleton’s command included Fort Bliss, Fort Davis and Fort Quitman. Fort Apache— During spring 1870, the U.S. Army established Camp Ord at present-day Fort Apache. A contingent of the U.S. 1st Cavalry under Brevet Colonel John Green arrived at the site on 5 March 1870 and Green selected it as the fort site. The fort was named in honor of General O.C. Ord, the commanding officer of Arizona, and was initially known as Camp Ord. Later, during August 1870, the name was changed to Camp Mogollon, only to be changed again during September 1870 when it was renamed Camp Thomas in honor of General George W. Thomas, a Virginian who served during the Civil War as a Union general, much to the dismay of his family. His sisters held a grudge until they died. General Thomas, at the time (1870), was commander of the Department of the Pacific with headquarters in San Francisco. He had succumbed on 28 March 1870 to a stroke while working in his office. Subsequently during February (2nd) 1871, yet another name change occurred when Camp Thomas was renamed Camp Apache, but still, the army was not quite finished with the installation. During April 1879, the fort was renamed Fort Apache, which became its final name. The post’s original barracks and officers’ quarters were built of logs, each to a size of 18 feet × 20 feet. The initial garrison was composed of elements of the 1st U.S. Cavalry and one company of the 21st Infantry Regiment. The barracks were not especially comfortable as the roofs lacked any type of shingles to shield the troops from the rain. It was not unusual to improvise a makeshift tent within the buildings during storms. The fort’s commanding officer was First Lieutenant Frank K. Upham. Subsequently, a wooden structure was constructed for the commanding officer’s quarters, but it, too, was of crude style and equally unpleasant when the elements were nasty. The fort was a strategic base for the U.S. Army against the Apaches and it remained active throughout the campaigns. On 30 August 1881, an 80man detachment (Troops D and E, 6th Cavalry) under Colonel Carr

19 arrested Nakaidoklini, a medicine man, at Cibicu Creek. Later after dark, White Mountain Apaches attacked the soldiers. At about the same time, a guard of the medicine man killed him, igniting more hostility. A detachment of troops moved against the mutinous scouts and during the action several soldiers, including Private Richard Heartery, 6th U.S. Cavalry, acted with extraordinary heroism. Heartley and the others became recipients of the Medal of Honor for their actions. Lieutenant Edwin Hentig was shot in the back by one of the mutinous scouts. On the following day, the Apaches attacked another detachment from Fort Apache. Soon after, on 11 September, the Apaches unsuccessfully attacked the fort, which at the time was temporarily commanded by Major Melville A. Cochran. After that action, PFC William C. Barnes (Signal Corps) was awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery during the fight. The troops from Fort Apache and other posts continued the search for Geronimo and other Apaches until 1886. Some variations occur on the date of the attack against Fort Apache; however, the Medal of Honor records note 11 September as the date of the action. The fort was deactivated during 1922 when it was transferred to the Department of Indian Affairs. In conjunction, William “Will” Barnes later became a sergeant. Following an Apache uprising at Cibicu Creek, an Indian scout, Deadshot, was executed for participating in the revolt. Barnes adopted Deadshot’s two children. Barnes, who eventually returned to civilian life, also wrote two books, The Apaches Last Stand in Arizona and the Battle of Big Dry Wash. He succumbed on 17 December 1936, and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery. Fort Arivaypa (Aravaipa)— During May 1860, elements of the U.S. 8th Infantry established Fort Arivaypa (also Fort Breckinridge) near the convergence of the Gila and San Pedro rivers near Aravaipa Creek and Aravaipa Canyon in the vicinity of present-day Dudleyville. The fort’s name was later (August 1860) changed to Fort Breckenridge to honor Vice President John C. Breckenridge. During July of 1861, the fort was destroyed to prevent it from falling into the control of Confederates. The garrison was ordered to the east to assist with the war effort there. Later, during May 1862, the region was regained by the Union when California volunteers (1st California Cavalry) arrived in the region (General Carleton’s expedition to recapture the forts in Arizona and New Mexico). At about this time the post was moved due to it being an undesirable location for reasons of health. The volunteers renamed the post Fort (Camp) Stanford, in honor of California governor Leland Stanford. By October 1863, the fort’s name again became Fort Breckenridge; however, soon after the close of hostilities, during November 1865, Fort Breckenridge was occupied by a contingent of the 2nd California Infantry and renamed Camp Grant in honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. The post remained active until 1908. The garrison participated in the campaigns against the Apaches. During April 1871, the Camp Grant Massacre occurred there. Regular U.S. troops arrived during March 1866 to replace the Californians and later that same year, the post was destroyed by floods. The garrison moved back to the original location of the fort (Breckenridge). A temporary Indian reservation was established near Camp Grant, but later relocated at San Carlos. Also, during March 1873, the post was moved to the Graham Mountains by General George Crook, who had replaced General George Stoneman following the Camp Grant Massacre. Fort Barrett— California volunteers established Fort Barrett during 1862. The fort was named after Lieutenant James Barrett, who was killed during a skirmish with Confederates at Pichaco Pass on 15 April 1862. Barrett’s contingent was part of the vanguard of General Carleton’s force led by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph West. General Carleton arrived at Tucson during June, but his vanguard under Lieutenant Colonel West had occupied it during May and hoisted the Stars and Stripes on 20 May. The Confederates had already de-

Fort Bowie / ARIZONA parted the area and headed for Texas. The skirmish at the pass was the only exchange to unfold between the Union and Confederates within the Territory of Arizona during the Civil War. Fort Barrett was established near the Pinal Indian villages. The Californians also reoccupied Fort Buchanan and renamed it Fort Stanford. In addition they reoccupied Fort Breckenridge. The sites of Forts Breckenridge and Stanford were soon after deemed unfit for bases and both were abandoned. Shortly thereafter, the army established a post in the vicinity of Tucson (later Camp Lowell). Fort Barrett was abandoned during June of 1862. Fort Bowie— Fort Bowie was established during 1862 at Apache Pass (present-day Bowie). Just prior to the establishment of the fort, a contingent of California volunteers (5th California Regiment) under General James Carleton came under attack by Chiricahua Apaches at Apache Pass on 15 July 1862, while Carleton’s main force was en route to New Mexico to intercept the Confederates there. The vanguard led by Captain Thomas Roberts was ambushed. One man, John Teal, after his horse was shot from under him, walked about eight miles to Carleton’s main body to get help. Meanwhile, artillery kept the Apaches at bay. After the battle, Carleton decided to construct the fort. At the battle in the pass, the Indians had been introduced to Carleton’s artillery and they dubbed the artillery “shooting wagons.” The fort was completed by the following month because the Apaches retired to Mexico; however, the fort was primitive and the tents were not equal to the elements, particularly the high-velocity winds that swept through the pass. Fort Bowie assumed responsibility for the overland stage route (Butterfield Stage) and it protected the pass. Apache Pass, long an Apache stronghold, was also the site of a battle the previous year, when on 4 February 1861, 2nd Lieutenant George Nicholas Bascom and a command of about 50 troops arrived at the stage-line post there to demand the Apaches release hostages, including Felix Ward. Bascom threatened Cochise with imprisonment. Cochise escaped but six Apaches were seized. Reinforcements were rushed from Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge to support Bascom and lift the siege on 13 February. The Chiricahua Apaches under Cochise withdrew to the high country, choosing not to fight when the additional troops arrived. On 19 February, while returning to Fort Buchanan, assistant surgeon and Captain Bernard Irwin spotted vultures and then discovered the bodies of the six American hostages. Irwin then ordered the execution, by hanging, of the six Apache hostages. Three of the six Apaches were close relatives of Cochise. The hangings ignited more warfare by the Apaches who increased their raids along the Overland Trail. The garrison held responsibility for protecting the road, but at the time it was extremely difficult for a relatively small garrison to guard the roads properly. Following the close of the Civil War, the post remained active. During spring of the following year, the California 5th Infantry contingent was replaced by a contingent of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment. At about that time, the fort’s designation was changed to camp; however, later during 1879, it again became Fort Bowie. During 1868, the post was reconstructed. The building project lasted until 1870. Fort Bowie remained active until after the third and final surrender of Geronimo during 1886. During those turbulent decades, the U.S. Army battled various chiefs including Cochise; his father-in-law, Mangus Colorados; and Geronimo. Following the surrender of Geronimo during 1886, the Chiricahuas were relocated in Alabama and Florida. Units that served at Camp Bowie included the U.S 1st Cavalry, U.S. 3rd Cavalry, 5th U.S. Cavalry, 6th U.S. Cavalry, U.S. 8th Cavalry, U.S. 12th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 32nd Infantry Regiment, New Mexican Volunteers and California Volunteers. Apaches often raided the mail coaches. Julian Agueira died of wounds during July 1871 after his coach was attacked. Engagements with Apaches or raids by apaches in the area included incidents on

ARIZONA / Fort Buchanan

Fort Bowie, Arizona — Dept. Interior NPS

5 November 1867, when 1st Lieutenant John C. Carroll, 32nd US Infantry, was killed; 24 January 1872, when a civilian, T. Donovan, was killed; and 19 February 1867, when A.B. Fisher of the 1st California Cavalry was killed. Subsequent to 1886, the major difficulties with the Apaches had been eliminated. The garrison afterward focused on escorting various parties and pursuit of remaining renegade Apaches. The post was abandoned during 1894. Fort Bowie is now a national park located on about 1,000 acres. The fort has been preserved and many of the original structures still stand. In addition, the ruins of a Butterfield Stage Station are in the park and a visitors center, which contains relics of the past. For more information: Fort Bowie National Historic Site 3203 Old Fort Bowie Road, Bowie, Arizona 85605. Fort Breckenridge— See Fort Arivaypa (Aravaipa). Fort Buchanan— During 1857, Camp Moore’s name was changed to Fort Buchanan. The fort was named in honor of President James Buchanan who assumed office during 1857. The fort’s garrison remained engaged against the Apaches (Pinal) while the fort was active. Captain Richard S. Ewell (West Point class of 1840, cadet No. 1029) was wounded during one of these engagements during 1859. During the following year, the Indians raided a lumber camp in the Santa Rita Mountains and seized captives, including a woman of about 26 years named Larcena Pennington Page. Soon after, the Indians left Larcena along the trail. She was able to get back to the lumber camp, despite her wounds, but the time in getting back varies widely from several days to two weeks. Afterward, troops were dispatched and the other captive, a young girl under the age of 12, was retrieved through negotiations. Later, during the fall of 1860, elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry arrived at the fort. Ewell, during 1861, resigned from the U.S. Army to join the Confederate cause. He moved through the ranks to become a lieutenant general. The fort remained active until 1861 when federal troops were pulled out of the area to meet Confederate threats in neighboring New Mexico. Although the fort was primitive in nature, it did contain a post hospital. The structures, including the officers’ quarters, were built of logs and adobe. Fort Crittenden— General Thomas Leonidas Crittenden requested that a fort be constructed near the abandoned Fort Buchanan and General Irwin McDowell concurred. Fort Crittenden was established on 10 August 1867 in Arizona on Sonoita Creek between the towns of Patagonia and Sonoita. The area prior to the establishment of the

20 fort was also known as Casa Blanca (Santa Cruz County), but now Casa Blanca is a ghost town. During the days of the Civil War in the 1860s, the town had a railroad and a mining operation and it received some protection from California volunteers. Elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry and the 32nd U.S. Infantry arrived at the post during March 1868. The post was initially commanded by Major Charles E. Norris (West Point class of 1851), 1st Cavalry. The fort held responsibility for protecting settlers in the Babocomar, Santa Cruz and Sonoita valleys. It remained active until June 1873, but the garrison was heavily engaged during 1870–1871 against the Apaches. During 1870, according to West Point records, Major Norris was dismissed from the service. During that same year, the cavalry was removed from the post, making it difficult for an infantry contingent alone to properly protect the area. Subsequently, a contingent of the U.S. 5th Cavalry arrived there and in addition some independent Union cavalry (3rd Cavalry), unattached to a specific post, also operated in the region. The fort was named in honor of Brevet Brigadier General Thomas Leonidas Crittenden (breveted March 1867). Thomas Leonidas Crittenden had also been breveted Union major general during the Civil War. He was the brother of Confederate General George Bibb Crittenden (West Point class of 1832) and the cousin of Union General Thomas Turpin Crittenden. In conjunction, the post while active contained barracks and a hospital. Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was established during September 1851 by Colonel Edwin V. Sumner in Canyon Bonito (Apache County). The fort was located slightly north of Window Rock and about 25 miles northwest of Gallup, New Mexico. It was the initial fort established in what became the Arizona Territory. Units that were deployed there included the 1st Dragoons, the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment and the U.S. 1st Artillery. Differences developed between the Navajo and the commander at Fort Defiance, as the Navajo were told to remove their animals from land supposedly required for the garrison’s horses. The Navajos refused to find other grazing land, but the commander refused to compromise. Instead, he ordered the liquidation of the Navajo livestock. During September 1858, a large force of U.S. Cavalry, bolstered by New Mexican volunteers as well as Pueblo and Ute Indians, moved from Fort Defiance to initiate a campaign to destroy the Navajo villages. The column attacked several locations, including Canyon de Chelly at Chinle, which devastated everything there. Subsequently, there were some initiatives for a new peace, but none worked out satisfactorily and the region again became engulfed in warfare. The leader of the Navajos, Manuelito, who had been at peace for close to five years, lost the incentive after the animals were killed. By August, the dilemma worsened when a Navajo brave, while at Fort Defiance, killed a man (Major Brook’s slave), and hurriedly departed, terminating the peace agreements brought about earlier by Colonel Henry Dodge, Indian agent. During August 1860, Fort Defiance was attacked by the Navajos while most of the garrison was away from the fort. The direct raid upon the fort by the Navajo leader, Manuelito, ignited war. Troops stationed at Fort Fauntleroy at Bear Springs, New Mexico (the site where Colonel Doniphan previously negotiated a treaty with Navajos), went on the offensive. Colonel Fauntleroy initiated an expedition to eliminate the Navajo; however, during 1861, that campaign was abruptly interrupted when Fauntleroy left the U.S. Army to join the Confederacy. Fort Defiance was abandoned during April 1861. Kit Carson led a contingent from Fort Union, New Mexico, then

21 went into Navajo country in the summer of 1863 to eliminate the problem with the Navajo. During autumn 1863, the force with Carson reoccupied Fort Defiance and for a time the fort was called Fort Canby. During the winter of 1863–1864, the troops liquidated the livestock and horses of the Navajo. The loss of the animals caused the Navajo to eventually move out from their concealed locations in the canyons or face starvation. By spring of 1864, the conflict with the Navajo Indians was terminated. Afterward, during the following winter, many of the Navajo and some Mescalero Apaches were transferred to Fort Sumner on the Pecos River in New Mexico. Fort Defiance was then again abandoned. Once the troops departed, other Indians who had avoided relocation destroyed the fort except for its walls. During 1868 a treaty (Navajo Treaty of 1868) was consummated. Terms of the treaty permitted the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and Fort Defiance became an Indian agency. The burned structures were reconstructed. Fort Defiance continued as the agency for the Navajos and the Hopis; however, later, other Indian agencies would be established. The Navajo Reservation is located in the Chuska Mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. Fort Goodwin (Camp)— Fort Goodwin was initially established in the vicinity of the Gila River near Geronimo during 1864 by California volunteers who remained nearby at Camp Goodwin until the fort was completed. Troops that deployed at the post included elements of the 1st California Volunteer Cavalry and contingents of the 1st and 5th California Volunteer Infantry Regiments. Subsequently, during 1865, elements of the 2nd California Infantry Regiment was deployed there. Toward the latter part of 1865, the 3rd Battalion, 14th U.S. Infantry, under Major Chapin arrived from San Francisco. Major Chapin established his headquarters at Fort Goodwin, but he dispatched separate companies to Forts Bowie, Crittenden, Grant and Lowell. The post was named in honor of the initial governor of the Arizona Territory, John N. Goodwin. In conjunction, during 1866, Fort Goodwin became Camp Goodwin. The post was abandoned during 1870, but the post was not totally evacuated until March 1871. Once the cavalry had departed, during autumn 1870, only a small contingent remained behind to protect government property. Fort Grant— General George Crook ordered the relocation of Camp Grant during 1872. The new camp, later named Fort Grant, was established in the vicinity of the Graham Mountains near Safford and Willcox. The post, known as Camp Grant until 1879, was initially garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 5th Cavalry. By the latter part of the 1870s, the post was composed of adobe buildings, which added to the comfort of the troops there. Fort Grant’s garrison played a vital role during the conflict with the Apaches during the 1880s. At about 1898, the garrison was essentially withdrawn, but the fort remained officially active until 1905.The garrison force relocated at Fort Huachuca. The installation later became a state prison. See also Fort Arivaypa and Camp Grant. Fort Huachuca— On 3 March 1877, a contingent of the 6th U.S. Cavalry, composed of two companies commanded by Captain Samuel M. Whiteside, arrived at the Huachuca Canyon and established Fort Huachuca. The primary responsibilities of the fort’s garrison were to eliminate Apache raids against settlers and to intercept the Apaches before they could escape across the border into Mexico. Until 1882, the installation was known as Camp Huachuca. During 1882, it became a permanent U.S. Army post. The first full regiment to garrison the fort was the 24th U.S. Infantry, composed entirely of black troops. Subsequently, during 1913, the 10th U.S. Cavalry, known as “Buffalo Soldiers,” arrived at the fort. The 10th Cavalry served as part of General Pershing’s expedition to retaliate against Pancho Villa during 1916, but Pancho Villa was never caught by the

Fort McDonald / ARIZONA U.S. Army. The garrison continued to guard the border with Mexico until 1931. Following the close of World War II, the fort was considered unnecessary, but later during the Korean War, the fort was reactivated and utilized by army engineers. Later during 1954, the Army Signal Corps assumed responsibility for it. The fort remains on the active list. Some buildings are still used by the army and the post, now a historic landmark, contains the Fort Huachuca Museum which details U.S. Army history. Some of the more prominent American officers that were at one time stationed at the fort included General George Crook, General Nelson Miles, General of the Army John Pershing and General William Tecumseh Sherman. For more information: Fort Huachuca P.O. Box 766, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613. Open Monday through Friday 9–4. Closed on weekends and all federal holidays. Many original buildings have been preserved. Fort Lowell— See Camp Tucson. Fort Mason— During 1865, elements of the California 7th Infantry arrived at Calabasas, outside of Nogales, from Tubac and established a post known as Fort Mason. The fort, located south of the Gila River and east of the Pima villages, was named after the commanding officer and the commander of the Arizona Territory, General John S. Mason. The post was located less than 10 miles from the border with Mexico and at the time, French troops were deployed along a large stretch of territory in Sonora, Mexico, while Maximilian controlled the Mexican government. One of the key reasons for establishing Fort Mason was to underscore that the territory was U.S. territory and the troops were a deterrent against any French attempt to claim the territory acquired by the U.S. in Arizona in accordance with the Gadsden Purchase. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, the post was also garrisoned by U.S. regulars. Elements of the 1st Battalion Cavalry organized from the 1st Cavalry Regiment during August 1866 and infantry (U.S. 12th Regiment) were posted at the base. For a while, during an epidemic, the garrison moved out to establish a temporary camp (Camp Cameron). The post at Tubac was also devastated by the epidemic that struck Fort Mason. In conjunction, the 1st Cavalry Battalion mustered out during November 1867. In conjunction, Fort Mason was also known as Camp McKee. Apparently, during 1866, Captain Isaac R. Dunkelberger, received instructions from the Department of the Pacific to change the post from fort to camp and in the process, the name was changed also by Captain Dunkelberger to become Camp McKee. Fort McDonald— Settlers established Fort McDonald during the latter part of the 1870s (about 1878) in the vicinity of Green Valley (Payson), Gila County, as a defense against hostile Indians. Red sandstone rocks which were the remains of an old pueblo were used to strengthen the fort. It was built on a hill at the convergence of two valleys. During the late 1870s, the Apaches and the Yavapai Indians were corralled on the San Carlos Reservation. More often than not many supplies destined for the Indians were waylaid by corruption within the Indian agency. Consequently, groups of Indians would abandon the reservation to raid the settlers’ homesteads, while others would break away and join other Indians who had never agreed to move to the reservation. Instead, they formed in the forests, mountains and canyons. The settlement of Green Valley, later Payson, became a stronghold in times of turbulence and the settlers would gather there from different parts of the Tonto Basin. During 1881 and 1882, again there would be clashes between the settlers and the Indians. A large party of Indians launched raids during 1882 that for a while terrorized the region. However, following a trail of blood through Pleasant Valley and up the East Verde River, the raids were essentially terminated after a decisive victory by the U.S. Army at the Battle of Big Dry Wash. Fort McDonald had been prepared for the onslaught, but the stronghold was apparently overcrowded and at least one family chose to return to their home. Shortly thereafter,

ARIZONA / Fort McDowell that same day, the Indians attacked and John Meadows and his son were both killed. They were buried in the Payson Pioneer Cemetery, the first deceased to be laid to rest there. In conjunction, following the Battle at Big Dry Wash, there no longer was an Indian threat against the fort. Fort McDowell— Fort McDowell was established at present-day Fort McDowell by the U.S. Army during September 1865. The post was established by a contingent of the 1st California Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Clarence E. Bennett. The fort was located near Phoenix. Initially the fort, which was constructed along the west bank of the Rio Verde River less than 10 miles from the convergence of the Verde with the Salt River, was called Camp Verde; however, Major General Irwin McDowell renamed the installation Fort McDowell. The fort was garrisoned by elements of the California 7th Volunteer Infantry Regiment and later, during 1866, elements of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment, bolstered by a new contingent of cavalry, garrisoned the fort. Toward the latter part of 1866, the post was redesignated Camp McDowell and it remained so until 1872 when it again became Fort McDowell. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett remained commander at the post after the arrival of the fresh troops. Subsequently, during the summer of 1866, he was succeeded by Captain George B. Sanford. During 1868, the command at Fort McDowell passed to Major Andrew Alexander. The U.S. 8th Cavalry under Sanford was relieved by elements of the U.S. 5th Cavalry during early 1872. Like the majority of frontier posts, Fort McDowell existed under primitive conditions. The government never took a serious look at the southwest until after the devastating loss of Custer’s 7th Cavalry during 1876. The post was planned to become a formidable fort; however, during its period of activity, there were no major confrontations in the vicinity of the post. Nevertheless, the garrison did participate in the campaigns against the Apaches. The housing there was less than desirable and the usual annoyances of leaking roofs on the adobe structures plagued the garrison. The post remained active until 1890 when it became the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation. This fort is not to be confused with Camp (later Fort Verde) at Camp Verde.

22 under the command of Major William R. Price. By 1870, adobe structures were built on the post, but as usual, the housing was less than satisfactory and the elements there often caused damage. In one instance a severe tornado touched down and inflicted great damage to the entire area. The garrison also had to contend with the normal pests, spiders and scorpions and the never-ending leaky roofs. The post remained active until it was abandoned during 1890. The town of Fort Mojave is now a ghost town. Fort Newell— During 1910, a revolution broke out in Mexico which caused tension in the U.S., particularly in regions that border Mexico. U.S. troops were dispatched during November to Naco, Cochise County, in southern Arizona. Afterward, Camp Newell would be established there. Elements of the U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment (Company B) at Fort Whipple arrived to protect Americans and to intercept groups trying to smuggle guns and military supplies into Mexico. During May 1911, fighting broke out nearby at Naco, Mexico, and the conflict continued until 1915. During March and April 1913, the fighting intensified, but the conflict didn’t cross the border where the U.S. Ninth Cavalry stood guard at Fort Newell. Several residents of Naco, Arizona, were killed inadvertently by stray bullets, but most abandoned their homes early, and did not return until the fighting subsided during 1915. Afterward, another revolution broke out in Mexico during 1929. In conjunction, during the latter revolution, a pilot mistakenly bombed Naco, Arizona, essentially making it the only town in the continental U.S. to be bombed. In conjunction, the U.S. 10th Colored Cavalry also served at Fort Newell.

Fort Misery— Fort Misery was not a military fort; rather, it was a mining town sometimes thought of as a military post. It was established as a fortified house by Al Francis during the 1860s. Fort Misery is now a ghost town in Yavapai County about five miles southwest of Crown King.

Fort Reno— The U.S. Army established Fort Reno (also known as Camp Reno) in the Tonto Basin during 1867. Elements (Company A) of the 32nd U.S. Infantry Regiment and Company F, 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment, initiated the project during October 1867 when they departed Fort McDowell and built a road across the Mazatzal Mountains to the vicinity of Tonto Creek (near present-day Punkin Center) where they established Fort Reno. The project, which built a road of about 35 miles in length, was completed by October of the following year. Initially the fort was garrisoned with strength, but by spring of 1868, many of the troops were dispatched back to Fort McDowell. Lieutenant George W. Chilson succeeded Lt. R.C. Dubois as commander. The garrison was depleted to about 50–60 troops. The fort was abandoned during spring 1870, after it was decided the post was not suited to hold a large garrison.

Fort Mohave— See Fort Mojave.

Fort San Carlos— See Post at San Carlos (Indian Reservation).

Fort Mojave (Camp)— During 1859, a U.S. Army contingent under Colonel William Hoffman established Fort Mojave (initially known as Camp Colorado, not to be confused with Camp Colorado near Parker) near present-day Riviera and in close proximity to Needles, California. The fort was established in Mohave County in conjunction with an expedition (Mojave Expedition) under Colonel Hoffman to eliminate an ongoing problem with the Mojave Indians who inhabited the Mojave Valley, composed of parts of California and Nevada as well as Arizona. The post was garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment. The post remained active until 1861 when its service was interrupted by the Civil War. The buildings were destroyed to ensure they were not utilized by Confederate forces. Later during May 1863, the fort was again garrisoned by Union troops, elements of the California 4th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Following the close of the Civil War, the post remained active. During 1866, a contingent of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment arrived to relieve the California troops. Toward the latter part of that same year, the fort was redesignated as Camp Mojave; however, during 1879, it was again redesignated Fort Mojave. Later, during 1867, the U.S. 8th Cavalry arrived at the post. The post then came

Fort Stanford— See Camp Grant (Old) and Fort Arivaypa (Aravaipa). Fort Thomas— The U.S. Army established Camp Thomas, named in honor of General Lorenzo Thomas (adjutant general of the U.S. Army), during the summer of 1876. It was constructed by elements of the 8th U.S. Infantry led by Captain C.M. Bally at a location slightly more than five miles from Camp Goodwin, the latter located near the present-day ghost town of Geronimo. Subsequently, during 1878, the post was relocated to a point near present-day Fort Thomas. During 1882 it became Fort Thomas. Also, during 1883, Fort Thomas became headquarters for the U.S. 3rd Cavalry. It remained an active post until 1886, but following Geronimo’s surrender, the fort was phased out and abandoned during 1891. The site of the original Fort Thomas is located along U.S. Highway 70 between present-day Fort Thomas and the ghost town of Geronimo. The site of the second Fort Thomas lies about one mile west on the same highway. Fort Tyson— Fort Tyson (also known as Tyson’s Well Stage Stop), a fortified stage line stop for the Butterfield Overland Mail, was

23 established during 1856 in western Arizona by Charles Tyson. It was situated near the Kofa and the Plomosa Mountains on the outskirts of the town, east and west respectively. Fort Tyson also stood about 80 miles southeast of Parker and about 80 miles north of Yuma. The site now contains a museum (Tyson’s Well Stage Stop Museum) in the original building. Fort Verde— Fort Verde, initially known as Camp Lincoln (established by California volunteers, mostly Mexican, during 1864) was established in Yavapai County on the Verde River near Beaver Creek Junction by the Army during 1865. At the time of the fort’s establishment, the Yavapai and Tonto Apache Indians were launching raids against the settlement there and creating havoc among the farmers. The fort, although not large, was constructed of stone for added protection, but the Indians never attacked it. Camp Lincoln was abandoned during 1864, due to mosquitoes and malaria rather than Indians. The post was plagued with desertions during the summer of 1866, leaving the garrison of less than 10 men in great jeopardy, but later reinforcements arrived. The fort was renamed Camp Verde during November 1868, primarily because there were too many other camps with the name Lincoln. Fort Verde was used as a supply depot, but the garrison also initiated many patrols. Subsequently, during 1871, the location was deemed unsuitable and the fort was relocated about one mile south on higher ground. General George Crook arrived at Camp Verde during 1872. He initiated a campaign to eliminate the problems with the Indians and by the following year, the offensive was completed successfully. Several hundred Tonto Apaches led by Chief Tonto surrendered to General Crook during April 1873 following a tough winter in their hideouts due to the inability to gather much food or supplies. The Indians were then placed on the nearby Rio Verde Reservation, near present-day Cottonwood, but the stay was temporary as the government compelled the Indians to relocate to the San Carlos Reservation about 150 miles away. The march from Arizona to the San Carlos Reservation is remembered as the “March of Tears.” In conjunction the army established a Yavapai Reservation nearby. During 1879, the post was renamed Fort Verde. During July 1882, the U.S. Army inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Indians at the Battle of Big Dry Wash about 35 miles from Fort Verde. The victory by the U.S. 6th Cavalry essentially terminated major Indian resistance and became the final major battle between the Army and the Indians in the Arizona Territory. Lieutenant Thomas Cruse became the recipient of the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the battle. About 72 Apaches were killed. The remainder surrendered. It was abandoned by the U.S. Army during 1891. The site of Fort Verde is now the location of a museum (Fort Verde State Historical Park) which is situated on about 10 acres of land. Some of the buildings have been preserved. Fort Verde State Park remains open every day, except Christmas Day. There is a nominal charge for admission. Fort Verde State Park is located at 125 Hollamon Street, in downtown Camp Verde. It is approximately three miles from Interstate 17. For more information: Fort Verde State Historical Park — PO Box 397, Camp Verde, Arizona 86322. Fort Wallen— The U.S. Army established Camp Wallen in the southeastern sector of Cochise County during 1874 at Babocomari Creek. The post was established to protect the settlers (cattle ranchers) from the hostile Apaches. The troops at Camp Wallen, plagued by mosquitoes, often fell prey to malaria and by 1877, the post was abandoned. The garrison transferred to Fort Huachuca, which had been established in the Huachuca Mountains. During March 1877, a contingent of cavalry commanded by Captain S.M. Whitside garrisoned Fort Huachuca. In conjunction, during the 1860s, California volunteers established a post here. It was known as Camp Wallen and also New Post on the Upper San Pedro River and New Post at Baboco-

La Paz Post / ARIZONA mari Ranch. The Californians, attached to General Carleton’s command, had arrived from California to meet the Confederate threat. During the post’s operations under the Californians, there was conflict with the Indians. On one such occasion, a contingent of the 1st California Cavalry and the 14th Infantry engaged a band of Indians during December 1866. Also, at the time there were no Protestant denominations in Arizona, but the Catholic missionaries were active. Priests and St. Joseph nuns were preparing to build a schoolhouse near Tucson. Lumber was cut in the Huachuca Mountains at a spot about 80 miles from Tucson and moved to Fort Wallen to be protected by the garrison until wagons could be made available to transport it to Tucson. Otherwise, Apaches would have burned it. Although the nuns were not expected until May 1870, there was great anticipation of their arrival to bring an education to the children. Fort Whipple— Fort Whipple, initially known as Camp Clark, was established outside present-day Prescott during November 1863. During 1869 the post, which had become dilapidated, was rebuilt. Later during April 1870, the Military Department of Arizona made its headquarters at Whipple Barracks and afterward, during 1872, it became headquarters for General George Crook. The fort was deactivated during 1898, but later, during 1903, it was reactivated until permanent abandonment came about during 1913. The Fort Whipple site is located about one mile east of Prescott on US Highway 89. During 1922, the installation came under the Department of the Treasury. Subsequently, the Veterans Administration assumed responsibility for Fort Whipple and it became a hospital. In conjunction, the Whipple Barracks was sometimes referred to as Prescott Barracks due to orders from Washington during 1878. However, confusion between the location of Department Headquarters in Tucson and the location of the fort became problematic. Consequently, the problem was eliminated during 1879 when the entire military complex was directed to be named Whipple Barracks. Fort Yuma— See Yuma Quartermaster Supply Depot. Also, Fort Yuma, thought by many to be in Arizona is actually just across the Colorado River in California. See also Fort Yuma, California. Fourr’s Fort–A stage depot known as Fourr’s Fort was established in Cochise County outside of the town of Dragoon during the period the Butterfield Overland Mail Company operated. The depot had a mining operation nearby, but the place known as Fourr’s Fort is now a ghost town with only some remains of the operation still there. No post office was ever established there. Hubbell Trading Post— The Hubble Trading Post was not established as a fort, but it played a part in the territory as it was acquired during 1878 by John Lorenzo Hubble. The post remains active to this day. The Hubble family operated the post until it was acquired by the National Park Service during 1967. The Hubble Trading Post remains in operation on the Navajo Reservation. The Hubbell Trading Post National Historic site is located on the original 160-acre property and it contains a visitor center. For more information: Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, P.O. Box 150, Ganado, Arizona 86505. Infantry Post— See Picket Post. La Paz Post— La Paz was a mining town along the Colorado River. During the Civil War, some California volunteers were posted there for a short while during spring and midsummer. The town was also a temporary post during 1867 for troops who were to be deployed at Camp McPherson. During 1871, Camp Colorado was established during some turbulence in the area and later, during 1874, again troops were sent to LaPaz, but at the time, the town was no longer flourishing. After about one month, during April 1874, the troops departed. A post office operated there from 1865 through 1875. By the early 1890s, La Paz became a ghost town.

ARIZONA / Palace Station Maricopa Junction— See Post at Maricopa Wells. Maricopa Station— See Post at Maricopa Wells. Maricopa Wells Post— See Post at Maricopa Wells. Mission Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi— See Tubac Presidio. Mission San Cayetano de Tumacacori— See Tubac Presidio. Mission San Jose de Tumacacori— See Tubac Presidio. New Post at Baocomari Ranch— See Fort Wallen. New Post on the Upper San Pedro River— See Fort Wallen. Palace Station— Palace Station was established as a stage line depot during 1874 and later, during 1878, it was reconstructed. The station was located in the Bradshaw Mountains south of Prescott. At present it is a ghost town just under 20 miles from Prescott. Picket Post— Camp Pinal, initially known as Picket Post, was established on the western fringe of the Pinal Mountains in the vicinity of a settlement later known as Superior during the autumn of 1870. The area was inhabited by Yavapai Indians, also known as Mohave-Apaches. The post was established by General George Stoneman’s command in an effort to guard the settlement. A guard post was constructed at the foot of the mountain post and it became known as Infantry Post. The troops constructed a primitive trail from the post to a point called Mason’s Valley (later Camp Pinal). By spring of the following year, the trail was completed along with the post; but shortly thereafter, the post was abandoned. Following the Camp Grant Massacre, General Stoneman was succeeded by General George Crook and Crook’s plans did not include Camp Pinal. The post was abandoned during August 1871. Subsequent to the departure of the military, more settlers arrived in the area; however, there are only scant reminders of the military period. These include the mule trail, remembered as “Stoneman’s Grade,” that passed through Devil’s Canyon to the site of Camp Pinal. Also, another site attributed to the military there, but without facts, is Apache Leap. The legend handed down is that when a group of Apaches was cornered and faced with only the option of surrender, they instead chose to commit suicide by diving from the cliff. Camp Pinal was acquired by a family named Craig and the family continued to own the land well into the twentieth century. In conjunction, during 1875, silver was discovered near Camp Pinal and afterward the Silver King Mine emerged, bringing many more people into the region. By 1879, the town of Picket Post was changed to Pinal (also Pinal City). The town began to vanish during the 1880s along with the Silver King Mine. Meanwhile another mine in the area, Silver Queen, continued to flourish as it later began to mine copper. By about 1900 the town of Superior was being planned. Post at Maricopa Wells— A stage depot was established at Maricopa Wells (later Maricopa) by the San Antonio-San Diego Mail during 1857. Subsequently it became a stage depot for the Butterfield Overland Stage. Maricopa Wells began to fail about 1867–1868. The demise was brought about by the Civil War and the arrival in the area of the railroad. For awhile afterward the name was changed to Maricopa Station, followed by Heaton and Maricopa Junction. Eventually the town became known as simply Maricopa. Post at San Carlos (Indian Reservation)— During the spring of 1873, elements of the U.S. 5th Cavalry, led by Captain Sanford Kellogg, established a camp at San Carlos under the jurisdiction of Camp (Fort) Grant. Subsequently, during 1873, the camp came under the direction of Camp (Fort) Apache. The military under orders of Colonel August Valentine Kautz, abandoned the post during October 1875. Later, during 1879, the Indian agent at San Carlos resigned. He was temporarily replaced by an officer of the U.S.

24 6th Cavalry. During 1881, troops were again sent to garrison San Carlos and during the following year the post at San Carlos was garrisoned by several companies of Indian scouts. At the time, Captain Emmett Crawford was the acting Indian agent there. The post was afterward also garrisoned by various units of cavalry. During 1888, subsequent to the major confrontations with the Apaches, the post remained active against renegades. The post at that time, held a contingent of the U.S. 10th Colored Cavalry, bolstered by infantry contingents. The post, which reverted back to the direction of Camp (Fort) Grant during 1894, remained active into the 1900s, but by 1900, it was essentially phased out as the garrison was abandoned except for a small contingent. In conjunction, Colonel Kautz had earlier fought in the Mexican War as a private and later attended West Point, graduating there during 1852. During the Civil War, he achieved the rank of brevet major general in the regulars and volunteers. At the time the camp was abandoned, Kautz was the commanding officer of the Department of Arizona and the 34th U.S. Infantry. Kautz retired during 1891 with the rank of brigadier general. Prescott Barracks— See Fort Whipple. San Ignacio Presidio— See Tubac Presidio. Tubac— California volunteers deployed at Tubac during 1862. Later during 1864, troops at El Reventon relocated at Tubac. A contingent of the California 1st Volunteer Cavalry arrived at Tubac during May 1864. During the following year, subsequent to the close of the Civil War, elements of the 7th California Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived at Tubac. Shortly thereafter, during August of that same year, the main body at Tubac moved out for Fort Mason; however, the military retained the post at Tubac as an outpost. U.S. regulars arrived at Tubac during 1867 and established a cavalry post there. The troops were afforded quarters by the residents of the town and there was no cost involved. Nevertheless, the post was abandoned during early March, 1868 when the garrison moved out for Fort Crittenden. See also El Reventon. Tubac Presidio— The Tubac Presidio was established by the Spanish during 1751–1752 to deal with a rebellion by some of the Pica Indians in the region around the upper Santa Cruz River Valley near the Jesuit Mission of San Jose de Tumacacori and another close-by mission, Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi. Later during 1756, a third mission, San Cayetano de Tumacacori, was established. The Indians, under Chief Luis of Saric, had rebelled during 1751 due to mistreatment of the Indians by the Spanish. The incident was terminated after additional troops arrive from Tucson. The Tubac Presidio was established after the uprising was quelled for the purpose of protecting the missions from further attacks, by either the Picas or the Apaches. During 1776, the commander at the presidio led a force to California and established San Francisco. When he returned to Tubac later in the year, the military relocated its headquarters from Tubac to Tucson. Subsequently, during 1787 and well after the cessation of the American War for Independence, the Spanish military returned to the presidio at Tubac. At that time, the mission, San Cayetano de Tumacacori was renamed Mission de San Ignacio de Tubac. About 50 soldiers were stationed at the mission to defend it. During 1821, Mexico acquired its independence from Spain and Tubac, until 1848, was under Mexican control. The Mexican flag flew there until 1848, when Mexico was defeated by the United States (Mexican War). The mission was initially established during 1691 at the Pimeria Alta by a Jesuit priest, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. The appearance of the mission was designed at the request of the Pica Indians. In conjunction, during the Civil War, Union troops (California volunteers) were deployed at Tubac. Tucson Depot— See Camp Tucson.

25 Tyson’s Well Stage Stop— See Fort Tyson. Wickenburg— The town of Wickenburg was never officially used by the military for the purpose of maintaining an outpost, but subsequent to the close of the Civil War troops were deployed there. The military retained a presence in the town until the following year, but no military post was constructed. The troops remained within one of the structures in the diminutive town. In conjunction, during 1863, an Austrian named Henry Wickenburg (Heinrich Heintzel) discovered what became the Vulture Mine, a discovery that led to the largest gold mine in Arizona. Wickenburg, however, sold the mine and never did actually prosper from its flourishing enterprise. Wickenburg turned to ranching. The town became a prime target for the Indians and during 1871 the Indians attacked a stagecoach and all its occupants were killed. The incident is remembered as the Loring- (or Wickenburg) Massacre. Henry Loring, a member of the Wheeler Survery Group, was on the coach. The gold mine there remained active until 1942. Windsor Castle— See Winsor Castle. Winsor Castle— The Mormons had been bringing cattle into the area near present-day Fredonia since the 1860s. During 1872, the Mormons constructed a fort over the main spring at Pipe Spring. The fort was known as Winsor Castle, but its purpose was to oversee the ranching in the area, which had been inhabited since ancient times by the Pueblo and Kaibab Paiute Indians. The Mormon Church also used the installation as a station for travelers moving across that sector of the Arizona Territory, known as the Arizona Strip due to its separation from the remainder of the territory by the Grand Canyon. At the time of the fort’s operations, the Mormons still openly par-

Camp McIntosh / ARKANSAS ticipated in polygamy, and the Mormon Church made the fort available as a shelter for polygamist wives. During 1907, the government established the Kaibab Paiute Indian Reservation. It encircled the Pipe Spring Ranch, which is now owned privately. The site is now a national monument which contains a visitor center. For more information: Pipe Spring National Monument HC 65 Box 5, 406 North Pipe Spring Road, Fredonia, Arizona 86022. Yuma Quartermaster Supply Depot— The U.S. Army established the Yuma Quartermaster Supply Depot during 1864. It was constructed on the Arizona side of the Colorado River opposite Fort Yuma in California. The depot had responsibility for distributing supplies to all military reservations in the region including Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada and Utah. The bulk of the supplies arrived at the depot via ships that delivered their cargo to the harbor at Port Isabel at the mouth of the Colorado. From there steamers would transport the cargo to Yuma and some cargo was moved by mule-drawn wagons on an overland route to the depot. By 1877, the railroad (Southern Pacific) arrived at Yuma, essentially terminating the need for the depot and eliminating the necessity of bringing in supplies by a circuitous ocean route. Several years later, the rails of the Iron Horse arrived at Tucson and much of the depot’s operations were transferred there. The depot was abandoned by the U.S. Army during 1883; however, the Signal Corps, which brought the telegraph to the region during 1875, remained in operation there until 1891. Some of the original structures remain at the site which is now the Yuma Crossing State Historic Park. The initial structure built there (1853) was a home for G.A. Johnson, a riverboat captain. The park is located at 201 N. 4th Avenue, Yuma, Arizona. See also Fort Yuma, California.

ARKANSAS Arkadelphia Arsenal— During May 1862, Confederate Major General Thomas C. Hindman, commander of the District of Arkansas, ordered the establishment of an arsenal at Arkadelphia. Arkansas Post— During 1686, in Arkansas, the French (Henri de Tonti) established a trading post known as Poste de Arkansea in the lower Mississippi River Valley at the Quapaw village called Osotouy. The French controlled the fort, sometimes known as Fort les Arkansas, until 1765 after the close of the French and Indian War. Afterward, the Spanish established posts here. These included Fort Carlos III (1765–1783) and Fort San Estevan (1796–1804). However, the unpredictability of the Arkansas River caused the forts to be occasionally relocated to more stable ground. During the American War for Independence, there was a skirmish (1783) between British loyalists and Spanish troops, known as the Colbert Incident. It was the sole skirmish in Arkansas during the conflict. The Spanish and their Quataw Indian allies led by Chief Angaska initially sustained a setback, but they held the fort and repelled the attack. Meanwhile, the French assumed control of the area during 1800, but the Spanish held Arkansas Post and their other posts in the territory. Subsequently, the U.S. assumed control of Arkansas Post in conjunction with the Louisiana Purchase during 1803. For awhile (1819–1821), Arkansas Post remained the capital of the Arkansas Territory. During the Civil War (1862), the Confederates established Fort Hind-

man there, but by January 1863, a Union force arrived and demolished the fort while assuming domination of the Arkansas River there. For more information, contact : Arkansas Post National Memorial, 1741 Old Post Road, Gillett, Arkansas, 72055. Belle Pointe Fort— See Fort Smith. Camp Bragg— A Confederate camp established along the Arkansas River in Arkansas between Clarksville and Fort Smith. It was used by the Confederates for winter quarters. Camp Crystal Hill— Camp Crystal Hill was a Confederate camp located slightly northwest of North Little Rock. Camp Jackson— Camp Jackson was established by the Confederates slightly outside the town of Maysville during 1861. At the time, following the Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), Virginia, General Ben McCulloch, at Camp Jackson, moved to raise five infantry regiments. Those troops raised in Arkansas were to gather at Fort Smith and Camp Jackson. Camp Lee— A Confederate camp sometimes thought to have been in Arkansas, but it was actually situated just across the border in Missouri slightly more than 10 miles from southwest of Neosho and about five miles from the Cherokee line. Camp McIntosh— Camp McIntosh was a Confederate camp estab-

ARKANSAS / Camp McKissick’s Spring

26

lished during the 1860s in the vicinity of Ozark. Units that served there included the Arkansas 2nd Mounted Rifles.

the French in the Seven Years War. (French and Indian War). See also Arkansas Post.

Camp McKissick’s Spring— The Union Army established Camp McKissick’s Spring at present-day Centerton, Benton County, in the days preceding the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern (Battle of Pea Ridge). The encampment quartered the Union’s 1st and 2nd Divisions.

Fort Curtis— The Union established Fort Curtis at Helena on the western tip of the city during July 1862. Subsequently, when the town became threatened by a Confederate attack ( July 1863), the commander at the time, Major General Benjamin M. Prentiss, established Helena Batteries, four batteries, designated A, B, C and D, deployed in a semicircle around the town, each on a separate hill. The fortifications were further bolstered by the USS Tyler. Helena is located at a point where Crowley’s Ridge joins the Mississippi River. Helena gave the Union control of that port city about 70 miles below Memphis, Tennessee, and about 225 miles above Vicksburg. The fort remained active until 1864 and while in operation it repulsed a major Confederate assault during July 1863. On 4 July 1863, a Confederate force of about 7,000 troops under Generals Theophilus Holmes, Sterling Price, John Sappington Marmaduke, Lucius M. Walker and James F. Fagan attacked the Union at Helena, which was defended by about 4,000 troops under General Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss. Prior to the assault, the Union dispatched a large number of its defenders to support the campaign at Vicksburg. Prentiss’ division, supported by the Helena Batteries and the USS Tyler, repelled the assault. By 1030, the Confederates disengaged. The Union sustained 57 dead, 146 wounded and 32 missing. The Confederates sustained 173 dead, 687 wounded and 776 missing. In conjunction, Vicksburg fell to the Union on the same day and the Confederates also sustained a devastating loss at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Camp Nelson— The Confederates established Camp Nelson, named in honor of General Allison Nelson, near Old Austin during the early part of the war as a staging base for troops, primarily from Arkansas and Texas. During 1862, the camp was struck by a devastating epidemic of measles and typhoid fever that wiped out more than 200 soldiers from Texas. The troops were buried nearby. Subsequently, during 1907 the remains of the fallen troops were moved and reinterred in the land that became a cemetery. The graves are unmarked. The Confederate Cemetery is open to the public. To reach it from I-40, take the Remington exit (seven miles west of Lonoke). Take Hwy. 15 north for about two and one-half miles to where the road crosses and becomes Highway 89. Continue to proceed on Highway 89 until you reach the junction of Highway 321. At that point, make a right-hand turn onto Highway 321. Then continue on 321 for about two miles until you reach Cherry Road. Turn left at Cherry Road and the cemetery lies on the right. It is located near Old Austin in Lonoke County. Confederate Cemetery, P.O. Box 431, Lonoke, Arkansas 72086, (501) 676–6403 Camp Stevens— Camp Stevens was established by the Confederates under Brigadier General Bart Pearce during July 1861 at the convergence of Brush Creek and Little Sugar Creek in Benton County. Pearce named the camp in honor of Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens. Troops at Camp Walker were moved to Camp Stevens to train to the 3rd Louisiana Regiment prior to their deployment near Cassville, Missouri, during the latter part of July 1861. They were trained to prepare for action against the Union at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri, on 10 August. Union troops under General Samuel Ryan Curtis moved into Camp Stevens following the fighting at Elkhorn Tavern (Battle of Pea Ridge), Arkansas on 6–8 March 1862. In conjunction, Curtis was promoted to major general, following his success at Pea Ridge. Camp Walker— Confederate Brigadier General Bart Pearce established Camp Walker several miles east of Maysville in Benton County during June 1861 for the purpose of recruit training. The camp received recruits from such places as the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and from western Arkansas. Many of the recruits trained there moved out to Camp Stevens prior to the battle at Wilson’s Creek. The camp was located on a ridge. A state historical marker stands near the officers’ quarters. DeValls Bluff— The Union established an arsenal at DeValls Bluff in the north central sector of Arkansas during 1863 in an effort to support its operations to secure the region and also Missouri. Union forces had been engaged in campaigns along the White River from Missouri through Batesville and beyond, through DeValls Bluff to Helena. There were also some skirmishes near the post, but the Union held the fort. Confederate troops, including the 10th Texas Infantry, led by Confederate Colonel Allison Nelson, unsuccessfully attacked DeValls Bluff during May 1862. During 1865, the Confederates become too weakened to mount a serious threat. Fort les Arcansas—See Arkansas Post. Fort Carlos III— The Spanish established Fort Carlos III at Arkansas Post during 1765. It remained under Spanish control until 1783. In conjunction, the Spanish gained control of the Louisiana Territory as a term of the Treaty of Paris subsequent to the English victory over

Fort Diamond— See Fort Southerland. Fort Esperanza— The Spanish established Fort Esperanza in the vicinity of West Memphis during 1797. This fort was constructed after the Spanish-held Fort Barrancas (not to be confused with Fort Barrancas in Pensacola, Florida) at Memphis, Tennessee, on the opposite side of the Mississippi River was abandoned during March of 1797, under U.S. pressure in accordance with the Pinckney Treaty. The fort was established atop mounds previously used by the Indians. The fort was renamed by the Spanish commander, Benjamin Fooy, to Hope Encampment. The fort was abandoned during the early 1800s, but the town which later became Hopefield in Crittenden County emerged. However, the Mississippi River eradicated the entire town during 1912. No remnants of the town or the old fort remain. Fort Hindman— The Confederates established Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post (Arkansas County) during 1861. Control was retained until January 1863. The Union under Rear Admiral David D. Porter and General John A. McClernand attacked the fortification on 9 January and the garrison capitulated during the afternoon of the 11th. Subsequently, the Union destroyed the fort. No trace of the fort remains as it is under water. See also Arkansas Post. Fort Little Rock— See Little Rock Arsenal. Fort Logan H. Roots— Fort Logan H. Roots was established during 1888 on Big Rock Mountain at North Little Rock. Its initial purpose was to be a resort hotel; however, it was purchased during the 1890s by the U.S. government. Of the units that served at Fort Logan H. Roots, one was Paragould’s company of National Guard which was on 10 September 1917 designated Co. H, 3rd Regiment Arkansas Infantry. On that date it departed for training camp at the fort. Afterward, the unit embarked to participate in Europe under General Pershing. The fort remained active until after the close of World War I. At present, the facility, which is spread over about 1,100 acres, is utilized as a hospital by the Veterans Administration. The fort is located off Interstate 40 at Exit 150. Fort Lookout— The Confederates established Fort Lookout along

27 present-day Van Buren Road outside of Camden in Quachity County in about 1861. It was one of several posts, including Fort Southerland, established in the vicinity of Camden in Quachity County. The Union for awhile during April 1864 occupied Camden, including Forts Lookout and Southerland, but then retired due to a shortage of supplies. A heavy skirmish occurred at Poison Springs in close proximity to the fort on 18 April 1864. The site of Fort Lookout is now on private property, but nearby Fort Southerland is available to the public. Fort San Estevan— See Fort San Estevan, Alabama. Fort Smith— Fort Smith (also known as Belle Pointe Fort), named in honor of General Thomas Smith, was established on Christmas Day 1817 at the convergence of the Arkansas and Poteau rivers along the border with Oklahoma. At the time, there was hostility between the Osage and Cherokees with the former resenting the arrival of Cherokees into their territory. The fort was abandoned during 1824 and a new post, Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, was established about 80 miles away. Subsequently, Congress passed the Indian Relocation Act which mandated that the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Creek tribes relocate in the Indian Territory. In conjunction, this soon caused some trepidation in Arkansas where Fort Smith had been abandoned during 1824. Later, due in great part to the concerns of those in Arkansas, Congress, during 1838, authorized the establishment of a new Fort Smith. Nevertheless, the anticipated trouble with the Indians never occurred. Subsequently, during the Mexican War, the fort was garrisoned by Arkansas volunteers. The Civil War brought more changes to the fort. It was initially occupied by Confederate troops, followed by Union troops. The fort also hosted the Grand Council of Indians during September of 1865, the forerunner of the Indian Treaties of 1866 which diminished the Indian lands by almost one-half of what they were before the Civil War. Subsequent to the Union takeover of the fort, it remained active until 1871. Fort Smith is also the site of the courthouse which heard many cases during the tenure of Judge Isaac C. Parker (1875–1896). During the term of President Ulysses S. Grant, a federal judge, wellknown Judge Parker, was appointed to the court. During his term on the bench, beginning in 1875, Parker, known as the “hanging judge,” sentenced 160 people to the gallows. However, what history and historians often neglect to state is that at the time, juries held firm beliefs and each person executed had first been tried and convicted by a jury for the crimes of either murder or rape. During that period in U.S. history, the federal government also took these crimes seriously. The penalty mandated by the federal government for rape and murder was the death penalty. Fort Smith National Historic Site, Fort Smith, Arkansas, 72902, is located between Second Street and Third Street in downtown Fort Smith. It can be reached from Garrison Avenue (U.S. 64) by turning one block south to Rogers Avenue. The Visitor Center is open daily except Christmas Day. Visit the fort which was established to protect the settlers in Arkansas and keep peace between the settlers, Osage Indians and the Cherokees who had been forced to migrate into the area after ceding their lands to the U.S. Fort Southerland— The Confederates established Fort Southerland (also known as Fort Diamond) in the vicinity of Camden during 1861 along present-day Bradley Ferry Road. Troops under Sterling Price occupied it during 1862 and remained there until it was seized by the Union on 15 April 1864 by the forces of General Frederick Steele. Shortly thereafter, due to a shortage of supplies, the Union abandoned the fort on 26 April. Afterward, it was reoccupied by Confederates. The site of the fort is open to the public. Fort Sutherland— See Fort Southerland. Little Rock Arsenal— During 1836, the federal government author-

Little Rock National Cemetery / ARKANSAS ized the establishment of an arsenal in Arkansas at Little Rock. Later, during 1837, Major (later Confederate general) Robert E. Lee selected the site for the arsenal at a spot that lies on the fringes of the town. The depot was used to warehouse weapons for use by the state militia in accordance with the Militia Act of 1812, whereby each state was authorized to acquire weapons from the national armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia. However, local militia such as the Capital Guard in Little Rock maintained a separate local armory. The arsenal was composed of more than 25 buildings that included the main storehouse known as the Tower Building. Other structures included barracks and officers’ quarters. Construction on the main structure, the Tower Building began during 1840. The U.S. Army established the Little Rock Arsenal in Little Rock for the purpose of establishing a fortification to thwart Indian attacks. During February 1861, the governor of Arkansas demanded the surrender of the arsenal, defended by Captain James Totten with Company F, Second Artillery and a contingent of enlisted men attached to the Ordnance Department. The garrison was outnumbered. About 3,000–5,000 armed southerners including militia had converged on Little Rock. Totten capitulated on 8 February. Totten’s troops, each retaining his weapon, marched out of the arsenal. However, the artillery was retained by the Confederates. Totten made camp later at Fletcher’s Landing, where a Union steamboat arrived to transport them to safety. Confederate Captain James O. Phillips’ County Guards occupied the arsenal. On 21 May, several weeks after Arkansas seceded from the Union, the Confederate representatives from Arkansas to the Provisional Congress awarded the arsenal to the Confederate States of America. More than 10,000 weapons within the arsenal fell to the Confederates. During August 1862, the Confederates reactivated the ordnance at the arsenal under the command of Lieutenant John W. Dunnington, commander of the gunboat CSS Ponchartrain. He was relieved during November 1862 by Captain Sanford C. Faulkner. The Confederates retained control of the arsenal until September 1863 when the Union seized it. The Confederates, aware of the Union approach, transferred most of the weapons in the arsenal to Arkadelphia during August 1863. The arsenal fell with the city when it surrendered to the vanguard of Union General Frederick Steele’s force on 11 September 1863. Subsequent to the close of the war, the U.S. improved the arsenal. During 1873, the arsenal was renamed Little Rock Barracks. During 1880, while the U.S. 13th Infantry was based at the arsenal, Douglas MacArthur was born there, while his father, Captain Arthur MacArthur, was based there. During the latter part of the 1880s, the War Department directed that the arsenal be phased out no later than October 1890. During 1892, the site was transferred to the city of Little Rock and within two additional years, the government received other land at Big Rock Mountain, which was used to establish Fort Logan H. Roots along the north side of the Arkansas River. The garrison at Little Rock Barracks was transferred to Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, less than 100 miles away. The Little Rock Barracks was initially known as Fort Little Rock and Post at Little Rock. The Tower Building remains as the sole surviving structure of the frontier post. It is part of MacArthur Park. In conjunction, the former arsenal now contains the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History. The museum is located off Interstate 30. Take the East Ninth Street Exit (Ninth and Commerce streets). MacArthur Park is located west of the interstate about one block from the exit. Little Rock National Cemetery— After the Union force seized Little Rock during 1863, the troops established a camp, but once the Union departed the area, the Confederates used the site to bury their deceased troops. Subsequently, the U.S. purchased the land for use as a cemetery for troops of the occupation who succumbed. The graves of the Confederate troops remained on the west side, but the

ARKANSAS / Pea Ridge National government constructed a wall to separate them from U.S. troops. Eventually, during 1913, the barrier was demolished. The site, now a national cemetery, is located at 2523 Confederate Blvd., Little Rock, Arkansas, 72206, It is open to the public on weekdays (Monday-Friday) from dawn until dusk. Public events are scheduled here on several occasions including Confederate Memorial Day during April, Memorial Day (May) and Veterans Day (November). The cemetery can be reached from I-30. Take the Roosevelt Road exit; then proceed east for three blocks to Confederate Boulevard. Also, from I-430, take the Confederate Boulevard exit; go north about 1 mile. Pea Ridge National Military Park— The Union forces of General Sam Curtis clashed with the Confederates under General Sterling Price at Pea Ridge (Elkhorn) during early March 1862. The threeday battle included Bentonville, Leestown and Elkhorn on the 6th, 7th and 8th, respectively. On 6 April, Union General Franz Sigel was en route to Sugar Creek from Bentonville to link with Curtis’ main body. Meanwhile, about 600 of Sigel’s force was accidentally still at Bentonville with five pieces of artillery. The contingent was surrounded by a regiment of Confederate Louisiana troops. The encircled troops fought off several attacks and then reinforcements returned to rescue the beleaguered contingent. Afterward, the Union fought its way through the Confederates and reached Curtis’ lines. In the process, 28 men were killed and about 50 were captured. On the 7th, Confederate troops were discovered north of Curtis’ encampment, in the vicinity of Elkhorn Tavern. General Earl Van Dorn swung down from north of the Union positions to avoid what

28 he considered a suicidal frontal attack and he struck from west of Pea Ridge and the Round Top. One contingent, including Cherokee Indians under General Albert Pike, moved to Curtis’ extreme right, while another two groups under Generals Ben McCulluch and James McQueen McIntosh respectively, moved against Curtis’ right flank. Meanwhile, Generals Sigel and Alexander S. Asboth sped to Curtis’ left, while Eugene A. Carr and Peter J. Osterhaus moved to the right, with Jefferson C. Davis in the center creating a connected line extending for about three and one-half miles from Sugar Creek to Elkhorn Tavern. This strategy left a no-man’s land as a buffer, a huge ravine, Cross Timber Hollow, which separated the two forces. The Confederates slammed against the 24th Missouri’s positions near Elkhorn Tavern. Nearly at the first sounds of fire a Union relief force commanded by Colonel Osterhaus sped toward Leestown to engage what was expected to be a small force of Rebels. The Confederates, however, were concealing a massive force in the woods. The Union attempted to resist, but much ground was lost, just as Union General Jefferson C. Davis, with Colonel Julius White’s Brigade, arrived to forestall calamity. In the meantime, Confederate General Sterling Price continued to hammer against General Carr’s positions, propelling regiment after regiment in a resolute effort to crush the line and roll over the Union defenders. No reinforcements were available and Union ammunition supplies were nearly exhausted. Simultaneously, the situation at Osterhaus’s positions was equally grim as the Confederates stood at the brink of a major victory. At about that time, General Curtis dispatched some troops he could spare, his bodyguard cavalry, and one gun. They sprinted to

Elk Horn Tavern, Pea Ridge, Arkansas — Department Interior NPS

29 the aid of Carr, and with great jubilation when they arrived, Carr rallied his troops: “One more struggle boys, and the day is ours!” A counterattack was mounted with fixed bayonets and the lost ground was regained. Back at Osterhaus’s lines, the welcomed arrival of Colonel Julius White’s brigade transformed imminent defeat into slugfest, with each side badgering the other only to end in a stalemate. Then more Confederates poured against Union lines. Meanwhile, the Union 18th Indiana swooped upon the field striking a contingent of Texans and Cherokees. The Confederates pulled back. Exhausted, but not vanquished, the Confederates formed for yet another assault, but more Union forces, under Franz Sigel, arrived accompanied by two batteries. Before the Rebel charge was executed, the guns opened fire ending the assault. The formation broke for General Price’s lines near Elkhorn Tavern. The Confederates lost two of their generals, Ben McCulloch and James McIntosh, killed. Following the grueling battle, darkness brought welcome relief to both sides. The stragglers from McCulloch and James McQueen McIntosh’s commands began to fill the Confederate ranks of Price. At dawn on Saturday (8th), Carr was holding the center, flanked by Sigel and Davis on the left and right respectively. On the 8th, Union General Curtis’ Artillery commenced firing, just prior to a combined infantry and cavalry attack. To the left, Siegel’s, troops were strongly supported by artillery as they moved up the hill facing them, while Davis’ force on the right was turning the Rebel left and pushing it straight into the fire zone of the artillery. Shortly thereafter, the Confederates’ two flanks became encircled, prompting the Yanks to fix bayonets and initiate another charge. The Rebels heroically held out for about two hours, but by that time, the pressure was too overwhelming and their ammunition was exhausted. The Confederates retreated in orderly fashion. General Van Dorn’s force moved south and General Price’s force headed toward Keitsville. Pursuit was mounted by Sigel’s troops. Union General Curtis had anticipated an attack from the south. The Rebel assault originating from the west nearly cost him his entire army and Union control of Missouri; however, his early strategic moves to counter the assault had saved the day. During the battle, about 1,000 Cherokees, commanded by Brigadier General Albert Pike and Colonel Douglas H. Cooper (later brigadier general), fought for the Confederates at Pea Ridge, successfully assaulting a three-gun Union battery. Union artillery in support of the beleaguered battery was zeroed in on the assaulting Cherokees with resounding success, causing the Indians to fall back to the woods. The

Battery San Jose / CALIFORNIA Missouri Guardsmen were not yet officially in the Confederacy, but they participated in the battle. Union soldiers from Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio (many of them Germans) were the major Union participants in the battle. The Union suffered about 1,350 killed, wounded, or missing. The Confederates suffered approximately 5,200 killed, wounded, missing or captured. Confederate Brigadier General Ben McCulluch of Tennessee, who fought with Crockett in Texas, was killed by a bullet to the breast. Confederate Brigadier General James McIntosh (West Point, class of 1849, and brother of Union Major General John B. McIntosh) was killed leading a feverish cavalry charge. A shot pierced his heart. Confederate Colonel William Y. Slack (state troops) was mortally wounded on the 7th at Elkhorn Tavern and succumbed to his wounds on 21 March. In conjunction, Colonel Slack was promoted posthumously to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate Army during April 1862. Also, Confederate Colonel Louis Hebert, 3rd Louisiana Infantry, was captured and later exchanged; he was promoted to brigadier general during May 1862. Union Brigadier General Alexander Sandor Asboth (born in Hungary) and Acting Brigadier General Eugene A. Carr were wounded. General Carr (West Point, class of 1850) was wounded three times while directing his men in combat. General Carr received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his heroism. Union Brigadier General F.J. Herron also became a recipient of the Medal of Honor during the battle, but he did not receive it until 30 years later. Pea Ridge National Military Park is located approximately 10 miles northeast of Rogers. Post at Little Rock— See Little Rock Arsenal. Poste de Arkansea— See Arkansas Post. St. Charles Battery— St. Charles Battery was established by the Confederates at present-day St. Charles during 1863. The battery was never fully completed, but it participated against Union warships prior to its evacuation. The battery was commanded by Confederate naval Lieutenant John W. Dunnington, commander of the gunboat CSS Ponchartrain. Dunnington also was selected by General Thomas C. Hindman to command the ordnance operations at the Little Rock Arsenal. A state historical marker stands nearby in the vicinity of the White River. Also, a monument remains in the town to remember the troops, both Union and Confederate, who died there when the Union, supported by ships, launched an attack. The ironclad USS Mound City was hit by a shell that exploded the steam engine and killed many of the crew. The fort fell to ground troops, but at a high cost.

CALIFORNIA Angel Island State Park— Angel Island State Park, P.O. Box 318 Tiburon, California, 94920. Open 8 A.M. to sunset, daily. This state park includes Camp Reynolds (1863–1890) and Fort McDowell (1900–1946). Walk the spacious grounds envisioning what life was like on the post. A visitor center is located on the island. Asistencia Santa Paula— See Santa Paula Asistencia. Ballast Point— See Fort Guijarros. Batria San Jose— See Battery San Jose.

Battery Duncan— See Fort Baker. Battery Fetterman— See Fort Guijarros. Battery Kirby— See Fort Baker. Battery Orlando Wagner— See Fort Baker, California. Battery San Jose— The Spanish established a battery at Point San Jose (Batria San Jose) during 1797, but no garrison was constructed. The post became dilapidated and the guns were rendered useless after a while. The Mexicans gained control of the San Francisco area

CALIFORNIA / Benicia Barracks during 1822 and by that time, Point San Jose had become known also as Black Point. In conjunction, San Jose was seized by the U.S. during 1846 (Mexican War). Battery Spencer— See Fort Baker. Battery Townsend— See Fort Baker, California. Benicia Barracks— During 1849, the U.S. Army established a post at present-day Benicia known as Benicia Barracks. The installation was equipped with an arsenal and a bakery as well as a hospital; however, it also became a depot for supplies for distribution to the troops in the West. It became headquarters for the U.S. 3rd Artillery. During 1861, when the Civil War erupted, the base was depended upon for getting weapons shipped back East; however, it was a tedious task as the Panama Canal did not yet exist. Due to the war, there was a shortage of U.S. Marines. Soldiers were dispatched to the Mare Island Navy Yard where they deployed to protect the ammunition. Subsequently, the USS Lancaster arrived with a Marine contingent to assume responsibility for Mare Island. By the 1890s, the role of Benicia was greatly diminished, but the post remained in service beyond the Korean War (1950–1953). Benicia Station— See Sacramento Station. Bitter Springs Camp— See Fort Irwin. Camp Alcatraz— See Fortress Alcatraz. Camp Babbitt— Camp Babbitt, named in honor of the quartermaster general of the Department of the Pacific, Colonel Edwin Burr Babbitt (West Point, class of 1826, Cadet No. 456) was established during 1862. Colonel Babbitt, who had earlier served in Florida during the Indian Wars, was twice brevetted brigadier general during the period 1861–1866. The fort was established just outside of Visalia in Tulare County by elements of the 2nd Cavalry Volunteers during June 1862. The area contained many southern sympathizers, prompting the action to maintain control of the region for the Union. The telegraph had been installed in the town since the previous year, keeping the people there abreast of the situation in the East. Prior to the arrival of the telegraph, news was slow in arriving there. The garrison, commanded initially by Lieutenant Colonel George S. Evans, held responsibility for protecting the settlers from the Indians during a period of turbulence until the Indians were relocated at Fort Tejon. In addition, the troops also had to contend with those who supported the Confederate cause. Apparently, there was much animosity between the Union troops and the opposition sympathizers who often exhibited disdain for the troops and the Stars and Stripes. During early October, the fort was relocated at a point slightly northeast of its original site. During December 1862, Colonel Evans was succeeded by Captain Moses A. McLaughlin. Meanwhile, the threat of the Confederate sympathizers did not materialize to the point of threatening the garrison, despite there being more Confederate sympathizers than troops. A few minor incidents occurred, but the threat of retaliation seemed to have worked. Captain McLaughlin, during the following year, moved to Camp Independence to inform the Indians that they would have to relocate to Fort Tejon. The post thereafter remained active for a short period and was abandoned by 1885–1886. Camp Banning— On 27 December 1858, a contingent of U.S. troops arrived in the vicinity of the Mormon settlement at Rancho San Bernardino. The troops under Colonel William Hoffman who led the expeditionary force (Mojave Expedition) deployed at a place known as Camp at Martin’s Ranch, near the initial Cajon outpost at Cajon Pass. Shortly thereafter, Colonel Hoffman established Camp Banning outside San Bernardino. Subsequently, during May 1859, Camp Banning was renamed Camp Prentiss. The troops concentrated on eliminating the problems with the Mojave Indians who at

30 the time were against white settlers coming into their territory. Also Hoffman’s Mojave Expeditionary force, composed of about 700 men, returned to the Mojave Desert area and established Fort Mojave, Arizona. By the autumn of 1859, the Mojave Indians were vanquished. The Mojave Valley includes parts of Arizona, California and Nevada. Camp Barbour— The U.S. Army established Camp Barbour (later Fort Miller) during 1851 in the vicinity of present-day Friant near Fresno as an installation for the Indian commissioners who at the time were attempting to terminate hostilities (Mariposa Indian War). The fort remained active until about 1858. Later, during the Civil War, Camp Barbour was again garrisoned during 1861. The fort was abandoned during 1866. Camp Bitter Springs— See Fort Irwin. Camp Cady— During 1860, a contingent of U.S. Dragoons established Camp Cady along the Mojave Road which led from Los Angeles to Albuquerque, New Mexico. The installation, constructed in the vicinity of Newberry Springs, was later, during 1868, reconstructed at a nearby site. An attempt by the Army to deactivate it during 1866 was halted by pressure of the people in the region. In conjunction, after the fate of the fort was established, a short while passed and it was threatened by a band of Indians. A contingent of troops gave chase; however, the Indians had set up an ambush and about five troopers were killed. Later a group of civilians arrived to reinforce the fort, but the Indians had departed the area. Camp Cady was abandoned during 1871, subsequent to an end to the hostilities with the Paiute Indians. By the time the army departed, most traffic was running along a new route and the Mojave Road became known as Old Government Road. Camp Calhoun— Camp Calhoun (later Fort Yuma) was established along the Colorado River near Whitehaven by the U.S. Army during 1849. Subsequently, the fort was devastated by fire. Afterward, it was reconstructed and by 1852 it was renamed Camp Yuma. When the construction of the barracks was completed during 1855, the installation was again renamed to become Fort Yuma. The fort remained active until 1884 when it was transferred to the Department of the Interior and the Quechan Indians. Camp Curtis— Camp Curtis was established in the vicinity of present-day Arcana during 1862. It was garrisoned by California volunteers until it was abandoned during 1865. Camp Fitzgerald— Camp Fitzgerald was established by the Union Army under Captain Winfield Scott Hancock (later a Union general) during 1861 in the vicinity of the site of Fort Moore, which had been abandoned during 1849. See also Fort Moore. Camp Gigling— See Fort Ord. Camp Independence— During 1862, Camp Independence was established by elements of the 2nd California Cavalry under Lt. Colonel George S. Evans. The fort was established in the Owen River Valley at Oak Creek in Inyo County on 4 July 1862. The fort was located several miles from Independence and was named Camp Independence on its day of founding. The garrison was formed to protect mining operations in the area during a time of turbulence with the Indians that resided there in the region by the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The camp was never officially designated as a fort. During the following year, an army officer, Captain Moses A. McLaughlin, previously the commander at Camp Babbitt in California, had ordered the Indians in the area to be at the fort on 10 July 1863, but no reason was given for their appearance. Moses informed them they would be forced to relocate to Fort Tejon about 200 miles away. Troops had been around the parade field to ensure that no Indians could escape the net. On the following day, 11 July, the column began

31 to move out with a military escort. Many of the women and children were compelled to walk as their were only a few wagons provided. About 1,000 Indians began the trek and of those more than 100 never completed the march to Fort Tejon. Some had managed to escape en route, but others perished. After Camp Independence was abandoned in conjunction with the relocation of the Indians, the settlers remained concerned. Meanwhile during 1864, most of the Indians left Fort Tejon and returned to the area around Camp Independence. The Indians did not adapt to the treatment at Fort Tejon. By summer 1864, there were few if any Indians at Fort Tejon. Consequently, Fort Tejon was abandoned. By December of 1864, the pleas of the miners and settlers at Camp Independence had been heard and efforts were taken to regarrison the fort. Troops based in Nevada were soon dispatched to form a garrison. During March 1865 troops began to arrive to protect the area. During July 1877, the fort was permanently abandoned. Subsequently, during July 1884, the Interior Department assumed responsibility for the site. Camp Latham— Camp Latham was established near Ballona Creek in the vicinity of Culver City (and Hollywood) in Los Angeles during 1861. U.S. troops abandoned Los Angeles during the latter part of 1862 and moved further south to the town of Wilmington. The post, like Camp Latham, was in the vicinity of former Fort Moore. Camp Lincoln— Camp Lincoln was established during 1862 in the vicinity of Crescent City by elements of Company G, 2nd Infantry Regiment, California Volunteers. The garrison held responsibility for protecting settlers and miners in the surrounding region (northwestern). The post was abandoned during May 1870. Camp Prentiss— See Camp Banning. Camp Reynolds— Camp Reynolds (later Fort McDowell) was established on Angel Island during 1863. Following the conclusion of the Civil War, the installation became an infantry camp and acted as a recruit training center as well as a staging area for troops. Following training the soldiers were moved to many different posts to participate against the various hostile Indian tribes, including the Apache, Modoc and Sioux. Subsequently, by 1899, a quarantine station was built on the eastern side of the island at Fort McDowell to accommodate troops who might have picked up a contagious disease while stationed overseas. At the turn of the century, 1900, the installations on the entire island became known as Fort McDowell. The initial camp and name, Camp Reynolds, became the West Garrison. The base remained active until the close of World War II. It was deactivated during 1946. During World War II, part of the base (North Garrison, Immigration Station) served as a temporary prison for illegal aliens who were caught aboard ships on the West Coast and it was used to detain prisoners of war. The detainees remained at Fort McDowell until they were transferred to another facility in the South. Angel Island State Park, P.O. Box 318, Tiburon, California 94920. Camp Roberts— See Fort Ord. Camp Rock Springs—Camp Rock Springs was established about 1860 in the vicinity of present-day Cima. The installation is small and is garrisoned usually by only 10–15 troops. It was established to support Colonel Carleton’s operations. During 1863, it became an outpost for Fort Mojave. Subsequently, it became an official camp about late 1865–early 1866, until its abandonment during 1868. During its service period, the troops attempted to protect the settlers in the region from Indian raids. Camp Salvation— Camp Salvation was established on 23 September 1849, near present-day Calexico by a contingent of U.S. troops commanded by Lieutenant Cave J. Couts. The troops accompanied representatives of the International Boundary Commission. The post remained active until December of 1849 to afford shelter to emigrants attempting to arrive at the gold fields in the region.

El Dorado Station / CALIFORNIA Camp Wright— The Army established Camp Wright in the vicinity of present-day Oak Grove during 1861. It was named in honor of General George Wright, the commander of the District of Southern California. The garrison held responsibility for severing communications between the Confederate states and southern sympathizers in southern California. The fort was also responsible for overseeing communications between Arizona and California. Camp Wright remained active until 1865. The garrison was involved with the capture of the Showalter Party at Mesa Grande. Castillo de San Joaquin— On 5 August 1775, a Spanish vessel, the San Carlos, under Captain Ayala, arrived at San Francisco Bay, the initial ship to enter it. Subsequently, during the latter part of March 1776, Lieutenant Colonel Don Juan Bautista de Anza constructed a cross on Cantil Blanco (White Cliff ) in close proximity to where the Golden Gate Bridge would later be constructed. Although the fort and the presidio were planned in coordination with the founding of San Francisco during 1776, the fort was not immediately constructed. At the time, England also was claiming that part of the future United States and the Spanish were concerned that they had insufficient weaponry to properly defend the region. Subsequent to a visit at San Francisco by a British ship during 1792, the Spanish transported guns to the post which previously had only one piece of artillery. Those cannon, thought to have been transported from Peru, were installed atop the cliff where the cross had previously been planted. The Spanish initiated the construction of the fort (Castillo de San Joaquin) during August 1793 and with the help of local Indians the project was completed by December 1794. The post was designed to defend the entrance from the strait into San Francisco. The fort, which was established a short distance from the San Francisco Presidio, was destroyed during the 1850s when the U.S. established Fort Point; however, the ancient Spanish guns survived demolition and were preserved. In the meantime, Mexico won its independence from Spain during 1821 and it was acknowledged by California during 1822. Mexico did not find the post or the presidio worth maintaining. The Mexicans abandoned both and established fortifications (barracks) at a position north of the Bay of Sonoma. Later, during June 1846, the area came under control of the United States upon the arrival of Captain (later general) John Frémont. By the following month, a contingent of Marines and sailors aboard the USS Portsmouth arrived and gained Yerba Buena (later San Francisco). During July, Captain John B. Montgomery, commanding the Portsmouth, ordered the establishment of a new battery upon a high cliff with a dominant position atop the bay in the vicinity of Punta del Embarcadero. The battery picked up the name Fort Montgomery after Captain Montgomery. See also Fort Point. For more information: Castillo and Fort Point National Historic Site. Castillo Guijarros— See Fort Guijarros. Drum Barracks— During 1862, the Army established Drum Barracks at Wilmington, near Long Beach. The installation became headquarters for the U.S. Military in Southern California as well as New Mexico and Arizona. The base remained active until 1866. Duroc Station— Duroc Station was a Pony Express station that was located at an undetermined place between Folsom and Placerville. The station was listed on the U.S. Mail contract of 1861. El Dorado Station— The El Dorado Station, known also as Nevada House Station and Mud Spring Station, was initially a trading post that was established during 1850 by James Thomas at a spot between Placerville and Mormon Tavern Station. By 1851, the area started to become crowded due to mining operations. A new enterprise, known as the Nevada House (hotel) was established there along White Rock Road during 1851. Later, during 1860, the Pony Express used the Nevada House as a remount depot during the initial stages of Pony

CALIFORNIA / Fifteen Mile Station Express operation, which began during April of that year. During June of that same year, the route used by the riders was altered, eliminating the station. On 13 April 1860, William “Sam” Hamilton paused at the Nevada House to get a fresh horse before continuing to Sacramento with what was the initial mail delivery by the Pony Express to California from St. Louis. A historical marker in the area commemorates the town: It states: “El Dorado meaning ‘The Gilded One’ was first known as Mud Springs from the boggy quagmire the cattle and horses made of a nearby watering place. Originally an important camp of the old Carson Emigrant Trail. By 1849–50, it had become the center of a mining district and the crossroads for freight and stage lines. At the height of the rush its large gold production supported a population of several thousand.” Fifteen Mile Station— Fifteen Mile Station was a Pony Express station, located between Mormon Tavern Station and five Mile House. It was located along the White Rock Road several miles east of Hangtown Crossing. The station was established and operated by A.M. Plummer as early as 1855. Later, during 1857, the property was acquired by Henry Frederick William Deterding. The station was a stage stop for coaches and during 1861, it became also, a Pony Express station. The Pony Express ceased operations during 1861, due primarily to the invention of the telegraph. The station continued to operate until the 1890s. From 1879 until it ceased operations, the station was operated by Charles Deterding, the son of Henry. A commemorative marker at the site states: “Owned and operated from 1857 as a stage station by Henry F.W. Deterding, this was the site of the second remount station of the Central Overland Pony Express during March–July 1860. Here on April 4, 1860, Sam (Bill) Hamilton with the first eastward mail of the Pony Express changed ponies, with Mormon Tavern as his next stop.” Five Mile House Station— Five Mile House Station, known also as Magnolia House, was initially a station that was established prior to 1850, about 1849, along what was known as the White Rock Road. It was located between Fifteen Mile House Station and Pleasant Grove House Station. During 1856, ownership passed to A.B. Gilbert. Subsequently, during the initial startup (April 1860) of the Pony Express, the station was used as a depot, but the operation was short lived. During June of the same year, the station was destroyed by fire. The station was located at present-day California State University in Sacramento. The historical marker at the university commemorates the statio. The sign located near the north side of the Guy West Bridge states: “Departing at 2:45 A.M. from the Alto Telegraph Co. in Sacramento, Pony Rider Sam (Bill) Hamilton carried the first mail eastward of the Central Overland Pony Express on April 4, 1860. Here, quickly changing ponies he sped on to the next stop at Fifteen Mile Station.” Folsom Station— Folsom Station was the final station on the westward route of the Pony Express traveling from St. Louis to California. The U.S. Mail, once Folsom Station began operating, was forwarded from there to Sacramento by the railroad. Folsom Station was located along the Green Valley Road. The station was used as a depot for the Pony Express from June 1860 after the route along White Rock Road was abandoned. A historical marker commemorates the station. The plaque at the site of the station states: “Gold Rush and railroad town, Folsom became the western terminus of the Central Overland Pony Express on July 1, 1860. During its first few months, after April 4, 1860, the Sacramento Valley Railroad carried it between Sacramento and Folsom until Placerville was made the terminus July 1–October 26, 1861.” Fort Alcatraz— See Fortress Alcatraz. Fort at Lime Point— See Fort Baker. Fort Baker— The U.S. Army established a military complex (Lime

32 Point Military Reservation) during 1850. During 1897, it became Fort Baker, named in honor of Major General Edward Dickenson Baker, who was killed while engaged with Confederates at Ball’s Bluff (Leesburg), Virginia, on 21 October 1861. The fort was constructed on the strait opposite Fort Point, at the Presidio, the latter being established to conduct detailed planning for a proper and formidable defense of San Francisco Bay. However, problems developed at Fort Point revolving around title to the land and other items. The responsibility instead fell to the fort at Lime Point. Meanwhile, the project at Lime Point was struck with difficulties as the blasting operations (1868 and 1869) did not progress well. The attempt to create a sea level platform for the guns seemed impossible. By 1872, new batteries were established at Point Cavallo and at Gravelly Beach with the project being completed by 1876. Other batteries were subsequently added at locations between Point Cavello to Point Bonita further west. They included Battery Spencer (about 1897) and Batteries Duncan and Kirby during 1900, followed by Battery Orlando Wagner during 1901. In conjunction, later, the U.S. Army constructed support elements, including Fort Barry to the west (1904–1905) and Fort Cronkhite (1937) as well as Battery Townsend (1937). The coast defenses at Fort Baker were deactivated during 1949. During 1917, a tunnel was constructed to link it with Fort Berry. Fort Barry— See Fort Baker. Fort Beale— During 1859, the U.S. Army established Fort Beale (later Fort Piute) in honor of Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a former naval officer with the experimental Camel Corps. Fort Beale was part of a series of forts established by Major (later General) Carleton along the Mojave Desert area. The post was abandoned during 1861 due to the drain on troops which were needed in the East for the ongoing Civil War. After the close of hostilities when the fort was again garrisoned, it was renamed Fort Piute. The fort was abandoned by about 1866. Fort Benson— During 1856, disputes over land titles and boundaries emerged as settlers quarreled over ownership. At that time, Jerome Benson, a Mormon, established a fortification known as Fort Benson. Fort Bernadino— A large Mormon wagon train arrived in the vicinity of Cajon Pass during June 1851. The Mormons later acquired Rancho San Bernadino, but the Indians were not receptive to the settlers. A fortification known as Fort Bernadino was established there although the rights to the land were not acquired until the following year, 1852. It remained active until 1857. Fort Bragg— On 11 June 1857, a contingent of Company M, U.S. 3rd Artillery Battalion led by Lieutenant (later General) Horatio Gate Gibson (West Point, class of 1847, Cadet No. 1347), based at the San Francisco Presidio established Fort Bragg in northern California. The post was established on the Mendocino Indian Reservation near the Noyo River at present-day Fort Bragg. The area had been inhabited primarily by the Pomo Indians. During the spring of the previous year, the Mendocino Indian Reservation was established nearby at Noyo on a huge tract of land. Gibson named the fort after Lt. Colonel Braxton Bragg (West Point, class of 1837, Cadet No. 895); Bragg, a veteran of the Florida Indian Wars and the Mexican War, later became a general in the Confederate Army. Fort Bragg was abandoned during 1864. In conjunction, during 1858, troops from Fort Bragg were dispatched to the Washington Territory due to the Coeur d’Alene War. The fort was thinly garrisoned in their absence and it was commanded by a noncommissioned officer. During 1859, the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment relieved the 3rd U.S. Artillery at Fort Bragg. Afterward, the commander, Lt. Gibson, remained with the unit, but later he was attached to the 2nd

33 Ohio Artillery during the Civil War. Gibson was brevetted brigadier general of Ohio Volunteers. General Gibson was a classmate of Confederate General Ambrose P. Hill and Union General Ambrose E. Burnside. In the meantime, during early 1859, Company D, 6th Infantry arrived at Fort Bragg to relieve the U.S. 3rd Artillery. Subsequently, the 6th Infantry was relieved during 1862 by elements of the 2nd California Volunteer Infantry. The fort was abandoned during 1864. In conjunction, the Indian reservation was closed during 1886, opening the area for settlers. A remnant of the fort, the quartermaster’s building, was preserved. It is located in Fort Bragg at 430 North Franklin Street. The region was in an area rich with lumber and by 1893, the Fort Bragg Railroad was in operation to transport the wood to the mills. The city of San Francisco was ravaged by an earthquake during 1906, which ironically brought a boom to Fort Bragg as its lumber was needed to rebuild the shattered city. A museum, the Guest House Museum, that deals with the history of Fort Bragg is located in the town. Fort Cobblestones— See Fort Guijarros. Fort Cronkite— See Fort Baker. Fort Crook— On 1 July 1857, a contingent of U.S. Army troops led by Lieutenant (later general) George Crook established Fort Crook outside of Glenburn. Lieutenant Crook (West Point, class of 1852) was ordered to the East during the Civil War and by September 1861 he was appointed colonel of the 36th Ohio Regiment. Meanwhile, upon his departure, the fort was commanded by Captain John W. Gardner. The post remained active until June 1869. Fort Defiance (Pilot Knob)— During 1850, a contingent of troops under Lieutenant George H. Derby while on a reconnaissance mission along the California side of the Colorado River paused at Roop’s Fort (also known as Fort Defiance). Smith’s report detailed the location as being difficult to ford the river. Subsequently, according to an army report, a fort was established by the military northeast of Roop’s Fort at Pilot Knob and it, too, was named Fort Defiance. A ferry also operated at Pilot Knob and the fort there was garrisoned by a small contingent of troops, bolstered by the operators of the ferry. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Roop’s Fort) at Susanville. Fort Defiance (Susanville)— See Roop’s Fort, a settlers’ fort. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance at Pilot Knob. Fort Dupont— In San Diego, during 1838, a makeshift fort in Old Town, near present-day MCRD San Diego, was fortified by a Mexican named Carlos Carrillo. Subsequently, during 1846, the fort was seized by U.S. troops during the Mexican War and it was renamed Fort Dupont. The Californians were able to regain the fort, but only temporarily as the U.S. recaptured it. The Americans then renamed the post Fort Stockton in honor of Commodore Stockton who based his operations there during the short-lived California revolt that erupted during the early part of 1847. The post was later abandoned on 25 September 1848. Fort Gaston— The U.S. Army established Fort Gaston at present-day Willow Creek in the Hoopa Valley during 1858. The fort retained its garrison after the outbreak of the Civil War, but it was held by a small contingent. The threat of Indian attacks was ever-present. Often, mail couriers would be ambushed. The fort, however, was later bolstered. It remained active until it was abandoned during 1892. Fort Guijarros— During 1797, the Spanish in an attempt to fortify a vulnerable port at San Diego, established an adobe fort, Fort Guijarros, in San Diego at Point Loma as a strategic spot to defend the bay. The site was where Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed during 1542 to become the first expedition from Europe to arrive at California.

Fort Irwin / CALIFORNIA Guijarros Point, as it was originally known, was strategically located as the point which dominated the only entrance to the bay. The fort’s name in English translated to Fort Cobblestones. The location known as Guijarros Point came to be known also as Ballast Point due to the smooth stones at the point, which were later used by vessels as ballast. At the time of the fort’s founding, the Spaniard strictly oversaw trading with foreign nations and in California only Monterey was cleared as a point designated to carry on direct trade. The Spanish, after receiving visits by British ships during the 1790s, also fortified the Presidio at San Diego. The slim defenses at Ballast Point were conspicuous and when a British expedition under Captain George Vancouver stopped there, he noted the lack of artillery protecting the bay. The fort remained active until about 1835. By 1837, the Spanish departed the presidio for Los Angeles during a time of turbulence and never returned. Meanwhile, the fort had been abandoned and it became dilapidated. During 1852, the Americans established Fort Rosecrans there and Battery Fetterman was established on the site of Fort Guijarros at Ballast Point. Fort Rosecrans was named in honor of Lieutenant (later General) William Stark Rosecrans (West Point, class of 1842, Cadet No. 1115). Fort Rosecrans remained a U.S. Army installation until 1959 when it was transferred to the U.S. Navy. During October 1998, various naval installations on Point Loma were enjoined to become Naval Base Point Loma on 1 October 1998. Naval Submarine Base (SUBASE) San Diego occupies more than 300 acres on Point Loma and Ballast Point. During the history of Fort Rosecrans from its earliest days as Fort Guijarros, the post was involved in only one action. During 1803, in violation of the trading practices of Spain, two American vessels, the Alexander and the Lelia Byrd, each transporting illegal cargoes of skins, were intercepted by the Spanish in San Diego Bay on 23 March. The brigadier Lelia Byrd was seized; however, shortly afterward, the Spanish were overwhelmed by their captives. The fur-trading smugglers broke for the open seas, taking their captors away with them. Meanwhile the guns atop Ballast Point exchanged fire with the fleeing vessel for nearly one hour. At the end of the contest, the American vessel, having reached safety, released the Spaniards. The Battle of San Diego Bay was the first and final time the fort faced action. Fort Gunnybags— A California Supreme Court judge, David S. Terry, who won his seat as a candidate of the Know-Nothing Party, was arrested during 1856 in San Francisco by the Vigilance Committee and detained at their headquarters. Terry, when accosted, stabbed the leader of the vigilante group. The vigilantes modified their building by bolstering it with sandbags to repel any attempt to release the judge. Nevertheless, Terry was later acquitted and the man he stabbed did not die from his wound to the neck. The building became known as Fort Gunnybags. Subsequently, during 1859, Judge Terry, who was pro–South, resigned and fought a duel with state senator David C. Broderick who was pro–Union. Senator Broderick was killed. Terry later left California for his former home, Texas, and joined the Confederate Army. After the war, he returned to California and during 1889 after a confrontation with his successor, Terry was killed by Judge Fields’ bodyguard. Fort Hill— See Fort Moore. Fort Humboldt— During 1853, a contingent of U.S. Army troops under Lt. Colonel Robert C. Buchanan established Fort Humboldt at present-day Eureka near Humboldt Bay. The fort’s garrison was responsible for protecting the settlers and gold prospectors. Fort Humboldt remained active until 1870 when it was abandoned. The fort’s buildings were later restored. For more information: Fort Humboldt State Historical Park, Fort Avenue, Eureka, California 95501. Fort Independence— See Camp Independence. Fort Irwin— During 1844, Captain John C. Frémont and his party,

CALIFORNIA / Fort Jones including Kit Carson, established Bitter Springs Camp (Later Fort Irwin) near present-day Bitter Springs (Fort Irwin). The camp was situated along the Spanish Trail stretching between Los Angeles and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Afterward, Frémont returned to Kansas City, Kansas, arriving there during July 1844. The post as it turned out was also located near what became the Mormon Trail leading from Utah to California. Later, during the open hostilities with the Indians, the U.S. Army erected a stone fort, Fort Irwin, above Bitter Springs. After the Indian problems were terminated, the post became less active; however, the military remained there. During 1940, just prior to World War II, the Mojave Anti-aircraft Range was constructed on the post. The fort was deactivated during 1944, but was reactivated as Camp Irwin during the Korean War in 1951. The base became a training base for armor units. By 1961, the strategic value of the fort was sufficient to gain it new life and it was renamed Fort Irwin, named in honor of Major General George LeRoy Irwin, who had commanded the 57th Field Artillery Brigade (World War I). Nonetheless, by 1971, the fort was again on the chop block and in the midst of the ongoing war in Vietnam, the fort was deactivated and placed under the authority of nearby Fort MacArthur at Los Angeles. From this point, the California National Guard utilized the base. However, during 1979, the base again got new life. It was picked as the facility to quarter the National Training Center, effective 1 July 1981 and remains on active duty to the present day. Fort Jones— Fort Jones was established on 16 October 1852 by a contingent of the U.S. 1st Dragoons. The fort was named in honor of Colonel (brevet Major General) Roger Jones who served as adjutant general of the Army from 1825 through 1852. Units of the U.S. 4th Infantry garrisoned the fort located at present-day Fort Jones until it was abandoned during June 1858. Fort Lime Point— See Fort Baker. Fort Mason— During 1850, the federal government acquired land in California for a military base, but the location, subsequently, Fort Mason was not established until 1864. Initially the post was named Point Jose Military Reservation. Later, during 1882, the fort was renamed Fort Mason in honor of Colonel Richard Barnes Mason, the first military governor of California following the conquest of California (Mexican War). The fort remained active until 1964. Fort McDowell— See Camp Reynolds. Fort Miller— See Camp Barbour. Fort Montgomery— See Castillo de San Joaquin. Fort Moore— On 22 September 1846, during the period of the Mexican War, a small American force under Captain Gillespie, USMC, while at a makeshift fortification known as Fort Hill in Los Angeles, came under attack by the Spanish in the area. The rebels struck during the early morning hours, but the Americans were anticipating the attack and it was repelled. On the following day, a larger force attacked after encircling the camp. A surrender demand was ignored. In the meantime, Gillespie moved to higher ground and dispatched a runner to Monterey to get reinforcements. By 30 September, no help arrived and the Americans surrendered, but they were permitted to march out of Fort Hill in Los Angeles with their colors unfurled. During January 1847, the Americans had regained the territory and Fort Moore was established where Fort Hill had stood. Fort Moore was officially dedicated by spring 1847, and named in honor of Captain Benjamin D. Moore, who had been killed during the fighting at the Battle of San Gabriel. The post was abandoned during 1849. Despite the abandonment of the fort, U.S. troops remained in Los Angeles. At the start of the Civil War during 1861, some troops, including officers, departed to join the Confederacy,

34 but Captain Winfield Scott Hancock remained loyal to the Union. After some farewells to troops that were leaving, including Albert Sidney Johnston, Hancock was in command of Los Angeles. Shortly thereafter, Captain Hancock (West Point, class of 1844) was ordered east. He was appointed brigadier general during September 1861. Meanwhile, Camp Fitzgerald was established near the site of Fort Moore. Soon after, another post, Camp Latham was also established in Los Angeles. The Union abandoned Los Angeles during 1862. Fort Ord— Fort Ord initially came under U.S. control during 1846 (Mexican War) when the U.S. gained California. The post, named in honor of Major General Edward Cresap Ord (West Point, class of 1839) was not utilized to its fullest potential. From about the early 1850s until the end of the nineteenth century, the post was unattended; however, during the Civil War period, some troops occupied the post during 1865. At the time, the post was known as Ord Barracks. Following the close of the Spanish-American War, the plans for Fort Ord began to unfold. During World War I, the U.S. Army acquired a tract of about 15,000 acres at Monterey Bay, referred to as East Garrison (Main Garrison). The property had been known as the Gigling Reservation and the post was afterward for a time known as Camp Gigling. Fort Ord was strategically located in the vicinity of Marina and South City slightly outside Monterey and between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The post was located several hundred miles north of Los Angeles. Between the wars, the post was used by artillery units (76th Field Artillery Battalion) and by the 11th Black Horse Cavalry which were permanently attached to the Presidio of San Francisco. Other units that used the post for training and maneuvers included California reserve and national guard contingents. During 1933, Camp Gigling became Camp Ord. Toward the latter part of the 1930s, the post received its first major construction changes and the project included the initial barracks built there. The plan called for wooden temporary barracks; however, they remained in place through the 1990s due to the skills of the men who built them. Nonetheless, during the 1950s, additional barracks, composed of concrete, were built. By 1940, the base was considered a major player in the plans of the U.S., which was observing the conflagration in Europe. As World War II expanded, steps were taken in the U.S. to prepare for the possibility of war. The U.S. 7th Infantry Division was activated at Camp Ord during July 1940. Its commander, General Joseph Stillwell, would later gain fame for becoming the first American general to command an entire theater of war in Burma without having a solitary combat unit. Stillwell, lacking combat troops, was driven from Burma during 1942 by the Japanese. Throughout 1940, work at the base continued and later, during autumn, the post was redesignated Fort Ord. The construction at the post continued for more than 20 years. Other posts affiliated with Fort Ord included Camp Roberts and Fort Hunter Liggett. Units from Camp Roberts and Fort Hunter Liggett used Fort Ord as the point of embarkation. Divisions that were at Fort Ord during World War II included the 3rd Infantry, 32nd Infantry, 35th Infantry and 43rd Infantry. Other units included the 738th Field Artillery Battalion which joined the 3rd Army under General George S. Patton Jr. Also, during 1944, subsequent to the success at Normandy (France), some German prisoners were transported to Fort Ord and held there. Subsequent to the conclusion of World War II, the 4th Infantry Division was deployed at Fort Ord and it remained there until 1950 when it was redeployed at Fort Benning, Georgia. The 4th Division was replaced by the 6th Infantry Division. Later, during the 1950s, the 5th Infantry Division arrived there from Germany and remained until temporarily deactivated during 1957. In conjunction, during the Vietnam War (Conflict), the 5th Infantry Division was reactivated. Fort Ord remained a major U.S. Army post throughout the Cold War; however, during the 1990s, it became a

35

Fort Terwer / CALIFORNIA

victim of the base closures that followed the end of the Cold War. Fort Ord, composed of more than 28,000 acres, was deactivated during 1994. The final division stationed there was the 7th Infantry Division. Part of the complex remained on active service as an annex to the Monterey Presidio and for use by reserve units. Fort Pacheco— See Fort Romuldo Pacheco. Fort Piute— See Fort Beale. Fort Point— Fort Point was established by the Americans during 1853 in the vicinity of where the Spanish had earlier constructed Castillo de San Joaquin on Cantil Blanco (White Cliff ) near the present-day Golden Gate Bridge. The U.S. Army had taken control of the area during the period of the Mexican War and afterward it demolished the cliff where the fort stood to construct Fort Point. The construction of the post was not a hurried project until 1861 when the nation was at the brink of war. The project was accelerated and by February a contingent of the 3rd Artillery Regiment deployed at the fort, which was designed to guard San Francisco Bay. It was planned as a massive fortification capable of containing 127 guns. During the Civil War, Los Angeles was abandoned, but the army maintained Fort Point for the duration. Subsequently, during 1882, the post was renamed Fort Winfield Scott in honor of General Winfield Scott, who had served the nation from the War of 1812 until the first year of the Civil War, 1861. The fort was unusual for the West Coast as it was the first post west of the Mississippi River to be constructed of brick. The fort became less strategic as weaponry became more modernized and its brick walls became vulnerable. Fort Point was abandoned as a troop post during 1886, about the time of the termination of the Indian Wars. After its closing, the guns were eventually dismounted and removed during the early part of the twentieth century. Subsequently, Fort Point was utilized for a variety of activities including training. In addition, during the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge, the old fort served as the operational base (1933–1937). The army again put the fort into limited service during World War II, when troops deployed to bolster the defenses around San Francisco. Submarine nets were stretched across the bay, while the contingent in the fort manned artillery and cannon, but the fort never came under attack. During 1970, the fort became a national historic site. For more information: Presidio of San Francisco, California, 94129. Fort Reading— On 26 May, 1852, Lieutenant Colonel (later General) George Wright dispatched a contingent of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Regiment led by Lieutenant E.N. Davis to establish a fort in northern California in the vicinity of present-day Anderson. The fort was named Fort Reading. It remained active until it was abandoned during June 1867. Fort Romualdo Pacheco— See Fort Romuldo Pacheco. Fort Romuldo Pacheco— During 1774, Spain opened an overland route from Sonora, Mexico, to California, but it was closed by Yuma Indians in 1781. During 1825, the Mexican Army initiated action to reopen the route. The Mexicans established an adobe fort about six miles west of Imperial during 1825. It became the sole fort in Alta California constructed by the Mexicans. On 26 April 1826, a band of Kumeyaay Indians attacked the fort. The Mexicans lacked the strength to repel the assault. The fort was abandoned. The garrison moved to San Diego in the vicinity of the town of Imperial along the route between Sonora, Mexico, and California. Fort Rosecrans— During 1852, President Millard Fillmore issued an executive order to establish a U.S. preserve on Loma Point at San Diego. Subsequently, the U.S. Army used contingents of its artillery units to compel whalers to relocate; the unusual mission lasted for

Fort Point, California — Dept. Interior NPS

several years. Afterward, the military facility was erected and during 1899, the post was named Fort Rosecrans in honor of General William Starke Rosecrans (West Point, class of 1842), who had succumbed the previous year. General Rosecrans, subsequent to the close of the Civil War, had served as a U.S. minister to Mexico and he served as a U.S. congressman (1880–1885). Fort Rosecrans remained active until 1957 when it was transferred to the U.S. Navy and became Point Loma Naval Base. See also Fort Guijarros. Fort Ross— See Fort Rossiya. Fort Rossiya— A party of Russians arrived in California from Alaska and established Fort Rossiya (Fort Ross), a trading post north of San Francisco in the vicinity of present-day Jenner. During 1824, the Russians were prohibited by a treaty from establishing colonies in U.S. Territory, but the settlement at Fort Rossiya was not disbanded at the time. The Russians finally abandoned it and returned to Alaska during 1841. At about the time of their departure, the fort was acquired by John Sutter. He did not use the fortification. Instead, he transported much of the components of the fort by ship to Sacramento and used the material for Sutter’s Fort there. Subsequently during 1906, the site of the Russian fort came under the jurisdiction of the state of California. Fort San Bernadino— See Fort Bernadino. Fort Stockton— See Fort Dupont. Fort Sutter— See Sutter’s Fort. Fort Tejon— During 1852, Edward F. Beal was appointed superintendent of Indian Affairs for the region including California and Nevada. Beal shortly thereafter was directed by President Millard Fillmore to travel to California to devise a plan. He concluded that an Indian reservation in the San Joachim Valley at its southern sector could alleviate the growing problem between the Indians and the settlers as well as gold prospectors. Beal’s conclusions brought about the Sebastian Indian Reservation and Fort Tejon, the latter being established during 1854 On 10 August 1854, the U.S. Army established Fort Tejon in Southern California along a primary route stretching from the central valley down to the southern part of the state. The fort was located at Grapevine Canyon near the Sebastian Indian Reservation in the San Joachim Valley. At the time of its establishment, the garrison was faced with other, more hostile, Indians including the Chemeheui, Mojave and the Paiutes. The fort was abandoned on 11 September 1864. In conjunction, the Camel Corps initiated by Secretary of War (later president of the Confederacy) Jefferson Davis for a time (about 1857–1863) was stationed here. For more information: Fort Tejon State Historical Park, Fort Tejon Road, Lebec, California 93206. Fort Terwer— The U.S. Army in about 1857 established Fort Terwer

CALIFORNIA / Fort Yuma in present-day Klamath. A destructive flood demolished the fort during December 1861 and it was abandoned during June of the following year. Fort Winfield Scott— See Fort Point. Fort Yuma—Fort Yuma was initially established by the U.S. Army as Camp Calhoun during 1849. The fort was located along the Colorado River near Whitehaven. Subsequently, the fort was devastated by fire. Afterward, it was reconstructed and by 1852 it was renamed Camp Yuma. When the construction of the barracks was completed during 1855, the installation was again renamed to become Fort Yuma. During 1861, the regulars were dispatched to the east to support the war effort there. California volunteer contingents assumed responsibility for the post. Although California remained within the Union, large numbers of Confederate sympathizers resided there. During 1862, a large number of California volunteers led by General Carleton moved into Arizona and New Mexico. It remained active until May 1884 when it was transferred to the Department of the Interior and the Quechan Indians. The arrival of the railroad led to the deactivation of the fort, which was no longer considered to be needed. See also Camp Calhoun, California, and Yuma Quartermaster Supply Depot, Arizona. Fortress Alcatraz— At San Francisco, during 1850, the town had been undergoing a transformation since the discovery of gold during the previous year. The small town earlier established by the Spanish had been occupied by only several hundred people, but at the time there were several thousand and more on the way. Meanwhile, the U.S. became concerned with defending the West Coast and specifically San Francisco Bay, a lucrative objective for an adversarial force. The initial plan included Alcatraz Island as a support post alongside Fort Point and the Fort at Lime Point (later Fort Baker), but instead, Alcatraz became the primary defense post due to problems with the others. By 1854, the fortress island contained 11 pieces of artillery. During the Civil War it boasted 111 cannon. Similarly to the other parts of the nation, California had many southern sympathizers, but the fortress island, which had been constructed to repel foreign nations, was then used to guard the bay against Confederate warships. The sea channels were protected by electronically controlled mines that were below the surface awaiting enemy vessels. In an attempt to prevent the loss of any weaponry to renegades, the army transferred large amounts of rifles from an armory to the island. In conjunction, the fort’s defenses were not tested by an enemy fleet; however, some Confederate privateers became some of the first to be held as prisoners of Alcatraz prison. The fortress was first used as a prison during 1859 when some of the initial permanent garrison

Alcatraz — Department Interior NPS

36 were detained at the sally port. Afterwards it was used to imprison troops from other western posts, some hard-to-control Indians and civilians accused of treason against the Union. The fort remained active until 1907 when it was transformed into a U.S. military prison (later Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, 1915). The facility, also known as “The Rock,” was deactivated as a military installation during October 1933 when it was transferred to the Bureau of Prisons. The U.S. Army’s connection to the facility ended during early 1934. Fountain Place Station— Fountain Place Pony Express Station was established during 1860 in the vicinity of the mouth of Trout Creek, northeast of Meyers, California. The property there was acquired by Garrett Washington Fountain during 1859. Little is known about the station; however, it is thought that the Pony Express used it as a remount depot during the first stages of the Pony Express operation which began during April 1860. Following the cessation of operations by the Pony Express, Fountain continued to operate the station and it is thought that he remained there into the 1880s. At that point the property was acquired by others. Gravelly Beach Battery— See Fort Baker. Hancock Redoubt— During 1860, the U.S. Army established Hancock Redoubt (later Fort Soda) along Government Road about 35 miles east of Camp Cady in the vicinity of present-day Baker. While the installation was under construction, a detachment from Camp Cady was attacked as it neared Hancock Redoubt by a band of Indians. The Indians were outclassed by the troops who also held superior weapons. After several Indians were killed, they requested a truce. In conjunction, the Indians had previously found easy pickings when attacking travelers. Hancock Redoubt was shortly thereafter abandoned, but later, during 1867, it was reactivated as Fort Soda. Official U.S. Army records never officially listed the name of the installation. It is thought that it might have also been known as Camp Soda Springs. Fort Soda was again abandoned about 1871. Lime Point Military Reservation— See Fort Baker. Loma Point— See Fort Rosecrans. Los Angeles— During 1781, a Spanish force occupied Los Angeles. Magnolia House Station— See Five Mile House Station. Martinez Station— See Sacramento Station. Mission Dolores Chapel— On 29 June 1776, the Spanish established the Mission Dolores Chapel. It was founded by Father Francisco Palou, who accompanied the Anza Expedition when it arrived in San Francisco at Lago de los Dolores (Lake of the Sorrows). Subsequently, during the following October, it was dedicated. During 1791, a new mission, Mission San Francisco de Asís, the sixth of 21 missions, was established. The mission, like all other Spanish missions, was seized by the Mexican government during the 1830s, but when the U.S. gained California, all church property was returned. The new mission was in the region hit by the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906, but it sustained no damage. Mission La Purísima Concepción (Near Fort Yuma)— The Spanish established the Mission La Purísima Concepcíon at present-day Fort Yuma during 1780. On 17 July 1781, a group of Quechan Indians (Yumas) destroyed the mission, which was founded by Father Francisco Graces. The mission lacked sufficient troops. The Indians destroyed the mission in retaliation for destruction of Indian crops and seized crops. Subsequently, a U.S. military post (Fort Yuma) was established there. During the 1900s, again a mission church was

37

Mission San Francisco Solano / CALIFORNIA

established at Fort Yuma (St. Thomas Indian Mission). Not to be confused with Mission La Purisima near Lompoc.

of the Mission San Antonio is open to the public, but certain parts are restricted for the Franciscans.

Mission La Purísima Concepción (Near Lompoc)— The Spanish established the Mission La Purísima Concepción several miles northeast of Lompoc on 8 December 1787. The mission, established on the Feast Day and named in honor of the Immaculate Conception, was founded by Father Fermin Lasuen. The mission was the 11th of a series of 21 missions established by the Franciscans in California. On 21 December 1812, the mission was struck by a severe earthquake and shortly thereafter a secondary quake struck, destroying the church and other buildings. Torrential rains followed and the entire mission was washed away. Rather than give in to the elements, the Franciscans selected a site several miles away on the opposite side of the river and began construction of a new mission. The Franciscans sustained a new setback during 1824, when some Indians at the mission rebelled, after being informed that two Indians at another mission (Santa Ines) had been killed. The Indians seized control of the mission. Troops were rushed there from Monterey and after a short skirmish the Spaniards regained the mission. The Indians held it for about one month. The Spanish military initiated harsh punishments against the Indians. Some were sentenced to death and others were imprisoned. During the 1830s, the Mexican government confiscated all Catholic church property in California. Subsequently, when the U.S. gained California (Mexican War), all property was returned to the Catholic Church. Nonetheless, the mission fell into disrepair. During the 1930s, the Union Oil Company, which at the time owned the property, donated it for public use. The mission is now part of a California state park. During the 1950s, work began to restore the mission.

Mission San Buenaventura— The Spanish established the Mission San Buenaventura on 31 March, 1782 at present-day Ventura. The founder of the mission, Father Junipero Serra, planted a conspicuous cross on La Loma de la Cruz (Hill of the Cross), the site of the ninth and final mission established by Father Serra. During 1793, the mission was reconstructed as both the initial church and chapel had been destroyed. The project was completed by 1809. The mission remains active. In conjunction, the Franciscans established a total of 21 missions in Alta California.

Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad— On 9 October 1791, the Spanish established the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, named in honor of Our Lady of Solitude, outside present-day Soledad. The mission, located near the Salinas River, was the 13th of 21 established by the Spanish in California and was founded by Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuen. The mission’s proximity to the river caused great problems. Twice it was destroyed by the unruly water. Nevertheless, the missionaries continued to work to convert Indians in the Salinas Valley. During 1832, while the mission church was undergoing reconstruction, a new flood struck and again the church was devastated. This mission, like the others in California, was secularized by the Mexican government during the 1830s. The mission was for awhile in private hands, but unlike the others when the U.S. gained California and returned the property that was confiscated by the Mexicans to the Catholic Church, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad remained unattended. By about 1874, the mission was totally dilapidated. Nevertheless, it was eventually restored, during the 1950s. Mission San Antonio de Padua— On 14 July 1771, the Spanish established the Mission San Antonio de Padua at present-day Jolon by the Santa Lucia Mountain range. The mission was founded by Father Junipero Serra. It was the third mission established; however, the Franciscans established 18 additional missions in California. During 1773, the priests relocated the mission to a more suitable location in the Los Robles Valley near the San Antonio River. Like the other Spanish missions, when the Mexicans gained their independence from Spain, the missions suffered. By the 1830s, the Mexican government confiscated the church property, but after the U.S. gained California (Mexican War), the government returned all property to the Catholic Church. However, Mission San Antonio was located in an obscure area of northern California. It was essentially abandoned from about 1882 until the latter part of the 1920s. Nevertheless, the historical value of the mission was not forgotten. During 1948 funds were provided from a foundation to restore the mission to the condition it had during the early 1800s. At present, most

Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo— During June 1770, the Spanish established the Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo and the Presidio of Monterey. Subsequently (December 1771) the mission was relocated at Carmel. It was the second of 21 missions that were established by the Franciscans in California. The chapel at the presidio was designated the Royal Presidio Chapel of San Carlos Borromeo. The Spaniards during 1791 rebuilt the chapel out of stone. In conjunction, the region was gained by the U.S. during 1846 (Mexican War). Afterward, the U.S. established several installations including Fort Mervine, Fort Fremont, Monterey Barracks and Fort Stockton. Nonetheless, the mission continued with some interruption including the secularization of church property by the Mexican government during the 1800s, until present-day. See also Presidio of Monterey. Mission San Diego de Alcalá— On 16 July 1769, the Spanish established the Mission San Diego de Alcalá at Presidio Hill. The mission, the first in Alta California, was founded by Franciscan priests, Father Junipero Serra, Father Juan Vizcaino, and Father Fernando Parron. Father Serra was the initial president of the missions in California. Subsequently, during 1774, the mission was moved to a nearby location, but later, during 1837, it was relocated at its original site. During the 1850s, the adobe house of a man named John Brown, also in San Diego (Old Town), was transformed into the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception by Don Jose Aguirre. Later, the Spanish established the Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa at present-day San Luis Obispo. It too was founded by Father Junipero Serra, and became the fifth in a series of new missions that stood between San Diego and Sonoma. Subsequently, during the War with Mexico, the Mission San Luis quartered troops under John Frémont. Mission San Fernando Rey de España— The Spanish established the Mission San Fernando Rey de España on 8 September 1797 at a place slightly west of San Fernando. It was the 17th of 21 missions established in California by the Franciscans. Father Fermin Lasuen founded it and named it in honor of Saint Ferdinand who had been king of Spain (1217–1252). The mission began to grow and a new and larger church was constructed and more barracks were built. Many of the Indians were converted, making it necessary to construct housing for them. During 1812, the mission was severely damaged by earthquakes, but it survived. The mission was confiscated by the Mexican government subsequent to winning independence from Spain, but later when the U.S. gained California, all church property was returned. However, for a time, while the mission was unattended by the Franciscans, gold was discovered nearby and erroneous rumors spread that the priests had been mining gold when they had the mission. Vandals wrecked the mission in search of gold that they thought was concealed under the church’s floorboards. Other vandals plucked the church’s roof tiles for use at other places. Work to restore the mission began during the late 1890s. Mission San Francisco de Asís— See Mission Dolores Chapel. Mission San Francisco Solano—The Spanish established the Mission

CALIFORNIA / Mission San Gabriel Arc Angel San Francisco Solano on 4 July 1823, in the vicinity of Sonoma, about 20 miles north of San Francisco. The mission was the final one established in California by the Franciscans and it was the only mission they established while California was under Mexican control. Father Jose Altimira founded the mission and named it in honor of St. Francis Solano. Father Altimira established it without getting approval from the church, but later authorization arrived with the stipulation that it was not to interfere with the other nearby missions, Mission Dolores Chapel and Mission San Rafael Arcángel. Unlike the other Franciscans, Father Altimira was less than kind to the Indians and eventually they rebelled against the terrible treatment. During 1826, the Indians attacked the mission, forcing Father Altimira to abandon it and head to Mission San Rafael Arcángel for his safety. Altimira’s actions caused great problems for the other Franciscans. He was essentially ostracized and compelled to return to Spain. Meanwhile, a new priest, Father Fortuni, assumed responsibility for the mission, which was rebuilt under his direction. All the while, the situation between Mexico and Spain had deteriorated. During 1821, Mexico gained independence and by the following year, California acknowledged the independence. During 1834, the Mexican government seized all Catholic Church property. Much of the mission church, including the roof tiles, was taken for other uses, while the mission had been claimed by General Vallejo and the mission fell into decay. When California was gained by the U.S. during the Mexican War, steps were taken to return all the confiscated property to the Catholic Church. During the period when the property was seized, a settlement emerged at Sonoma and a parish church was established at the site of the mission. During the early 1900s, work began to restore the mission. The project was completed during the mid–1920s. The Mission San Francisco Solano is now part of a California state park (Sonoma Mission State Historic Park). Mission San Gabriel Arcángel at El Monte— The Spanish established the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel on 8 September 1771. The mission, the fourth to be established in California, was built near the San Gabriel River outside Los Angeles to add to the chain of missions in California which included the ones at San Diego and at Carmel (San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo). It was initially run by Fathers Pedro Benito Cambon and Ángel Fernandez de la Somera. The Spanish also built Mission San Antonio de Padua below Monterey during 1771. During 1775–1776, the Spanish relocated the Mission San Gabriel to a nearby site about five miles from the original site. The Franciscans who operated the mission lost the property during the 1830s when Mexico, which had earlier (1821) gained independence from Spain, confiscated church property. The San Gabriel Mission had become a prosperous mission, but it was nevertheless taken by the Mexican government. Following the conclusion of the Mexican War, the property was returned to the Catholic Church by the U.S. government. The mission sustained severe damage during 1987. For more information: San Gabriel Mission, 428 South Mission Drive, San Gabriel, California, 91776. Mission San José— The Spanish established Mission San José, named in honor of St. Joseph, on 11 July 1797. The mission, the 14th of a series of 21 missions, was founded by Father Fermin Lasuen in present-day Mission San José about 15 miles northeast of San Jose. Spanish troops often were called upon to protect the mission, but eventually the priests were able to convert large numbers of Indians to Christianity. During 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain. Subsequently, during the 1830s, the Mexican government confiscated all Catholic Church property. When the U.S. gained California (Mexican War), the property was returned to the Catholic Church. At Mission San José, the church survived the secularization period, but during 1868, it was destroyed by an earthquake. By the following year, a new church was built on the foundation of the

38 original church. The church served as a parish church until 1965. Later, during 1982, the church was moved and relocated at the town of Burlingame. Also, a replica of the original church was built at the site of the mission and was completed during 1985. Mission San Juan Bautista— The Spanish established Mission San Juan Bautista, named in honor of St. John the Baptist, on 24 June 1797. The mission was founded by Father Fermin Lasuen. It was located slightly more than 15 miles north of Salinas in present-day San Juan Bautista. The region was susceptible to earthquakes (San Andreas fault) and during October 1798, the mission was repeatedly hit by earthquakes that inflicted damage on the mission. Later, during 1803, another earthquake destroyed the mission. A new church was constructed. Subsequently, during the 1830s, the Mexican government, after gaining independence from Spain, confiscated all Catholic Church property in California. Only after the U.S. gained California (Mexican War) was the property returned to the Catholic Church. Yet another earthquake during 1906 caused damage to the mission church. During the 1940s, the mission church was restored to its original condition. Mission San Juan Capistrano— The Mission San Juan Capistrano was originally established north of San Diego on 30 October 1775 by a small contingent of Spanish troops; a priest, Father Lasuen; and a group of friendly Indians. After eight days of toil, the project was abandoned because word arrived that the San Diego Mission had come under attack. The small contingent of Spanish troops and Father Lasuen hurried to San Diego for more protection. During the eight days they had spent at the site, Father Lasuen had planted a large cross and construction had started. The troops concealed the bells for the church prior to their departure for San Diego. During November 1776, the Spanish returned to the site of San Juan Capistrano and established the mission at present-day San Juan Capistrano. The mission was named in honor of St. John of Capistrano (Italy). The mission, the seventh of 21 missions founded by the Franciscans, was founded by Father Junipero Serra. During the mid1790s, construction was begun on a church made of stone. The work was completed in about nine years; however, the structure, in the form of a cross, was devastated during an earthquake that struck the area during 1812. About 40 of the people attending Mass when the quake struck were killed. However, the original church, known as Father Serra’s church, has survived and is thought to be the oldest church in the United States. It remained active until secularized by the Mexican government. Subsequently, when the area came under U.S. jurisdiction, it was returned to the Catholic Church. It sustained damage, however, during the earthquake of 1987. Also, the Mission San Juan Capistrano has become more famous than most due to the annual arrival of the swallows during the spring following their stay during the winter in Central America. Each year, the birds arrive and their presence is celebrated on St. Joseph’s Day, 19 March, and the mission’s bells continue to ring in the celebration. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa— The Spanish established the Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa on 1 September 1772. It was founded by Father Junipero Serra, as the fifth of a series of 21 Alta California missions. The Spanish named the mission after St. Louis who had been the bishop of Toulouse. Initially, the Spanish troops there were able to supplement the shortage of food by hunting bears. In addition, the bear meat was shared with the Indians in the region, but apparently the friendly terms with the Indians did not last. Later, during 1776, Chumash Indians attacked the mission. The mission’s roof was set afire by flaming arrows, but it was not destroyed. Spain lost control of California to the Mexicans during 1821, which dealt a severe blow to the missions. The Mexican government did not

39 provide protection and later it confiscated and sold church property. The United States gained California during the 1840s and during 1863 all church property was returned to the Catholic Church. The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa was used as the first courthouse in what became San Luis Obispo County. The mission continues in use. During the early 1930s, the mission was restored and modified. In conjunction, U.S. troops under General John Frémont were quartered at the mission during the Mexican War. Mission San Miguel— The Spanish established Mission San Miguel, the 16th of 21 missions established by the Franciscans during the summer of 1797. The mission was founded by Father Fermin Lasuen and named in honor of St. Michael the Archangel. It was constructed off present-day U.S. Highway 101, less than 10 miles north of Paso Robles. During the 1830s, the Mexican government, which had won independence from Spain during 1821, confiscated the mission along with all the other missions in California. The Indians who had been with the mission since it was established were given the property. However, the mission was lacking the Franciscan friars and it fell into disrepair. It was acquired by private owners during 1846, but soon after the U.S. gained California and all confiscated property was eventually returned to the Catholic Church. The family (William Reed) and others with them who were living at the mission were attacked and killed by renegades who believed the mission contained gold which the Franciscans had concealed. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1870s, the church was again put into the service of the people in the area. During the 1920s, the mission church became a parish church, while the mission became a Franciscan monastery. Mission San Pedro y San Pablo— On 7 January 1781, the Spanish established a pueblo and the Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuner near the Colorado River outside of present-day Bard. Father Pedro Benitor Cambon, who founded the sub-mission (asistencia) of San Pedro, also established the Mission San Francisco Solano. On 17 July 1781, a band of Quechan (Yuma) Indians attacked and defeated the small Spanish garrison. Mission San Rafael Arcángel— On 14 December 1817, the Spanish established the Mission San Rafael Arcángel about 20 miles north of San Francisco at present-day San Rafael. Initially, the mission was to be a sub-mission (asistencia) of Mission Dolores Chapel. The Spanish intended it to be used to care for sick Indians who had been converted to Christianity. The mission, founded by Father Vincente de Sarria, was the 20th of 21 missions established by the Franciscans. By 1822, the asistencia achieved recognition as a complete mission; however, its life was shortened as Mexico had by then achieved independence from Spain. When the Mexican government initiated the secularization policy during the 1830s, the mission became dilapidated. During the 1870s a parish church was established there and later, during 1949, a replica of the original mission was built. Mission Santa Bárbara— The Spanish established Mission Santa Bárbara on 4 December 1786 in the vicinity of present-day Santa Barbara. The mission, the 10th of 21 missions established by the Franciscans, was founded by Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuen. The mission was built in conjunction with the Presidio Santa Bárbara which had been dedicated by Father Junipero Serra during April 1782. The mission was less than two miles northeast of the presidio, which was to contain several churches. By about 1794, the largest of the churches was completed, but during 1812 it was devastated by an earthquake. A new church made of stone was then constructed. During 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain, and by the 1830s the Mexican government began to confiscate the property of the Catholic Church. Subsequently, the U.S. gained California as a

Mission Santa Ines / CALIFORNIA result of the Mexican War and afterward, the U.S. returned all confiscated property to the church. The mission was struck by another severe earthquake during 1925 and suffered severe damage; however, it was restored. Mission Santa Clara— During January 1777, the Spanish established the Santa Clara Mission (Mission Santa Clara de Thamien) on the Guadalupe River at present-day Santa Clara. The mission, the eighth in a series of 21 missions built by the Franciscans in California, was named in honor of Saint Claire of Assisi. Mission Santa Clara, the second mission in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, was established by Father Junipero Serra. Fathers Tomas de la Pena and Joseph Antonio Marguia worked at the mission, which was in territory inhabited by the Costanoan tribe in the village of Socoisuka. The Spanish had little luck with the site selected to build the mission. The unruly Guadalupe River compelled the priests to repeatedly relocate the mission. A new site seemed to finally be a tenable location, but after nearly 35 years of its existence, nature again inflicted a serious blow. An earthquake devastated it during 1818. The mission was rebuilt for the fifth time during 1822. During the 1830s, the mission was secularized by the Mexicans who had earlier won independence from Spain. After the U.S. gained California (Mexican War, 1846), the Catholic Church eventually got its property back. The Jesuits then received the mission from the Franciscans and it was transformed into the initial college in California at Santa Clara. During 1926, nature struck again. The mission church was destroyed by fire. The damage was severe, but the church was reconstructed and serves as the college chapel. Mission Santa Clara de Thamien— See Mission Santa Clara. Mission Santa Cruz— The Spanish established Mission Santa Cruz on 28 August 1791 at present-day Santa Cruz. The mission, the 12th of 21 to be established by the Franciscans in California, was founded by Father Fermin Lasuen. It was located on the north side of Monterey Bay atop Mission Hill. The Franciscan mission was often pressed by residents of a nearby settlement (Branceforte pueblo), which the government permitted to be established too close to the mission. Often the residents would raid the crops. Later, during 1818, the missionaries and the friendly Indians who had been converted left the mission for Santa Clara Mission when it was thought pirates would attack. In their absence, the mission was raided, but by the Spanish settlers, not pirates. The mission was ravaged. Subsequent to gaining independence from Spain, the Mexican government confiscated all Catholic Church property during the 1830s. After California was gained by the U.S. (Mexican War), the property was returned. During 1840, an earthquake hit the region and the mission was damaged. A second earthquake struck during 1857 and destroyed what was left of the mission. By about 1889, a brick church was built there and during 1931 a replica of the original mission church was constructed. Mission Santa Inés— The Spanish established the Santa Inés Mission on 17 September 1804 as the 19th of 21 missions established by the Franciscans. The mission, founded by Father Estevan Tapis, was named in honor of St. Agnes. It was located in the Santa Ynez Valley at present-day Solvang off U.S. Highway 101. The region was struck by a severe earthquake during 1812 and the mission sustained heavy damage. A new mission church was constructed during 1817. During the 1830s, the Mexican government, which had earlier gained independence from Spain, confiscated all church property. Mission Santa Inés was compelled by the Mexicans to permit a Mexican settler to share the property. Nonetheless, when the U.S. gained California (Mexican War), it took steps to return all confiscated church property. The mission, however, remained active throughout the years, although it did fall into a state of deterioration. During the

CALIFORNIA / Mormon Tavern Station early 1900s, work began to restore the mission, thanks to the priest who was in charge at the time. Mission Santa Ysabel— See Presidio of San Diego. Mormon Tavern Station— Mormon Tavern Station, known also as Sunrise House Station, was established by a man named Morgan during 1849 at a place along the White Rock Road between Placerville and Folsom. It was situated in present-day Rescue, between El Dorado Station and Fifteen Mile House. The property changed hands on more than one occasion prior to the initiation of the Pony Express during April 1860. The station was used by the Pony Express during the initial stages of the Pony Express operations as a relay station. Moss-Moore River Station— The Moss-Moore River Station, known also as the Moss Station, was a Pony Express remount depot located slightly more than 10 miles east of Sportsman’s Hall near the junction of the American South Fork. The station did exist and was noted on the U.S. Mail contract of 1861. A commemorative historical marker stands near the site. Mud Spring Station— See El Dorado Station. Nevada House Station— See El Dorado Station. Oakland Station— See Sacramento Station. Placerville Station— The Placerville Station, at Placerville, operated prior to the initiation of the Pony Express. Placerville was previously known as Hangman. The Pony Express Station, located between Sacramento and Sutter’s Fort was operated by Louis Lepetit. A historical marker and a stone monument commemorates the site (the building itself, having been moved once, was still standing into the 1950s). The marker states: “To the Memory of the Riders of the Pony Express/1860–1861— the First Relay out of Sutter’s Fort.” In conjunction, the monument states: “Gold rush town and western terminus of the Placerville-Carson Road to the Comstock, Placerville was a relay station of the Central Overland Pony Express, April 4, 1860–June 30, 1861. Here on April 4, 1860, the first east-bound pony rider, William (Sam) Hamilton, changed horses, added one express letter to his mochela [mochila, a saddle bag], and sped away for Sportsman’s Hall. On July 1, 1861, Placerville became the western terminus of the Pony Express, until its discontinuance on October 26, 1861.” Pleasant Grove House Station— Pleasant Grove House Station was initially built during 1850–1851, by Rufus Hitchcock and at the time operated as a tavern or inn. Later, during 1860, the property, located along Green Valley Road, east of Folsom, was owned by Henry Wickwire. The Pony Express used the station as a relay depot beginning in June of that same year. The riders began to use the route (Mormon Island Road) after abandoning the route that followed White Rock Road. The station remained active after the cessation of the Pony Express operations during October 1861. During the Civil War period, the property was acquired by William Wallace Rust. A historical marker commemorates the site. The plaque states: “This was the site of a popular roadhouse where the ponies of the Central Overland Pony Express were changed during July 1, 1860June 30, 1861. From here the route of the Pony riders continued westward to Folsom and eastward through Rescue, Dry Creek Crossing, and the Missouri Flat to Placerville.” Point Cavallo Battery— See Fort Baker. Point Guijarros— See Fort Guijarros. (Spanish for “cobblestones”) Point Jose Military Reservation— See Fort Mason. Presidio at Santa Bárbara— The Spanish established El Presidio de

40 Santa Bárbara (Santa Barbara Royal Presidio) on 21 April 1782 at present-day Santa Barbara. This Presidio was the fourth and final military complex established along the coast of California stretching from San Diego to San Francisco. In conjunction, the Santa Barbara Mission was established there during 1786. The Spaniards established these frontier military installations to protect the settlers from the Indians and to protect the missions and priests who worked among the Indians to convert them to Christianity. Lt. Jose Francisco de Ortega assumed command of the presidio. Later during 1784, he was succeeded by Lieutenant Felipe de Goicoechea who remained in command until 1802. The presidio remains active under the Spanish until 1846 when California was gained by the United States. Presidio de Yerba Buena— See Presidio of San Francisco. Presidio of Monterey— During June 1770, the Spanish established the Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo and the Presidio of Monterey. During December of the following year, the mission was relocated at Carmel. The chapel at the presidio was designated the Royal Presidio Chapel of San Carlos Borromeo. The Spaniards, during 1791, rebuilt the chapel out of stone. In conjunction, California was gained by the U.S. during 1846 (Mexican War). Afterward, the U.S. established several installations including Fort Mervine, Fort Fremont, Monterey Barracks and Fort Stockton in the vicinity of the presidio. Nonetheless, the mission continued with some interruption such as the secularization of church property by the Mexican government during the 1830s. On 22 September 1846, Americans captured Independence Hill, overlooking the heavily fortified palace at Monterrey. The Mexicans assaulted the U.S. position, but they were repulsed. The Americans pursued the retreating Mexicans, captured their artillery and overran the palace, raising the Stars and Stripes. Presidio of San Diego— On 17 May 1769 the Spanish established the Presidio of San Diego at a spot known as Presidio Hill, slightly more than five miles outside San Diego. Initially, the presidio was a Spanish frontier outpost; however, within a short while, on 16 July, the Franciscans established the Mission San Diego de Alcalá, named in honor of St. Didacus of Alcala, there. Father Junipero Serra founded the mission, the first of 21 missions that the Franciscans established in California. After several years, the mission was relocated to a nearby location. During September 1772, King Carlos of Spain issued royal orders calling for the establishment of 10 fort complexes (presidio) to stand between the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico. Later, during January 1774, the fort was officially acknowledged as a presidio. By 1776, the mission was still converting Indians, but the conversions threatened some Indians. Consequently, during November 1776, the mission was attacked and destroyed by a large number of braves. By summer of the following year, the Spanish rebuilt the mission. The Mexican gained their independence from Spain during the early 1820s and by the 1830s the missions in California were confiscated by the government. After the U.S. gained California the property of the church was returned. The U.S. Army occupied the buildings from about 1850 until the 1860s, until the church regained possession. The mission remains active as a Catholic parish. In conjunction, prior to the Mexican takeover of the Catholic lands, the Franciscans established a sub-mission, Santa Ysabel, in the mountains of the Santa Ysabel Valley during 1818. The sub-mission was close to 60 miles east of San Diego. The Mexicans seized it also, but after a while, it fell into decay. A reconstructed church was built there during 1924. The Sons of the Sacred Heart operate the church. Presidio of San Francisco— The Spanish established the San Francisco Presidio (also known as Presidio de Yerba Buena) during 1776. During the same year, California, New Mexico, Texas and Coahuila, New Viscaya and Sinaloa became what was known as the Provincias

41 Internas, governed by a commandant general who reported directly to the Spanish crown. During February 1776, a Spanish expeditionary force under Lt. Colonel Juan Bautista Anza departed the San Gabriel Mission to reinitiate its journey to the San Francisco Bay area. Anza’s column arrived at Monterey on 10 March. Shortly afterward, while the colonists paused at Monterey, troops scoured the region for a site to construct a presidio and an accompanying mission at San Francisco. Anza selected site for the presidio and the Mission Dolores Chapel. In addition, the cities of San Jose and Los Angeles resulted from the expedition. Subsequently, during June of that same year, the Spanish colonists who had remained at Monterey while Anza returned to the Presidio at Tubac, Arizona, moved to San Francisco. The presidio was retained by the Spanish until 1846 when it, along with California was gained by the U.S. Roop’s Fort— About June–July 1854, Isaac Roop and his brother established a trading post (Roop’s Fort) near present-day Susanville at Honey Lake Valley. The post became the first structure in Lassen County which bordered Nevada. Subsequently during 1863, while the Civil War had most of the country preoccupied, a border dispute broke out there. Isaac Roop proclaimed that the region (northeastern California) was not California; rather, by his definition, it was part of Nevada. Roop established the Territory of Nataqua. It was perceived that the area was outside the jurisdiction of California and the Utah Territory (Nevada having not been formed yet.) By the early 1860s, with a survey of California boundaries, it was discovered that the Honey Lake area, including Susanville, was part of California and belonged to Plumas County. The citizens were not pleased with the fact, since a part of their independent nature was due to their isolation, being cut off from the rest of the state by the Sierra Nevada mountains, nor were they pleased with the fact that now they were being forced to pay taxes. These ensuing events led up to the Sagebrush War, a two-day skirmish fought in Susanville in February 1863 between the residents and the Plumas County sheriff and tax officials. The blockhouse, named Fort Defiance, with its “garrison” of 100 men, played a leading role in the bitter conflict. The boundary dispute was resolved when the California-Nevada line was run northward from Lake Tahoe, east of Honey Lake Valley. However, hard feelings persisted until the California Legislature, on 1 April 1864, created Lassen County with its county seat at Susanville. The county was named after Peter Lassen. Lassen was a Danish emigrant who came to this state in 1840 and spent his last years prospecting the Honey Lake Valley. He was murdered in 1859 while on an expedition in the Black Rock Desert. This Fort Defiance is not to be confused with Fort Defiance at Pilot Knob. Roop’s Fort at present, is home to the William H. Pratt Memorial Museum on Weatherlow Street. Sacramento Station— Sacramento Station was a Pony Express station. The initial mail that arrived from St. Louis at the station arrived on 13 April 1860 just before 5:30 P.M. The mail ran nonstop by a continuous group of riders that stopped to change at stations along the route. The first mailbag to reach there was delivered by William “Sam” Hamilton. The Pony Express station was located in the Hastings Building at the present-day intersection of J and Second streets. Subsequently, during March 1861, the Pony Express station was relocated at the Adams Express Building at 1014 Second Street. The Pony Express ceased operations during October 1861. In conjunction, during the first month of operations, prior to using the Sacramento River to ferry the mail to San Francisco, the Pony Express staggered some additional depots along the land route. The stations were Benicia Station, west of Sacramento, and Martinez Station between it and Oakland. The relay depots were also used during times when the mail arrived too late to make the steamboat. San Diego Presidio— See Presidio of San Diego.

Sutter’s Fort / CALIFORNIA San Francisco Pony Express Station— The Pony Express was established during 1860. Its riders moved the mail nonstop between St. Louis, Missouri, and California until the arrival of the telegraph essentially forced the operations to cease by October 1861. The Pony Express riders traveled overland to Folsom Station and from there the mail was ferried to San Francisco by steamboats that arrived there via the Sacramento River. The Pony Express office in the city was located in the building of the Alta Telegraph located at 153 Montgomery Street. See also Folsom Station. San Francisco Presidio— See Presidio of San Francisco. Santa Paula Asistencia— On 11 August 1769, a Spanish expeditionary force (Portola Expedition) arrived at the convergence of the Arroyo Mupu and Santa Paula Creek. The Spaniards named the place Holy Martyrs Ipolito and Cassiano. The accompanying priests from Mission San Buenaventura established Asistencia Santa Paula in present-day Santa Paula. The sub-mission was founded to work amongst the Mupu Indians. Sportsman’s Hall Station— Sportsman’s Hall Station, known also as Twelve Mile Station, was a Pony Express station located in California slightly outside Sacramento and a little more than 10 miles east of Placerville. However, earlier it had been established during the latter part of the 1850s as a station-hotel, operated by John and James Blair. The station is commemorated by a historical marker that proclaims the journey of a rider moving from California to St. Louis. The plaque states: “This was the site of Sportsman’s Hall, also known as the Twelve-Mile House. The hotel operated in the late 1850’s and 1860’s by John and James Blair. A stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock, it became a relay station of the central overland Pony Express. Here, at 7:40 A.M., April 4, 1860, Pony rider William (Sam) Hamilton, riding in from Placerville, handed the Express mail to Warren Upson who, two minutes later, sped on his way eastward.” Strawberry Station— Strawberry Station initially began to operate during 1856 as a hostelry (tavern). Later, during 1859, the station was acquired by two partners, named Messrs. Swift and Watson. During 1860, it became a Pony Express station, which was confirmed, as it appeared on the 1861 contract for the U.S. Mail, held by the Overland Mail Company. Reasons for the station being named Strawberry vary. One theory is that the station operator during the days of the Pony Express, named Berry, brought about its name after he and another, named Swan, acquired the station during 1859. Another theory is that Berry supplied the travelers horses with straw for feed; rather than the hay which was bought by the travelers. A historical marker commemorates the station. It reads: “This popular resort and stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock, established by Swift and Watson in 1856, became a remount station of the California Overland Pony Express on April 4, 1860. Here on that date Division Superintendent Bolivar Roberts waited with a string of mules to help Pony rider Warren Upson through the snowstorm on Echo Summit.” Sunrise House Station— See Mormon Tavern Station. Sutter’s Fort— Sutter’s Fort was established during 1839 by John Augustus Sutter, a new arrival in California. Sutter had been born in Germany, but both his parents were Swiss. He had acquired a land grant from the Mexican government and established a settlement known as New Helveta in the vicinity of present-day Sacramento. Sutter retained ownership of the trading post until 1849, but during the revolt against Mexico by the Californians, Sutter’s Fort was occupied by those fighting for the Bear Flag Republic. Many settlers arriving in California from St. Louis stopped at the fort. During January 1848, an American, John Marshall, had discovered gold in the

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CALIFORNIA / Webster’s Station vicinity of Sacramento. The strike initiated the California Gold Rush. In conjunction, Marshall had formed a partnership with John Sutter (Sutter’s Fort) during 1847; however, the discovery of gold led to the end of Sutter’s dream of building an empire. The huge parcel of land he received from the Mexican government was soon flooded with gold miners who squatted on the property. Subsequent to the termination of the Mexican War, Sutter’s land grants from the Mexican government were no longer valid. Sutter returned to Pennsylvania where he succumbed at Lititz, near Lancaster, during 1880. Also, during April 1846, a group of pioneer families primarily from Illinois and Iowa, led by George and Jacob Donner (brothers) and James Reed, departed the Midwest for California, but the journey turned tragic after they reached Fort Bridger. The seasons changed more quickly than the party’s progress and the train slowed. By the time the pioneers reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains, food was scarce and supplies were low. The lack of food, clothing and stamina, combined with an early snow to trap them near Donner Lake during October 1846. A small group made its way to California and rescuers from Fort Sutter sped to save them; however only about half of the original group survived. The survivors reverted to cannibalism to remain alive. Twelve Mile Station— See Sportsman’s Hall Station. Webster’s Station— Webster’s Station, known also as Webster’s Sugar Loaf Station, was located in the vicinity of Sugar Loaf Mountain near Placerville. It began operating as a Pony Express station during April 1860. The station was also a stopping point for the C.O.C. & P.P. Express Company. The Pony Express ceased operations during 1861; however, the station remained active as a stage stop until the latter part of the 1860s. The site is commemorated by a historical marker that states: “This was the site of Webster’s Sugar Loaf House, well-known stopping place during the Comstock Rush. Beginning in April 1860, it was used as a remount station of the California Overland Pony Express. In 1861 it became a horse change station for pioneer stage company and overland mail.”

Woodford’s Station— Woodford’s Station was established in the northeastern sector of Alpine County. When the Pony Express initiated operations during April 1860, it became the initial station reached by the riders coming into California from Missouri. The depot was a remount station; however, toward the latter part of April, the Pony Express route shifted to a station close to Daggett Pass. The relocation site cut down the time as the riders were able to eliminate several remount stations by crossing from Nevada at Daggett Pass. The Pony Express Station there is now a memory, commemorated only by a historical marker near where Highway 88 passes directly over the station. The wording on the commemorative sign: “During initial five weeks of its operation in 1860, an important remount station of the famous Pony Express was located a few feet from here at Cary’s Barn.” Yank’s Station— During 1859, a stage depot operating in the vicinity of Meyers was acquired from two partners, George Douglas and Martin Smith, by Ephraim “Yank” Clement. Clement and his wife began massive alterations and expanded the station into a threestory structure, which essentially was also a hotel. The station contained 14 rooms. Nearby were spacious stables and a corral. The Pony Express used it as a station. Subsequent to the cessation of the Pony Express station during 1861, the station continued in operation. The station made the transformation from stagecoaches to automobiles and remained open until November 1938 when it was destroyed by a devastating fire that struck the town of Meyers. During 1873, it became known as Meyers Station when the property was acquired by George D.H. Meyers. A historical marker there states: “This was the site of the most eastern remount station of the Central Overland Pony Express in California. Established as a trading post in 1851 by Martin Smith, it became a popular hostelry and stage stop operated by Ephraim ‘Yank’ Clement on the Placerville-Carson Road. Pony rider Warren Upson first arrived here on the evening of April 28, 1860. Changing ponies, he galloped on to Friday’s in Nevada to deliver his mochila [saddle bag] to Bob Haslam for the ride to Genoa.”

COLORADO 20-Mile House— The 20-Mile House, about 20 miles from Denver, was established by John Long as one of a series of stage depots along the Cherokee Trail as an Overland stage depot during 1864. The depot, located in the vicinity of Pine Grove near the intersection of the Cherokee and Smoky Hill South trails, was one of a series of stations established in the region on the route to Denver. From the station, the trail continued along a creek (Cherry Creek) to Denver. The depot became a permanent operation and by about 1870, a post office was established there at about the same time as the 20-Mile House was acquired by another man, James S. Parker (postmaster). Subsequently, during 1882, the post along the frontier became a depot for the Denver and New Orleans Railroad. Afterward, the station became known as Parker’s Station (later, Parker, Colorado). American Ranche— See Kelly’s Station. Antelope Station— Antelope Station was a small stage depot, established slightly more than 10–15 miles from Julesburg and Fort Sedg-

wick. The depot, along with many others that were stretched out between Julesburg and Latham on the South Platte River, was destroyed by Indian raids on 28 January 1865. Beaver Creek Station— Beaver Creek Station stage depot was established about 1861 in the South Platte Region about 12 miles southwest of Kelly’s Station. At Beaver Creek Station, the stage would arrive and be able to spot Pike’s Peak in the Rocky Mountains. The depot was yet another of the stage stations to be attacked and destroyed by the Sioux and Cheyenne during January 1865. Bent’s Fort— In about 1833, Bent’s Fort was built by two brothers, Charles and William Bent, and Ceran St. Vrain at La Junta as part of the Bent-St. Vrain Trading Company. The fort, also known as Fort William, along with Fort St. Vrain to the north and Fort Adobe to the south, specialized in trading with the Southern Cheyenne and the Arapaho; however trappers, mountain men and the army also frequented the fort. In addition to the Colorado locations, the company also had depots in Sante Fe and Taos, New Mexico. One of the

43 trappers, Kit Carson, joined the company during 1840 and became Bent’s main hunter with responsibility for maintaining a hardy meat supply for the fort. Carson later encountered John Frémont and during 1842 signed on to lead him to California. He was with Frémont during the Bear Flag Rebellion and Carson also served with General Stephen Kearny during the Mexican War. Bent’s Fort remained in existence until just after the close of the Mexican War. It ceased operations during 1849 following a series of calamities and epidemics in the region. During 1853, Bent reconstructed another post in the vicinity of Amity (Prowers County). During 1860 that post became strategically important to the U.S. military. The U.S. Army constructed a fort near it. Also, at about the same time, another trading post, known as Gantt’s Fort, was established on the upper Arkansas River in the vicinity of Fort Pueblo by John Gantt and Jefferson Blackwell. Berthoud Station— See Little Thompson Station. Big Bend Station— The Big Bend Station was established on the Overland Trail south of Latham as a stage depot. There are no traces of the station. Big Sandy Station— Big Sandy Station was located in Colorado at Sand Creek slightly under 15 miles from Cheyenne Wells. The station came under an Indian attack on 19 September 1868. However, troops dispatched form Fort Lyon four days previously were there to repulse the raiders without any losses. One Indian was reported killed and another wounded in the exchange. Big Thompson Station— See Namaqua Station. Bijou Creek Station— Bijou Creek Station was established within several miles of Fort Morgan in the South Platte region as one of a group of stage depots on the Overland Trail between Julesburg and Latham. Boone’s Station— Boone’s Station was established as a stage depot along the Overland Trail near Boulder Creek. The stage depot was about 10 miles from Church’s Station. Burlington Station— See St. Vrain Station. Buzzards Roost— A trading post known as Buzzard’s Roost was established during 1842 by trappers in the Upper Arkansas Valley The post was abandoned by the following year due to the lack of a sufficient number of Indians passing through the area to purchase the furs. The post, however, was located along a trail used by the Ute Indians. Ruins of the trading post are still on the site. California Ranch— The California Ranch, sometimes known as Franktown Station or Franktown Stockade, was established during 1859 in Douglas County, which at the time reached to the easternmost part of the territory to the Kansas border. The area was inhabited by the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians. Gold had been discovered during the previous year at Cherry Creek. The settlement later became known as Franktown, named after James Frank Gardner who acquired the California Ranch during 1864. The ranch became a depot for the stage coaches traveling the Santa Fe Trail. The complex continued to expand and within several years it became the county seat as well as a gathering place for settlers in the event of an Indian attack. During those early days on the Colorado frontier, the area also had many renegades who probably helped bring about the name of a nearby place known as Hangman’s Gulch. In conjunction, during 1874, when Douglas County was modified (other counties were formed from it), the county seat was relocated to Castle Rock. However, during the following year, the ranch was destroyed by an accidental fire and it was never reconstructed, essentially ending its life as a stage depot.

Camp Tyler / COLORADO Camp Collins— See Fort Collins. Camp Curtis— Camp Curtis was established at Cherokee City (later Latham) in Weld County during 1861. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. Camp Evans— Camp Evans was established in the vicinity of Denver by the army as a temporary post during the Civil War (1864). Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the temporary post. Camp Fillmore— Camp Fillmore was established in Colorado during the 1860s. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. In the District of Colorado, during 1864, the cavalry was at several posts. One company of the 1st Colorado Cavalry was at Denver, another was at Fort Fillmore and yet another was at Fort Garland. Elements of the Colorado 3rd Cavalry were posted at Junction Station and at Valley Station. Camp Gilpin— During 1861, the recently appointed governor of the territory, William Gilpin, decided to raise a force despite the fact the government in Washington turned down his request. Luckily for the Union, Gilpin, who had attended West Point from 1834 through 1838 but did not graduate, decided to follow his instincts. He established the 1st Colorado Regiment of Volunteers during 1861. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the western frontiers were stripped of the regulars for duty back east. Congress never appropriated any funds and by the following year, Gilpin was dismissed as governor. Nonetheless, the Colorado Volunteers remained intact and held the terrain until the Army could get regulars back in the field on the frontier. At the time Gilpin was establishing the Colorado Volunteers, the territorial capital was in Denver, a small settlement. The camp where the regiment was raised during August 1861 was most probably in the vicinity of the capital. The initial colonel of the regiment was John P. Slough. He later resigned and was succeeded by Major John Chivington during April 1862. Camp Lewis (Pagosa Springs)— See Fort Lewis (Parrott City-Hesperus). Camp on the White River— The U.S. Army established the Camp on the White River during 1880, in the vicinity of present-day Meeker. The post was established subsequent to the devastating attack by the Ute Indians that had occurred near there during the previous year and is remembered as the Meeker Massacre. The troops constructed the officers’ quarters, followed by the building of adobe barracks for the enlisted troops. The fort was abandoned during 1883. A museum (White River Museum) is now located in the old officers’ quarters. For more information: Phone — 970–878–9982; White River Museum, 565 Park Street, Blanco County, Meeker, Colorado 81641. Camp Pike— See Pike’s Stockade. Camp Rankin— See Fort Sedgwick. Camp Robbins— Camp Robbins was established during the 1860s by the Union. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. Camp Tyler— Camp Tyler was established by the Union during 1864 at present-day Fort Morgan. During 1865, the installation was renamed Fort Wardwell and yet again during the following year when it was named Fort Morgan, in honor of Colonel Christopher A. Morgan, U.S. Volunteers. Fort Morgan was established to protect the stagecoaches that traveled the route in that region. The city of Fort Morgan was established during 1887.

COLORADO / Camp Weld Camp Weld— The Union Army established Camp Weld in the vicinity of Denver during 1861 as one of a series of temporary posts in Colorado during the Civil War. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. It was abandoned subsequent to the close of the war. Camp Wheeler— The Union Army established Camp Wheeler during 1864 in the vicinity of Denver as one of a series of temporary posts in Colorado. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. Cheyenne Wells Station— Cheyenne Wells Station was located near the south bank of the Smoky Hill River outside of present-day Cheyenne Wells. The station was about 15 miles from the border with Kansas in the vicinity of Cheyenne Wells Caves. A stable was constructed there for the horses and mules, but the station was in the caves, which provided protection from Indian attacks. Child’s Station— See Church’s Station. Church’s Station— Church’s Station was established as a stage depot on the Overland Trail near Dry Creek, slightly more than 10 miles outside Denver and about 10 miles from present-day Broomfield. The stage depot was also known as Child’s Station. Dennison’s Ranche— Dennison’s Ranche was established as a stage stop along the Overland Trail near the mouth of Cedar Creek as one of a group of stations between Julesburg and Latham. During a period of turbulence with the Sioux and Cheyenne it was destroyed by an attack on 29 January 1865. Several other nearby stations had been destroyed on the previous day. Denver Depot— The Union Army established Denver Depot as a temporary post during 1863 as one of a series of posts in the territory during the Civil War. Elements of the 1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment (drawn from the 1st Colorado Infantry Regiment) garrisoned the post. Denver Stage Station— The Denver Stage Station was established as a stage depot for the Overland Stage company. A string of stations ran from Latham to Denver at about a 15-mile interval. Duck Pond Station— See Pond Creek Station. Eagle’s Nest Station— Eagle’s Nest Station was established at an unknown time along the Overland Trail as one of a group of stage depots standing between Julesburg and Latham. Fort Bent— See Bent’s Fort. Fort Collins— During July 1862, elements of the 9th Kansas Cavalry attached to Fort Laramie in Wyoming moved to Colorado to establish Camp Collins (later Fort Collins) in the vicinity of presentday Laporte. The post was named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel William O. Collins, commander of the Ohio Cavalry at Fort Laramie. The garrison held responsibility for keeping the Cherokee Trail open and it protected the Overland Stage Line as it passed through the region. Several months after the establishment of Camp Collins, the Kansas troops were replaced by a contingent of Colorado troops. During May 1864, the 11th Ohio Cavalry arrived to garrison the fort. Shortly thereafter, during June 1864, the area was struck by a violent storm and the camp was destroyed. However, the troops were able to reach higher ground, which prevented any loss of life. The fort, afterward, was relocated to more suitable ground. On 20 August 1864, orders arrived to sanction the new location and from that point, the camp became known as Fort Collins. Its construction was completed by October 1864. Fort Collins remained active until September 1866. Fort Crawford— Fort Crawford was established about 1886 near the

44 convergence of the Grand and Gunnison Rivers. Prior to its establishment, Uncompahgre Cantonment was located there in southwestern Colorado. During 1881, elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry had been at Uncompahgre Cantonment while operating as part of General Mackenzie’s expedition. From the fort, the 6th Infantry departed for Utah where it began to construct Fort Thornburgh during September 1881. Fort Crawford was deactivated about 1890. Like a group of other abandoned forts, the dead who had been buried there were later transferred to the Fort McPherson cemetery. Fort Davy Crockett— Fort Davy Crockett, a trading post, was established during 1837 by Philip Thompson and William Craig in the vicinity of the Green River. The fort was constructed at a location at the northwest tip of Colorado known as Brown’s Park, which is about where the borders of the future states of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming converge. In conjunction, the fort was also claimed by the state of Utah as being located in Daggett County at the time of its construction. Fort Fauntleroy— See Fort Lyon. Fort Francisco— Fort Francisco known also as Francisco Plaza was established during 1862 in the Upper Cuchara Valley at La Veta by Colonel John M. Francisco and a judge, Henry Daigre. The fort, manned by settlers, became the initial settlement in the valley. To provide extra protection against Indian raids, the fort was constructed of adobe with walls about one foot in depth and with only one entrance, from the north. The area continued to receive new settlers and by 1871 the first post office opened on the plaza of the fort. Later, during 1876, the Iron Horse arrived in the region and actually ran into the plaza. Following the arrival of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, the settlement began to expand. The post office, initially referred to as Spanish Peaks, became La Veta. Subsequently, during 1957, the fort was sold to the town of La Veta, which in turn leased it to the Huerfano County Historical Society which established a museum (Francisco Fort Museum). Several of the historical buildings, including a blacksmith shop and saloon, remain at the museum. Fort Garland—During 1858, the U.S. Army established Fort Garland, about 25 miles from Alamosa in an effort to be positioned for action in the event of hostilities from the Indians in the region. The garrison at Fort Massachusetts relocated there (present-day Fort Garland). The responsibility of the fort remained the same, to protect the settlers and coaches from the Utes and Apaches who inhabited the region. Later during 1866, Colonel Kit Carson arrived and assumed command of the post for about one year. The U.S. Army abandoned the post during 1883. The garrison was then redeployed at Fort Lewis, which was established during 1879. In conjunction, during 1858, in the Colorado-New Mexico region, hostilities had again broken out between the Utes and the Navajos. Fort Jackson— Fort Jackson, a fur-trading post, was established at about 1833 in Weld County. Several other trading posts were established in southern Colorado at that time (1830s) due to the abundance of furs and a large demand for them. In conjunction, the mountain men spent endless amounts of time in the Rockies, and after each winter passed, they returned to the trading posts. A tradition began and each year they selected a new site for the following year’s celebration, usually along the Platte River. This post was purchased by another company, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, owned by the Bents and Ceran St. Vrain about 1838. Shortly afterward it ceased operations. Fort Lancaster— See Fort Vasquez. Fort Lewis (Pagosa Springs-Durango)— See Fort Lewis (Parrott City-Hesperus).

45 Fort Lewis (Parrott City-Hesperus)— The U.S. Army, during October 1878, began to staff Fort Lewis in the vicinity of Pagosa Springs as a military post. The fort was named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel William L. Lewis, who had been killed while engaged in a skirmish with Cheyennes in Kansas during September 1878. Earlier, during 1859, a team of U.S. topographers, while on an expedition led by Captain J.N. McComb, arrived at the Pagosa Springs (hot springs). Fort Lewis was established as an outpost of Fort Garland and it was first known as Camp Lewis. The garrison held responsibility for protecting the settlers and protecting the Southern Ute Indians. Following the Meeker Massacre in the northern part of Colorado during 1879, it was determined to move Fort Lewis to a more strategically placed location from which the troops could react more quickly. During 1880, Fort Lewis was relocated at a spot along the La Plata River just south of Parrott City and in the vicinity of Hesperus. During August 1880, a contingent composed of four companies of the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Crofton arrived to establish the new Fort Lewis, considered to be more strategically located. Meanwhile, the post at Pagosa Springs was officially abandoned during 1882 and the land was transferred to the Department of the Interior during 1884. With the new post situated less than 15 miles southwest of Durango (city established September 1880), the army was better positioned to protect its region. Fort Lewis, near Parrott City and Hesperus, was comprised of more than 6,300 acres of land. It was officially established during 1880. Later, during 1883, General William Tecumseh Sherman arrived to inspect the fort. Following a difficult winter (1890–1891) in which the troops were isolated from Durango for about one and one-half months due to heavy snow, the Denver and Rio Grande Southern Railroad advanced to Durango and beyond through Wildcat Canyon to Hesperus. However, the Iron Horse did not arrive at Pagosa Springs until abut 1900. By May of 1891, the Army deactivated Fort Lewis and transferred it to the Department of Interior. Subsequently, during 1892, it became an Indian school which remained operational until 1910. Fort Lincoln— Fort Lincoln, a settler’s fort, was established in Douglas County during 1864. Fort Logan— Fort Logan, initially called Camp Near Denver, was established during 1889 at present-day Sheridan during 1889. The site of the fort was selected by General Philip Sheridan (general of the army). Fort Logan was named in honor of General John A. Logan. The name change to Fort Logan occurred during April 1889. Fort Logan remained active until 1946. Fort Lupton— At about 1836, Fort Lupton was established in Colorado (Nebraska Territory) as a fur-trading post and as a stagecoach stop along the Overland Trail. It was slightly more than 15 miles south of Latham (originally Cherokee City) and one of a series of similar posts that were scattered along the trail in the vicinity of Big Bend along the South Platte River. The forts included Forts Jackson (1833) and Vasquez (1835). Fort Lyon— During August 1860, the U.S. Army established a post, Fort Wise, initially known as Fort Fauntleroy, in the vicinity of La Junta. Nearby was a new Bent’s Fort, established at present-day Fort Lyon during 1853. The military had been using the trading post for some time prior to the establishment of the fort. Fort Wise, named in honor of Henry Wise, the governor of Virginia, was constructed on the Arkansas River east of Pueblo, below Bent’s Fort. In conjunction, Fort Wise, during 1862, was renamed Fort Lyon in honor of General Nathaniel Lyon, who was killed at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri, during the previous year. In the meantime, Governor Wise and the state of Virginia had seceded from the Union, eliminating the need for a fort named after a Confederate. During November 1864, on

Fort Morgan Cutoff / COLORADO the 9th, a previous promise of peace given to the Indians by Major E.W. Wynkoop was broken, and more than 600 Colorado state militia, commanded by Colonel J.M. Chivington, attacked the reservation in the vicinity of Fort Lyon, devastating the members of the tribe that were there, mostly women and children. Chief White Antelope was killed, but Chief Black Kettle escaped. Chief Black Kettle raised both a white flag and the American flag, but the soldiers fired relentlessly. Subsequently, on 17 October 1868, the Battle of Beecher’s Island occurred near Fort Lyon in Yuma County at a spot northwest of Fort Wallace. Fifty frontier scouts led by Colonel George Alexander Forsyth were engaged by about 600 Indians, comprised of Northern Cheyenne, Sioux and Arapahoes, under Chief Roman Nose. Two volunteers, Stillwell and Trudeau, dressed as Indians and escaped to Fort Wallace to get reinforcements. The small command held out although nearly starved until 27 October when the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) and other cavalry troops arrived to rescue them. Captain Louis H. Carpenter, 10th Cavalry, became a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions during the campaign to lift the siege at Beecher’s Island. Also, Colonel Kit Carson succumbed at Fort Lyon during 1868. Fort Lyon continued to be active during the Indian campaigns until it was deactivated during 1889. Most of the raids initiated in the region were by the Cheyenne, but others included the Arapahos and the Kiowas. Subsequent to the fighting at Beecher’s Island, the situation eased and traveling along the Fort Wallace-Fort Lyon Road along the Santa Fe Trail became less dangerous as the Indians moved toward positions south of the Arkansas River where they would make camp in the Washita River Valley for the winter 1868–1869. During the latter part of 1868, Captain Penrose, the commander of Fort Lyon, departed for Oklahoma and later another contingent moved to join him. Consequently, only a small garrison remained at Fort Lyon, but some troops were assigned to protect the stagecoaches as they moved through the fort’s sector of responsibility. In conjunction, the expedition of Penrose unexpectedly ran into trouble due to the inclement weather. But during the mission, the second column reached him with supplies in Oklahoma in the vicinity of present-day Texas County. While there, contingents were dispatched into the Texas Panhandle, but the mission failed to discover any Indians. James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickock and Buffalo Bill Cody accompanied the expedition as scouts. In conjunction, during the winter of 1868–1869, the majority of the southern Plains tribes were subdued by General Phil Sheridan’s winter campaign and forced onto reservations in Indian Territory. The Cheyenne Dog Soldiers were an exception. During spring of 1869 a band of Cheyennes, comprised mostly of Dog Soldiers, moved to the Republican River in the northwest sector of Kansas. They reinitiated their attacks along the Fort Wallace-Fort Lyon Road. The raids, however, took no lives. Fort Massachusetts— During 1852, the U.S. Army established Fort Massachusetts in the vicinity of Mount Blanca. It was the initial fort built by the army in Colorado. The fort remained active until 1858 when the garrison relocated at nearby Fort Garland. Fort Morgan— Fort Morgan was established by Ben Holladay about 1864 on the former site of an old trading post established during 1838 by a man named Sam Ashcroft. It was along the south bank of the South Platte River at Junction Station ( Junction Ranch), also the property of Holladay. The stage depot was initially known as Camp Tyler and afterward Camp Wardell before being named Fort Morgan. Elements of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry were deployed there until they abandoned it during spring 1865. Fort Morgan Cutoff— With the establishment of the new route to Denver from Junction Station, new stage depots were placed into operation, but the exact locations of some of them have been left to

COLORADO / Fort Pueblo obscurity. Some places thought to have possibly been a stage stop along the cutoff were the Tegler Ranch southwest of Fort Morgan and the Allred Ranch as well. In addition, at another ranch, Graham’s Ranch, the pioneers established a new cutoff that actually ran parallel with the Fort Morgan Cutoff for about 15–20 miles. A station known as Rock Station was established along the newer cutoff at Rock Creek. Others included Box Elder Station, Kiowa Station and Living Springs Station and one known as Coal Creek Station. Fort Namaqua— See Namaqua Station. Fort Pueblo— Fort Pueblo, a trading post, was established in the Nebraska Territory (later Colorado) during 1842. Fort Pueblo was built in the vicinity of Pike’s Peak at a spot where the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek converged. Later during 1854 an Indian attack (massacre) occurred there and the fort was abandoned. Fort Rankin— See Fort Sedgwick. Fort Reynolds— At about 1867, the U.S. Army established Fort Reynolds near Pueblo and the Arkansas River. During the period of the fort’s existence, the garrison held responsibility for protecting settlers and miners while they passed through the region. The Army also created a ferry system for passing the Arkansas and it contracted Charles Autobee to exclusively handle the military traffic. Prior to the construction of a bridge across the river, Autobee operated his own ferry, but the bridge had eliminated nearly all of his traffic. Fort Reynolds’ garrison participated in the hostilities with the Indians in the region that erupted during 1868. The post remained active until the conflict subsided during 1872. Charles Autobee, known as the man who “settled and developed” southern Colorado, served with the U.S. Army as a scout and Indian fighter during the hostilities. Fort St. Vrain— At about 1837, Fort St. Vrain was established by Ceran St. Vrain, a colonel who served with the New Mexico Volunteers. The fort, used as a trading post, was constructed near the South Platte River and Big Bend Station, a stagecoach stop along the Overland Trail. Another station, Latham’s, stood further north about 15–20 miles distant. The fort emerged following a partnership between St. Vrain and the Bent family. They had earlier founded Bent’s Fort (1833) near La Junta, along another pioneer route, the Santa Fe Trail. During June 1843, Frémont’s Expedition arrived at Otter Creek and from there, the party advanced to the mouth of Smoky Hill Fork at the convergence of the Kansas and Republican Rivers. By 30 June Frémont reached a valley near the south fork of the Platte River. Frémont stayed at Fort St. Vrain while he was en route to Fort Bridger, prior to his advance into California. On the return trip from California during 1844, Frémont’s force stopped at Bent’s Fort in Colorado during July. On 4 July 1848 a big party was held at Fort St. Vrain to celebrate Independence Day. Kit Carson, John Frémont and the entire expedition force attended. The fort’s cannon were fired, but in celebration, as the Cheyenne in the area also attended the party. In conjunction, the tradition of an artillery salute continues to the present day with every U.S. facility capable of firing a salute commencing fire in unison at noon on 4 July. Fort Sedgwick— Fort Sedgwick, initially named Camp Rankin (and afterwards for awhile, Fort Rankin), was established during 1864 along the Oregon Trail outside Julesburg, a primitive settlement that consisted of only a few buildings and served as a trading post since about 1859. The fort during 1865 was named in honor of General John Sedgwick, killed at Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, during the Civil War. The fort held only a small garrison during February 1865 when a band of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians attacked Julesburg and destroyed it to retaliate for the Sand Creek Massacre that had occurred the previous November. Some of the residents were spared as they made it to the fort. Elements of the Iowa Cav-

46 alry operated in this region to protect the settlers and the wagons from the Cheyenne and Sioux while the trains were passing near Fort Sedgwick en route to Denver. The cavalry continued to provide protection along the Overland Trail and later they also spent time protecting the men who worked on the rails to bring the trains (Union Pacific Railroad) into their region (Colorado and northwestern Nebraska). During 1867, the troops provided protection for railroad workers who were extending the Union Pacific Railroad across the western sector of Nebraska. Fort Sedgwick was abandoned during 1871. The garrison redeployed at Fort Sidney, Nebraska, about 40 miles away. The flagpole from Fort Sedgwick was moved to Julesburg and is now in front of the Julesburg library. Fort Uncompahgre— A trading post known as Fort Uncompahgre was established around 1826–1828 by Antione Robidoux (or Roubideau) near the place where the Gunnison and Uncompahgre rivers converge in the vicinity of present-day Delta. This Fort Robidoux is separate from Fort Robidoux established in Utah (1832). The fort was destroyed by Ute Indians during 1844. Earlier during the 1700s, the Spanish had passed here, initially in 1761. Another group, including two Catholic priests, had stopped here while on a trip from Santa Fe to attempt to discover a new and shorter route to California. This journey, which began at Santa Fe during July 1776, was known as the Escalante Expedition. While in this area, the priests named the Uncompahgre River the San Francisco River. A museum, the Fort Uncompahgre Living History Museum, which covers the history of the fort is located at Delta’s Confluence Park on Gunnison River Drive. Fort Uncompahgre is not to be confused with Uncompahgre Cantonment (Fort Crawford). Fort Vasquez— Fort Vasquez, an adobe-walled trading post sometimes known as Fort Lancaster, was established during 1835 outside of Denver near the South Platte River at present-day Platteville. The trading post, several miles upriver from Fort St. Vrain, was established by two fur traders, Andrew Sublette and Louis Vasquez, prominent mountain men of the time. The region was inhabited by Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians. At the time of the founding of the post, the fur trade was lucrative and the post’s location between Bent’s Fort in southern Colorado and Fort Laramie in Wyoming made it a profitable venture. However, by the early 1840s, the demand for furs dropped drastically and the enterprise ended. After it was abandoned, the post was destroyed by Indians about 1842. Subsequently, when prospectors were rushing to Colorado following the discovery of gold during 1859, the post was used by settlers who replaced parts of it for quarters. Nevertheless, it was not considered a primary stage depot, although if travelers requested to be taken there, the stage would make a stop there. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union Army occupied Fort Vasquez. The fort eventually deteriorated, but some of its adobe walls survived into the twentieth century. At present, the fort, now restored as a museum, is operated by the State of Colorado (Colorado Historical Society). The fort is located north of Fort Lupton on Highway 85. For more information: Colorado Historical Society, 1500 Broadway, Denver, Colorado 80203. Fort Wicked— See Godfrey’s Station. Fort William— See Bent’s Fort. Fort Wise— See Fort Lyon. Francisco Plaza— See Fort Francisco. Franktown Station— See California Ranch. Franktown Stockade— See California Ranch. Frontz’s Pony Express Station— Frontz’s Pony Express Station, also known as South Platte Station, was located in Sedgwick County. It

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Pike’s Stockade / COLORADO

is thought that the station was about two miles east of Julesburg. A historical marker lists the site of the station as Butt’s or Burt’s Station; however, the designation is incorrect as the ranch noted on the marker was a separate place.

which led to the Fort Wallace-Fort Lyon Road at Big Sandy Station, Company A, 5th U. S. Infantry was dispatched from Fort Wallace to deploy at Kit Carson. However, no Indian attacks occurred. By about 1873, the road was no longer necessary due to the railroad.

Gantt’s Fort— At about 1853, a trading post, known as Gantt’s Fort was established in present-day Bent County on the upper Arkansas River by John Gantt and Jefferson Blackwell. The fort, at the time it was established, was in the Nebraska Territory and located in the vicinity of Fort Pueblo. Colorado became a U.S. territory during 1861.

Laporte— During 1862, the settlement of Colona (Latimer County) became Laporte. A BOD stage depot was established there north of Denver along the Overland Trail. During 1863, elements of the 13th Kansas Infantry Regiment deployed there to guard the section of the Overland Trail that ran between the depot and the Virginia Dale Stage Station. However, the camp that was established for the troops was hit by floods during the following year which prompted the army to relocate the camp. During an inspection of the camp at Laporte by Colonel William Collins, who had arrived from Laramie, the decision was made to relocate the camp to a spot about five or six miles downstream. The new camp was named Camp Collins, later Fort Collins at present-day Fort Collins. In conjunction, the region had long been a gathering place for fur trappers. They had been passing through the region since the 1840s. It was close to the Cache la Poudre River which served as a junction point for the mountains to the north of the South Platte River. At about 1844, Antoine Jania, remembered as the first to settle on that part of the western frontier that was north of the Arkansas River, settled near Colona (later Laporte). The mountain men and trappers found no hostility from the Arapaho Indians who inhabited the region. About 1849, a group of trappers led by Kit Carson arrived at the settlement and they too established a camp there.

Gantt’s Post— See Gantt’s Fort. Godfrey’s Station— Godfrey’s Station, also known as Fort Wicked, was established by Holon Godfrey during the 1860s on the South Platte River as one of a group of stage depots between Julesburg and Latham. Godfrey’s Station survived the Indian attacks of January 1865 when the Sioux and Cheyenne sought retaliation for an earlier attack (Sand Creek Massacre) against them during the previous year. Godfrey had survived earlier attacks and he took steps to fortify his ranch with high, thick adobe walls. The defenders showed such marksmanship during the January attacks that the Indians dubbed the depot “Fort Wicked.” The settlers and the army continued to have frequent difficulties with the Indians in Colorado until about 1869, but later, during 1876, the South Platte region heated up again. The depot continued operations into the 1870s. Half-Way House Station— See St. Vrain Station. Julesburg Station— Julesburg Station was established slightly southeast of Ovid during 1859 by Jules Reni, who operated a trading post there (Sedgwick County). The post also was a station for the Pike’s Peak Stage Line and the Pony Express. The Pony Express riders as well as the stagecoach drivers, after departing the station, crossed the South Platte River and moved through Nebraska via the California Road-Overland Trail toward Lodgepole Creek. Junction Station— Junction Station was established slightly under 20 miles from Beaver Creek Station during 1864 by Ben Holladay. The station was bolstered by elements of the 3rd Colorado Cavalry. Holladay established the Fort Morgan Cutoff during October 1864 in an effort to cut time and miles off the trip to Denver. The alternate route lacked some of the water on the regular route, but it was thought that the stage would be less vulnerable to Indians. The plan worked well and by December 1864, the military concurred. Holladay was directed to avoid the trail running from Julesburg to Latham and run the cutoff to save the three days with less danger to the men. Kelly’s Station— Kelly’s Station also known as American Ranche was established along the South Platte River as one of a group of depots stretched between Julesburg and Latham. Like most of the other depots in the region, it was destroyed during January 1865 by the Indians who raided the area. Kiowa Springs Station— Kiowa Springs Station was a stagecoach stop located in Kiowa County that was in operation about 1869. Kiowa Stage Stop— A stage station known as Kiowa Stage Stop was located in Arapahoe County, later Adams County. Another stage depot known as Kiowa Springs Station was also located in Colorado at Kiowa Springs. Kit Carson— Kit Carson was not actually a fort, but it was fortified. During March 1870, the stage line abandoned Pond City and moved its offices to the Colorado terminus. Kit Carson began to undergo many changes. The stage line and the railroad were operating in Kit Carson. The stage ran to Fort Lyon. To protect the new road

Latham Station— Latham Station was established near the convergence of the South Platte and the Cache la Poudre Rivers as one of a group of stage depots between there and Julesburg on the Overland Trail heading to Denver. Latham, initially known as Cherokee City Station, was established during 1862 and it became the final one on the Overland Trail before arriving at Denver. Unlike many of the other stage stations in the area, Latham Station, near present-day Greeley, was always a busy station and it was never attacked by the Sioux or Cheyenne during the Indian Wars. Little Thompson Station— Little Thompson Station, also known as Berthoud Station, was established as a stage depot along the Overland Trail near the Big Thompson River. The depot was located slightly more than 15 miles from Boone’s Station and in present-day Berthoud. There are no traces of the depot. It remained in operation until at least 1877, when the station’s name was changed to Berthoud Station. Namaqua Station— Namaqua Station, also known as Big Thompson Station, was established on what was known as the Cherokee Trail (also known as Bridger’s Road). The depot was situated on what was called Fort Namaqua, owned by a man named Mariano Medina. The depot remained active until 1864 when Ben Holladay, who initiated the Overland Trail for the stage lines, moved the route of the stagecoaches farther east to another station known as Washburn’s Crossing. Nonetheless, some coaches and wagons continued to use the Cherokee Trail until about 1877, when the railroad arrived in the region, essentially eliminating the need for stage depots. Parker Station— See 20-Mile House. Parker Stockade— See 20-Mile House. Pierson’s Station— Pierson’s Station was established as a stage depot along the Overland Trail for the Overland Stage lines. The station was located several miles south of present-day Brighton and about 15 miles from the Denver Stage Station. Pike’s Blockhouse— See Pike’s Stockade. Pike’s Stockade— During February 1807, Lt. Zebulon Pike and his

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COLORADO / Pond Creek Station party, while on an expedition in the territory along the Arkansas and Red Rivers, established a stockade in the vicinity of Sanford and unfurled the Stars and Stripes at what became the initial U.S. fort in Colorado. Spanish troops arrived and informed Pike, as related in his journal, that he was at the River del Nortre, rather than the Red River and that the party was in Spanish territory. The Spanish also detained another part of Pike’s party who had been at a blockhouse they had built at Canon City. The Mexicans informed Pike that their orders were to escort his party out of Spanish territory. The Spaniards inflicted no harm, but the U.S. contingent was detained and then taken through Santa Fe, New Mexico, deeper into Spanish territory where they reached Durango, Mexico. Later the party was escorted back through Spanish Texas to Louisiana. Pond Creek Station— Pond Creek Station also known as Duck Pond was established about two miles west of Fort Wallace in Wallace County. The stage depot had tunnels running from the depot to the stable and for additional protection, the facility was equipped with rifle pits that were accessible by tunnels from either the depot or the barn. During November 1868, post office was established and the settlement for a short time was the seat of government for Wallace County. Rush Creek Station— The Rush Creek Station, 15 miles beyond Sand Creek, never experienced Indian problems, but Kiowa Springs, 22 miles to the southwest, was not so fortunate. This station, kept by a Mr. Stickney, was attacked on 25 August 1868, but the Indians were driven off with no losses on either side. St. Vrain Station— St. Vrain Station, sometimes known as Burlington Station and Half-Way House Station, was established during 1860 on the Overland Trail as a stage depot. The depot was located at present-day Longmont, and was owned by a man named Alonzo Allen. No traces of the station remain. Sand Creek (Big Sandy Station)— At Sand Creek, 14 miles from Cheyenne Wells, Indians attacked the Big Sandy Station on 19 September 1868. However, troops dispatched from Fort Lyon four days previously were able to repulse the raiders without any losses. One Indian was reported killed and another wounded in the exchange. Sherwood Station— Sherwood Station was established as a stage depot for the Overland Stage lines at a point along the Cache la Poudre River about 10 to 12 miles down river from Laporte. The sta-

tion, established during 1860, remained active until 1864 when the stage line switched to the newly created city of Fort Collins. South Platte Pony Express Station— See Frontz’s Pony Express Station. Spring Creek Station— Spring Creek Station was established along the Cherokee Trail as a stage depot. The depot, less than 15 miles from Namaqua Station, was located near the mouth of Spring Creek in present-day Fort Collins. This station is not to be confused with Spring Hill Station. Spring Hill Station— Spring Hill Station was established during 1859 by the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company as a stage depot on the South Platte along the route running from Julesburg to Latham. It was destroyed by Indians on 28 January 1865. This station is not to be confused with Spring Creek Station. Valley Station— Valley Station was established by the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company during 1859. During 1864, a contingent of cavalry, the 3rd Colorado Company Volunteer Cavalry, deployed there. When the area’s stage depots came under attack during January 1865, the troops were present and the Indians did not attempt to destroy it. Virginia Dale Stage Station— Virginia Dale Stage Station was established during 1862 in Colorado near the border with Wyoming in Larimer County, less than 40 miles from Fort Collins. The stage stop was established by Jack Slade ( Joseph A. Slade) for the Overland Stage Line along the Oregon Trail. The station still stands on private property. During the 1980s, Virginia Dale Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Well No. 1 Station— Well No. 1 Station was a BOD stage depot located about 15 miles from Well No. 2 Station and less than 10 miles from Fort Lyon. During August 1868, Indians threatened an attack against the stage depot, but no assault was launched. The station ceased operations about 1869. Well No. 2 Station— Well No. 2 Station was a BOD stage depot located slightly more than 10 miles from Kiowa Springs. It ceased operations during 1869, about the same time as Well No. 1 Station. White River Camp— See Camp on the White River.

CONNECTICUT Battery Grasshopper— See Long Point. Belcher’s Fort— English colonists established a settlement at Meriden about 1686–1687. It was established on a parcel of land with a portion of it positioned on the property of Captain Andrew Belcher. The colonists included Richard Seymour and some others from Framington Center. The settlement was a palisade fort with cabins constructed inside the fence. The gates were always guarded and after dark all returned to the fort. By about 1703, other settlers were arriving and homes were built in the area outside the fort. Black Rock Fort— The Americans established Black Rock Fort at New Haven during the 1770s. During early July 1779, the British in-

vaded Connecticut and destroyed the towns of Fairfield and Norwalk. While the British were burning the coastal towns, they also on 5 July seized and destroyed Black Rock Fort at New Haven and they destroyed the ships in the harbor. The Americans had been preparing to celebrate the Fourth of July on Monday, 5 July, because the holiday fell on a Sunday. However, the Yanks did not expect the British fireworks. Black Rock Fort was defended by only a small militia force (Second Company, Connecticut Governor’s Foot Guard), composed of about 20 troops. The British fleet, commanded by Commodore (Admiral) Sir George Collier, was composed of several warships and a large ground force, including the 54th British Regiment and one regiment of Fusiler Guards, bolstered by artillery

49 and other troops which landed against a nominal force of militia at West Haven. Another British force, including the British 23rd Regiment, Hessians and Tories, landed at East Haven and marched against Black Rock Fort. At East Haven, the troops under Tory New York Governor William Tryon torched several houses and indiscriminately killed cattle. British Brigadier General George Garth’s force, once at New Haven, began to plunder, taking articles of value from Whigs and Tories alike The British also consumed too much of the spirits and many were too inebriated to remember the initial objective. They departed on the 5th without burning any houses. Meanwhile, the militia at East Haven harassed the British enough that they returned to their ships. On the 7th, Fairfield was burned. On Thursday, the 8th of July, the Americans finally forced the British to return to their ships and sail back to Long Island; the British later returned to the area to burn Norwalk. Black Rock Fort was reestablished during the early 1800s. It was abandoned during the 1850s. Black Rock Fort is now part of Nathan Hale State Park, which also is the site of the ruins of Fort Nathan Hale. Camp Putnam— Camp Putnam was established by General Israel Putnam during 1778 as the place for winter quarters, remaining there through the winter of 1778–1779. No action occurred there, but conditions were less than favorable and the encampment became known as “Connecticut’s Valley Forge.” A farmhouse on Umpawaug was used as Putnam’s headquarters. The main force under George Washington had moved to New Jersey. While there, some of the troops (2nd Brigade) pondered mutiny and advanced to Hartford where the legislature was based, but General Putnam was able to explain that even the officers had not been properly paid and he pleaded that they remain together to “Fight it out like brave soldiers.” He succeeded in ending the action without violence. The site is now part of Putnam Memorial Park, a Connecticut State Park in Redding. The park is located at the intersection of routes 58 and 107 southeast of Danbury. Cupheag Plantation— The settlement, initially known as Pequennocke and afterwards Cupheag Plantation, was established about 1639. It was inhabited by slightly more than 15 families, including those of William Beardsley, Thomas Fairchild, Arthur Bostwick and William Wilcoxon. The settlement was fortified with a palisade wall and sometimes thought of as Cupheag Plantation Fort. Later the name was changed to Stratford. Cupheag Plantation Fort— See Cupheag Plantation. Denison’s Fort— Denison’s Fort, a settler’s fort, was established on the east side of the Mystic River at Stonington, adjacent to the property of John Gallop, another of the Englishmen who had settled there. Gallop had participated in the seizure of a Dutch vessel belonging to John Oldham, and for that action received his land grant from the General Court of Connecticut. Gallop, like John Denison, also participated in King Philip’s War. In conjunction, descendants of Gallop and Denison participated in the defense of the area during the War of 1812 when the British attacked Long Point (Stonington). Fort Decatur— Fort Decatur was established during 1813 by Commodore Stephen Decatur. During June of 1813, two British warships intercepted Decatur’s fleet at the mouth of the Thames River. Decatur sped into New Haven, and the British halted their pursuit at Gull Island. Meanwhile, Decatur advanced up the river to a point about five miles inland near Allyn’s Point, from where he could protect his fleet and observe the harbor at New London and the Sound. While cornered there, he established the fort, using cannon from his fleet. The guns were transferred to high ground known as Dragon Hill. The British, meanwhile, maintained a blockade at the mouth of the Thames. During December on a Sunday night, the 12th, De-

Fort Nathan Hale / CONNECTICUT catur attempted to break out, but citizens sympathetic to the British alerted them of Decatur’s intent. At the last minute, Decatur aborted the break-out plan. Decatur was then stuck at Fort Decatur until the close of hostilities. Later, during 1814, the USS Hornet broke through the blockade and sailed to New York. Meanwhile, the USS Macedonia and the USS United States remained trapped on the Thames. During spring of 1814, the two warships were dismantled. Fort Good Hope— See Fort Hope. Fort Grasshopper— See Long Point. Fort Griswold— The Americans established Fort Griswold on 3 July 1776 at Groton’s Heights, a strategic location that dominates the harbor at New London. During March 1778, Major William Ledyard was appointed commander of the fort and another fort in the vicinity, the uncompleted Fort Trumbull. On 6 September 1781, the fort, defended by about 150 troops, was attacked by a British force composed of about 800 regulars. Ledyard twice declined an ultimatum to surrender and initially the small force was able to repel the British; however, despite heavy casualties, the British mounted another assault. Major Montgomery, who led the attack, was mortally wounded. Meanwhile, the Redcoats broke through the gates and overwhelmed the garrison. Captain Ledyard surrendered the garrison and handed his sword to British Colonel Eyre. The British commander accepted the sword, then used it to unexpectedly kill Ledyard. Afterward, the British began killing the others, including the wounded. In one instance, the British took a wagon which was carrying wounded Americans and let it loose on a steep incline. The wagon came to a halt after it hit a tree. The tragedy there was another consequence of the treachery of Benedict Arnold. On the same day, 6 September, a British force under Benedict Arnold destroyed the port of New London and seized Fort Trumbull. Fort Griswold was acquired by the federal government during the 1840s and it was modernized during the period surrounding the Spanish American War (1898). Fort Griswold is open to the public. Note: Fort Griswold lies near historic Mystic Seaport, which contains memories of the whaling industry in the United States. Fort Hill— See Fort Trumbull. Fort Hope— During January 1633, the Dutch, having purchased the Indian title to land on the west bank of the Connecticut River, established Fort Hope or Huys de Hoop (also known as Fort Good Hope and House of Good Hope) at Dutch Point in present-day Hartford. The trading post was an outpost situated about 150 miles from New Amsterdam (Albany). Wouter Van Twiller arrived in New Amsterdam as director-general in place of Peter Minuit. Both the Dutch and the English claimed the area. The fate of the post became clear by about 1642, as the British had encroached upon them with a post at Windsor and another, Fort Saybrook. When a dispute over the border was settled, to the advantage of the British, the Dutch found their Fort Hope in British territory. Unable to defend their position, the Dutch relented without a fight. Fort Long Point— See Long Point. Fort Matianuck— See Windsor Trading Post. Fort Nathan Hale— The U.S. Army established Fort Nathan Hale at New Haven during 1812. It was constructed in the vicinity of the Revolutionary War installation Black Rock Fort at New Haven. Fort Nathan Hale was deactivated during 1814. Subsequently during 1861, it was reactivated for use during the Civil War. The fort was abandoned by the army during 1885. Both Fort Nathan Hale and Black Rock Fort are located in New Haven. For more information: Nathan Hale Park, 36 Woodward Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, 06512. Fort Nonsense— See Fort Trumbull.

CONNECTICUT / Fort Rachael

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Fort Stamford— Fort Stamford, on Long Island Sound was established in the vicinity of Stanwich (Fairfield County) during 1781 by Connecticut state troops who served under General David How Waterbury. The Connecticut militia had served under George Washington; however, when the Continental Army moved toward the

South, the Connecticut force remained and established winter quarters at Fort Stamford. The post remained active until 1783 and continued to protect the region along the coast running between Horseneck (Greenwich) to New Haven. For more information: Fort Stamford, 900 Westover Road, Stamford, Connecticut. Fort Trumbull— On 2 October 1775, the Connecticut Legislature authorized the construction of Fort Trumbull. The fort was built at New London. Subsequently, during April of the following year, Commodore Esek Hopkins was urged to deploy the guns which the Marines had earlier captured in the Bahamas at the fort. Later, on 18 July 1777, Governor Trumbull directed that the fort be completed. The fort, defended by a 23-man garrison, was attacked and captured on 6 September 1781. When the British under Benedict Arnold arrived at New London, they discovered the fort was undefendable from the rear. The fort, which appeared to be a small obstacle was designed to defend against a naval attack; however, in addition to being incomplete and thinly defended, there were no strong defenses against a land attack against the only side of the fort not protected by the sea. The fort had been so inefficient that it had also become known as Fort Nonsense, but in Arnold’s description of the objective it received a much more prestigious review. Arnold raved over the performance of his troops, coincidentally composed of five companies of regulars, when they marched into the fort after sustaining the loss of only four or five casualties. He neglected to report that the fort’s rear was wide open and that it was defended by fewer than 25 men. Nearby, the patriots had one unmanned cannon and according to Arnold it was located on the common upon Manwaring’s Hill. A few patriots reached it and fired upon the British before they retired down Town Hill. In conjunction, Town Hill is sometimes thought to be Fort Nonsense. A detail of one family of the period described a soldier, Nathan Baxter Jr., who enlisted at the age of 14. He enlisted at the New London Barracks to serve in the place of his father. The report mentioned that in 1778, Baxter helped on the construction of Fort Nonsense, which was most probably a reference to Fort Trumbull. Subsequently, during 1839, new construction was started on a masonry fort as part of the effort to fortify the entire eastern coast of the United States. The construction project, which included the “Third System” with disappearing guns, continued until 1852. Fort Trumbull came under no further attacks and remained active as a fort until 1911 when it was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard. The initial Coast Guard Academy was established at Fort Trumbull. In addition, during the period 1939–1946, the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy at Fort Trumbull graduated more than 15,000 officers, most of whom served during World War II. Fort Trumbull also served the U.S. Navy, which used the post for research and development, including such projects as the U.S. Navy Undersea Warfare Center. Subsequently, during 1998, the fort ceased to be a military installation when the Navy abandoned it and relocated its operations to Newport, Rhode Island. The fort is open to the pub-

Fort Trumbull, Connecticut (View of New London Harbor)— Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Fort Trumbull Blockhouse, Connecticut — Benson J. Lossing, Illustration

Fort Rachael— A small settlement, known as Fort Rachael, situated between Mystic and Noank, established a fort during 1813. The fort was garrisoned by militia; however, it was apparently in service only a short time. The British attacked Long Point (Stonington), but Fort Rachael was not attacked. Fort Saybrook— The English planned the building of a fort in the region during 1635 to offset the Dutch, who had also coveted the area. The region in Connecticut had been inhabited by the Algonquin and Nehantic Indians, but the Pequot Indians had eliminated them and were a powerful tribe when the English moved into the area. The construction of Fort Saybrook was authorized by John Winthrop Jr. (appointed first governor of the River Connecticut by the Warwick Patentees). Winthrop selected Lieutenant Lion Gardiner of Massachusetts for the project, which also called for a town to be built in the vicinity of the fort. Actual construction of Fort Saybrook, the initial military fort to be constructed in Connecticut, began during March of 1636. By April, the settlement of Saybrook, named after Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke, was also underway. Due to hostilities of the Indians toward the Dutch, the new English colony at Saybrook also faced threats. Subsequently, during 1639, Colonel George Fenwick arrived at Fort Saybrook and became the second governor of the Saybrook Plantation colony. Later, during 1644, the Connecticut colony purchased the Saybrook Plantation colony and Fort Saybrook from the Warwick Patentees. In conjunction, following the transfer, Governor Fenwick, also one of the 15 patentees (Warwick) who had arrived there during 1639, embarked for England. His wife, known as Lady Alice, had succumbed while he was in Saybrook. During the following year, Captain John Mason was appointed commander of the fort. The fort continued to survive Indian attacks, but during 1647 it was destroyed by fire. The English reconstructed the fort, but at a nearby location. The fort was renamed New Fort Hill. Fort Saybrook then became a strategic post against any anticipated attacks by the Dutch. Later, during the American Revolution, the Americans garrisoned it. The fort was also manned by the Americans during the War of 1812 when it was refortified and renamed Fort Fenwick, in honor of the second governor of the colony, George Fenwick, during 1813. The fort was abandoned about 1815. Later, during 1870, the site was gained by the Valley Railroad, which leveled New Fort Hill and ran tracks through the place to the town of Fenwick Afterward, the property was transferred to the state of Connecticut. The site is now part of the Fort Saybrook Monument Park Association, 7 Willard Avenue Extension, Old Saybrook, Connecticut 06475.

51 lic on a daily basis from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. during the period covering Memorial Day (May) through Columbus Day (October). From Columbus Day through Veterans Day (11 November), the fort is open from Wednesday through Sunday from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. The fort closes at Veterans Day and reopens the following Memorial Day. For more information: Fort Trumbull State Park, 90 Walbach Street, New London, Connecticut 06320. Fort Wethersfield— See Wethersfield. Fort Wooster— Fort Wooster was established during 1813 in the vicinity of New Haven and Fort Nathan Hale at New Haven. The fort was one of many installations built during the War of 1812, but it saw no action. The post was established near the site of a former Quinnipiac Indian village. House of Good Hope— See Fort Hope. Huys de Hoop— See Fort Hope. Kievets Hook— During 1632, the Dutch established a trading post along the Quonitocutt River (Long Tidal River) and named it Kievet’s Hook (Long Tidal River). The Dutch post remained under constant threat by the Pequot Indians. Earlier, a Dutch expedition under Adrian Block arrived at Connecticut and the Quonitocutt River. Long Point— Long Point was the tip of the peninsula at Stonington, in southeastern Connecticut, on the east side of the Mystic River. The area was settled during the 1650s and at that time some of the settlers, like Captain Denison, fortified their property during King Philip’s War. Stonington contained three harbors, Long Point, and others on the Pawcatuck and Mystic Rivers, making it a strategic military position. At Long Point, sometimes referred to as Long Point Fort, the patriots were attacked by the British during the American Revolution, but the British were repulsed. However other coastal towns sustained great damage. The news of the British attack at Lexington on 19 April 1775, reached Stonington by the following day when a messenger, Israel Bissel, arrived after first warning the citizens at Norwich and New London. Shortly afterward, regiments were formed and of these one was led by Colonel Samuel Holden Parsons and another by Colonel Jedediah Huntington. Others included a company led by Captain Nathan Hale. At Stonington, patriots including John Denison V, a descendant of John Denison who operated Denison’s Fort during King Philip’s War, possessed a vessel, the Britannica. It was purchased by the Connecticut Council of Safety, armed and renamed the Spy. On 30 August 1775, a British force led by Captain Wallace aboard the HMS Rose arrived at Stonington from New York to seize cattle which had earlier been transported there from Block Island. The British were met by militia led by Captain Oliver Smith, who requested that the troops in the tenders identify themselves as they arrived with no colors flying. The response was quick and boisterous as the British opened fire. Reinforcements under Captain William Stanton arrived and they converged on Brown’s Wharf, located along the eastern side of the Point. The British moved to seize a couple of vessels in the harbor, but fire from the militia forced the British to pull back. Nonetheless, the British cannon continued to bombard the settlement on the peninsula. By dusk, the British decided to forego any further action and retired, giving the patriots at the Point the initial victory over the British by preventing them from landing. The attack on Stonington was the second against the colonies by the Royal Navy, the first having been against Boston during April of the same year. The attack accelerated the plans of the patriots in Connecticut. By the following year, forts would be established at Groton and New London. In addition, Connecticut would initiate a state navy to bolster the American cause. Later during the War of 1812, Long Point again

Windsor Trading Post / CONNECTICUT came under attack when a British naval force under Captain Masterman Hardy bombarded Stonington for several days during August 1814 after arriving there on 9 August. During the Revolution, the British left many remnants of their visit in the form of cannonballs and damaged structures. During the War of 1812, Stonington had again felt the heavy presence of the British and many years later, in 2000, a cannon from the HMS Nimrod was retrieved from Buzzard’s Bay and subsequent to restoration will rest peaceably in Stonington at the Old Lighthouse Museum. Stonington also contains artillery pieces which opposed and repelled the overwhelming British force during the War of 1812. The cannon stand nobly in Cannon Square (between Main Street and Water Street in Stonington village) as an indelible reminder of the Battle of Stonington. There was no actual fort; rather, a modified small battery that received the nickname Grasshopper Fort. In addition, an original American flag with cannonball holes remains as another reminder of those turbulent days. The flag, which had 16 stars and 16 stripes is displayed on a back wall of the bank in Cannon Square. Long Point Fort— See Long Point. Matianuck Fort—See Windsor Trading Post. Memorial Military Museum Inc.— The museum is located in a National Guard headquarters. It displays artifacts from the Civil War through World War II to the present. For more information: Memorial Military Museum, 61 Center Street, Bristol, Connecticut 06010. New Fort Hill— See Fort Trumbull. New London Barracks— See Fort Trumbull. Valley Forge— See Camp Putnam. Wethersfield— Colonists established the settlement of Wethersfield about 1635. John Oldham and a group of other colonists had ventured into the area during 1633 and 1634. The settlement was fortified and became the third settlement in Connecticut after Windsor and Fort Saybrook. Most Indians in the region were friendly, but the Pequots were not in favor of the appearance of the English, who had arrived from Massachusetts. John Oldham was subsequently killed by the Pequots and soon after, during 1637, the Pequot War began. Wethersfield Fort— See Wethersfield. Whitfield Garrison— During 1639, a stone house, apparently the initial structure of its type constructed in the U.S. was built at Guilford as a residence for a minister, the Reverend Henry Whitfield. The house was often used as a fort by the colonists during periods of turbulence and became known as Whitfield’s Garrison. For more information: Henry Whitfield State Museum, P.O. Box 210, 248 Old Whitfield Street, Guilford, Connecticut 06437. Windsor Blockhouse— See Windsor Trading Post. Windsor Trading Post— English settlers from Massachusetts departed Dorchester (Boston) and established a trading post at Windsor during 1633.The post, also known as Matianuck Fort (Indians called the area Matianuck) was fortified as protection against the Indians and to thwart any possible attack by the French, who were nearby, less than 10 miles away at Fort Good Hope in Hartford. The group, including Reverend Thomas Hooker, had unsuccessfully tried to settle there during the previous year. However, their second trip went well and unlike the prior journey, the party made it without losing their cattle and expending their provisions. Also, that same year, the English established Fort Saybrook.

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DELAWARE / Battery Park

DELAWARE Battery Park— Battery Park is located in Delaware City at the foot of Clinton Street along the Delaware River. It is where to catch the boat to Pea Patch Island. Battery Park (Newbold’s Point) received its name due to the Navy granting permission to establish a battery (Delaware City Battery) there during the War of 1812. Subsequently, during the Civil War period, the Union established camps there including Camp Reynolds (later Fort Dupont) and Camp Battery Point. See also Fort Dupont. Camp Brandywine— Union Civil War camp, Wilmington. Camp Dupont— Union Civil War camp, Wilmington. Camp Reynolds— See Battery Park and Fort Dupont. Camp Smithers— Union Civil War camp, Wilmington. Cheney Clow’s Fort— During 1777, while the patriots under George Washington attempted to halt the progress of the British who were advancing toward Philadelphia, loyalists continued to support the British. Cheney (sometimes referred to as China) Clow established his loyalist fort at Gravely Branch in the western fringes of Kent County, only a few hundred yards from the border with Maryland. The fort remained active until April 1778 when patriots stormed it and destroyed it. The opposition raised by Cheney and his followers is remembered as Cheney Clow’s Rebellion. Clow escaped, but later he was captured and imprisoned. During 1788, he was executed. The site where Clow constructed his fort lies several hundred yards north of a present-day home which is now known as the Clarke House, but the precise location of the fort remains unknown. Delaware City Battery— See Battery Park and Fort Dupont. Fort Altena— See Fort Christiana. Fort Casimer— See Fort Casimir. Fort Casimir— The Dutch established Fort Casimir on the Delaware River at New Castle during 1651 as a defense against an attack by the English. A British expedition visited Delaware during 1651 and the Dutch reacted harshly. The vessel, which arrived from New Haven, Connecticut, was seized and the crew imprisoned in violation of a recent treaty signed between the Dutch and the English. Peter Stuyvesant then ordered the construction of Fort Casimir, later Newcastle. The fort was constructed at a point about five miles below the Swedish fort at Christiana. This fort soon caused mistrust of Dutch intentions by the Swedish colonists. Also, for a time, the British considered an attack to vanquish New Netherlands. At the time, the British were encouraged by the war between the English under Cromwell and the Dutch. The attack was aborted by New Haven when it could not get support from the English in Massachusetts. During 1654, Fort Casimir was attacked and captured by the Swedes on Trinity Sunday, 45 days after Easter. The Swedes renamed it Fort Trefalddighet (also Fort Trinity). This attack, ordered by Governor John Rising of New Sweden, gained no permanent possession; rather, during the following year, the Dutch retaliated and delivered a fatal blow to any future hopes of Sweden becoming a power in the colonies. During September 1655, the Dutch recaptured Fort Casimir and Fort Christiana, another Swedish-held fort, was taken.

The loss of the forts guaranteed the Swedes’ inability to remain in the colonies as a power. The Dutch retained the fort until 1664; however, during 1658 it was reconstructed and renamed Fort Amstel. The Dutch lost the fort to the British during 1664 and regained it during 1673. Nonetheless, the British recaptured it during 1674 and it remained active into the 1780s. Delaware would later become part of Pennsylvania as part of grants received by William Penn from England’s King Charles II from 1682 through 1776. The Delaware region became known as the Three Lower Counties. Subsequently, Delaware became the first state to join the union. See also Fort Christiana. In conjunction, when the Dutch established Fort Casimir, they destroyed nearby Fort Nassau, which had been established during 1623 in southern New Jersey at Gloucester. Fort Christiana— During 1638, Fort Christiana was established on the west bank of the Delaware River near present-day Wilmington by Peter Minuit, who purchased Manhattan from the Indians for the Dutch, and a group of Swedes. The fort was named in honor of the Swedish queen. The colonists purchased the Indian title of the land from Trenton Falls to Paradise Point (Cape Henlopen) and initiated a settlement at Wicaco (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Minuit claimed the country and called it New Sweden. William Kieft, the governor of New Netherlands, vehemently protested, claiming the country for the Dutch. During September 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, under orders of the company in Holland, embarked from New Amsterdam with a force of about 600 troops to vanquish the Swedes in Delaware Bay in retaliation for the seizure of Fort Casimir during the previous year. The expedition succeeded effortlessly and the Swedes, numbering about 700, capitulated. New Sweden again became part of the New Netherlands as the Dutch repossessed South Bay and River. The Dutch renamed Fort Christiana, calling it Fort Altena, and they recaptured Fort Casimir at New Castle. The land north of Christiana and the Brandywine would then be governed by a deputy designated by Stuyvesant. The territory stretching from the Brandywine to Bombay Hook (part of Delaware) was purchased by the city of Amsterdam in Holland, and the name New Sweden was changed to New Amstel. In conjunction, a nearby fort, named Fort Elfsborg, at Paulsboro, New Jersey, across the river, had been established by the Swedes and manned by only a small contingent of troops. It was also lost, but not to battle; rather, the fort, dubbed Fort Mosquito, was abandoned due to the disease inflicted by the insects. Meanwhile, the Dutch retained the area until it was gained by the British during 1664. Later, during 1673, the Dutch would regain Delaware from the British during 1673, only to again lose it to the British during 1674. The British ruled Delaware as part of New York, but later it became part of Pennsylvania. Delaware was considered part of Pennsylvania between 1682 and 1776. Subsequently, it was again Delaware, which became the first of the 13 original United States. Later, when the War of 1812 erupted, the Americans established Fort Union in the vicinity of Fort Christiana. Fort Delaware— Fort Delaware was established by the Americans during 1813 on Pea Patch Island, an island that lies on the Delaware River just east of Delaware City, between Delaware and New Jersey. The fort initially was an earthwork fortification, but later, during 1819, a fort of masonry was built in its place. During 1832, fire struck the facility and the destruction was sufficient to cause it to be demolished during the following year. In the meantime, a claim by a man in New Jersey claiming ownership of Pea Island complicated the

53 situation on the island and places a hold on construction of a new fort; however, the court ruled in favor of Delaware. Subsequently, during 1847, Congress allocated $1 million to cover construction of the new facility, expected to exceed the size of Fort Sumter in South Carolina to become the largest coastal defense installation in the nation. However, the costs exceeded the appropriation and Congress later provided another $1 million. The actual construction of the new facility began during 1848 and was completed during 1859. The fort, situated on about six of the island’s 70 acres, including about two acres which accommodates the parade field, was commanded by General Albin Schoepf. The design of the facility created a pentagon shape with walls of solid granite and brick that stretched to 32 feet high with a varying depth that ranges between seven to 30 feet thick, and to further bolster it, the fort was encircled by a moat and a drawbridge to span its width of 30 feet. A contingent of regular artillerymen initially garrisoned the fort during February 1861, followed by volunteers (Commonwealth Artillery of Pennsylvania), the latter arriving just after the outbreak of the conflict between the states. Unlike Fort Sumter, the fort does not come under enemy attack; rather, it is utilized as a prison for Confederate troops. Unfortunately, the fort is not designed to be a prison. The confined space for prisoners began to be seriously tested when the first large contingent of Confederates arrived after the Battle of Kernstown in Virginia during 1862. Shortly thereafter, nearly 250 captives, mostly Virginians, arrived at Fort Delaware. During 1862, the fort received additional barracks constructed of wood to serve the prisoners, whose numbers continue to rise. By June of the following year, about 6,000 Confederates were imprisoned there and the modifications on the fort permitted it to handle 10,000 prisoners. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the fort was again modified. The parade field was shortened and new retrievable guns are installed. Nonetheless, the fort never came under attack. It was deactivated during 1944. The fort remains open to the public, but it is restricted to Saturdays and holidays (11 A.M. to 6 P.M.) between the last weekend in April and the last weekend in September. The island can only be reached by boat and the ferries move on a regular basis to and from Delaware City. There is a charge for the ferry, but there is no admission to the fort. There is a museum at the fort and it plays a short film of about one-half hour on the history of the fort. The fort also provides refreshments and souvenirs as well as picnic tables. (See also Fort Mott, New Jersey). In conjunction, the Confederate prisoners who succumbed at Fort Delaware were interred at Finns Point, New Jersey. The cemetery, during 1875, became a national cemetery. It also holds some Union troops and nearby a few German POWs. Ironically, the cemetery, located in Salem, Salem County, New Jersey, lies below the Mason-Dixon Line. For more information: Fort Delaware-Pea Patch Island, Delaware City, Delaware 19706. Admission there is a charge for the boat which takes you to the fort). The Fort is situated on six acres of ground. Boats depart Delaware City from 11 A.M., with the last trip returning to the mainland at 6 P.M. Fort Dupont— Fort Dupont, initially known as Camp Reynolds, was established during 1863 in Delaware City to augment Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island on the Delaware River. Fort Dupont, along with Forts Mott (opposite the Delaware River in New Jersey) and Fort Delaware are sometimes referred to as the “Three Forts.” Following the Civil War, the fort, which initially acted as a support battery, was expanded. Essentially the actual fort was constructed during 1899. The fort, named in honor of Union Civil War rear admiral Samuel Francis Dupont, remained active until the close of World War II. During World War II, two artillery installations remained active there and more than 3,000 troops were stationed at the post. In addition, the fort, during the war, while considered a primary defensive position along the Delaware, also acted as a mil-

Newcastle Arsenal / DELAWARE itary prison and held about 1,000 German POWs. The military presence of its active days remain conspicuous at its location near Battery Park (Delaware City). During the War of 1812, Delaware City Battery was located in the vicinity of Fort Dupont. Although the facility is under the jurisdiction of the Governor Bacon Health Center, tours are available by contacting the coordinator of volunteer services at 301–834–9201, ext. 248. Fort Dupont Park is located off Route 9 slightly south of Delaware City. The park, open all year, is composed of more than 300 acres along the Delaware River and the Delaware Canal. Fort Ogleton— During 1684, Fort Ogleton was established at Christiana by Governor George Talbot of Maryland at a time when both Maryland and Pennsylvania claimed the area. The fort was abandoned during 1686. Subsequently, during 1689, Lord Baltimore’s charter was invalidated. Fort Reynolds— See Battery Park and Fort Dupont. Fort Trefalddighet— See Fort Christiana. Fort Trinity— See Fort Christiana. Fort Union— During 1813, while America engaged England in the War of 1812, the Delaware militia established Fort Union in the vicinity of the former Fort Christiana at Wilmington as a defense against possible attack from the British Navy. The fort was thought to have remained operational only during 1813. No historical records are available to confirm the fort’s existence after 1813. Fort Zwaanandael— During 1631, a Dutch expedition led by Captain Peter Hayes arrived at Delaware Bay from Hoorn, Holland, aboard the vessel De Walvis. The Dutch who arrived there acquired land from local Indians, but the settlement of the Dutch West India Company, known as Fort Zwaanandael, was destroyed by Indians following the killing of an Indian who had apparently stolen from the Dutch. During 1632, another expedition under Captain David Pietersen de Vries arrived and discovered the settlement had been wiped out by the Indians. Subsequently, during 1659, a Dutch party led by Alexander d’Hinoyossa arrived there and established a new settlement in the vicinity of Lewes. The fort was named Fort Sikeomess or Sekonnessink. During 1664, the English gained control of the area following the termination of the French and Indian War. The Fort Zwaanendael Museum, one of the Delaware state museums at Lewes, near the site of the fort, details the history of the Dutch settlements in the region. The museum is located at 102 Kings Highway, Lewes. Lewes Battery— During 1813, the Americans established Lewes Battery at Lewes in response to an attack by a British naval squadron on 6–7 April 1813. The Americans, under Colonel Samuel Boyer Davis, ignored a British demand for supplies and the bombardment that followed inflicted little damage as the target area was heavily covered by trees. Several buildings sustained minor damage. One of the houses struck during the attack, the Rodney store, had its own memento, the door which was hit. It is on display at the Zwaanendael Museum in Lewes. The British vessels included the frigate Poictiers and a ship of the line, the Belvidere. Following this attack, the area remained free of British threats. A memorial park (1812 Memorial Park) now commemorates the incident. Naaman’s Blockhouse— See Robinson House. Newcastle Arsenal— The Americans established an arsenal at Newcastle as tension began to rise between England and the United States prior to the War of 1812. It was begun about 1809 and completed by 1811. The post was used as a depot until the late 1820s and afterward, when nearby Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island in the Delaware River sustained a serious fire during 1831, the facility was used as a

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DELAWARE / New Castle Battery temporary post for the troops who had lost their quarters. Subsequently, the post was abandoned, but the brick building was preserved. During its post-military life, the structure was used as a school during 1852 and at present, the site, located at 111 Delaware Street, Newcastle, is a restaurant. New Castle Battery— The militia established New Castle at Newcastle (Battery Park) during 1813. Newcastle had been the location of Fort Casimir, which was established during the 1650s. The battery was another defensive position in preparation of a British advance against the area during the War of 1812. Robinson House— The Robinson House, built during 1723 at Naamans (later Claymont), belonged to the brother-in-law of General Anthony Wayne, Anthony Robinson. It was located along King’s Highway, making it an enticing stop for patriots heading toward the Congress when in session in Philadelphia. There are many legends attached to the house, but often they cannot be validated. George Washington did stop there on 25 August 1777, but the stories that he often stayed there have no foundation. American troops actually bivouacked close by on the identical night that Washington was sup-

posed to have slept there. Some of the tales include one about a group of British officers captured by Henry Lee during 1778 while they were dining at the Robinson House. Another legend is that a duel during March 1830 between a naval officer (Hunter) and an attorney (Miller) occurred there, when most information points to the duel in which Miller was killed had occurred further up the highway. Although there is no evidence that Washington actually stayed at the house, he did order the destruction of the Robinson Mills’ millstones near Naaman’s Creek to keep them from British hands. Subsequently, during 1914, the Robinson House became Naaman’s Tea House, which remained operational until 1964. Another tale about the house is that the blockhouse was constructed during the 1600s and was used to fend off Indian attacks, but later information disproved that. The blockhouse thought to have been constructed by the Dutch during the 1600s was actually added after the main building was constructed. Talbot’s Fort— See Fort Ogleton. Three Forts— See Fort Dupont.

FLORIDA NOTE: Post War of 1812 Florida (Seminole Indian Wars)— In the state of Florida, following the War of 1812, conflicts with the Seminole Indians erupted. These hostilities are known as the First (1817–1818), Second (1835–1842) and Third (1855–1858) Seminole Wars. During that period, many camps and forts were established by the U.S. Army and militia units; however, often those forts were less than permanent. Many of the forts were temporary earthworks and seasonal positions. The severity of the summer heat and the insects compelled many forts to be abandoned during the summer months. In addition, sometimes different forts received the same name. To further complicate the problem of retaining a specific and accurate list of the forts’ names, at one time, about 1838, some forts were designated by numbers rather than names. Apparently, General Zachary Taylor, upon assuming control of the troops in Florida, authorized a system whereby Florida was divided by a grid and the fort’s identification was tied to the location on the grid. The forts could be identified as being a numbered fort in East Florida, Middle Florida and West Florida. Nonetheless, at times an established fort in the grid was usually identified by its known name. The actual number of forts, including minor defensive positions that often moved from season to season, established during the Seminole Wars varied greatly. Estimates range from more than 200 to more than 350 fortifications. During the period covering December 1838 through July 1839 alone, General Taylor reported the construction of more than 50 posts. In conjunction, with the establishment of the forts, Taylor also noted that nearly 850 roads and trails were cut. The majority of towns in Florida that presently carry the word Fort were originally forts that were established during the Seminole Wars. Other fortifications originated earlier by the Spanish, and some by the British and yet others were established during the Civil War, by both the Union and the Confederates. The forts listed below include the primary forts of the U.S. military and the Florida militia. Some other Seminole war forts are also included and many others have been lost to the mysteries of history. A list of the Florida Seminole

Indian War Forts is in the Appendices. Thanks is due to historian Chris Kimball for his help in confirming the Seminole forts. His extensive research added greatly to the comprehensiveness of the listing of the Seminole forts. Addison Blockhouse— Addison Blockhouse, known also as Fort McCrea, was established during 1836. The blockhouse, constructed hurriedly with coquina stone, was located on a tiny island at a horseshoe bend on the Tomoka River near present-day Daytona Beach. The post was manned for a short while by volunteers from South Carolina, but pressure from the Seminoles compelled them to abandon the post. The fort site is located in the Tomoka State Park, 2099 North Beach Street, Ormond Beach, Florida 32174. Advanced Redoubt— The position known as Advanced Redoubt was established about 1845, but construction was not completed until about 1860. It was built to bolster Fort Barrancas as a defense for the Pensacola Naval Yard. Fort Pickens and Fort McRee were considered part of the four-fort protection; however, Advanced Redoubt never received an official name. The post was located about 400 yards south of Fort Barrancas. See also Fort Barrancas. Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery 5— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Apalachicola Arsenal— The U.S. established the Apalachicola Arsenal in the vicinity of Chattahoochee in Gadsden County during 1832, in accordance with an Act of Congress passed in 1832. The construction of the arsenal began during 1834. The facility was seized by Florida state troops during January 1861. The Confederates used the post as a training camp. Following the Civil War, during 1869, the property was given to Florida. Initially it was used as a prison. Later, during 1876, it became an insane asylum. The site of the arsenal is on the grounds of the state hospital along U.S. Highway 90 in Chattahoochee. Barrancas Barracks— In about 1825, Barrancas Barracks was established at Pensacola. President John Quincy Adams, aware of the

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Battery Scott / FLORIDA part of the defenses at Fort Pickens. The battery contained two 6inch guns. Later, during World War I, the guns were dismantled and shipped to France for use there. Subsequently, during 1937, emplacements were constructed there for four 155-mm guns. At that time the battery was designated Battery GPE. The battery was deactivated during 1945. During the 1970s, as at Battery 234, guns were provided by the Smithsonian Institution for display by the National Park System. Battery Covington— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery Cullum— Battery Cullum was established on Santa Rosa Island as part of the coastal defenses of Fort Pickens during the Spanish American War period (1898). The battery worked in conjunction with Battery Sevier, which was a separate battery in close proximity to Battery Cullum. During World War II, the guns of Battery Trueman were transferred to Battery Cullum. Battery DeKalb— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery DeLeon— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery Dilworth— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery Ford— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery Gardiner— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Fort Redoubt Pensacola Naval Air Station — Dept. Interior NPS

strategic location on the Gulf Coast, also ordered a ship yard to be constructed. The Spanish had earlier established Fort Barrancas here. The Navy Yard was established on the southern edge of Escambia County at a site selected by Navy Captains William Bainbridge, Lewis Warrington, and James Biddle. By April 1826, construction of the Navy Yard began. Barrancas Barracks was seized by the Confederates during the Civil War. However, the Union regained Pensacola. The post, also known as Camp Barrancas or Post of Barrancas, eventually was transformed into the Pensacola Naval Air Station. See also Fort Barrancas. Battery 1— Confederate Battery 1, commanded by Captain S. Batchelor, was located in the vicinity of the Pensacola Navy Yard. White’s Louisiana infantry company manned the battery. Battery 2— Confederate Battery 2 was located in the Pensacola Navy Yard vicinity. The battery was commanded by Captain J. T. Wheat and manned by his Louisiana infantry company.

Battery Howard— See Fort Dade (Edgmont). Battery Laidley— See Fort DeSoto. Battery Langdon— Battery Langdon, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Loomis L. Langdon, was established on Santa Rosa Island as part of Fort Pickens’ defenses during 1917. Langdon had commanded the 2nd Artillery at Fort Pickens during the 1880s and he had served there as a young officer during the Civil War. Construction continued during World War I, and was finished by 1923. The battery held two 12-inch guns en barbette. Battery Langdon remained active until after the close of World War II. Battery Lincoln— Battery Lincoln was a Union battery in Pensacola at Fort Pickens. The battery was commanded by Captain J. M. Robertson. Battery Martello Tower— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery McIntosh— See Fort Dade (Edgmont). Battery Mellon— See Fort Dade (Edgmont).

Battery 231— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Battery Osceola— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Battery 232— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Battery Page— See Fort Dade (Edgmont).

Battery 233— See Fort Pickens.

Battery Payne— Battery Payne was established on Santa Rosa Island as part of the defenses of Fort Pickens during 1904.

Battery 234— Battery 234 was established as part of the coastal defenses at Fort Pickens during 1943. The battery was not activated. During the 1970s, guns were provided for the battery by the Smithsonian Institution. The National Park System had three guns mounted there for display and three others were at the same time mounted at Battery Cooper. Battery Adair— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Battery Bigelow— See Fort DeSoto. Battery Burchsted— See Fort Dade (Edgmont). Battery Cameron— Battery Cameron was a Union battery in Pensacola at Fort Pickens. The battery was commanded by Lieutenant Pennington.

Battery Pensacola— Battery Pensacola was established at Fort Pickens during 1898. The battery contained two 12-inch rifies on disappearing carriages. The battery guns had a range of about eight miles. See also Fort Pickens. Battery St. Bernard— General Andrew Jackson established a battery on Mount St. Bernard while he was in the process of seizing Pensacola during 1814. Battery San Antonio— See Spanish Battery San Antonio and Fort Barrancas. Battery Scott— Battery Scott was a Union battery in Pensacola at Fort Pickens. The battery was commanded by Captain Duryea.

Battery Center— See Fort Pickens.

Battery Seminole— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Battery Cooper— Battery Cooper was established during 1905 as

Battery Sevier— See Fort Pickens.

FLORIDA / Battery Totten Battery Slemmer— See Fort Pickens. Battery Totten— Battery Totten was a Union battery in Pensacola at Fort Pickens. The battery was commanded by Captain Blunt. Battery Trueman— Battery Trueman was established on Santa Rosa Island at its western edge as part of the Fort Pickens defenses during 1905. The battery held two 3-inch guns, which were transferred to Battery Cullum during World War II (1943). Battery Van Benthuysen— The Confederates established a battery in the vicinity of the Pensacola Navy Yard at the stone wharf there. The battery was commanded by Captain A.C. Van Benthuysen, of the Confederate States Marine Corps. Battery Van Swearingen— Battery Van Swearingen was established as part of the Fort Pickens defenses on Santa Rosa Island during the Spanish-American War period (1898). The battery remained active until after World War I. Battery Worth— Battery Worth was established at Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island during 1899. Initially the battery contained eight 12-inch mortars; however, during 1918, four of them were dismantled. The battery’s remaining mortars remained active until 1942. During the 1940s, the battery also contained a Fire Control Switchboard Room and it became a Harbor Entrance Control Post, as well as the Harbor Defense Command Post. Billy Wilson’s Camp— See Camp Brown. Blount’s Fort— See Fort Apalachicola. British Post— See Fort Apalachicola. Camp at Sanderson— The Confederates established a supply depot, known as Camp at Sanderson, in the vicinity of Baker City (Sanderson) during the 1860s. The Confederates abandoned the post during February 1864 and for a short while it was occupied by the Union (9–13 February). While the Union held the post, it was used as a springboard to attack Gainesville and Lake City. Later, on 20 February, the Union used the post when it attacked toward Olustee, but when the forces retired, the Confederates regarrisoned it. Camp Barrancas— See Barrancas Barracks.

56 Camp Crawford— See Fort Scott, Georgia. Not to be confused with Fort Crawford, Alabama. Camp Dade— See Fort Dade (Dade City). Camp Davis— Camp Davis was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Warrington during 1861. The camp was garrisoned by Alabama troops. Camp Davis remained active into 1862. Camp Depot No. 1 (Big Cypress)— On 1 November 1841, Major Belknap in Oklahoma received orders to depart the Indian Territory and move to Florida. Belknap’s force was to advance to the Carlosahatchee River in the vicinity of Big Cypress Swamp, a massive stretch of swampland wilderness that encompassed about a 70-mile line through the peninsula. Belknap’s force was accompanied by Colonel Worth. The supply depots to be established there were to form the line of supplies from which the force could penetrate the swap and carry out operations against the Seminoles. In addition, Major Belknap was to assume command of the U.S. troops in the region. Belknap was at Tampa by 15 November. The first depot was established by mid–December. Troops that arrived with Belknap included about 800 men of the U.S. 4th, 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments and two companies of U.S. Dragoons. The troops moved throughout the swamp for nearly two months, but never spotted Seminole positions. On one of the missions, on 20 December, the elusive Indians made their presence known as the patrol was ambushed southwest of Prophet Town by a force of about 50 Seminoles. Two soldiers at the point were killed. In conjunction, one of the soldiers had strayed from the column and decided to fire his weapon as a signal. The tactic worked, except it was the Seminoles who were warned of the presence of the soldiers. After the attack, the Indians vanished into the swamp. Afterward, Belknap arrived at Fort Keais on 22 December. The prolonged offensives in the swamps had caused high illnesses in the force. Of the entire force, the casualty list had become so high that only about 200 of the troops participated in the seventh and final mission of the campaign. During early January 1842, Belknap led another mission from Camp Simmons. Belknap’s tour in Florida terminated during September 1845, when he was transferred to participate in the U.S. military occupation of Texas. Camp Doane— Camp Doane was established in the vicinity of Big Cypress Swamp during the Seminole Indian War. Elements of the 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant McCall were there during January 1842 as part of Major Belknap’s operations in the region.

Camp Brown— Camp Brown, known also as Billy Wilson’s Camp, was established by the Union at Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island in Pensacola. The Union 6th New York Regiment (Wilson’s Zouaves) arrived at Fort Pickens during June 1861 and established the camp about one mile east of the fort. On the night of 8 October, the Confederates launched a major attack against Fort Pickens. The Confederates landed on Santa Rosa Island during the early morning hours of 9 October and struck Camp Brown at about 0400. The untested troops were quickly pushed back toward the batteries of the fort. The Confederates destroyed the camp, but in the process alerted Fort Pickens of the invasion. The Confederates were unable to seize Fort Pickens.

Camp Finnegan— Camp Finnegan, known also as Fort Finnegan, was established by the Confederates near Jacksonville during 1861. It was captured along with Fort Steele during March 1862.

Camp Call— Camp Call was established during 1835 in Dixie County near the Suwannee River near Old Town. Other Seminole war forts in the area included Fort Brooke in the vicinity of present-day Steinhatchee. Another post in the area was Fort Dabney.

Camp Gonzalez (Pensacola)— See Fort Hodgson.

Camp Chalmers— The Confederates established Camp Chalmers in the vicinity of Warrington during 1861. It remained active until 1862 and was garrisoned by Alabama troops. Camp Clinch (Polk County)— See Fort Clinch (Polk County). Camp Cobb— Camp Cobb was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Quincy. The fort, located about 30–40 miles southwest of Bainbridge, Georgia, was used to train recruits.

Camp Galt—See Fort Galt. Camp Gamble— Camp Gamble was established during 1839 in northern Florida during the Seminole Indian War. Operations were run out of the post by a contingent commanded by Captain Hoffman during that year. Camp Gonzalez— Camp Gonzalez was established during the Seminole Indian War in Hillsborough County near Socrum during 1839. The fort was later renamed Fort Sullivan prior to it being abandoned. Not to be confused with Camp Gonzalez near Pensacola, Florida. Camp Hernandez— Camp Hernandez was established in the vicinity of Titusville (Indian River County), during 1836 along the Indian River in close proximity to Fort Ann. On 31 December 1836, tensions rose as orders came following a suspected Seminole Indian

57

Castillo de San Marcos / FLORIDA

attack on Camp Hernandez. Troops at Fort Ann sped to the camp, but instead of discovering the camp under attack, they found that the men in camp had become jubilant about a large number of volunteers from Tennessee that had just arrived there. The militia troops under General Joseph Hernandez and those of the other forts in the area participated in the ongoing offensive led by General Jesup. General Joseph Marion Hernandez (formerly Jose Mariano Hernandez), had been born in St. Augustine, but his family had arrived from the Balearic Islands, a province of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea. After Florida became U.S. territory, Hernandez remained. His property included the Bella Vista Plantation along the Matanzas River.

in the vicinity of Magnolia about 1839. The camp was commanded by Captain Bailey. During May 1839, Governor Call informed Colonel William Davenport that Bailey’s force needed supplies there.

Camp Izard— On 13 February 1842, a force of just under 1,000 troops, commanded by General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, departed Fort Brooke en route to Fort King and arrived there on 22 February. The column moved along the identical route upon which the Dade contingent (Major Francis L. Dade) was massacred on Christmas Eve, 1835. Later, on 26 February 1842, General Gaines moved against suspected Seminole positions at the Cove of the Withlacoochee. By the following day, the troops were searching for points from where the river could be crossed. Meanwhile, Indians from concealed positions on the opposite side of the river commenced firing. The initial burst was effective. Rather than risk more casualties, Gaines established night positions there at the river. On the following day, Lieutenant James F. Izard, leading the vanguard, was fatally wounded during the first shots of what became a daylong battle, fought from opposite sides of the river. During the fighting, the soldiers constructed a haphazard fort with whatever logs could be acquired in the midst of the battle. The fortification was named Camp Izard after Lieutenant Izard. Despite the heated contest, Izard had been the only fatality; however, the fighting continued into the following day and Gaines’ force did sustain 32 wounded, while holding out against more than 1,000 Seminoles. A runner was dispatched to Fort Drane requesting reinforcements. General Clinch, at Fort Drane, did not set out to aid Gaines’ beleaguered force until 4 March and his column did not arrive at the encircled fort until 6 March. In the meantime, the Seminoles, unable to vanquish the troops at Camp Izard, apparently requested a truce and talks had just begun when the reinforcements arrived. Unaware of the ongoing talks, the vanguard of General Clinch arrived with their guns firing. The Seminoles broke for the swamps. Soon after, by 9 March, General Clinch assumed responsibility for Camp Izard.

Camp on Perdido Bay— The Confederates established Camp on Perdido Bay in the vicinity of the Pensacola Navy Yard during 1861.

Camp Jackson— Camp Jackson was established by the Confederates during 1861 in the vicinity of Pensacola. Camp Lamar Cobb— See Camp Cobb. Camp Lawson— See Fort Lawson. Camp Lay— The Confederates established Camp Lay in the vicinity of Madison Florida during 1864. Units there included Company B, Florida 8th Infantry Volunteer Regiment. Camp Lee (Santa Rosa County)— Camp Lee was established on Santa Rosa Island by the Confederates during 1861. Alabama troops including the Alabama 2nd Cavalry garrisoned the post. Camp Lincoln— See Battery Lincoln. Camp Lomax— Confederates established Camp Lomax in the vicinity of Pensacola during 1861. Camp Magnolia— The Confederates established Camp Magnolia near Grande Lagoon in the vicinity of Warrington during 1861. The post remained active until 1862. Camp (at) Magnolia— A Seminole Indian War post was established

Camp McCall— Camp McCall was established as a Seminole Indian War fort about 1842 in the vicinity of Tampa (Hillsborough County). Camp Monroe— See Fort Monroe. Camp Morgan— The Confederates established Camp Morgan in Santa Rosa County. The exact location is unknown. Camp Ogden— See Fort Ogden.

Camp Phillips— The Confederates established Camp Phillips in the vicinity of Warrington during 1861. The camp remained active until 1862. Camp Simmons— Camp Simmons was located in the vicinity of Big Cypress Swamp, south of Lake Istopogo. On 31 January 1842, Major Belknap, leading one company of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, departed Camp Simmons en route for Lake Istopogo in search of a Seminole encampment. No Indians were detected during the operation. Other areas searched included the Wahoo Swamp area, sections of the Withlacoochee River, Lake Panee Sufekee and the Charla Popka Lakes, but still no success. Also, Belknap, using boats, then led two companies to Parrasuff kee Lake without spotting any Seminoles and with deeper penetration, the contingent moved along the Withlacoochee River, traveling down it as far as Camp Izard and beyond to the Charla-a-popka. Nevertheless, the Seminoles remained elusive. Camp Walton— See Fort Walton. Cantonment Brooke— See Fort Brooke. Cantonment Clinch— This encampment was initially established during 1822 at Galvez Spring as Camp Galvez for troops from Pensacola to get away from a yellow fever epidemic. Fort Barrancas hurried its supplies, wagons and horses to the camp, while responsibility for Barrancas was transferred to the U.S. Navy. During 1823, the camp was named Cantonment Clinch. Previously another camp, Camp New Hope, had been established in the vicinity during the War of 1812 and it was active during 1812–1813. The camp had also received other names including Fort Clinch, not to be confused with Fort Clinch at Fernandina Beach (Amelia Island), which was established during 1847. Castillo de San Marcos— During 1672, the Spanish established a fortress, the Castillo de San Marcos (Castle of St. Mark) at St. Augustine. The structure was completed during 1695. The fortress, built of stone and shells, was not easily damaged. In conjunction, previous forts established in this area by the Spanish had been made of wood and were susceptible to being vanquished. Sir Francis Drake had conquered one of these earlier forts (built during 1578) during 1586. From this point forward, no enemy vanquished the fortress of San Marcos. The Castillo de San Marcos was the initial stone fortress to stand in the U.S. During 1765, the British took control of Castillo de San Marcos. The fort, while in the hands of the English (until 1783), was known as Fort St. Mark. Later, during 1825, while under control of the Americans, the fort became known as Fort Marion. Also, barracks established there by the Spanish were named St. Francis Barracks. See also Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks and Fort Marion. For more information: Castillo de San Marcos, One South Castillo Drive, St. Augustine, Florida 32084. Castle of St. Mark— See Castillo de San Marcos.

FLORIDA / Deadman’s Bay Post

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Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine, Florida — Department Interior NPS

Cedar Keys Post— See Post at Cedar Keys. Chattahoochee Arsenal— See Mount Vernon Arsenal. Deadman’s Bay Post— A contingent of Confederate cavalry troops led by Major Charles H. Camfield established positions at Deadman’s Bay in Taylor County during 1864 in an effort to discover troops that had deserted from the Confederate Army. Major Camfield used a house which was earlier built at a sawmill ( Jenkin’s Mill) for his headquarters. Camfield’s troops also searched for any signs of Union sympathizers. In conjunction, apparently the owner of the sawmill, John E. Jenkins Sr., originally from Ohio, abandoned his home near Rocky Creek to join the Union forces in Florida. Also, during the Seminole Wars, Fort Frank Brook had been established at Deadman’s Bay. Elliott’s Camp— Elliott’s Camp, established at Chattahoochee in Gadsden County, was not a military installation. Rather, it was set up as headquarters for Elliott to conduct a survey to determine the boundary between Georgia and Spanish Florida. During 1795, Spain and the U.S. consummated the Treaty of Lorenzo which stipulated the 31st parallel as the dividing line between U.S. and Spanish territory. During May 1796, Andrew Elliott received an appointment from President George Washington to conduct the survey. Elliott and his party worked with Spanish surveyors on the project. The actual survey began during June 1798. The project continued into the following year and the surveyors reached the Chattahoochee River during August 1799. At a spot near the mouth of the Flint River, the camp was established. However, the Indians in the region were less than hospitable. By the following month, Elliott and the party

abandoned the camp and proceeded to East Florida to conclude the study. Fort #1 through Fort #21— See Fort Number One through Fort Number 21. See also Note at beginnings of Florida listings. Fort Alabama— Troops from Alabama commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Lindsay established Fort Alabama (later Fort Foster) near a burned-out bridge along the Hillsborough River in the vicinity of present-day Dade City during an ongoing mission that occurred 26 March through 5 April 1836. Lindsay, in command of one of three separate contingents during the operation, established the fort while his contingent (Center Wing) was en route from Fort Brooke to the Cove of the Withacoochee. The post was established to warehouse the supplies. A small garrison was left there and the main body continued toward the objective. The column headed out to rendezvous with the other two wings, but no contact was made. Lindsay’s vanguard returned to the post, only to find the diminutive defending squad was killed by Seminoles. Indians were still there looting the supplies. The Seminoles quickly vanished into the swamps and the troops found themselves lacking sufficient food and other necessary supplies. Lindsay’s column made it back to Fort Brooke on 4 April. Other contingents involved with the operation included a column (Left Wing) under General Abraham Eustis at St. Augustine and the column (Right Wing) under General Duncan Clinch at Fort Drane. Prior to abandoning the post, the soldiers rigged a booby-trap. Shortly thereafter, as the force moved out of the area, they realized the Indians had arrived. A rifle was left at the fort, concealed in the magazine and wired to fire once the door to the room was opened. The column heard a huge explosion, which signaled

59 that the Seminole Indians had reached the ammunition room. Subsequently, during December 1836, a contingent from Alabama led by Lieutenant Colonel William Foster returned to the ruins of Fort Alabama and built a new fort there, calling it Fort Foster. For awhile, the fort was garrisoned by sailors due to a shortage of soldiers. By June of the following year, the fort was abandoned, not due to hostilities, rather, because of the torrid weather, disease and insects, particularly the mosquitoes. Troops returned during the fall. The process was repeated each summer for the duration. Fort Foster was also used intermittently after the war. It was abandoned about 1858. The fort site is now a state park. See also Fort Foster. Fort Alafla— Fort Alafla, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established in the vicinity of Keysville, Hillsborough County, near the Polk County line during 1849. Fort Andrews— Fort Andrews, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established about 1839 along the Fenholloway Creek (River) in Taylor County about five or six miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Fort Ann— Fort Ann was established during 1836 at Merritt Island in the vicinity of Titusville (Brevard County) to guard the area around the Indian River and Mosquito Lagoon. During November 1836, General Jesup succeeded Governor Call as commander of the troops in Florida. General Jesup was at Fort Ann when he began the offensive (Relocation Campaign) soon after he assumed command. Soon after his arrival there, on 27 November, Governor Call relinquished command of the troops in Florida to General Jesup (9 December 1836). See also Camp Hernandez and Fort Armstrong. Fort Apalachicola— Captain Woodbine, a former English officer, established Fort Apalachicola (also known as Blount’s Fort, British Post, Fort Woodbine and Negro Fort) during 1815. Apalachicola is also the name of the river formed by the convergence of the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers near the border between Georgia and Florida. Captain Woodbine claimed to represent the forces in Florida of the king of England. Woodbine harbored slaves and hostile Indians at the fort and he and his followers instigated the Indians to raid American settlements in Georgia and Florida. Woodbine also tried to convince the Creeks that their lands should be restored according to their interpretation of the Treaty of Ghent. During July 1816, a contingent of American troops led by Colonel (general) Clinch departed Fort Scott to destroy Woodbine’s fort, where bands of Seminoles, Creeks and former slaves had gathered. The Indians used the post as a base of operations within Spanish territory to raid U.S. territory in Georgia and Alabama. In conjunction, a camp (Camp Crawford, also Fort Scott) was established in Georgia, above Fort Apalachicola. A naval squadron transporting supplies was en route to Camp Crawford, but first, the vessels had to get past the guns of the fort. Meanwhile, Colonel Clinch was heading for Camp Crawford. During mid-August 1816, Lieutenant Jairus Loomis (USN) arrived at the mouth of the Apalachicola River with two gunboats (Numbers 149 and 154) and their Marine contingents. On 26 August, the gunboats advanced up the river with orders to commence fire if provoked and reduce the fortification. The fort’s artillery greeted the gunships with fire. The blast was heard at Camp Crawford, igniting an instant response there. Colonel Clinch’s forces sped toward Fort Apalachicola as the U.S. Navy returned fire. One of the initial shots that struck the fort also hit the powder magazine and caused high casualties among the people there, including women and children. Meanwhile, the vanguard scouts of Clinch encroached and an enemy force was spotted, but no action ensued as they vanished, rather than engage Clinch’s force. In conjunction, Captain Zachary Taylor (later general and president) participated in the expedition. Subsequently, during 1818, the Americans established Fort Gadsden at the site. See also Fort Gadsden, Florida.

Fort Atkinson / FLORIDA Fort Arbuckle— The U.S. Army established Fort Arbuckle in the vicinity of Lake Arbuckle (Polk County) during 1850 as a defense against the Seminoles. The fort was located less than 20 miles from Fort Clinch (Polk County), which had been established the previous year near Frostproof. Fort Armistead— Fort Armistead was established during 1840 at a site south of Tampa in Sarasota County. The fort was to be used as a divisional headquarters for General Lewis Armistead, the commanding officer of the U.S. Army of Florida. The area where the fort was located, like many other sites in Florida, was untenable. Due to excessive illness among the garrison, the fort was abandoned about seven months after it was established. Fort Armstrong— Fort Armstrong (Camp Armstrong), named in honor of the fort’s commanding officer, Robert Armstrong, was established during 1836. Subsequently, General Jesup concluded that many of the existing forts were no longer required. However, Jesup mandated that certain forts remain active. They included Fort Armstrong, Fort Foster, Fort Dade, Fort Drane and Fort Barnwell. On 22 January 1837, General Jesup initiated an offensive (Relocation Campaign) to search for and gather Seminoles. The force departed Fort Armstrong and moved toward the Ocklawaha River where it was then split into smaller units. A force commanded by General Jesup, composed of Alabama volunteers, marines, regulars, Creeks, and Georgia mounted volunteers, departed Fort Armstrong. The operation lasted into June of 1837, but the units were further divided into small contingents as the large columns had proved to be ineffective in the swamps against the Seminoles. The regions searched included the northern sector of the St. John’s River area and the Cove of the Withlacoochee River by contingents under Lieutenant Colonel Fannin and Lieutenant Colonel Foster, respectively. A third force, under General Hernandez, advanced northward from Camp Hernandez in the vicinity of Titusville, near St. Augustine, along the eastern side of the St. John’s River. In addition, a contingent of dragoons moved around the Orange Lake region. Fort Aspalaga— See Fort Barbour. Fort at Cape Canaveral— Subsequent to a devastating defeat at Fort Caroline ( Jacksonville) during October 1565 by the Spanish, the French Huguenots were again attacked near present-day Cape Canaveral. They were easily overrun by the Spanish. Most of the survivors joined with the Spanish. Following the victory over the French Huguenots, the Spaniards, during November, moved farther south in Florida. The Ais Indians were encountered near the Indian River. The commander of the Spanish, Pedro Menendez Aviles, concluded that the location would be suitable for a colony. Consequently, he left a contingent including Spanish and some of the Dutch earlier seized at Cape Canaveral to establish a colony. The plan quickly failed. Many of the Spanish mutinied and departed the area. Spain’s fortune in the colonies from this point forward was confined to maintain St. Augustine and defend it from attack by many including pirates, the British and the American colonists. While in Florida, the Spaniards introduced Catholic missionaries beginning with the Jesuits during 1555, followed by the Franciscans in about 1574. In conjunction, the Franciscans developed and nourished about 50 missions in an attempt to convert the Indians. Spanish missions were protected by Spanish troops. Fort Atkinson— Fort Atkinson was established during 1839 in Lafayette County in the vicinity of Lake Atkinson. Troops there under Lieutenant J.B. Todd operated out of the post and made frequent search missions attempting to discover Seminole hammocks in the region. Fort Aucilla— See Fort Auscilla.

FLORIDA / Fort Auscilla Fort Auscilla— Fort Auscilla was established during the Second Seminole War about 1839. The post was located near Patterson’s Hammock in the vicinity of Monticello. Another fort in the region was Fort Gamble ( Jefferson County). Fort Ays— The Spanish established Fort Ays (or Ys, or Ais), a blockhouse about 1597. The fort, noted on an ancient map (of Arredondo, 1660) was located about one mile east of present-day Oslo in Indian River County. Fort Bankhead— During the 1820s, the U.S. Navy concluded that a light was needed at Cape Florida (Key Biscayne). The area was first visited by John Cabot during 1497. At that time, Cabot named it Cape of the End of April. Later, during 1513, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon arrived there and named the place Santa Marta. A tower was completed there during December 1825. During July 1836, Seminoles attacked the lighthouse. The keeper of the lighthouse, Thompson, and his assistant ignited dynamite on the stairway, rather than face capture and torture, but Thompson survived and was rescued on the following day when a relief force arrived aboard the USS Motto. The steps had been destroyed, presenting the rescuers with a tedious task of extricating Thompson from the tower, which reached a height of 90 feet. The U.S. Army established a temporary post there, during 1838, which was initially called Fort Dallas, but that name was taken by another fort at Miami and the fort at the lighthouse became Fort Bankhead. A contingent of troops (2nd Dragoons) under Colonel William S. Harney garrisoned the post. Subsequently, during 1861, the lighthouse was knocked out of commission by Confederate sympathizers. The lighthouse was not reactivated until 1867. Fort Barbour— Fort Barbour, also known as Fort Aspalaga, was established in northwest Florida about May 1841, along the Apalachicola River in Gadsden County and in close proximity to Liberty County. The post, named in honor of Captain Phillip N. Barbour, remained active until the following year. In conjunction, a fort known as Fort Aspalaga was established there earlier about 1837. Fort Barker— Fort Barker was established during 1840 in Lafayette County about nine or 10 miles southwest of Fort Macomb. It is thought that the site is near present-day Cook’s Hammock Cemetery. It was established during the war with the Seminoles. Fort Barnwell— Fort Barnwell was established during 1836 in the vicinity of Volusia. During April of that same year, Seminoles attacked a burial detail. Subsequently, during October 1836, Governor Call initiated an offensive in search of the Seminole strongpoint. His force encountered a party of Seminoles at the Cove of the Withlacoochee, but after the initial skirmish, the combination of a swollen river and effective fire from the opposing bank compelled Jesup to move back to Fort Drane. Later, on 13 November, Governor Call’s force came across several Seminole villages, all vacant. Call divided his force and continued the search after first devastating the villages. On 17 November, some Seminoles were encountered and a fight erupted. The reports of the battle indicated the loss of one man killed and two wounded. The Seminoles reportedly sustained the loss of about 20 braves. In addition, the villages encountered during the encounter were destroyed. The operation continued for a few more days and on the 18th another skirmish occurred in which the soldiers sustained three killed and 12 wounded. The Seminoles lost about 25 killed. By the 21st, Call’s troops closed on yet another Seminole group near the Wahoo Swamp. The soldiers halted the chase at a stream that appeared to be too deep for the troops to ford. Nevertheless, the creek was actually shallow. Fire from the opposing bank killed Major David Moniac, a Creek Indian. Moniac graduated West Point (class of 1822, Cadet No. 324). Governor Call, by

60 the 22nd, set out for Fort Barnwell, more than 50 miles distant. Soon after his arrival there, on 27 November, Governor Call relinquished command of the troops in Florida to General Jesup (9 December 1836). In conjunction, Fort Barnwell was also known as Fort Volusia and Fort Call. Fort Barrancas— The Spanish, under Governor Andres de Arriola, during 1698 established Fort San Carlos de Barrancas (also known as Fort San Carlos de Austria) at Point Siguenza (Pensacola). It was seized by the French, under De Serigny, during May 1719. The French, however, were only able to hold the prize for about 40 days as the Spanish regrouped and recaptured it. Later, the French again mustered their forces and successfully regained the fort during September 1719. At the conclusion of hostilities during 1721, the fort, according to a treaty, was returned to the Spanish. During 1722, the French abandoned Pensacola, but before embarking, they destroyed the fort. A new fort was constructed on Santa Rosa Island. Fort Barrancas at Pensacola came under British control during 1763 after the close of the French and Indian War. The British reconstructed it during 1771, but later lost it again to the Spanish during 1783. While under English control, the British constructed Royal Navy Redoubt at Fort Barrancas. During 1783, following the close of the War for Independence the British, according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, relinquished all claims on Florida. The Spanish, after reclaiming Fort Barrancas, again rebuilt it. During 1793, the Spanish in West Florida at Pensacola fortified Fort Barrancas by constructing Battery San Antonio, which was large enough to hold seven guns and several individual adjoining rooms. Completion of the project occurred during 1797. It was the last fortification constructed by Spain in the United States. The Spanish improvised and frequently use this structure as a prison. Later, during the 1800s, the fort was threatened during the War of 1812 when General Andrew Jackson seized it (1814) due to its use by the British as a base of operations against the Americans. After evicting the English, the fort was returned to Spain. The U.S., after receiving Florida from Spain during 1821, continued to use the base. On 7 November 1814, Spanish governor Manriquez hoisted a white flag and agreed to Jackson’s terms to surrender Forts St. Michael and Barrancas, but on the following day, Manriquez refused to relinquish Fort Barrancas. Jackson prepared an attack, but the Spanish destroyed the fort themselves. In the meantime, the British warships seized the advantage and embarked for safer waters while the Creeks fled into the woods to evade capture by Jackson’s troops. Pursuit was initiated and all prisoners were transported to Fort Montgomery. On 17 July 1821, the Floridas (East and West) were ceded to the United States by Spain. With this acquisition, Alabama’s rivers flowed freely into the Gulf of Mexico no longer hindered by the Spanish. After Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821, the government during 1825, selected Pensacola as a site for a navy yard bay. The U.S. plotted a course to include four forts, including Fort Barrancas in the region to defend the coast. Fort Barrancas was strategically located atop a bluff which dominated the bay. The fort was more heavily fortified with bricks during a new construction project that occurred between 1839–1844 and a linkage was made between the fort and an old Spanish battery through the creation of a tunnel. To add even more defensive strength to the post, a position known as Advanced Redoubt was built just north of the fort. Construction began during 1845, but the project was not completed until after the Civil War, during 1869. In the meantime, during January 1861, the Confederates occupied Fort Barrancas, Fort McRee and Advanced Redoubt, but the Union retained Fort Pickens which was located on the opposite side of the bay. The U.S. troops at Fort Barrancas moved to Fort Pickens when the Florida state troops seized Fort Barrancas. Fort Barrancas was abandoned by the Confederates during May 1862. Fort McRee, also held by the

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Fort Brooke / FLORIDA onel Persifor F. Smith, operated along the Caloosahatchee River located below Taylor’s sector. The area encompassing the Everglades was covered by a naval contingent under Lieutenant Levi N. Powell. Powell’s contingent included infantry and a contingent of U.S. Marines. Fort Blount— See Fort Apalachicola. Not to be confused with Fort Blount (Polk County) established during 1856. Fort Blount— Fort Blount was established in Polk County by settlers during 1856. The fort, used during the Seminole Indian war, was located near Bartow. Fort Braden— Fort Braden, located less than 20 miles west of Tallahassee, was established in Leon County on 3 December 1839. On 12 July 1840 a contingent of troops, including B Company, 2nd U.S. Infantry, engaged a band of Indians near Fort Braden. Two soldiers were killed. Indian casualties are unknown. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the fort was abandoned during early June 1842.

Fort Barrancas Pensacola — Dept. Interior NPS

Confederates, was destroyed during 1863. Later, when aircraft came into being during the twentieth century, the U.S. used it as a Naval Air Station, with the Army finally transferring the base to the Navy during 1945, after the termination of World War II. Fort Barrancas is located at the Pensacola Naval Air Station. Like Fort Pickens, it is open to the public. Also, Barrancas National Cemetery is located at the Naval Air Station. Of the 43,000 people buried there, about 1,300 were veterans of the Civil War. In conjunction, Ga-Ah, the second wife of Geronimo is also buried there. She succumbed in Pensacola while Geronimo was being detained at Fort Pickens. Fort Basinger— During 1837, the U.S. Army established Fort Basinger (Highlands County) named in honor of Lieutenant William Basinger, who was killed during the Dade Massacre near Fort King (during December 1835). The fort was established in the vicinity of the Kissimmee River about 23 December during an ongoing operation by Colonel Taylor. The fort was abandoned subsequent to the close of the war, during the early 1850s. For a while a settlement was there, but by the early part of the twentieth century, modernization including highways and the railroad pushed the town into obscurity. In conjunction, at about the same time that Fort Basinger was established, Colonel (later General and President) Zachary Taylor established Fort Gardiner. Colonel Taylor marched from Fort Basinger during December of 1837 and engaged the Seminoles on Christmas Day at the Battle of Okeechobee. Following the battle the troops returned to Fort Basinger and from there Taylor returned to Fort Gardiner. A monument commemorating the Battle of Okeechobee stands along U.S. Highway 41 several miles southeast of Okeechobee. The marker in part: “In these woods on Christmas Day, 1837, was fought the Battle of Okeechobee in which a large band of Seminole Indians, under Chiefs Wildcat, Alligator, and Sam Jones, was routed by a brigade led by Colonel Zachary Taylor consisting of the 1st, 4th and 6th Regiments of Infantry of the Regular Army, and the First Regiment of Missouri Volunteers, totaling about 800 men.” Nonetheless, the Indians did retire, but Taylor’s force sustained 26 killed and 112 wounded. The Seminoles lost 11 killed and 14 wounded. Also, sources vary on the exact date between 21 December and 23 December when the fort was built; however, the date of the battle, 25 December, is certain. In conjunction, during July 1837, the Army of Florida was redesignated as the Army of the South. It was split into groups, one of which was commanded by Taylor. The force under Taylor operated at the time in the area between the Kissimmee River and Pease Creek. Another contingent, led by Col-

Fort Brooke— Fort Brooke, known also as Cantonment Brooke, was established on 2 January 1824 at Tampa Bay. The fort, under the supervision of Colonel James Gadsden and Colonel George M. Brooke, was completed by June 1824. Elements of the U.S. 4th Infantry had arrived from Pensacola to work on the construction. On 22 January 1836, U.S. naval vessels, attached to Commodore Dallas’ squadron, including the Constellation and the St. Louis, arrived at Fort Brooke to bolster the defenses and prepare against additional Indian attacks such as the Dade Massacre of December 1835. The Marines attached to the squadron subsequently departed with the soldiers to track the Seminoles. The expeditionary force returned during early April after a few skirmishes. The swamplands of Florida made it difficult to deal with the Indians. During April 1836, a force composed of South Carolina volunteers departed Fort Brooke to search the area near the Peace River for Seminoles at their villages. The mission was unsuccessful, but some vacant villages were burned. During April of 1837, a group of Seminoles under Yaholoochee arrived at the post to capitulate and agree to be relocated. Others, during that same month, surrendered at Fort Mellon. Subsequently, on 2 June 1837, a large force of Seminoles, estimated at more than 500, under Osceola (Billy Powell) raided a detention camp in the vicinity of Fort Brooke. The Indians were able to seize all the supplies. During 1841, a party of Seminole leaders arrived from the Indian Territory at Fort Brooke during October to persuade other Seminoles to relent and agree to relocate. The mission scored some success. Two leaders in Florida, Nethlochemathla and Tiger Tail, along with their respective followers, later surrendered at the post. During May 1841, Coacoochee and his followers had arrived at Fort Pierce and from there they were escorted to Fort Brooke by a contingent under Lieutenant (later General) William Tecumseh Sherman. On 20 January 1842, the U.S. Navy disbanded the Florida Squadron. The U.S. Navy personnel including Marines were transferred from Florida to Norfolk, Virginia. In conjunction, during January 1842, Tiger Tail departed the post supposedly for the purpose of persuading other Indians to surrender, but he broke off and instead convinced a band of Creeks under Octiarche to continue resisting all attempts to force relocation. The Florida Indian campaign officially terminated on 14 August 1842 without benefit of a peace treaty. Subsequently, during 1855, U.S. troops again would bolster Fort Brooke due to the Third Seminole War. Later during 1861, the fort was seized by Confederates (Florida state troops). By March 1861, the 20th Regiment (Florida Militia) made its headquarters at Fort Brooke. The regiment was commanded by Colonel William Lucius Turner. A Union landing force aboard the USS Adela debarked and seized the fort during May 1864. Two days later, the fort was abandoned. The post was officially deactivated by the U.S. Army

FLORIDA / Fort Brooks during 1883. Not to be confused with Fort Brooks or Fort Frank Brooks. Fort Brooks— Fort Brooks was established along the Ocklawaha River (Ocala National Forest) during the Second Seminole War. Units there included the U.S. 2nd Infantry. During March 1841, the post was threatened by Indians under Halleck Tustenuggee. Lieutenant William Alburtis, aware of a ruse planned to ambush his contingent once it moved out of the post, outwitted the attackers. Alburtis evaded the ambush and forced the Indians to retire. Not to be confused with Fort Brooke or Fort Frank Brook. Fort Broome— Fort Broome, named after Florida governor, James Broome, was established outside of present-day Dade City during 1856 and the Seminole war. Fort Buckeye— Fort Buckeye was established during 1849 and the Seminole war in Lafayette County at Steinhatchee Springs near Cook’s Hammock. Fort Bulow— Fort Bulow was actually a plantation established during 1821 by Major Charles Wilhelm Bulow. The plantation was also known as Fort Bulow. The plantation became John J. Bulow’s property at the death of his father, who succumbed during 1823. Florida militia established an outpost on the plantation during 1835, but Bulow’s participation was reluctant. The plantation, located in Flagler County near Bulow Creek in East Florida, was attacked and destroyed by Seminole Indians during 1836. The site of the plantation and its remaining ruins are part of a Florida state park. The park can be reached from Interstate 95. Exit 90 east to County Road 2001 (Old Kings Road) For more information: Bulow Plantation Ruins State Historic Site, P.O. Box 655, Bunnel, Florida 32010. Fort Burned House— See Fort Chokonikly. Fort Butler— Fort Butler was established along the St. John’s River in Lake County near Astor during the Second Seminole War. Fort Butler was linked with Fort Dade to the south through a military road and another road linked it with Fort Mason to the southwest. Fort Call— Fort Call, a minor outpost, was established in Bradford County during the Second Seminole War. Separate from Camp Call in Dixie County or Fort Call in Volusia County. Fort Call (Volusia County)— See Fort Barnwell. Fort Capron— Fort Capron was established during 1849 in Indian River County at St. Augustine for the Seminole war. In conjunction, another complex known as St. Francis Barracks had earlier been established in St. Augustine as well as the major fort, Castillo de San Marcos. St. Augustine had also been the site of the Negro settlement, Fort Mose, which was established during 1738 and lasted until 1763 when the Spanish and the Negroes there departed the region for Cuba. Not to be confused with Fort Capron in St. Lucie County. Fort Capron— Fort Capron was established in the vicinity of St. Lucie, St. Lucie County, during 1850. This Seminole war fort was abandoned during 1858. Not to be confused with Fort Capron in Indian River County. Fort Caroline— On 22 June 1564, a French expeditionary force of Huguenots (French Protestants) aboard three ships under Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere, a friend of Jean Ribault, arrived at Florida. These Frenchmen constructed a fort at the mouth of the Mary River (St. Johns) and it, similarly to a prior fort built in South Carolina, was named Fort Caroline in honor of King Charles IX. Things did not go too well at the colony. Mutiny occurred and some colonists resorted to piracy. During July 1565, a fleet departed Spain under orders from King Philip II to conquer Florida and “drive out the French as both intruders and heretics.” The Spaniards, led by Pedro

62 Menendez Aviles, arrived off Florida on 28 August (St. Augustine’s Day). Two days when the force landed, Aviles named the area St. Augustine. The Spaniards established St. Augustine and from there they attacked and destroyed Fort Caroline on 20 September. A French force departed Fort Caroline on 10 September to attack the Spanish, but they got shipwrecked. The French at the fort were caught by surprise and were overwhelmed. A few survivors managed to conceal themselves and eventually made it to France to spread the word. About 200 men, women and children were killed during the attack. The Spanish then intercepted the French who had been shipwrecked near present-day Cape Canaveral. The Spanish, subsequent to the massacre, took limbs from some of the deceased Frenchmen, hanged them from a tree and added this message: “Not because they were Frenchmen, but because they are heretics and enemies of God.” Once word of the massacre reached France, cries of vengeance emerged from the family members of the deceased. The avenger was Dominic de Gourgues of Gascoa, who pledged his fortune and prepared to strike back. During April 1567, a French force, composed of three ships transporting about 150 troops and 80 sailors, commanded by de Gourges, embarked for Florida. On 3 May, the French struck. They overwhelmed the first fort, then a second before reaching Fort Mateo (formerly Fort Caroline). It also fell quickly. Some Spanish survivors were then led by the French to the identical tree from which the French were hanged and they, too, were hanged. De Gourges directed that a message from him be sprawled across the corpses in response to that message which Aviles had previously placed upon the massacred Frenchmen. It read: “I do not this as unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto robbers and murderers.” De Gourges, lacking the strength to remain in Florida, returned to France during May, thus concluding the effort of French Protestants’ attempts to colonize America. Charles IX, lacking the foresight to bolster the French gains and provide protection to the sons of France, essentially forfeited France’s chances of gaining permanence in the southern part of America. At this time, there are no English settlements on the continent. Nevertheless, Spain still declared her right to the territory and retained control over Florida, but la Caroline (Fort Caroline or Fort Mateo) was never again colonized. In conjunction, during the latter part of the sixteenth century, France remained consumed with blood-filled struggles as Catholics and Protestants battled for control of the country. There are no remains of the original fort. For more information: Fort Caroline National Memorial 12713 Fort Caroline Road Jacksonville Florida 32225. Fort Carroll— Fort Carroll was established in Polk County during 1841 by elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment. The post was established during January of 1841 and named in honor of Sergeant Major Francis Carroll, who was killed by Indians in the vicinity of Micanopy, Florida. The Seminole war fort was located near Lake Hancock several miles north of Bartow. Fort Casey— Fort Casey, a Seminole war fort, was established near Charlotte Harbor, Cayo Costa Island, Charlotte County, about 1850. Fort Cass— Fort Cass, a Seminole war fort, was established 1835 in Hamilton County near Fort White (Mineral Springs). Fort Center— Fort Center was established in Glades County slightly south of Lakeport during 1838. The Seminole war fort, located near Fisheating Creek, was active until 1842. Later, during 1855, it was again utilized. During 1857, again the army garrisoned the fort. It was abandoned that same year. Fort Chipola— Fort Chipola was established during 1841 in Calhoun County in the vicinity of Chipola and the Chipola River. The Seminole war fort was abandoned during 1842.

63 Fort Chokkonickla— See Fort Chokonikly. Fort Chokonikla— See Fort Chokonikly. Fort Chokonikly— Fort Chokonikly (also known as Fort Chokkonickla) was established on 26 October 1849 near Payne’s Creek in the vicinity of present-day Payne’s Creek State Park in Bowling Green (Hardee County). It was constructed primarily because of massacres that occurred in this area during the previous July. The fort stood less than one mile from the destroyed Kennedy-Darling Trading Post at Payne’s Creek where Captain George S. Payne and Dempsey Whiddon had been killed when five Seminoles attacked the store on 17 July 1849. One other, William McCullough, his wife and child, escaped death. All three worked at the store. Fort Chokonikly (Fort Burned House) became one of a series of forts established in the region stretching from the Manatee River to the Indian River. Nonetheless, the fort, like many others in Florida, was plagued by insects and disease with epidemics of fevers causing severe problems. Consequently, it was abandoned on 18 July 1850. In conjunction, the Seminoles, in an effort to calm the situation and avoid conflict, captured several of the five who attacked the store. They were handed over to the army. Another was killed by the Seminoles and the last renegade escaped. For more information: Paynes Creek State Historic Site, 888 Lake Branch Road, Bowling Green, Florida 33834. Fort Christmas— Fort Christmas, established by General Thomas Sidney Jesup during 1837, received its name because it was established on Christmas Day, 25 December. The fort was constructed during the Second Seminole War at present-day Christmas. General Jesup used the post as his headquarters and initiated a campaign from there during early January 1838. In conjunction with the offensive, a series of posts was established between Indian River Inlet and present-day Bradenton. These posts included Fort Pierce, Fort Floyd, Fort Basinger, Fort Myakka and Fort Hamer. On 15 May 1838, Colonel Zachary Taylor, breveted brigadier general, assumed command of the Army of the South, replacing General Jesup. Taylor initiated a campaign during autumn 1838. During November 1838, a new chain of forts was established. They included Fort Mellon, established at Lake Monroe by Lieutenant Fannin, and the reestablishment of Fort Clinch on the Withlacoochee River by Colonel William Davenport. The troops also engaged in the construction of roads and bridges, all part of the plan to drive the Seminoles south of the line running between Tampa Bay and New Smyrna. A reconstructed replica of Fort Christmas is located near the original site. The park-museum is open to the public and located between Orlando and the Kennedy (Cape Canaveral) Space Center. For more information: Fort Christmas Historical Park & Museum, 1300 Fort Christmas Road, Christmas, Florida 32709. Fort Clarke (Alachua County)— Fort Clarke was established by the Confederates at about the time Florida seceded from the Union during January 1861 slightly west of the city of Gainesville (Alachua County). The site had earlier been the location of a U.S. Army post, also known as Fort Clarke, during the Second Seminole War. The post was located along State Highway 26. Not to be confused with Fort Clarke in Jefferson County. Fort Clarke ( Jefferson County)— Fort Clarke was established in Jefferson County during the Second Seminole War. Not to be confused with Fort Clarke in Alachua County. Fort Clinch (Polk County)— Fort Clinch was established Polk County during 1850 near Frostproof (formerly Lakemont and sometimes referred to as Keystone City). The post was established by General Twiggs as one of a group of posts established at that time. Another was Fort Arbuckle. The forts created a defensive line for the Seminole Indian War that ran from Fort Meade in Central Florida

Fort Clinch / FLORIDA to the Atlantic Ocean on the East Coast. It was abandoned during the following year. Not to be confused with Fort Clinch near Pensacola or Fort Clinch at Amelia Island or Fort Clinch at the Withlacoochee River. Fort Clinch (near Pensacola)— See Fort Meade. Not to be confused with Cantonment Clinch. And it is not to be confused with Fort Clinch at Amelia Island (1847) or Fort Clinch in Polk County (1850), Florida or Fort Clinch on the Withlacoochee River (1836). Fort Clinch (Amelia Island)— Fort Clinch, named in honor of General Duncan Lamont Clinch, was established during 1847 for the Seminole Indian War at Fernandina Beach on Amelia Island (initially called Isle de Mar) at the junction of the St. Mary’s River and Cumberland Sound. The island has had a military presence since the Spanish established a fort (Fort San Carlos) there about 1736. Fort Clinch was built in the shape of a pentagon, but it still was not completed during 1861 when it was seized by Confederates. The fort was held by the Confederates only until early 1862 when it was regained by Union forces. The garrison was ordered to abandon the fort, which was thought to be vulnerable to Union attack. A Union naval force arrived in the harbor just as the final elements of the Confederate garrison were leaving, giving the Union control of the fort without a fight. With control of Fort Clinch, the Union also gained domination of the Georgia and Florida coastlines in the region. The fort was abandoned during 1869, but later it was reactivated. The U.S. used the fort during the Spanish-American War (1898), but afterward it was abandoned. In conjunction, Amelia Island had long been considered a strategic military location since about the midsixteenth century when the French, under Jean Ribault, landed there during 1562. Several years later, during 1565, the Spanish moved against the French and inflicted a decisive defeat. Ribault and more than 300 Frenchmen were killed. The Spanish, under Pedro Menendez, hoisted their colors. Subsequently, the Spanish established the Santa Maria Mission and they also renamed the island, calling it Isla Santa Maria. The settlement of Fernandina was later established during 1685, but by 1702 the British attacked the Spanish there and destroyed the settlement. Many years passed before the island was again inhabited by Europeans. An expeditionary force under James Oglethorpe visited the island and gave it an English name, Amelia Island, in honor of King George II’s daughter, Princess Amelia. However, England did not gain the island officially until after the conclusion of the French and Indian War. During 1763, England’s colors were raised over the area. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, many Loyalists gathered at the island after fleeing the colonies. The English lost the region following the conclusion of the American Revolution, but it reverted to Spain. Prior to the takeover by the United States, a movement erupted against the Spanish during March 1811 and for one day, the flag of the Republic of Florida was hoisted over the island. Nonetheless, the American rebels were unable to sustain the rebellion. They turned the island over to the United States. By 1817, subsequent to the War of 1812, Amelia Island underwent more change as a group of men under Sir Gregor MacGregor captured the island from the Spanish. MacGregor, a Scotsman, then had a new flag (Green Cross of Florida) hoisted. Later that same year, after MacGregor’s group abandoned the island, pirates under Luis Aury entered the harbor and hoisted yet another flag, that of the Republic of Mexico. Aury, however, was more interested in himself than the Republic of Mexico. He proclaimed himself ruler, which was in contrast to the intent of the United States. The U.S. Navy visited the island and Aury quickly vanished beyond the horizon. During 1821, the U.S. officially gained the territory from Spain and the Stars and Stripes began to fly over the region. It remained unfurled until 1861 when the Confederates seized Fort Clinch and raised the Stars and Bars, actually the eighth flag to fly over the is-

FLORIDA / Fort Clinch land. By the following year, the U.S. regained the fort and the Stars and Stripes returned to the region. At present, the fort site is located on Amelia Island, several miles north of Fernandina Beach. The fort, which was part of the Totter System of coastal fortifications, has on display many historical items of interest which illustrate life during the times the fort was used. For more information: Fort Clinch State Park, 2601 Atlantic Avenue, Fernandina Beach, Florida. Not to be confused with Fort Clinch in Polk County (1850) or Fort Clinch (Fort Meade) near Pensacola, or Fort Clinch on the Withlacoochee River (1836). Fort Clinch (Withlacoochee River)— Fort Clinch was established along the Withlacoochee River during 1836. The fort was later abandoned; however, during 1838, it was reestablished as part of a campaign against the Seminoles initiated at that time by General Zachary Taylor. At about that time, Taylor was brevetted brigadier general. See also Fort Christmas. Not to be confused with Fort Clinch in Polk County (1850) or Fort Clinch on Amelia Island (1847) or Fort Clinch (Fort Meade) near Pensacola. Fort Comfort— Fort Comfort, also known as Fort Concord, was established near Lake Concord (Seminole County) by settlers during 1835. It was used during the war with the Seminoles. Fort Concord— See Fort Comfort. Fort Cooper— Fort Cooper, named in honor of Major Mark Cooper, was established during 1836 by General Clinch during a campaign that was under the overall command of General Winfield Scott. The fort was located along Lake Holathlikaha in the vicinity of Inverness, outside Tallahassee (Citrus County). The post, garrisoned by elements of the Georgia 1st Battalion (volunteers) and a contingent of U.S. regulars, came under attack by the Seminoles, led by Osceola (Billy Powell) during April (5–17). At the time, General Clinch was away from the fort participating in the campaign. The defenders held the post and in the process, despite launching attacks into the nearby swamps where the Seminoles formed their siege line, no American casualties were sustained. The amount of Seminole casualties remains unknown. The siege and battle is recreated at the fort site on an annual basis. Later excavations discovered a second fort from the period within the Fort Cooper State Park (on Lake Holathlikaha), 3100 South Old Floral Road. Fort Crabbe— A small post known as Fort Crabbe was established in Bradford County during the Second Seminole War. Another outpost, known as Fort Call, was located at a place south of Hampton. Fort Crawford— Fort Crawford was established during 1850 in Manatee County for the Seminole Indian War. The fort was located along the south side of the Manatee River between Little Crawford Creek and Fort Crawford Creek. Fort Crevecoeur— The French established Fort Crevecoeur on the mainland at St. Joseph’s Bay across from St. Joseph’s Point (Gulf County) during 1771. The fort was constructed by Lemoyne de Chateague, the brother of the governor of French Louisiana; however, it was built in Spanish territory to the dismay of the Spanish governor, Juan Pedro Matamoros de Ysla at Pensacola. By August of the following year, the French destroyed the fort themselves and the garrison returned to French Louisiana. The fort, however, was not totally destroyed. Subsequently, Spanish troops arrived from San Marcos to occupy the fort. Fort Crum— Fort Crum, a Seminole war fort, was established about 1835 in Alachua County. It remained active until 1840. Fort Cummings— Fort Cummings was established in the vicinity

64 of Lake Alfred in Polk County about 1839 for the Seminole War. It was abandoned during 1841. Fort Dabney— Fort Dabney was established in Dixie County during 1836 by Florida militia for the Seminole War. The fort was located in the vicinity of Suwannee Old Town. Fort Dade (Dade City)— Fort Dade, also known as Camp Dade, was established in the vicinity of present-day Dade City during 1836. The fort was attacked and burned by the Seminoles during 1838; however, subsequently, the fort was used at different times until about 1849. During what was known as the Relocation Campaign of 1837, several Seminole leaders, including Alligator, Jumper and Micanopy, arrived at Fort Dade on 3 February to hold talks with the U.S. in regards to a truce (See also Fort Armstrong). The parties also held talks there a few days later, but the conflict continued until 1842. It was decided that they would return on the 8th and discuss it further. Not to be confused with Fort Dade on Edgmont Key, outside Tampa Bay, during 1898. Fort Dade (Edgmont)— The U.S. Army established Fort Dade on Edgmont Key, outside Tampa Bay, during 1898, the Spanish-American War period. Edgmont Key was earlier visited by the Spanish, but it was later named by the English in honor of John Perceval, the second earl of Edgmont (1711–1770). During the Civil War, the Union used the island’s lighthouse as a lookout post, but the Confederates who initially held the island removed the Fresnel lens from the watchtower when they found their positions untenable. Attempts were made by the Union to discover the whereabouts of the missing lens, but all raids into Tampa proved unfruitful. Meanwhile, during the war, the Union Navy used the island in support of its blockade of Confederate shipping. Construction of Fort Dade was completed during 1906. Troops including the Rough Riders of Teddy Roosevelt embarked from Fort Dade. In addition, the fort was used as a quarantine post for troops returning from the theaters of war including Cuba and Puerto Rico. In conjunction, the troops that embarked to oppose the Spanish were not used to the tropical climate and many came down with serious illnesses. The U.S. used the experience from the Spanish-American War to perfect its ability to offset such losses in the future. Most casualties in the Spanish-American War came from illness. Fort Dade remained active as an Army post until 1923; however, the installation was utilized during World War II as a lookout post in search of any German submarines that might encroach upon the Tampa area. The area, like nearby Fort De Soto, was also used by the U.S. Army Air Corps for bombing practice. During 1939, the lighthouse service on the island was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard. Ruins of the fort and its batteries remain. The batteries, like the initial lighthouse, fell victim to the elements. The batteries included Battery Burchsted (1899–1919, two 6-inch A, transferred to Fort DeSoto during 1980), Battery Howard (1900s–1926, two 6inch DC); Battery Mellon (1904–1920, three 3-inch MP); Battery Page (1910–1919, two 3-inch MP) and Battery McIntosh 1900–1923, two 8-inch DC). Also, an unnamed battery which held two 8-inch Rodman guns was established there during 1899. During 1900, the guns were redeployed at Battery McIntosh. At present, Fort Dade is accessible to the public. It is located at Edgmont Key State Park at the mouth of Tampa Bay (Gulf of Mexico) southwest of Fort De Soto Beach (Mullet Key). Access is by boat only. For additional information, contact Edgmont Key State Park, 4905 34th Street South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711. Also, Fort Dade is not to be confused with Fort Dade in present-day Dade City. Fort Dallas— The U.S. Army continued to establish forts to provide added security for the settlers and to give the army additional depots for troops and supplies to battle the Seminoles. Fort Dallas was established during 1838 at Miami near the mouth of the Miami

65 River and at about the same time Fort Poinsett was established near Cape Sable. Both were located in present-day Monroe County. The fort, located on Fitzpatrick’s Plantation, for awhile was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel (later General) William Selby Harney. During 1839, a contingent of U.S. Army troops reoccupied Fort Dallas. The unit was the first to return there since it was abandoned earlier that same year. On 4 December 1840, Lieutenant Colonel Harney moved out of the post into the Everglades in search of Seminoles under Chakaia. The mission succeeded in discovering the objective and in the process of launching an unexpected attack, Chakaia was killed and the others in the group were seized and reportedly killed by the troops. Later, during 1842, the fort was transferred to the U.S. Navy. The fort was manned by Marines, but only for about six months. Afterward, the fort was again abandoned. Subsequently, the Army used Fort Dallas sporadically until it was reestablished during 1855. At some point about 1844, stone barracks were built there. The fort apparently remained under Union control during the Civil War. Subsequently, during the 1890s, the fort site became the location of the home of Mrs. Julia D. Tuttle. In conjunction, until April 1838, the fort at Cape Florida Light was known as Fort Dallas. The name was used for the new fort established at Miami and the post at Cape Florida was renamed Fort Bankhead. Also, the Dupont Plaza Hotel was later built at the site. Part of the fort was relocated at Limmus Park, which for awhile became a magnet for the homeless. Fort Davenport— Fort Davenport was established during 1850 in the vicinity of Davenport. Other posts established in Polk County during the period known as the Third Seminole War included Fort Clinch, Fort Arbuckle, Fort Blount and Fort Meade. Fort Dearborn— Fort Dearborn, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established in the vicinity of Fort Lane in Polk County near Lake Harney during 1837. Fort Defiance— Florida militia established Fort Defiance during April 1835 near present-day Micanopy. During December 1835, General Richard K. Call was informed of Seminole raiding parties operating near Wacahoota. He dispatched a contingent of mounted troops to accompany a small train (ammunition and supplies) to Fort Defiance. While en route, Seminoles ambushed the train near Kanapaha Prairie at Black Point. At first fire, some of the troops scattered, leaving the remainder to fight off the attack, but of those, some also absconded. Meanwhile, the remaining troops returned fire in an attempt to beat back the attack. The troops attempted to turn the wagons and escape. At about that time, some reinforcements (militia) arrived, but again, some failed to join the fight. Of the 15 that charged the Seminole positions, about half were either killed or wounded. More reinforcements arrived from Fort Crum, but too late, as the Indians had vanished into the swamps. A few days later, troops came across a group of Seminoles and the wagons. The Indians were driven away and some of the supplies were recovered. Nonetheless, the Seminoles returned again and again. During 1836, the Seminoles initiated a siege of the post on 9 July. The troops managed to get out of the fort and encircle the attackers to lift the siege. Soon after, on 19 July 1836, a column from Fort Drane en route to Fort Defiance was ambushed by Seminoles in the vicinity of Welika Pond. Reinforcements sped from Fort Defiance to rescue the beleaguered contingent. Subsequently, during 1837, the army built another fort there and named it Fort Micanopy. Fort Denaud— Fort Denaud (Fort Deynaud) was established during 1838 by order of General Jesup. Troops under Captain L.B. Bonneville established the fort about 25 miles from Fort Meyers in the vicinity of present-day La Belle (Hendry County) along the Caloosahatchee River. The army utilized the fort as a supply depot during the campaign against the Seminoles. The army attempted to main-

Fort Drane / FLORIDA tain a solid series of forts between Tampa and the Atlantic Ocean. Fort Denaud was primary source of supplies for troops operating near Lake Okeechobee. In conjunction, the fort remained operational until 1842. However, later, when war with the Seminoles again erupted, the fort was reactivated (1855). During June 1856, fire destroyed the fort. The troops rebuilt it on the opposite bank of the river and it remained active until May 1858. Fort De Soto (Brooksville)— Fort De Soto was established in the vicinity of Brooksville (Hernandez County) during the early 1840s for the Seminole War. Not to be confused with Fort De Soto established during 1898 in Pinellas County. Fort DeSoto— During 1898, the U.S. Army established Fort De Soto, named in honor of the Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto, on Mullet Key (Pinellas County) an island at the entrance of Tampa Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. Previous to the construction of Fort DeSoto, the island had a lengthy military record, but not as a fort. Initially, Spanish explorers arrived there and later, during the pre-Civil War days, Robert E. Lee, while a U.S. Army officer, surveyed the island. Afterward, during the war, there was Union presence as Union warships remained alert and mounted searches for blockade runners. The fort was a defensive Atlantic Coast installation during the Spanish-American War; however, it did not come under any threat. Fort DeSoto was equipped with 12-inch rifled mortars, four of which remain on the island. They are the only remaining ones in the country. Two batteries were established at Fort DeSoto: Battery Laidley (1902–1921, eight 12-inch M) and Battery Bigelow (1904–1920, two 3-inch MP), the latter being destroyed by a hurricane that swept across the island during 1921. The four surviving guns are at Battery Laidley. Construction of the fort and the batteries was initiated during 1898 and completed during 1907. The fort, like nearby Fort Dade, the latter also established during 1898 fired their guns only in practice. The fort, which remained under control of Fort Dade, remained active until 1910. Afterward, a small detachment remained as caretaker of the grounds until finally, during 1939, the buildings were demolished. The island itself was used by the military during World War II for various things, including target practice by the U.S. Air Corps in preparation for the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan. The fort is now part of DeSoto Park, composed of five islands. The Quartermaster Storehouse Museum is located on the largest of the five islands, Mullet Island. The museum can be reached at 3500 Pinellas Bayway S., Tierra Verde, Florida 33715. Not to be confused with Fort DeSoto at Brooksville. Fort Deynaud— See Fort Denaud. Fort Doane— Fort Doane was established in the Big Cypress Swamp (Collier County) during 1841. It was abandoned by the following year. Units there included elements of the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant George A. McCall. The post was involved with the Big Cypress Swamp Campaign of early 1842 against the Seminoles. Fort Downing— Fort Downing was established in Suwannee County during 1839 near the Suwannee River. During May, 1839, Captain R. Brandley informed Major William Hoffman that his contingent still lacked tents. The post was abandoned due to sanitary conditions and was later destroyed by the Seminoles. Fort Drane— Fort Drane, named after Captain Augustus Drane (3rd Artillery), was established during December 1835 as a base of operations for General Clinch during the campaign against the Seminoles. The fort was located northwest of Ocala and south of present-day Micanopy near Irvine. The fort was established subsequent to General Clinch relocating his headquarters from Fort King to his plantation (Auld Lang Syne). About six companies of U.S. regulars

FLORIDA / Fort Drum under Lieutenant Colonel Fanning were initially at the fort, but the force was bolstered on Christmas Eve when more than 500 mounted Florida volunteers, led by General Richard K. Call, arrived. Soon after, on 29 December, the entire force, except for a garrison of one company and some others on the casualty list, moved out from the post heading toward the Withlacoochee River. The force prepared to launch a surprise attack, but the Seminoles were not surprised. The Seminoles attacked the troops (regulars) that forded the river, but the troops reacted by initiating repeated charges of their own, using fixed bayonets. In the meantime, other troops attached to the volunteers forded the river to support the regulars. Afterward, the Seminoles retired to the cove. Following the retreat of the Indians, General Clinch disengaged and moved back to Fort Drane. His force sustained less than five killed, but slightly more than 50 were wounded. Seminole casualties were light, estimated at less than 10 including about five wounded. During the following spring, Clinch again initiated an offensive in conjunction with other forces. General Clinch’s force participated in a three pronged offensive against the Seminoles suspected to be at the Cove of the Withlacoochee. The operation took place between 26 March and 5 April 1836. Only one of the three columns made it to the target zone, that of General Clinch’s force (Right Wing). The others were the Left Wing under General Abraham Eustis, which departed from St. Augustine, and the Center Wing under Colonel Lindsay, which departed from Fort Brooke. The mission was unsuccessful. Later, on 19 October 1836, Captain John Foote Lane (West Point, class of 1828), promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel the previous March, arrived at Fort Drane from Alabama. Lane was in command of slightly less than 100 troops and the Indian Regiment, composed of about 600 Creeks. In conjunction, Lane, who had achieved the permanent rank of captain since graduating from West Point, came down with a deadly fever that caused inflammation of the brain. He died by suicide at the early age of about 28 on 19 October 1836, the day he arrived at the fort. Lane was the 517th cadet to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy. The fort was abandoned during July 1836 due to the summer elements and disease. After the troops abandoned it, Seminoles occupied it. Soon after, on 18 September 1836, volunteers from Tennessee arrived at Tallahassee. By the following day, the contingent, along with Florida militia, moved out heading toward the Suwannee River and Fort Drane. On 1 October, the force under General Richard K. Call arrived at Fort Drane, but too late to intercept the Seminoles. The Indians had destroyed it and escaped. On 8 October, reinforcements under Major B.K. Pierce arrived at burned-out Fort Drane to join the militia and Tennesseans under General Call. Both the reinforcement and the accompanying supplies were welcomed. Later during mid–October, General Call moved out to engage the Seminoles. A few skirmishes occurred but complications, including the swamps and lack of supplies, compelled the force to return to Fort Drane. The troops sustained high casualties from the elements and lack of supplies. On 19 October 1836, the Creek Indian Regiment, commanded by Captain John F. Lane, arrived at Fort Drane to bolster the forces still there with General Call following the failed campaign to the Withlacoochee River. In conjunction, the situation at Fort Drane remained terrible. Some Tennessee troops that had survived the recent march were diverted to another post more than 100 miles northward due to a shortage of food. Also, command of the Creek Regiment, following the death of Captain Lane, reverted to Lt. Colonel Harvey Brown (West Point, class of 1817, Cadet No. 185), later brevet major general USA. Fort Drum— Following a new period of turbulence in Florida during 1849, the Department of War in Washington, D.C., ordered that more forts be constructed in Florida. The sites were to be located between Fort Brooke at Tampa and the Indian River. Fort Drum was

66 established in Okeechobee County by troops under General David Twiggs. The post, located slightly more than 15 miles north of present-day Okeechobee, was in operation for a short period of time. General Meade had ordered the construction of several new forts, including Fort Drum. It was abandoned during the following year. However, when the Third Seminole War erupted during 1856, the fort was again activated. It was garrisoned by militia until about 1861. Subsequently during the early 1870s, a man named Henry Parker moved to Fort Drum, built a structure and began to operate a trading post there. Fort Dulaney— See Fort Dulany. Fort Dulany— Fort Dulany was established during autumn 1837 in Lee County. The Seminole Indian War post was destroyed by a storm during October 1841. Subsequently, a new fort was constructed; however, the army selected present-day Fort Myers, which seemed to be less prone to being destroyed by a storm. The fort, constructed along the Caloosahatchie River and named Fort Harvie (later Fort Myers), stood at present-day Fort Myers. See also Fort Harvie. Fort Econfina— See Fort Econfine. Fort Econfine— Fort Econfine, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1840 in Taylor County above the mouth of the Econfina River near Scanlon. Fort Econfinee— See Fort Econfine. Fort Fannin— See Fort Fanning. Fort Fanning— Fort Fanning, initially known as Fort Palmetto, was established along the east side of the Suwannee River on the line between Gilchrist and Levy Counties during 1838. The fort was renamed Fort Fannin in honor of Colonel Alexander Campbell Wilder Fannin (not Fanning). Colonel Fannin, while still a lieutenant, had served under General Andrew Jackson during the First Seminole War. No remains of the fort exist; however, the site of the fort is part of the Fanning Springs State Park at Fanning Springs, Florida. In conjunction, during January 1842, on the 25th, a contingent of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Regiment, under Major Joseph Plympton, discovered a group of Mikasukis from Halleck Tustenuggee band in the vicinity of Dunn’s Lake. A skirmish ensued and afterward plans were quickly laid to capture them and another group, the Creeks under Octriarche. A contingent of the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment under Colonel John Garland moved out of Fort Fannin while other columns of the 6th Infantry and the 7th Infantry under Colonel Gustavus Loomis and Lieutenant Colonel William Whistler respectively worked to force the Indians into a trap. Nevertheless, Halleck was not seized during the operation. However, during April he was captured by trickery at Fort King. The fort was active during its existence and came under attack by Seminoles several times. Like other posts in Florida at the time, the garrison was constantly plagued with sickness. The post was abandoned during 1842. See also Fort King. Fort Foster (Dade City)— On 13 December 1836, a contingent of Alabama troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel William Foster, returned to the ruins of Fort Alabama at the Hillsborough River near Dade City and established Fort Foster. At the time, there was a shortage of troops and for a while the post was garrisoned by sailors. By June of 1837, the fort was abandoned but not due to conflict; rather, it was because of torrid weather, disease and mosquitoes. During the fall of 1837, the fort was again garrisoned until the following summer. The conflict continued until August 1841 when most of the Seminoles had been compelled to move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). By about 1855, when the Third Seminole War occurred,

67 Fort Foster was not needed. Meanwhile it fell into ruins. The State of Florida reconstructed the fort at the Hillsborough River State Park. The park is located near Zephyrhills along U.S. Highway 301. Not to be confused with Fort Foster near Naples in Collier County. See also Fort Alabama. Fort Foster (Naples)— The U.S. Army established Fort Foster in the vicinity of Rattlesnake Hammock near Naples (Collier County) during 1837 for the Seminole War. It was abandoned by the following year. Not to be confused with Fort Foster (Fort Alabama) near Dade City. Fort Fowle— Fort Fowle, an outpost, was established in Marion County at about 1839. The post was placed to guard a river crossing there at the Oklawaha River from the Seminoles. Fort Frank Brook— Fort Frank Brook was established during November 1838 in the vicinity of the Steinhachie River (Taylor County) during the Second Seminole War. The post was near Dead Man’s Bay. A settlement there was later named Stephenson. General Zachary Taylor operated in this region and during the later part of 1838 engaged and defeated a Seminole force in the area between the Econflna and Fenholloway Rivers. Fort Frank Brook was abandoned during 1840; however, the war lasted until 1842. Fort Frank Brooke— See Fort Frank Brook. Fort Fraser (Hillsborough County)— Fort Fraser, a Seminole fort, was established in Hillsborough County near Tampa during 1838. The precise location of the fort has not been determined; however, it was located along the Fort King Road. Not to be confused with Fort Fraser in Polk County. Fort Fraser (Polk County)— Fort Fraser, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1837 in Polk County in the vicinity of the Peace River and Lake Hancock. Not to be confused with Fort Fraser in Hillsborough County. Fort Fulton— Fort Fulton was established in Flagler County in the vicinity of Matanzas Inlet during the Second Seminole Indian War at about 1840. The post was built along Pelicier Creek. Fort Gadsden— During 1818, Fort Gadsden was established in the vicinity of the site of former British-held Fort Apalachicola (also known as Blount’s Fort, British Post Fort Blount, Fort Woodbine, Negro Fort and Woodbine’s Fort), which had been destroyed by American troops out of Fort Scott, Georgia, during 1816. On 16 March 1818, General Andrew Jackson halted his march at the mouth of the Apalachicola River. While there, Jackson ordered the Corps of Engineers, under Lieutenant James Gadsden, to construct a fort at Fort Apalachicola. Shortly thereafter, it was renamed Fort Gadsden. In conjunction, the garrison at Fort Scott, except about 60 troops, had joined Jackson on the campaign. An incident occurred while Jackson was at Fort Gadsen that caused controversy. Francis the Prophet (Hillis Hadjo), a Creek chief, was forced out of the Alabama Territory toward the end of the campaign of 1813. He relocated outside of St. Mark’s along the Wakulla River. One of the troops, Duncan McCrimmon, with Jackson’s force, got lost and captured. Just before he was to be killed, one of Francis’ daughters intervened on McCrimmon’s behalf and he was spared. The Creeks sold the soldier to the Spanish and the Spanish returned him to the Americans. Shortly thereafter, Francis (the Prophet) was captured. On 8 April 1818, upon orders of General Jackson, Francis was executed. Subsequently, Francis’ family surrendered to the army. The family members, along with other Creeks were detained at Fort Gadsden until they could be transferred to Indian Territory. The former captive, Duncan McCrimmon (McKrimmon) tried to marry

Fort George / FLORIDA Francis’ daughter, known as Milly, in thanks for saving his life and to save her from a life on the reservation. Nonetheless, she rejected the offer and moved west. Later she died in poverty on the reservation. Fort Gadsden was abandoned during 1821. In conjunction, James Gadsden, for whom the fort was named, later became a diplomat and negotiated the Gadsden Purchase during 1853, which completed the boundaries of the continental United States. Subsequently, when the Civil War broke out, Confederates garrisoned the fort (1862), but during 1863, a malaria epidemic compelled the garrison to abandon the fort. Fort Gadsden is located in the Apalachicola National Forest off Florida Highway 65 near Sumatra. Fort Galt— Fort Galt, a Seminole war fort also known as Camp Galt, was established during 1857 in Hillsborough County along the Alafla River near Bloomingdale, Florida. Fort Gamble— During 1826, Robert Gamble III moved from Virginia to Florida where he established the Welauneee Plantation, known also as Fort Gamble, in Jefferson County. The plantation was apparently used during the Seminole War for several years (1839–1841). Not to be confused with another plantation owned by a different Robert Gamble, also in Jefferson County, where Confederate secretary of war Judah P. Benjamin stayed following the conflict. Fort Gardner— The U.S. Army established Fort Gardiner during 1837 as a temporary post to deal with isolated Seminole trouble spots. The troops, under Colonel (later General and President) Zachary Taylor departed Fort Brooke near Tampa during November and established the new post, Fort Gardiner, during December. It was built in the vicinity of the Kissimmee River near present-day Lake Wales. Shortly thereafter, Taylor led the command on a mission to seek and destroy the Seminoles in the region. Several days after leaving Fort Gardiner, Taylor ordered another post, Fort Basinger, to be built to be utilized as a supply depot. Subsequently, on Christmas Day, 25 December 1837, Taylor led his troops against the Seminoles in the Battle of Okeechobee. The troops forced the Seminoles to retire, but at a high cost. Taylor’s force sustained too many casualties to initiate pursuit. The column returned to Fort Basinger and from there Taylor moved to Fort Gardiner, arriving there on 31 December. Fort Gardiner— See Fort Gardner. Fort Gatlin— Fort Gatlin was established in the vicinity of presentday Orlando during 1838. Unlike many of the Seminole war forts, Fort Gatlin remained operational after the close of hostilities during 1842. Settlers continued to move into the area and settled near the fort and other forts in conjunction with the Armed Occupation Act, which provided land to the settlers in exchange for their participation as settler-soldiers to support the U.S. Army during periods of turbulence with the Seminoles. The fort was abandoned during the latter part of the 1840s. Fort George (Pensacola)— Subsequent to the close of the French and Indian War, the English took control of Pensacola. In conjunction, many people fled, including about 100 Indians who had converted to Catholicism. They relocated in Spanish-controlled territory. Pensacola was made the capital of British West Florida. The British established Fort George atop Gage Hill in the vicinity of present-day Lee Square. The Spanish under Bernardo de Galvez attacked and seized Fort George during April 1781 and renamed the fort Fort San Miguel. Florida remained under the Spanish flag until 1821 when it was acquired by the United States; however, during the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson seized Pensacola (1814) due to its use by the British as a base of operations against the Americans.

FLORIDA / Fort George After evicting the English, it was returned to Spain. In conjunction, during 1783, the British relinquished all claims on Florida. Not to be confused with Fort George, St. George Island. Fort George (St. George Island)— The English under James Oglethorpe established Fort George, initially known as Fort Georges, on St. George Island in present-day Duval County. The fort was established during 1736 to bolster Oglethorpe’s operations against the Spanish in Florida. The exact location of the fort is unknown. Selfguided tours are available through the ranger station at the Talbot Islands. Not to be confused with Fort George at Pensacola. Fort Georges— See Fort George (St. George Island). Fort Gibson— Fort Gibson, a Seminole war fort, was established in Polk County near Lake Gibson by settlers during 1850. Fort Gilleland— Fort Gilleland was established in Alachua County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Gillespie— Fort Gillespie was established in Alachua County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Green— During the Third Seminole War, the U.S. Army established Fort Green at present-day Fort Green, about 25 miles east of Petersburg (Hardee County) during 1855. During 1856, the garrison was apparently operating with sparse supplies. During April of that year, one of the troops wrote a letter to the editor of the local paper, the Florida Peninsula, complaining that anticipated supplies had instead been transported to Fort Hartsuff. Also, Captain (later General) Joseph Hooker was stationed there during 1856. Fort Griffin— Fort Griffin, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1840, several miles south of Eugene (Lafayette or Dixie County). Fort Hamer— Fort Hamer, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1849 in Manatee County near Bradenton in close proximity to the Braden River. It was abandoned by the following year. Fort Harlee— Fort Harlee was established in Alachua County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Harney (Lee County)— Fort Harney was established during 1838 in Lee County near the Caloosahatchee River at Harney Point, present-day Cape Coral Bridge. It was destroyed during the following year when it was attacked by a band of Seminoles estimated at more than 150 braves. The Seminoles, led by Chief Chekaika, attacked the fort and a nearby trading post. Thirteen of Harney’s troops were killed. Colonel Harney and about 13 other soldiers managed to escape. Not to be confused with Fort Harney, St. John’s County. Fort Harney (St. John’s County)— Fort Harney was established in St. John’s County during the Second Seminole Indian War. Not to be confused with Fort Harney in Lee County. Fort Harriet— Fort Harriet, a Seminole war fort, was established in Leon County near Spring Hill at head of the Sopchoppy River. Another nearby fort in the county at that time period was Fort Braden. Fort Harrison— Fort Harrison was established at about 1840 on the bluff slightly south of present-day Clearwater in an effort to provide protection for settlers from the Seminole Indians. During June of the following year, June 1841, Colonel William J. Worth initiated a new strategy. He had 200-man contingents, at three separate forts, divided into 20-man detachments, with supporting cavalry move by a variety of directions to search the Cove at the Withlacoochee, the Crystal River region and the area near the Homosassa River. One of the columns departed from Fort Harrison. The other two forts were Fort Brooke and Fort King. In conjunction, Colonel Worth suc-

68 ceeded General Walker Keith Armistead as commanding officer in Florida during the latter part of May 1841. In conjunction, General Armistead graduated from West Point during 1803 and was the third graduate of the military academy. Armistead’s son, Lewis Addison Armistead, also graduated from West Point (class of 1834). Lewis Armistead later became a Confederate general and was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania during July 1863. Fort Hartsuff— Fort Hartsuff was established during early 1856 in present-day Hardee County where Wauchula later emerged. The fort was built during what was known as the Third Seminole War and was named in honor of Lieutenant George L. Hartsuff (West Point, class of 1848) of the U.S. 4th Artillery. Fort Green was also established in Hardee County. Hartsuff later became a Union general during the Civil War. Fort Harvie— Fort Dulany was destroyed by a hurricane during 1841, prompting the U.S. Army to act quickly to secure another site for a post. Fort Harvie was then established during November 1841 at present-day Fort Myers, and afterward, during March 1842, the post was abandoned. During 1851, when hostilities were again erupting with the Seminoles, Fort Harvie was further fortified. It was eventually expanded to contain about 50 buildings. The fort was renamed Fort Myers, in honor of Lieutenant Colonel (later Confederate) Abraham C. Myers (West Point, class of 1833, Cadet No. 738). During December 1855, the Third Seminole War erupted after U.S. Army surveyors apparently damaged the property (crops) of Seminole leader Billy Bowlegs. The troops were conducting a surveying project on his plantation near Fort Myers. At that time, due to a Florida state law passed during 1853, it was illegal for Indians, subsequent to the order for Seminoles to relocate in Oklahoma, to have land. Bowlegs did not move west. Instead he remained in the Big Cypress Swamp region. After this incident, the hostilities erupted and lasted until 1858. In conjunction, the conflict was also known as “Billy Bowlegs War.” Fort Myers was abandoned by the Army during 1858, but for a short period it was again garrisoned during 1859. Myers, who became the son-in-law of General David E. Twiggs, later joined the Confederacy. General Twiggs, his father-in-law, also abandoned the Union. Subsequent to surrendering all troops under him in Texas to the Confederates, Twiggs joined the Confederacy. Colonel Myers was the great-grandson of Charleston’s initial rabbi, Moses Cohen. Myers never visited Fort Harvie or Fort Myers. At the time war broke out, he was quartermaster general at New Orleans. After surrendering the depot at New Orleans, he resigned his commission and departed. Fort Heilman— In about 1835, Fort Heilman was established in central Florida in the vicinity of the convergence of the north and south forks of Black Creek in Clay County at Garey’s Ferry (later Middleburg). The fort, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Julius Heilman, served as a supply depot during the First Seminole War and remained active until the hostilities ceased. During the conflict (Second Seminole War), General Winfield Scott and General Jesup used the post as their respective headquarters. While the fort remained active it was plagued both by the Seminoles and by acute sickness, the latter permeating the post and causing high numbers of ill troops. Fort Hodgson— The Confederates established a camp on Gonzalez Farm about 15 miles outside of Pensacola during 1864. The camp and newly constructed Fort Hodgson, which had been completed on 21 July, were defended by troops under Confederate colonel Joseph Hodgson and elements of the 7th Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Companies E, I and G), but General Hodgson was not present during the attack. It was seized on 22 July by the Union’s 7th Vermont Volunteers, the 1st Florida Cavalry (dismounted), a contingent of the 14th New York Cavalry and the U.S. 82nd Colored Infantry Regiment,

69

Fort King / FLORIDA

bolstered by a contingent of the 1st Florida Battery. The Union force, led by Colonel William C. Holbrook, was part of General Asboth’s command. The defenders, about 300 troops, were not able to withstand the artillery and cavalry. Consequently, they abandoned the post. The Union confiscated their colors and their official correspondence in addition to eight prisoners. The fort and the camp were burned by the Union. The confiscated cattle were herded to Pensacola.

Commerce). The fort is actually located on one of the seven Dry Tortugas Islands that together comprise Fort Jefferson National Monument.

Fort Hogtown— Fort Hogtown, a settlers’ fort, was established in Alachua County at a place known as Hog Town during the First Seminole War. The post was located in what became Defensive Square Number 12 during the Second Seminole War and the site is located in present-day Gainesville in the vicinity of Westside Park near the intersection of Northwest 8th Avenue and 34th Street.

Fort Hunter— Fort Hunter was established during the Second Seminole War in the vicinity of Rolleston in Putnam County.

Fort Jupiter— On 24 January 1838, a large force of troops including regulars and Tennessee volunteers under General Thomas Jesup attacked a Seminole stronghold at the Loxahatchee River less than 10 miles from Jupiter Inlet. Following a fierce exchange, the Indians were driven from their positions. The U.S. Army established Fort Jupiter at the fork of the river in present-day Pennock Point (Palm Beach County). Fort Jupiter was built in the vicinity of an old Spanish fort, Fort San Lucia, which was established there during the 1500s. Several young West Point officers who later rose to the rank of general participated in the battle (Battle of Loxahatchee). They included: Jubal Anderson Early (West Point, class of 1837, Cadet No. 908) later a Confederate; Joseph Hooker (West Point, class of 1837, Cadet No. 919), Union; John Clifford Pemberton (West Point, class of 1837, Cadet No. 917), Confederate; John Bankhead Magruder (West Point, class of 1830, Cadet No. 601), Confederate; and Joseph Eggleston Johnston (West Point, class of 1829), Confederate. Another future general, George Meade, was also stationed at the fort. It was Meade who designed the tower of the lighthouse at Jupiter Point.

Fort Industry— Fort Industry, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1839 in the vicinity of Shell Point. Captain R. D. Bradley commanded the post.

Fort Keais— Fort Keais, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1838 in Collier County about 10 miles south of Immokalee. The fort remained active until about 1857.

Fort Izard— See Camp Izard.

Fort Kemble— Fort Kemble was established in Dade County by U.S. Marines as a temporary post during the Seminole Indian War near Fort Dallas. See also Fort Dallas.

Fort Hook— Fort Hook, a Seminole war fort, was established in Marion County during 1839 in the vicinity of present-day Cotton Plant. The fort site is now a historic site off Needles Drive. Fort Hooker— Fort Hooker, a Seminole war fort, was established in Polk County about 15 miles north of Fort Meade during 1850. The fort, located near the Peace River, was abandoned about 1856. Fort Houston— See Old Fort, Tallahassee. Fort Hulbert— Fort Hulbert was established in Taylor County during the Second Seminole Indian War during 1840.

Fort Jennings— Fort Jennings was established during the Second Seminole Indian War in Levy County. The post was located along the Waccasassa River in the vicinity of Otter Creek. Other forts in the region during the same period included Fort Clinch on the Withlacoochee River.

Fort Jefferson— The U.S. Army began construction of Fort Jefferson in the Tortugas Islands in the Florida Keys during January 1846. Fort King— Fort King was established during 1825 at Ocala at the The project continued for more than 30 years, but the fort was never northern border of the Seminole Reservation (Marion County). The completed. The fort was used by the Union as a prison during the fort, named for Colonel William King, did not become active as a Civil War. In addition, Samuel Mudd, the physician who was acmilitary post until it received a garrison during 1827. The fort was cused of assisting John Wilkes Booth with the assassination of Presdeactivated during 1829, upon orders from General Winfield Scott, ident Lincoln, was imprisoned there. Later during 1898, the U.S.S. but it was reestablished during 1832. Large numbers of forts were esMaine sailed from Fort Jefferson to Havana Harbor where she sustablished in Marion County during the Seminole Wars, some less tained an explosion that ignited the Spanish-American War. Fort Jefknown than others. The latter include Forts Russell, Fowle, Crane, ferson was designed to hold more than 400 cannon. It was constructed in the form of a hexagon on about 16 acres. It remained in existence as an active fort until the latter part of the nineteenth century when it was used a naval base. Subsequently, during World War I, it was utilized as a base for seaplanes. For more information: Fort Jefferson, National Monument National Park, P.O. Box 279, Homestead, FL 33030. The fort lies 70 miles west of Key West and is accessible only by boat (call the Key West Chamber of Fort Jefferson Homestead Florida — Dept. Interior NPS

FLORIDA / Fort Kingsbury Crum and Wheelock. On 24 December 1835, a force under Major Francis L. Dade en route from Fort Brooke to Fort King reached the Hillsborough River near Dade City. The bridge spanning the river had ben destroyed by fire by the Seminoles. Nevertheless, on the following day, the troops spent Christmas in the area after they forded the river. On 28 December 1835, the column was ambushed (Dade Massacre). Seminoles under Osceola, including Chief Mico Onapa, Hallpatter and Jumper, killed about 110 American soldiers along Military Road (later Fort King Road). Only a few men under Major Francis L. Dade survived the massacre that occurred in the vicinity of Bushnell (Sumter County). The sudden burst of fire took down Captain Frazer and at nearly the same time several other officers were wounded. Return fire began immediately when Lt. William E. Basinger set up the cannon, but the Seminoles overcame the artillery. Later, Osceola’s braves killed General Wiley Thompson (Indian agent) and a lieutenant, Constantine Smith, just outside Fort King. During May 1836, the fort was abandoned due to the acute problems with illness that placed about one-half of the garrison on the casualty list. It was regarrisoned on 9 June of that same year. Subsequently, during March of 1839, General Macomb, the commander in chief of the U.S. Army, was ordered by Washington to Florida to assist in persuading the Seminoles to relent and to terminate the hostilities. He initially arrived at Garey’s Ferry (Middleburg) and from there he moved to Fort King. On 20 May, Chiefs Halleck Tustenuggee and Chief Chito Tustenuggee met with General Macomb and an agreement was consummated whereby the Indians and the troops halted the hostilities and the Indians would relocate in the area south of the Peace River, undisturbed by the military. Following the agreement, General Macomb issued a general order proclaiming that on Sunday, 19 May 1839, the hostilities had been terminated and that the “war had ended.” Not all the Seminoles concurred. During June some broke away from the temporary camp. Once the escape occurred on 5 June, the army on the following day sped those in the camp to their new destination. Nevertheless, the problems between the settlers and the Seminoles continued because some Seminoles did not approve of the pact, which restricted their territory. On 28 March 1840, a Seminole party ambushed a contingent of troops (U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment) under Captain Gabriel James Rains (West Point, class of 1827, Cadet No. 482) while they were on a reconnaissance mission. The soldiers were able to fight their way back to Fort King. Rains was thought to have been mortally wounded, but he recovered. Rains subsequently became a general in the Confederate Provisional Army. On 19 May 1840, Seminoles attacked a contingent commanded by Lieutenant James S. Sanderson at a point less than 10 miles from Fort King. Six men, including Lieutenant Sanderson, were killed during the attack. During the following month, a column, composed of elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment led by Captain Benjamin L.E. Bonneville (West Point, class of 1816, Cadet No. 155), engaged a band of Seminoles in the Big Swamp about 15 miles from Fort King. Bonneville’s force pounded the Indians under Green Corn Dance and drove them deeper into the swamps. Subsequently, during April 1842, the Seminole chief Halleck was seized at Fort King when the U.S. used trickery to entice him to arrive at the fort for a celebration. On 29 April, Halleck arrived at Warm Springs and after a meeting with Colonel Worth, Halleck and his family, including both wives, then moved to Fort King and upon entering the gates, Halleck was captured, along with the entire party. Fort Kingsbury— Fort Kingsbury, a Seminole war fort, was established in Volusia County during 1838 in the vicinity of Lake Monroe and in close proximity to Fort Mellon. Fort Kissimmee— Fort Kissimmee, a Seminole war fort, was established in Highland County about 1852. The fort was active during

70 various times until 1857. In conjunction, the post was in a remote region along the Florida Trail in the vicinity of present-day Avon Park Bombing Range. Fort Lane— On 18 December 1837, Fort Lane, a Seminole war fort, was established by elements of the U.S. 2nd Infantry at Lake Harney in Seminole County near Geneva. Fort Lane was named in honor of West Point graduate Captain John Foote Lane who died at Fort Drane on 19 October 1836. Fort Lauderdale— On 5 March 1838, a contingent of about four companies of troops (from Tennessee) under Major William Lauderdale arrived at New River from Fort Jupiter. Within five days, Fort Lauderdale was established and by the following month it was further strengthened. Nonetheless, by June it was abandoned until 1839. Initially, it was constructed along the fork of New River, but later it was built at Tarpon Bend, followed by the final one which stood at a present-day development, Bahia Mar. At the time, the terrain was consumed with swamps and essentially not considered suitable for a permanent fort. During February 1839, U.S. troops returned to New River and discovered that Fort Lauderdale, built and abandoned the previous year, had been destroyed by the Seminoles. A new structure was built in its place. It remained active until 1842. Later during 1856, the fort was again occupied, but as was the case in the past, the land remained untenable due to the immense swamps and other uninhabitable conditions. It was abandoned again during 1857. Fort Lawson— Fort Lawson, a Seminole war fort, was established in Putnam County in the vicinity of the St. Mark’s River during 1839. Conditions in the area were poor and by September 1839, an officer and surgeon, M.O. Miles, suggested to Colonel Davenport that a hospital should be established there. The post was also known as Camp Lawson. Fort Lindsay— Fort Lindsay, a Seminole war fort, was established along the Withlacoochee River in the vicinity of Brooksville (Hernandez County) during 1836. Fort Lloyd— Fort Lloyd, known also as Fort Floyd and Camp Lloyd, was established about 1838 in Okeechobee County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Mackay— Fort MacKay, a Seminole Indian War fort known also as Fort McCoy, was established in Marion County about 1839–1840. A settlement emerged there and it became known as Fort McCoy. The town of Fort McCoy is near Eureka. Fort Macomb (Lafayette County)— Fort Macomb, named in honor of General Alexander Macomb was established on 16 April 1839. This Seminole war fort was located along the Suwannee River several miles below the foot of the rapids in Lafayette County. Fort Macomb was abandoned on 5 February 1843. Not to be confused with Fort Macomb, Leon County, Florida. Fort Macomb (Leon County)— Fort Macomb was established about 1839 in Leon County at Natural Bridge. This Seminole war fort was also known as Fort Number One. It remained active until 1843. Not to be confused with Fort Macomb, Lafayette County. Fort McCoy— See Fort Mackay. Fort McCrabb— Fort McCrabb, a Seminole war fort, was established about 1840 in Dixie County near the Suwannee River several miles above Old Town. Fort McCrea— See Addison Blockhouse. Fort McLemore— Fort McLemore, a Seminole war fort, was established near Citronville in Hernandez County during 1836. Fort McNeil— Fort McNeil, a Seminole war fort, was established

71 during 1837 in the vicinity of the Chickasawhatchie River near Lake Poinsett (Orange County). Fort McRae— Fort McRae, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1838 on the eastern shore of Lake Okeechobee (Palm Beach County). The fort was about five miles north of Port Mayaca. It remained active until 1857. Fort McRee— At about 1834, Fort McRee, a Seminole war fort, was established at present-day Perdido Bay, near Pensacola. It was established across the channel from where Fort Pickens would later be established. The fort, named in honor of Colonel William McRee, who had served during the War of 1812, became part of a series of three forts that formed a defense of Pensacola Bay. The three posts, Forts Barrancas, Fort McRee and Fort Pickens, played a part in the struggle between the Union and Confederates for Florida during the Civil War. Fort McRee and Fort Barrancas remained in Confederate hands for the duration. Fort Pickens remained under Union control for the duration. During 1861, the Confederates established 14 separate batteries between the Pensacola Navy Yard and Fort McRee. The distance between the points was about four miles and Fort Barrancas was along the same defensive line. Some of the batteries were small, containing as little as one gun, and others were four-gun batteries; however, the firepower included 10-inch Columbiads and 12inch and 13-inch mortars. Subsequently, during the early 1900s, modern batteries were established there. They included: Battery 233 (1940s, two 6-inch SBC); Battery Slemmer (1900–1918, two 8-inch DC) and Battery Center (1901–1920, four 3-inch MP). Fort Maitland— Fort Maitland was established in Orange County at present-day Maitland Florida at about 1838. The Seminole Indian War fort, established by Lieutenant Colonel Fannin, was abandoned during 1842. Fort Many— Fort Many was established during the Second Seminole War in Wakulla County about 1841. Fort Mariana— See Mariana Fort. Fort Marion— The Americans officially acquired Florida on 17 April 1821. The U.S. assumed control of the Spanish forts, including Castillo San Marcos (also known as Fort San Marcos) at St. Augustine. During 1825, the fort became Fort Marion, named after the Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion. It remained active during the Seminole Indian Wars. During March–April 1836, a large contingent of nearly 1,500 troops under General Abraham Eustis departed St. Augustine as part of a major operation under the total command of General Winfield Scott. The mission consisted of a three-pronged offensive against the Seminoles. Eutis’ contingent (Left Wing) moved toward Mosquito Inlet in the vicinity of present-day Smryna and from there the column was to advance to the Cove of the Withlacoochee to rendezvous with the other columns — the Center Wing, led by Colonel Lindsay, moving from Fort Brooke, and the Right Wing under General Clinch, moving from Fort Drane. The operation was not successful and the only contingent to make it to the area was Clinch’s column. Also, during the Second Seminole War, Osceola (Billy Powell), a Seminole chief, and many others were held prisoner there. By October 1837, in addition to Osceola, the fort was detaining Coacoochee (Wildcat), Coa-Hadjo, King Philip, Yuchi Billy and Yuchi Jack. During the latter part of November 1837, some of the Seminoles, including Coacoochee, escaped from the fort. Osceola did not attempt an escape. Another leader, Yuchi Billy, succumbed just prior to the escape. Subsequently, during January 1861, Florida seceded from the Union. Shortly thereafter, Fort Marion was seized by the Confederates (Florida state troops). The Union regained the fort and St. Francis Barracks on 11 March 1862 without incident when the USS Wabash arrived there. Subse-

Fort Micanopy / FLORIDA quent to the war, the fort was at times used to imprison Apaches. Although the Apaches were held at Fort Marion, the government separated Geronimo and held him at Fort Pickens. During 1942, the name of the fort reverted back to Castillo de San Marcos. For more information: Castillo de San Marcos, One South Castillo Drive, St. Augustine, Florida 32084. See also Castillo de San Marcos. Fort Mason— Fort Mason was established during the Second Seminole Indian War near the St. Johns River in the vicinity of Umatilla in Lake County. Fort Mason was located southeast of Fort Butler. The post was linked with Fort Butler by a military road. Fort Matanzas— The Spanish established Fort Matanzas about 14 miles below St. Augustine at Matanzas Inlet to protect the settlement at St. Augustine and to be in position to warn of an imminent attack. Construction began about 1740. The fort was garrisoned by troops from St. Augustine who would rotate there on a monthly basis. Earlier, during 1565, Spanish troops attacked and massacred French Huguenots in the area. It was the beginning of Spain’s attempt to establish the Spanish flag in Florida. During 1763, following the French and Indian War, the fort came under British control. Later, during 1784, it reverted back to Spain (Treaty of Paris). The U.S. assumed control of the fort during 1821, but it was never garrisoned. During the 1900s, steps were taken to preserve the fort for historical reasons. The fort is now operated by the National Park Service as Fort Matanzas National Monument. It comprises land on the southern edge of Anastasia Island and on the northern part of Rattlesnake Island, two barrier islands off the mainland, separated by the Intracoastal Waterway and the Matanzas River. A visitors’ center is located on Anastasia Island off Florida Highway A1A. Ferry service to the fort is available. For more information: Fort Matanzas National Monument, 1 Castillo Drive, St. Augustine, Florida 32084. Fort Mateo— See Fort Caroline. Fort Meade— Fort Meade was established by General Twiggs at the site of former Fort Clinch in Polk County during 1851. Twiggs had earlier dispatched Lieutenant (later General) George Meade to locate the site of the former Fort Clinch, which had been established during 1849. The fort was established in the vicinity of the Peace River ford near Kendrick’s Branch at present-day Fort Meade. Later, during June 1856, the settlers (Willoughby Tillis family) in the area were attacked on the 14th by Seminole Indians. Willoughby Tillis was able to keep the Indians at bay with effective fire; however, a small party rushed from the fort to aid him and they were struck by withering fire. Some of the five soldiers were killed and one was wounded. Two days later, the militia at the fort engaged the Seminoles at the Peace River in the vicinity of the Tillis farm in what became the final major fight in the Third Seminole War. The militia reported five men killed. The militia claimed about 20 Seminoles had been killed; however, the Seminoles afterward claimed only four dead and they stated that only 12 braves fought in the skirmish. One of those killed was Chief Oscen Tustenuggee. Subsequently, at the outbreak of the Civil War, the fort was seized by the Confederates, but later, it was taken by the Union. The town of Fort Meade emerged there. During 1890, the remnants of the abandoned fort were demolished. The site of the fort is located at Heritage Park on NE 3rd Street. A monument to General Meade is located there. Fort Mellon— See Fort Monroe. Fort Micanopy— Fort Micanopy, also known as Fort No. 7 (Defensive Square Number 7), was established in the vicinity of Micanopy by the U.S. Army during 1837 in place of Fort Defiance, which had been destroyed there during the previous year. The region, including Alachua, Levy and Marion counties, had been and continued to be a powder keg as the conflict with the Seminoles continued. On

FLORIDA / Fort Mills 20 December 1840, the Seminoles under Halleck Tustenuggee raided Mandarin in the vicinity of Dunn’s Lake. The town was ravaged and its supplies confiscated. The raid prompted Colonel Worth to depart southern Florida to take charge of the region. He left Major William G. Belknap in command in the southern portion of the state. Worth directed all the posts in the area near Micanopy and other sectors, including the area near the Ocklawwaha River, to put the bulk of the garrisons on the move to search for the Seminoles. On 28 December 1840, Seminoles attacked a 13-man escort contingent at a spot known as Martin’s Point, a hammock located between Micanopy and Watkahoota. The ambush was devastating. Two enlisted men were killed during the first volley. At about the same time, the troops attempted to get Lieutenant W. R. Montgomery’s wife to a place of safety in the wagon, but she, too, was killed. The situation worsened as the outnumbered party saw its mules shot, aborting any attempt to move the wagon. A rider sped to nearby Micanopy to get reinforcements; however, the beleaguered detachment continued to come under fire by a band that numbered about 30 Seminoles. The Indians moved in at close quarters and the troops continued to resist against insurmountable odds. Fort Mills— Fort Mills was established in Alachua County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Mitchell— Fort Mitchell, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established about 1840 in Taylor County along the Fenholloway River north of Sadler. Fort Moniac— Fort Moniac was established along the St. Marys River during 1836. The post was established during the Second Seminole War and was named after a Creek Indian and West Point graduate, David Moniac, who was killed during fighting in the Wahoo Swamp on 21 November 1836. Fort Moniac was one of a series of fortifications established at that time in the region near the Okefenokee Swamp. The soldiers had little luck discovering the whereabouts of the Seminoles who would strike and then vanish in the swamps. The post was abandoned during 1838. Fort Monroe— Fort Monroe (also known as Camp Monroe and later Fort Mellon) was established about 1836 near present-day Sanford in Seminole County. On 8 February 1837, a contingent of U.S. troops under Colonel Fannin were attacked by Seminoles near Lake Monroe. A patrol boat in the area rescued the contingent, and supported the troops as the Indians were driven off, but during the exchange Captain Charles Mellon was slain. Fannin established Fort (Camp) Monroe there. On 27 October 1837, Osceola and his followers arrived at the post under a white flag. They were seized. Osceola was transferred to Fort Marion and afterward to Fort Moultrie in South Carolina. In conjunction, Fort Monroe (Camp Monroe) was renamed Fort Mellon in honor of Captain Mellon. The fort was abandoned during 1841. Fort Mose— During 1738, the Spanish governor, Manuel Montiano, provided sanctuary to Negroes attempting to escape slavery in the English colonies, primarily Georgia and the Carolinas. The Spanish governor, however, was a Catholic, representing Catholic sovereigns in Spain. He added a caveat to the opportunity. The Negroes were obligated convert to Catholicism in order to gain their freedom. During 1738, 11 people arrived and requested sanctuary, and they asked to be baptized into the Catholic faith. Fort Mose was then established. It was garrisoned by Negroes who settled there with their families. In conjunction, Fort Mose was a separate compound, located about two miles from the Spanish fort in St. Augustine. The British attacked Spanish Florida during 1740, but St. Augustine held. Nonetheless, Fort Mose was nearly totally destroyed. The Negroes relocated near St. Augustine and rebuilt the fort. Later, during 1763,

72 when England gained the area, the Negroes departed Florida with the Spanish and relocated in Cuba. Fort Myers— See Fort Harvie. Fort New Smyrna— See Old Fort (New Smyrna). Fort Noel— Fort Noel, also known as Fort No. 3, was established during 1839 near the Aucilla River south of Lamont. The Seminole Indian War fort was less than 10 miles from Fort Pleasant in Taylor County. During April 1839, Lieutenant S. Woods was in command of the contingent there. The fort was abandoned during 1842. Fort Number One through Fort Number 21— See Note at beginning of Florida listings. Fort Number 3— See Fort Noel. Fort Number 7— See Fort Micanopy. Fort Ocilla— See Fort Auscilla. Fort Ogden— The U.S. Army established Fort Ogden in Desoto County during July 1841 as one of a series of forts designed to speed the operations to eliminate the Seminoles in the vicinity of the Withlacoochee River stretching to Big Cypress Swamp. The fort, also known as Camp Ogden, was named in honor of Captain Edmund Ogden, 8th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Ogden was a veteran of the Black Hawk War and he served in the Seminole Indian War during 1837–1838. Ogden graduated from West Point during 1831 and later succumbed at Fort Riley, Kansas, during 1855. The fort was abandoned during autumn 1841. Fort Palmetto— See Fort Fanning. Fort Patton— See Patton’s Fort. Fort Paulding— See Tea Table Key. Fort Peyton— Fort Peyton was established during 1836. On 6 March 1837, the Seminoles agreed to move from their tribal lands in Florida to locations west of the Mississippi. Osceola, their chief, convinced the Seminoles to resist, prompting U.S. troops under General Thomas Jesup to seize Osceola and confine him. Osceola and more than 50 of his warriors were captured near Moultrie Creek, while under a white flag, by troops led by General Joseph Hernandez. Osceola was taken to Fort Peyton and from there he was transferred to Fort Marion until he was sent to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, where he remained until his death on 30 January 1838. In conjunction, based on the belief that the war had ceased, the Marines began to return to their ships. By 26 March 1837, the sloop Concord received its detachment. The Marines attached to the Vandalia boarded her on 19 May. The last contingent of Marines embarked aboard the sloop St. Louis on the Withlacoochee on 29 May. The U.S. Navy remained in the area. The other Marine detachments, which had marched overland, departed separately, with the final contingent returning to Washington on 23 July. Fort Pickens— Fort Pickens was established on Santa Rosa Island, at Pensacola Bay, by the U.S. Army during 1829. The construction of the fort was completed by about 1834. On 8 January 1861, Florida state troops unsuccessfully attempted to seize Fort Pickens, which was defended by troops under Lieutenant Adam Slemmer. Fort Barrancas also turned back an attack; however, on 10 January, the Confederates seized the Navy Yard at Pensacola. Two days later, on 12 January, the Confederates seized Fort Barrancas and Fort McRee at Pensacola across the bay from Fort Pickens. Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer, an artillery officer attached to Fort McRae, and other troops, including soldiers from Fort Barrancas and a contingent of sailors and Marines attached to the USS Wyandotte, had moved to Fort Pickens to defend it until reinforcements could arrive. At the

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Fort Pierce / FLORIDA two 6-inch SBC); Battery Cooper (two 6-inch DC); Battery Langdon (two 12-inch BCLR); Battery Payne (1904–1946, two 3-inch P) and Battery Trueman (1905–1942, two 3-inch P). In addition, an unnamed battery (four 155 mm PM) was located there (1937–1945). Fort Pickens is now a National Historical Site. Many historical artifacts are displayed from all eras since the fort’s beginning in 1829. For more information: National Park Service, Box 100 Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.

Fort Picolata— A post was established by the Spanish during 1735, nearly 20 miles from St. Augustine, along the St. John’s River. The post became known as Fort Picolata. It was one of a trio of Spanish forts known as the St. John’s River Forts, established to defend St. Augustine and to afford some protection from Indians along the route from to Apalache. Fort San Francisco de Pupo was another (completed about 1737). These were followed by Fort San Nicholas, constructed about 1740. On 28 December 1739, English troops numbering less than 50, accompanied by Fort Pickens Pensacola, Florida — Dept. Interior NPS friendly Indians, attacked Fort Picolata. The force, under Lt. Dunbar, had been dispatched by General Oglethorpe of Georgia. Although detime, Florida was not considered a primary concern for either the fended by less than 10 Spaniards, the attack, thanks in great part to North or the South as it was lightly populated and contained little artillery, was repulsed following a battle that lasted about seven industry. The Confederates also took Fort Marion and the arsenal hours. The English partially demolished the fort during the attack, at St. Augustine on the 12th. However, Fort Pickens was held by the prompting the Spanish to abandon it. Within about one week, the Union, which defled an ultimatum to surrender. Subsequently on 22 English again arrived at the vacant fort and put it to the torch. SubNovember 1861, an artillery duel commenced between the Union sequently, the English forces, commanded by Oglethorpe, attacked troops at Fort Pickens and the Confederate forces from Forts McRae nearby Fort San Francisco de Pupo. After a brief exchange, the and Barrancas. At about 1000, the guns of Fort Pickens targeted the Spaniards capitulated. Oglethorpe left a contingent behind to garConfederate positions, particularly the Navy Yard. Later, the USS rison the fort and returned to Georgia. Following the termination Niagara and Richmond, as well as Union shore batteries, bolstered of the hostilities between the English and the Spanish, the forts again the firing power by targeting Forts McRae and Barrancas. The excame under Spanish domination. Later during 1755, the Spanish change continued all day and neither side was able to claim victory. reestablished Fort Picolata, but by that time it served no genuine purNevertheless, by evening, the guns firing from the Navy Yard had bepose. Soon after, the Spanish abandoned it. Subsequently, during aucome silent and at both Confederate-held forts the incoming fire had tumn, 1812, a group of Americans known as the Patriot Army estabbeen greatly decreased. The 1st U.S. Artillery (Batteries A, F, and L), lished a provisional government in Florida as it attempted under the the 2nd U.S. Artillery (Batteries C, H and K), two companies (C leadership of John H. McIntoch (president) at St. Mary’s, Georgia. and E) of the 3rd U.S. Infantry and two companies (G and I) of the Meanwhile, Georgia volunteers under Colonel George Newnan were 6th New York Regiment (Volunteers) participated. The Union comat Fort Picolata in Florida. Seminoles attacked the Georgians there, manders were Colonel Harvey Brown and naval flag officer Thomas but they were repulsed. Subsequently, on 24 September 1912, the McKean, the latter commanding the naval forces. The Confederates Americans under Newnan moved against the Seminoles; however, were attached to Major General Braxton Bragg’s command. Fort the force numbered only slightly more than 100 troops and it adPickens remained under Union control for the duration. Fort McRee vanced more than 100 miles to the vicinity of Gainesville, which was and Fort Barrancas were abandoned by the Confederates during May considered to be deep into Seminole territory. Fighting erupted 1862. The fort was used as a prison during the conflict and later, durthere. Afterward, the troops began to return to Fort Picolata, plagued ing the 1880s, Geronimo was held there from 1886 until 1888. The with casualties from both the elements and the Seminoles and burfort remained in service through World War II. During 1899, the dened further by the lack of sufficient supplies on the long march. year following the Spanish-American War, a devastating explosion Their quest to seize Florida was then abandoned. occurred at the fort when a magazine accidentally ignited. Beginning in the 1890s, more modern weapons were installed and batteries were Fort Picolota— See Fort Picolata. established to bolster the defenses. The new system initiated was the Fort Picolotta— See Fort Picolata. result of conclusions of the Endicott Board headed by the secretary Fort Pierce— On 31 December 1837, a force under Lieutenant Colof war, William Endicott. The guns remained concealed and were onel Benjamin K. Pierce, while on a reconnaissance mission to disspread over a large area. These Endicott Batteries included Batcover locations to establish posts, arrived at Indian River Inlet. The tery Cullum (1898–1918, two 10-inch DC); Battery Pensacola column remained there, and on 2 January 1838 a fort (blockhouse) (1899–1935, two 12-inch DC); Battery Sevier (1898–1934, two 10was constructed. The troops selected a site on an elevated position inch DC); Battery Van Swearingen (1898–1921, two 4.7 A) and Batand soon discovered that someone had previously selected the identery Worth (1899–1942/4, two 12-inch M). During the early 1900s, tical spot. It was learned that the site had been used by the Spanish additional batteries were established, including Battery 234 (1940s,

FLORIDA / Fort Place

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during the 1700s. The fort was named Fort Pierce. On 15 January 1838, General Thomas Jesup arrived and established his headquarters (Army of the South) at Fort Pierce. Also, on the same day, 15 January, a contingent of troops from Fort Pierce moved by boat up the Jupiter River to attack a Seminole encampment, but the Seminoles intercepted the group (Battle of the Jupiter River). Fierce fire from the Seminoles compelled the Americans to retire. The fort remained active until the termination of the war during 1842. Subsequently, during December 1843, the abandoned fort was destroyed by fire. In conjunction, Colonel Pierce was the brother of Franklin Pierce (president of U.S. 1853–1857).

Fort St. George— See Fort St. Georges.

Fort Place— Fort Place was established during the early 1830s in the vicinity of the town of Wewahitchka in Gulf County during the Seminole Wars. The fort was essentially a blockhouse fortified with a stockade. There are no remaining remnants of the fort; however, a historical marker about one mile south of Wewahitchka along Highway S.R. 71 notes the existence of the site.

Fort St. Marks— See Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks.

Fort Pleasant— Fort Pleasant, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1838 along the Econfina River in Taylor County. During March 1839, Captain William Hoffman made his headquarters there. The fort was abandoned during 1842. Fort Poinsett— During 1835, the U.S. Army established Fort Pointsett in the vicinity of Cape Sable (Monroe County) in the Florida Keys at the state’s southernmost mainland point. The fort was established during a period of turbulence with the Indians to defend Key West and the keys. The fort was abandoned subsequent to the Seminole Wars. The army at about the same time established Fort Dallas also in Monroe County. The site of the fort is now part of the Everglades National Park. To reach the park, take the Florida Turnpike to its termination, then follow U.S. south. Until you reach State Road. Make a left-hand turn at State Road and follow it to the park. For more information: Everglades National Park, 40001 State Road 9336, Homestead, Florida 33034. Fort Port Leon— Fort Port Leon, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established during 1841 in Wakulla County. It was abandoned during 1843. Fort Preston— Fort Preston was established in Gadsden County (later Liberty County) during the Second Seminole War. The region was not severely affected by the conflict, but militia units were raised and a post was constructed in the vicinity of Aspalaga, near presentday Bristol. A sign at the site commemorates the post and mentions that the Confederates used the fort during the Civil War. Fort Redoubt— See Advanced Redoubt and Fort Barrancas. Fort Reid— Fort Reid was established in Seminole County by settlers during 1840 in the vicinity of Lake Monroe near Sanford, as protection from the Seminoles. Fort Roger Jones— Fort Roger Jones, named after General Roger Jones, was established as a Seminole war fort during 1839 in Jefferson County. During spring 1839, Captain E. G. Mitchell’s force there was frequently out on patrols. Fort Rogers— See Patton’s Fort. Fort Russell— Fort Russell was established during 1839 in Marion County near Orange Creek. The post came under attack during July 1840 and again during the following year during March. Other forts in the county at that time included Fort Wheelock and Fort King. Fort St. Francis de Pupa— See Fort San Francisco de Pupo. Fort St. Francis de Pupo— See Fort San Francisco de Pupo.

Fort St. Georges— Fort St. Georges (also Fort St. George) was established on St. George’s Island near Jacksonville about 1736–1737. At the time there were difficulties with the Spanish from Florida who also wanted to dominate the area. The English at about the same time established Fort St. Andrew on the St. Mary’s (Cumberland) River and Fort William, the latter during 1736. The English and Spain later agreed to use the St. Mary’s River as a boundary. Consequently, the English abandoned Fort St. George, but they retained Cumberland Island. See also Fort St. Andrew and Fort William.

Fort San Carlos at Fernandina Beach— Fort San Carlos at Fernandina Beach on Amelia Island was initially a Spanish Franciscan mission settlement during the 1670s, but the French Huguenots had been there previously. The English from Georgia under Oglethorpe seized the island and occupied it from 1736 until 1742. Afterward, the island became a dividing line between Spanish Florida and the English in Georgia. Subsequent to the French and Indian War, the British acquired Florida during 1763, but they held it only until 1783 when it was reacquired by Spain when England relinquished all its claims in Florida. During March 1812, Americans overwhelmed a Spanish position there in what was known as the Patriots’ War, but Spain recovered the area by May of the following year. At that time, the Spanish established Fort San Carlos. The Spaniards completed construction by 1816. Nevertheless, the Spanish again faced problems when a group of mercenaries, led by Sir Gregor MacGregor, operating on behalf of South Americans who were trying to free Florida from Spain, attacked and seized the fort during June 1817. The Spanish again gained the fort during September when MacGregor abandoned it. The Spanish, however, were not in a strong position in Florida at the time. Afterward, pirates led by Luis Aury captured the fort, prompting the U.S. to take offensive action. A force of U.S. troops evicted the pirates and took control of the fort during December 1817. Meanwhile, the U.S. continued to acquire Spanish Florida from Spain. Florida was ceded to the U.S. during 1821. After the territory was transferred to the U.S., the fort was abandoned. Not to be confused with Fort San Carlos at Pensacola. Also, the U.S. established Fort Clinch on Amelia Island during 1847. See also Amelia Island and Fort Clinch (Amelia Island). Fort San Carlos de Barrancas— See Fort Barrancas. Fort San Diego— At about 1703, Spaniards under Don Diego established a settlement at present-day Palm Valley. Later, during the 1730s, Diego fortified his property to fend off Indian attacks and his place became known as Fort San Diego (Ponte Vedra Beach). During June–July 1740, while England and Spain were at war, a force of Georgians and South Carolinians, led by Oglethorpe, moved against Spanish-held St. Augustine. At St. Augustine, the Spanish repelled the attack and withstood a five-week siege. During the campaign, Oglethorpe’s forces captured Fort San Diego. Fort Mose, garrisoned by Negroes who converted to Catholicism, was also destroyed. Fort San Francisco de Pupo— Fort San Francisco de Pupo, known also as Fort St. Francis De Pupa, was established by the Spanish at present-day Green Cove Springs (Clay County) in about 1716. The post was a support fort for Fort Picolata, in close proximity on the opposite side of the St. John’s River. Later at about 1739, the Spanish expanded and modified the fort. During the following year, 1740, the English under Oglethorpe captured the fort. After remaining there for a while, the English returned to Georgia, but before departing they destroyed the fort. The site of the fort is near Shands Bridge. See also Fort Picolata.

75 Fort San Joseph de Vallardes— The Spanish established Fort San Joseph de Vallardes at St. Joseph’s Bay in about 1701, subsequent to first arriving there about 1699. The post was established to guard against attacks by the French and provide an obstacle between the bay and Pensacola. Between the years 1702 and 1704, the Spanish were under attack by the English and by Indians who were instigated into action by the British. The fort, essentially an outpost was later, during 1705, found abandoned when a Spanish force arrived from Pensacola. At that time, prisoners seized by the British were transported to Charleston, South Carolina. Although the Spanish did not reconstruct the abandoned fort at the time, a new period of turbulence arrived during 1719 which brought war between Spain and three European allies, Austria, France and England. The Spaniards lost Pensacola to the French. Consequently, the Spanish established the Presidio San Jose at St. Joseph’s Bay at the edge of the peninsula. By 1723, the presidio was deactivated. The structures were taken down and transported to Pensacola where a new presidio was built. Subsequently, the Americans moved into the area and during 1835, they established a new fort, naming it Fort St. Joseph. The fort remained operational until the 1840s. During 1841, the region was struck with a smallpox epidemic. The Spanish dismantled some of the fort and transported it to Apalachicola. The structures not removed were demolished by a hurricane during 1844. The U.S. again used the peninsula beginning with World War II, but not to construct a fort; rather, the peninsula was used by planes and artillery units for target practice. Following the close of the Korean War the former fort was used by the U.S. Army Reserve for training purposes. At present, the site is part of the St. Joseph Peninsula State Park. Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks— Fort San Marcos de Apalache, a stone fort, was established by the Spanish at St. Marks during 1739. During 1763, the fort came under English control. Although construction began during 1739, it was still incomplete when the British acquired it. Following the American War for Independence, the fort again returned to Spain. It remained under Spanish control until 1821 except for two interruptions. During 1800, a group of Creeks led by a British officer, William Augustus Bowles, attempted to take control of Spanish-held Fort San Marcos de Apalache. Bowles’ plan at first succeeded, as his band captured the fort, but his victory was short-lived. The Spanish returned with a formidable fleet. Slightly more than one month after the loss, the Spanish regained the fort. Later, during April 1818, General Andrew Jackson’s force overwhelmed and captured Fort San Marcos de Apalache. Included with the seizure were two startled Englishmen, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot. The Stars and Stripes was quickly hoisted in place of the Spanish colors. Soon after the seizure, Jackson moved to the Suwannee River to seize Indians under Chief Bowlegs, but the Indians had fled into the Everglades. Meanwhile, Ambrister straggled into Jackson’s hands and was caught with a letter from Arbuthnot, which was a warning of the approach of the Americans and an offer to supply gunpowder to Bowlegs. Ambrister and Arbuthnot were given a court-martial and executed. In a letter to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, General Jackson left no suspense to his actions. He stated: “I hope the execution of these two unprincipled villains will prove an awful example to the world, and convince the government of Great Britain, as well as her subjects, that certain, though slow retribution awaits those unchristian wretches who by false promises, delude and excite an Indian tribe to all the horrid deeds of savage war.” When word of the death of the two Englishmen reached London, the British became livid. Incensed that British men had been killed by Americans on Spanish territory brought heated discussions and England began leaning toward yet another conflict between it and the United States. Following several tension-filled days in England and close examination of the details

Fort Shannon / FLORIDA by Lord Castlereagh, it was determined that in fact the two men had participated in activities that could not be supported or condoned by England. The English also refused to back Spain’s complaints against the United States. Adams responded to the demands of Madrid, claiming self-defense for the invasion of Florida to terminate the horrid acts against Americans and offering no apology for the hanging of the two British subjects. Instead, he claimed that Jackson would have been within his rights to legitimately hang them without a trial because of their actions. Florida was ceded to the U.S. during July 1821. Afterward, the U.S. Army arrived to assume control of the fort. Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks was renamed Fort St. Marks by the Americans. It was deactivated about 1824. Later, after the outbreak of the Civil War, the Confederates seized it and maintained a garrison there for the duration of the conflict. For more information: Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks 1022 Desoto Park Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32301. Fort San Nicholas— On 18 March 1812, U.S. troops including U.S. Army and Marine Corps contingents, moved into Florida via the St. Mary River. The venture is known as the Patriot’s War. An unsuccessful attack was launched against the Spanish at St. Augustine, but the Americans seized Fort San Nicholas, along the St. John’s River, during the attack against St. Augustine. Fort San Nicholas had been established by the Spanish during 1740. The Americans remained in Florida until 6 May 1813. At the time, the U.S. was being intimidated by the British, who were imprisoning American seamen, and they were also pressured by the Spanish in Florida, who were inciting Indians. There had been much concern about Spanish intentions of seizing Georgia while the United States was threatened from England. At the time of the attack into Florida, Spain was an ally of England. Fort Sanderson— Fort Sanderson was established in the vicinity of Garey’s Ferry (Middleburg) during 1840 for use primarily as a supply base to support ongoing operations in the war with the Seminole Indians. Fort Santa Lucia— On 13 December 1565, the Spanish established Fort Santa Lucia in the vicinity of Jupiter Inlet near present-day Port St. Lucie. The fort, named in honor of St. Lucia (St. Lucy), was later abandoned due to hostility with the Indians. After large numbers of Spaniards were killed, the troops moved back to St. Augustine. Later during 1838, the Americans constructed Fort Jupiter at Port St. Lucie. Fort Scott— See Fort Scott, Georgia. Fort Searle— Fort Searle, a Seminole war fort, was established in St. John’s County during 1839. The post was abandoned permanently during 1841. Fort Shackleford— Fort Shackleford, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1851 at Big Cypress Swamp in Hendry County. Fort Shannon— Fort Shannon was established during 1838 in Palatka across the St. John’s River from St. Augustine. General William Worth assumed command of the facility, which became a primary depot during the hostilities with the Seminoles. It also contained the means to retain several hundred horses. The fort was deactivated prior to the Civil War, but in the interim such soldiers as Zachary Taylor (later president), William Tecumseh Sherman (later general) and Winfield Scott (general) each spent time at Fort Shannon. The post was used as headquarters for the Central Florida District. The post was used primarily as a supply post and never contained a stockade. In conjunction, during the early 1820s, a ferry began to operate there and afterward the U.S. Army found interest in its location. Storage depots were built there. Later, during 1835,

FLORIDA / Fort Sherrard the town was essentially destroyed by a raiding band of Seminoles. The post was acquired by the town by about 1850. During the Civil War, Union troops arrived in Palatka once the St. John’s River came under the domination of their gunboats. Fort Sherrard— Fort Sherrard, a Seminole war fort, was established in Western Florida during 1839. The exact location of the post is unknown, but it is thought that the officer in command of the contingent there was a Lieutenant Manner. Search missions under Lieutenant Manner were conducted during May of 1839. Fort Simmons— Fort Simmons was established during 1841 in Hillsborough County at present-day Dover in the vicinity of Moore’s Lake outside Tampa. The Seminole war fort remained active until the following year. Fort Simon Drum— See Fort Drum. Fort Stansbury— Fort Stansbury was established about March 1839 in the vicinity of Wakulla Springs, slightly less than 10 miles north of St. Marks and situated close to the county line separating Wakulla County from Leon County. It is thought that the post was named after Lieutenant Smith Stansbury, a West Point graduate (class of 1841, Cadet No. 1062). In conjunction, Smith resigned from the service during 1844 and later joined the Confederacy to become a lieutenant colonel. He later died during April 1864 in Canada. The post was initially commanded by Major Wilson. Other commanding officers included Colonel J.R. Vose. During 1842, the Second Seminole War did not end in a treaty, but in Florida the war was declared at an end by Colonel Worth. Subsequently, during the summer of that same year, Creeks mounted a raid in the vicinity of Orange Hill (present-day Chipley) in Washington County and a family (Stephen Perkins) was wiped out, except for one son. The tragedy reignited concerns across the Florida frontier. Urgent requests were made upon the federal government and the state to provide protection. Militia units were reactivated and in a short while, Washington dispatched Major Ethan Allen Hitchcock (West Point, class of 1817), the grandson of Ethan Allen (Revolutionary War hero) to the region. In the meantime, the local militia retaliated against any Creeks that were discovered. A bounty was put on their heads through the efforts of Governor Call and Colonel Vose; however, the payment authorized by Secretary of War John Spenser was afterward rescinded. Hitchcock arrived in Florida from New York during October 1842. He focused on solving the problem and he succeeded in persuading the Indians under Pascofa to relocate. While focusing on the dilemma, Hitchcock used great skill and empathy to get the Creeks to agree. Few children were among the Indians as they had apparently killed their children who were between the ages of about four years old to 11 years old out of fear that the noises would alert troops of their concealed places in the swamps and caves, as noted by Hitchcock in a book (Fifty Years in Camp and Field ) which he later wrote. Pascofa’s followers departed the area during early 1843 by steamboat for Cedar Keys, from where they would be moved to the Indian Territory. Once the Indians had embarked, Hitchcock returned to Fort Stansbury with his regiment. Fort Steele— The Confederates established Fort Steele at St. John’s Point in Jacksonville during 1861. The fort was seized by Union forces during March 1862 when the Union, including naval forces, was in the process of seizing Jacksonville. Camp Finnegan was also seized at that time. Fort T.B. Adams— Fort T.B. Adams, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1839 in Hendry County near the Caloosahatchee River in close proximity to Fort Denaud. The fort was abandoned during the following year.

76 Fort Tarver— Fort Tarver was established in Alachua County during the Second Seminole War. Fort Taylor (Key West)— See Fort Zachary Taylor. Fort Taylor (St. John’s River)— Fort Taylor was established on the St. John’s River during 1838. The post was located along the river above Fort Lane. Fort Taylor, a Seminole war fort, was built in conjunction with Fort Lane (supply base), during the construction of Fort Taylor. Fort Christmas was established at about the same time. Not to be confused with Fort Zachary Taylor at Key West. Fort Tequesta— Fort Tequesta was actually a small Spanish mission settlement that emerged after Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived in the vicinity of Miami during 1566. The Spanish during the following year established St. Augustine and afterward moved to Miami to establish a Jesuit mission for the purpose of converting the local Indians (Tequestas). The mission was abandoned after several years. Later, during the 1740s, about 1743, the Spanish again attempted to establish a post and convert the Indians, but the second attempt also failed to make progress. It, too, was abandoned after a few years. The first permanent European settlement near Miami area occurred during the early 1800s. Fort Thompson— Fort Thompson was established in Hendry County during autumn 1854 in the vicinity of the mouth of Lake Flint near the south bank of the Caloosahatchee River outside LaBelle. The Seminole War post was soon after abandoned, during January 1855, due to flooding. Fort Van Courtland— Fort Van Courtland was established during the Second Seminole war in the vicinity of present-day Camp Blanding near Kingsley’s Pond. The exact location of the post is unknown. Fort Van Swearingen— Fort Van Swearingen was established in St. Lucie County during the Second Seminole Indian War. The post was named in honor of Captain Joseph Van Swearingen, who was killed during the fighting at Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day 1837. Captain Swearingen graduated from West Point (Cadet No. 390) during 1824. Fort Vinton— Fort Vinton, known also as Post Number 2 or Fort Number 2, was established during April 1839 in Indian River County slightly less than 20 miles from Fort Pierce. The post, a support post of Fort Capron, remained active until 1842 and was abandoned following the conclusion of the Second Seminole War. Subsequently, during December 1849, the fort was reestablished and renamed Fort Vinton in honor of (brevet) Major John Rogers Vinton (West Point, class of 1817, Cadet No. 168) who was killed at the Battle of Vera Cruz on 22 March 1847, during the Mexican War. In conjunction, the fort was abandoned during May 1850, once the trouble subsided. Fort Volusia— See Fort Barnwell. Fort Vose— Fort Vose, a Seminole war fort, was established during 1841 in Madison County in the vicinity of the Aucilla River at Aucilla. Fort Wacahoota— Fort Wacahoota was established during the Second Seminole Indian War in the vicinity of Archer, in the central part of Florida in Alachua County near the county line with Levy County. The post was in close proximity to Fort Walker. Fort Wacasassa— Fort Wacasassa was established in the northern sector of Levy County during the Second Seminole Indian War. Fort Wacissa— Fort Wacissa, a Seminole Indian War fort, was established by settlers during 1838 along the Wacissa River, at a spot slightly south of Wacissa. U.S. military forces deployed there at various times. During 1839, a contingent under Lieutenant Colonel Plummer was deployed there.

77 Fort Walker— Fort Walker was established in the vicinity of Archer (Alachua County) during the Second Seminole War. The post was named after Captain Walker of the Spring Grove Guard militia. During the period 1836–1838, U.S. forces flowed steadily into Central Florida and other points to bolster militia forces against the Seminoles. Fort Walker was established as a militia fortification, but it was supplemented by regulars. The Seminoles threatened the fort only once, during January 1841. No battle deaths occurred at the post; however, one soldier of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, James Farrell, died there after being intentionally shot by another soldier. In conjunction, another post established near Fort Walker was Fort Wacahoota. Fort Walton— Fort Walton was originally established during 1842 in Walton County. Later, at about the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, during 1861, volunteers from the Walton Guards took control of the fort. Fort Walton was named in honor of George Walton, formerly an aide to General Andrew Jackson and the son of a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The Confederates at the fort attempted to protect the sound entry to Pensacola. They established a camp near the Indian Temple Mound on Okaloosa Island. The encampment became Camp Walton, later Fort Walton. During the initial days of the area, Fort Walton was known as Brooks Landing, after John Thomas Brooks, who settled there just after the war, about 1868. During 1932, a cannon from the Civil War was found imbedded in an Indian mound on Santa Rosa Sound, prompting the name Fort Walton. Fort Ward— See Fort William. Fort Wekiwa— Fort Wekiwa was established during the Second Seminole War in Levy County. The post was located in the vicinity of the mouth of Spring Creek. Fort Wheelock— Fort Wheelock, a Seminole war fort, was established about 1839–1840 near Orange Lake in Marion County. Other posts in the county at that time included Fort King, Fort Hook and Fort Russell. Fort White— Fort White, a Seminole war fort, was established during the 1830s at present-day Fort White in Gilcrest County. Subsequently, during August 1841, a settlement known as Cedar Hammock emerged near Fort White. Fort William— The Confederates protected a salt works (Empire Salt Works) near the St. Marks Lighthouse in Wakulla County. The post there was known as Fort William. It was located near the St. Marks and Wakulla Rivers near where the Spanish had earlier established a post (Fort San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks). The fort was bolstered by a battery of artillery. The Confederates controlled the fort and the rivers there until 1865 when the Union advanced to St. Marks during 1865. Union warships destroyed the barracks there during 1861, but the Confederates retained the works. Union warships continued to operate in the area and worked to destroy various salt-making facilities. Fort William fell to the Union during 1865 and on 12 May, the Stars and Stripes was raised there at the post the Union referred to as Fort Ward at St. Marks. Fort William Henry Harrison— Fort William Henry Harrison, named in honor of General William Henry Harrison, was established during 1841 in the vicinity of Clearwater Harbor, present-day Clearwater (Pinellas County). The fort was used as a place for troops from Fort Brook in Tampa to rest while recovering from wounds and injuries sustained during the Seminole war. In conjunction, General Harrison who had been the victor during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames, became the ninth president of the United States during 1841.

Fort Zachary Taylor / FLORIDA Fort Woll— See Fort Wool. Fort Wool— Fort Wool was established during 1835 near the Suwannee River in Dixie County in the vicinity of Vista. Another post, known as Fort Woll, was also established in Dixie County during the Second Seminole Indian War. Fort Yellow Bluff— See Yellow Bluff Fort. Fort Zachary Taylor— The U.S. Army established Fort Zachary Taylor (known previously as Key West Barracks and Post of Key West) in Key West during 1845. In conjunction, Key West Barracks were located where the U.S. Navy established its Key West Naval Base. The fort’s construction project lasted more than 20 years before it was finished. Fort Zachary Taylor was built in the shape of a trapezium (four-sided, but no two sides are parallel) and it was constructed offshore; however, subsequently, due to long-term buildup of deposits of sediment (silt) it became landlocked. The Union retained it for the duration, once the Civil War broke out. By 1861, although the fort wasn’t completed, it had a formidable amount of firepower. The post was garrisoned by troops under Captain John Brannon. The artillery included 10-inch Columbiad and Rodman guns, which had a range of several miles. The fortress, which contained nearly 200 guns, was not attacked by the Confederates, who apparently considered it too strong to seize. The Confederates, unable to control the fort and other installations in the region, lost any chance of dominating the Keys with their naval forces. The fort was strategically located and often, when the naval forces captured Confederate blockade runners, the vessels were taken there. The U.S. Navy retained a base at Key West into the 1960s. About 300 seized vessels arrived there during the conflict. Earlier, during 1823, subsequent to the acquisition of Florida by the U.S. during 1821, the U.S. Navy deployed the West Indian Anti-Piracy Squadron, which established a base there from which it could operate to eliminate the final nests of pirates in the Caribbean region. Later, during 1831, the U.S. Army arrived in Key West and established a post known as Key West Barracks. The U.S. forces at Key West at the outbreak of the Civil War were able to maintain control of Fort Zachary Taylor for the duration. In addition, Fort Jefferson, another fortress, located in the Dry Tortugas, also remained under Union control, which essentially sealed the Keys for the Union. The fort remained active after the close of hostilities. The post contained three tiers of casemates, but as weaponry progressed, the fort was modified. During the SpanishAmerican War period, the top two tiers were eliminated. Modern guns were also deployed there. During the early 1900s, Battery Osceola (1900–1944, two 12-inch BC) was established there, followed by Battery Adair (1901–1920, four 3-inch MP), Battery Seminole (1904–1918, eight 12-inch Mortars), Battery DeLeon (1904–1940, four 10-inch DC), Battery Covington (1904–1917, two 8-inch DC), Battery DeKalb (1906–1917, two 6-inch P), Battery 231 (1940s, World War II era, two 6-inch P), Battery 232 (1944–1946, east of Martello Tower), Battery Gardiner (1898–1913, two 4.7-inch A), Battery Ford (1906–1946, two 4.7-inch A), Battery Dilworth (1901–1920, two 3-inch MP), and Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery 5 (1943–1946, two 90-mm F), employed on Battery Adair. There were also three unnamed batteries (1940–1942), (1942 West Martello Tower) and (1943–1944, vicinity of East Martello Tower), each of which held four 155-mm PM guns. During 1947, the U.S. Army transferred the post to the U.S. Navy. The Key West Naval (Air) Station in Monroe County remains active. A museum is located in the barracks, but it has been closed to the public due to structural problems During the 1950s, a NIKE missile site was located there. Fort Zachary Taylor was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. For more information: Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park P.O. Box 6560, Key West, Florida 33041.

FLORIDA / Key Largo Post French Fort— See Fort at Cape Canaveral. Key Largo Post— The U.S. Army established a post at Key Largo in Monroe County during 1857 during the Third Seminole War. Key West Barracks— See Fort Zachary Taylor. King Philip’s Camp— On 8 September 1837, a former slave arrived in St. Augustine and informed the U.S. Army of the location of King Philip’s camp near the Dunlawton Plantation and the man agreed to act as guide. On the following day, King Philip and his band were captured. The seizure of King Philip essentially terminated hostile action by the Seminoles in the vicinity of St. Augustine. Madison Blockhouse— Settlers established a blockhouse (Madison’s Blockhouse) as protection from the Seminoles during 1835 at present-day Madison. The blockhouse remained active until 1842. The fort site is now part of a park. Mariana Fort— Subsequent to the secession of Florida from the Union during January 1861, the Confederates established defenses at Mariana known as Mariana Fort in the Florida Panhandle near the home of the governor of Florida, John Milton. The fort was garrisoned primarily by Home Guards. During October 1864, a Union force from Pensacola attacked and seized the town. In conjunction, during April 1865, Governor Milton, disturbed by the Confederate situation and suffering with ill health, committed suicide. Martello Towers— During 1862, the Union Army established fortifications at Key West to bolster the defenses of Fort Zachary Taylor. The initial plan called for four towers, but only two were constructed. These fortifications became known as the East and West Martello Towers. The east tower contained granite walls, and those that faced the sea were eight feet thick at the time of construction, impregnable to artillery bombardment. Later advances in armaments would render them vulnerable. The two tower forts were also active during World War II, but no enemy threat occurred. See also Fort Zachary Taylor. Mission at Mayaimi— The Spanish under established a mission at what was known at the time as Mayaimi during 1565. The area later became Miami and until about the early 1820s it remained an obscure part of the Spanish holdings in Florida. The Tequesta Indians inhabited the area at the time the Spanish arrived there. Mission Nombre de Dios and La Leche Shrine— The Spanish established the Nombre de Dios at St. Augustine during 1565. At the time, Father Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, who arrived with troops led by Pedro Menendez de Aviles on 8 September 1565, celebrated the first Mass in the initial colonial city in the U.S. Aviles, upon his arrival, used a crucifix handed to him by Father Grajales and proclaimed the area for Spain and the church. The Spanish dedicated the mission to the Blessed Mother (Nuestra Señora de la Leche y Buen Parto — Our Lady of the Milk and Happy Delivery). In conjunction, a huge cross known as the Great Cross that stands slightly more than 200 feet high was erected there to commemorate Aviles’ landing on the 400th anniversary of the founding of the mission. The mission remains active. It is located at 27 Ocean Avenue, St. Augustine, Florida 32084. Mission San Augustín de Urica— The San Augustín de Urica Mission (also known as Utoca) was established in the vicinity of present-day Lauraville at an undetermined time, but it was most prominent during the 1620s. Mention of the mission by the Spanish ceased subsequent to a rebellion by the Timucuans during 1756. It is thought that it was abandoned during that revolt. Mission San Francisco de Potano— The Mission San Francisco de Potano was established in the southern sector of Alachua County in

78 the vicinity of present-day Archer during the latter part of the 1690s in a region inhabited by the Timucuan Indians. The mission was destroyed by an attack during 1703. The attack was conducted by a large force of Creek Indians, numbering more than 1,000, and a contingent of North Carolinians. The combined force was led by Colonel James Moore, who initiated an invasion of Spanish Florida. The Indians who had converted to Catholicism were captured or killed, except for a small number who escaped. The mission was afterward rebuilt. However, later, during 1705, the English again attacked and destroyed the Apalache missions. By the following year, the San Francisco de Potano Mission was abandoned. Mission San Juan de Guacara— The Spanish established Mission San Juan de Guacara about 1605 in Suwannee County in the vicinity of Charles Springs northeast of Branford. The area at the time was inhabited by Utina and Yustega (Yustaga) Indians, and many of them converted to Catholicism. The Spanish also established two other missions in Suwannee County. Spanish troops deployed there sporadically. During 1691, another tribe, the Apalachicolos, attacked the mission and destroyed it. Afterward, at about 1727 or prior to that time, the Spanish reestablished the mission there. There is no documentation regarding the mission subsequent to its reestablishment. Mission San Luis de Apalache— The Spanish established the San Luis de Apalache Mission during 1656. The mission was located near present-day Ocala Road and Tennessee Street in Tallahassee. The mission was protected by nearby Fort San Luis de Talimali. The mission and the fort were abandoned during July 1704, just prior to the approach of the English and their large force of Creeks. The Spanish departed about 27 July of that year. The mission was destroyed two days later. The forces from the Carolinas that attacked the region numbered just under 100 British troops and well more than 1,000 Creeks. Spanish garrisons at the outpost forts usually numbered less than 30 troops. The mission church has been restored. A sign at the mission notes that when the Spanish Franciscans began their work to convert the Indians in the region to Catholicism during 1633, more than 10,000 Indians inhabited the Spanish province of Apalache, which was composed of present-day Jefferson, Leon and Wakulla Counties. The commemorative sign also notes that 18 missions were established in the province during the period until 1704. The missions however, were not all active simultaneously and some were remote. In conjunction, the mission sign also noted that the missions were “constructed by local Indian labor.” Spain, at the time of the British invasion, lacked the sufficient number of troops to hold the territory. Following the destructive attacks, Spain abandoned the region. Mission Santa Catalina de Afucia— The Mission Santa Catalina de Afucia was established in Suwannee County at Ichetucknee Springs about 1608. The Franciscan missionary priests there worked among the Great Timucua Nation. During 1685, the Yamasee Indians incited by the English at Port Royal (South Carolina) attacked and destroyed the mission. The Indians there were seized and taken as slaves. Mission Santa Catalina de Guale de Santa Maria— The Spanish initially established the Santa Catalina de Santa Maria Mission in the Carolinas about 1556. Subsequently, it was relocated at Sapelo Island (Georgia). Later, during 1686, the mission was again moved. It was established during 1686 on Amelia Island during 1686. The mission was destroyed by the British, supported by Creeks, during 1702. Mission Santa Cruz de Tarihica— Mission Santa Cruz de Tarihica was established by the Spanish during 1611 in the vicinity of Branford Springs in Suwannee County. There is no documentation detailing the history of the mission.

79 Mission Santa Fe de Toloca— Mission Santa Fe de Toloca was established about 1606 by the Spanish in Alachua County. The mission was located near the Santa Fe River in the vicinity of present-day Bland in the northern sector of the county. The Franciscan priests afterward worked to convert the Timucuan Indians to Catholicism. The mission was destroyed during 1702 by a force composed of English and Creek Indians who arrived from the Carolinas and attacked the region. Mortar Battery— The Confederates established several mortar batteries in the vicinity of the Pensacola Navy Yard, Fort Barrancas and Fort McRee. They included one battery which was commanded by Lieutenant G.W. Mader. Moultrie Creek— During 1823 at Moultrie Creek in Polk County near St. Augustine, the U.S. military and representatives of various Indian tribes held a large gathering to attempt to seek peace. The tribes that attended included some Creeks, the Miccosukees, Muskogee Seminoles, and the Tallahassees. A treaty was consummated. Terms of the treaty called for supplies, including food, and also monetary payments. It also included a reservation and an Indian agency. Nevertheless, although the treaty was adhered to by both sides for a while, it was not permanent and hostility again erupted. The conflict between the Indians and the military in Florida that followed were the Second and Third Seminole Wars which began during 1835. Mount Vernon Arsenal— At about the time Andrew Jackson was moving into Florida, former British colonel Woodbine halted the construction of a fort his followers were building at a spot near the convergence of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers. The area was soon known as Mount Vernon; however, later, toward the latter part of the 1820s and into 1830, the army established an arsenal in Alabama, known as the Mount Vernon Arsenal, causing a dilemma for both states. The Florida legislature, with the U.S. Postal Department, renamed Mount Vernon, Florida, to Chattachoochee during March 1834. In the meantime, the construction of an arsenal in Mount Vernon, Florida, had been authorized during 1832. The Mount Vernon Arsenal, in Gadsden County, completed during 1839, was known as the Chattahoochee Arsenal and as the Apalachicola Arsenal, but often Confederates often referred to it as the Mount Vernon Arsenal (Florida). Florida seceded from the Union during January 1861. The arsenal was seized on 6 January 1861. Subsequently, during 1866 it was used as a prison. Later during 1878, the arsenal became a Florida state hospital for the insane. Natural Bridge— The Confederates did not construct a fort at Natural Bridge in Leon County. However, they defended it to protect Tallahassee. On 6 March 1865, the Confederates still held St. Marks when Union forces, primarily the 2nd and 99th U.S. Colored Troops Regiments, attacked the positions at Natural Bridge near Tallahassee. The Union force was repelled by the Confederates under General Samuel Jones. Tallahassee held until May. New Smyrna Fort— See Old Fort (New Smyrna). Old Fort (New Smyrna)— Subsequent to receiving a grant from King George III of England, Andrew Turnbull established a colony known as Old Fort during 1768 at present-day New Smyrna Beach. The experiment failed, but it was neither the Spanish nor the Indians that terminated the colony; rather, it was hostile mosquitoes. Following about eight years of trying to build a stronger colony through growing crops, the colony capitulated to the mosquitoes during 1777. The colonists relocated at St. Augustine. Later, during 1803, the area was again colonized. Settlers again moved there and the town became known as Fort New Smyrna because it often held only troops when hostilities developed with the Seminoles. Not to be confused with Old Fort at Tallahassee.

Olustee Battlefield / FLORIDA Old Fort (Tallahassee)— Old Fort, known also as Fort Houston, was located in Tallahassee on the Houston Plantation (also Lakeland). It was acquired by Edward Houston (Houstoun), a Georgian, during 1853. Houston arrived at Tallahassee about 1838–1839. The fort referred to as Old Fort was constructed by Edward’s son Patrick, who also served in the Confederacy as an officer with Gamble’s Light Florida Artillery and Kilcrease’s Florida Light Artillery. The fort was near Natural Bridge, but no action took place at the fort. Rather, the guns and Patrick Houston were posted near Natural Bridge during the battle that occurred there on 6 March 1865, when Union troops were advancing up the St. Marks River towards Tallahassee. Remains of these earthworks are found in Old Fort Park near today’s Capital City Country Club. In conjunction, some student cadets, those who had parental permission, from West Florida Seminary (subsequently Florida State University), participated in the defense of Tallahassee. The Confederates held Tallahassee. It was the only Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River that the Union did not seize. Not to be confused with Old Fort at New Smyrna. Olustee Battlefield— On 20 February 1864, the Confederates clashed with the Union in a major battle (Battle of Olustee). A Union force under General Seymour departed Baldwin, moving toward the Suwannee River. Contact was made with Confederates outside Olustee where Confederate General Finnegan’s force was waiting near Lake Pond. The Confederates, using the heavy brush and the swamp to their advantage, struck the Union lines. Initially, the Union made progress, but unexplainedly, confusion took over and the 7th New Hampshire lost its discipline. The line faltered and then collapsed. At about that time, the Confederates crashed into the next regiment, the 8th U.S. Colored Troops, which had no experience. The commanding officer, Colonel Charles Fribley, was fatally wounded and the regiment became disoriented. The Confederates under General Colquit and Colonel Harrison on the right and left respectively maintained the pressure. Several Union artillery batteries were unable to halt the Confederate advance. Finally, Colonel William Barton’s brigade, composed of New York regiments, held the line. In the meantime, both sides had taken high casualties, but the Confederates were running out of ammunition. Runners sped to Olustee for more ammunition. It arrived and General Finnegan also arrived on the field. The stalemate was broken when fresh Confederates, the 1st Florida Battalion and Bonaud’s Battalion, arrived. Colonel James Montgomery’s brigade deployed to plug the gap and afford cover fire while the retreat was executed. Montgomery’s 35th U.S. Colored Troops and the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment advanced and deployed to cover the retreat to Jacksonville. Confederate cavalry pursued the column, but General Seymour made it to Barber’s Plantation that night and the column returned to Jacksonville by the 22nd. The Union suffered 193 dead, 1,175 wounded, 400 missing. The Confederates sustained about 100 killed and 400 wounded. Participating in the action were the 47th, 48th and 115th New York, 7th Connecticut, 7th New Hampshire, 40th Massachusetts Volunteers, 54th Massachusetts Colored Troops and the 8th U.S. Colored Troops (1st North Carolina Colored Troops). In addition, the Union force was bolstered by the 1st and 3rd U.S. Artillery and the 3rd Rhode Island Artillery. The Confederate units that participated were Brigadier General Alfred H. Colquit’s brigade, composed of the 6th Florida Infantry Battalion, 6th, 19th, 23rd, and 28th Georgia Infantry Regiments, Chatham’s Artillery (Georgia), Gamble’s (Leon Light) Artillery (Florida); Colonel George P. Harrison’s brigade composed of the 1st Florida Infantry Battalion, 1st Georgia Regular Infantry, 32nd and 34th Georgia Infantry, Bonaud’s battalion (28th Georgia Artillery Battalion) reinforced by some additional Florida troops, Abell’s Artillery (Florida unit) and Guerard’s Battery (Georgia). In addition, the Confederate forces included Colonel

FLORIDA / Patton’s Fort Caraway Smith’s Cavalry Brigade, composed of the 4th Georgia Cavalry, 2nd Florida Cavalry and the 5th Florida Cavalry Battalion. The engagement was the only major battle fought in Florida during the Civil War. Subsequent to the battle, General Seymour confined his activity to initiating raids throughout the area. In conjunction, on the Confederate side, a battalion of partisan raiders led by Theodore Washington Brevard participated at Olustee as a contingent of a Florida infantry regiment. For more information: Olustee State Historical Park, P.O. Box 40, Olustee, Florida 32072. The battlefield is situated on 270 acres, located approximately two miles east of Olustee on U.S. 90. The site displays weaponry and other articles of the time. The museum also displays many items pertaining to the Confederate victory. Patton’s Fort— On 10 July 1813, more than 300 Indians, including Autaugas under High Head Jim, Alabamas led by Josiah Francis, and Tallases under Peter McQueen, moved toward Pensacola from Alabama to receive weapons from English agents at Spanish Port. En route they attempted to gain more braves, but they reacted nastily when other Indians rejected them. The village of Hatchechubba was burned to the ground. In the meantime, the Americans learned of the approaching force and began to plan against an attack. This settlers hurriedly began to construct forts. Of these, Patton’s Fort, known also as Roger’s Fort, was established near Winchester. Pensacola Navy Yard— The region was initially settled during 1528 when Don Tristan de Luna arrived to establish a colony at Santa Rosa Island. The Spanish later constructed a fort (Fort Barrancas) there during 1698. Later it was acquired by the British during 1763 and returned to the Spanish after the conclusion of the American Revolution. The Spanish then rebuilt the fort during the 1790s and completed the project during 1797. The Americans then acquired Florida during 1821. During 1825, the Pensacola Naval Yard was established to provide a naval presence in the Gulf of Mexico. The installation remained under U.S. control until 1861 when it was seized by the Confederates. On 10 January 1861, the Federal Navy Yard at Pensacola surrendered to southern forces led by an insurgent naval officer, Captain Randolf, USN, who worked in collusion with other officers at Pensacola who were sympathetic to the Confederate cause. Thirty-eight Marines commanded by Captain Josiah Watson were among the men who surrendered. Meanwhile, others escaped across the bay and helped fortify Fort Pickens. By the following year, it was destroyed by Union bombardments including artillery at nearby Fort Pickens and Union warships. Following the conclusion of the conflict, the navy yard was reconstructed. It remained active until 1911. Later during January 1914, the installation was reactivated and by the following month, February 1914, it was considered officially as a U.S. Naval Air Station, the initial air station established in the United States. The base remained active through World War I and World War II. It remains an active base and is the headquarters for the Blue Angels. The installation also contains the National Museum of Naval Aviation. See also Fort Barrancas and Fort Pickens. Point Siguenza— See Fort Barrancas. Post at Cedar Keys— The Post at Cedar Keys was established as a supply depot in Levy County in northern Florida by General Zachary Taylor, in conjunction with his command of the forces in Florida, subsequent to succeeding General Jesup during 1839. The post, which was also known as Fort Number 4, was part of the grid system initiated by Taylor, whereby northern Florida was sectioned off, each sector composed of 20 square miles and containing a corresponding fort, designated by a number rather than a name. Nevertheless, many of the forts also were called by names other than the respective numbers. The fort was located near the Suwannee River in an area that was essentially uninhabited and it was strategically located

80 where troops could be dispatched quickly by several water routes when necessary. In addition, the weather there for the most part provided a reprieve from the torrid temperatures of southern Florida, and often troops on the casualty lists recuperated there. By 1840 a hospital was located there. During April 1840, General Taylor was authorized to depart Florida and separate from the U.S. Army. During the following month, he was succeeded by Brigadier General Walker Keith Armistead. Upon his arrival, General Armistead established his headquarters at St. Augustine. The post was later, during October 1842, destroyed by a hurricane. Subsequently, during the last days of the Civil War after Richmond, Virginia, was abandoned, the Confederates managed to escape with the remaining currency in the treasury there. It was transported to Florida and during May of 1865, it was concealed on the Cotton Wood Plantation at Archer, which was owned by David Yulee. Post of Barrancas— See Barrancas Barracks. Presidio San José— See Fort San Joseph de Vallardes. Presidio Santa María de Galve—The Presidio Santa María de Galve was established in conjunction with Fort San Carlos Barrancas (also known as Fort San Carlos de Austria) during 1698 at Pensacola. The fort was under Spanish control until the French gained it by a treaty during 1719. Subsequently, during 1722, the English gained it. The French burned the fort before abandoning it to the British. The site of the presidio was located in the vicinity of the former Department of Defense School of Photography. See also Fort San Carlos de Barrancas. Queen’s Redoubt— See Fort George. Roger’s Fort— See Patton’s Fort. Royal Navy Redoubt— See Fort Barrancas. St. Andrew’s Bay Post— The Confederates fortified the coastal town of St. Andrews after the outbreak of the Civil War. The Union made it a priority due to its ability to supply salt to the Confederate troops. During 1863, St. Andrews was destroyed by the Union. St. Francis Barracks (Military Cemetery at St. Francis Barracks)— The St. Francis Barracks at St. Augustine were located in the south sector of the city and at present the barracks are used by the Florida National Guard. Initially, the site was the location of a Spanish monastery. Nearby the officers’ quarters were located, slightly south along the waterfront. Beyond the officers’ quarters, the St. Francis Military Cemetery was established. Veterans of the Second Seminole War were interred there. See also Castillo San Marcos, St. Augustine and Fort Marion. St. John’s Battery— The Confederates established St. John’s Battery atop St. John’s Bluff near Jacksonville during 1861 to impede Union warships from advancing up the St. John’s River. It remained active until early October 1862 when a Union force arrived from Hilton Head, South Carolina, and seized the point without incident. Union General John Brannan’s force was composed of two infantry regiments, a contingent of light artillery and elements of the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry. The force was also supported by gunboats, including the Cimarron, Hale, Paul Jones, and Water Witch. Subsequently, during the latter part of the century, during the Spanish-American War (1898), the bluff was again armed, but by the following year the battery was abandoned. During World War II, a battery was deployed in the vicinity at Mayport (St. John’s Point), Jacksonville. San Antonio Battery— See Spanish Battery San Antonio. Spanish Battery— See Spanish Battery San Antonio. Spanish Battery San Antonio— The Spanish established Battery San Antonio during 1797. It was built in the shape of a semicircle

81

Camp Sabine / GEORGIA

slightly below where Fort Barrancas was constructed during 1844 by the U.S. Army. The Confederates seized Fort Barrancas during the Civil War. The Union established a battery at the Spanish fort during 1861 and used it against Fort Barrancas and also Confederate-held Fort McRee and the Pensacola Navy Yard. The forts are open to the public. For more information, contact the Fort Barrancas Visitor Center.

tack, ironically by a cannon which the Seminoles discovered there. The sailors returned fire from their boat, but the recoil propelled it over the side. Afterward, the detachment returned to the post. In the meantime, the Seminoles made off with the town’s supplies. The incident is the only recorded time that the Seminoles used a cannon during the conflicts. In conjunction, the U.S. Navy also maintained a small base at Tavernier Key.

Tavernier Key— See Tea Table Key.

West Barracks— See Fort Zachary Taylor.

Tea Table Key— The U.S. Navy maintained a small post at Tea Table Key at an outpost there known as Fort Paulding. During August 1840, the town of Indian Key, which was the capital of the county, was attacked by Indians. More than 10 of the citizens there were killed, but some of the people were able to reach Tea Table Key to get help from the troops there, who were on the casualty list. The detachment moved to a position near the island and came under at-

Woodbine’s Fort— See Fort Apalachicola. Yellow Bluff Fort— Confederate General Finnegan established Yellow Bluff Fort during 1862 in Jacksonville at the St. John’s River. The fort, actually a fortified camp, was seized by the Union during October 1862, following the Battle of Olustee. The fort was abandoned following the conclusion of the Civil War. The fort site is now under the jurisdiction of the State of Florida as a state park.

GEORGIA Andersonville— See Camp Sumter. Atlanta Army Depot (Barracks)— See Fort Gillem. Battery at Point Petre— The Americans established a battery at Point Peter, St. Mary’s. The fortification at King’s Bay, about 60 miles north of Savannah, remained under control of the Americans until 13 January 1815 when a British naval squadron, commanded by Captain Barrie, arrived from the Chesapeake. The HMS Dragon, HMS Regulus and HMS Brune were transporting the British 2nd West India Regiment. In addition to seizing the battery, the regiment also destroyed the barracks and supply house at St. Mary’s. Battery at Wassaw Island— See Wassaw Island. Battery Brumby— See Fort Screven. Battery Garland— See Fort Screven. Battery Grant— See Fort Screven. Battery Hambright— See Fort Screven. Battery Skidaway (Skidaway Battery)— See Fort Thunderbolt. Battery Thunderbolt (Thunderbolt Battery)— See Fort Thunderbolt. Battery Wimberly— See Jones’ Fort. Beard’s Bluff Fort— In southern Georgia, during 1776, the patriots had been coming under attack by a group known as the Florida Rangers, composed of British and Indians (Creek and Cherokee). The force was led by Germyn Wright, the brother of James Wright, who had been the royal governor of Georgia. By August 1776, the Georgians initiated an expedition to eliminate the threat. The Georgians established a series of forts including one at Beard’s Bluff in the vicinity of Madray Springs, near Jesup, Fort Howe, along the Altamaha River, and Fort McIntosh at Darien. Fort McIntosh had been the site of former Fort Darien, which had been established by the English during 1736. The site of Beard’s Bluff Fort is noted by a historical marker on U.S. Highway 31 at the Tatnall County line less than 10 miles northwest of Ludowici.

Bush’s Fort— Bush’s Fort was a settler’s fort established near Ben Hall Lake on the Washington-Montgomery County line during the 1790s. It was destroyed by Indians during 1795. See also Fort Telfair. Camp Crawford— Camp Crawford was established during 1812 in the vicinity of St. Mary’s. A group of Americans (Patriot Army) intent on seizing Florida had established a provisional government under John H. McIntoch who was president of the short-lived republic. The capital of the government was at St. Mary’s. McIntoch’s minister of war was General Ashley. Part of the force, under Colonel Daniel Newnan, was at Fort Picolata, Florida, which was located above Fort Apalachicola (known also as Woodbine’s Fort and Negro Fort), which was held by a former British officer. During September 1812, Newnan’s force engaged the Seminoles near Gainesville, but had to retire to Fort Picolata. The effort by the Patriot Army to seize Florida failed, but afterward, U.S. forces arrived to rid the area of Fort Apalachicola, which was a base of operations for raids into U.S. territory. Orders were given by General Gaines to get supplies (ammunition and other items) to Camp Crawford, but the supplies had to pass Fort Apalachicola. A U.S. naval contingent under Lieutenant Loomis had arrived with supplies at the mouth of the Apalachicola River on 17 August. On 26 August, the vessels moved to pass the fort. The firing was heard at Camp Crawford and troops under Lieutenant Colonel (later General) Duncan Clinch advanced toward Fort Apalachicola to support the gunboats. The supplies got through. Subsequently, during 1816, a contingent of the 4th U.S. Infantry led by Lt. Colonel D.L. Clinch established positions at Camp Crawford, southwest of Lake Seminole in Decatur County. The encampment, named Camp Crawford, was fortified during September and renamed Fort Scott. In conjunction, troops from Fort Scott were dispatched during July to destroy Negro Fort in Florida, due to frequent raids upon settlers from the Negroes and Indians there. See also Fort Apalachicola, Florida, and Fort Scott, Georgia. Camp Gilmer— See Fort Gilmer. Camp Sabine— The U.S. Army, during 1836, established a post in Sabine Parish along the road that ran from Natchitoches to Texas, during a period of turbulence in Texas (Texas Revolution), to prevent

GEORGIA / Camp Sumter any possible threat against U.S. territory. Troops arrived from Fort Jesup to establish the post. Camp Sabine remained active until 1838. Camp (at the) Sabine River— See Fort Wilkinson, Louisiana. Camp Sumter— During December 1863, the Confederates decided to establish Camp Sumter at Andersonville for the purpose of holding Union prisoners there. A crisis had apparently developed at the POW camp in Richmond and too many prisoners were dying there. The camp, more often known as Andersonville, was planned to hold about 10,000 prisoners; however, by August 1864, more than 32,000 Union troops were held there. About 13,000 troops died while held captive. The deaths were attributed to various causes, particularly disease and malnutrition The camp commander, Captain Wirz, was later tried and executed. Andersonville is now a national historical site which also contains a national cemetery in memory of those who fought on both sides of the conflict. This national monument is situated less than 10 miles outside of Americus on a 470-acre park that also pays tribute to all POWs, including every war fought by the United States. For more information: Andersonville National Historic Site, Highway 49, Andersonville, Georgia 31711. Camp Thomas— See Fort Oglethorpe. Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park— The Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park headquarters is located at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia 30742 (P.O. Box 2126). It is open from 8 A.M. to 4:45 P.M. Take a self-guided tour through the battlefield, which is approximately 7 miles long. You can stand on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge overlooking the spots where the men of the Blue and the Gray did battle. The visitor’s center provides a slide program in addition to many other exhibits, giving a detailed history of the battle.

82 Fort Advance— Fort Advance was established during 1794 by Elijah Clark, former Revolutionary War general. See Fort Defiance (Lincoln County). Fort Alert— Fort Alert was established about 1812 in Charleton County at Trader’s Hill near Folkston. A Georgia State Historical Marker noting the fort stands along Georgia State Highway 23 several miles southwest of Folkston where the highway intersects the road to Trader’s Hill. Fort Allatoona— The Union established positions at Allatoona during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864. The post contained huge amount of rations, a coveted item for the Confederates, particularly since Sherman had taken Atlanta during September 1864. The Union repelled a strong attack on 4–5 October 1864 (Battle of Allatoona Pass) to retain control of the fortified positions. The Union commander, Colonel J.E. Tourtellots, was reinforced by General John Murray Corse. General Corse assumed command, but he was seriously wounded by a shot in the cheek and the loss of one ear. In conjunction, the Confederates, led by General Samuel Gibbs French (Hood’s command), had cut the telegraph wires, but General Sherman used signals from Kennesaw Mountain to keep communication going with Corse. Initially, the messages were unanswered, but on 5 October, Corse’s command responded: “We still hold out. General Corse is wounded.” Soon after, the Confederates under General French disengaged. Fort Apalachicola— See Fort Apalachicola, Alabama. In conjunction, Russell County, Georgia, lies in close proximity to Russell County, Alabama. Fort Apalachicola is sometimes thought to have been in Georgia. The areas in both Alabama and Georgia are rooted in the history of Fort Benning, an active base for the U.S. Army and considered to be the home of the U.S. Infantry.

Andersonville Prison, Georgia — Photograph Shea, History of the United States, 1880

83

Andersonville Prison, Georgia

Fort Argyle— The English established Fort Argyle, named for Lord Argyle, about 1733. It was located near Richmond Hill in Bryan County outside of Savannah. The English maintained the fort until the period just preceding the American Revolution. Subsequent excavation at the site revealed ruins of the fort and its palisade. The excavation also discovered the presence of another colonial forti-fication that had been built there. Fort Attaway— See Fort Norton. Fort Augusta— James Oglethorpe ordered the construction of a fort on the Savannah River during 1736. During the following year, it was established and named Fort Augusta. The fort was strategic for both trade and protection from the Spanish and from Indians. The English maintained control of the fort, but by about 1775, it was the Americans that dominated the area. By 1776, the Georgians, although many English sympathizers were in the colony, sided with the U.S. Subsequently, on 29 January 1779, the British under General Prevost seized the town of Augusta and the fort. The fort was renamed Fort Cornwallis. On 31 May 1781, the patriots demanded the surrender of the fort, which was defended by about 300 British troops under Colonel Brown. The British rejected the ultimatum. The Americans built a high tower and fired into the fort incessantly. Finally on 4 June, the British asked for a parley. Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee and Colonel Andrew Pickens planned a major assault, but on the 5th, the British raised a white flag. Captain Rudulf accepted the surrender of the garrison. The site of Fort Augusta is now marked by a Celtic cross on the grounds of St. Paul’s Church at 605 Reynolds Street in Augusta. Fort Barrington— Fort Barrington, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Barrington, was established during 1761 slightly more than 10 miles west of Darien. The fort was built along the Altamaha River at a point where the river divided into four channels. James Oglethorpe determined the location to be the most suitable place to ford the river (McIntosh County). The fort was situated along an an-

Fort Cedartown / GEORGIA cient Indian trail that linked Savannah with St. Augustine, Florida. Oglethorpe had ordered the construction of a road (Fort Barrington Road) there amidst the swamps and forests. Subsequently, during 1761, the region there, particularly Darien, was faced with potential threats by the Spanish, the French and hostile Indians. The colonists established Fort Barrington to dominate the river crossing. A small force of Rangers garrisoned it. The British seized the fort during the Revolutionary War and renamed it Fort Howe. Later, during the Civil War, it was again garrisoned by the Confederates. Some of the ruins still remain, but the actual site of the fort is now on private property near the Barrington County Park. The fort site is off I-95 near Exit 10/49 at Darien. In conjunction, there is a Georgia State Historical Marker in Long County, just shy of the McIntosh County line; however, the fort was in McIntosh County. Apparently, the Georgia Historical Commission that planted the marker during the 1950s believed the fort was in Long County. Fort Bartow— Subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War, Fort Bartow was established in Chatham County atop Causton’s Bluff near Fort Thunderbolt as another support position at Savannah. Construction of the earthworks fortification was completed in about two years. The fort was named in honor of Confederate Colonel Francis Bartow (Bartow’s Artillery), who was killed at Manassas (Bull Run) during 1861. In conjunction, during 1862, an accident occurred while Robert E. Lee was at the fort when a gun misfired and exploded during a test. Shell fragments were catapulted and Lee just missed getting hurt or killed. The fort was abandoned during 1864. Fort Brown— The Confederates established Fort Brown on St. Simon’s Island during 1861. The fort, located near the lighthouse and apparently near the former Fort Simon, was positioned to guard the St. Simon Sound against Union warships. It was garrisoned by troops attached to the Macon Artillery. The Confederate fort fell victim to the Union blockade by the U.S. Navy, which compelled the Confederates to abandon the fort during 1862. Before leaving the area, the Confederates destroyed the lighthouse to prevent it from being used by the Union. The lighthouse, which had been built during 1810, was replaced during 1872. Fort Buffington— Fort Buffington was established during the 1830s in Cherokee County by Georgia militia troops. The fort was one of many established to hold the Cherokee Indians until they could be relocated in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). During May 1838, the round-up operation began and the Indians were held at about 25 forts. The journey of the Cherokee from Georgia to Oklahoma is remembered as the Trail of Tears. Fort Campbell— Fort Campbell, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Forsyth County, Georgia during the 1830s. Fort Cedartown— Fort Cedartown, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Polk County during the 1830s.

GEORGIA / Fort Chastain Fort Chastain— Fort Chastain, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Towns County during the 1830s. Fort Cornwallis— See Fort Augusta. Fort Cumming— Fort Cumming, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Walker County at Lafayette during the 1830s. Fort Dahlonega— Fort Dahlonega (known also as Fort Embry), a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Lumpkin County during the 1830s. Fort Daniel— Fort Daniel was established during the War of 1812 period about 1812 in Gwinnett County near present-day Fort Daniel. A Georgia State Historical Marker is posted along State Highway 124 about one-half mile south of the intersection with State Highway 324. Fort Darien— Fort Darien was established by the English under General James Oglethrope. The fort was built near the site of former Fort King George during the summer of 1736 at Darien atop a bluff along the Altamaha River. The fort was constructed as protection against the Spanish in Florida; however, Darien also was under threat from the French and hostile Indians. The settlement and fort were protected by Scottish Highlanders, but due to the turbulence of the period, the majority of the troops would be away on missions during the conflict with the Spanish (War of Jenkin’s Ear), leaving the settlement vulnerable. During such times, the colonists, primarily the women and children, gathered at the fort. After the war was concluded, the fort was abandoned. At about the same time, the English also established Fort Frederica on St. Simon’s Island. A Georgia State Historical Marker regarding Fort Darien is posted at the northeastern end of the Darien River bridge in Darien. Fort Defiance (Liberty County)— See Fort Morris. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance in Lincoln County. Fort Defiance (Lincoln County)— Fort Defiance was established near Milledgeville along with two other fortifications, Fort Advance and Fort Winston, during May 1794 by Elijah Clark when he attempted to establish the Trans-Oconee Republic. The fortifications were on the west side of the Oconee River near Fort Fidius, which was on the eastern side of the river, garrisoned by U.S. and Georgia militia troops. The territory west of the Oconee River had been established as Creek land. The U.S. and the Creeks had agreed to a treaty in Washington, D.C., during 1790. Some Creeks had ignored an earlier treaty which had been consummated during 1783 and caused the U.S. Army to establish forts to keep the settlers from harm. The conflict that followed was known as the Oconee War. During 1794, Clark decided to cross the river and construct his own defenses. Clark, formerly a brigadier general during the American Revolution, crossed the Oconee River with his followers to start the new republic, the Trans-Oconee Republic, initially called the Republic of Georgia. The idea was not received kindly by Georgia or South Carolina. While Clark was maneuvering to accomplish his goals, he also negotiated with France to collaborate on an attack against Spanish territory. The period of turbulence known as the Oconee War came to an abrupt end on 28 September 1794. Clark and his followers decided to fight it out against U.S. troops; however, no violence occurred when the force surrendered to the U.S. Army. The republic ended and with it Clark’s forts were destroyed by the U.S. troops and accompanying Georgia militia. The endeavor by Clark of establishing fortifications along the river did halt the Creek raids against the settlers on the east side of the Oconee. At present, the Elijah Clark State Park stands at Clark’s Hill Lake to commemorate General Clark. During the fight for independence, Clark had fought at several battles, including his decisive victory over the British at Kettle Creek, known as the Hornet’s Nest of Wilkes County. A museum is located in the park and in addition both General Clark and his

84 wife, Hannah, are interred there. Elijah Clark State Park is located in northeastern Georgia (Piedmont section) on Georgia State Highway 378, less than 10 miles from Lincolnton near the border with South Carolina. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance, Liberty County. Fort Early— Fort Early was established during 1814 in Crisp County at Coney. It was garrisoned by militia and U.S. regulars. Subsequently, during April 1818, Georgia’s governor, William Rabun, was informed that General Andrew Jackson had not attacked villages thought by Rabun to be hostile. He issued orders for a militia force to be raised for the purpose of attacking them. The force included Georgia militia in federal service at Fort Early, north of present-day Warwick. The targeted villages were Hopaunee and Philemme (spellings vary), but the leader of the expedition instead selected the village of Chehaw, considered friendly by Fort Early’s commander. On 21 April, Captain Obed Wright led about 275 men against the village of Chehaw (Chetaw), aware that the Indians were friendly, expecting to seize or capture at least one of two suspected chiefs who had been raiding settlers’ homes. Wright, convinced that Chief Hoppone was there, destroyed the village. The militia sustained no casualties. Reports filed by Wright and his second in command claimed the village was hostile and that the column had been fired upon from the village, prior to the attack. Nonetheless, conflict developed as many believed the village was innocent. Chief Hoppone was not discovered dead or alive. The fort was abandoned during 1818. Fort Edwards— Fort Edwards was established during 1789 in Watkinsville (Oconee County) as a defending post against Cherokee incursions in the region. It remained active until about 1800–1801. Fort Embry— See Fort Dahlonega. Fort Fidius— Fort Fidius was established in the vicinity of Milledgeville (Baldwin County) during 1793 to replace nearby Fort of the Rocks, which had been established during 1789. The garrison at Fort of the Rocks was compelled to abandon the fort due to acute sickness amongst the troops. Fort Fidius was used as a base of operations during the problem with former General Elijah Clark and his followers who had established forts on the west side of the Oconee River, an illegal action. Fort Fidius was deactivated during 1797. See also Fort Defiance (Lincoln County). Fort Frederica— During February–May 1736, the English, under General James Oglethorpe, established Fort Frederica. The site of the fort, selected by Oglethorpe, was St. Simon’s Island, strategically located at the tip of southern Georgia, nudged close to Florida. The fort was also only about 10 miles from Fort Darien at Darien. The English also established Fort Simon on St. Simon’s Island, but it was destroyed by the Spanish during 1742. During July 1742, a Spanish force embarked from Cuba to attack the English in Georgia. The Spanish landed on Cumberland Island and attacked Fort William at

Fort Frederica, St. Simons Island, Georgia — Dept. Interior NPS

85 the mouth of the St. Mary’s River, but the assault was repulsed. Afterward, on 7 July, the Spanish attacked Fort Frederica (Battle of Bloody Marsh) and sustained a more serious defeat. Undaunted, the Spanish launched another attack against Fort William only to again be defeated. The English victory at Bloody Marsh terminated Spanish threats against Georgia. The Spanish survivors returned to Cuba. By 1749, the fort fell into a state of decay in conjunction with Oglethorpe’s regiment being disbanded. Subsequently, during 1758, the fort was devastated by a fire that destroyed nearly all of the fort’s structures. For more information, write to Fort Frederica National Monument, Rte 9, Box 286C, St. Simon’s Island, Georgia 31522. Fort Gaines— During 1814, the Americans established Fort Gaines in Clay County along the Chattahoochee River to dominate and protect the zone that separated the Indians and settlers according to the Treaty of Fort Jackson. The boundary line defined in the Treaty of Fort Jackson (August 1814) between the confederated Creek tribes and the United States extended eastward from the mouth of Cemochechobee Creek south of Fort Gaines to a point near Jesup. The treaty was signed General Andrew Jackson for the U.S. and by Tustennugge Hopoie (Little Prince) for the Creeks. The treaty ceded about 23 million acres of land to the U.S. and was intended to separate hostile Indians from British forces in Florida during the War of 1812. Fort Gaines was constructed in close proximity to a Seminole village at Fowltown. The task of keeping the area free of encroaching Indians was delegated to an Indian agent, Benjamin Hawkins, and William McIntosh, a Coweta chief, who had a Creek mother named Senoya. McIntosh’s father was Captain William McIntosh from Savannah. A Georgia State Historical Marker for Fort Gaines is located on State Highway 39 north of Fort Gaines at East Bank area, Lake Walter George. Fort George—Fort George was established during 1761 by the English. The fort was located in Chatham County on Cockspur Island, the future site of Fort Pulaski. It remained active until about 1778 when it was demolished. Subsequently, the Americans established Fort Greene there during 1794. There is documentation supporting the fort and some other historical sites established there such as William Lyford’s pilot house and a quarantine station on Tybee Island, but later archeological projects have yet to determine the exact locations. Fort Pulaski was established on Cockspur Island during 1829. See also Fort Greene and Fort Pulaski. Fort Gillem— Fort Gillem was initially known as the Atlanta Army Depot and the Atlanta Army Depot Barracks, Atlanta Forest Park. The post was established during 1941 as a support post for Fort McPherson. During 1973, it became Fort Gillem, named in honor of Private (later Lieutenant General) Alvan C. Gillem, Jr. General Gillem first served as a private at Fort McPherson and he ended his career at the same post as commanding general, U.S. Third Army. Fort Gillem remains a support installation of Fort McPherson. It is headquarters for U.S. First Army, U.S. Army Third Criminal Investigation Region, U.S. Army and Air Force Exchange Distribution Region and the U.S. Army Second Recruiting Brigade and other entities, including the Georgia Army National Guard. The camp is composed of about 1,500 acres. See also Fort McPherson. Fort Gilmer— Fort Gilmer, a Cherokee removal fort also known as Camp Gilmer, was established in Murray County during the 1830s. Fort Greene— During 1794, the Americans established Fort Greene in Chatham County on Cockspur Island, near former Fort George and the future site of Fort Pulaski. The fort was destroyed during 1804 by a violent hurricane. There is documentation supporting the fort and some other historical sites established there such as William Lyford’s pilot house and a quarantine station on Tybee Island, but

Fort Hollingsworth / GEORGIA later archeological projects have yet to determine the exact locations. See also Fort Pulaski. Fort Grierson— During 1780, the British established Fort Grierson at Augusta, near Fort Cornwallis (formerly American-held Fort Augusta), which had been captured the previous year. The British repelled an attack during September 1780, but the fort fell to the Americans on 24 May 1781. A Georgia historical marker for the site is located at Eleventh and Reynolds streets, about four blocks from the site of Fort Augusta. Fort Halifax— See Fort Wayne. Fort Hawkins— Fort Hawkins, named after Benjamin Hawkins, one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty with the Creeks, was established by the U.S. Army in Bibb County at present-day Macon during 1805, subsequent to a treaty that had been consummated between the U.S. and the Creek Indians. The fort, which contained blockhouses and other quarters, was one of a string of fortifications on the frontier. Initially, troops were drawn from Fort Wilkinson to form a garrison. The garrison was responsible for protecting the settlers and guarding the boundary (Ocmulgee River) between them and the Indians. In addition, the fort was active during a turbulent period which included threats from the English, Spanish and the French. However, the fort did not become a target. The installation was used during the War of 1812 as a supply depot and later as a staging area for troops heading into action during the First Seminole War. The fort was abandoned during 1822. At present, a blockhouse (reconstructed) museum is at the site. For more information: Fort Hawkins Museum, Emery Highway and Maynard Street, Macon. Fort Henderson— Fort Henderson was established about 1838 in Charleton County near Colaine. The post was named in honor of the commandant of the Marine Corps, Colonel Archibald Henderson, who served as commandant under 10 presidents. Colonel Henderson, according to a Marine Corps legend, pinned a note on his door at headquarters during 1836 that said: “Gone to fight the Indians. Be Back when the war is over.” At that time Henderson departed for Florida with two battalions of Marines. Also, the Georgia Mounted Militia was at Fort Henderson during 1839. Troops were mustered into Major Charles H. Nelson’s battalion there during March 1839. Fort Hetzel— Fort Hetzel, a Cherokee removal fort, was established near East Ellijay in Gilmer County during the 1830s. Fort Hollingsworth— Fort Hollingsworth, a log fortification, was established by Jacob Hollingsworth about 1792–1793 in what was Franklin County but later present-day Banks County as a defense against Indians. Initially, the fort was apparently built on land beyond the settler’s border on Indian lands, but Hollingsworth and Colonel Wofford pleaded with Washington to adjust the boundaries that were agreed to during 1785. At the same time, another fort (Wofford’s Fort) in the same area was constructed (1792) by Colonel Wofford. Colonel Wofford’s efforts apparently paid dividends. During 1804, the government agreed to pay the Cherokees additional funds for a small stretch of their land. The transaction is known as the Four-mile Purchase of 1804. Actually the territory involved was about four miles wide and 23 miles long, stretching four miles wide from the Habersham and Banks County line at Baldwin Mountain to the Line Baptist Church on Hwy. 441. It extended 23 miles in length from Curahee Mountain to the head waters of the South Oconee River. Subsequently, during 1860 the fort was acquired by the White family and it became known also as White House. The fort survived the Indian attacks and the Civil War. At present, descendants of Jacob White continue to keep the fort and the house that was added during the 1860s preserved. It is located

GEORGIA / Fort Hoskins

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in Hollingsworth along Wynn Lake Road between Baldwin and Homer. See also Wofford’s Fort. Fort Hood— See Hood’s Fort. Fort Hoskins— Fort Hoskins, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Murray County during the 1830s. Fort Howe— See Fort Barrington. Fort Hughes— Fort Hughes, an earthen fortification, was established in Decatur County during 1817 by the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain John McIntosh. The fort was constructed at Bainbridge. Shortly after the fort was established, on 28 November 1817, elements of the regiment clashed with a band of Creek Indians. The regimental bugler, named Hughes, was killed during the skirmish. Fort Hughes, while active, was used as a supply depot, an arsenal during the First Seminole War and it also served as a trading post. A Georgia State Historical Marker regarding the fort is located at the eastern end of the Flint River bridge in Bainbridge (U.S. 27 R-6) which is about four blocks away from where the fort was located. At the actual fort site on the grounds of Chason Memorial Park, a monument was established near the grave of bugler Hughes. The marker lists bugler Hughes as the initial soldier killed during the First Seminole War.

time war broke out during 1861, Fort Jackson was the anchor fort supported by other smaller batteries and forts. The Confederates retained control of the fort until they abandoned it during the final days of the conflict. Fort Jackson, just outside of Savannah, a jewel of the Confederacy, still stands. Volunteers man the drawbridge and others within the walls reenact life at the fort during the Civil War. The volunteers do a fine job of entertaining visitors. The Union did not occupy this fort until it was evacuated by the Confederates in the last days of the conflict. Old Fort Jackson — P.O. Box 782, Savannah, GA 31402 (admission). In conjunction, other fortifications had previously stood there prior to Fort Jackson; one was built during 1772 and another during 1792.

Fort Jackson Old— Fort Jackson was established on the Savannah River during 1808 during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. The fort was constructed of brick as a primary defensive position on the outskirts of Savannah during the War of 1812. In addition it was protected by a moat and drawbridge. Between the years of its establishment and the Civil War, the fortress was further fortified. By the

Fort James— Fort James was established in Wayne County after the War of 1812, about 1817. The region was known as the Pine Barrens in northern Georgia. By 1822, the fort had been abandoned according to a county map which showed only two identified settlements in the entire county, Tuckersville and abandoned Fort James on the Altamaha River.

Old Fort Jackson, Savannah, Georgia —Harper’s 1860s Illustration

General William Tecumseh Sherman’s Headquarters in Savannah subsequent to completing “The March to the Sea” on December 22, 1864

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Fort McIntosh / GEORGIA of the arrival of the English, there were no traces of the Spanish missions or the Guales tribe. Barnwell’s supervision brought about barracks, officers quarters and a blockhouse. In addition, a structure was built to act as a guardhouse and a hospital. Many of the troops that occupied the fort arrived from England, but they were primarily from a hospital in Chelsea. The fort was abandoned during 1734. At present, a reconstructed fort and museum is open to the public. The museum covers the history of the fort and the settlements known as Darien. The museum’s program also covers the Spanish Mission Santo Domingo de Talaje and its relationship with the Guale Indians. For more information: Fort King George Historic Site, P.O. Box 711, Darien Georgia 31305. Location: Fort King George, Fort King George Drive, Darien Georgia, 31305.

Fort McAllister— The Confederates, during 1861, established Fort McAllister, an earthworks fort, in southeastern Georgia along the south bank of the Ogeechee Rive near Richmond Hill at present-day Fort McAllister. The Confederates at Fort McAllister were often bombarded by Old Fort Jackson, Savannah, Georgia (Inside View)— Photograph Seniram collection Union warships during the Civil War, but they held the fort until faced with the overwhelming Fort King George— English colonists in the area, including South forces of General William Tecumseh Sherman during his March to Carolina, had become concerned about attacks by an enemy, inthe Sea. The fort capitulated to Sherman. The capture of Fort McAlcluding the Spanish and French as well as hostile Indians. In relister during 1864 terminated Sherman’s March to the Sea and ended sponse to the fears which had intensified over the last year, the EnConfederate control of Savannah. Fort McAllister is now a Georgia glish established Fort King George during 1721. It was located near state park. For more information: Fort McAllister State Historic the ruins of an old Spanish mission, the Santo Domingo de Talaje Park, P.O. Box 198 or 3894 Fort McAllister Road, Richmond Hill, Mission, at the mouth of the Altamaha River in McIntosh County Georgia 31324. It is located off I-95, Exit No. 15.Take Georgia Spur near Darien. The fort was established by colonists under Colonel 144 East for about 10 miles where the road ends. The park is open John Barnwell. Fort King George, the initial English colonial fort, Tuesday through Saturday, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., and Sunday, 2 P.M. to was destroyed by fire during 1726, but the British restored it by the 5:30 P.M. Closed Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The fort following year. In addition to being the southernmost point of the lies approximately 25 miles south of Savannah, off I-95. The muEnglish settlements in America, the region was strategic as the Alseum displays considerable amounts of authentic Confederate and tamaha River, also coveted by the French, flowed across the southUnion relics. east part of the colony and converged with the Atlantic Ocean. In conjunction, during the earlier days of colonization, when the SpanFort McIntosh— Fort McIntosh was established in Brantley County ish first arrived in this region, the area was inhabited by Guale Induring 1776 upon orders of Lachlan McIntosh, colonel (later general) dians, according to records a peaceful tribe. However, by the time of Georgia troops. He directed William McIntoch (chief William

Fort King George, Georgia — Photograph Ft. King George State Historical Site

Fort King George, Georgia (aerial view)— Photograph Ft. King George State Historical Site

GEORGIA / Fort McPherson

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Florida. During 1885, Congress authorized funds to establish a permanent base in Atlanta. During the following year, additional funds were provided. Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, commander of the Division of the Atlantic, selected the site. The post, Fort McPherson, established during 1888 now holds also Fort Gillem and remains operational. In addition to its regular military functions, Fort McPherson served as a hospital during World Wars I and II, and it was used to incarcerate POWs during World War I. Forty of the original buildings remain on the installation. Fort McPherson is headquarters for Forces Command (FORSCOM), U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC), and Third U.S. Fort McAllister, Georgia, After Capture by Union —Harper’s 1860s Illustration Army. The facility is composed of just under 500 acres, and of McIntosh) to construct it at a site near the Satilla River in the vicinthese about 30 acres hold the historic sector of the base. It is located ity of Atkinson to protect the settlers there and their livestock from in the southwestern sector of Atlanta about 10 miles from the Atraids initiated by the Florida Rangers, a force of British, Tories and lanta-Hartsfield International Airport. In conjunction, nearby Fort Indians. The fort was initially garrisoned by a 40-man contingent Gillem, at Forrest Park, was a support installation of Fort McPherof the 3rd Carolina Regiment and a 20-man contingent of regulars son. (Georgia Brigade) under Captain Richard Winn. The fort came Fort Means— Fort Means, a Cherokee removal fort, was established under attack by the British accompanied by Tories and Indians on at Kingston (Bartow County) during the 1830s. 17 February 1777. Winn’s small complement of troops withstood the attack into the following day, but once aware that no reinforcements Fort Morris— The patriots established Fort Morris, an earthwork were en route from Fort Howe, Winn agreed to surrender rather fortification, during 1777 at a site in Sunbury. The site selected for than try to repel the enemy force, which had been reinforced by the the fort had previously been a village of the Guale Indians, a tribe arrival of more troops and Indians. The surrender terms included a that had been friendly with the Spanish when they had occupied stipulation that the British would protect the garrison from Indian nearby St. Catherine’s Island prior to the arrival of the English under atrocities and escort the garrison to the Altamaha River. Winn’s colJames Oglethorpe. The location of the fort had long before been conumn got protection for only a short while. The escort vanished. sidered a strategic location to protect the port at Sunbury. It had forNonetheless, the troops made it safely to Fort Howe located about merly been fortified during the 1750s atop the bluff that dominated 30 miles from Fort McIntosh. The British destroyed Fort McIntosh the Medway River there to protect the settlement. During Novemand it was not replaced. The exact location of the fort has never ber 1778, a British force led by Colonel Fuser arrived at Fort Morbeen discovered. Lachlan McIntosh also directed the establishment ris from Florida and demanded surrender. The ultimatum by Fuser of other forts along the southern portion of Georgia including Darien was met by a quick response by Colonel John B. McIntosh, who reand Beard’s Bluff. sponded: “Come and take it!” The Redcoats, seemingly unwilling to test the mettle of the Americans chose to abandon the attack and Fort McPherson— At about the time of the outbreak of the Civil return to Florida. Subsequently, on 9 January 1779, another British War (1861), the Confederates established a fort (later Fort McPherforce arrived at the fort, but, unlike the first attempt to take the fort son) in Atlanta. The site had been previously used as a military faby land, the British launched a raid from the sea. The American cility as early as 1835 when the Georgia militia assembled on the site commander, Major Lane, had previously been ordered to abandon and used it also as a parade ground for drills. The fort remained acthe fort, but he decided instead to defend it. The British, under tive under Confederate control until General Sherman’s forces arrived General Augustin Prevost, seized the fort and its garrison, composed during 1864. Subsequently, the Union, once in control of Atlanta, of slightly more than 200 troops, including regulars and militia. The rebuilt the damaged structures which had been destroyed by the British renamed the fort Fort Sunbury. On 6 January 1779, with Fort Confederates prior to their evacuation. Subsequently, Atlanta beMorris under British control, the British prepared to take Fort Aucame headquarters for the Third Military District. During Decemgusta. In the meantime a force of about 800 Tories under Colonel ber 1867, McPherson Barracks, named in honor of Union General Boyd were preparing to depart South Carolina to join Prevost in James B. McPherson, killed during the siege of Atlanta on 22 July Georgia. The Americans regained control of the fort when the British 1864, was established there. During the period 1867 through 1881, were pushed out of Georgia, but it was later abandoned. The subthe garrison was composed of elements of the 2nd, 16th and 18th U.S. sequent War of 1812 would bring new life back to the fort and it was Infantry Regiments respectively. The fort was deactivated during reactivated and renamed Fort Defiance. Fort Morris is now a state October 1881; however, McPherson Barracks remained operational park. It contains a museum operated by the Fort Morris State Hisuntil 1886. The installation was used as a summer camp to acclimate toric Society. The fort site is located off Interstate 95 at Exit No. 76. soldiers to the elements in preparation for tours of duty in southern

89 The park and the museum are open Tuesday through Saturday, 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P.M. and on Sunday, from 2:00 P.M. until 5:00 P.M. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Lincoln County) established near Milledgeville by Elijah Clark. Fort New Echota— Fort New Echota, also known as Fort Wool, was established at Calhoun during 1825. The capital of the Creeks was in New Echota. It was where the Cherokee Legislature attempted to duplicate the U.S. way of governing. Nonetheless, the Cherokee were later compelled to leave the area. The fort later played a part in the subsequent removal of the Cherokee Indians. During the 1830s, many more forts joined Fort New Echota, the anchor, to deal with the Cherokee relocation. American settlers began establishing themselves in New Echota about 1832, following what is known as the Georgia Land Lottery. The encroachment of settlers on Cherokee lands set the stage for the eventual removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears). Meanwhile, New Echota, the Cherokee capital, established during 1825, also began to decline for the Cherokees. The fort was established within the town to detain the Cherokees prior to the westward march. The fort was abandoned during 1838. In conjunction, during 1838, the commanding general, John Wool, refused to take action against the Cherokees. Instead, he resigned. Subsequently, during May, General Winfield Scott arrived and assumed command of the operation. The Cherokees were jammed into many quickly constructed forts before being compelled to march about 1,000 miles to Oklahoma. A Cherokee chief, John Ross, convinced General Scott to let his people lead the tribe on their journey in smaller groups. Ross’ action greatly reduced the number of losses, but still, many Cherokees succumbed during the journey. Upon their arrival in Oklahoma, the Cherokees, used to the weather in Georgia, encountered the brutal winter of 1838–1839 on the Oklahoma lands. Many more were lost. The epic march is remembered as the Trail of Tears. Fort Newnan— Fort Newnan, also known as Talking Rock Fort, was a Cherokee removal fort established during the 1830s in Pickens County in the vicinity of the Appalachian Mountains. Fort Norton— Fort Norton was established by the Confederates near Rome during 1863, following an unsuccessful Union attack by Colonel Abel D. Streight on 3 May 1863. The Union force was exhausted after a four-day advance and when it arrived near Rome, with Nathan Bedford Forrest in pursuit, the Confederates effortlessly captured the troops. After the capture, the Confederates established a trio of forts around the city, bolstered by old artillery. Fort Norton, the largest fortification, was located on the east bank of the Oostanaula River to protect the route to the city from Alabama. Fort Attaway was constructed on the opposite bank and a third, Fort Stovall, was constructed on the south bank of the Etowah River. Much of the project was completed by the end of the year, but the earthworks were incomplete when another Union force arrived during May of 1864. A contingent led by Union general Jefferson C. Davis encroached on the Confederate positions at Rome, but faced no opposition. Confederate general Joseph Johnston had earlier ordered the defenders to abandon the forts. They fell to the Union without incident. The remaining ruins of Fort Norton are atop Civic Center Hill in Rome. Fort of the Rocks— During 1789, the Americans established a fort, known as Fort of the Rocks, along the Oconee River near Federal Town during 1789. It stood as guard of the region until 1793 when it was replaced by Fort Fidius. See also Fort Fidius. Fort Oglethorpe— The U.S. Army established Fort Oglethorpe, named in honor of James Oglethorpe, at present-day Fort Oglethorpe (Catoosa County) during the 1880s for the purpose of

Fort Pulaski / GEORGIA training cavalry troops for service on the frontier in the West. The fort became headquarters for the U.S. 6th Cavalry. It was located in close proximity to where the heated battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga transpired during the Civil War. Now the site is a National Battlefield Park. During 1898, troops trained at the battlefield, and at the time Camp Thomas was established for temporary use at the Chickamauga Battlefield. Fort Oglethorpe remained active until 1946. During its operations, leaders such as Dwight D. Eisenhower and John Pershing trained there as junior officers; during World War II, Fort Oglethorpe was home to the WAACs (Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps). In conjunction, the town of Fort Oglethorpe, incorporated during 1949, has a historic district located on Barnhard Circle. Fort Peachtree— Fort Peachtree was established by the U.S. during the War of 1812 period in about 1812. Troops under 1st Lieutenant George Rockingham Gilmer (later governor of Georgia, 1829–1831 and 1837–1839) constructed the fort. The fort, like Fort Daniel at Trader’s Hill on Hog Mountain, was one of several fortifications built in the area to protect Atlanta. It was constructed atop a bluff that dominated Peachtree Creek where it converged with the Chattahoochee River. The area was also a primary Creek village, known as Standing Peachtree. The fort was built mainly due to the war, but it was strategically located along the river where the Creeks’ Peachtree Trail ended and the river border that separated the Cherokee Indians from the Creeks. Fort Peachtree, abandoned during 1814, was linked to Fort Daniel by Peachtree Road. A replica of the fort was constructed by the city of Atlanta. It is located at 2630 Ridgewood Road. There is no admission charge, however, reservations are required. Fort Perry— Fort Perry was established about 1813. The fort was established by General John Floyd and named in honor of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the victor over the British at the Battle of Lake Erie during September 1813. Fort Perry was located in Marion County near the old Alabama Road in the vicinity of the county seat, Buena Vista. Fort Pickering— The Americans established Fort Pickering in the vicinity of Coleraine (Charlton County) at the convergence of Peter Creek and the St. Mary’s River in about 1812. The fort remained active until about the 1840s. A Georgia State Historical Marker referencing the fort is located in St. Mary’s at the intersection of Point Peter Road and Osborne. According to later findings, the fort was apparently built at the site of the British Revolutionary War fort, known as Fort Tonyn, which was established there during 1776. In conjunction, on 29 June 1796, the U.S. and the Creek Indians signed a peace treaty at Coleraine. The American representatives were Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens and George Clymer. Fort Prevost— See Fort Wayne. Fort Pulaski— During 1829, the U.S. Army established Fort Pulaski in Chatham County on Cockspur Island as a defensive position to guard the river approaches to Savannah. Formerly, Fort George and Fort Greene, the latter destroyed by a hurricane during 1804, had been established near Fort Pulaski. A young lieutenant in the U.S. Corps of Engineers, Robert E. Lee, was assigned the task of building the dikes and drainage system of the fort. The construction of the fort, which contained solid brick walls with a depth of more than seven feet, was completed during 1847. The War of 1812 had exposed the poor defenses of the U.S. against a foe and the government decided to drastically change the situation, particularly along the seacoasts. Fort Pulaski was part of the new plan known as the Third System. During 1861, the fort was taken by Confederate state troops and they controlled it until the early part of 1862. During April

GEORGIA / Fort Rome 1862, a Union force commanded by General Quincy Adams Gillmore used heavy cannon established on Tybee Island to force the fort’s surrender. Confederate Colonel Charles Olmstead had responded to the Union demands of surrender by stating: “I was there to fight, not to yield.” Union artillery proved too much, and the entire garrison was taken prisoner. Despite the formidable defenses of the installation, the long-range Union guns (rifle-cannon) breached the walls. Following a prolonged bombardment of about 30 hours’ duration during April 1862, the garrison capitulated. The Union’s experimental guns exhibited more success than even the Union expected and rendered similar positions vulnerable to the new weaponry. Following the fall of the Confederate bastion, Union major general David Hunter directed that all slaves in the area be given their freedom. Consequently, the Union Army initiated a recruitment of those slaves. The action initiated the establishment of the First South Carolina Colored Regiment. The fort was abandoned during 1880. Fort Pulaski now encompasses a park that is composed of more than 5,600 acres. The museum at the fort depicts Civil War life at the garrison, and in particular the siege of Fort Pulaski during April 1862. For more information: Pulaski National Monument, P.O. Box 98, Tybee Island, Georgia 31328. The fort can be reached via U.S. 80 from Savannah. It is unusual but not impossible for stray alligators to enter the moat when the water level is down. There are also some snakes in the area. Fort Rome— Fort Rome, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Floyd County during the 1830s. Fort St. Andrew— The English established Fort St. Andrew along the St. Mary’s (Cumberland) River during the 1730s on Cumberland Island (Camden County). The English also established Fort William on the island during 1736. At the time, the Spanish and the English were arguing over the borders. Oglethorpe dispatched a party to St. Augustine to conduct talks on settling the dispute, but the Spanish detained the Englishmen. The English reacted by concluding pacts with some Indian tribes, including the Uchees, but the issue was settled without violence. The English agreed to abandon Fort St. George in Florida on the St. John’s River, but they retained the domination on Cumberland Island. Both sides agreed to use the St. Mary’s River as the boundary separating the English territory from Spanish territory. Fort St. Andrew was abandoned during 1842. Fort St. George— See Fort St. George, St. George’s Island, Florida. Fort St. Georges— See Fort St. George, St. George’s Island, Florida. Fort St. Simon— The English under James Oglethorpe established Fort St. Simon in Glynn County on St. Simon’s Island, which is located in close proximity to the border with Florida, during 1736. The fort was constructed in conjunction with Fort Frederica, also built on the island during 1736. Subsequently, during 1742, Fort St. Simon was destroyed by the Spanish while they were in retreat after being defeated at the Battle of Bloody Marsh near Fort Frederica on 7 July 1742. See also Fort Frederica and Fort William. Fort St. Simon’s— See Fort St. Simon. Fort San Pedro— The Spanish established Fort San Pedro on an island (later Cumberland Island) near the mouth of the St. Mary’s River during 1566. Subsequently, Franciscan missionaries arrived to work among the Timucuan Indians in the area. The arrival of the Spanish in the area was followed by the British under Oglethorpe, who began to arrive at the island during 1736. It was James E. Oglethorpe, the founder of the English colony of Georgia, who named the island Cumberland Island in honor of the Duke of Cumberland. In conjunction, during 1818, American Revolutionary War hero and general Henry “Lighthorse” Lee succumbed there while

90 visiting the widow (Catherine) of General Nathanael Greene. Early settlers Phineas Miller and his wife, Catherine, widow of Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene, constructed a house on the island during 1803 and named it Dungeness. During 1881, the Carnegie family (Thomas Morrison and his wife, Lucy) acquired about 4,000 acres of the island including the site of Dungeness. Later, during 1972, most of the island was taken over by the National Park Service. Cumberland Island National Seashore lies north of St. Mary’s. There are National Park Service visitor centers at the Sea Camp and at Dungeness docks. Ferry service is available from St. Mary’s to the island. For additional information: Cumberland Island National Seashore, P.O. Box 806, St. Mary’s, Georgia, 31558. Fort Savannah— See Fort Wayne. Fort Scott— Fort Scott was established in the southwestern part of Decatur County about 1816. During December 1816, the fort was abandoned. Consequently, hostile Indians, Seminoles and Redsticks (Upper Creeks) plundered the fort. By the spring of the following year, the fort was reestablished by a contingent of artillerymen under Captain S. Donoho. Later, Donoho’s contingent was reinforced by elements of the U.S. 4th and 7th Infantry Regiments. During 1817, the U.S. Army had manned outposts and small forts all along the Florida-Georgia line in what was considered to be a successful move that maintained peace in the region. About midyear, it was decided to pull the units closer to the Alabama River, which was west of the border areas. It was during that time that settlers in Georgia began to come under threats and raids by the Seminoles. During November 1817, General Edmund P. Gaines reacted to the hostilities by dispatching Major (later Confederate general) Twiggs with a detachment of 300 men to seize an Indian village named Fowl Town, located near the Florida line. During the initial attack, an alarm was sounded and many Seminoles escaped into the swamps. The incident ignited a series of events that led to war. Later, a contingent of U.S. troops under Captain John McIntosh returned to Fowl Town to get the supplies that were left there during the last raid. Seminoles, however, were there and waiting in ambush for the advancing column. A light skirmish occurred and the Seminoles again vanished into the swamps. By early January 1818, the Seminoles continued to be evasive and another force, under Lieutenant Colonel M. Arbuckle, arrived to seize the Indians at Fowl Town. In retaliation for the raids upon Fowl Town, the Seminoles gathered support from other local clans and attacked Fort Scott. The garrison contained about 600 regulars when the siege was initiated. General Andrew Jackson, upon hearing of the beleaguered forces under Gaines, mustered a force of about 1,800 troops, composed of regulars, Tennessee volunteers, and Georgia Militia, to relieve the garrison. At the same time General Gaines was able to muster a force of 1,600 Creek Indians to the service of the U.S. under Brigadier General J.B.McIntosh. McIntosh and Jackson joined forces on the 1st of April and then sped to the besieged fort. The Seminoles, numbering about 900 to 1,000, chose to lift the siege and move into the swamps, rather than engage Jackson. Consequently, Fort Scott was saved without a major conflict. Soon after, with the additional troops from Kentucky and Tennessee, General Andrew Jackson initiated a major offensive that lunged into Florida and terminated the Seminole Campaign of 1818. Jackson seized Pensacola, Florida, during May 1818, to end the conflict. Fort Screven— During the early 1870s, the government acquired property on Tybee Island about 30 miles east of Savannah, and by 1875 a fort, initially called Camp Graham, was planned, but the work did not begin until 1897, when relations between the U.S. and Spain were deteriorating. The U.S. Army established a fort on the Savannah River on the northern tip of Tybee Island (Chatham County) as another seacoast defensive position during 1897. The

91 fort was initially known as Fort Tybee (also known as Tybee Barracks and Camp Graham). The site of the fort was where the British had earlier, during the 1750s, established Fort Tybee, a blockhouse. The fort on the Savannah River was to assume responsibility for the protection of several key points, including Savannah. Other points included Darien, Brunswick and St. Mary’s. In addition the area was bolstered by submerged electrically controlled mines, which were deployed at the entrance to the Savannah harbor. The mines lurked well below the surface on the river bottom, attached by wire to a buoy that floated harmlessly on the surface. Once a passing vessel nudged the buoy, a signal would immediately have been dispatched to the control center at Fort Pulaski on Cockspur Island. However, the fort never came under threat of attack. The fort served during the Spanish-American War, which erupted during 1898. During 1899, the fort’s name, by presidential order (William McKinley), on 27 April was changed to Fort Screven to honor a fallen general, Joseph Screven, a Georgian who was killed during fighting at Midway on 24 November 1778. The post–War of 1812 forts established in Georgia during that period (1897–1898) were for the most part temporary posts to prepare for possible threats from Spain. Following the Spanish-American War (1898), referred to as the “Splendid Little War,” those forts were deactivated, except Fort Screven. It remained operational until after World War II and was abandoned during 1947. A museum (Tybee Museum) was established at Battery Garland during 1961. The battery, which had contained 12-inch guns, is now a battery of knowledge that contains about 400 years of the history of the island. Also, during 1899, Battery Hambright, which contained emplacements for three-inch rapid-fire guns, was established nearby in the river. Battery Brumby was built with eight-inch guns during May-June 1898, closely following the sinking of the battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba. In conjunction, during 1917, while General Pershing was in France with the American Expeditionary Force, those guns were dismounted and transported to France. Battery Grant was also established there and it held 3-inch rapid-fire guns; the battery was completed by February 1900. At the conclusion of World War I, the fort was garrisoned by an infantry regiment.

Fort Thunderbolt / GEORGIA jah Clark and attempted to form a separate republic in Georgia, while other settlers established their own forts to defend against Indian attacks. The frontier was like a tinderbox, ready to be ignited. During October 1795, a group of settlers led by Benjamin Harrison and others attacked a small band of Indians without provocation. The incident created a crisis that nearly ignited a major war with the Creeks and Ulchee Indian tribes. About 15 Indians were killed and tossed into the river. The Indians launched an attack in retaliation on the following day, but Harrison had abandoned the area. Instead, a group of Ulchee Indians attacked a nearby settler’s fort (Bush’s Fort) near Ben Hall Lake on the Washington-Montgomery County line. Bush’s Fort was destroyed. In conjunction, the Indians lodged a protest with the government over the massacre at the bluff, but essentially to no avail. The men responsible were arrested for the murders, but they were never brought to trial. Fort Thunderbolt— English settlers under James Oglethorpe settled Savannah during 1733. Afterward, Oglethorpe established outposts to further bolster the defenses of Savannah. Fort Thunderbolt was established east of the settlement along the Wilmington River at present-day Thunderbolt. He also established outposts at Abercom, Hampstead, Highgate and Joseph’s Town, but it was Thunderbolt that lasted as it was strategically located on the inland waterway that linked Savannah with St. Simon’s Island and nearby Spanish Florida. By 1742, Fort Thunderbolt had been abandoned. A small outpost was placed at the abandoned fort to sound the alarm by firing the cannon of Thunderbolt Bluff if Savannah became threatened. During 1778, when the British seized Savannah, the patriots retained control of Thunderbolt. Later, during the Civil War, Thunderbolt

Fort Scudders— Fort Scudders, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Forsyth County during the 1830s. Fort Sixes— Fort Sixes, a Cherokee removal fort, was established in Cherokee County during the 1830s. Fort Stansbury— Fort Stansbury was established on the Ochlockonee River during 1840. The fort was actually built by modifying a house near the river which had been abandoned due to fear of Indian attacks. The troops constructed a palisade around the house. The fort was abandoned about 1844. Fort Stovall— See Fort Norton. Fort Sunbury— See Fort Morris. Fort Telfair— Fort Telfair was established by Georgia militia during 1793 at Carr’s Bluff on the lower Oconee River (Laurens County) in response to constant problems with the Indians in the region. The fort dominated the Lower Uchee Trail there where it crossed the river. During April 1793, Indians raided the homestead of William Pugh, the son of Colonel Francis Pugh. The Indians killed and scalped William Pugh. While the government was trying to handle the problems between the settlers and the Indians, some colonists joined with Eli-

Fort Thunderbolt, Savannah, Georgia — Seniram Collection

GEORGIA / Fort Tonyn Battery was established there by the Confederates during 1861. The guns were operated by a contingent known as the Phoenix Riflemen, a militia which was attached to the Georgia 63rd Regiment. On Saturday 19 May 1862, the Confederates repelled a night landing by the Union. The Thunderbolt Battery during the Civil War contained 8inch Columbiads, 7-inch rifled guns and 8-inch navy guns. During March 1862, another position, Skidaway Battery, was abandoned, but its guns were transported to Thunderbolt. By March 1863, it was reported by Colonel T. Gorgas (chief of ordnance), that the battery contained 14 guns. Union warships arrived off the battery during 1864, but the battery repulsed the Union. Subsequently, as Union troops advanced upon Fort McAllister, the Phoenix Riflemen destroyed the guns and abandoned the battery before heading for Fort Jackson. Colonel Edward C. Anderson led the contingent away from the abandoned fort. The troops joined other units from Causton’s Bluff and some troops from other Savannah River batteries on 20 December 1864. A Confederate ship picked up the troops at Fort Jackson and transported them to Screven’s Ferry, from where they departed for Hardeeville. See also Moore’s Fort. Fort Tonyn— The British established Fort Tonyn in the vicinity of Coleraine (Charlton County) during 1776. The fort was located in the southeastern sector of Georgia along the St. Mary’s River where it was joined by Peter Creek. The fort gave the British a dominant role in that region for about two years. During 1778, the British were struck by a simultaneous land and amphibious assault, which compelled them to give ground and abandon the fort. The Americans gained the fort while the British headed to the Pagan Creek Plantation. They regrouped at the plantation along the North River. The Pagan Creek Plantation was owned by the brothers (Charles and Jeremy) of the English royal governor, James Wright. The British fortified the plantation and bolstered by Tories, they repelled a cavalry attack led by Colonel Elijah Clark at Alligator Creek (later Borell Creek). In conjunction, Georgia sent no representatives to the First Continental Congress. At the time of America’s break from England, Georgia was the only state not to declare independence. Also, during the War of 1812, the Americans established Fort Pickering at the site of Fort Tonyn. A Georgia State Historical Marker referencing the fort is located in St. Mary’s at the intersection of Point Peter Road and Osborne. Fort Tybee— The English established Fort Tybee, a blockhouse, on the Savannah River at Tybee Island during the 1750s. Subsequently, during the American War for Independence, the British seized Savannah and afterward many loyalists settled on the island where they began to trade with merchant ships that frequented the area. Patriots, aware of the activity, launched a night raid and destroyed the houses of the loyalists. By 1782, the loyalists were still using Tybee Island, but for a different reason. They were seeking passage to Canada and other points, to escape the possible wrath of the victorious patriots. (See also Fort Screven.) In conjunction, during 1804, a hurricane moved through Georgia and inflicted severe damage upon Cockspur and Tybee Islands on the Savannah River. A fort (later, during 1829, Fort Pulaski) and another fort on Tybee Island earlier established by the British during the 1750s were greatly affected. In conjunction, in days prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Gaulle kingdom of Indians previously resided on Tybee Island and they also had lived on the seven large barrier islands stretching from Cumberland Island to Tybee. Later, Tybee was a camping ground for local Yamacraw Indian families from the Savannah area. Fort Tyler— During the autumn of 1863, the Confederates established Fort Tyler at the railroad junction at West Point (Troup County), about 80 miles below Atlanta. The installation was located on the Chattahoochee River which borders Alabama. The post was

92 used to transfer cargo from Georgia trains heading into Alabama, or from Alabama trains moving into Georgia, as each state had a different rail gauge on its tracks. The fact that it was a transfer point made it a lucrative target for Union cavalry. Confederate brigadier general Robert Charles Tyler, subsequent to losing one leg at Chattanooga (Missionary Ridge) during 1863, was transferred to West Point. Tyler’s force held responsibility for guarding the bridge over the river. His force, which stood at about 125–130 troops, was composed mainly of convalescents The fort survived beyond the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox during April 1865, but soon after, on Easter Sunday, 16 April, a huge Union cavalry force attached to Union general James H. Wilson struck. Following a determined struggle, the fort capitulated at about dusk. Tyler, not yet off his crutches from the earlier wound, was killed by a sharpshooter during the fight. The battle at West Point was the final Civil War battle east of the Mississippi River. Some remains of the fort survive to the present day. Nearby, the remains of 76 men (Union and Confederate), including General Tyler, the final Confederate general to succumb during the conflict, and Captain C. Gonzalez are interred at the West Point Cemetery. Fort Tyler[RTF bookmark start : }Tyler[RTF bookmark end: }Tyler Cemetery is part of Pine Hill Cemetery. To reach the fort, cross the river into the center of West Point and proceed to the main street (Third Avenue), and make a right-hand turn, then proceed to Tenth Street and make a left-hand turn. From there proceed to Sixth Avenue and make a right-hand turn, which leads to the site. Fort Walker— The Confederates established Fort Walker in Atlanta during 1864. It played a part during the siege of Atlanta. The ruins of the fort are in Grant Park, named for a renowned Georgian of the time, Lemuel P. (L.P.) Grant, who is remembered for his service as a Confederate colonel and chief engineer for the Department of the Militia, Confederate States of America. He is sometimes remembered as the “Father of Atlanta.” Fort Walker, similarly to the other forts in and around Atlanta, ceased activity when Sherman’s troops took the city during 1864. Fort Washington— A stockade fort, named in honor of George Washington, was built by patriots during the Revolutionary War at present-day Washington. The site of the colonists’ fort is located in Fort Washington Park, Washington. The city of Washington was approved by the patriot government of Georgia during 1780. Fort Wayne— Fort Wayne, initially known as Fort Halifax, was established in Chatham County on the Yamacraw Bluff by the English during 1756. The fort, built during the French and Indian War, was designed to defend Savannah. It remained under British control until taken over by the colonists during 1776 when it was renamed Fort Savannah. During early March 1776, American patriots, commanded by Colonel Bull, seized and destroyed seven British vessels in the vicinity of Savannah, preventing their cargo from reaching England. Afterward, the colonists seized Fort Halifax at Savannah and renamed it Fort Savannah. It was held by the Americans until 29 December 1778, when the British, under Colonel Campbell, seized the city of Savannah and the fort. A small American force was first overwhelmed and another larger force of about 800 troops, under General Robert Howe, was outmaneuvered by the British and forced to retire. American General Robert Howe retreated up the Savannah River into South Carolina. The British renamed Fort Savannah, calling it Fort Prevost. Subsequently, on 11 July 1782, General Anthony Wayne defeated a British force under General Alured Clarke in the vicinity of Savannah prior to the English abandonment of the city. Once the Americans seized Fort Prevost, following the evacuation of Savannah by the English, they renamed it Fort Wayne. Subsequent to the close of hostilities with the British, Fort Wayne was to be re-

93

Moore’s Fort / GEORGIA

constructed and further fortified, but the plan was never carried out. Some barracks, known as Oglethorpe Barracks, were completed toward the latter part of the War of 1812 just outside the old fort. The barracks remained operational until the early 1850s. By the time the Civil War broke out during 1861, new Confederate forts would emerge to defend Savannah, along with Fort Jackson, which had been constructed of brick during 1810. In conjunction, Oglethorpe Barracks (1880s) is not to be confused with Oglethorpe Barracks with regard to Fort Jackson Old, also in Savannah.

transacted its business there, Stephen Heard acted as president of the Executive Council of Georgia from February 1780 into 1781.

Fort Wilkinson— Fort Wilkinson was established on the west bank of the Oconee River during 1797 near Milledgeville in place of Fort Fidius. Fort Fidius was constructed on the east bank of the Oconee River during 1793, about three miles away from where Fort Wilkinson was built. The garrison of Fort Wilkinson continued to protect the boundary (Oconee River) separating the settlers from the Creeks. Fort Wilkinson was the first U.S. fort established on the west bank of the Oconee (Creek land). However, during 1794, former General Elijah Clark had established several forts there against the policy of the United States and in violation of a treaty. Fort Wilkinson was established more as a trading post than a military installation. It was planned to provide the Creeks with a place to trade without having to cross the Oconee into the region occupied by the settlers. Subsequently, during 1802–1803, a treaty (Treaty of Limits) was consummated and ratified ( January 1803) at Fort Wilkinson between the Creeks and the U.S. government. In conjunction, the U.S. troops with Wilkinson’s command established camp along the Sabine River, during the negotiations. See also Fort Defiance (Lincoln County).

Jones’ Fort— Jones’ Fort, later Fort Wimberly, was located on the Wormsloe Plantation, Isle of Hope, which is actually a peninsula rather than an island. It initially was a fortified house, built during 1736 by Noble Jones, known as Jones’ Fort. The fort was built atop a high bluff opposite Skidaway Island by Skidaway Narrows and Isle of Hope River. Noble Jones’ plantation was a strategic fortification that helped protect Savannah from attacks by the Spanish until 1742. Subsequent to the death of Noble Jones, a Tory, during 1775, the plantation was owned by his son, Noble Wimberly Jones. Unlike his father, the younger Jones was a patriot who sided with the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Jones succumbed during 1808. Afterward, his son, George F.T. Jones, changed his name to George Wymberly Jones DeRenne and abandoned the fortified house during 1828. He also changed the name of Wormslow to Wormsloe, the present spelling of the plantation’s name. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the Confederates established a battery, Fort Wimberly (Wymberly), on the grounds of a Methodist church which doubled as a Confederate hospital during 1864 when the Union arrived in the region during Sherman’s March to the Sea. The church’s cemetery holds the remains of some Confederate troops. The site is on the grounds of the Wormsloe Historic Site, on the Isle of Hope, southeast of Savannah, at the intersection of Laroche Avenue and Bluff Drive. For more information: Wormsloe State Historic Site, 7601 Skidaway Road, Savannah, Georgia, 31406.

Fort William— Fort William was established by the English under James Oglethorpe on Cumberland Island at the mouth of the St. Mary’s River during 1736. The fort was established as a defense against an attack by the French or Spanish as well as hostile Indians. It was established at about the same time as some other forts, including Fort Frederica and Fort St. Simon. Subsequently, during 1742, the Spanish attacked English positions in Georgia. During July 1742, two attacks were repulsed by the defenders at Fort William. Meanwhile, Fort Frederica was assaulted and there, too, the Spanish were devastated at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on 7 July. The defeat of the Spanish terminated the Spanish threat against Georgia. Fort William was abandoned during the 1740s. See also Fort Frederica. Fort Wimberly— See Jones’ Fort. Fort Winston— Fort Winston was established in Lincoln County during 1794 by Elijah Clark, former Revolutionary War general. See Fort Defiance (Lincoln County). Fort Wool— See Fort New Echota. Fort Wymberly— See Jones’ Fort. Fort Yargo— Fort Yargo, a settlers’ fort, was established during 1792 near present-day Winder by a party of Virginians led by Captain Joseph Humphries. Captain Humphries and other settlers reinitiated the flow of settlers into Georgia subsequent to the close of the American Revolution. The fort, located a few miles from the CreekCherokee border, the initial ridge south of the Chattahoochie River, was established to guard against attacks by the Creek Indians. The site of Fort Yargo is now part of the Fort Yargo State Park, P.O. Box 764, Winder, Georgia; phone 770–867–3489. Heard’s Fort— Heard’s Fort was established by Stephen Heard about 1774. Subsequently, during 1780, the British maintained domination over much of the state and it was thought that Augusta was in jeopardy. The government seat was transferred to Heard’s Fort, which later became Washington (Wilkes County). While the government

Hood’s Fort— Hood’s Fort was established on Brushy Mountain at Marietta in Fulton County by engineers under General John B. Hood during 1864 as a defensive position against the Union forces of General William Tecumseh Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign. It was essentially a line of trenches that Hood abandoned when he attacked the Union at Kolb’s Farm near Kennesaw Mountain. The works were then seized by the Union.

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park— The Confederates fortified Kennesaw Mountain at Kennesaw to protect against Union advances upon Atlanta. The Confederate-held fort there fell with the campaign to take Atlanta, which was fought from 18 June 1864 through 2 July 1864. The battlefield is now a National Park Historic Site which contains three separate battlefields. The main part of the site is located at Cheatham Hill and the visitor center is situated off Hickory Burnt Road. Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park lies about two miles from Marietta. The major engagements that occurred at Kennesaw Mountain are known as the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and the Battle of Kolb’s Farm. Additional heavy fighting occurred at Pigeon and Cheatham Hill. The defeat of the Confederates at Kennesaw Mountain set the stage for the capture of Atlanta by Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman. For further information, contact Ranger Activities, 900 Kennesaw Mountain Drive, Kennesaw, GA 30152 or Superintendent, 905 Kennesaw Mountain Drive, Kennesaw, Georgia 30152 or P.O. Box 1167, Marietta, Georgia 30061. Open 8:30 A.M. to 5 P.M. Admission is free. The battlefield is located approximately 2 miles north of Marietta off Highway 41. McPherson Barracks— See Fort McPherson. Moore’s Fort—The settlement of Augusta was established during 1736 by James Oglethorpe. Afterward, Oglethorpe set up a plan to establish a trading post (Moore’s Fort). Oglethorpe directed Roger Lacey to construct the post. Lacey became the captain of the militia. His servants constructed the fort, which was protected by cannon. The settlers manned the post every night. Moore’s Fort fell into disrepair by 1737 after Lacey had succumbed during August 1737. Subsequently, the fort at Thunderbolt also began to decline. See also Fort Thunderbolt.

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GEORGIA / Pickett’s Mill // HAWAII Negro Fort— See Fort Apalachicola, Florida. Old Fort Jackson— See Fort Jackson Old. Pickett’s Mill— The Confederates fortified Pickett’s Mill at New Hope during 1864 to meet the threat from the Union Army of Tennessee under William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign. A major battle occurred there on 27 May 1864. It was one of a series of exchanges that erupted over a several-day period, 25–28 May. The two sides also clashed at New Hope Church and Dallas on the 25th and 28th respectively. At Pickett’s Mill, the Union was repelled. The site is now at Pickett’s Mill State Historic Site, 4432 Mt. Tabor Church Road, Dallas, Georgia 30132. The park is located about 5 miles northeast of Dallas off of Georgia Highway 381. It can be reached by I-75 at Exit 278. Take the exit, then follow Highway 92 West. It will bear left, but at that point continue going straight on Highway 381. Follow it until you reach Mount Tabor Road and then make a left-hand turn. You will see the park on the left. Post McPherson— Post McPherson, a trading post, was established at Lewistown during 1817. Spanish Fort— The Spanish established a presidio, known as Spanish Fort, and mission (Mission Santa Catalina de Guale) on St. Catherine’s Island, which the Spanish considered part of the Province of Guale during 1566. The Spanish missionaries, initially Jesuits and later Franciscans, worked among the Guale Indians to convert them. The church burned down during 1597 and was later rebuilt. The island was abandoned by the Spanish during 1680 subsequent to a siege initiated by the British. Talking Rock Fort— See Fort Newnan. Wassaw Island— Wassaw Island, located at the mouth of the Savannah River, was fortified by the Confederates at about the time of the outbreak of the Civil War and subsequently it was occupied by the Union. Prior to the war, during 1846, a cholera epidemic struck the mainland of Georgia. Several hundred slaves from Liberty County were taken to Wassaw Island to evade the epidemic; however, according to Georgia records, the slaves died there and were interred

there. The graves have never been discovered. Another nearby island, Little Wassaw Island, was owned by a black slave owner. Following the close of the war, Wassaw Island returned to obscurity and later during 1866, a New Englander purchased Wassaw Island for personal use by his family. Toward the latter part of the nineteenth century when the U.S. was at war (Spanish-American War–1898), Wassaw Island was the site of a battery. The fort was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers and Georgia civilians. The fort was constructed on the northern tip of Wassaw Island and the project was overseen by 2nd Lieutenant Henry Sims Morgan. Lieutenant Morgan, a Georgian, had graduated from West Point during the previous year. Morgan also supervised the batteries being constructed at Fort Screven on nearby Tybee Island. On 28 August 1898, during a violent hurricane, Lieutenant Morgan drowned while trying to save the lives of others. The battery at Wassaw Island was never named, but it is often referred to as Fort Morgan. And some have suggested that the fort be named in the memory of Lieutenant Morgan. Wofford’s Fort— Wofford’s Fort was established in Franklin County (later Banks County in northern Georgia) about 1792 by Colonel William W. Wofford. It was built in the vicinity of Fort Hollingsworth, and other settlers’ forts of the period. Colonel Wofford later abandoned the area and moved west. During the 1850s, descendants of Colonel Wofford acquired the land. During 1857, it was purchased by Colonel Robert McMillan, who later commanded the Confederate 24th Georgia Regiment. When McMillan acquired the property, he also acquired Fort Hollingsworth, which was part of the initial Wofford settlement. The Wofford property was sold during 1861 to John Lane, but he never got a chance to live there. Lane departed with a Georgia regiment and died while in service during 1862. His death was apparently accidental. While returning to camp after going to get water, he was shot by his own troops. Meanwhile, Colonel Hollingsworth’s health failed during 1862 while in the field. During December 1862, a part of the property known as the Upper Leather Tract was purchased by the White family ( John and Katherine Lane White) from John Lane’s estate. The fort has been preserved by descendants of John White. See also Fort Hollingsworth.

HAWAII During 1851, in Hawaii, the French began to make serious moves to bring Hawaii under the French flag. Both the French and the English had agreed by treaty during 1843 to recognize the independence of Hawaii and the United States was at the time deeply rooted in Hawaii. The United States informed France that it would not tolerate any annexation of Hawaii by a European power, essentially stretching the mandate of the Monroe Doctrine into the Pacific. Camp McKinley— Camp McKinley, known also as McKinley Barracks, was established in the vicinity of Waikiki during the summer of 1898. The 1st and 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments were based there during the Spanish-American War. Camp McKinley became the initial U.S. post in Hawaii. Camp Otis— Camp Otis was established by the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War period (1898). The camp was located in close proximity to Camp McKinley at the Kapiolani Park racetrack. Units based there included elements of the U.S. 3rd Artillery, the 10th

Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and contingents of the 1st Nebraska Regiment. Camp Otis remained active until November of 1898 when the troops there embarked for the Philippines. Camp Waiakea— Camp Waiakea was established as a temporary camp by elements of the 1st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment during 1898. The camp was located near Kilauea Volcano in the vicinity of Hilo. Fort Shafter— Fort Shafter, initially known as Kahauiki Military Reservation, was established by the U.S. Army during 1899 at Honolulu. The post, named in honor of Majaor General William R. Shafter, remains active. Fort Shafter became active during 1907. The Army established a cantonment known as Palm Circle. It included officers’ quarters and barracks that formed a circle around the parade field. The initial unit to occupy the post was the 2nd Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment. Later, quarters were added to hold a regiment. During 1917, the Hawaiian Ordnance Depot was established

95 in close proximity to the post. By the early 1920s, the Hawaiian Department established its headquarters at the post. Subsequently, following the attack against Pearl Harbor during 1941, the post became extremely busy. Headquarters there replaced the barracks at Palm Circle with offices for US Army Forces, Central Pacific Area (1943–44); US Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas (1944–45); and US Army Forces, Middle Pacific (1945–47). Also, during 1944, the structure known as the “Pineapple Pentagon” was built by the Army Corps of Engineers. Subsequent to the close of the war, during 1947, the headquarters was designated US Army, Pacific. The headquarters was phased out during 1974. At that time the post became headquarters for US Army Support Command, Hawaii. In addition, the US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, transferred there from Fort Armstrong. Later, during 1979, the US Army Western Command (later U.S. Army Pacific) was established at Fort Shafter. The post remains active.

Camp Lyon / IDAHO Fort Weaver— Fort Weaver was established in the vicinity of Ewa Beach during 1899 as part of the defenses of Pearl Harbor. The post remained active throughout World War II and was deactivated during 1948. Iolani Barracks— The Iolani Barracks wee built near the Iolani Palace, the residence of the Hawaiian kings and queens. During 1873, Queen Lili’uokalani was compelled to abdicate by pressure from U.S. businessmen. The queen surrendered to the U.S. during 1893 to prevent violence. The barracks was afterward used by the U.S. military until 1950. The palace was also used as the capital of the Hawaiian Territory and for the state of Hawaii until 1969 when a new capitol was constructed during 1969. Punchbowl Military Reservation— The Punchbowl Military Reservation was established at Honolulu during 1899. It remained active until 1949. Afterward, the post was turned into a national cemetery.

IDAHO Camp Boise River— The camp was a temporary U.S. Army Camp established near Fort Boise, the Hudson Bay Trading Post, during August 1855. The fort was located near the convergence of the Boise and Snake rivers. It was abandoned after about six weeks, during early October 1855. Camp Buford— Camp Buford was established by a contingent of the 2nd Battalion, 14th U.S. Infantry, under Major L.H. Marshall, during the summer of 1866. The temporary post was needed at the time to provide protection for settlers and travelers in the region where the Snake River and Bruneau River converged. Camp Coeur d’ Alene— See Fort Coeur d’ Alene. Camp Conner— See Camp Connor. Camp Connor— Camp Connor was established near Preston during 1863 following raids in the region by Chief Bear Hunter. The Indians began to attack the area during the winter of 1862. On 29 January 1863, a contingent of the 2nd California Cavalry, composed of four companies and one Company of the 3rd California Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor, arrived in the vicinity of Bear River (Preston) in the Cache Valley. The column had advanced nearly 120 miles through the snow since departing Fort Douglas, Utah. The vanguard of the force began to ford the river, but the Shoshones under Chief Bear Hunter held formidable positions in the heights and were prepared for the troops’ arrival. The Indians effortlessly repelled the first assault, a frontal attack that began just after the crack of dawn. Shortly thereafter, Colonel Connor, the commander of the Department of Utah, arrived with the main body. He deployed some troops at the entrance to the ravine and others were directed to the high ground. The army unleashed a whirlwind of fire. The Battle of Bear River ended with about 250 Indians killed, but some were women and children. The Army sustained 20 killed and 46 wounded. Camp Connor remained active until 1865; however, the problems with the Indians were quelled by Connor by autumn of 1863. During July 1863, representatives of the Bannocks, Gosiutes and Shoshones held a conference with General Connor at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The Indians agree to relinquish land in Wyoming and move to other places including

near Fort Hall. Colonel Connor, born in Dublin, Ireland, subsequent to the victory at Bear River was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers, effective 30 March 1863. Later, during 1865, General Connor established Fort Connor (later Fort Reno) in Wyoming. Camp Howard— Camp Howard was established during July 1877 at the foot of the mountains about two miles from the town of Mount Idaho. The fort was located along the Mose Milner Trail in the vicinity of the Camas Prairie and Three Mile Creek. The fort was active until spring 1881 and the garrison was active during the conflict known as the Sheepeater War that broke out during 1879, one year after the conclusion of the Bannock-Paiute War of 1878. Other mentions of a different Camp Howard at Doumecq Plains are most probably of the same camp. A French settler, John Doumecq, owned property just opposite Camp Howard in the Salmon River Valley. Indians raided the area during 1880 and Doumecq had no weapons. Another settler, Henry Moon, and several others were killed, but Doumecq and some others escaped. Camp Lander— Camp Lander was established during the autumn of 1865 on the north side of the Ross Fork where the Boise Road intersected the Salt Lake-Virginia City Road several miles southeast of the trading post (Fort Hall). Camp Lander remained active until the spring of 1866. Subsequently, during 1870, Fort Hall was established to make up for the absence of Camp Lander in the region. Camp Lyon— Camp Lyon was established during June 1865 by Lieutenant Charles Hobart and a contingent of Oregon cavalry. It was constructed near Reynolds at Cow Creek about 20 miles from the Owyhee mines and in close proximity to the border with Oregon. At the time of its establishment, the Indians were raiding the area. Shortly after the fort was finished, Lieutenant Hobart initiated a mission to retrieve horses which had been stolen from a stage line (Hill Beachy’s Chico-Idaho stage line). The horses were not recovered. The military operated in the area, according to historical records, from about 1850 through 1874; however, the fort was active from about June 1865 through March 1869. During the spring of 1878, the Bannock-Paiute War erupted. A U.S. Army field camp was established there to support the campaign. The conflict erupted after

IDAHO / Camp Osburn American settlers initiated a campaign to destroy the camas lily, a favorite food of the Indians, that grew on the Camas Prairie about 100 miles southeast of Boise. During the incident, the Indians wounded two settlers who were among the group who roused the herd to trample the plants that the Indians used as a staple food. Chief Buffalo Horn and a large group of warriors afterward took refuge in the Lava Beds of southern Idaho near Battle Creek. Soon after, on 8 June, Captain Reuben Bernard arrived there with a contingent of troops and volunteers from Silver City. The Indians, after the exchange, moved out toward Oregon with the troops in pursuit. Buffalo Horn’s plan was to join up with Chief Egan at the Steen Mountains in Oregon, but he was killed on 8 June. The Indians had fared well against the fresh volunteers who showed less than enthusiasm on the field and broke from the fight, but the army saved the day. On 23 June, Reuben’s 1st U.S. intercepted the Indians under Chief Egan near the Steen Mountains and again routed them. While in retreat, the Indians that had been under Chief Buffalo Horn attacked settlers along the upper branches of the John Day River. One family, the Blackwells, who lived in a fortified ranch near Long Creek in Fox Valley, lost their livestock but repelled the raid. On 8 July, Bernard’s force once again intercepted the Indians on a precipitous cliff above Birch Creek in the vicinity of Pilot Butte. The cavalry (General Howard’s command) devastated the Indians (Umatila), but some managed to escape and continued toward the Umatilla Reservation at Pendleton, Oregon. The cavalry reinitiated pursuit and for about a week continued to terminate the organized resistance, but sporadic action continued by the Indians that remained on the loose. By the following year, another conflict, known as the Sheepeater War, erupted in central Idaho near the Salmon River Mountains. See also Camp Three Forks. Camp Osburn— Camp Osburn was established by the U.S. Army on 2 December 1899 during a period of turbulence between mining operations. Martial law was established. The camp was abandoned during April 1901, the same month that martial law ceased. Camp Reed— Camp Reed was established by a contingent of U.S. Army troops led by Lieutenant J.W. Cullen during early July 1865 in the vicinity of Rock Creek. Shortly after its establishment, orders arrived to relocate the fort. During August 1865, the garrison was directed to move the fort to a place near the Snake River at Salmon Falls. By spring of the following year, the fort was abandoned. Camp Stevenson— Camp Stevenson, named in honor of the territorial governor, Edward A. Stevenson, was established during spring 1898, essentially as a staging area for the Idaho Volunteers while they prepared to embark for the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. The camp was located within the Boise Military Reservation, formerly Fort Boise at Boise. See also Fort Boise (Boise). Camp Teton Pass— Camp Teton Pass was established during 1895 by a contingent of troops under Major William H. Bisbee. Camp Three Forks— Camp Three Forks, initially known as Camp Winthrop, was established during September 1866 south of Silver City along the foundation of South Mountain (also Mount Winthrop) in close proximity to Oregon. The fort was located where the South, Middle and primary Owyhee Rivers converged. During February 1866, a contingent of troops under Captain J.H. Walker (14th U.S. Infantry Regiment) departed Fort Boise en route to the area near the Owyhee River in search of hostile Indians who had been raiding and pillaging the region. On 15 February, the 36-man contingent was joined by four troops from Camp Lyon. Later, additional troops under Lieutenant Pepoon were to join the column, but an Indian attack prevented them from arriving. On 23 February, the col-

96 umn discovered an Indian camp situated on a dry creek between the Malheur and Owyhee rivers. The troops attacked and killed slightly under 20 braves and wounded about two others. After routing the Indians, the troops seized supplies and equipment. The items included 19 horses, some rifles, powder, and several hundred pounds of jerked meat. However, other items caused more of a reaction. The troops came across civilian clothes and other personal items which apparently came from a passing wagon train. In addition, the Indians had a U.S. Army saddle blanket and the shirt of a trooper. The column returned to Camp Lyon after the fight. One man, Corporal William Burke, Company D, 2nd Battalion, 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment, was killed during the expedition. One other soldier, a musician named Vrooman, also of Company D, was wounded. The post was abandoned during July 1884. The site of the former fort is now on private property. Camp Wallace— Camp Wallace was established during June 1865 by a contingent of troops under Captain Joel Palmer. The camp was a temporary post on the Big Camas Prairie near the town of Fairfield (Camas County). The fort was abandoned during September 1865. In conjunction, Fairfield was initially known as New Soldier. It came about after the railroad arrived in the region and bypassed the town of Soldier. The settlers moved to be closer to the railroad and later changed the name to Fairfield. Camp Wardner— Camp Wardner was established by the U.S. Army during the spring of 1899 during a period of turbulence between mining operators known as the Coeur d’ Alene Mine Labor War. By December of 1899, the garrison relocated at Camp Osburn. Camp Winthrop— See Camp Three Forks. Cantonment Loring— Cantonment Loring was established during August 1849 along the Snake River, outside Pocatella, several miles from Fort Hall. The post, established by troops under Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Porter, was named in honor of Colonel William W. Loring, who commanded Mounted Rifles during the Oregon Expedition. The fort, about five miles above Fort Hall was situated in an untenable area which made it difficult to acquire supplies and food. The fort was abandoned during the spring of 1850. The garrison relocated at the Dalles, Oregon. Ford Creek Post— The garrison at Fort Hall was transferred to Ford Creek when Fort Hall was abandoned during February 1883. The post at Ford Creek was located less than 10 miles from Blackfoot and about 25 miles from Pocatello, where a trading post known also as Fort Hall had been located. Fort Boise (Boise)— The Lewis and Clark Expedition moved through Idaho during 1805 en route to the Pacific Coast. The Idaho Territory was established during 1863. The U.S. Army established Fort Boise at present-day Boise during 1863. The fort was constructed by Oregon volunteers. It was located along the Oregon Trail, but the army attempted to avoid the problems of the original trading post, Fort Boise, which was hindered by floods due to being near the convergence of the Boise and Snake rivers. The new Fort Boise was established about 50 miles further along the Oregon Trail near present-day Boise. Congress authorized the construction of the Military Road during February 1867, based on earlier recommendations by Generals George Wright (October 1860) and Benjamin Alvord (October 1862). The road, known as Military Road, linking Fort Boise to the Dalles (Fort Dalles) in Oregon at the Columbia River was constructed beginning in the late 1860s. The fort, which was renamed Boise Barracks during April 1879, remained active until 1912. Afterward it became a hospital, which subsequently was acquired by the Veterans Administration. Not to be confused with Fort Boise (Parma).

97 Fort Boise (Parma)— Fort Boise was established as a trading post near Parma at the convergence of the Boise and Snake rivers by Thomas McKay during 1834. McKay’s endeavor was supported by the English Hudson Bay Company. By 1836, the Hudson Bay Company acquired control of the fort. During its operations, the post, situated along the Oregon Trail, remained under threat of Indian attacks. During 1854, Indians (Snake River) attacked the Ward party, a group of settlers in the Boise Valley. About 18 people were massacred and only two escaped death. The incident brought about the abandonment of Fort Boise and Fort Hall. Subsequently, following severe floods including one during 1853, the fort, which had been constructed of adobe, was partially destroyed. In addition to the natural disasters, the fort was constantly under threat of Indian attacks. Subsequent to the Ward Massacre in the Boise Valley during 1854, the post was abandoned. For more information: Old Fort Boise, 20847 Old Fort Boise Road, Parma, Idaho 83660. The site of the old fort, which contains a replica fort, is operated by the Fish and Game Department. Not to be confused with Fort Boise established near Boise. Fort Coeur d’ Alene— Fort Coeur d’ Alene, initially known as Camp Coeur d’ Alene, later Fort Sherman, was established near the headwaters of the Spokane River and the northern tip of Coeur d’ Alene Lake during April 1878. The site had apparently been selected the previous year by General William Tecumseh Sherman. The region had been inhabited by the Schee-Chu-Umsh (they spoke the Salish language) Indians. Upon the arrival of the French, the Indians became known as Coeur d’Alene (“Heart of the Awl”). One chief, Circling Raven, according to legend had a vision that spiritual truth would be brought to their village by men in black robes. Subsequently, the Jesuits arrived and the tribe converted to Catholicism. During the 1840s, Father De Smet arrived and by 1853 the Indians helped the Jesuits establish the Sacred Heart Mission on a small bluff above the Coeur d’Alene River. Later during 1883, silver was discovered in the region and the fort became a foundation for the town of Coeur d’Alene that emerged there in northern Idaho. During 1891, the fort was renamed Fort Sherman in honor of General William Tecumseh Sherman (retired commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1869 through February 1884) who had succumbed on 14 February 1891. Fort Sherman was deactivated during 1900. In conjunction, Fort George Wright was established at Spokane, Washington, to replace Fort Sherman. The Fort Sherman Museum is now located in Coeur d’Alene on the campus of North Idaho College. Several of the fort’s original building, including the powder house, which contains the museum, have been preserved. The fort’s chapel is still operational and the officers’ quarters also remain. The museum is open Tuesday through Saturday from 1 P.M. to 4:45 P.M. from 1 May to 30 September. Fort Hall— Fort Hall at present-day Fort Hall was established along the Oregon Trail near Lincoln Creek by the U.S. Army during May 1870. The garrison was responsible for the protection of the stage line and settlers passing through the region. The fort was established on an Indian reservation (Shoshone-Bannock tribes) less than 10 miles from the town of Blackfoot. It remained active until February 1883. In conjunction, during 1857, funds were provided by Congress to establish a road west of South Pass. The wagon road became known as Lander Trail, named after Frederick West Lander, who had selected and directed its construction. The Lander Trail led east to west, then it curved south towards the vicinity of the City of Rocks until it converged with the primary Oregon Trail. Access to the original fort site is controlled by the Indian Reservation. For more information: Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, P.O. Box 306, Fort Hall, Idaho 83203. Not to be confused with Fort Hall (Pocatello). Fort Hall (Pocatello)— Fort Hall was established during 1834 in

Fort Lapwai / IDAHO southeast Idaho on the Snake River at Pocatello during 1834 by Nathaniel Wyeth, a New Englander from Boston. It was constructed along the Oregon Trail by the Columbia Company, but later, during 1837, it became part of the Hudson Bay Company. By the 1850s, the post began to decline and it was abandoned subsequent to the Ward Massacre in the Boise Valley (1854). See also Fort Boise. Later, during 1863, the remnants of the fort were dismantled, packed up and transported to a new location where the lumber was used to construct a stage depot along the Oregon Trail near Spring Creek. At the site of former Fort Hall, a replica fort now stands. Not to be confused with Fort Hall established during 1870 at Fort Hall, Idaho. Fort Henry— During 1810, the Missouri Fur Company established Fort Henry, a trading post in the vicinity St. Anthony above the Snake River at a place known as Henry’s Fork. The fur trappers had earlier, during the summer of 1810, experienced problems with the Blackfeet Indians near Three Forks in the vicinity of northern Idaho and Oregon. The hostility prompted the party to head south beyond the Continental Divide to establish a base in safer territory for the winter. The winter and the Indians made it hard on the party, led by Andrew Henry, and the trading post. Operations there lasted only about one year. During spring of 1811, a rescue force departed St. Louis to extricate Andrew Henry’s party in the mountains of Idaho at present day St. Anthony. By the latter part of June, the keel boat relief force arrived at the fort in the Mandan villages. Henry arrived there about September. In conjunction, by January of the following year, the Missouri Fur Company reorganized; however, the investing partners lost most of their enthusiasm due to learning of the hostile Indians near the post and the apparent imminent outbreak of war with England. Fort Lapwai— Fort Lapwai was established in Lewis Clark County at present-day Lapwai by the U.S. Army during July 1862. Troops under Major Sewell Truax garrisoned the post. The fort was established near Pierce, where gold had recently been discovered (1860). It remained active until October of 1865. Later, during October 1886, the post was reactivated. About mid–1884 the post was deactivated and by 1885 it was abandoned. The Nez Perce Indian inhabited the region. During 1838, Tuekakas (old Chief Joseph) established a camp near Lapwai and converted to Christianity, receiving the name Joseph. His son, the more famous Chief Joseph, was baptized during 1840 and received the name Ephraim. During 1855 a treaty was negotiated with the tribe and about seven million acres in Idaho, Oregon and Washington were set aside for them. Later, during 1863, the Idaho Territory was established. During that same year, the land for the Nez Perce tribe dwindled to 700,000 acres subsequent to a treaty signed by the chief lawyer of the Nez Perce. In addition, the Nez Perce land was separated into three parts. Chief Joseph did not sign the treaty. The fort was abandoned during mid–October 1865, but it was reactivated during November 1866. During 1871, old Chief Joseph succumbed. General Oliver O. Howard held a conference on 3 May 1877 with leaders of Nez Perce groups that did not sign a treaty agreeing to relocate. Nevertheless, the Nez Perce Indian War broke out with the killing of settlers in the Idaho Valley. On 17 June 1877, about 100 cavalry troops were dispatched from Fort Lapwai to avenge the deaths of four whites who were killed, but the cavalry was solidly defeated at the Battle of White Bird Canyon in Idaho Territory by warriors under Chief Joseph. The cavalry troop lost 34 men. During the withdrawal, Lt. William Parnell and a small detachment of men returned to the field under heavy fire to rescue a soldier whose horse was shot from under him. The detachment managed to save the stranded trooper and the cavalry, although badly beaten, made it back to the main command. Subsequently, during July, General Oliver Howard departed the fort with just under 500 men (combined infantry and cavalry) to catch the Nez Perce. On 11 July, the

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IDAHO / Fort Lemhi Nez Perce were intercepted near Clearwater. The army, supported by elements of the 4th U.S. Artillery, pounded the Indians for two days and routed the tribe, driving them toward Canada. On 9 August, Colonel John Gibbon’s troops, including the 7th U.S. Infantry, clashed with the retreating Nez Perce Tribe at Big Hole River, Montana, but Chief Joseph was able to continue his retreat. The Nez Perce made it within one day’s march to the border when again they were intercepted. On 30 September, the 2nd U.S. Cavalry and the U.S. 5th Infantry engaged the Indians at Bear Paw Mountain, Montana, and initiated a five-day siege. The incessant artillery barrages and the force of the cavalry attacks compelled Chief Joseph to surrender on 5 October 1877 to terminate the Nez Perce War. The post was abandoned during July 1884. The ruins of Fort Lapwai, including the barracks, parade ground and stables, are located at the Nez Perce National Historical Park off U.S. Highway 95 in Lapwai. At present, the Nez Perce Tribal Government is located at Lapwai. Fort Lapwai did not actually have a stockade, but it did contain officers’ quarters and barracks. Fort Lemhi— Fort Lemhi was not a military installation. It was established by the Mormons during 1855. The post came under frequent attacks by Indians. During 1858, following a heavy assault by Bannock Indians, the fort and settlement were abandoned. The Mormons returned to Utah. Fort Sherman— See Fort Coeur d’ Alene. Henry’s Post— See Fort Henry. Howe’s Camp— Howe’s Camp was established during June 1860 along the Portneuf River by Major Howe. The fort was in close proximity to Fort Hall near Lincoln Creek. The fort was used to protect settlers moving across the Oregon Trail. It was abandoned during September 1860. Kalispell House— See Thompson’s Trading Post. Kulleyspell House— See Thompson’s Trading Post. Kullyspell House— See Thompson’s Trading Post. MacKenzie’s Post— MacKenzie’s Post was established near Lewis-

ton and the Lower Clearwater during the summer of 1812 by Donald MacKenzie. The post was part of the Pacific Fur Company, which was based in Astoria. Soon after, word regarding war with England reached MacKenzie. Early the following year, MacKenzie returned to Astoria and he delivered the news concerning the War of 1812. By spring, MacKenzie returned to the post, retrieved the furs and abandoned the post. In conjunction, the Pacific Fur Company ceased to operate. Once the Pacific Fur Company closed, another party, led by John Reid, traveled to Idaho to establish a new post. See Reid’s Post. Reid’s Post— Reid’s Post was established during the winter of 1813–1814 by a group of trappers led by John Reid. The trading post was built in the region near Boise, but it was in place of MacKenzie’s Post, which had been abandoned during the spring of 1813. The post was short-lived. A war party of Bannock Indians wiped out the trappers during January 1814. Word of the deaths reached the Washington Territory when a survivor, an Iowan Indian woman known as Madame Pierre Dorion, and her children escaped death. The family trekked over the Blue Mountains and despite the rugged winter, successfully made it to the Columbia River. Smith’s Camp— Smith’s Camp was established in the vicinity of the Raft River during spring 1864 to protect settlers as they moved west. Thompson’s Trading Post— Thompson’s Trading Post was established during September 1809 in northern Idaho on Lake Pend d’ Oreille by a Canadian, David Thompson and Finnan MacDonald for the English Northwest Company. It was located between East Hope and Clark Fork to the north and south respectively. The post was also known as the Kullyspell House, named for local Indians. The exact length of time it operated is not known, but it is thought to have had a short span. Subsequent to the founding of the post, Thompson was directed by the company to move to Spokane, Washington Territory, and construct a post there during 1810. By the latter part of the following year, the operation in Idaho transferred to the new post (Spokane House). Thompson’s Post was the initial trading post constructed in the future state of Idaho.

ILLINOIS Aaron Williams’s Fort— See White County. Alma Blockhouse— During 1811, a blockhouse was established as one of a group of forts that were erected in the region during the War of 1812 period. Alma (Carbon) later became a mining town, but the initial mention of it was when the defensive fort was built there. Alma, later Carbon, was located less than two miles from O’Fallon. Apple River Fort— Apple River Fort was constructed during 1832 at present-day Elizabeth. On 24 June 1832, Black Hawk led about 150 braves against the Apple River Fort. Nearly 50 people including women and children were inside when the attack was launched; however, the earlier precautions paid dividends. The stockade and other defensive alterations provided a formidable defense. The Indians, soon after they attacked, became convinced that the fort was more strongly defended than it was because of the incessant fire. Actually, the women and children participated by loading and reloading the

weapons to maintain a steady blanket of protective fire. One woman, Elizabeth Montgomery, received the credit for the improvised ammunition party as she grasped the gun of George Herclerode just after he fell from a fatal shot. Her actions inspired the other women to join the fight. After failing to take the fort, Black Hawk retired. George Herclerode was the only man killed during the attack, and two others sustained wounds. The fort site is now a state historic site which has reconstructed the fort. The visitor center is located along Route 20, in Elizabeth. Barney’s Fort— See Fort Barney. Bartlett’s Blockhouse— Bartlett’s Blockhouse was established in Madison County in the Woodriver Settlement by Joseph Bartlett during the War of 1812 period. The Woodriver Massacre occurred near there. See also Fort Butler. Battery Rock— The Union deployed elements of the Illinois 87th

99 Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Battery Rock in Hardin County during 1861 following an incursion by Confederate troops. A contingent of Confederates was able to cross a sandbar (Saline Sandbar) from Missouri during the summer and seize five steamboats. The incident caused much alarm in Cairo. The Union had some military vessels moored there as well as the commercial ships. Although the Confederates were able to seize the vessels by walking across the limestone sandbar, no battle took place in the state of Illinois during the Civil War. Cairo was a primary base and from it, the Union launched its attack to capture Vicksburg during 1863. Bernard de la Harpe’s Fort— During the early 1700s, a French explorer, Bernard de la Harpe, arrived in the vicinity of present-day La Harpe. The expedition spent the winter near the present town and while there established a fortification. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1890s, four stone tablets inscribed in French were discovered in the vicinity of where the fort had stood. The date written on the tablets was 15 June 1715. During 1830, a town was established but the name Franklin was already in use at another location in Illinois. The name was then changed to La Harpe. Big Prairie Church— See White County. Big Prairie Forts— See White County. Bird’s Point Post— See Fort Defiance. Cairo Naval Base— See Fort Defiance. Cairo Point Post— See Fort Defiance. Camp Anna— Camp Anna was established in Anna (Union County) during 1861. Other camps in the town included Camp Douglas and Camp DuBois. Camp at Albany— Elements (Company F) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed at Albany (Whiteside County) during August 1862. Afterward, it moved to Camp Bureau. Camp Bissell— Camp Bissell was established during 1861 by the Union at Caseyville. Units there included elements of the Illinois 12th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Also, elements of the 13th Illinois Regiment were formerly there. Additional units of the 13th Regiment formed at Camp Dement and Camp McClellan at Dixon. Subsequently, the 13th as a complete unit moved to Rolla, Missouri. Camp Blum— Camp Blum was established by the Union during 1861 as an induction and training facility in Chicago. It was one of about four major posts in the city. See also Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Bureau— Camp Bureau was established by the Union at Princeton. Elements of the Illinois 93rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed there during August 1862. Company I (Princeton Light Infantry) and Company K (Princeton Guards) were formed there. Other units of the regiment arrived later from other camps. Camp Butler— Camp Butler was established as a training camp for Illinois volunteers by the Union during 1861. The post was located near Springfield in Sangamon County. By 15 April, shortly after the fall of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Illinois governor Richard Yates received word from Washington, delivered by Colonel William Tecumseh Sherman, that the Union urgently needed six Illinois regiments. A party including Colonel Sherman and William Butler, state treasurer of Illinois, traveled to a site at Clear Lake, slightly northeast of Springfield. It was decided to construct the post on the lake, particularly because it was also situated near the Wabash Railroad and the Sangamon River. In conjunction, nearby Fort Yates, west of Springfield would be abandoned. The troops were transferred to Camp Butler. By the end of 1861, Governor Yates and military officers requested from Washington that all temporary camps

Camp Dement / ILLINOIS be closed. The request to transfer all training to Camps Douglas and Butler was approved; however, later more temporary camps would be established in Illinois. By December 1861, it was concluded that the camp, which had fallen into decay, had to be relocated. A new site (named Lincoln Barracks) slightly more than five miles from Springfield was selected. By February 1862, Confederate prisoners captured at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, arrived at Camp Butler. Later many more prisoners would arrive from various places, including Murfreesboro, Tennessee. On 4 May 1865, the body of President Abraham Lincoln arrived at Springfield and a complement of troops from Camp Butler was assigned as honor guard during his funeral and at the gravesite in Oak Grove Cemetery, Springfield. Subsequently, President Lincoln was reinterred in a tomb at the cemetery. Camp Butler was deactivated on 19 June 1866. The site is now a national cemetery (originally established in 1862) where 1,642 Union and Confederate troops were interred. It is located at 5063 Camp Butler Road, Springfield, Illinois, 62707. Camp at Camden Mills— A recruitment camp was established at Camden Mills. Elements (Company A) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Camden Mills during August 1862. Afterward, it moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Cedarville— Elements (Company G) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Cedarville (Stephenson County) during August 1862. Afterward, the company moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Dover— Elements (Company B, “Bureau County Rifles”) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Dover (Bureau County) during August 1862. Afterward, the company moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Freeport— The Union established a Civil War training and recruiting camp at Freeport during 1861. Units that were formed there included the Illinois 14th and 15th Volunteer Infantry. Elements (Company D) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Freeport during August 1862. Afterward, the 93rd Regiment moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Neponset— Elements (Company H, “Bureau County Tigers”) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Neponset (Bureau County) during August 1862. Afterward, they moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Tiskilwa— Elements (Company E, “Tiskilwa Tigers”) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Tiskilwa (Bureau County) during August 1862. Afterward, they moved to Camp Bureau. Camp at Wyanet— Elements (Company C, Wyanet Union Guards) of the 93rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment were formed at Wyanet (Bureau County) during August 1862. Afterward, they moved to Camp Bureau. Camp(s) Cairo— Camp Cairo was established at Cairo during 1861. Other camps at Cairo included Camp Houghtaling, Camp McAllister, Camp McClernand (same as Camp Prentiss), Camp Smith and Fort Defiance. See also Fort Defiance. Camp Cunningham— See Camp Grant (Mattoon). Camp Defiance— See Fort Defiance. Camp Dement— Camp Dement was established in the vicinity of Dixon. The Illinois 13th Volunteer Infantry was established there during early 1861 and was mustered into federal service on 24 May 1861. Colonel John B. Wyman from Amboy was elected colonel of the regiment. The troops were recruited from the northern part of Illinois.

ILLINOIS / Camp Douglas Camp Douglas (Anna)— Camp Douglas was established in Anna (Union County) during 1861. Other camps in the town included Camp Anna and Camp DuBois. Not to be confused with Camp Douglas (Chicago). Camp Douglas (Chicago)— Camp Douglas, named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, was established in Chicago on what is known as the south side (between Cottage Grove Avenue and South Parkway and 31st and 36th Streets). Several other camps were established in the vicinity of Chicago, but by the latter part of the year it was decided to close all except Camp Douglas and Camp Butler near Springfield. Camp Douglas, like Camp Butler, also became a prisoner of war camp for captured Confederate troops. Figures concerning the number of Confederates held at the post vary, but according to the National Park Service, about 30,000 Confederates were detained at Camp Douglas during the war and of those nearly 4,500 succumbed. Camp Douglas, which became the largest training post in Illinois, was deactivated during September 1865. After Camp Douglas was abandoned, all returning soldiers received their final pay and discharge at Camp Butler. See also Camp Butler and Chicago Civil War Camps. Not to be confused with Camp Douglas (Anna). Camp Dubois (Anna)— Camp Dubois was established by the Union during the 1860s at Anna. Other Civil War camps established there include Camp Anna and Camp Douglas. Units that were formed there included the Illinois 54th Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was formed there during November 1861. The regiment was to be part of the Kentucky Brigade. Also, the Illinois 60th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was organized there during February 1862. Camp DuBois (Wood River)— Camp DuBois was established during December 1803 by Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, who jointly led an expedition, authorized by President Thomas Jefferson, which was en route to the Pacific Coast. The expeditionary force established the winter camp near Wood River near the convergence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. The expedition was awaiting the official transfer of the Louisiana Territory to the United States. The camp was in Illinois, but Lewis and Clark conducted much of their business, including recruiting men to accompany the discovery team to the West Coast. The expeditionary force departed Camp DuBois during May 1804. At the time, St. Louis was not controlled by the U.S.; rather, the French and Spanish still dominated there. The area near the camp at the time of the arrival of Lewis and Clark was inhabited by Fox, Sauk (Sac) and Kickapoo Indians. The force completed their mission and returned to Camp DuBois during September 1806. For more information: Lewis & Clark State Historic Site, Wood River, Illinois Camp DuBois, Intersection of State Highways 3 and 143, Wood River, Illinois. 62095. Camp Duncan— Camp Duncan was established at Jacksonville during 1861. Elements of the 14th Illinois Infantry Regiment gathered at Camp Duncan during May 1861. The assembled companies were mustered into state service for a period of 30 days. Later, on 25 May, the regiment was mustered into federal service for a period of three years. The 151st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during August 1862. During the early part of the following month, the regiment was mustered into federal service there. Camp Dunlap— Camp Dunlap was established at Jacksonville during 1861. The 31st Illinois Regiment, raised at Cairo by Colonel John Logan, who had earlier fought at Bull Run in Virginia as a volunteer. After Bull Run, Logan returned to Illinois to form the regiment. Following training as a unit with General McClernand’s brigade, the 31st moved to Missouri and participated at the Battle of Belmont, prior to moving into Tennessee where it was for awhile at Fort Henry and then Fort Donelson. The regiment took serious casualties at Fort Donelson.

100 Camp Dunne— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Ellsworth— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Fremont— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Geismar— See Fort Sheridan. Camp Goodel— Camp Goodell was established in Joliet during 1861 as a training recruitment camp. The camp site was located near present-day Ingalls Park. Camp Grant (Mattoon)— Camp Grant, initially known as Camp Cunningham, was established at Mattoon during 1861. The 21st Illinois Regiment (initially the Seventh District Regiment) formed there under Colonel Goode; however, it was Captain Ulysses S. Grant who mustered in the regiment on 15 May. At the time, Grant had not yet received his commission. Grant afterward received his commission and assumed command of what became the 21st Illinois. The regiment favored Grant over Goode and shortly thereafter Grant became colonel of the regiment. While the regiment was at Camp Grant, prior to departing from Missouri, the residents noticed the frequent disappearance of the chickens on the farms until according to one sergeant, Samuel C. Broughton, “There were no roosters within five miles of Camp Grant.” The missing chicken incidents became known as the Mattoon War. Subsequently, after Grant assumed command of the regiment, it moved to Quincy and from there to Missouri. Camp Hammond— Camp Hammond was established during 1861 at Aurora. The Illinois 36th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during August 1861. Camp Haven— See Fort Sheridan. Camp Highwood— See Fort Sheridan. Camp Houghtaling— Camp Houghtaling was established as a training camp at Cairo during 1861. See also Camp(s) Cairo. Camp Leonard Wood— See Fort Sheridan. Camp Lincoln— Camp Lincoln was a Civil War training camp located in the vicinity of Springfield. During 1886, the State of Illinois, in an attempt to consolidate training for the Illinois National Guard, acquired Camp Lincoln. By 1892 it was determined that many of the guardsmen were located in the vicinity of Chicago so more land was acquired there for the establishment of a new training post which would be named Camp Logan. Camp Logan remained active until the 1970s. However, Camp Lincoln remains an active post. Camp Lincoln, named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln, is the headquarters for the Illinois National Guard. During the Spanish-American War (1898), Camp Lincoln was not large enough to properly conduct warfare maneuvers, prompting the authorities to dispatch the Illinois National Guard to Cuba to complete training. The National Guard also used the state fairgrounds as a mobilization point and used the name Camp Tanner for the temporary post. The post subsequently saw duty during World War I and World War II and Korea. During 1973, while the conflict (Vietnam War) was ongoing, the Illinois Air National Guard relocated at Camp Lincoln from O’Hare International Airport (named after a 1942 Medal of Honor recipient, Edward “Butch” O’Hare). At present, the post also contains the Illinois State Military Museum. The museum details the history of the Illinois militia, a forerunner of the National Guard from the earliest days including the frontier wars and the Civil War. One of the items that is held at the museum is the “wooden leg” (which actually was a cork leg) of Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who defeated the Texans at the Alamo during 1836 and later that same year was defeated by Texans under Sam Houston. Santa Anna actually lost his “wooden leg” during the

101 Mexican War at the Battle of Cerro Gordo during April 1847. Santa Anna lost his original leg in a fight with the French during 1838, about two years after he ordered the Mexican troops to burn the bodies of the Texans who died at the Alamo. On 17 April 1847, Santa Anna was concentrating on devouring a roast chicken for lunch, while a contingent of Illinois troops was focusing on defeating the Mexicans. Suddenly, Santa Anna’s lunch was disturbed by the “Yanks,” the 4th Illinois Regiment. The Mexican general hurriedly departed, leaving the feast for the regiment. The troops happily suspended the action for a chance to indulge themselves. The regiment, in addition to enjoying lunch, discovered gold which was to be used to pay the Mexican troops, but apparently their grand prize was the general’s leg. The Americans, after lunch, completed the defeat of the Mexicans. After the campaign, the regiment took the general’s leg back to Illinois. It remains on display at the museum. For more information: Illinois State Military Museum, 1301 N. MacArthur Boulevard (Camp Lincoln). See also Camp Butler. Camp Logan— During 1886, the government of Illinois acquired Camp Lincoln at Springfield for use as a training facility for the Illinois National Guard. Prior to the purchase of Camp Lincoln, National Guard units trained on an annual basis at various locations, which were rented by the state. The land purchase was to concentrate the training area for the guardsmen. Illinois militia had played a large part in forging the history of Illinois and the nation, but following the Civil War, there was less of an urgency attached to the militia. During 1877, the individual Illinois militia units, in accordance with the Militia Law of 1877, were formed into the Illinois National Guard. Later, during 1892, due to the large number of guard members located in or near Chicago, the state acquired another property on Lake Michigan north of Chicago. Afterward, during 1899, more land would be acquired to expand the post. The fort was named Camp Logan in honor of Illinois senator and former Civil War general John Alexander Logan, who succumbed as a senator during December 1886. The fort’s construction was initiated during 1893. When World War I erupted, the nearby U.S. Great Lakes Naval Training Station trained some of its recruits at Camp Logan and later, during World War II, the navy used the post for target practice. Between the years of 1933 and 1937, Colonel later General, George C. Marshall held the position of senior instructor at Camp Logan. The post, which also became known for its marksmanship contests and the Aiken Target, a system whereby many troops could simultaneously take rifle target training, became a training center for the FBI. The FBI agents that trained at the post used a separate pistol training range. Marksmanship competitions were held there and the participants included marksmen from the Navy personnel at Great Lakes and Fort Sheridan, the National Guard and others, including the American Legion. The marksmanship contests that were held competed for a prize, known as the Washburn Trophy. The post remained active until the 1970s. Camp Logan provided regular training, but it also became known for its role in underscoring rifle marksmanship. Some of the original buildings still stand. Former Camp Logan is now a National Historic Site (Camp Logan National Guard Rifle Range). Camp Long— Camp Long was established in Chicago during 1861 as one of about four major induction and training camps in the area. Camp Lyon— Camp Lyon was established at Peoria during 1861. The 11th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry was formed there with recruits from, Fulton, Henderson, Knox, Marshall, Peoria, Stark, Tazewell, Warren, and Woodford counties. Camp Marshall— Camp Marshall was established at Salem during 1862. The camp was named in honor of the quartermaster of the 111th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was formed there dur-

Camp Wood / ILLINOIS ing August 1862. The regiment remained at Camp Marshall until 31 August when it moved out for Cairo. Camp Mather (Chicago)— Camp Mather was established in Chicago during 1861 as one of about four major training and induction camps for the area. Not to be confused with Camp Mather (Peoria) or Camp Mather (Shawneetown). Camp Mather (Peoria)— Camp Mather was established as a Civil War training camp in Peoria. Not to be confused with Camp Mather (Chicago) or Camp Mather (Shawneetown). Camp Mather (Shawneetown)— Camp Mather was established in Gallatin County at Shawneetown during 1861. The post was later renamed Camp Logan. The camp site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1998. In conjunction, a home owned by Henry Eddy, a newspaper publisher, was in the area near the camp. During autumn 1861, the house was transformed into a hospital that remained operational into 1863. Not to be confused with Camp Mather (Chicago) or Camp Mather (Peoria). Camp McAllister— Camp McAllister was established at Cairo during 1861. See also Camp(s) Cairo. Camp McClellan— Camp McClellan was established at Dixon during 1861. Units that formed there included elements of the Illinois 13th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Camp Dement was also located at Dixon. Camp McClernand— Camp McClernand (also Camp Prentiss) was established at Cairo during 1861. See also Camp(s) Cairo. Camp Mulligan— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Prentiss— See also Camp(s) Cairo and Fort Defiance. Camp Sigel— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Smith— Camp Smith was established at Cairo during 1861. See also Camp(s) Cairo. Camp Song— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Tanner— Camp Tanner was established at Springfield during 1898. The camp was located in the vicinity of the state fairgrounds. The regiments, including infantry and one cavalry, gathered for duty in the Spanish-American War. The main problem in addition to poor weather was the lack of arms for the National Guard units that were there to be mustered into federal service. Units there included the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Illinois Infantry Regiments. The post, named after Governor Tanner, was commanded by Brigadier General Barkley. For more information: Illinois State Military Museum, Department of Military Affairs, 1301 North MacArthur Boulevard, Springfield, Illinois 67202–2399. Camp Taylor— Camp Taylor was established at Springfield as a training and induction post. Camp Webb— See Chicago Civil War Camps. Camp Wood— Camp Wood was established as a recruitment and training camp at Quincy during 1861. The camp was located slightly west of the present-day Illinois Soldier’s and Sailor’s Home. The post was also slightly more than one mile from the Quincy Public Square. Units that served there included the 50th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Dubbed the “Blind Half Hundred”), which formed there during August-September 1861. The 137th Illinois Infantry Regiment was organized there during June 1864. In conjunction, the Illinois Veterans’ Home and All Wars Museum is open to the public. The museum is located at the home at 1707 North 12th Street, Quincy. The museum covers the period from the American Revolution to the events that occurred into the 2000s.

ILLINOIS / Camp Yates Camp Yates— Camp Yates was established at Springfield during 1861. It served as one of several similar camps at Springfield, as an induction center and training facility. Units that were formed there included elements of the Illinois 19th Volunteer Infantry. By August, the camp was closed and replaced by Camp Butler. See also Camp Butler. Campbell’s Blockhouse— Campbell’s Blockhouse was established by a militia officer, Lieutenant John Campbell. The blockhouse was built in Calhoun County near the west bank of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Hardin. The post, located slightly less than 20 miles form the mouth of the Illinois River, was defended by Campbell and 17 men. On 29 July 1811, a contingent of mounted riflemen from St. Clair County, led by Ensign Samuel Whitesides, arrived at the blockhouse. Whiteside continued from Prairie Marcot to Peoria. The blockhouse was sometimes referred to as Prairie Marcot Blockhouse. Cantonment Wilkinsonville— The Americans established Cantonment Wilkinsonville in southeastern Illinois on the Ohio River less than 15 miles from where it converged with the Mississippi River. The post in Pulaski County was built about 1797 by troops under Lieutenant Colonel David Strong at present-day Wilkinsonville according to the state historical marker; however, it was thought by some, that the fort was established about 1801. The post at times held more than 800 troops and contained barracks as well as a powder magazine. In addition, the post remained active until about 1804 during a period of potential threats from adversaries in Europe, including England and France. Also during this period, negotiations by Generals William Henry Harrison and James Wilkinson were held with Indians there. It was also the area where General Wilkinson and Aaron Burr met to attempt to create a new republic, separate from the United States. Lieutenant Colonel Strong and other troops were interred at the post cemetery.

102 Darnell’s Fort— A settler’s fort-blockhouse was established in Marshall County during the Black Hawk War (1832) on the land of Benjamin Darnell. The property was located in Roberts Township, but the exact location has not been discovered. Dixon’s Blockhouse— See Fort Dixon. Dupage— The settlers in Dupage County became extremely concerned when the Black Hawk War erupted during 1832 and it caused them to abandon their homes for Fort Dearborn in Chicago. After a short stay of about one month came news that Fort Payne had been constructed there, so they returned to the area. In conjunction, there are no recorded incidents regarding settlers in DuPage County coming to harm by Indians Fort Aggie— During 1832 (Black Hawk War), settlers in Knox County included Joseph Rowe, Reese Jones, Abe Jones and John Cresswell. The Cresswells arrived during 1832 and established a home near where the settlers established a fort. The fort was dubbed Fort Aggie in honor of John Cresswell’s wife. Subsequently, during 1836, the fort was dismantled by Joseph Hahn. The wood was used to erect a barn.

Chilton’s Fort— See Fort Chilton.

Fort Armstrong— Fort Armstrong was established during 1816–1817 on the Mississippi River at Rock Island near the convergence of the Rock River with the Mississippi. The fort, which contained a palisade and blockhouses, was composed of logs and stones. The fort was strategically located where it could control the vessels attempting to move down the Mississippi. The post was manned by the U.S. Army until May 1836. In conjunction, during 1832 (Black Hawk War period), the Treaty of Fort Armstrong was consummated at the fort. Major General Winfield Scott and Illinois governor John Reynolds represented the United States government. By terms of the treaty, the Sauk and Fox Indian tribes agreed to a treaty of peace, but they also relinquished their territory and agreed to relocate on a reservation. Afterward, Illinois militia maintained the fort as a depot until 1845. The post was headquarters for the Sauk and Fox Indian agent during the period 1836–1838. Fire destroyed the post during 1855. Subsequently, during 1862, the U.S. Army established an arsenal there which continues to remain active. The post was also utilized to hold Confederate prisoners during the period 1863–1865. At present, the U.S. Army operates the Rock Island Arsenal Museum at the installation. The museum covers the fort’s history beginning with the Black Hawk War and it contains a large collection of weapons. The museum is open on a daily basis from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. except Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year’s Day. Other points of interest at former Fort Armstrong include a Confederate cemetery and the Rock Island National Cemetery. Arsenal Island’s Visitor Center, operated by the Army Corps of Engineers, is located at the western tip of Arsenal Island at Lock and Dam No. 15. The visitors’ center is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. from May–September; during October through April the center is open from 9 A.M. until 5 P.M.

Compton’s Fort— See Fort Barney.

Fort Ascension— See Fort de L’ Ascension.

Crozat’s Fort— During 1712, Antoine Crozat, a Frenchman, received the monopoly on mining operations in French Louisiana from the king. The territory of Illinois was part of French Louisiana. At the time, the French had a mission at Kaskaskia. Crozat’s endeavor did poorly and never showed a profit. About 1714, Claude Charles Dutisne (Du Tissenet) had arrived to work with Crozat. Dutisne carried samples of the ore from the Kaskaskia mines to Governor Cadillac. The ore was lead ore. No silver or gold was discovered. By 1717, Crozat relinquished his monopoly. The mining operations were taken over by a new company. France was never able to find the Illinois mining operations.

Fort Barney— Fort Barney, known also as Barney’s Fort, was established in Wabash County by William Barney, who relocated in Illinois from New York during 1808. Barney arrived there with his wife and 12 children and three sons-in-law. Subsequent to traveling down the Ohio River to the mouth of the Wabash, the party switched from a raft to a keelboat to maneuver their way up the Wabash to what was known as Ramsey’s Rapids (Bedell’s Mill), slightly less than 10 miles above Carmel. The extended family established themselves at what became Barney’s Prairie. Barney constructed the fort during 1811 (War of 1812 period). Other settlers also arrived in the region. John Wood arrived and established Fort Wood (Wood’s Fort) and

Captain William McHenry’s Fort— See White County. Chambers Fort— Nathan Chambers arrived in Union Grove during 1806. He established Chambers Fort, a blockhouse, at about 1813 in the vicinity of present-day Summerfield. The fort was located near a branch of Silver Creek on Looking Glass Prairie at a settlement known as Union Grove (St. Clair County). Settlers in the area gathered there during the War of 1812 period to seek protection from Indians. Nathan Chambers operated a saddlery business on his 160acre property, but also he was a captain of the militia during the War of 1812. Chicago Civil War Camps— The camps that were established in the vicinity of Chicago included Camp Douglas, Camp Dunne, Camp Fremont, Camp Ellsworth, Camp Mather, Camp Mulligan, Camp Sigel, Camp Song and Camp Webb. There were other camps also and often they were named on a whim and changed depending upon the unit. Camp Douglas became one of the primary camps.

103 another settler’s fort, Fort Compton, was established in the region. Some settlers established their homes at Palmyra, but at the time, the place was unsuitable. It was abandoned by 1821. Fort Barney was located northwest of Palmyra, while Fort Wood was located southwest of the settlement and Fort Compton was erected northeast of Palmyra. Each of the forts was separated by less than 10 miles. Fort Beggs— During 1828, James Walker and a small party arrived at what became Walker’s Grove and built a sawmill at a place near the DuPage River. The settlement of Walker’s Grove in Will County soon emerged. During 1832, when the Black Hawk War erupted, the settlers in the area gathered at the Reverend Stephen Beggs’ place and began to fortify his residence. The men dismantled the barn and some other buildings to erect a stockade around Beggs’ cabin. In conjunction, Reverend Beggs was the father-in-law of James Walker. During 1834, Walker’s Grove became Plainfield. Fort Belle Fontaine— During the 1790s, the Belle Fontaine House was established in Waterloo. It is thought that a part of the original site of Moore’s Fort is now under a section of the Belle Fontaine House. The settlement at Waterloo was established during 1782 when a group of five soldiers from Virginia made use of land grants in Illinois for their service during the American Revolution. At the time, Illinois was a part of Virginia. The former soldiers who arrived there were Captain James Moore, Shadrach Bond Sr., James Garretson, Larkin Rutherford and Robert Kidd. A spring was located where the men settled and it was also where Captain Moore established his fort. Subsequently, during the early 1800s, while the Lewis and Clark Expedition was in southwestern Illinois, Meriwether Lewis stayed at the Belle Fontaine House for a short while. The Belle Fontaine House has been restored and it now is headquarters for the Monroe County Historical Society. For more information: Monroe County Historical Society, 709 S. Church Street, Waterloo, Illinois. Other historical sites, including the Jarrot Mansion, are located in Waterloo. Fort Butler— Fort Butler was established in Madison County in the vicinity of St. Jacob during the War of 1812. The Wood River Massacre occurred near the fort during July 1814. The Indians struck the homes in the southwest sector of Wood River Township on 10 July. Mrs. Rachael Reagan and her two young children were killed and two children of Captain Abel Moore were killed and two children of William Moore, the brother of Abel, were also killed. Each of the children and Mrs. Reagan were tomahawked and scalped. In addition, the dead were stripped of all their clothing. The people killed were caught as they moved during the afternoon from one house to another. William Moore, who had been away from his home on duty, later arrived home and began a search for the children, not knowing that they and other children, as well as his sister-in-law, Elizabeth Reagan, had been massacred. Others joined in the search. When they were discovered, one child, a three-year-old, had survived, but despite medical aid, the wounds proved fatal. That same night, a messenger was sent to Fort Russell at Edwardsville and from there to Fort Butler to deliver the grim news. Captain Able Moore was the commander at Fort Russell and Captain Whiteside commanded at Fort Butler. A force of about 70 rangers that same night sped to the scene (Moore’s Blockhouse) to initiate pursuit of the Indians. By dawn, the contingent moved out to avenge the deaths. At about dusk, the trail ended in Morgan County where the Indians were intercepted. Of the 10 Indians, nine were killed, but one escaped. The Indians had been caught at a stream that was known as La Belleause, but afterward it became known as Indian Creek. The place where the one Indian escaped into the water was afterward known as Cracker Bend. Fort Cahokia— The French established Fort Cahokia, a trading post at Cahokia, during 1737. The French retained the area until the con-

Fort Clark / ILLINOIS clusion of the French and Indian War when the British acquired the area, including Cahokia. A Catholic mission and the Church of the Holy Family was built by the French (priests from the Quebec Seminary of Foreign Missions) there during the spring of 1699, but the settlement provided no protection from Indians. By 1700, the Sioux Indians initiated attacks there, prompting the French to establish a stockade and later at about 1723, another fort was built there, but it had a diminutive garrison of less than five soldiers to protect the mission. Still, the mission lacked sufficient protection. By about 1732, the French, at the urging of the missionary priest, Father Mercier, rebuilt the fort and fortified it with a larger garrison. During the French and Indian War, the sturdiest structure at the fort was the stone house of the Jesuit priest that was then stationed there, Father Forget Du Verger. When the British acquired the fort, the commander, Colonel John Wilkins, used the rectory house as both a fort and a barracks. Upon the arrival of the British, Father Forget Du Verger abandoned the town and his house rectory to leave with the French. The British further fortified the house and retained it until the Americans arrived during July 1778. George Rogers Clark seized Kaskaskia on 4 July and soon after, a contingent under Captain Joseph Bowman and some French militia seized Cahokia. Afterward, the Americans established their positions in the stone house and renamed it Fort Bowman. General Clark arrived in Cahokia during August 1778 to negotiate a treaty with the Indians there. Meanwhile, on the third day of Clark’s presence, a group of Puan Indians unsuccessfully attempted to seize Clark and hand him to the British. The church still stands on the site. While Clark was in Cahokia, he established a court to ensure law and order. During January 1779, troops under Bowman and French volunteers departed Fort Bowman to support an attack against the British-held Fort Sackville at Vincennes, Indiana. The British attempted to regain control of the Mississippi River in the territory. During the spring of 1780, the English launched attacks against St. Louis, Missouri, and Cahokia. St. Louis was heavily defended by the Spanish, who controlled St. Louis at that time, and the British were repelled. Meanwhile, Fort Bowman was bolstered by dragoons under Captain John Rogers and it too repulsed the attack. Just before the assault, George Rogers Clark also arrived back at Cahokia. The defeat prompted the British to abort the plan to retake the region. During 1781, the Americans abandoned Fort Bowman and moved to Fort Jefferson on the Ohio River in Kentucky. Fort Checagou— During November 1683, Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle departed Illinois for Quebec. From there he sailed for France. La Salle left Henri Tonti in command in Illinois. The Frenchmen under Tonti constructed Fort Checagou, also known as Fort St. Joseph, in present-day Chicago. Later, during 1696, the Jesuits established the Guardian Angel Mission in Chicago. Fort Chilton— Fort Chilton, sometimes known as Fort Augusta, a blockhouse, was established near Silver Creek in the vicinity of St. Jacob about 1812. Fort Clark (Kaskaskia)— Fort Clark was established during 1778 by Americans under George Rogers Clark at Kaskaskia, formerly British Fort Gage (and previously French Fort Kaskaskia). The post was abandoned after the American Revolution, but it was used by John Dodge and his followers while the region fell into anarchy. Dodge was ousted during 1790 and the fort was abandoned. In the meantime, a civil government was established during 1790 at Kaskaskia and it became the Illinois Territory capital and later, after statehood in 1818, Kaskaskia became the first state capital. The post was active during the early 1800s and the Lewis and Clark expedition was there during 1803. The post was also (during the early 1800s) referred to as Post at Kaskaskia. Fort Clark is not to be confused with Fort Clark (Peoria). See also Fort Kaskaskia.

ILLINOIS / Fort Clark Fort Clark (Peoria)— The Americans established Fort Clark during 1813 at Peoria, the site of the former French fort, Fort Pimitoui. The fort was later abandoned during 1816, subsequent to the close of hostilities. Afterwards, Indians destroyed the fort. See also Fort Pimitoui. Not to be confused with Fort Clark (Kaskaskia). Fort Compton— See Fort Barney. Fort Crevecoeur— During 1680, La Salle (Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle) established Fort Crevecoeur along the Illinois River. The fort gave the French a strategic defensive position about a four-day journey below Lake Peoria. La Salle dispatched Father Louis Hennepin to explore the upper Mississippi where he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony. In the meantime, the French desperately awaited the arrival of supplies aboard the vessel Griffin, but it didn’t arrive. That prompted La Salle, during March, to take an overland route to Fort Frontenac (Kingston, Ontario); three others accompanied him. Henri Tonti remained and founded Rock Fort. While there, the Iroquois became a large threat to Tonti, prompting him to move among the Potawatomies who lived in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. The site of the fort is in Tazewell County along state highway 29 at the intersection with Park Road which leads to Fort State Park in Creve Coeur.

104 garrison and the accompanying women and children were killed. Many also were decapitated. The others were captured and taken to Detroit and other locations. Those brought to the English were then released. The Indians, prior to the attack, expected to receive the fort’s supply of arms and whiskey, but the garrison destroyed it rather than have it used against them during the march to Fort Wayne. The fort was rebuilt during 1816, subsequent to the conclusion of the War of 1812. The fort remained active until 1837, but was not demolished until about 1856. A small marker stands near the Wrigley Building in Chicago, as a reminder of the fort’s part in the history of the city.

Fort de Chartres— The French established Fort de Chartres, named in honor of Louis duc de Chartres (son of the regent of France) in Randolph County during 1720. French troops led by Pierre Duque, Sieur de Boisbriant (commandant of the Illinois country) arrived in the area from New Orleans during early 1719 and constructed the stockade fort and a dry moat less than 20 miles north of Kaskaskia near the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Prairie du Rocher. The fort was completed during 1720 and provided protection from the Fox Indians, who had been raiding the area. At the time of the establishment of the fort, Illinois was part of Louisiana due to French action which separated it from Canada during 1718. The French Fort Cribs— During 1832, settlers established a fort in Putnam king, Louis XV, authorized the Indies Company to run the entire terCounty in the vicinity of Florid and named it Fort Cribs. The fort ritory (Louisiana) and it received a monopoly on all trade as well as apparently received its name because some corn cribs were within the governing authority over the forts in the territory. Fort de Chartres fort’s stockade. The fort did not come under attack during the Black was situated between Cahokia and Kaskaskia. A settlement emerged Hawk War. near the post which centered around a Catholic church dedicated to St. Anne; later, a fourth French settlement came about at Prairie du Fort Dearborn— Fort Dearborn, named for Henry Dearborn, the Rocher during 1722. In conjunction, another settlement, at St. secretary of war (and former Revolutionary War general), was estabPhillippe, arose about the same time Fort de Chartres was established on the Chicago River in Chicago during 1803. The land was lished. At St. Phillippe, a large number of miners arrived to work earlier acquired during 1795 according to a term of the Treaty of the mines there that were operated by Phillippe Renault. Later, durGreenville, whereby the Indians ceded about six square miles of tering the latter part of the 1720s, about 1727, the fort was reconstructed ritory at the mouth of the Chicago River to the U.S. The U.S., which and again during 1732 the French rebuilt the fort. The Indies Comstill felt the threat of England, concluded that it was necessary to pany, affiliated with the French king, ceased operations by about place an American fort in the region to proclaim U.S. presence on 1731. In conjunction, the company returned all the governing authorthe frontier still dominated by the British. The fort, constructed by ity back to the king at that time. By about the 1750s, the wooden troops under Captain John Whistler, was completed during 1808. post was again reaching a point of disrepair, due primarily from freThe fort remained active as a primary frontier post until 1812. Durquent flooding of the area. The garrison had actually relocated at Fort ing August 1812, upon orders from General Hull, Fort Dearborn, Kaskaskia during the latter part of the 1740s. During 1753, the inconsidered too isolated and vulnerable to attack, was abandoned. stallation was rebuilt with stone, but the project was not completed The garrison troops and their families departed the fort on 15 Auuntil about 1760. The British replaced the French in the area followgust en route to Fort Wayne, Indiana. Shortly after leaving the fort ing the conclusion of the French and Indian War during 1763 (Seven on 15 August, the column was attacked by Indians and most of the Years War in Europe). The Treaty of Paris ended the war. The British took control of the fort during October 1765 when elements of the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment arrived at Fort de Chartres to take control from the French. The British then renamed the fort Fort Cavendish. The fort was later abandoned by the British about 1772 because of the threats of the Mississippi River. The ruins of the fort and a portion of a replica of the fort are now part of the Fort de Chartres State Historic Site, managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Fort de Chartres is located west of Prairie du Rocher on State Highway 155. It is open from 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P.M., except Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year’s Day. For more information: Fort de Chartres State Historic Site, R.R. 2, Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, 62277. Fort Dearborn (Kinzie Mansion), Illinois — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

105 Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance, initially named Fort (Camp) Prentiss and afterward Camp McClernand, was established during 1861. The fort was named in honor of Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss, a Union general who had also served in the Mexican War. The fort at Cairo was on a peninsula at what was known as Cairo Point (also Bird’s Point) near the convergence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The initial commander was Ulysses Simpson Grant. The Union and Governor Yates of Illinois quickly realized the strategic importance of Cairo and the fact that the Confederates also knew of its value. Within a few months after Fort Sumter was seized, Cairo, the southernmost point in Illinois, was bolstered with more than 10,000 troops either in or near the town. Some troops were across the Mississippi at Bird’s Point, Missouri, named after Admiral Bird, who established the settlement at Cairo. The Union also established artillery positions at Cairo. The city of Cairo prior to the war had only slightly more than 2,000 residents, but after the outbreak of war, Cairo was engulfed with military presence. The railroad also proved important as it would ensure year-round access to Cairo. The Union used Cairo as a base for penetrating Confederate strongholds in Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri and also to drive toward the Gulf of Mexico. Cairo also played a part in the Union naval service. A naval base, commanded by Captain A.M. Pennock, was established by General Frémont at Cairo on the Ohio River side of the peninsula. The post was abandoned during 1865. The site of the former fort is now located in Fort Defiance State Park. Fort de L’ Ascension— During 1757, the French established Fort de L’ Ascension at Metropolis. After about two years, it was renamed Fort Massac. Subsequently, the French abandoned it. Afterward, Indians came upon it and destroyed it by fire. And later, when the English arrived at the ruins, they decided not to rebuild. However, during 1794, the Americans concluded that it was a strategic location. The Americans built a new fort and named it Fort Massac, dropping the letter “i” from the French Fort Massiac. See also Fort Massac. Fort Deposit— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Dixon— During 1830, John Dixon arrived in northern Illinois at present-day Dixon and acquired a ferry at the Rock River there. At about that time, the post office name was changed to Dixon’s Ferry. By 1832, the ferry on the northern part of the frontier was transformed into a defensive position due to the problems with Indians during the period just prior to the Black Hawk War. Dixon’s Ferry became known as Fort Dixon, but the place’s name was never officially changed to Fort Dixon. Nonetheless, Fort Dixon was transformed into a primary fort for regular troops and Illinois militia. Dixon was strategically located as a road from Peoria and another from Chicago converged there and continued to Galena as the same highway. The roads were traveled by mail and stagecoaches since the 1830s. Some men who later became well known served at Fort Dixon during its active service. They included Zachary Taylor and Abraham Lincoln, both of whom would later become president of the United States. General Winfield Scott and future Generals William S. Harney and Robert Anderson served there. In addition, Confederate generals Albert S. Johnston and future Confederate president Jefferson Davis served at the fort during the war. Subsequently, another future president, Ronald Reagan, lived at Dixon during his boyhood. Fort Doolittle— Fort Doolittle was established during the Black Hawk War (1832) in the town of Pekin. A school (Snell School) was transformed into a fort, dubbed Fort Doolittle. Fort Eaton— See Fort Foot (Foote). Fort Edwards— Fort Edwards, named in honor of the initial gover-

Fort Johnson / ILLINOIS nor of the state of Illinois, Ninian Edwards, was established by U.S. troops during 1817 in the vicinity of Warsaw. The post was responsible for protecting the Mississippi River there and to keep it open to permit the smooth flow of supplies. In addition to being a military post, the installation, from 1818 through 1822, was a trading post for the U.S. Fur Company. During 1822, it became a post for the American Fur Company ( John Astor) and it remained active there until 1832. See also Warsaw Forts. Fort Foot (Foote)— Settlers including the Eaton family were gathered at Fort LaMotte in Crawford County in the vicinity of Palestine during the War of 1812. William Eaton and some others concluded the fort was overcrowded. Eaton then established Fort Foot in close proximity to Fort LaMotte at about 1813. An Illinois State Historical Marker regarding the site of the fort is located on State Highway 33, just east of Palestine. Fort Gage— See Fort Kaskaskia. Fort Greathouse— See John Greathouse’s Fort. Fort Handy— During 1816, Fort Handy, established in Clark County by Thomas Handy, was built in the vicinity of West Union in Clark County near the French Fort Crevecoeur, the initial French fort in Illinois, the latter built during 1680. Fort Handy, located atop a hill, contained three cabins and a well that supplied water without leaving the fort in times of danger. The fort was encircled by a stockade. The fort site is now located in close proximity to a city park. Fort Havana— During the War of 1812 period, settlers in Fulton County erected a fort. It was located northeast of the town of Havana. Fort Higginbotham— See Higginbotham’s Fort. Fort Hill— Fort Hill, a settlers’ blockhouse was established about 1812 near Shoal Creek. The exact location is unknown, but it is thought to have been near Highland and was not in existence there for a long period of time. Not to be confused with Hill’s Fort at Carlyle, Illinois. Fort Horn— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Johnson (Hancock County)— During the War of 1812, a contingent of troops under Zachary Taylor established a temporary post in Hancock County in the vicinity of Warsaw. The post was abandoned after about one month in service. Not to be confused with Fort Johnson (Ottawa). Fort Johnson (Ottawa)— Fort Johnson, a blockhouse, was established during 1832 on the south side of the Illinois River in the vicinity of the mouth of the Fox River near present-day Ottawa in La Salle County. Fort Johnson was used by General Henry Atkinson as his headquarters. Abraham Lincoln (later president of the U.S.) enlisted in the army as a private (second enlistment) in a company known as Elijah Iles Company. On 15 May 1832, a contingent of militia, including Lincoln, arrived at Stillman’s Run to retrieve the dead from the previous day’s engagement. Lincoln reflected about the scene: “The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay heads towards us on the ground. And every man had a round, red spot on the top of his head, about as big as a dollar (coin) where the Redskins had taken his scalp....” In conjunction, the post was also known as Fort Ottawa, Fort Ottaway and the Post at Ottawa. Also, the marker for Fort Johnson states Fort Johnston. It is thought that it occurred because future Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston was there for a short while when he was an officer in the U.S. Army during the Black Hawk War. The post was actually named after Colonel James Johnson (5th Illinois Militia Regiment).

ILLINOIS / Fort Kaskaskia Fort Johnston— See Fort Johnson (Ottawa). Fort Jones— See Jones’ Fort. Fort Kaskaskia— During 1733, the French established Fort Kaskaskia in the vicinity of Ellis Grove (Randolph County). It remained under French control until 1764. Following the close of the French and Indian War, the French chose to destroy it rather than turn it over to the British. The British however, built another fort in its place, Fort Gage, constructed out of stone. The British used the Catholic mission, Church of the Immaculate Conception, which was built about 1703, as a barracks. The British retained control until it came under attack during the American Revolution by Virginians under George Rogers Clark. On 4 July 1778, George Rogers Clark’s American force completed its journey which had begun during the spring of the same year. His force spotted a strategic point to land on the banks of the Ohio River. Quickly the troops moved to shore, concealed their boats and advanced toward the British garrison at Kaskaskia, at the junction of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers. The town had been relinquished to the British by the French as a term of settlement during the peace treaty of 1763, and due to its location it was dependent upon Canada. Clark’s force advanced to positions near the fort without being discovered. At about midnight 4–5 July, the attack was launched and the garrison was taken by surprise. The governor, Philip Rocheblave, was seized while still asleep, but his wife was unharmed. During the incident, the governor’s wife destroyed some of her husband’s documents; however, some were salvaged. The seized documents described British strategy and included information that exposed the British cooperation with and incitement of the Indians against the Americans. Clark soon after appointed a guard to escort the governor (and his papers) to Virginia. The inhabitants of Kaskaskia, mostly French, quickly accepted the rule of Virginia. During the capture of Kaskaskia by Clark, the settlers rang a church bell which was forged in France and sent to the settlement of Kaskaskia by King Philip XV during 1741. The bell later became known as the “Liberty Bell of the West.” Fort Kaskaskia was renamed Fort Clark by the Americans. Subsequent to the close of the American Revolution, Kaskaskia became an area overrun by anarchy under John Dodge. After the operations of Dodge and his followers during 1790, the region returned to normal. A civil government was established and the fort was abandoned. During the early 1800s, the post was again active and in use by the Lewis and Clark Expedition during 1803. Kaskaskia became the territorial capital and during 1818 when Illinois became a state, Kaskaskia became the first state capital. At present, Springfield is the capital of Illinois. The site of Fort Kaskaskia is now part of Fort Kaskaskia State Park, located along State Highway 3 and Fort Kaskaskia State Park Road in Ellis Grove. Fort Kellogg’s Grove— See Kellogg’s Grove Fort. Fort La Motte— Fort LaMotte was established by settlers in about 1812 during the War of 1812 to afford themselves protection from Indians. The fort was located in Crawford County near present-day Palestine. Families continued to arrive at the fort. Some settlers moved out during 1813 and established Fort Foot just a short distance away. After the conclusion of the War of 1812, the Indians became a much lesser threat. The settlement of Palestine then emerged. See also Fort Foot (Foote). Fort Massac— Fort Massac was established in 1794 where former French Fort Massiac (and previously Fort de L’ Ascension) stood at the Ohio River in present-day Massac County at Metropolis. The English had held the area after 1863, but decided not to rebuild the French fort. Fort Massac was severely damaged by an earthquake during 1811, but it was rebuilt. Later, during 1814, it was abandoned. After it was abandoned, the fort was apparently dismantled by set-

106 tlers. At the outbreak of the Civil War the Union used the site for a training camp, but by 1862 the site was abandoned due to an outbreak of sickness. The site of the former fort is now part of Fort Massac State Park. See also Fort de L’ Ascension. Fort Massiac— See Fort de L’ Ascension. Fort McHenry— See White County. Fort Milburn— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Nonsense— Fort Nonsense was established during 1832 in Joliet during the Black Hawk War. Fort on the Illinois Rapids— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Ottawa— See Fort Johnson (Ottawa). Fort Ottaway— See Fort Johnson (Ottawa). Fort Patton— Fort Patton was actually the cabin of John Patton, which was located in the vicinity of Lexington (McLean County). Patton built the cabin during 1829 with the assistance of local Kickapoo Indians. Subsequently, during 1832, when the Black Hawk War erupted, a part of the cabin which had been added lacked windows. The settlers nicknamed the cabin Fort Patton. In conjunction, Patton and his wife, Margaret Wiley Patton, lived there with their 12 children. During the 1980s, the cabin was restored through the efforts of the Illinois History Club of LCHS and the Illinois State Historical Society. Fort Payne— Fort Payne was established during 1832, in the vicinity of Naperville, about 45 miles outside of Chicago. The site of the fort is now located on the Fort Hill campus of North Central College. Fort Pimiteoui— The French, under Henri Tonti, established Fort Pimiteoui at Peoria Lake on the west side of the Illinois River during 1730. The fort replaced Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock. Fort Pimiteoui, also known as Peoria Fort, became the initial permanent settlement in Illinois. Illinois was originally considered part of Canada by the French, but later it was separated by King Louis XV and made part of Louisiana. France controlled the region until 1763 when it was defeated by the British (French and Indian War). The British in turn controlled the area until 1778 when the Stars and Stripes arrived with George Rogers Clark. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the Americans established Fort Clark there. See also Fort Clark (Peoria). Fort Pimitoui— See Fort Pimiteoui. Fort Prentiss— See Fort Defiance. Fort Russell— Fort Russell was established in Madison County outside of Edwardsville during the War of 1812 period. Fort Russell was used as a primary post during the war as a troop base of operations and as a supply depot. In conjunction, during 1809, the Illinois Territory was established (carved from the Indiana Territory). The initial governor of the territory was Ninian Edwards, who was originally from Maryland. Governor Edwards often used Fort Russell to oversee the affairs of Illinois while the war was ongoing as the fort was the most secure fort on the Illinois frontier. During the War of 1812, Illinois offered four regiments of volunteers but saw limited action. Fort Russell became the headquarters of Colonel William Russell. To improve defenses throughout the state, militiamen constructed and occupied strong wooden forts known as blockhouses. One of those was Fort Russell. During 1813, militia from Fort Russell participated in a campaign to eliminate Indians that sided with the British. The troops drove the Indians to the region near Peoria Lake and during 1814 seized Prairie du Chien. On 10 July 1814, Indians

107 massacred one woman and six children at a place near the fort (Wood River Massacre). The party was unprotected as the men were on duty at Fort Russell. Word of the massacre reached the fort, defended by militia and Rangers, which dispatched Rangers to give pursuit. The Indians were intercepted near Springfield and only one of the Indians escaped. Meanwhile, the woman and children who were killed were buried without coffins as no men were available to construct them. The victims were interred at Vaughn Cemetery. A monument in their memory stands on the Fosterburg Road opposite the grounds of the Alton State Hospital. Subsequent to the war, Illinois became a state during 1818. Kaskaskia became the initial capital and the first governor was Shadrack Bond. Afterwards, the legislature selected Vandalia as the temporary capital, but the statehouse erected there burned down within several years. Subsequently, during 1834, the legislature selected Alton (previously Piasa) as the next and permanent capital, but instead, Springfield became the capital. See also Fort Butler. Fort St. Joseph— See Fort Checagou. Fort St. Louis— On 9 April 1682, La Salle (Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle) culminated his trip which had begun the previous December by reaching the sea. He claimed the territory and named it Louisiana for France. Upon his return to Illinois, he established Fort St. Louis (Fort St. Louis du Rocher) at Starved Rock on the Illinois River opposite Utica. The fort replaced nearby Fort Crevecoeur (built in 1860), which was later destroyed by mutinous troops while La Salle was away. Fort St. Louis remained the primary French holding in Illinois until about 1692. During 1673, Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette visited the area after traveling the Mississippi to the Illinois River. Later, during 1675, Father Marquette established the Mission of the Immaculate Conception at the Indian village of Kaskaskia. Fort St. Louis held a dominating position above some rapids on the river at Starved Rock. The French encountered problems with the Iroquois Indians in the region and they abandoned it by the early 1700s. Despite the absence of the French military, fur trappers operated in the area, but by 1720 no signs of the former fort remained. Meanwhile, the French relocated to Peoria and established Fort Pimiteoui there. In conjunction, the name Starved Rock came about due to a legend. According to the legend carried on to the present day, Pontiac, who led the Indians during 1763 (Pontiac’s War) on the frontier, was supposed to have been killed by a group of Illiniwek Indians during a gathering of tribes in southern Illinois (1769). Afterward fighting occurred between the Indians and at one such encounter, a group of Illiniwek Indians fled to the site of former Fort St. Louis. Meanwhile, the Potawatomi and some Ottawa Indians prevented the Illiniwek from descending from their positions to get food. Consequently the Indians were supposed to have starved to death. The site of the French fort is now part of Starved Rock State Park. For more information: Starved Rock State Park, PO Box 509, Utica, IL 61373. Fort St. Louis du Rocher— See Fort St. Louis. Fort Sheridan— Fort Sheridan, initially called Camp Highwood, was established by the U.S. Army to deal with a period of labor turbulence that had begun in Chicago during the 1880s. Troops were dispatched to Chicago from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, following an incident known as the Haywood Riots during May 1886 to terminate the ongoing hostility between labor and management. By July, the War Department agreed to create a new fort in the area, but the subject of labor problems never became part of the publicized plans. The fort was established during 1887, thanks in great part to the backing of General Philip Sheridan, and the official purpose was for use as an artillery training school. The land, more than 600 acres at present-day Highwood, was donated to the government and ac-

Grand Ruisseau / ILLINOIS cepted by Congress. During November 1887, a contingent of troops from Fort Douglas, Utah, commanded by Major William Lyster, arrived to establish the post. The troops arrived just a few days prior to the executions of the leaders (anarchists) of the earlier Haymarket Riots. At about the same time, more than 1,000 Illinois National Guard troops were notified of possible activation. The executions took place without incident and no troops were required. In conjunction, during February 1888, the fort was renamed Fort Sheridan. Word officially reached Camp Highwood by a directive from the War Department signed by William C. Endicott, secretary of war: “By direction of the President [Grover Cleveland] the new military post at Highwood, near Chicago, Illinois, now called Camp at Highwood, will hereafter be known and designated as ‘Fort Sheridan,’ in honor of Lieutenant General Philip Henry Sheridan, U.S. Army.” Shortly thereafter, during May 1888, General Sheridan and reviewed the troops at his namesake. It was his final review of his career. He succumbed on 5 August 1888. Fort Sheridan remains an active U.S. Army post. In conjunction, several camps were established there during the 1900s. They were Camp Geismar, during World War 1; Camp Leonard Wood, from 1920 until 1939; and Camp Haven from 1939 until 1959. Fort Wilborn— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Wilbourn— Fort Wilbourn was established near the Illinois River in the vicinity of present-day La Salle during 1832. During May 1832, a steamer, the Caroline, was transporting a large amount of supplies from St. Louis to deliver them to General Atkinson’s forces; however, the water level became extremely low and the vessel was compelled to halt its journey along the Illinois River at a place about one mile from the mouth of the Vermillion River. The supplies, including meat, medicine, and liquor, were unloaded there. The contingent that escorted the vessel was composed of slightly more than 30 troops, led by Lieutenant Reuben Holmes and another man, Reddick Horn, a chaplain-wagoner. The troops constructed a fort to hold and protect the supplies. The post’s name became Fort Deposit, but it was also called Fort Horn. The post also was known as Fort Milburn, Fort on the Illinois Rapids, Fort Wilborn and Fort Wilbourne, but the actual name became Fort Wilbourn, once a new fortification was built there by a contingent of troops under Captain John Wilbourn. Upon the completion of the post, Reddick Horn assumed command. He was later replaced by Hugh McGill, who was relieved within a few days by an other officer. The Third Army of Illinois Volunteers was formed at Fort Wilbourn, in La Salle County for duty in the Black Hawk War. During June of 1832, Abraham Lincoln enlisted (third enlistment of the war) there and became part a member of Jacob M. Early’s Company. An Illinois State Historical Marker concerning the fort is located on the U.S. Highway 51 bridge in La Salle. Fort Wilbourne— See Fort Wilbourn. Fort Wilburn— See Fort Wilbourn. Frank Kirkpatrick’s Fort— See Thomas Kirkpatrick’s Fort. Grand Ruisseau— During the 1780s, Captain James Piggott, originally from Connecticut and later Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, arrived at Kaskaskia from Kentucky with 17 families. During the autumn of that same year, Piggott established a fort slightly outside Columbia. The fort was named Grand Ruisseau, but it also became known as Piggott’s Fort. The settlers there constructed more than 15 structures in addition to the blockhouse-fort. Subsequently, Piggott was able to acquire land along the east bank of Cahokia Creek at a point from where he could see the Mississippi and the town of St. Louis on the opposite bank in French Louisiana (Missouri). Piggot later opened a ferry there which was able to run between

ILLINOIS / Half way House American territory and the French territory. Initially he had problems because the ferry was to operate between two separate countries. The French apparently gave him St. Louis citizenship. Piggott also became a territorial judge in Illinois. In addition, during 1794–1795, Piggott completed a road that ran from Grand Ruisseau and Bellefontaine to Cahokia. Gum’s Fort— See Henderson Grove Fort. Half way House— The Halfway House was established in Plainfield (formerly Walker’s Grove) during 1834. The inn-tavern was located along the Ottawa-Chicago route at about the midpoint, making it a well-positioned stop for the stagecoaches. Subsequently, the local militia used the inn as headquarters up to the time just prior to the Civil War. Hanna’s Fort— See White County. Hardy Council’s Fort— See White County. Hartzell’s Fort— The settlers at Hennepin established a fort-blockhouse, known as Hartzell’s Fort, at a trading post located along the Illinois River there. Henderson Grove Fort— Settlers began arriving in the area known as Henderson Grove during 1828. The initial settlers included Daniel Robertson, his brother Alex Robertson, and Richard Mathews, their brother-in-law. Soon after, others came. They included Jacob Gum and John Gum, Riggs Pennington, and Stephen Osborn. Yet others included Robert Nance and Eaton Nance. As the settlement began to further organize, more pioneers arrived, including Thomas McKee and Alex Frakes set up homes there. During 1829, William and James McMurtry arrived there along with Philip Hash. When problems developed with the Indians during 1832 (Black Hawk War), the settlers at Henderson Grove established a fort for protection; however, in addition to raising a contingent of rangers, it was decided that once it was clear that hostilities would erupt there, they would escort their families to safer places. Nevertheless, Henderson Grove was not threatened during the conflict. The property upon which the fort was built, was later acquired by the Evans family. The settlement was sometimes referred to as the Henderson Settlement and it was called Gum’s Fort. John B. Gum was also an early settler at Henderson Grove. See also Knox County Forts. Henline’s Fort— See John Henline’s Fort. Henry Thomas’ Fort— A settler’s fort was established during the Black Hawk War period (1832) on the land of Henry Thomas. The fort was located slightly north of Wyanet at an undetermined location. Higginbotham’s Fort— James Higginbotham established a settler’s fort at his home during 1832. The fort-blockhouse was located east of Joliet. Hill’s Fort— Hill’s Fort was established along the Kaskaskia River at Carlyle by John Hill at about 1811–1812 for protection from Indians during the War of 1812 period. The fort was near the ferry that Hill established and operated at the river. Not to be confused with Fort Hill. James Kirkpatrick’s Fort— See Thomas Kirkpatrick’s Fort. Jean DuSable’s Trading Post— Jean DuSable established a trading post in present-day Chicago. DuSable’s father was a merchant and his mother was a Haitian. DuSable arrived in the colonies during the 1770s and established the post during 1779. Subsequently, DuSable moved to Missouri. During 1804, subsequent to the death of his wife, Catherine, and his son, DuSable sold the trading post and relocated in St. Charles, Missouri. DuSable, a black Catholic, succumbed

108 there during 1818. His grandchild, Eulalie, arranged for his Requiem Mass and burial in the Catholic cemetery in St. Charles. DuSable is considered the founder of Chicago. John Greathouse’s Fort— John Greathouse arrived in the area of Mount Carmel from Virginia during the mid- to late 1770s. He established his fort at Greathouse Creek during the War of 1812 period in what was known as section 30. The fort remained active for the duration and afforded protection to other nearby families in times of suspected danger. John Gum’s Fort— See Henderson Grove Fort. John Hanna’s Fort— See White County. John Henline’s Fort— During 1828 John Henline and his wife, Mary Darnell Henline, moved to Illinois from Kentucky. They were part of a group of slightly more than 40 settlers who made the journey. John and two of his brothers, George and William, moved from Hittle’s Grove to what became Lawndale Township. John erected his cabin there. At the time the settlers had no difficulties with the local Indians. During 1832, the settlers in the area erected a fort on the Henline property. Initially the area was in Tazewell County, but Lawndale later became part of McLean County. John Hill’s Fort— See Hill’s Fort. John Slocumb’s Fort— See White County. John Wood’s Fort— See Fort Barney. Jonathan Boone’s Fort— Jonathan Boone, a brother of Daniel Boone, for a while lived in Kentucky after arriving there during the early 1780s. Later, Boone moved to the southern part of Illinois near the Little Wabash River, where he and his son, Joseph, established a mill and a stockaded fort (Boone’s Mill). Another family that arrived there was the Thomas Dagley family. Dagley, a veteran of the American Revolution, arrived there during the early 1800s. He became the father-in-law of Joseph Boone after Joseph married Dagley’s daughter, Sarah (Sally). At the time Boone settled the tract, there was no land office and none appeared until about 1814, at Shawneetown. Following the death of Jonathan, Joseph and his wife remained at the fort and operated a trading post there. The area later became known as New Haven. The Boones later sold the land and relocated in Arkansas. Jones’ Fort— Jones’ Fort was a small blockhouse, erected about 1812 on the east side of Shoal Creek. Jordan’s Blockhouses— The Jordan brothers, Francis and Thomas, established two separate blockhouses in the vicinity of the settlement known as Jordan ( Jourdan) in Franklin County. The blockhouses, built during 1810–1811, were located slightly less than 10 miles from Frankfort. Journey’s Fort— Journey’s Fort, a blockhouse was established about 1812 in Clinton County outside present-day Aviston to afford the settlers protection from Indian attacks. Kellogg’s Fort— See Kellogg’s Grove Fort. Kellogg’s Grove Fort— During the latter part of June 1832, during the Black Hawk War, a soldier, Major Dement, spotted a large number of Indians in the woods near Burr Oak Grove. He retired to Kellogg’s Grove to a cabin to prepare to defend himself. Meanwhile, two other men sped to Buffalo Grove to get reinforcements. The relief troops arrived and shortly afterward a vicious exchange occurred. Both sides sustained casualties, but the Indians under Black Hawk disengaged and continued toward the Mississippi River. The fight is remembered as the Battle of the Pecatonica (and sometimes as the Battle of Bloody Pond). An Illinois state historical marker that designated

109 it as the final battle with Indians in Stephenson County stands at the site. In conjunction, during 1820, Oliver W. Kellogg relocated in Illinois from New York. Initially Kellogg lived in Sangamon County. Subsequently, during 1827, Kellogg cut the route from Ogee’s Ferry to Galena. Kellogg afterward settled in what became Kellogg’s Grove (formerly Burr Oak Grove). Kellogg and his wife remained there until 1831, when they moved to a nearby location which was acquired from Isaac Chambers. Kellogg’s new residence was subsequently known as the Barracks. He used it to provide temporary housing for newly arriving settlers. The structure known as the Barracks was dismantled during 1852. During the Black Hawk War, Kellogg was absent from his property assisting the military. His wife was cared for by other settlers and then taken to Dixon and from there to Galena for safety. Kellogg’s property was struck by the Indians, who apparently confiscated most items, but the home survived. The Kelloggs later moved to Buffalo Grove and from there they headed west to Iowa. In conjunction, the Kellogg house at Buffalo Grove was organized on 28 May 1838, as the third church of Buffalo Grove. Kellogg, while in Iowa, became a Methodist minister. Kinzie’s Trading Post— During 1804, John Kinzie acquired a trading post from Jean Le Lime who had purchased it from Jean DuSable. The post was near the Chicago River in what became Chicago. Knox County Forts— During the Black Hawk War, in Knox County, like many other area, various settlers fortified their homes. Knox County also established three forts. During the spring of 1832, a small party, including Major Thomas McKee and James McMurty, traveled to Rock Island to acquire arms. They received 100 guns, which were brought back and distributed among the defenders in Knox and Warren counties. William McMurty, the brother of James, was also one of the pioneers in Knox County. At about the same time, another small party was dispatched to Rock Island, but the men never completed the mission. They were ambushed and killed. A contingent of rangers was established to garrison the several forts in Knox County. The posts included Fort Aggie, McMurty’s Fort and Henderson Grove Fort (the latter known by several names). See also Henderson Grove Fort. Land’s Fort— See White County. Little Fort— Little Fort was a name given to a French trading post at Little Fort, later Waukegan. The area was first explored during 1673 by Pere Marquette during 1673. The U.S. acquired the land from the Potawatomi Indians during 1829. The town became known as Waukegan during 1849 and it became a city during 1859. Lofton’s Blockhouse— Lofton’s Blockhouse was established in Madison County (American Bottom) during the War of 1812 period. McHenry’s Fort— See White County. McMurty’s Fort— During the latter part of the 1820s, the McMurty family relocated to what became Knox County. Afterward, due to the threat of Indian attacks, the house was fortified. The McMurty property was near Henderson Grove. See also Knox County Forts and Henderson Grove Fort. Moore’s Blockhouse— Moore’s Blockhouse was established during the War of 1812 period in Woodriver Township, Madison County. The Woodriver Massacre occurred near there during July 1814. See also Fort Butler. Mound City Hospital— During 1861, the Union transformed a large warehouse at Main and Central streets into a military hospital. The hospital at Mound City in Pulaski County was staffed by Catholic nuns (Sisters of the Holy Cross). Subsequent to the fighting at Shiloh, a large number of Union and Confederate troops were pa-

Warnock’s Blockhouse / ILLINOIS tients there. By 1864, a national cemetery was created at Mound City. The cemetery became the final resting place for thousands of troops, Union and Confederate. Naper’s Fort— The Stephen Scott family settled in the vicinity of the DuPage River during 1830 and established a trading post, which provided supplies for the settlers moving into the region. Subsequently, the Scotts moved to Naperville, which was established by Captain Joseph Naper during 1832. During the Black Hawk War, a fort and blockhouses were constructed in Naperville in DuPage County. Subsequent to the close of the war, the fort and blockhouses were used as a barnyard. Nat Hill’s Fort— Nat Hill’s Fort was a settler’s fort established in Bond County during the War of 1812 period in the vicinity of Pierron. The blockhouse was located near Goshen (or Doza Creek). Nathan Chambers Fort— See Chambers Fort. Newberry County Cherokee War Forts— During a period of turbulence (1760) with the Cherokee Indians, the colonists in South Carolina initiated the establishment of forts (blockhouses) to provide protection from attack. Those established in Newberry County included Aubrey’s Fort (along the Enoree River), Brook’s Fort (near the Bush River), Gordon’s Fort (vicinity of Enoree River) and Jacob Pennington’s Fort (near Indian Creek). Oliver Kellogg’s Fort— See Kellogg’s Grove Fort. Peoria Fort— See Fort Pimiteoui. Piggott’s Fort— See Grand Russeau. Post at Kaskaskia— See Fort Clark (Kaskaskia) and Fort Kaskaskia. Post at Ottawa— See Fort Johnson. Prairie Marcot Blockhouse— See Campbell’s Blockhouse. Robert Land’s Fort— See White County. Samuel V. Allison’s Fort— Samuel Veale Allison acquired a tract near the Wabash River in the vicinity of present-day Russellville during 1809. Subsequently, he established a settler’s fort there during the War of 1812 period. Slocumb’s Fort— See White County. Snell School— See Fort Doolittle. Starkey’s Fort— See White County. Stockade Refuge (Old)— The settlers at the town of Galena established a stockade during the Black Hawk War (1832) to provide protection for the women and children of the settlement. The fort, actually the house of Amos and Sophia Gear, later became known as the Old Stockade Refuge at Galena. After the conclusion of the war, the fort again became the home of Mrs. Gear. Her husband, Amos, succumbed during 1832. Thomas Handy’s Fort— See Fort Handy. Thomas Kirkpatrick’s Fort— A blockhouse known as Thomas Kirkpatrick’s Fort was established at Edwardsville during the War of 1812 period. The fort was located near Cahokia Creek and it was also near Fort Russell. Other forts in the area of Edwardsville during the same period included Frank Kirkpatrick’s Fort and James Kirkpatrick’s Fort, which were located southeast and southwest of Edwardsville, respectively. During September 1814, at Edwardsville, a company of militia was raised. John G. Lofton was elected captain of the unit. Thomas Kirkpatrick was elected 1st lieutenant and Samuel Morse became 2nd lieutenant. Warnock’s Blockhouse— A settler’s fort known as Warnock’s Block-

110

ILLINOIS / Warsaw Forts house was established during the Black Hawk War period (1832) in the vicinity of Granville. Warsaw Forts— The Americans established two forts at Warsaw in Madison County during the War of 1812 period to offset the presence of the British fort at Rock Island, which stood about 100 miles to the north. Fort Johnson was established during 1814 by Zachary Taylor (later president). It was abandoned shortly after it was built. The other fort was Fort Edwards, named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the initial governor of Illinois. Fort Edwards was constructed about 1817. Fort Edwards also was used as a trading post until about 1832. The town of Warsaw emerged about 1834. White County— During the War of 1812, the settlers in White County (known as the Big Prairie) began to take defensive measures to defend against attack by Indians. A company of mounted volunteers was raised upon orders of Governor Edwards. During 1812, the Big Prairie Church (Methodist) was established during 1812 in the county along what became County Road southeast of Carmi. Prior to the establishment of the church, the settlers gathered at the homes of John Hanna and Robert Land for services, apparently due to threat of Indian attacks. During the conflict, various settlers fortified their homes. During 1812, Captain William McHenry established a blockhouse (known as McHenry’s Fort and also as Fort McHenry) in the county in the vicinity of what was known as the Tanquary tract. Another fortified blockhouse was erected on the Starkey land by the Hardy Council. Another settler, Aaron Williams, built a blockhouse on the east side of Prairie. Yet another blockhouse was established by John Hanna. His fortified home was in close proximity to the residence of George Hanna. The Robert Land blockhouse-fort was located near the home of Matthew Land. John Slocumb established his blockhouse near the farm of Tom Logan. In conjunction, during 1814, Captain Daniel Boultinghouse commanded the mounted volunteers.

Whiteside Station— During the latter part of 1792, some of the Whiteside family began to arrive in Illinois in the vicinity of Waterloo. The party arrived in flatboats and afterward came upon an old abandoned fort which they refurbished. The fort-station was located between Waterloo and Columbia. Other members of the extended family continued to arrive during the winter of 1792–1793. The fort became known as Whitesides Station. During 1794, a band of Kickapoo Indians attacked some of the children in the family while they were out playing in the woods. Three of four children were killed and scalped. One of the boys, Samuel, was able to escape; however, when he believed it to be safe, he returned to the scene only to discover a gruesome sight. During the following year, the Whitesides learned of a group of Osage Indians that were spotted near the station. Captain William Whiteside raised a group of men and set out after the Osage, a separate tribe than that which murdered the children the previous year. Another problem was that the Americans under General Anthony Wayne had defeated the Indians during 1794 and a peace was reached. Nevertheless, the deaths of the children were still fresh in the minds of the Whitesides and other settlers. The Indians were attacked where they camped in a valley near Caseyville toward the latter part of the summer or early autumn. No exact number of how many Indians were killed exists, but it is thought that there were more than 50 killed. Subsequently, charges were filed against the group, but the grand jury was unable to find a jury willing to convict settlers of murder for killing an Indian. William Barney’s Fort— See Fort Barney. Wilson’s Fort— Wilson’s Fort (blockhouse), a settler’s fort, was established in Randolph County in sections referred to as Sections 5, 7 and 8, in the vicinity of Schaffner Lake. The fort was established by George Wilson during 1806. Subsequently, during 1812, a new fort was constructed there.

INDIANA Camp Anderson— Camp Anderson was established in La Porte County as a Union training and induction center during 1863. The camp was located in Michigan City at what is now the intersection of Michigan Boulevard and Carroll Avenue. Troops attached to the Indiana 127th, 128th and 129th Regiments received training there.

Camp Jackson— Camp Jackson was established as a Union training camp during 1861 at Stanton’s Grove (La Porte County), several miles from La Porte, where another camp was established. The Union Army also used the nearby county fairgrounds as an encampment for some troops. Camp Jackson remained active only for a short while.

Camp Carrington— Camp Carrington was established in Indianapolis during 1861.

Camp Joe Holt— Camp Joe Holt was established during 1861 at Jeffersonville. The post was on the Indiana side of the Ohio River opposite Louisville, Kentucky. At the time the post was established, Kentucky was a neutral state. Colonel (later Major General) Lovell H. Rosseau, who had served in the Mexican War with Colonel Nathan Kimball’s 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment, was in Louisville. He formed the 5th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Camp Joe Holt rather than abuse the neutrality of Kentucky. The regiment was known as the Louisville Legion. Other units, including the 49th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, were mustered into federal service at Camp Joe Holt during 1861. The 49th Regiment, commanded by Colonel John A. Ray, entered federal service on 21 November 1861. Camp Logan— Camp Logan was established at Logansport as a Union training center during 1861. The troops that trained there

Camp Colfax— Camp Colfax, named in honor of an Indiana congressman, Schuyler Colfax, was established during 1861. The camp was located on the western fringes of La Porte. The camp was a Union training center. One of the initial units to spend time at the camp was the Indiana 9th Regiment, which spent three months in the field and then returned to the camp. Camp Hughes— Camp Hughes was established in the vicinity of Gosport (Wayne County) during 1861 as a Union training camp. A historical marker stands at the site of the former fort. In conjunction, five soldiers, still unknown, who had succumbed during 1861–1862 while at Camp Hughes were interred at nearby Gosport Cemetery.

111 included the 46th Indiana Volunteer Regiment. The regiment was placed on active service for the federal government on 11 December 1861. Soon after, the regiment departed for Camp Wickliffe, Kentucky. Camp Morton— Camp Morton, named in honor of Governor Oliver P. Morton, was established in present-day Indianapolis near the location of the former Indiana State Fairgrounds during 1861. When the camp was established it was located on the fringes of the city. By 1862, the governor authorized the camp to be used for holding Confederate prisoners. While Confederate troops were held there, about 1,700 succumbed. The fort was abandoned during 1865. Camp Robinson— Camp Robinson, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel W.J. Robinson, was established near the White River in the vicinity of Indianapolis during 1861. Camp Rose— Camp Rose was established about 1861 at what was then the St. Joseph County Fairgrounds at present-day South Bend. A historical plaque marks the former site. It is located at the intersection of Portage and Leland streets. While the camp was active, the 73rd, 87th and 99th Indiana Volunteer Regiments trained there. During 1862, the three regiments departed the fort to move into Kentucky to participate in the campaign against the Confederates under Braxton Bragg who were operating in Kentucky. Camp Tippecanoe— Camp Tippecanoe was established in the vicinity of Lafayette during 1861. The camp was also used to hold Confederate prisoners. There was an earlier Camp Tippecanoe in the region during the 1830s. On 20 October 1832, the U.S. concluded the pact with the “chiefs and ‘Headmen’ of the Potawatamie Tribe of Indians of the Prairie and Kanka-ke, of the other part.” The treaty specified that the Indians would relinquish land. The treaty in part: ARTICLE 1. The said Potawatamie Tribe of Indians cede to the United States the tract of land included within the following boundary, viz: Beginning at a point on Lake Michigan 10 miles southward of the mouth of Chicago river; thence, in a direct line, to a point on the Kankakee river, 10 miles above its mouth; thence, with said river and the Illinois river, to the mouth of Fox river, being the boundary of a cession made by them in 1816; thence, with the southern boundary of the Indian Territory, to the State line between Illinois and Indiana; thence, north with said line, to Lake Michigan; thence, with the shore of Lake Michigan, to the place of beginning....” Also, nearby Greenbush Cemetery contains the graves of both Union and Confederate troops and a prominent monument marks their memory with the following: “In memory of Confederate prisoners of war from Camp Tippecanoe who perished in 1862 and Union soldiers killed in the Crane Railroad wreck of 1864. Camp Vanderburg— Camp Vanderburg was established near Evansville during 1861. The 42nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment was formed at the fort. Under the command of Colonel James G. Jones, the regiment was inducted into federal service on 9 October 1861. Camp Vigo— Camp Vigo was established at Terre Haute during 1861 in the vicinity of the fairgrounds. The 14th Indiana Volunteer Regiment was formed at Camp Vigo during May 1861 and by the following month, the regiment, under the command of Colonel (later Major General) Nathan Kimball, entered federal service. Kimball had served during the Mexican War and commanded the 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment during that conflict. Kimball was also practicing medicine up to the outbreak of the Civil War. After the war, he relocated in Utah. Another prominent officer from the area of Terre Haute was Colonel (later Major General) Charles Cruft who commanded the 31st Indiana Volunteer Regiment. After the war, Cruft returned to Terre Haute to resume his law practice. He succumbed there during March 1883 and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, located a short distance from the site of Camp Vigo.

Fort Finney / INDIANA Camp Wabash— Camp Wabash, also known as Fort Pettit, was established in the northeastern sector of Indiana during 1861 at Wabash (Wabash County). Camp Wabash, about 85 miles from Indianapolis, was also located near the Wabash and Erie Canal, which was begun during the early 1830s, subsequent to agreement by the Indians (Miami and Potawatomi). The canal was not destined to a long life span as the railroad, which had arrived by the mid-1850s, would make the canal obsolete by the 1870s. Camp Wabash was an active fort during its period of operations. Indiana provided many troops to the Union cause and four regiments of Indiana volunteers began their military lives at Camp Wabash. The 75th, 89th, 101st, and the 118th Indiana Volunteer Regiments were trained initially at the fort. Camp Wayne— Camp Wayne was established in the vicinity of Richmond during 1861. The troops that were based there included elements of the 57th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fort Beane— Fort Beane was established in Elkhart County during the Black Hawk War period (1832). The fort was built to provide protection from Indians for the settlers near Goshen. The county of Elkhart had been established during 1830 and Goshen was made the county seat. Fort Branch— Fort Branch was established during 1811 in a part of Indiana which was included in the Northwest Territory until 1784 when it was ceded to the United States by Virginia. The fort was located in Knox County, later Gibson County, named in honor of General John Gibson, who served in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. The fort was in the vicinity of the Patoka River and a ferry operated by John Severns. Severns’ family had been murdered by Indians while he served with the patriots during the American Revolution. While he was at home in Virginia, his parents, a brother and one sister were killed. John and one younger brother were spared, but the Indians took them hostage. About seven years later, Severns escaped and later, during 1789, arrived in the Northwest Territory (Indiana) in the vicinity of present-day Patoka on the south side of the river where he established a ferry operation in a sector where the Shawnee inhabited the land. In conjunction, while Governor William H. Harrison was in the field during the War of 1812, former General John Gibson was acting governor of the Indiana Territory. Fort de Vincennes— The French from Canada established a trading post in the vicinity of Vincennes during 1683. Later, during 1702, the French established an Indian mission there. The Basilica of St. Francis Xavier, reportedly the oldest Catholic church in the Midwest, now stands in Vincennes near where the mission was established. Subsequently, during 1732, Francois Marie Bissot, sieur de Vincennes (also known as François Margane) established the town of Vincennes (Fort de Vincennes) along the Wabash River. It became the initial European colony in Indiana. In conjunction, Francois Vincennes was the son of Jean Baptiste Bissot, sieur de Vincennes, the French explorer who had earlier established a fort and trading post in the Miami Indian territory around Fort Wayne. Vincennes, like his father, was respected and admired by the Miami Indians. The English took control of the French fort and trading post at Vincennes during 1760, but no garrison troops were deployed there until 1777, during the American Revolution. At that time, the British rebuilt the fort. During the following year, American troops from Virginia arrived to seize the fort. The fort was then captured and renamed Fort Sackville. See also Fort Sackville. Fort Finney— Fort Finney (later renamed Fort Steuben) was established by the U.S. Army on the Ohio River in the vicinity of Jeffersonville about 1786. The fort, constructed by troops under Captain Walter Finney, was located in Clark County (established in 1801 and named in honor of George Rogers Clark) in the vicinity of the Falls

INDIANA / Fort Harrison of the Ohio and across from the city of Louisville, Kentucky. The post remained active until 1791 and played a substantial part in the campaigns to eliminate the Indian problems in the southwestern part of Indiana and in Illinois. The settlement of Jeffersonville began during 1802 and was named in honor of President Thomas Jefferson. This Fort Finney is not to be confused with Fort Finney in Ohio. Fort Harrison— Fort Harrison was established during the winter of 1810–1811 by General William Henry Harrison at present-day Terre Haute. General Harrison, the hero of the recent Battle of Tippecanoe, later became president of the United States. Ironically, the fort came under attack during September of 1812 when it was commanded by Captain Zachary Taylor, another American officer who later became president of the United States. The troops at Fort Harrison, supported by settlers, repelled the Indian assault. In conjunction, during July 1811, the settlers near Vincennes were extremely concerned about attacks upon them by Shawnee Indians. Although it was never substantiated by fact, the settlers believed information that the English had offered the Indians between $5 to $6 per scalp with no exceptions, placing even women and children at risk. On 7 November 1811, an American force under General Harrison soundly defeated the Indians led by Prophet, Tecumseh’s brother, at Tippecanoe. By the following day, Harrison totally destroyed Prophet’s Town. Not to be confused with Fort Benjamin Harrison, named in honor of President Benjamin Harrison, the grandson of William Henry Harrison and established at Indianapolis during 1904.

112 known as Fort Knox II, after Fort Knox in Kentucky. The post was the departure point for the force under General William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory when he moved against the Shawnee at Tippecanoe during November 1811. The fort was strategically located and was used as a hospital for troops that were wounded at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The wounded were placed aboard boats at Terre Haute (Fort Harrison) and taken down to Fort Knox for care and recuperation. The fort site is part of the Vincennes State Historical Sites. It is located about three miles outside of the town and it is open from dawn to dusk. Fort Miami— See Fort St. Philippe. Fort Miamis— See Fort St. Philippe. Fort Patrick Henry— See Fort Sackville.

Fort Quiatenon— The French established Fort Quiatenon near the Wabash River slightly southwest of Lafayette. The fort was intended to be a barrier against possible British expansion in the area and as the anchor of a plan to trade with the Indians and to convert them to Christianity. The post was built opposite an Indian village inhabited by the Wea Indians. The Wea tribe, part of the Miami Indians, also had other villages along the Wabash. At the time, Fort Quiatenon was strategically located for fur trappers moving down from Canada and for other Indian tribes such as the Kickapoo, Fox, Sauk and Mascoutens who traveled past the fort to the prairies. The French were able to continue trading and in turn get the furs to Canada and to France. The French were able to build a Catholic chapel within the stockade as the missionaries worked among the Indians. The French were able Fort Knox II— During 1803, the U.S. Army contingents in Vinto persuade the Weas of their friendly intentions and both seemed to cennes moved outside the town and established Fort Knox on a bluff prosper from the relationship, so much so that the Indians preferred to above the Wabash River just northwest of the town. The fort became trade only with the French. Later, during the French and Indian War, a contingent of British troops under Lieutenant Edward Jenkins arrived from Detroit during 1761 and seized the fort. The British controlled the fort at that point, but they were not welcomed by the Indians. Subsequently, during 1763 when Pontiac’s War erupted, the frontier fort fell to Indians under Pontiac on 1 June. Some Frenchmen were able to convince the Indians to spare the lives of Jenkins and his small force of British troops. Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, stormed across the frontier destroying British posts in Indiana, Michigan, Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Fort Pitt (formerly French Fort DuQuesne); Fort Dearborn, Michigan; and Fort Niagra were the three forts able to withstand destruction. The conflict with Pontiac ended during the summer of 1863, but Fort Quiatenon remained abandoned by the British military. Nonetheless, the French settlers were able to continue operating a small trading post. During 1778, the Americans (Virginians) under George Rogers Clark arrived there. A contingent under Captain Leonard Helm took control of the area, and received loyalty pledges Fort Harrison, Indiana — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

113 to the U.S. from the French settlers. Afterward, Helm returned to Vincennes (Fort Sackville). Subsequent to the termination of the American Revolution, the Indians began to use the fort as a gathering place from which they initiated raids against Kentucky settlers. Consequently, the settlers near Fort Quiatenon were compelled to abandon the area by about 1786. The problem for a while plagued the new nation of the United States, but during 1791, President Washington took action. He directed the U.S. Army to dispatch a force to eliminate the problem. A force under General Charles Scott arrived in the area and destroyed the Indian villages at the Wabash. The problem afterward was terminated. Fort Quiatenon then slipped into obscurity and the exact location of the fort remained unknown until twentieth century archaeologists’ excavations (1960s) discovered it. A replica post (blockhouse) was erected during 1930. The later excavations placed the original site about one mile from the replica. The post is now part of the Fort Quiatenon Historical Park. The site is run by the Tippecanoe County Historical Association. Fort Ritner— There was no fort at Fort Ritner in Lawrence County. The town was named Fort Ritner after a Michael Ritner who was a boss during a construction project there engaged in the construction of a tunnel for the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad during the 1850s. However, there was a settler’s fort established in Lawrence County during the early 1800s at what became Leesville. Fort Sackville— On 20 July 1778, an American force (Virginians) under Colonel George Rogers Clark attacked and seized British-held Fort de Vincennes at Vincennes. The Americans received support from a Jesuit priest, Father Pierre Gibault, who persuaded the citizens, primarily French, to aid the attack. The British were stunned during the night when their colors were stripped from the pole, but more surprised on 21 July when the Stars and Stripes was hoisted and they were evicted. Later, during December 1778, the small American garrison, commanded by Captain Leonard Helm, was unable to repel the larger British force. Helm surrendered the fort to British Colonel Henry Hamilton. At the time of the capitulation of the fort, Colonel Rogers was out in the countryside with the main force attempting to suppress the Indians, primarily by negotiating treaties. Rogers was not immediately aware that the fort had fallen. During February 1779, Rogers advanced from Kaskaskia to regain the fort. The force numbered about 175 troops, bolstered by one vessel that held two four-pounders and four swivel guns. One company of troops boarded the vessel and the remained traveled overland to Vincennes, an exhausting trip of about 180 miles through intolerable terrain and nasty weather. Rogers’ force arrived at Vincennes on 23 February in a state of exhaustion. Nonetheless, Rogers improvised to help stimulate the British into surrendering. By the 24th, the Americans planted a large number of American flags in full view of the British, and American marksmen deployed in strategic positions to quell any attempt by the British to use their artillery. The accurate fire and the legions of flags misled Colonel Hamilton into thinking the assault force was too large to repel. The British surrendered on 25 February. Afterward, British reinforcements arrived, but Clark intercepted them and relieved them of all supplies and munitions. The Americans renamed the fort, calling it Fort Patrick Henry. British Colonel Hamilton, known as the “hair buyer,” because he instigated Indians to commit atrocities and paid them for American scalps, was placed in chains and imprisoned upon orders from the Virginia Executive Council. See also Fort de Vincennes. For more information: George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, 401 S. 2nd Street, Vincennes, IN 47591. The park is the site of Old Fort Sackville, which lies off U.S. Route 50. Fort St. Philippe— During 1706, Jean Baptiste Bissot, lord of Vincennes, on behalf of France at about this time established a trading post at Kekionga (present day Fort Wayne) in the territory of the

Fort Wayne / INDIANA Miami Indians. Catholic missionaries arrived later to attempt the conversion of the Indians. During 1721–1722, the French constructed Fort St. Philippe (also Fort Miamis) along the banks of the St. Mary’s River to defend against possible English incursions. After about 10 years of cordial relations between the Miamis and the French, the British influence had taken root and with it the Indians under Chief La Damoiselle were convinced to attack the French fort. The fort was torched by the Indians, but most of the garrison escaped capture. Later, during 1750, the French, aware of the strategic location with domination of the three rivers there, rebuilt the fort. The fort was located on the St. Joseph’s River, in close proximity to where the St. Mary’s and the St. Joseph’s rivers converged to form the Maumee River. The Maumee continued northeastwardly to Lake Erie, which provided access to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, Fort Philippe (also Fort Miamis) was near the Wabash River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, which provided the French access to the Gulf of Mexico. During 1760, the English gained control of Fort St. Philippe (Fort Miamis) and renamed it Fort Miami. The British retained control of the fort until it was destroyed during Pontiac’s War on 27 May 1763 when Pontiac was sweeping across the frontier. The diminutive garrison was easily taken. Initially, the commander, Ensign Robert Holmes, and a soldier were killed when Holmes went outside the fort and was shot. The trooper was killed when he went out to aid Holmes. The raiding party relieved Holmes of his head and catapulted it over the fence into the gate. Soon after, a Frenchman, accompanying the Indians, called out for the fort to surrender and be spared death. Lacking a commander, the troops capitulated. Once the Indians passed through the gates, all but six soldiers were massacred. The survivors received a short reprieve, as each one was soon tied to a stake and burned to death. Later, during 1794, the Americans constructed Fort Wayne near the site of Fort Miami. See also Fort Wayne. Fort Tassiong— The French established Fort Tassiong in the vicinity of Kouts (Porter County) about 1679–1780. French trading posts and mission were established throughout the western frontier by the French as they expanded their interests in America. Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon arrived in the vicinity of Kouts during 1672 and by the following year, Father Jacques Gravier arrived in the region near the Kankakee River Valley. La Salle also arrived there during 1679. The French apparently used this route from the Kankakee to cross the marsh by foot and reach the St. Joseph’s River, which they would use to move to Green Bay, Wisconsin. The exact date the fort was abandoned is unknown. When a settlement began to emerge there, remnants of the fort were visible and suggested the post was a fair size, about 4–5 acres near the river, southwest of Kouts. Records indicated that during 1836, trees having a diameter of 2 to 3 feet were growing on what was thought to be embankments of the former fort. Fort Turman— Fort Turman, also known as Turman’s Fort, was established by settlers (Turman family) in Sullivan County about 1810. Benjamin Turman Sr. arrived in America during the 1700s, but it was not determined from where. Some thought England, others Germany and others thought he was from Ireland. The fort was erected by Ignatius Turman when he arrived in Indiana from Virginia. Fort Vallonia— Fort Vallonia was established at Vallonia in Fayette County during 1811 to provide protection from Indians for the settlers. A replica stockade now stands in Vallonia. For more information: Fort Vallonia Museum, PO Box 104, Vallonia, Indiana, 47281. Fort Vincennes— See Fort de Vincennes. Fort Wayne— Subsequent to winning a decisive victory over the Indians at Fallen Timbers in Ohio during 1794, General Anthony

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INDIANA / Leesville Blockhouse

and representatives of the Indians in the southern part of Indiana. According to the terms of the treaty, the Indians ceded more terrain along the Wabash River to the United States. During the War of 1812, Fort Wayne came under siege by a large force of Indians, but the garrison refused to capitulate. While the Indians awaited British reinforcements, they were instead disappointed. General William Henry Harrison (later president) arrived and his command ended the siege. In the meantime, Fort Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago) had fallen to the British. The fort was again reconstructed during 1815–1816. Captain John Whistler prepared the plans for the new fort, which was also referred to as Whistler’s Fort. The fort was abandoned about 1818–1819. The Fort Wayne, Indiana — Benson J. Lossing Illustration settlement of Fort Wayne continued to prosper. Indians remained in the area and a French Wayne advanced along the Maumee River to a spot near former Catholic priest, Father Julian Benoit, who arrived in the U.S. durBritish Fort Miami in Indiana. General Wayne established Fort ing 1836 (ordained 1837 in Fort Wayne). became a friend of the Wayne there at what is now the intersection of Clay and Berry streets. Miami Indians. In addition, he established the Cathedral of the ImThe fort, located on the St. Mary’s River opposite where Fort Miami maculate Conception there. Benoit worked tirelessly, especially dur(formerly Fort St. Philippe) stood, was occupied during mid-Seping periods when the region was struck with epidemics. Later, durtember. On 22 October, Fort Wayne was officially named. The fort’s ing 1848, there were still hundreds of Miami Indians residing in or cannon were fired in celebration. Prior to the establishment of the fort, near Fort Wayne. The U.S. government directed that they relocate on 18 October 1790, an American force under General Josiah Harand tensions began to rise there. Military contingents were dismar engaged a force of Ohio Indians near Fort Wayne and sustained patched to Fort Wayne in case of violence. Meanwhile, the Miami a severe defeat. The Americans lost about 200 men including offiIndians insisted that they would depart for a reservation in Kansas cers. That engagement on the western frontier in the Northwest Teronly if Father Benoit would accompany them on the journey. No ritory ignited a conflict that lasted for about five years. During Noclash occurred because Father Benoit was authorized by the bishop vember 1791, a large American force of about 1,400 men including of Fort Wayne to make the journey. In turn, the Miamis, many of militia and regulars, commanded by General Arthur St. Clair, enwhom had converted to Catholicism departed for Kansas without ingaged about 1,000 Indians at Fort Wayne and sustained a devastatcident during the summer of 1849. Father Benoit’s reputation reing defeat. The militia was mauled and gave way. The regulars were mains well known in Fort Wayne. Upon his death during 1885, Faunable to turn the tide. During the confusion, the Indians emerged ther Benoit was interred in the cathedral before the high altar. A from the woods and attacked the rear from all sides. The fight raged replica of Fort Wayne built according to Captain Whistler’s plans for about three hours, but St. Clair was compelled to retreat to Fort during the 1800s was constructed by the city of Fort Wayne. It is loJefferson and from there to Fort Washington. The defeat was one of cated near the original fort off Spy Run Boulevard in Fort Wayne. the worse ever suffered by the U.S. Army. Nearly 700 men were killed on the field and only the retreat saved the army from annihiLeesville Blockhouse— Settlers from Virginia arrived in Indiana lation. General Anthony Wayne succeeded St. Clair during March during 1810. The Flinn and Guthries had spent time in Kentucky beof 1792. The U.S. Army redeemed itself during 1794 when General fore arriving in Lawrence County during February 1810. They conWayne inflicted a devastating defeat on the Indians at the Battle of structed a fort (blockhouse) in the eastern part of the county in what Fallen Timbers (Ohio). The fort was reconstructed about 1800, in became Leesville (Flinn Township. The party included Daniel close proximity to the first fort. Subsequently during 1809, on 30 Guthrie and Jacob and William Flinn. September, the Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed there. The pact was Turman’s Fort— See Fort Turman. signed by territorial governor William Henry Harrison of Indiana

IOWA Camp Atkinson— See Fort Atkinson. Camp Des Moines— See Fort Des Moines (Des Moines).

tumn of 1862. Soon after, on 3 October 1862, the regiment was mustered into federal service by Captain George S. Pierce, U.S. 19th Infantry Regiment.

Camp Franklin— Camp Franklin was established near Dubuque in about 1862 as a training and induction post. The 27th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed at Camp Franklin during the au-

Camp Fremont— Camp Fremont was established during 1861 in present-day Iowa City. During 1860 and 1861, the Iowa State Fair was held in Iowa City ( Johnson County Fairgrounds), and some

115 troops were still in the camp until a few days before the opening of the fair. The 10th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment was established at Camp Fremont. Subsequent to completing the training the regiment departed from Camp Girardeau, Missouri. The 10th Iowa afterward participated at battles in Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the regiment was mustered out of the service at Little Rock, Arkansas, during August 1865. Camp Harlan— Camp Harlan was established during the autumn of 1861, in the vicinity of Mount Pleasant on the property of Hugh Swan. The cavalry camp contained 12 structures (barracks), each large enough to quarter about 100 troops. The camp also contained 12 stables. The 4th Iowa Cavalry Regiment mustered into federal service there during October and by the following February, the regiment abandoned the post and moved to St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, the Iowa 25th Infantry Regiment made use of the camp. It was later destroyed by fire of an undetermined origin, thought to have been intentional. Camp Hendershott— Camp Hendershott was established by the Union during 1862. The post, constructed in the vicinity of Davenport, was used as a training camp and induction post. The 6th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry was formed there during 1862. During 1863, the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry completed its training there and afterward moved to Nebraska to join up with the 1st Nebraska Cavalry during the latter part of the summer. Camp Herron— Camp Herron was established as one of a series of training camps in the vicinity of Davenport. Among the units that were based there was the 20th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which had been formed during August 1862 at Clinton prior to arriving at Camp Herron during September of the same year. The 20th Infantry Regiment became part of Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Francis Herron’s 2nd Division, Army of the Frontier. Herron’s brigade which also included other Iowa regiments, participated at the fighting at Newtonia, Missouri, and Elk Horn, Arkansas, during October 1862 and at the Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, during December 1862.

Fort Atkinson / IOWA the lady who was instrumental during the early days of the institution. Camp Union— Camp Union was established at Dubuque during August 1861 as part of the effort by Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood to accelerate Iowa’s contribution to the Union cause. The post was established at a site where the Union Brigade, a unit formed earlier, used to train and drill. Camp Union became a recruiting center for Iowa volunteers, including those who would join the 9th and 12th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiments. Another unit to form here was a company known as the Governor’s Greys, commanded by Captain (later General) Francis J. Herron. Captain Herron had commanded the company prior to the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. Herron mustered into federal service as captain of the 1st Iowa and soon after, during September, he became lieutenant colonel of the 9th Iowa. Subsequently, Herron fought at Elkhorn Tavern, Arkansas, during October 1862 where he was captured. However, he was later exchanged. For his heroism at that skirmish, Herron became a recipient of the Medal of Honor (awarded 30 years later). Camp Union was abandoned during December 1861, but during July of 1862, the camp was reactivated and renamed Camp Franklin. The Iowa 21st, 27th, 32nd and 38th Volunteer Infantry Regiments were established at Camp Franklin. During the camp’s operations, a hospital, run by the Sisters of Charity, BVM, was built to provide care to sick and wounded troops. Camp Franklin was deactivated during January 1863, due primarily to excess sickness in the post. Council Bluffs Post— See Fort Croghan.

Camp McClellan— Camp McClellan was established during 1861 at Davenport as a training and induction post. The 32nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was formed at Dubuque during early October, arrived at Camp McClellan on 15 October. After completing its training the regiment moved to St. Louis and from there to Washington, D.C. Another unit, the 14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Colonel William T. Shaw, was organized at the post during early November 1861. Three companies (A, B and C) were detached and dispatched as a battalion to Fort Randall in the Dakota Territory to relive U.S. regulars. The battalion later became the 1st Battalion, 41st Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The site of the post is in Lindsay Park in East Davenport at Mound Street and River Drive along the Mississippi River.

Davenport— During November 1839, militia troops were forming at Davenport, while in nearby Missouri militia was also gathering. A conflict known as the Honey War was about to erupt. The citizens of Missouri, which had recently attained status as a state, and neighboring Iowa, which was still a territory, came to the brink of war. Apparently, the cause of what brought the two regions close to war was the positioning of a permanent southern border for Iowa and the lucrative business of honey hives. Missourians decided to dispatch the tax collector to gather the taxes, but Iowa did not roll out the red carpet. Instead, the tax collector was placed in custody. Meanwhile both sides continued to build their militias. A designated border line known as the Sullivan Line caused much of the friction as there was a difference of opinion as to whether the line referred to as the rapids of the Des Moines River was the point of convergence for the Des Moines and Mississippi Rivers as Iowa claimed, or a point just under 10 miles farther north where some small rapids were located on the Des Moines River, as claimed by Missouri. The Iowans established positions near Davenport on the Des Moines River, while the men from Missouri gathered near Chambersburg, Missouri, along the Fox River. While both sides prepared to open hostilities, representatives met and the war was essentially canceled. The decision was made to turn the problem over to the federal government to arrive at a conclusion. The border was later settled during 1851 by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of Iowa.

Camp Roberts— Camp Roberts was established as one of a series of training camps in Davenport after the outbreak of the Civil War. During 1863, the camp was renamed Camp Kinsman. The 8th and 9th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiments had their respective headquarters at the post during the war. By 1864, the number of Iowan troops that had either been killed or seriously wounded created a dilemma as many children had been orphaned. The post was deactivated during 1865 and the government donated the land for an orphan’s home for the children of Iowa troops. Initially, during 1866, it was called the Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home. Subsequently, during 1951, it was renamed the Annie Wittenmeyer Home in honor of

Fort Atkinson— The U.S. Army established Camp Atkinson, later Fort Atkinson at present-day Fort Atkinson (Winneshiek County) during 1840. A contingent of dragoons garrisoned the fort. Earlier, dragoons from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, were operating in Iowa. The dragoons (mounted infantry) were authorized during 1833 by President Andrew Jackson to bolster the other troops along the western frontier. At the time of its establishment, Winnebago Indians that had previously inhabited Wisconsin were relocated there. The fort was built to block the Indians from attempting to move back to Wisconsin; however it was also to provide protection for the Winnebago tribe from the Fox, Sauk and Sioux. By 1842, the fort was

Camp Kinsman— See Camp Roberts.

IOWA / Fort Croghan

116

preparing for an attack. Estherville was fortified and some Iowan volunteers organized a company and hurried to Minnesota to help the defenders there, but discovered many grisly scenes after arriving at places where other settlers had been killed. The alarm rapidly spread. Governor Kirkwood and the Iowa legislature quickly authorized the establishment of a unit known as the Iowa Northern Border Brigade. The cavalry brigade was commanded by Colonel James A. Sawyer. By November 1862, Fort Defiance was established on the east bank of the river. The fort’s construction was completed by spring of 1863. One company (Company A) of the brigade held the fort until April of the following year. At that time, a contingent of U.S. Cavalry arrived to relieve the volunteers. However, the cavalry remained there only a short time before orders arrived directing the garrison to abandon the fort and move further Fort Atkinson, Iowa, North Barracks — Photograph Ft. Atkinson State Historical Site west to aid other army units engaged against the Indians. For more inforcompleted and it was named Fort Atkinson in honor of General mation: Emmet County Historical Society Museum, 1720 3rd Ave. Henry Atkinson. During 1842, the dragoons were ordered to reloSouth, Estherville, Iowa. A replica blockhouse now stands in Fort cate at Fort Sanford (Sac and Fox Indian Agency) in the vicinity of Defiance State Park, which is not the location where the original fort Ottumwa. The U.S. troops were ordered west during 1846 (Mexistood. can War). The garrison departed during June but by the following Fort Des Moines (Des Moines)— In about 1834, the U.S. military month, Iowa Volunteers garrisoned the fort. The post remained acbegan to talk about and plan for additional forts in the Midwest. An tive until February 1849, subsequent to the Winnebago tribe again Indian agent, John Dougherty, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, probeing relocated further west. Construction of a replica fort began posed the construction of a fort in the vicinity of the convergence during 1958. It is located north of the town of Fort Atkinson, off state of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers in Iowa near present-day Des Highway 24. Fort Atkinson is now part of the Iowa State Preserves Moines. The proposal was subsequently agreed upon and Fort Des System. Moines was established during 1843. Initially, the name of the fort Fort Croghan— Fort Croghan, also known as Council Bluffs Post, was to be Fort Raccoon, but the War Department was less than imwas established during 1842 by the U.S. Army Dragoons in the vicinpressed and instead directed that it be called Fort Des Moines. Fort ity of Council Bluffs. Earlier, during 1837, dragoons were used by Des Moines remained an active post until 1851 when it was destroyed the army to escort a large group of Indians (Potawatomie, Ottawa by a devastating flood. Subsequently, during the early part of the and Chippewa tribes) from Missouri to southwestern Iowa, where twentieth century, the U.S. Army established a new post nearby, they were to resettle. The dragoons established a blockhouse in the which was utilized primarily by the U.S. Cavalry. Later, during 1917, vicinity of the site of Fort Croghan to provide protection for the InCamp Dodge was established near there. The fort remained active dians from the Sioux. The structure was temporary and was known until 1946. During 1937, one of the men who saw service there was only as the Blockhouse. The selected site was ill suited for a military Ronald Reagan, who joined the army and received a commission as post due to the unpredictability of the Missouri River. During the a 2nd lieutenant on 18 June 1937. Lieutenant Reagan trained with following year, much of the fort was destroyed by the river. Fort Des the cavalry. Subsequently, Lieutenant Reagan became the comMoines (not Montrose) was then constructed at the convergence of mander in chief of the U.S. armed forces when he became the 40th the Des Moines and Racoon rivers at present-day Des Moines. president of the United States during January 1981. In conjunction, this Fort Des Moines is not to be confused with Fort Des Moines Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was established during November established during 1834 at Montrose. 1862 in reaction to a period of turbulence with the Santee Sioux InFort Des Moines (Montrose)— Fort Des Moines, initially known as dians that had initiated raids in Minnesota. Earlier in the year, durCamp Des Moines was established in the vicinity of Montrose during August, a seriously wounded teenage boy arrived in Estherville ing 1834 by a contingent of dragoons who arrived in Iowa from after escaping an Indian attack in which his entire family had been Kansas. The dragoons (mounted infantry) were authorized during killed. Volunteers from Iowa sped to the scene, a small settlement 1833 by President Andrew Jackson to bolster the other troops along known as Belmond, about 30 miles distant, up the Des Moines the western frontier. Prior to arriving at Fort Des Moines, the draRiver. At the scene, some survivors had fortified a single cabin and goons at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, were patrolling Iowa. In conjuncwere able to hold off the attackers. The Indians then abandoned the tion, in accordance with a treaty signed at St. Louis during 1804, the attack to join other Indians that were raiding New Ulm and attackSauk and Fox Indians had agreed to relocate in Iowa. By 1831, Chief ing Fort Ripley. The volunteers extricated the survivors and took Black Hawk had agreed to relocate his tribe in Iowa after refusing to them to Iowa. Soon after, the settlers in the entire region were

117 abide by the treaty. However, by 1832, Black Hawk had become disappointed that he had not received help from the British and he was unhappy in the new territory. Consequently, he decided to head back to northern Illinois near the Rock River with about 3,000 followers. The action ignited the Black Hawk War during April 1832. The conflict spread across northern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin Territory. The conflict was terminated by the U.S. Army by August 1832. Fort Des Moines remained active until 1837. A that time, the dragoons at Fort Des Moines transferred to Fort Crawford, Wisconsin. Subsequently, during 1840, the dragoons returned to Iowa to garrison Fort Atkinson. Meanwhile, on 12 June 1838, the Iowa Territory (formed from portions of Wisconsin Territory) was established. Not to be confused with Fort Des Moines (Des Moines). Fort Dodge— During 1850, a contingent (Company E) of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment, led by Major Samuel Woods, arrived aboard a steamboat, the Highland Mary, at Muscatine from Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The contingent established Fort Clarke (later Fort Dodge) in Webster County along the Des Moines River at presentday Fort Dodge. The fort was established for the purpose of relocating the Meaquake Indians. However, Fort Clarke was completed by the following year and it was then renamed Fort Dodge. One of the officers in charge of the construction of the fort was Major Lewis A. Armistead of Virginia. Armistead entered West Point during 1834, but did not graduate with the class of 1837. Nevertheless, he had served in the Mexican War as a lieutenant with the brevet of major. Armistead later resigned from the service to join the Confederacy. His uncle, Major George Armistead, had commanded Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. Subsequently, during 1863, as a Confederate brigadier general, Armistead led a brigade during Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg ( July 1863). In conjunction, the abandoned fort was purchased by William Williams, who at the time ran a civilian store there. In conjunction, during the Civil War, a Union post known as Fort Williams was established at Fort Dodge. For more information: Fort Museum, South Kenyon & Museum Road, Fort Dodge, Iowa, 50501. This Fort Dodge is not to be confused with Camp Dodge established near Des Moines during 1903 as a cavalry post. Fort Madison— Fort Madison, named in honor of President James Madison, was established along the upper Mississippi River in the vicinity of present-day Fort Madison about 1808. At the time it was established, the region was inhabited by Fox and Sauk Indians and

Atchison Pony Express Station / KANSAS the Winnebago tribe. Troops of the U.S. 1st Regiment, commanded by Lt. Alpha Kingsley, garrisoned the fort. On 12 September 1812, Indians, incited by the English, unsuccessfully attacked the fort. During the attack, one soldier who was outside the gates was killed. Also, a building, known as the factory, essentially a trading post outside the fort, was destroyed by the soldiers. During July of the following year, an Indian war party attacked a contingent of troops from the fort and about one week later, a contingent of U.S. Rangers was attacked while constructing a nearby blockhouse. The Indians increased the intensity of their raids, and by September 1813, the outnumbered garrison held an untenable position. While the Indians placed the fort under siege, the troops, led by Lieutenant Thomas Hamilton, set the fort afire to distract the Indians’ attention. At dusk, the garrison made it unscathed to boats which were nearby at the river. Hamilton led his command down the Mississippi to safety. Part of the fort have since been replicated, in great part through the efforts of prisoners from the Iowa State Penitentiary who volunteered to work on the project. The fort and museum are located near the river at Riverside Park on the Mississippi, only a few blocks from the original site of Fort Madison. For more information: Old Fort Madison, Avenue E, Box 240, Fort Madison, Iowa, 52627. Fort Purdy— Fort Purdy was established about 1857 as a settler’s fort by John Purdy. The fort was located on a hill in the northern sector of Denison, along present-day Ridge Road. Settlers in Minnesota and Iowa began to prepare for Indian attacks following an incident known as the Spirit Lake Massacre in Minnesota. On 8 March 1857, Chief Inkpadutah (brother of slain Sidominadotah) launched raids in northern Iowa following the death of an Indian accused of improper conduct against the wife of a settler. The Gillett family involved with the incident was not discovered by the raiding party. Nevertheless, the Indians selected other settlers near Lake Okoboji and Spirit Lake as well as a nearby settlement at Springfield, Minnesota. Thirty-eight settlers were killed. Seven victims belonged to the Mattock family ( James and Mary Mattock and their five children), which was wiped out. Four women were seized at Spirit Lake and taken away; one of those drowned, another was battered to death and two others were later rescued by paying for their release. Soldiers under Major William Williams later arrived, but their task was essentially to bury the victims. The troops initiated pursuit, but the Indians escaped out of the territory. Fort Williams— See Fort Dodge.

KANSAS Ash Point-Laramie Creek Pony Express Station— The Pony Express Station was located near Vermillion Creek. This station was known by several names including Frogtown Station and Hickory Point Station. Ash Point, the settlement, was located at the junction of the California Road and the Pony Express Trail. The depot was managed by John O’Laughlin. The station operated as a stage station after the Pony Express ceased operations (1861). During the 1930s, a historical marker was placed near where the station was located that reads: “1858 Pony Express Station Overland Trail-Ash Point.”

was located in Atchison. The Pony Express initiated operations during April 1860. During March 1861, the Overland Mail contract was signed and the government stipulated that the eastern terminus for the Pony Express could be either St. Joseph, Missouri, or Atchison. Initially, the Pony Express ran the mail from St. Joseph to San Francisco. With the new contract, the Overland Mail Company was able to deliver the mail to Atchison or St. Joseph. The Pony Express ceased operations during October 1861.

Atchison Pony Express Station— Atchison Pony Express Station

Battery at Mt. Oread— See Camp Lookout.

Bain’s Fort— See Fort Bayne.

KANSAS / Big Muddy Station Bayne’s Fort— See Fort Bayne. Big Muddy Station— Big Muddy Station was established as a Pony Express station during 1860 near Muddy Creek, about 25 miles from Kennekuk. Black Jack Station— Black Jack Station was established for the Kansas Stage Line during 1860 near Black Jack Creek, about two miles north of St. George and about 25 miles west of Kennekuk. The station was attacked during May 1863 by Confederate guerrillas led by Dick Yeager (Yager). The Confederates had earlier raided Diamond Springs Station and were en route back to Missouri when Black Jack was struck. Camp 57— See Fort Atkinson. Camp Alert— See Fort Larned. Camp at Shawnee Mission— Shawnee Mission in the vicinity of Kansas City was a Methodist Mission that was used by the Union during the Civil War as a camp. The mission was also used as a supply center along the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. The Shawnee Mission is now a National Historic Landmark, located at 3403 West 53rd in Fairway near Kansas City, Kansas. Camp Bateman— Camp Bateman, a temporary post, was established as an outpost of Fort Leavenworth by elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment during 1857. The camp, near Fort Leavenworth, was abandoned during the spring of the following year. Camp Baxter Springs— See Fort Blair (Baxter Springs). Camp Beecher— See Camp Davidson. Camp Ben Butler— See Fort Blair (Baxter Springs). Camp Butterfield— See Camp Davidson. Camp Caldwell— Camp Caldwell was established in the vicinity of Caldwell during 1884. It remained active until the following year during a period of tension due to what was known as the Oklahoma Boomers. General Edward Hatch, 9th U.S. Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers), was ordered to Caldwell during 1884 to establish headquarters there and to establish several camps to control the situation and prevent land grabbers from seizing Cherokee lands. The town of Caldwell was named after Alexander Caldwell, a U.S. senator. The town near Wichita became a cow town. The town was located along the Chisolm Trail, the route Texans used to drive their cattle to Kansas. Law and order were not trademarks of the area. Between 1879 and 1885, the town lost nearly 20 marshals to violence. During 1890, the U.S. Army was sent there to keep order during a period of turbulence when land known as the Cherokee Outlet was being cleared of cattle at the order of the government. The cattlemen were to demolish all buildings and remove all cattle from the land. The Cherokee Indians during 1880 were receiving $1 a head for cattle grazing on their land, but they complained of being cheated and a new agreement was reached with the cattlemen during 1883. The cattlemen signed a lease lasting five years that guaranteed the Indians $100,000 per year. The payment was made in silver dollars and delivered to Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee lands. When a new lease was signed, the rate was increased to $200,000 per year. Later, the government intervened when the cattlemen attempted to purchase the lands. Eventually, during 1893, the government bought the land from the Cherokees and afterward offered it to all takers. The Cherokee Indians had little choice as the government had threatened to confiscate the lands because the Indians weren’t using them and the Cherokees no longer received any payments from the cattlemen. The Cherokees agreed to the arrangement during 1891. The land known as the Cherokee Strip ran west of the 96th meridian and was approximately 57 miles wide. On 16 September 1893, people

118 from all parts of the country had gathered on the border of Kansas and Oklahoma. At the signal, about 11:55 A.M., the race began. More than 40,000 homesteads were occupied that day in Oklahoma. Camp Center— See Fort Riley. Camp Croghan— Camp Croghan was established during 1826 by elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment where Cantonment Martin had been earlier established. Subsequent to the operations of the infantry regiment in the region, the camp was again abandoned until 1861, although on several occasions it was occupied during the interim period. During 1861, the post was reactivated. It was known as Camp Croghan and as Fort Kansas. Kansas troops deployed there to deal with Confederates that were operating on the Missouri side of the river. See also Cantonment Martin. Camp Davidson— Camp Davidson, also known as Camp Wichita, was established outside of Wichita near the Little Arkansas River at its convergence with the Arkansas River. Previously, the site had been a trading post established by J.R. Mead during 1863. During October 1868, the fort was renamed Camp Butterfield; however, within about one month, the name was again changed, to Camp Beecher. The post was abandoned during October 1869. Camp Ewing— Camp Ewing was established outside Lawrence as a Union training post. The 13th Kansas Volunteer Regiment departed Camp Stanton for Camp Ewing during the latter part of October 1862. From Camp Ewing, the regiment departed for Camp Bowen, Arkansas, where it participated against the Confederates under General Hindman. Camp Ewing was in close proximity to Camp Lookout (also known as Fort Ulysses). Camp Hoffman— Camp Hoffman, also known as Hoffman’s Camp, was established in Jewell County about 1867. By the following year it was abandoned. In conjunction, later, during 1870, trouble with the Cheyenne erupted, prompting the home guard to establish Fort Jewell. Camp Joe Hooker— See Fort Blair (Baxter Springs). Camp Kirwin— See Fort Kirwin. Camp Leedy— During 1898 (Spanish American War period), Camp Leedy was established at Topeka. The post, named in honor of the Kansas governor at the time, John W. Leedy, was established as a temporary training center near the Kansas Statehouse and fairgrounds. Camp Lincoln— See Fort Leavenworth. Camp Little Five Mile— Camp Little Five Mile was established in the vicinity of Baxter Springs near Spring River by Indian Home Guard units during June 1862. Camp Lookout— A battery was placed upon the summit of Mt. Oread during spring 1864 and by summer a fort was in the process of being constructed there. Apparently the fort, sometimes referred to as Fort Ulysses, was never completed. In conjunction, Fort Lane was established near there during the 1850s on the east side of Mt. Oread. See also Fort Lane. Camp Magruder— Camp Crittenden was established during 1860 as a short-term camp near Fort Leavenworth. The camp was in use during July-August by troops under Lieutenant Colonel (later Confederate general) George B. Crittenden while they were in Kansas before moving into Utah. Camp Marysville— Camp Marysville was established during 1857 at present-day Marysville in the northern sector of Kansas. The camp was built in the vicinity of where a trading post had been earlier established by Colonel Frank Marshall about 1852 when he arrived

119 there from Missouri. Colonel Marshall also operated a ferry there. The town of Marysville that grew there was named for Marshall’s wife (Mary Williams Marshall). By 1860 the railroad (Elwood and Marysville) was closing on the town and tracks were being laid. Marysville was strategically located as it was a connection for the California Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail and it was along the Fort Leavenworth-Fort Kearny Military Road. During its short-lived operation, the Pony Express also had a station there, the only depot that remains intact at its original location. Camp Ogallah— Camp Ogallah was established in the vicinity of Wakeeny (Trego County) about 1867 by the U.S. Army to provide protection for the workers who were building the Union Pacific Railroad as it moved westward through Kansas. Apparently, during June of 1867, a man named Thomas Park was killed by Indians and the fort became known as Park’s Fort. The fort was actually an encampment with tents. No structures were built. Camp on Pawnee Fork— See Fort Larned. Camp on Pond Creek— See Fort Wallace. Camp on the Solomon River— See Fort Solomon. Camp Pliley— Camp Pliley was established by Kansas militia during 1869 at Spillman Creek (Lincoln County). The post contained a blockhouse, officers’ quarters and it was protected by a stockade, although it did not come under attack. The post was manned by elements (Company A) of the Kansas Second Frontier Battalion, commanded by Captain A.J. Pliley. The battalion was the final Kansas militia unit created to react to Indian attacks. The garrison was to protect the settlers from Indian attacks which had been occurring. The presence of the militia cut down the Indian raids in the area. The blockhouse burned down accidentally during 1872 when fire spread across the prairie, but the militia had earlier abandoned it. Camp Scott— See Fort Scott. Camp Sully— See Fort Sully. Camp Thompson— Camp Thompson was established by elements of the U.S. Sixth Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Andrews during late April 1858. The camp, set up on a temporary basis near Fort Leavenworth, was abandoned during the early part of the following month.

Elwood Pony Express / KANSAS fort was needed to provide winter quarters for the troops. It was the initial U.S. military installation to be constructed in Kansas. The camp was abandoned during July 1819 when Major Long reinitiated the expedition which was heading west to the Rocky Mountains. During the following year, Major Long passed through en route to St. Louis. Subsequently, during 1826, the fort was reactivated and renamed Camp Croghan. See also Camp Croghan. Carlyle (Carlisle) Stage Station— Carlyle (Carlisle) Stage Station was established during 1865 about 35 miles southeast of Grinnell. Chouteau’s Post— The Chouteau brothers (Pierre Jr., or Philip and Lewis) established a trading post on the Marais des Cygnes River near the Missouri border during 1825. The post was operated by Michel Giraud. During 1842, General Winfield Scott ordered the construction of a post near the trading post. The post remained active until after the termination of the Civil War. The town of Trading Post emerged there. The Treaty of Canville between the U.S. and the Great Osage and Little Osage Indians was signed there on 29 September 1865. Corndodger Station— Corndodger Station was established along the Oregon-California Trail (Sublette’s Trace) in northeast Kansas near Corndodger Creek. During February 1827, William Sublette carved this route while returning from the Great Salt Lake Valley to St. Louis. During 1830, Sublette returned to the region. Others followed, including prominent mountain men like Jim Bridger as they used the route to the Rocky Mountains during the expeditions to acquire furs. Corndodger Station became one of the places the fur trappers held their annual spring rendezvous. Cottonwood Pony Express Station— See Hollenberg Station. Council Grove Stage Station— Council Grove Stage Station was established along the Santa Fe Trail in the vicinity of present-day Council Grove during 1849. The station was located in Morris County near the Neosho River. Earlier, during 1847, a trading post was established near the site of the depot by Albert G. Boone and James G. Hamilton. The trading post was located on the Kaw Indian reservation. Cow Creek Post— The U.S. Army established a small outpost that contained a barracks and a blacksmith shop at a point known as Cow Creek Crossing during 1865.

Camp Wichita— See Camp Davidson.

Crossing of the Arkansas Station— See Fort Defiance.

Camp Wynkoop— During May 1864, Colonel John Chivington, commander of the 1st Colorado Cavalry, directed Major Edward W. Wynkoop, commander at Fort Lyons, Colorado, to establish a post on the Arkansas River in Kansas. At the time, it was concluded that a fort was required to observe the patterns of the Indians in the region and to maintain a vigil for Confederates. The outpost was established during May 1864 on the north side of the river in close proximity to the southeastern border of Colorado. Soon after, during August, a band of Indians attacked a wagon train along the Santa Fe Trail near the fort. The camp was abandoned by the military during the fall of 1864, but a recently established stage depot remained in operation. During the following year, after the conclusion of the Civil War, Camp Wynkoop would again be garrisoned for a short while during August 1865. By mid-August or September, a new post, Fort Aubrey, was established there. See also Fort Aubrey.

Diamond Springs Stage Station— The Diamond Springs Stage Station was established along the Santa Fe Trail about 20 miles southwest of Council Grove during 1850. It was located in Morris County in the vicinity of present-day Diamond Springs, Kansas (initially Diamond of the Plain). On 4 May 1863, the station was held up by Confederate guerrillas under Dick Yeager (also Yager). During the raid, one person (Augustus Howell) was killed; his wife was wounded, but she survived. Following the raid, Yeager’s band paused at the Rock Springs Station and raided it. One man, George N. Sabin, a soldier, on leave and attached to the 11th Kansas Regiment, was killed there. Before returning to Missouri, the guerrillas also held up the Black Jack Stage Station. In conjunction, the Diamond Springs Station was located near Otter Creek where the spring was discovered during 1825 by a man named Ben Jones. The site of the spring and station is now part of the Diamond Creek Ranch.

Cantonment Leavenworth— See Fort Leavenworth.

Downer’s Station— See Fort Downer.

Cantonment Martin— Cantonment Martin was established on Cow Island (Isle de Vache) on the Missouri River during October 1818 by a contingent of troops under Captain Wyly Martin. Captain Martin was leading the vanguard of the Long Expeditionary Force. The

Elwood Pony Express— During 1856, the town of Roseport, later Elwood, was established (Doniphan County) opposite St. Joseph, Missouri, on the Missouri River. Both towns prospered from the huge number of settlers moving west. In addition, Elwood became

KANSAS / Fort Atkinson the initial station in Kansas for the Pony Express, which transported the mail from St. Joseph to California. The Pony Express had a short life span due to the invention of the telegraph, but the Iron Horse also got its debut in Kansas at Elwood when the tracks began to be laid during 1859, initiating the first railroad lane west of the Missouri River. Fort Atkinson— Fort Atkinson was established in Ford County, slightly west of present-day Dodge City, during August 1850. It was constructed with sod bags and some adobe bricks by a contingent of the 1st U.S. Dragoons under Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner as another fort along the Santa Fe Trail. Unlike Forts Leavenworth (1827) and Fort Marcy (1846), New Mexico, which were situated at the respective ends of the trail, Fort Atkinson was located in the midst of the Indian territory. The establishment of Fort Atkinson at Dodge City made nearby Fort Mann expendable. It was abandoned. The troops had been at Camp Mackay, a temporary camp at the Middle Arkansas crossing, but during the following month it was made a permanent fort. By September, the troops relocated to New Post which was renamed Fort Atkinson during June 1851. The garrison at Fort Atkinson was responsible for protecting the region from Indian attacks. Fort Atkinson was abandoned during September 1853 when the garrison moved to Fort Riley after demolishing the fort. The area remained turbulent and urgent requests were made to reestablish the fort. Later, during May of 1854, a contingent of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment arrived to form a garrison, which remained active until 1854. The post was permanently abandoned during 1855. In conjunction, during 1855, Lt. Colonel Sumner was promoted to colonel and he received command of the U.S. 1st Cavalry. During the following year, Sumner became commanding officer of Fort Leavenworth. Also, Fort Atkinson had been known by other names, including Camp 57, Fort Mackay, Fort Sumner, Fort Sod, Fort Sodom, and New Post (on the Arkansas). Fort Atkinson was the first regular army post on the Santa Fe Trail in the heart of Indian Country. Fort Aubrey— Fort Aubrey was established at Aubrey Crossing during the summer of 1865 at the site of Camp Wynkoop, which had been established during 1864 by Major Edward W. Wynkoop. Although Camp Wynkoop had been abandoned by the military during the autumn of 1864, a stagecoach depot along the Santa Fe Trail continued to operate. Fort Aubrey was located near the Arkansas River on the north side at Spring Creek, about 60–70 miles from Fort Lyon, Colorado. Fort Aubrey was initially garrisoned by a contingent of the 5th U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which contained some men who had previously been in the Confederate service. The troops under Lieutenant Charles H. Hoyt were dispatched to the Arkansas River from Fort Lyon to reactivate Camp Wynkoop. By September, Hoyt’s unit received orders to move to Fort Kearny, Nebraska, where the main body of the regiment was quartered. By mid–October, elements of the 48th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under Captain Adolph Whitman, and a contingent of the 13th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, under Captain Wilson L. Parker, then garrisoned Fort Aubrey. The official orders renaming the post to Fort Aubrey were issued at Fort Lyon by General Elliott on 15 September. The combined force at the garrison amounted to about 300 troops, commanded by Captain Parker. The fort was not exactly a fortress as the troops essentially lived in a sod dugout. By January 1866, a contingent of the 18th U.S. Infantry Regiment and a company of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry relived the forces at the post. The elements of the 14th Wisconsin Regiment were mustered out of the service by the latter part of January. Although the Civil War had terminated, various regiments had been ordered to duty on the western frontier to deal with a period of turbulence with the Indians. Kansas was one such hot spot. The fort was abandoned 15

120 April 1866. After it was abandoned, the stage depot maintained operations. Subsequently, troops in small numbers were posted there and several other stage depots (Overland Stage) to protect travel along the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Bain— See Fort Bayne. Fort Baxter— See Fort Blair (Baxter Springs). Fort Bayne— Fort Bayne, also known as Fort Bain and Bayne’s Fort, was established during 1857 by Oliver P. Baynes with help from John Brown, the abolitionist. The fort was located in Bourbon County on the north side of the Osage River slightly east of Fort Lincoln and about one mile west of the town of Fulton. John Brown also constructed a fortified structure nearby. Brown used the fortified log cabin as a meeting place and he often met with the leader of the Jayhawkers, James Montgomery. The stronghold, less than 10 miles from the border with Missouri, was able to hold at least 50 men. The abolitionists established a private court there to neutralize the court of Judge Williams, who held jurisdiction over land claims. Subsequent to the termination of the turbulence in the region during the conflict along the border, the fort would again become a residence. Fort Belmont— Fort Belmont was established during 1860 on Sandy Lake in the vicinity of Belmont, Woodson County, at a point south of Fort Leavenworth and above the Big Sandy River. During 1864, it was garrisoned by two companies (C and G) of the Kansas 16th Regiment (local militia), commanded by Captain Joseph Gunby. The regiment was formed to repel Confederate general Sterling Price’s invasion. The fort’s responsibilities included guarding the military road running southward from Fort Leavenworth and also to neutralize the Border Ruffians from Missouri. The command at Fort Belmont also maintained the safety of settlers. In conjunction, the fort saw no action during the Civil War. The military garrison abandoned the post during October 1864. The Indian agency there was also closed. The fort was totally abandoned during 1865 subsequent to the close of hostilities in the region. Settlers remained in the area, but two years later a smallpox epidemic struck, prompting many of the families to flee the area. Fort Bissell— Fort Bissell was established as a settlers’ fort on the property of John Bissell during 1872 in the vicinity of Phillipsburg to provide protection from Indian raids. The fort was abandoned during 1878. Fort Blair (Fort Scott)— See Fort Scott. Not to be confused with Fort Blair (Baxter Springs). Fort Blair (Baxter Springs)— During 1862, the U.S. Army established Fort Blair (also known as Fort Baxter), initially known as Camp Baxter Springs, during the spring of 1862. The fort was built in the vicinity of where John Baxter established a trading post during 1849. It was one of a series of field camps at Baxter Springs to serve on the frontier and support the settlers and wagon trains moving along the military road that linked the forts in the region. The post was established by elements of the 2nd Ohio Troops at Fort Blair who escorted settlers and wagon trains along the military road in the region between Fort Smith in Arkansas and Fort Gibson in Oklahoma. The post was established by the 2nd Ohio Cavalry under Colonel Charles Doubleday and Kansas volunteer troops under Colonel Charles Weer. The 2nd Ohio was formed during October 1861 for a period of three years. It was during February 1862 that Doubleday’s command pushed Quantrill out of Independence, Missouri. In addition, Camp Little Five Mile was established near Baxter Springs in the vicinity of the Spring River by Indian Home Guard units during June 1862. By the following year, additional field camps were established to handle the growing number of troops in the region. The 1st Kansas Colored troops established Camp Joe Hooker

121

Fort Harker / KANSAS

and Camp Ben Butler. By July 1863, it became necessary for the U.S. Army to establish a permanent post. At that time, the military constructed a permanent post which became Fort Blair (also known as Fort Baxter). The post was built and garrisoned by elements of the 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment. On 4 October, Lieutenant James B. Pond arrived at Fort Blair from Fort Scott to assume command. Upon his arrival, Pond concluded that the fort needed to be expanded to properly quarter the force there which amounted to about 150 soldiers. By the following day, the west wall of the fort was dismantled. On the following day, the garrison was short-handed because a large force was dispatched on a foraging mission. In the meantime, on that same day, 6 October, a large force of Confederate guerrillas under William Clarke Quantrill advanced upon the fort. Lieutenant Pond was able to repel the attack, which occurred about noon; however, Quantrill soon after sprang an ambush on a Union column. Quantrill’s guerrillas, wearing Union uniforms, approached a column led by General James Blount. The Union soldiers were caught off-guard when the blue-uniformed troops innocently approached. Suddenly, the column was struck near Baxter Springs (Cherokee County) as it moved toward Fort Scott. With no time to react, nearly the entire contingent was slain. However, General Blount and some troops escaped harm. Quantrill’s guerrillas were able to get back into Missouri by late afternoon. The incident is remembered as the Baxter Springs Massacre. Most of those killed were buried at the Baxter Springs cemetery. In conjunction, the city of Baxter Springs emerged as the war closed and it was incorporated during 1868. Not to be confused with Fort Blair (Fort Scott).

Stage route. During 1867, the fort was reconstructed at a nearby location. The new buildings were made of stone, rather than lumber. During March 1868, outlaws attacked a powder train, which was heading from Fort Harker to Fort Dodge in the vicinity of Plum Creek. Sgt. James Fegan, 3rd U.S. Infantry, singlehandedly repelled the attack, wounding two of the bandits and chasing off the rest. The train arrived safely at Fort Dodge. Fegan became a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his heroism. On 2 September 1868, a detachment of four men was attacked by a hostile force of approximately 50 Indians near the fort. Corporal Leander Herron, 3rd U.S. Infantry, rushed to their aid and remained with them to hold off the attackers until reinforcements arrived. Herron’s actions saved the beleaguered command. Fort Dodge was abandoned during October 1882. Subsequently, during 1889, the fort was transformed into the Kansas Soldiers Home.

Fort Brooks— Fort Brooks, a blockhouse, was established during the summer of 1864 on property in Cloud County belonging to George Brooks, a member of the local militia in Shirley County. The post, located near the Republican River, was established to provide protection from Indian raids. Militia, commanded by Captain I. M. Schooley, garrisoned the fort.

Fort Folly— See Fort Simple.

Fort Cavignial— At about 1744–1745, French Fort Cavignial, a trading post, was established by Joseph Deruisseau along the Kansas River, near its mouth in the vicinity of present-day Kansas City. Deruisseau retained exclusive trading rights with the Indians; however, the post lasted only until about 1760 due to the outbreak of the French and Indian War. In conjunction, at the time of its founding, Fort Cavignial was not in U.S. territory, but later, subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase, Kansas became U.S. territory. Fort Clifton— Fort Clifton was a settlers’ fort established during August 1862 in the vicinity of present-day Clifton. The settlers constructed the fort to protect themselves from Indian attacks. The fort was abandoned during 1863, and its exact location remains unknown. Fort Clinton— Fort Clinton, a blockhouse, was established in the vicinity of Clinton about 1840 and was utilized as a cavalry post. It was abandoned about 1850. Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was established in Douglas County about 1855, but the exact location remains unknown. It is thought to have been in the south or southeastern sector of the county. The post was utilized until about 1861, when it was abandoned. In conjunction, a stage depot known as Crossing of the Arkansas Station was established near there during 1864. Fort Dodge— Fort Dodge was established near present-day Dodge City during April 1865 by elements of the 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The fort was situated near the Arkansas River along the Santa Fe Trail. The garrison was responsible for protecting settlers moving along the Santa Fe Trail, and the troops also held responsibility for safeguarding the mail traveling on the Overland

Fort Downer— Fort Downer was established about 1863 on the Smoky Hill Trail about 50 miles west of Fort Hays. A stage line (Butterfield Overland Despatch) station (Downer’s Station) was also located there. During 1867, the stage depot was destroyed by Indians. The fort was abandoned during May of the following year. During its period of operations, at times, the U.S. 7th Cavalry under Colonel George Armstrong Cuter utilized the fort during 1867 while engaged in missions against the Indians. Fort Ellsworth— See Fort Harker. Fort Fletcher— See Fort Hays.

Fort Franklin— See Fort Saunders. Fort Harker— Fort Ellsworth, later Fort Harker was established in Ellsworth County during 1864. The post was constructed at the site of a trading ranche (Page Ranche) and stage depot (mail station) on the military road where it intersected with the Santa Fe Trail. The fort, also located in close proximity to the Smoky Hill River, was near the site of a recent Indian attack that led to a massacre during May 1864 and prompted the settlers to abandon their trading post. Nonetheless, by the following month, the military established the post to ensure the road remained clear for the mail. The construction of the post was ordered by General Samuel R. Curtis and constructed by elements of the 7th Iowa Cavalry under Lieutenant Allen Ellsworth. Based on reports about the fort, and there are few sources, it was a primitive post that also had caves nearby closer to the river in which the troops spent the winter months. While the fort was active, it came under attack by Indians several times, but the losses seemed to have been confined to horses and mules belonging to the cavalry and the Kansas Stage Company, respectively, during the raids, which occurred during August 1864. Subsequently, during November 1866, General Winfield Scott Hancock ordered a name change for the post. Fort Ellsworth at that time was renamed Fort Harker in honor of General Charles G. Harker. General Harker, a West Point graduate, class of 1858, had been mortally wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, on 26 June 1864. Prior to receiving that fatal wound, Harker saw four horses shot from under him without his sustaining any injury. By the time the fort had become Fort Harker, the Butterfield Stage had been moving through Kansas for about one year using a new and shorter route to Denver. Fort Harker continued as a primary depot that offered food and rest, for the travelers and troops frequently would have to accompany the coaches and trains to prevent Indian attacks as they moved toward Colorado. The stage line had been acquired by Ben Holladay from David Butterfield during 1866. By August of 1866, the Indian disruptions had pressed the military to take action. A group of

KANSAS / Fort Hays Cheyenne and Arapaho leaders agreed to hold a parley at Fort Harker with Colonel Wynkoop, commanding officer, District of the Upper Arkansas. The meeting ended with the Indians agreeing to rein in their rambunctious braves. By 1867, the post was becoming more active in the region and the fort was relocated to a nearby site in the vicinity of present-day Kanopolis. It was then garrisoned by four companies of troops. The post never came under any major attacks while it was active; however the fort’s garrison was frequently dispatched to subdue hostile Indians. The garrison acted as escort for wagon trains moving west and the post also doubled as a major supply center for units in the field. Later as the railroad moved further west and the Indians were relocated, the post was no longer required. It was abandoned during April 1873. During 1880, the abandoned post was transferred to the Department of the Interior. For more information: Fort Harker Museum, Kanopolis, Kansas 67454. The museum, operated by the Ellsworth County Historical Society, relates the story of Fort Ellsworth, which preceded Fort Harker, and then the story of Fort Harker and how it protected the Butterfield Stage Line. The museum also displays the history of the U.S. Cavalry units that served at the post. Fort Hays— Fort Hays, initially Fort Fletcher (Camp Fletcher), was established about 15 miles south of the Saline River during October 1865 outside present-day Hays, near Big Creek and the Smoky Hill River, in accordance with General Order 22 of the Department of Kansas. The fort was named in honor of Governor Thomas Clement Fletcher of Missouri, which state borders Kansas. The fort was officially established on 11 October by elements of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Regiment, which was composed of former Confederate POWs who had chosen to join the U.S. Army for service on the western frontier. The contingent that established Fort Fletcher was led by Lieutenant Colonel William Tamblyn The initial garrison was composed of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiment and two companies (A and F) of the 13th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry. The garrison was responsible for providing protection for travelers, settlers and the overland coaches that used the trails that passed through the region, particularly the Smoky Hill Trail that ran past the fort to Denver, Colorado. The fort, located less than 15 miles southeast of Hays, Kansas was temporarily abandoned during spring of 1866 (5 May), but it was reactivated on 11 October of that same year when a contingent of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment arrived, bolstered by elements of the U.S. 7th Cavalry. The fort was ordered to be renamed Fort Hays by General Winfield Scott Hancock (Headquarters, Department of Missouri at Fort Leavenworth) during November 1866, in honor of General Alexander Hays, who was killed while leading a brigade of General David Birney’s division during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia on 5 May 1864. Hays was posthumously promoted to brevet major general effective 5 May. During June 1867, a devastating flood destroyed most of the fort and some lives were lost. The U.S. Army then rebuilt it, without a stockade, at a more suitable nearby location on the southern fringes of the city of Hays near Big Creek and in close proximity to the tracks of the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Major Alfred Gibbs, who selected the new site (latitude 38% 59’ north; longitude, 22% west, 1,893 feet above sea level), became the commanding officer of the fort on 23 June 1867 and soon after, on the Fourth of July, the Stars and Stripes was hoisted above Fort Hays in central Kansas. Fort Hays was garrisoned by several separate regiments during its period of activity including the U.S. 7th Cavalry, the 5th U.S. Infantry and the 9th and 10th U.S. Colored Cavalry Regiments. General Philip Sheridan was headquartered at Fort Hays during 1868. During August 1868, Sheridan directed Major George Forsyth to recruit 50 frontiersmen from the garrisons of Forts Hays and Harker for a mission against the Cheyenne chief Roman Nose. At the time, the Indians controlled most of the plains.

122 The campaign terminated during October after reinforcements arrived to rescue Forsyth’s beleaguered command at Beecher’s Island. During November 1868, Sheridan and the newly appointed commanding officer of the 7th Cavalry, George Armstrong Custer, departed Fort Hays, initiating the winter campaign against the Sioux in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Frequently, trains departed Fort Hays delivering supplies to Fort Dodge. These supply wagons also moved beyond into Oklahoma to reach Fort Supply. The fort was ordered abandoned (General Orders No. 69) on 31 August 1889 by Major General John McAllister Schofield (Headquarters of the Army Adjutant General’s Office, Washington, D.C.) who succeeded General William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of the army upon Sherman’s death during 1888. The general order included the deactivation of Fort Lyon in Colorado and Fort Laramie in Wyoming. The government appointed a custodian to protect the property at the abandoned fort. During its period of activity, many prominent names served there, including Buffalo Bill Cody and Wild Bill Hickock. In addition, General George Armstrong Custer, General Nelson Miles and General Philip Sheridan spent time there. During 1900, by an act of Congress, the fort’s 7,600 acres were transferred to the State of Kansas. Fort Hays is now a Kansas State Historical Park, on the south side of Hays, south of the US 183 bypass. A modern museum and visitors center is located at the park. For more information: Fort Hays Historical State Park, 1472 Highway 183 Alternate, Hays, Kansas, 67601. Fort Henning— See Fort Scott. Fort Humboldt— Fort Humboldt was established during the 1860s by Union forces at present-day Humboldt. The 7th Kansas Volunteer Regiment was among the units that were deployed there. When the 7th Kansas arrived there from Fort Scott, it deployed one artillery piece and a mountain howitzer. Kansas militia under Captain Newman were also deployed at the post. Fort Insley— See Fort Scott. Fort Jewell— Fort Jewell was established during May 1870 in Jewell County, north central Kansas, during a period of turbulence with the Cheyenne. The post was constructed by Kansas Home Guards, commanded by Captain William D. Street, when word spread that the Cheyenne had gone on the warpath. The post was garrisoned by the settlers who resided in the vicinity of Buffalo Creek; however, no attack occurred. The settlers remained within the fort until the latter part of June when elements of the 3rd U.S. Artillery arrived. The fort was abandoned during autumn 1870. Fort Kirwin— Fort Kirwin, known also as Camp Kirwin, named for Colonel John S. Kirwin, commander, 12th Tennessee Cavalry, was established during the summer of 1865 on 10 July as a temporary camp for the regiment. The post was located near the convergence of Bow Creek and the North Solomon River, slightly south of present-day Kirwin. The post was established to protect a surveying party that was working in the area, and was not actually a fort. The post was abandoned during early September 1865 when the project was completed. Fort Lane— Fort Lane was established during 1856 in the vicinity of West Lawrence in Douglas County, but it remained operational only until the following year. The fort was built during a period of turbulence in the region between the forces for slavery in Missouri and the free staters in Kansas. The remnants of the fort were later discovered on the east side of Mt. Oread, at present on the property of Kansas University. Fort Larned— During the autumn of 1859, a contingent of the 1st U.S. Cavalry, led by Captain (later Confederate general) George H.

123 Steuart, under orders to select and erect a post along the Santa Fe Trail, arrived at a site in the vicinity of present-day Larned. Captain Steuart, a West Point graduate (1848, cadet No. 1405) established Camp on Pawnee Fork there. Later, during February 1860, the post, initially established to protect the settlers and the overland mail route through Kansas, was renamed Camp Alert. Shortly thereafter, orders arrived from headquarters directing that the camp be officially renamed Fort Larned in honor of the U.S. Army paymaster (at that time), Colonel Benjamin F. Larned. Also during 1860, the post was relocated a short distance away from its original location. At the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, the fort was also an Indian agency, but when troops were drained from the frontier to support the Union cause, the fort was not properly garrisoned to protect the region. Later, during 1862, the fort was reinforced by elements of Kansas and Colorado volunteer regiments. Afterward, the army was again better positioned to provide protection along the routes heading west which were constantly threatened by the Apaches, Arapahos and the Kiowas. The fort was considered a strategic post and during 1865, the U.S. Army constructed it anew using sandstone blocks. During the early 1860s, Fort Larned was considered the northern anchor of forts defending the southwestern military frontier. Fort Larned was also a primary post during the Indian War of 1868–69. Major General Philip H. Sheridan at that time ordered Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry to Fort Larned from Fort Riley. The campaign of Custer culminated with the defeat of Black Kettle’s Cheyennes at the Battle of the Washita on 27 November 1868. During the post–Civil War years, infantry and cavalry troops were quartered at Fort Larned. The post was situated in Indian Territory and it played a pivotal role along the Santa Fe Trail in south-central Kansas. In addition to guarding the settlers, the troops stationed there would subsequently protect the railroads when tracks were being placed through Kansas for the Santa Fe Railroad. During its period of active service the fort went from adobe construction to more reliable sandstone, the latter occurring about 1867. During April 1867, General Hancock ordered Colonel Edward Wynkoop to summon the Cheyenne leaders to appear at Fort Larned for a parley. After the parley, the leaders were later instructed to come to the fort with the entire tribe, but complications set in and the Indians did not arrive as expected. At that point, General Hancock dispatched a force to go after the Cheyenne. During the following year, the Indian agency (Arapaho and Cheyenne) ceased operations. By about 1872, the relevance of the fort was lessened as the railroad (Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe) reached the region. The fort was permanently abandoned during July 1878. For more information: Fort Larned, Kansas National Historical Site, Route 3, Larned, Kansas, 67550. The fort is situated about six miles west of Larned on U.S. 156. There is a visitor center and museum which illustrate the history of the fort. There are also many artifacts on display in addition to many reconstructed buildings. Fort Leavenworth— Fort Leavenworth, initially known as Cantonment Leavenworth, was established during 1827 on the Central Plains near the Missouri River at present-day Leavenworth. Fort Leavenworth, the eastern terminus of the Santa Fe Trail, was constructed by troops under Colonel Henry Leavenworth. During the spring of 1829, the post was abandoned. Afterward, the fort was occupied by Kickapoo Indians. By autumn 1829, U.S. troops returned to reactivate the fort. Subsequently, during February 1832, the fort was officially named Fort Leavenworth. The post played a primary part as the U.S. expanded westward and its troops protected the Santa Fe and Oregon trails as well as the western frontier. The post remained the principal fort on the frontier for more than 30 years as settlers moved toward points west and the California coast. In addition, the fort was utilized by the army during the Cherokee relocation (1839)

Fort Mann / KANSAS and it was a key base while troops were heading west during the Mexican War. During the Civil War period, the fort remained active and several temporary posts sprung up around the post. They included Camp Bateman, Camp Lincoln, Camp Magruder, Camp Thompson and Fort Sully. The latter was quickly placed atop Hancock Hill when it was thought the Confederates under Price would attack. However, Union forces under General Samuel Ryan Curtis solidly defeated Price’s Confederates at Westport, Missouri, during October of 1864. Price and some of his command afterward departed for Texas and Mexico. Following the Civil War, the post again played a strategic role in the region, but it never came under attack. The fort remains an active U.S. Army post and part of the installation houses the Command and General Staff College, established at the base during 1881 by General William Tecumseh Sherman. The U.S. 35th Division is headquartered at Fort Leavenworth. In addition, the Fort Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary is located there. Also, Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) was brought to Fort Leavenworth for awhile after his capture during 1877. For more information: Fort Leavenworth Museum, Reynolds and Gibbons Aves., Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 66027. Fort Lecompton— Lecompton was actually a town fortified by proslavers during the period of turbulence in Kansas known as Bleeding Kansas. An invalid Kansas legislature designated Lecompton as the capital of the territory during 1855. The proslavery party dominated for awhile, but the free-staters eventually prevailed. For awhile (1856–1857), the Kansas territorial governor, Charles Robinson, was imprisoned at Lecompton. The fortified town was near Fort Titus, the home of Henry Titus, a proslavery leader of the time. Fort Lincoln— Fort Lincoln was established during 1861 by James Lane, a prominent abolitionist who was born in Indiana and later moved to Kansas. Lane, who was also a U.S. senator, raised two regiments of troops. The fort was constructed in the vicinity of Fulton on the north side of the Osage River. The fort was also near several of the forts constructed during the border conflict of the 1850s. The structure, a blockhouse, was not situated in a practical place for a fort. At the outbreak of the Civil War, while Lane was in Washington, D.C., Kansas troops under his command deployed in and near the White House to provide security for President Lincoln until federal forces could replace them. Lane’s command (Frontier Guard) garrisoned the fort until it was abandoned during January 1864. Subsequently, the fort was moved to become part of the defenses of Fort Scott, which was located slightly more than 10 miles away. The relocation site was at the present-day intersection of Lowman and First streets in Fulton. In conjunction, Lane, who had established the fort, raised two regiments, including one Negro regiment, and for a time defended the White House with his Frontier Guard, shot himself on 1 July 1866. He succumbed from the fatal wound on 11 July. Fort Lookout— Fort Lookout, also known as Fort Lookout Station, was established in Republic County by settlers about 15 miles from Fort Hays during 1866. It remained in operation until 1868. Not to be confused with Camp Lookout on Mt. Oread. Fort Mackay— See Fort Atkinson. Fort Mann— Fort Mann, along the Santa Fe Trail between Santa Fe and Fort Leavenworth, was established by a U.S. Army contingent under Captain Daniel Mann during 1845. The fort was located outside Dodge City on the north side of the Arkansas River. The fort was used primarily to maintain fresh horses and to keep the wagons in good working condition; however, it was lightly garrisoned, usually with only about 10 troops. The fort was not nearly strong enough to protect the roads there from attacks by the Comanche and Kiowa Indians. Thousands of wagons and settlers passed along the route

KANSAS / Fort Montgomery heading west and most were leading livestock, which gave the Indians a lucrative target. The fort was expanded during 1848, but still it was incapable of being considered a full-fledged fort. Fort Mann was abandoned during 1850 when Fort Atkinson was established. Fort Montgomery— During the late 1850s, settlers began to arrive near the present-day Fall River at Eureka. Some of the early settlers discovered a spring about 1857, and apparently someone proclaimed, “Eureka.” The frontiersmen also established a settlers’ fortification known as Fort Montgomery, named for James Montgomery, one of the leaders of the free-staters. The fort was constructed to provide protection from Indians, but the fort did not come under attack. After the conclusion of the Civil War, when cattle were being driven from Texas to Kansas, Eureka became prominent due to the excellent grade of grass that grew there. The town of Eureka later emerged and by 1872 it was selected as the county seat of Greenwood County. Fort Monument— Fort Monument Station, located along the Smoky Hill Trail in Gove County, was built for the stage line and the mail during 1860. The station, although used as a stage depot, was fortified. The depot received protection by elements of the cavalry. Fort Monument, also known as Monument Station, Fort Pyramid and Point Monument, was established there by the U.S. Army during 1865. Troops were dispatched there by General Grenville M. Dodge. The troops also provided protection while the Kansas Pacific Railroad was expanding westward. During June 1868, the troops abandoned the fort. Fort Monument Station— See Fort Monument. Fort Podunk— See Fort Solomon. Fort Protection— Settlers built a fort known as Fort Protection in Comanche County during 1885 to provide protection from Indian attacks. The settlers used dirt and sod for the walls of their fort, rather than lumber. Fort Pyramid— See Fort Monument. Fort Riley— Fort Riley, initially known as Camp Center, was established during 1852 (became Fort Riley on 17 May 1853) on the north side of the Kansas River several miles from Junction City. The fort was established subsequent to input from the commanding officer (Colonel T.T. Fauntleroy) at Fort Leavenworth, who suggested the need for a post in the vicinity of the convergence of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers. The post was established by elements of the 1st U.S. Dragoons under Major Edmund Augustus Ogden, a graduate of West Point (class of 1831, cadet No. 649). Ogden later, during 1855, succumbed at the post during a cholera epidemic. The U.S. 6th Infantry, under Captain Charles S. Lovell, was the first regiment to garrison the post. During 1853, the post was changed from Camp Center to Fort Riley, named in honor of Colonel Bennett C. Riley, U.S. 1st Infantry, a veteran of the Mexican War and a commander on the frontier along the Santa Fe Trail. Riley succumbed on 9 June 1853. By 1855, modifications were made, including the construction of stone rather than wood structures. Fort Riley became a primary cavalry post on the frontier and later an artillery training school. During the Civil War, the post was guarded primarily by volunteers. During 1863, some Confederate prisoners were held there prior to being transferred to Fort Leavenworth. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, the post focused on protecting the Santa Fe and Oregon trails. George Armstrong Custer spent some time there after the war in Texas before returning to civilian life. During 1867, Custer received a commission as lieutenant colonel of the 7th U.S. Cavalry, which was deployed at Fort Riley. Custer joined the regiment at Fort Riley. At that time, the nation was ex-

124 panding westward and protection was needed for the settlers and the railroads. At the time, the Kansas Pacific Railroad was receiving protection from the troops at Fort Riley. The fort had been the home of the 7th Cavalry. At present, it is the headquarters for the U.S. 1st Division (Big Red One). For more information: U.S. Cavalry Museum, Fort Riley, Kansas, P.O. Box 9232, Fort Riley, Kansas, 66442. Fort Roach— Fort Roach, later Ladore, was not actually a fort; rather, it was a town that also was a station along the lines of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. The town was initially named Fort Roach in honor of a Mr. J.N. Roach, who was apparently one of the founders of the town. The railroad was unable to purchase property there at a reasonable price. The railroad then established the town of Parsons several miles away. Fort Saunders— Fort Saunders was established southwest of Lawrence during 1856 by proslavery supporters. The fort, in the vicinity of Clinton, existed during the period of turbulence between free-staters and proslavery groups. The fort was actually a fortified cabin used during the ongoing border conflict. During August 1856, an incident occurred that overshadowed the ongoing clashes. A group of the Border Ruffians (proslavery) gathered at Fort Saunders killed a free-stater (Major S.D. Hoyt) when he was returning to Lawrence after stopping at the fort. Following the murder and a denial by the military to dispatch without authorization from headquarters at Washington, D.C., the people acted on their own. A citizen-force advanced upon Fort Saunders on 15 August, but the Border Ruffians there abandoned the fort without a fight. The fort was then destroyed. Fort Scott— Fort Scott, known also as Camp Scott and Point of Southeastern Kansas, was established during May 1842 at the intersection of the Fort Leavenworth-Fort Gibson Military Road, in close proximity to the Kansas border with Missouri. The fort was established upon orders of General Zachary Taylor who, during 1837, directed Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and Captain Nathan Boone to plot a road linking Fort Leavenworth and Fort Gibson, both situated in Indian Territory. Taylor’s directive included the construction of a fort at a strategic location of their choice along that road. Fort Scott was to be one of nine forts established by the U.S. at various positions stretching from New Orleans to the Great Lakes. The forts were to maintain peace between the Indians and the settlers by keeping them separated. During May 1842, a contingent of the 1st U.S. Dragoons under Captain Benjamin D. Moore established the post at the designated place and named it Camp Scott in honor of General Winfield Scott. The fort was located on the Central Plains about 90 miles south of Kansas City, Kansas. The garrison held responsibility for maintaining safe passage of settlers moving along the Oregon

Fort Scott, Kansas — Dept. Interior, NPS

125 and Santa Fe trails. The post was abandoned during April 1853. Subsequently the buildings were sold at inexpensive prices and from those structures, the city of Fort Scott emerged. Within several years the area where Fort Scott had been located became a powder keg due to those in Kansas who opposed slavery and those in nearby Missouri who supported slavery. Although the fort was officially abandoned, the military did, when necessary, return to Fort Scott. During December 1858, a group of abolitionists under John Brown raided Fort Scott. Following that raid, Brown initiated his movement along the Underground Railroad in an attempt to transport 11 slaves to safety. The group moved toward Harpers Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia). By December of the following year, Brown’s followers attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Afterward, at the outbreak of the Civil War during 1861, Fort Scott was reactivated as a Union post which served as a supply depot for troops operating in the region. After it was reactivated, three blockhouses, Forts Blair, Henning and Insley, were constructed to bolster the defenses and to protect the fort’s ammunition, which was scarce. The blockhouses were defended by contingents of the 6th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fort Blair contained two pieces of heavy artillery, 24pounder siege guns. Fort Henning stood at the present-day intersection of First Street and Scott Avenue. Subsequently, Fort Henning was acquired by a doctor, W.S. McDonald, who purchased the blockhouse in order to retain it for posterity and relocated it on a lot that adjoined his house. During the early 1900s, an American flag was raised at the old fort. The third blockhouse, Fort Insley, was the biggest of the three. It too was established during 1861. Fort Insley was used primarily to warehouse ammunition. Fort Scott did not come under attack during the Civil War, although Confederate forces did arrive in the region. At the conclusion of the conflict, during 1865, the post was again abandoned; however, soon after, the railroads expanded through the Indian Territory. By 1869, troops again garrisoned Fort Scott and operated there with a focus on protecting the railroad. The post was permanently abandoned during 1873. Fort Scott was later reconstructed and is now part of the national parks system. For more information: Fort Scott National Historic Site, P.O. Box 918 Fort Scott, Kansas 66701.

Fort Wallace / KANSAS under Sterling Price. The fort, also known as Camp Sully, was an improvised chain of earthen works on a hill above present-day Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. Price’s sweep through Missouri was interrupted when Union forces defeated him at Westport, Missouri (Big Blue), in present-day Kansas City, Missouri, on 23 October 1864. The defeat terminated Price’s Invasion. See also Fort Leavenworth. Fort Sumner— See Fort Atkinson. Fort Titus— Fort Titus, one of a series of strongholds for proslavery forces, was established outside of Lecompton during 1856. The stronghold was actually a fortified log cabin that belonged to Colonel H.T. Titus. The border conflict between proslavers and freestaters had been ongoing for a while and included a prolonged incident (Wakarusa War) during the latter part of the previous year. Fort Titus was a gathering place for the proslavers, but with another stronghold, Fort Saunders, having been destroyed, it became a conspicuous target. On the same day, 15 August 1856, the free-staters moved against Fort Titus. The group waited until dawn on the 16th, but in the meantime they deployed around the fort and planted a piece of artillery a short distance away. Shortly after dawn, a brief exchange occurred, but the cannon and several hundred free-staters made the fort an untenable position. It capitulated. After the proslavers surrendered, the fort was destroyed. The prisoners were transported to Lawrence. Subsequently, when a treaty between the two antagonist groups was agreed upon during December, the prisoners were exchanged.

Fort Solomon— Fort Solomon, known also as Fort Podunk and Camp on the Solomon, was established in the vicinity of presentday Minneapolis (Ottawa County) by settlers near the convergence of the Solomon and Smoky Hill rivers during 1864. Earlier, people began to arrive in the region and some established houses there about 1859, but the Indians were not hospitable. By about the time the Civil War erupted, the Indians increased the number of raids and the settlers were driven from their homes. Undaunted, settlers returned during 1864. Rather than risk attack at their individual homesteads, the settlers constructed Fort Solomon and built their houses within the stockade. Subsequent to the conclusion of the conflict, the county was incorporated and settlements began to emerge there. Nonetheless, the area remained a dangerous place for settlers and the Indians continued to launch attacks until 1869. The county was again raided and devastated during 1874, but the damage was inflicted by grasshoppers, not Indians. The pests devastated the entire state by devouring all the vegetation in their paths.

Fort Wakarusa— Citizens of Kansas erected Fort Wakarusa in the vicinity of Sebastian (Douglas County) during 1855. The forti-fication, about five miles from Lawrence, was constructed near the Wakarusa River by free-staters who were in opposition to the proslavery forces, known as Border Ruffians. The confrontation, known as the Wakarusa War continued from the summer into the latter part of the year. During November, violence broke out when a proslavery supporter, Franklin N. Coleman, shot Charles W. Dow, a free-stater. Another free-stater had been seized by the opposition, which was the beginning of a series of difficulties which led to the Wakarusa War. The powder keg known as Lawrence moved to the brink of war (Wakarusa War) during November 1855. The culminating event was the rescue by free-state men of Jacob Branson, with whom Dow had lived, after his arrest by Samuel J. Jones, sheriff of Douglas County. Jones at once started for Franklin with his posse, and sent a dispatch to his father-in-law, Colonel Boone, at Westport, Missouri, asking for aid to recapture Branson. Word was also sent to Governor Shannon at the Shawnee Mission for 3,000 men to put down the rebellion at Lawrence. There are people who believe that the whole affair was planned as a trap to catch the freestate men and to serve as an excuse for the destruction of Lawrence. Large numbers of Missourians (Border Ruffians) crossed the border to quell what was called the rebellion in Lawrence. Meanwhile, the free-staters were fortifying several positions and working on extricating one of their own; Branson, who was taken after Dow was shot and held by the proslavery forces, was rescued. His rescuers then left Lawrence. Both sides increased their forces as volunteers for each side arrived to defend their respective positions. Requests for troops from Fort Leavenworth were dispatched, but the commanding officer, Colonel Sumner, would not send soldiers unless ordered to do so by Washington. The squabble ended during December when both sides agreed to a treaty. The force from Missouri then recrossed the border and returned to their towns.

Fort Sully— Fort Sully was established on Hancock Hill at Fort Leavenworth to bolster the post against an attack by Confederates

Fort Wallace— Fort Wallace, initially known as Camp on Pond Creek (1860–1861), was established during September 1865 in the

Fort Simple— Fort Simple, also known as Fort Folly, was constructed at Topeka during 1864 by civilians for the purpose of defending against a Confederate attack. It remained operational until 1866. Fort Sod— See Fort Atkinson. Fort Sodom— See Fort Atkinson.

KANSAS / Fort Zarah vicinity of present-day Wallace prior to the official authorization of a fort being established there. A contingent of troops camped on the bluffs of the south fork of the Smoky Hill River. During March of 1866, relief troops (2nd Cavalry) under Captain Edward Ball arrived. Soon after, during May, the 2nd Cavalry (Company H) troops were relieved by elements of the U.S. Sixth Infantry, under Captain James J. Gordon. Company C, 2nd Cavalry, also arrived to garrison the fort with the 6th Infantry. In the meantime, during April 1866, the post was renamed Fort Wallace in honor of General William H.L. Wallace, who had been mortally wounded during the fighting at Shiloh (Hornets’ Nest) during April 1862. Captain Gordon transferred command of Fort Wallace to 1st Lieutenant A.E. Bates, 2nd Cavalry, during July 1867. Bates immediately was unhappy with the defensive position of the fort and equally dissatisfied with the shortage of grazing grass for the horses. He sought permission to relocate the fort, but in the meantime he dispatched troops to start construction at a spot about two miles away. Subsequent to Bates’ request, permission was granted. The post comprised about 14 square miles and was situated near a railroad station (Wallace). The fort’s construction was completed about the same time the railroad was completed there. The fort played an active role on the frontier while it was active and included supporting campaigns of Colonel George Armstrong Custer. During April 1867, a force of U.S. 7th Cavalry troops under General Winfield Scott Hancock advanced against the Cheyenne at Pawnee Fork, but the Indians scattered and vanished on the plains, despite having been surrounded. The cavalry returned to Fort Hays without discovering any Indians. Hancock met Custer at Fort Hays and shortly thereafter he returned to Fort Leavenworth. Later, during June 1867, Custer’s encampment on the Republican River was attacked by Indians on 24 June. The Oglalas, led by Pawnee Killer, were repulsed. Later that same day, another band of Indians appeared within range of the 7th Cavalry. Custer dispatched 50 troopers, led by Captain Louis Hamilton, to pursue, but the Indians set an ambush. The cavalry broke off into two groups and the detachment led by Hamilton hit heavy opposition, but army firepower allowed them to fight their way out. On 7 July, Custer departed his positions on the Republican River and headed for Fort Wallace. Meanwhile, a small detachment led by Lieutenant Lyman Kidder had been dispatched by General Sherman to locate Custer’s command and deliver orders directing Custer to move to Fort Wallace. Custer sped toward Fort Wallace and searched for the Kidder detachment. Four days later, on the 11th, the detachment was located. The four troopers had been massacred by the Indians and the bodies had been horrendously mutilated. Kidder’s troops had killed two Indians before they were themselves slain. They were the only two Indians killed during the campaign, which included General Hancock’s mission during the previous April. Custer canceled the campaign and moved his command toward Fort Harker to resupply. Fort Wallace was abandoned during 1882. Fort Zarah— Fort Zarah was established along the Santa Fe Trail during September 1864 slightly east of present-day Great Bend by General Samuel R. Curtis. The fort was named in honor of Curtis’ son, Major H. Zarah Curtis, who was among those troops recently massacred at Baxter Springs. During 1868, the fort’s area was expanded from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad to the hills. The fort was relocated closer to Walnut Creek. During December 1869, the fort was abandoned and demolished. Frogtown Pony Express Station— See Ash Point-Laramie Creek Pony Express Station. Georgetown Stage Station— The Georgetown Stage Station was established by the Kansas Stage Company during 1857. The depot was located about two miles south of Ridgeway in Osage County along the route between Lawrence and Emporia. It remained in operation until 1860.

126 Goteschall Pony Express Station— See Kickapoo Station. Grayson’s Station— Grayson’s Station was operated by a driver named Ray Grayson. It was established about 14 miles from Otoe Station, the latter being near the Otoe Indian reservation. Guittard Stage Station— Guittard Stage Station was established by George Guittard during 1857 along the Oregon Trail about one mile from the Oketo Cutoff near Vermillion Creek. The depot, located on Guittard’s ranch, was managed by his son, Xavier. The depot was fairly large, composed of two floors, and it had a blacksmith shop and a barn capable of housing more than 20 horses. The depot also became a Pony Express station during 1860. From 1862 through 1865, the station became a divisional headquarters for the Butterfield Overland Despatch. During 1866, Holladay and his partners sold the Butterfield Stage Line to Wells Fargo. All equipment and stock was at that time transferred to Junction City. During the early 1900s, the station house was demolished. Later, during 1931, the Oregon Trail Memorial Association placed a stone marker at the site of the station. It states: “1860–61 Guittard Station-East 80 Rods Oregon Trail.” Havana Stage Station— Havana Stage Station was established during 1858 along the Santa Fe Trail in the vicinity of Burlingame in Osage County. Henshaw’s Station— The U.S. Army established a post at Henshaw’s Station during 1865 in Logan County near McAllaster, less than 10 miles from Fort Wallace. The fort was located near Turkey Creek and became a frequent target of Indians, particularly because the garrison was usually composed of only about 10 troopers. On 5 June 1867, the post was attacked and four troopers were killed; however, the post did not fall. Reinforcements from Fort Wallace arrived to rescue the garrison, but the Indians vanished prior to their arrival. Hickory Point Pony Express Station— See Ash Point-Laramie Creek Pony Express Station. Hoffman’s Camp— See Camp Hoffman. Hollenberg Station— Hollenberg Station, also known as Cottonwood Station, was established about 1857–1858 by Gerat J. Hollenberg and his wife, Sophia, at present-day Hanover. The depot, located along the Oregon-California Trail, was also a Pony Express Station during 1860 when the Pony Express was operating between Missouri and California. The Hollenberg Station was the last station along the trail in Kansas. The Hollenberg Station State Historic Site is open to the public. It is located north of U.S. Highway 36 on Kansas State Highway 243. Tours are available. For more information: Hollenberg Station, 2889 23rd Road, Hanover, Kansas, 66945. Huron Stage Station— Huron Stage Station was established along Little Grasshopper Creek in Atchison County during the 1850s. The Pike’s Peak Express operated there from 1859 until 1862. During 1862, the Overland Stage Company operated a station there until 1865. The town of Huron emerged during 1882 on land originally owned by Colonel D.R. Anthony; however, the town relocated closer to the railroad. Johnson’s Ranch— Johnson’s Ranch, which was located on Peter’s Creek, several miles from Troy and about five miles northwest of Wathena, was used as a Pony Express station during 1860–1861. Kennekuk Pony Express Station— Kennekuk (Kinnekuk) Station was located in the vicinity of Kennekuk, but the exact location is unknown. Some place it about 39 miles from the beginning of the trail at St. Joseph, Missouri, and others place it about 44 miles along the trail. It was the first home station outside of St. Joseph. Subsequently, during 1931, the Oregon Trail Memorial Association installed a stone

127 marker in Kennekuk to commemorate the station. It is located about one and one-half miles from present-day Horton. Kickapoo Station— Kickapoo Station, known also as Goteschall Pony Express Station, was established during 1860 near Plum Creek on the Kickapoo reservation about 12 miles west of Kennekuk. Like Log Chain Station, it was operated by Noble H. Rising. Lancaster Stage Station— Lancaster Stage Station, sometimes referred to as Armor’s Station, was used by Pike’s Peak Express from 1859 until 1862. The station, located about 11 miles from Atchison, was also a Pony Express relay station while the Pony Express operated (1860–1861). During 1862, the depot became an Overland Stage Depot which operated until 1865. Laramie Creek Pony Express Station— See Ash Point-Laramie Creek Pony Express Station. Lewis (Louis) Pony Express Station— Lewis (Louis) Station was a Pony Express station that was located between Troy and Kennekuk. The station is reported to have been part of the Cold Spring Ranch in the vicinity of Syracuse, but some sources place it at Valley Home Station. Locknane’s Station— Locknane’s Station, known also as Locknane’s Big Muddy Station, was established during 1860 at what became Locknane’s Creek, about 25 miles west of Kennekuk. Log Chain Tavern Station— Log Chain Tavern Station was established on Locknane’s Creek between Seneca and Kickapoo along the Military Road. The tavern, owned by Noble H. Rising, operated as a Pony Express Station during 1860–1861. Don Rising, the son of the owner, was a rider for the Pony Express. Lookout Station— Lookout Station, also known as Fort Lookout, was established about 1866 slightly southwest of Hays (Ellis County) as a stage depot. The station had no tunnels leading from the main building to the stables. The depot remained active into the 1870s. Lower Cimarron Springs Redoubt— The U.S. Army established a redoubt known as Lower Cimarron Springs in the vicinity of Ashland during 1864 in an effort to dominate a crossing from Oklahoma into Kansas at the midway point between Fort Dodge and Fort Supply, Oklahoma. The outpost was active until 1873. During 1873, the redoubt was known as North Redoubt. In conjunction, the army also established a redoubt at Upper Cimarron Springs which was in close proximity to the redoubt at Lower Cimarron Springs as well as Ashland. It too remained operational until 1873. Lowe’s Station— Lowe’s Station was established by Captain H.A. Lowe at Hickory Point in the vicinity of Hardtville during 1855. It operated as a depot for the Kansas Stage Company during 1860. Mahaffie House Hotel Station— The Mahaffie House Hotel Station was established during 1865 in the vicinity of Olathe. The hotel is now a museum operated by the City of Olathe. Marysville Pony Express Station— The Marysville Pony Express Station was established during 1860 in Marysville, known also as Palmetto City. It operated as a stage depot until 1861. It is agreed by various historians that Marysville was a Pony Express station, but there is disagreement on whether or not it was a home station. In conjunction, the depot had a stable and a blacksmith shop. The riders apparently stayed at a nearby hotel. The site is now a museum located at 108 S. 8th Street in Marysville. McGee-Harris Stage Station— The McGee-Harris Stage Station was established by Fry McGee along the Santa Fe Trail near One Hundred One Creek. Some ruins of the depot remain. Mead’s Trading Post— See Camp Davidson.

Smoky Hill Stage Station / KANSAS Mount Pleasant Stage Station— Mount Pleasant Stage Station was established in the vicinity of Potter, about 15 miles from Fort Leavenworth, during 1855. The depot was a station for the COC&PP Express Mail from 1859 through 1862. During 1862, it became an Overland Stage Company Station which was active until 1865. New Post on the Arkansas— See Fort Atkinson. North Redoubt— See Lower Cimarron Springs Redoubt. Oketo Stage Station— The Oketo Stage Station was established during 1862 along the Oketo Cutoff in the vicinity of present-day Oketo near the Oketo ferry. It was a depot for the Overland Stage line. A trading post had been established near there during the latter part of the 1840s by Albert Wood and Frank Marshall. Otoe Stage Station— Otoe Stage Station was one of three stations established along the Oketo Cutoff. It was a depot for the Overland Stage line, located about 11 miles west of Oketo Station. The Oketo Cutoff ran through a part of the Otoe Reservation and rejoined the Oregon Trail slightly across the border with Nebraska. Nevertheless, it is thought that Otoe Station was 11 miles from the Oketo Station in Kansas rather than Nebraska. The other two stations on the cutoff were Oketo and Rock House Stations. Park’s Fort— See Camp Ogallah. Pawnee Stage Station— See Rock House Stage Station. Planter’s Hotel— The Planter’s Hotel, established during 1855, became a stage station for the COC&PP Express Company during 1859. Plum Grove Station— Plum Grove Stage Station was established during 1862 by Dandridge Holladay, the son of Ben Holladay. It was a depot for the Overland Stage from 1862 through 1865. Point Monument— See Fort Monument. Point of Southeast Kansas— See Fort Scott. Pony Express Stations in Kansas— Ellwood, Johnson’s Ranch, Troy, Cold Springs Rock, Syracuse, Kennekuk, Goteschall, Kickapoo, Grenada, Log Chain, Seneca, Laramie Creek, Ash Point, Guittard’s Station, Marysville, Hollenburg, and Turkey Creek Station. The stations listed are from the list retained at the Pony Express Museum and from the National Parks System. Rock House Stage Station— Rock House Stage Station, also known as Pawnee Stage Station, was established during 1862. It was one of three stations on the Oketo Cutoff. The first was Oketo Station and the second was Otoe Station. The last station was Rock House Stage Station, sometimes referred to as Pawnee Station. Ben Holladay had the U.S. Mail contract and it listed the station as Rock House. The Otoe Cutoff passed through the Otoe Indian Reservation and then rejoined the Oregon Trail just across the state line in Nebraska. If Otoe Station was 11 miles from the Oketo Station, Rock House was probably in Kansas rather than Nebraska. Seneca Pony Express Station— See Smith Hotel. Simmons Point Stage Station— The Simmons Point Stage Station was established along the Santa Fe Trail near Sibley Hill at an undetermined time. Smith Hotel— The Smith Hotel, known also as Seneca Pony Express Station, was established about 1858 at Seneca. It also operated as an Overland Stage station and as a Pony Express station. Smoky Hill Stage Station— Smoky Hill Stage Station was established during 1865 about 20 miles outside of Oakley. A small contingent of troops was stationed there to protect the depot.

128

KANSAS / Syracuse Hotel Syracuse Hotel— The Syracuse Hotel was established at Syracuse, Doniphan County, about 1858. It operated as a station for the Pikes Peak Express Company during 1859. Trading Post— A trading post from which the town of Trading Post received its name was established about 1834 by the Hudson Bay Company. It is sometimes thought that it was a Northwest Company post, but during 1821 the Northwest Company merged with the Hudson Bay Company. Subsequently, during 1858, the incident known as the Marais Des Cygnes Massacre occurred there during a period of turbulence (border conflict). On 19 May 1858 a group of proslavery citizens from Missouri crossed the border and entered Kansas. Eleven free-staters were seized and lined up to be executed by a firing squad. Six were wounded, five killed and one escaped unscathed. The massacre is remembered by a historical marker at the Trading Post cemetery. This area was also frequented by John Brown, the abolitionist. Troy Hotel— The Troy Hotel in Troy was acquired by Leonard

Smith during 1858. During 1860, it also operated as a Pony Express station. The station remained in operation during 1861 until the Pony Express ceased operations. The site of the hotel is the intersection of East Main or First and Myrtle Streets. A historical marker designates the site as a previous Pony Express station. Upper Cimarron Springs Redoubt— See Lower Cimarron Springs Redoubt. Valley Home Station— The Valley Home Station was established by Louis Vieux during 1860 in the vicinity of present-day Purcell, about 10 miles northeast of Kennekuk. It operated as a Pony Express relay depot. Williams Hotel— The Williams Hotel was established in Sabetha during 1857 by Arthur W. Williams. Williams also used the hotel as a station for the Overland Stage line. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Williams served as a captain in the 8th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

KENTUCKY Ann McGinty Blockhouse— See Fort Harrod.

Battery Jones— See Camp Wood.

Arnold’s Station— Arnold’s Station was established in the central part of Kentucky during 1783 by John Arnold less than 10 miles from Frankfort near the Little Benson Creek in Franklin County.

Battery McConnell (previously Battery Hale)— See Camp Wood.

A’Sturgis’ Station— See Sturgis Station. Aston’s Station— Aston’s Station, also known as Estill’s Station, was established in Kentucky as noted in Daniel Boone’s autobiography, but the exact time it was operational is unavailable. Bailey’s Station— Bailey’s Station was established several miles south of present-day Maysfield (Mason County) during 1791. Ballard’s Station— Ballard’s Station, also known as Tyler’s Station, was established in Shelby County. Captain Ballard, a Virginian from Fredericksburg, arrived in Kentucky during 1779 at the age of 18. Ballard’s Station was actually a cabin very close to Tyler’s Station on Tick Creek. Ballard’s father was at the cabin one day during 1788 while Captain Ballard was the only man, except an elderly man, at the fort. Indians attacked the cabin. Ballard’s father managed to kill several Indians before he was killed, but his wife, Bland Ballard’s stepmother, was also killed along with one of his sisters and one stepsister. Another, Bland’s younger sister, was slashed with a tomahawk, but she survived. Bland Ballard also survived the attack and lived until the age of 93. He succumbed during 1853. However, Tyler’s Station was abandoned after the attack. See also Tyler’s Station. Bardstown Station— Bardstown Station, also known as Bairdstown Station, was established in Nelson County during 1788. Barnett’s Station— Barnett’s Station was established by Colonel Joseph Barnett in Ohio County, slightly outside Hartford, sometime prior to 1790. Battery DeHart— See Camp Wood. Battery Hale (later Battery McConnell)— See Camp Wood.

Battery Simons (previously Battery Slayton)— See Camp Wood. Battery Slayton (later Battery Simons)— See Camp Wood. Black’s Station— Black’s Station was established in Fayette County near Clear Creek sometime prior to December 1794. Boofman’s Fort— Boofman’s Fort was a settler’s fort established near Boone’s Creek during the 1770s. It was located in the vicinity of where Daniel Boone and his family had established a station during 1779. Boone’s Fort— See Fort Boonesborough. Boone’s Station— During 1779 following a nasty period in which Daniel Boone was erroneously charged, and later acquitted, of acts of treason at Boonesborough, he established a station just outside of Lexington in the vicinity of Athens. Boone and his family resided there near Boofman’s Fort near Boone’s Creek for a few years. Apparently, Boone’s brothers Edward and Samuel resided there with their families and some others settlers also moved there. Some of the Boone family members were interred at the station and according to the marker installed by the D.A.R., Israel, the son of Daniel and Rebecca Boone, and Daniel’s brothers Edward and Samuel were buried there. Sarah, the wife of Samuel Boone, was interred there, but their son, Thomas Boone, predeceased his parents and was interred there during 1782 after his body was retrieved at the Battle of Blue Licks. In conjunction, Daniel Boone also established other stations in Kentucky, separate from Boonesborough and Boone Station near Lexington. Boone established another station known as Boone’s Station at present-day Boonville (Owsley County) during 1780–1781. Earlier, during 1769, Daniel Boone, his brother Squire and a friend of Boone’s, Joseph Procter, established a station known as Boone Station Camp in Estill County near West Irvine. The station, along with his patent for about 400 acres, was lost by Boone during 1783 when

129 another patent holder, William Madison, was ruled the owner of the land. After losing his claim, Boone for a while remained in Kentucky, but by 1799 he relocated in Missouri, where he succumbed during 1820. The site of the station is located outside of Lexington on Gentry Road near Athens. A Kentucky State Historical Marker is located along the Athens-Boonesboro Road in Fayette County. Boonesboro— See Fort Boonesborough. Bosley’s Station— Bosley’s Station was established in Mason County near Well’s Creek prior to 1793. Bourbon Furnace Post— See Bourbon Iron Works Post. Bourbon Iron Works Post— During 1791, the Bourbon Iron Works Post, also known as Slate Furnace and Bourbon Iron Furnace Post, was built near present-day Owingsville (Bath County) during 1791 by Jacob Myers. Subsequently, the facility was acquired by a group of businessmen, including John Cocky Owings. The charcoal iron furnace there was the initial one established west of the Allegheny Mountains. Kentucky militia established a post there to provide protection for the employees from the threat of attacks by Indians. In conjunction, Jacob Myers, a Virginian, acquired a land grant during 1782 where he later built the iron furnace. It operated well after the threat of Indian attacks and was a manufacturer of cannon balls for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army until it ceased operations during 1838. Bowling Green Forts— While the Union and Confederates each coveted Kentucky during the initial days of the Civil War, the Confederates began to gather in large numbers at Bowling Green during September 1861. Troops under Generals Simon Buckner and Albert Sidney Johnston initiated the task of constructing a chain of fortifications in and around the town. The Confederates also, during December, selected Bowling Green as the capital of the Confederate government in Kentucky. The capital was short-lived. While the Confederates fortified the area, the Union was establishing its strong points at Lexington and Paducah and other points. In the meantime, the Confederates sustained setbacks during the early part of 1862 in nearby Tennessee. General Buckner, who for awhile was in Bowling Green, was forced to capitulate at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, during February 1862. The Union also seized Fort Henry, Tennessee. Bowling Green was soon after abandoned by the Confederates. While the Confederates controlled Bowling Green, units (Orphans’ Brigade) were formed there including the 6th and 9th Kentucky Infantry Regiments, the latter initially organized as the 5th Kentucky Infantry. In addition, there were Graves’s Battery and John Hunt Morgan’s Cavalry Squadron (Morgan formed the Lexington Rifles at Lexington prior to the outbreak of war). In conjunction, the Kentucky Brigade (1st Kentucky Brigade) formed at Bowling Green became known as the Orphan Brigade, but apparently the name Orphan Brigade came about after the war. The survivors of the Orphans Brigade were later paroled at Washington, Georgia, during May 1865. At Murfreesboro, General Breckinridge surveyed the severe losses of the Kentuckians due to Union artillery and remarked that they were a “poor Orphan Brigade” subsequent to the loss of their leader, General Roger Weightman Hanson on 2 January 1863, the third day of the Battle of Murfreesboro. Later, at Chickamauga, their commander, General Benjamin Hardin Helm (West Point graduate 1851), was mortally wounded on 20 September 1863. During the time the Confederates were at Bowling Green, the units were struck hard with disease and sickness. About 2,000 of the more than 20,000 troops there succumbed, but the exact figure is unknown and may have been as high as four or 5,000 deaths. Prior to evacuating the area, the Confederates burned much of the town and destroyed the bridge which spanned the Barren River. The Union oc-

Bryan’s Station / KENTUCKY cupied the town and took over the construction of the forts which were staggered around the town. Fort Lytle, on Bald Bluff, was slightly below Fort Grider on Grider Hill. Fort C.F. Smith (named in honor of General Charles Ferguson Smith) on College Hill was positioned above Forts Lytle and Grider, and Fort Webb, Fort Baker and Fort Underwood were above Fort C.F. Smith on Webb’s Hill, Baker Hill and Underwood Hill, respectively. Each of the forts was positioned about 1,400 yards apart. The Big Barren River nearly encircled Fort Baker, which was between Forts Webb and Underwood. Of the Civil War forts originally established, three, Forts Lytle, C.F. Smith and Webb, have been preserved. The site of Fort Lytle is on the property of Western Kentucky University and Fort C.F. Smith is on East Main Street in the center of Bowling Green on Reservoir Hill (College Hill). Fort Webb is located in Webb Park on Country Club Drive. Bowman’s Station— Bowman’s Station was established by Colonel John Bowman and his brothers Abram (Abraham) and Joseph during 1779. It was one of a group of stations built in the vicinity of Harrodsburg (Mercer County). Virginia governor Patrick Henry appointed Colonel John Bowman the military commander of Kentucky during 1776 and he was reappointed by Governor (later President) Thomas Jefferson during 1778. At the time, Kentucky was a county of Virginia. About 30 families arrived in the Harrodsburg vicinity with the Bowmans during 1779 and more arrived later. Brashear’s Station— Brashear’s Station (also known as Salt River Garrison and Froman’s Station) was established near the Salt River in the vicinity of Shepherdsville, Bullitt County, by William Brashear. The station was located along the Wilderness Road at the mouth of Floyd’s Creek between Harrodsburg and the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville. Brashear was later killed by Indians during 1781. The county was named in honor of Captain Thomas Bullitt, who initially arrived in the area during 1773. Bryan’s Station— Bryan’s Station, initially a camp, was established slightly north of Lexington during the 1770s (1775–1776) by four brothers, named James, Joseph, Morgan, and William (Bryan family). By 1779, the station was fortified to provide protection from Indian attacks. John Grant, a brother-in-law of Daniel Boone, and his family helped to bolster the station after arriving in Kentucky from North Carolina. Afterward, Grant established Grant’s Station. William Bryan, the brother who established the station, was trapped by Indians while in the forest hunting. He succumbed of wounds that he sustained. Subsequently, during August 1782, a force including Indians and Canadians, commanded by Captain William Caldwell, attacked the station and initiated a three-day siege. The assault was repelled, thanks in great part to the women, led by Jemima Johnson, the wife of Robert Johnson ( Johnson’s Station). While the pioneers fought off the enemy, the women and the younger girls braved the fire and risked their scalps by leaving the fort to get water from the spring for the fort’s defenders. One of the Johnson children, Richard M. Johnson, a baby at the time of the siege, later became U.S. vice president under President Martin Van Buren (1833–1837). Also, men from Bryan’s Station fought at the Battle of Blue Licks, near the station on 19 August 1782 when the Indians, Loyalists and British inflicted a severe defeat. Daniel Boone suggested caution as his instincts sensed an ambush. Nevertheless, Colonel Benjamin Logan decided to attack. The Kentuckians launched the assault, but the enemy force shredded the men as they rushed into the ambush. From concealed positions, fire raked the frontiersmen and as they closed toward close-quartered fighting, the results were more devastating. The Kentuckians lost more than 70 killed. The British-Indian force sustained less than five killed and about four wounded. On 10 November of that same year, a force including Vir-

KENTUCKY / Buchanan’s Station ginia Marines under George Rogers Clark attacked the Shawnee village to avenge the defeat at Blue Licks. Clark’s assault was the final land battle of the American Revolution. A monument in remembrance of Bryan’s Station stands at the Bryan Station Spring. It was erected by the D.A.R. in honor of the women who performed so bravely when the station came under attack. The memorial is located northeast of Lexington off Bryan Station Road along the south bank of the North Fork of Elkhorn Creek. Buchanan’s Station— Buchanan’s Station was established in northeastern Kentucky outside Germantown, in Bracken County. Initially, settlers were traveling down the Ohio River and beginning new lives at Maysville, but some began moving farther away. During 1794, land belonging to Whitfield Craig, Philemon Thomas and their associates was chosen as the site of a settlement near Germantown which they called Buchanan’s Station. Burnt Station— See Kincheloe’s Station. Bush Station— Bush Station, also known as Bush Settlement, was established outside of Boonesborough in Clark County near Howard’s Creek. William Bush had accompanied Daniel Boone when the pioneers began arriving in Kentucky during the 1770s. Some of the settlers who were among those who settled the station were Ambrose Bush, Philip Bush, Francis Bush, Henry Cain, Robert Clarke, Ambrose Christy and James and Nathaniel Haggard. Byne’s Station— Byne’s Station was established in Mason County on North Fork at an indeterminable time. Camp Anderson— Camp Anderson (Union) was established slightly south of present-day Flippin in Monroe County during 1861. The camp was used only temporarily by the Union as a training post. By October, the post was abandoned. The Confederate 25th Tennessee Regiment advanced against the camp to capture it, but it was abandoned when they arrived. Nonetheless, the camp was destroyed by troops under Colonel Sidney S. Stanton. Subsequently, during March 1863, the 28th Tennessee Regiment was joined with the Confederate 84th Tennessee Regiment, the latter formed by Stanton. It became the 28th Consolidated Tennessee Regiment. Camp Beauregard— The Confederates established Camp Beauregard in the northern sector of Water Valley in Graves County during 1861. The post was used to train troops from several regions, but the soldiers were constantly threatened by illness as epidemics inflicted a large number of deaths. The camp was abandoned during the following year. During the epidemic (measles), the Confederates used the nearby Bayou de Chine Church (Graves County) as a hospital. Camp Charity— Camp Charity was established in Nelson County east of Bardstown during 1861 by Confederates under Colonel (later General) John Hunt Morgan who had formed the Lexington Rifles prior to the outbreak of the Civil War during 1857. When war broke out, Morgan moved to Bowling Green from Lexington to prepare to join with Confederate general Simon Bolivar Buckner. When the force established camp, they found the citizens in the area to be sympathetic to the southern cause. By September of 1861, the unit had been expanded by recruits and the Lexington Rifles became the foundation of the 2nd Confederate Kentucky Cavalry. Morgan, although born in Alabama, became a Kentuckian after his service in the U.S. Army during the Mexican War. In conjunction, Morgan’s troops dubbed the post Camp Charity due to the generosity of the people who provided food without cost to the Confederates. Camp Clio— The Union established Camp Clio during 1861 in Pulaski County in the vicinity of Bronston. The fort, located on the south bank of the Cumberland River, was used as a training camp by the Union 12th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

130 Camp Crittenden— Union Camp Crittenden was established in Marion County near Lebanon; however, the exact site of the fort remains unknown. The Union 10th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment was headquartered there and the post was used as a hospital. During 1862, Morgan raided Lebanon and Camp Crittendon on 12 July and two Union troops were killed and 65 were captured. During the following year, on 5 July, Lebanon was again attacked by Morgan. The Confederate force of more than 3,000 troops was forestalled for about seven hours, but the outnumbered Union force, about 400 troops under Colonel Charles S. Hanson, were compelled to capitulate. During the battle, Tom Morgan, the brother of John Hunt Morgan, was killed. While in Lebanon, Morgan used the Myrtledene House as his headquarters; it was spared the torch. Following the raid, Morgan’s troops burned most of the town and bolted to Ohio. Camp Dick Robinson— Union Camp Dick Robinson was established in Garrard County by William Nelson, who was acting upon direction from President Abraham Lincoln. Nelson was a naval officer and the brother of Thomas Nelson, the minister to Chile at the time. Nelson was appointed brigadier general during September 1861. The 1st Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was formed there. During the summer of 1861, William J. Landrum was appointed colonel of cavalry, and Frank Wolford was appointed lieutenant colonel. The first troops joined in Mount Olive, and by early August the regiment arrived at Camp Robinson. The post was located on property owned by Richard M. Robinson, the fort’s namesake. The post was also a stage depot. General Nelson initially used the post as his headquarters. Shortly after arriving at camp, Colonel Landrum transferred command to Wolford. Landrum then raised an infantry regiment. By the latter part of October, the regiment was mustered into federal service. In conjunction, while the regiment was in training, John Hunt Morgan was training Confederates in another part of Kentucky at Camp Charity. The Union 1st Kentucky Cavalry became the nemesis of Morgan’s command, and later, the regiment was on the scene when Morgan was captured in Ohio during 1863. Camp Dick Robinson was relocated in Jassamine County during 1862 and renamed Camp Nelson. See also Camp Nelson. Camp Kenton— Union Camp Kenton was established in Maysville, in the northern sector of Kentucky, during 1861. That region contained many Confederate sympathizers. However, Union general William Nelson quickly reacted to the threat. During October 1861, Nelson arrested a ringleader, R.H. Stanton, a former U.S. congressman who was holding meetings, instructing armed men and communicating with Confederate leaders about joining the Confederacy. Nelson, after making the arrest of Stanton and a group of his followers, communicated with the War Department and informed headquarters of the arrests. He also mentioned that the prisoners, seven including Stanton, were transported to Cincinnati, but Nelson wanted them imprisoned further away than Camp Chase to ensure the rebels in Kentucky would not be able to rebound. Also, the Union Kentucky 16th Infantry Regiment was formed during the autumn of 1861 and mustered into federal service during the latter part of January 1862. In conjunction, during the 1780s, Kenton’s Station was located in Maysville. Camp Knox— Camp Knox was established by Colonel James Knox in present-day Green County in the vicinity of Greensburg during 1771. Colonel Knox and about 40 other Long Hunters established the camp and included a stockade at a site where they had encamped the previous year. The hunters were known as Long Hunters because of the great amounts of time they were away from their homes and families while accumulating skins. During excavation at a local church (Mount Gilead) in Greensburg, some ancient hairs apparently

131 from long-forgotten pelts were found under the floorboards of the church. It is thought that the camp was built at the same location. Not to be confused with Fort Knox. Camp Marshall— Camp Marshall, located at Lusby’s Mill in the vicinity of Owenton (Owen County) was established by Confederate general Humphrey Marshall during 1861. Marshall, a West Point graduate, class of 1832, resigned his commission to practice law in Kentucky, but during the Mexican War he commanded Kentucky cavalry. Initially, when the Civil War was imminent, Humphrey, also a former U.S. congressman, sided with neutrality for Kentucky, but when that became impossible, he sided with the Confederates. Camp Marshall was one of two posts established by Confederates in the county. The other was known as Vallandingham’s Barn. Also, Camp Marshall is sometimes thought of as Owenton Camp. Camp Morton— During 1864, Confederates under Major John B. Castleman (General John Hunt Morgan’s command) unsuccessfully attacked Camp Morton in an attempt to rescue rebel prisoners. Castleman was captured and imprisoned. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, Castleman received a pardon from President Andrew Johnson. Castleman later served in the U.S. Army with the rank of brigadier general with Kentucky troops in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War (1898). Camp Nelson— Union Camp Nelson was established in Jessamine County near the Kentucky River off present-day Highway 27. At the time, a large covered bridge spanned the river there and the road was a primary route between the North and the South during the conflict. The post, named in honor of Major General William Nelson, was initially the relocation point for Camp Dick Robinson in Garrard County. The Union moved the camp to the Jessamine side of the river to place it in a better location to thwart any attempt by the Confederates to invade. The camp was renamed Camp Nelson by Major General George H. Thomas. During 1864, the installation began to train eight new regiments, composed of many freed slaves, known as the U.S. Colored Troops. In addition several other regiments of white troops were also raised and trained there. The post was active until the end of the conflict. The camp was composed of about 4,000 acres and included several hundred structures. Camp Nelson’s defenses included eight separate earthworks fortifications that guarded the northern approaches, and another post, Fort Bramlette, was located south of the post to keep vigil in case of an attack against the rear of the post. When hostilities terminated during 1865, the complex was dismantled, except for the officers’ quarters. After the conclusion of the war, Camp Nelson was transformed into a military cemetery. During the period 28 July 1863 through 4 February 1866, 1,183 soldiers were interred there. Subsequently, during 1868, the remains of more than 2,000 soldiers were brought to Camp Nelson National Cemetery from other burial sites throughout Kentucky, including about 975 who were lost at the Battle of Perryville (8 October 1862). The troops were reinterred there. Also, General Nelson, a Kentuckian, had previously been a U.S. naval officer who served during the American invasion of Vera Cruz during the Mexican War. President Lincoln dispatched Nelson to Kentucky to recruit troops. Nelson was appointed brigadier general during September 1861 and major general during July 1862. Shortly thereafter, during September, he was shot by Union general Jefferson C. Davis after an argument while both were at the Galt House in Louisville. Apparently, Nelson slapped his former commanding officer, Davis, in the face. Shortly thereafter, Nelson was shot. He succumbed within several minutes. General Nelson was interred at Maysville. Davis was not charged and within several days he was restored to duty. Camp Nevin— Camp Nevin was established in Hardin County by Union forces during September 1861 to provide protection for the

Camp Wood / KENTUCKY nearby Nolin River bridge. Initially, elements of the Union 3rd Kentucky Infantry Regiment under Colonel Lovell Rousseau, a Kentuckian, established the fort. Rousseau had been a member of the Kentucky Senate, but resigned to support the Union. He was promoted to brigadier general on 1 October 1861 and by the following October he was promoted to major general. Afterward, Brigadier General Alexander McDowell McCook, arrived with a brigade. McCook, a West Point graduate, class of 1852 and colonel of the 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, had been promoted to brigadier on 3 September. McCook’s force would depart Camp Nevin after a short stay and move to Camp Wood where he would command 2nd Division to defend the railroad bridge there. After arriving at Munfordville, during early December, the troops would establish Camp Wood. Camp Ward— Camp Ward was named in honor of Union general William T. Ward, who established the training and recruitment post at Greensburg, Green County. General Ward, prior to the Civil War, was a lawyer in Greensburg and during 1847 he was stationed in Mexico as a major of the 4th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. Another prominent Union general, Stephen Burbridge, also was a Kentuckian from Greensburg. Camp Wickliffe— Union Camp Wickliffe, named in honor of Kentucky governor Charles A. Wickliffe, was established in LaRue County, slightly south of White City by General William Nelson during 1861. The camp, located in close proximity to the supply depot at New Haven was used as Nelson’s winter quarters from midDecember 1861 through mid-February 1862. Camp Wildcat— Union Camp Wildcat was established at a place known as Crab Orchard near the intersection of Winding Blade Road and the Wilderness Road in Laurel County during 1861. The post was in the vicinity of Wildcat Mountain at a spot above the Rockcastle River. During October 1861, the Confederates under General Felix Zollicoffer advanced to evict the Union and gain control of that part of Kentucky. On 21 October, the Confederates launched the attack (Battle of Wildcat Mountain), but the Union defenders, including the 14th and 17th Ohio Volunteer Regiments, the 33rd Indiana Regiment, the 1st Kentucky Cavalry and the 1st Ohio Battery, were prepared and their leader, recently appointed Brigadier General Albin F. Schoepf, repulsed the assault. The Confederates launched another major assault, but it, too, was repelled. The contest began during the afternoon of the 20th and ended during the following night when Zollicoffer concluded that he would not evict the Union, nor be able to advance into central Kentucky. Camp Wildcat hosted the initial major fight in Kentucky. During August 1862, Confederate cavalry under Colonel Scott defeated Union forces under Colonel Metcalfe at Big Hill. Scott then met General Kirby Smith at Richmond where the Union was again defeated on 30 August 1862 (Battle of Richmond). During the battle, a Union hospital was established in the Mt. Zion Christian Church, several miles outside Richmond. The church was damaged by Confederate artillery fire. The Confederates prevailed at the battle, but later, during October 1862, after the Battle of Perryville, the Confederates were forced to abandon Kentucky. The site of the battlefield (Camp Wildcat) has been preserved. For more information: Camp Wildcat Preservation Foundation, P.O. Box 1510, London, Kentucky 40743. Camp Wood— Camp Wood was established by the Union during late 1861 on the property of George Wood in the vicinity of the Green River at Munfordville. The fort was named in honor of George Wood, a prominent man from Munfordville and the father of Union general Thomas J. Wood. The Union considered the position strategic to protect a railroad bridge that crossed the river and to keep the Union supply lines open into middle Tennessee. At the

KENTUCKY / Campbell’s Station time of the establishment of the fort, other Union forces were at Elizabeth and at Camp Nevin in Hardin County. Meanwhile, Confederate forces were at Bowling Green. On 17 December 1861, a contingent of the 32nd Indiana Regiment (Volunteers), composed of about four companies, commanded by Colonel August Willich, skirmished with the Confederate 8th Texas Cavalry (Terry’s Texas Rangers), led by Colonel Benjamin Franklin Terry, at Rowlett’s Station (also called Mumfordsville or Woodsonville). The Union sustained 10 killed and 22 wounded. The Confederates sustained 33 killed and 50 wounded. Colonel Terry was killed during this action. For a short period during September 1862, Confederates seized control of the garrison at Camp Wood, but shortly thereafter it was reoccupied by Union forces. Following the Battle of Perryville, General Braxton Bragg abandoned Kentucky and from that point the Union dominated the state. By December 1862, Camp Wood was further bolstered with new support fortifications including Fort Terrill and Fort Willich. Once control of the town was regained, steps were immediately taken to prevent any future Confederate attempts to gain the area from succeeding. The Union bolstered its weak spots on the north side of the Green River, which was the place from where the Confederates bolted to gain the town. Fort Terrill and Fort Willich were established. The Union also established other smaller positions there, Battery Hale (later, during 1864, Battery McConnell) and Battery Slayton (later, during 1864, Battery Simons). Battery Simons was named in honor of Lieutenant James Simons, who was killed at Stones River (Murfreesboro, Tennessee). Battery McConnell was named in honor of Lieutenant Joseph McConnell, who also was killed at the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River) which began on 31 December 1862 and ended on 2 January 1863. During 1864, the commander of Munfordville attempted to rename Fort Terrill but his choice, Fort Colburn, was not approved. His choices to rename the batteries Battery Jones and Battery DeHart received the same results. The Union forts that defended Munfordsville were initially garrisoned by light artillery units including Andrew’s 5th Michigan Battery and the 6th Michigan Battery. Afterward, more units arrived and the forts received heavier artillery including elements of the 2nd Ohio Heavy Artillery and the U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery, the latter arriving during June 1864 to relieve the Ohio contingents. Infantry contingents that provided defense of the area included the 139th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 27th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiments. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the forts at Munfordville were ordered to be abandoned during October 1865. The forts’ artillery pieces were transferred to Pennsylvania and stored at the Allegheny Arsenal in western Pennsylvania at Pittsburgh. Campbell’s Station— Settlers established Campbell’s Station in present-day Grant County several miles north of Williamstown on Dry Ridge prior to 1792.

132 County) during 1779 by Samuel Cartwright. When Marion County was formed during 1834 from Washington County, the site of the station was located in Marion County. Cartwright’s Station was located near the Wilderness Road. The situation at Cartwright’s Station deteriorated by 1788. At that time, militia forces were returning from a mission, the George Rogers Clark campaign (Greater Miami Valley) against the Indians during autumn 1788. Those settlers at Cartwright’s were moved to Pottenger’s Station due to lack of food. A State Historical Marker designating the site of the fort stands along State Highway 55, several miles north of Lebanon. Casey’s Station— Casey’s Station was established by Colonel William Casey in Lincoln County several miles west of Stanford. The station was located near the Dick’s River on Hanging Fork. Cassidy’s Station— Cassidy’s Station was established in Fleming County by Michael Cassidy subsequent to the American Revolution. Cassidy had earlier arrived in America from Ireland and joined with the Americans during the war. Cassidy’s Station was among only three stations in Fleming County during the initial post-Revolution period. The others were Fleming’s Station and Strode’s Station, established during 1787 and 1790 respectively. Cassidy’s Station was located less than three miles from each of the other forts. In conjunction, Fleming County was created from Mason County. Michael Cassidy later became a Kentucky state senator. Chenoweth Fort Springhouse— See Chenoweth’s Fort. Chenoweth’s Fort— Chenoweth’s Fort (also Chenoweth FortSpringhouse) was established during 1785 at Louisville by Richard Chenoweth. On 17 July 1789, the fort was attacked by Shawnee. The Indians massacred five people and they burned one other at the stake. In addition, the Indians scalped the wife of Richard Chenoweth. Mrs. Chenoweth survived the scalping and lived to attain the age of 80. Richard Chenoweth was one of the original pioneers who founded Louisville. Clark’s Station— George Clark established a station in Macon County in the vicinity of present-day Lewisburg about 1787. The station was near the North Fork of the Licking River. Apparently, according to records indicated in History of Kentucky, which Collins Company published during 1874, George Clark had also established a station at about 1779 on Clark’s Run, near the Dick’s River. Subsequently, during 1789, General Andrew Lewis resettled the station which had earlier been abandoned. Clear’s Station— Clear’s Station was established about 1783 in Bullitt County. It is thought that Colonel John Floyd, when killed by Indians during 1783, was in the vicinity of Brook’s Station and Clear’s Station.

Carpenter’s Station (Lincoln County)— Carpenter’s Station was established by three brothers, Adam, Conrad and John, the sons of a Revolutionary War soldier, George Carpenter, who was killed during the war. The station was located just west of Hanging Fork (later Hustonville) in Lincoln County during 1780. Not to be confused with Carpenter’s Station in Garrod County.

Constant’s Station— Constant’s Station was established about 1784 on the land of John Constant. The station was built by Constant, James Stamper, Thomas Parvin and others in Clark County in close proximity to Strode’s Station and Strode’s Creek. Thomas Parvin, thought to be a Pennsylvanian who arrived in Kentucky about 1782, came to Constant’s Station during 1784. While there with his family, Indians attacked and two of Parvin’s children were killed and maimed nearby while they were in a nearby field. At the time of the attack, the settlers were suffering from a measles epidemic. Despite having the measles, Isaac Constant, John’s brother, made it to Strode’s Fort to get help. Reinforcements arrived, but the Indians vanished. Subsequently, Parvin relocated at Lexington and afterward moved to Bourbon County.

Cartwright’s Station—Cartwright’s Station (also spelled Curtwright’s and Cutwrights) was established near Springfield (Washington

Cook’s Station— Cook’s Station was established during 1792 in Franklin County.

Canebreak Station— Canebreak Station was established in Garrod County on Upper Paint Lick Creek by Humphrey Best during 1779–1780. Carpenter’s Station (Garrod County)— See Zophar Carpenter’s Station.

133 Conrad Carpenter’s Station— See Carpenter’s Station (Lincoln County). Cooper’s Station— Cooper’s Station was established during 1775 in Bourbon County by John Cooper. Indians killed Cooper during July of the following year. Afterward, the station, located on Cooper’s Run, was inherited by his brother, James, who was killed by Indians during August 1776. Corn Island— George Rogers Clark established a fort on Corn Island on the Ohio River in the vicinity of Louisville and the Falls of the Ohio during 1778. During the spring of 1778, George Rogers Clark, having earlier received authorization from the governor of Virginia (Patrick Henry), departed Pennsylvania with a 350-man army. Clark had two sets of orders, one public, ordering the protection of Kentucky, and the second secret, ordering the capture of Kaskaskia and the Vincennes (Indiana). Clark launched his attack against Kaskaskia from Corn Island. Cox’s Station— Cox’s Station was established in Nelson County at an indeterminable time. The settlers’ station was located in the vicinity of Kincheloe’s Station in Spencer County. Craig’s Camp— Craig’s Camp was a town, not a fort. It was initially named Wilmington and later it was renamed Burlington. During June 1799, court was held in Boone County at William Cave’s place at North End Bottoms, but while the court convened, it was decided to relocate the county seat of government at a site which was donated to the county by Robert Johnson and John Hawkins Craig. Craig’s Station— Lewis Craig was from Spotsylvania, Virginia, where he had about 275 acres. He was a member of the Episcopal Church until becoming a Baptist and later a minister during 1767. During 1768, he was imprisoned for preaching without a license. By 1781, he relocated in Kentucky and established Craig’s Station at Gilbert’s Creek in Garrard County. During the following year, Craig and those with him supported the defense of Bryan’s Station. Later he moved to Fayette County and from there to Mason County, where he succumbed. Lewis Craig and the large group of Baptists which had accompanied him from Upper Spotsylvania during 1780–1781 were known as the Traveling Church. Lewis Craig’s brother, Elijah, a Baptist minister, was supposed to have established a station in the vicinity of Versailles about 1783. However, during 1784, Elijah did establish a town near McClelland’s Fort known as Lebanon, which was changed to George Town. Elijah is thought of by some as the first person to create Bourbon whiskey. Crow’s Station— Crow’s Station was established in the vicinity of Danville during 1774 by John and William Crow, who each established a place there. The Crow brothers, according to records of the Virginia Commissioners, built a cabin during 1774, planted a crop during 1776 and improved the station during 1777, making them eligible for the grant. However, John Grant returned to Virginia about 1774 when nearly all the settlers were chased out of the region after being warned by Daniel Boone about the imminent arrival of the Shawnee. John Crow by 1780 had actually established two other stations, one of which was the Crow Inn (Old Crow Inn) at Danville and another along the Wilderness Road near the site of a presentday school in Danville. It is not known when the stations were abandoned, but John was later slain after he moved to the area near the Green River. Several other prominent Americans spent time at Crow’s Station, including Daniel Boone, who for a while was a partner with John Crow. Andrew Jackson, a future president, was there as part of a survey team and as it is told, Abraham Lincoln’s grandfather was captured near the station by Indians and later released, only to be killed during an Indian attack later. William Crow, who served in the Revolutionary War with George Rogers Clark for a

Cumberland Gap / KENTUCKY short period during October-November 1782, received his land grant during 1782 and subsequently succumbed at his home during 1820. Cumberland Gap— Cumberland Gap was a strategic location near the convergence of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia where pioneers such as Daniel Boone passed while cutting the Wilderness Trail. The gap was essentially the gateway to Kentucky and the Mississippi River and coveted by the Union and the Confederates. During 1861, the Confederates seized control of the gap by the summer of 1861. The Confederates established Fort Rains there and named the fort after Colonel James E. Rains, who enlisted in the Confederate Army at the outbreak of war as a private and by May of the same year, was promoted to colonel of the 11th Tennessee Infantry. Rains for awhile commanded the gap while General Zollicoffer was in the field during the latter part of 1861 and early 1862. By September 1861, the 34th Tennessee Infantry Regiment under Colonel William Churchwell arrived from Knoxville. Churchwell, who was placed in command, began to fortify the positions by constructing numerous forts, including Fort McCook, later Fort Rains. During November 1861, Confederate major general George B. Crittenden was assigned command of the District of the Cumberland Gap. On 12 February 1862, in Tennessee, a Union contingent of Kentucky cavalry, commanded by Lt. Colonel Munday, engaged Confederates at Cumberland Gap. Meanwhile, at about the same time, Union general Ulysses S. Grant was assigned command of the District of West Tennessee. Later, on 21 March 1862, again in Tennessee, a large Union reconnaissance force, including contingents of the 1st East Tennessee, 7th Kentucky, 16th Ohio, and 49th Indiana, bolstered by the 1st Kentucky Cavalry and one battery of the 9th Ohio, commanded by Colonel Carter, operated in the vicinity of Cumberland Gap, Tennessee, until the following day. A brief skirmish occurred with Confederates. By the latter part of April 1862, on the 29th, a Union contingent under acting Brigadier General Samuel Powhatan Carter (formerly a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy) skirmished with Confederates at the gap. The Union secured the gap during June 1862. Once under Union control, the commanding officer, Brigadier General George Washington Morgan, who attended West Point without graduating and was a veteran of the Mexican War, immediately worked to ensure continued Union domination of the gap. Confederate Fort Rains was renamed Fort McCook. In contrast to the Confederates, who had constructed their forts on the slopes that protected the approaches from the North, Morgan’s troops constructed nine fortifications, each protecting the approaches coming from the South. The anticipated attack by the Confederates never materialized. On 8 June 1862, a Confederate force attacked Union positions at the gap in Tennessee and Union general George W. Morgan was compelled to retire toward the Ohio River. Another skirmish developed at Tazewell, just south of the gap in Tennessee, on 6 August when Major General Edmund Kirby Smith (West Point, 1845) approached the Union positions. Smith’s force was the vanguard in front of General Braxton Bragg’s army. The Union abandoned the gap on 17 September 1862. During the following year, Union general Burnside traversed the Cumberland Mountains and his forces reached Montgomery, Tennessee, on 30 August 1863 in conjunction with another part of his command, under General Julius White, who was encroaching upon the gap. Cavalry under Colonel Burt engaged Confederates at the Emory Iron Works in the Clinch River Valley on 30 August. More Union troops sped to reinforce the cavalry at the iron works, but when they arrived, General John Pegram had abandoned the area. The absence of Pegram opened the floodgates, giving the Union free movement straight to Knoxville. The Confederates burned a bridge that spanned the Tennessee River, but it was insufficient to halt the Union’s momentum. Confederate general Simon Bolivar Buckner, stunned by the sudden appearance

KENTUCKY / Daugherty’s Station

134 Cutwright’s Station— See Cartwright’s Station. Daugherty’s Station— The history of Daugherty’s Station, also known as Dougherty’s Station, leads back to several trails as some believed James Daugherty (Dougherty), who established the station, was born in Ireland while other reports had him born in Virginia about 1750. Nevertheless, he married Rebecca Cunningham and relocated from Virginia to Kentucky during the latter part of the 1700s. The station was located on Clark’s Run near the Salt River in present-day Boyle County, outside Danville. In conjunction, when James Daugherty arrived in Kentucky about 1780–1785, he settled in what was Mercer County. Boyle County was later, during 1842, formed from Mercer and Lincoln counties. David Williams Station— See William’s Station. Dougherty’s Station— See Daugherty’s Station. Dowdalls Station— Dowdall’s Station was established in Jefferson County, which was named in honor of Virginia governor (later President) Thomas Jefferson. The station was one of several located south of Louisville. Dowdall’s Station was in the vicinity of the Salt River. Other nearby stations established during the 1780s included Brashear’s Station, Mud Garrison, and Fort Nonsense. The combined strength of the forts protected the settlers who were engaged in the salt industry. Jefferson County by 1780 had other fortified stations located north of Louisville and they included Floyd’s Station, Hogland’s Station, Low Dutch Station (also known as New Holland Station), Linn’s Station, Middle Fork Station and Sturgus Station. And yet another, Sullivan’s Station, was nearby on the South Fork.

Settler’s House, Cumberland Gap, Kentucky — Dept. Interior NPS

of Burnside’s forces, made a hurried departure. The Confederates under Buckner abandoned eastern Tennessee. Unintended consequences occurred as Buckner failed to inform the Confederates at the gap of his retirement, giving the Union more advantage. On 9 September, the Union forces of General Shackelford, supported by troops under Colonel John De Courcy, seized the Tennessee town of Cumberland Gap. Confederate general John Wesley Frazer (West Point, 1849), aware that the Union was taking Knoxville, surrendered Cumberland Gap to General Burnside. The loss of the gap stunned the Confederates. Meanwhile, General Frazer was held as a prisoner until after the close of hostilities. Control of the gap actually changed sides four times during the conflict. When it was taken by Burnside, it remained under Union control for the duration. Fort Lyon was where the surrender of the Confederates took place. Other fortifications included Fort Foote (Virginia) and Fort Farragut. A dominant feature of what is now Cumberland Gap National Park is Pinnacle Outlook in the vicinity of Fort McCook, initially built by the Confederates, from where a person can look out upon three states. Below the heights remains the Cudjo’s Caverns, which had been used by the troops of the North and of the South. While the South held the gap, it was to prevent the Union from gushing into the South and in contrast, while the Union held the gap, it was to keep a lock on the entrance to the North. Neither side won any decisive battles there during the conflict, although there were skirmishes. When the dominant power changed sides it was due primarily to the inability of the opposing forces to keep the stronghold properly supplied. When General Ulysses S. Grant spent time at the gap ( January 1864), he dubbed the place the “Gibraltar of the West.” For more information: Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, P.O. Box 840, Middlesboro, KY 40965. This park has approximately 20,000 acres within Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. Articles from both the Revolutionary War and the Civil War are on display at the visitors’ center. Curtwright’s Station— See Cartwright’s Station.

Downing’s Station— Downing’s Station was established in Garrod County by James and John Downing during 1779. The station was located near Sugar Creek in the vicinity of the Dick’s River. Dutch Station— See Low Dutch Station. Elijah Craig’s Station— See Craig’s Station. Ellis Station— Ellis Station was established in Ellisville, Nicholas County, by James Ellis. The station was located on property owned by James Ellis prior to 1782. English’s Station— English’s Station was established in Lincoln County near the Dick’s River several miles east of Crab Orchard in about the late 1770s. English’s Station was in close proximity to Whitley’s Station, also near Crab Orchard, and established during 1779. Estill’s Station— Estill’s Station was established several miles southeast of Richmond in Madison County by Captain James Estill. During the following year, Indians raided the fort and killed a young girl who was just outside the stockade. Subsequently, Estill’s party was ambushed and killed near Hingston Creek in the vicinity of Small Mountain on 22 March 1782. In the meantime, Monk Estill, a slave, had apparently spotted the band of Wyandots and was attempting

135 to warn Captain Estill, but arrived too late to save the party. According to reports, Monk retrieved Estill’s body and returned it to the fort. For his actions, a son of Captain Estill gave Monk his freedom. Afterwards, Monk Estill was able to learn the trade of making gunpowder and he began a prosperous career at Boonesborough. Feagan’s Station— Feagan’s Station (also Feegan’s Station) was established outside of Germantown in Mason County by Captain Daniel Feagan. Feagan and his wife, Viola, had relocated in Kentucky from Virginia during 1786. Initially, after moving down the Ohio River on a flatboat, Feagan resided near Simon Kenton’s Station near present-day Maysville (formerly Limestone). For his service during the American Revolution, Feagan, during 1806, received a grant of about 3,000 acres on both sides of the Ohio, part in Kentucky and part in Ohio split at 2,000 and 1,000 acres respectively. Afterward, Feagan resided near George Town until his death during 1815. Feegan’s Station— See Feagan’s Station. Fields’ Station— Fields’ Station was established by William Fields in the vicinity of Danville. Fields, originally from Ireland, arrived in Kentucky with James Harrod during 1774. Finn’s Station— Finn’s Station was established in either Jefferson or Spencer County sometime prior to 1780. Fisher’s Garrison— Fisher’s Garrison was established by Stephen Fisher during 1779. His tract of about 400 acres was located just outside Danville (Mercer County, later Boyle County). Fisher served in the army under Colonel Bowman during the American Revolution prior to arriving in Kentucky with his wife, Mary Magdeline Garr Fisher. Subsequently, Fisher’s brothers, Adam and Barnett, arrived in Kentucky to join their brother. Fisher’s Garrison was one of eight forts built between 1779–1780. See also Vital Junction. Fleming’s Station— Fleming’s Station was established during 1790 by Colonel John Fleming, a Virginian, in the vicinity of Buffalo Trace in present-day Fleming County (established during 1798 from Mason County) in northeastern Kentucky. Florer’s Station— Florer’s Station was established in Lincoln County near the Dick’s River several miles from Crab Orchard. Floyd’s Station— Floyd’s Station was established in Jefferson County during 1779 along Beargrass Creek in present-day Louisville. It was one of the forts in the area owned by Colonel John Floyd. He also established another station (Floyd’s Station) on the Middle Fork of Beargrass Creek slightly more than five miles from the Falls of the Ohio during 1775. Also, in Oldham County at Floyd’s Fork, slightly more that 15 miles from Louisville, Colonel Floyd had established another station (Floyd’s Fork Station). Floyd’s Fork Station was in close proximity to Chenoweth’s Station, which was established by Richard Chenoweth.

Fort Boonesborough / KENTUCKY federates occupied Columbus. General Grant, at Cairo, Illinois, moved troops into Paducah at about the same time, 6 September 1861, when Confederate-held Columbus became a threat. Grant wasted no time in spelling out his thoughts. On that same day, Grant proclaimed to the citizens of Paducah that the town was being occupied to defend against an attack by Confederates. No attack came until 1864. General Grant launched the Mississippi Valley Campaign from Fort Anderson. By April 1862, the Union had entered New Orleans, Louisiana. While the Union maintained a presence at Paducah, the Grace Episcopal Church (820 Broadway) there was used as a hospital. The post came under attack during March 1864 when Confederates under Nathan Bedford Forrest entered Paducah. The Union forces there, under Colonel Stephen Hicks, withdrew to the defenses of Fort Anderson on the western fringes of the town. A surrender demand was declined by Hicks and his forces within the fort repulsed the attack by Forrest’s cavalry (25 March). Forrest’s force was estimated at nearly 3,000 against about 650 troops under Hicks, however, Union gunboats nearby on the Ohio River supported the defenders at the fort. Nonetheless, Paducah sustained damage during the attack. Forrest’s cavalry departed the area on the following day, 26 March 1864. Paducah was also the home of Confederate general Lloyd Tilghman. His residence in Paducah (7th Street and Kentucky Avenue) is now a military museum. Tilghman, a graduate of West Point (1836), was the commander who surrendered Fort Henry, Tennessee, to the Union during 1862 during the campaign to take Forts Heiman, Henry and Donelson. He was not involved with the attack on Paducah. He had been killed the previous year on 16 May 1863 at the Battle of Baker’s Creek (Champion Hill), Mississippi, during the Vicksburg Campaign. General Tilghman was later interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York City. A historical marker designating the site of Fort Anderson stands in Paducah at the end of 4th Street. Fort Baker— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort Bishop— A Union force under Colonel (later General and President) James Garfield occupied Louisa in Lawrence County during December 1861. The town was initially fortified by Garfield’s 42nd Ohio Volunteer Regiment and McLaughlin’s Cavalry, led by Major William McLaughlin. The cavalry was in eastern Kentucky to neutralize Confederates under General Humphrey Marshall. During March 1863, the town was unsuccessfully attacked several times by Confederates. Subsequently, during September 1864, the Union established Fort Bishop, named in honor of Captain William Bishop, 100th Ohio Regiment, who was killed during fighting in Dalton, Georgia (May 1864). Afterward, during November 1864, Confederate guerrillas raided the town and destroyed some property and two vessels. Fort Bishop, also known as Fort Hill and Fort Gallop, which contained seven field guns, was still incomplete during April 1865.

Forage Depot— The Forage Depot was established near Poplar Grove Church in Russell County by elements of the Union 1st Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry during the latter part of 1861. It was used as a storage depot for the supplies acquired as the regiment, under Colonel Frank Wolford, advanced from Camp Billy Williams to Webb’s Cross Roads. Later, during July 1862, the regiment returned there and spent one day (4th) prior to advancing to Lebanon. At the time, Confederates under John Hunt Morgan were operating near there.

Fort Boone— Fort Boone, a Union position, was established in Frankfort during 1863. On 10 June 1864, the fort was one of several places in Kentucky struck by Confederates. Militia troops under Colonel Monroe, supported by other citizens, repulsed an attack by Confederates under Lieutenant Colonel Pryor. On that same day, Ohio troops were defeated by John Hunt Morgan at Cynthiana and at Kellar’s Bridge. The Confederates also clashed with Union forces at Lexington and Princeton. The post was abandoned during 1865. At the site, Fort Boone’s protective walls have been preserved. In addition, the earthworks of a redoubt (New Redoubt) there also survived. The fort’s site is located in Leslie Morris Park on Fort Hill.

Fort Anderson— Fort Anderson was established in Paducah (McCracken County) by the Union during 1861 to serve as a major supply depot. The post was established by troops under General Charles Ferguson Smith. The need for the post became a priority after Con-

Fort Boonesborough— On 17 March 1775, Cherokee leaders met in Tennessee with a party of Americans, including Colonel Richard Henderson and Daniel Boone, for the purpose of having the Indians agree to sell land. After a few days of talks, the Indians agreed

KENTUCKY / Fort Bramlette

136 at the river which linked it with Garrard County. The Camp Nelson site is located along U.S. Highway 27 in the southern tip of the county. See also Camp Nelson. Fort C.F. Smith— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort Clark— Fort Clark, a Union Civil War fort, was located in the vicinity of the intersection of present-day 36th and Magnolia streets. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts.

Boone’s Fort, Kentucky — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

to sell the land lying between the Cumberland, Kentucky and Ohio rivers. The territory involved covered more than 15 million acres of ground and is usually referred to as the “Transylvania Purchase, brought about by the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals.” In conjunction, Henderson (an attorney) and others established the Transylvania Company to consummate the deal, but it was not legal for individuals to purchase lands from the Indians. Consequently, the treaty was later invalidated by the State of Virginia, which at the time claimed the Cumberland Valley. Nevertheless, a party of pioneers including Boone and Henderson established Boonesborough in Madison County during April 1775. Boone, leading the vanguard, constructed some cabins in a hollow near the Kentucky River, but afterward, Fort Boonesborough, also known as Boone’s Fort, was relocated to higher ground along the river. The party was there on behalf of the Transylvania Company. The company was involved in attempting to acquire land from the Cherokee Indians to form the colony of Transylvania. By the following month, Henderson convened the initial legislative meeting of the settlers of Boiling Springs, Boonesborough, Harrodsburg and St. Asaph. The assembly gathered under what was called the “Divine Elm Tree” at Fort Boonesborough, which was the capital of the Colony of Transylvania and it was the initial fortified settlement in what became the state of Kentucky. The settlers continued to fortify the positions there by constructing blockhouses and a stockade. On 24 April 1777, the fort at Boonesborough was attacked by Indians. Isaac Hite, one of the surveyors who arrived with Captain Thomas Bullitt during 1775, was wounded. Hite, along with Daniel Boone and others, continued struggling against the Indians. By September 1778, the project was completed and the station was prepared for future threats against the settlement. During that same month, the Indians initiated a siege that lasted about 10 days, but the fort held. The fort remained active throughout the War of 1812. The settlement of Boonesborough was abandoned by about 1820. A reconstructed fort now stands as part of Fort Boonesborough State Park in Boonesborough. Fort Bramlette— Fort Bramlette was established slightly south of the primary fort in the region, Camp Nelson at Nicholasville ( Jessamine County). The post was located on a hill that dominated the Kentucky River and Hickman Creek where it could protect the rear of the military complex from attack. A cable crossing was located there

Fort Clay— Fort Clay was established by the Union during 1862 in Lexington (Fayette County), a city coveted by the Union and the Confederacy during the early days of the conflict. Confederates paraded through the streets moving southward, while Union loyalists were bolstering their positions. In the midst of the complexity, Kentucky was attempting to maintain a position of neutrality and in fact an urgent plea from President Lincoln for troops from Kentucky was ignored. By August, it was apparent Kentucky was no longer neutral as an election proved to bring the state into line with the Union. During August, Union cavalry moved into Lexington only to be compelled by the militia to depart the city. By the following month, the Union infantry arrived and about 2,000 troops established camp on the fairgrounds, then took steps to acquire the militia’s weapons. In the meantime, Confederates under John Hunt Morgan abandoned Lexington. During early September 1862, following some Union setbacks, Confederates entered Lexington after the Union abandoned it. Subsequently, during October, the Confederates sustained a pyrrhic victory at Perryville, but the Confederates had to abandon the state due to losses they sustained. The Union reentered Lexington and used the house of Henry Clay, but soon after rebels under Morgan captured a Union major there (Charles B. Seidel). The Union retained the city, but during June 1864 Morgan again raided Lexington. Some fires were set and the asylum for the insane was one of the buildings as the rebels worked to confiscate supplies. The Union forces moved into Fort Clay and attempted to fire upon the Confederates from there. Artillery fire was haphazard. Following the episode, which lasted several hours, Morgan left the region. By September of 1864, Union forces intercepted Morgan. He was killed on 3 September in nearby Tennessee. Morgan was interred at Richmond, Virginia, but during 1868, he was reinterred at Lexington. In conjunction, General Morgan established the Lexington Rifles in Lexington during 1857. His house, the Hunt-Morgan House, 201 North Mill Street, is now a museum. Another historical attraction in the city of Lexington is the Lexington Cemetery (833 Main Street), which contains the graves of some Confederate generals and soldiers of the Union force and the Confederates. Two other attractions are the houses of Henry Clay, U.S. senator and chief broker of the Compromise of 1850 (Ashland, 120 Sycamore Road), and the house of Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of President Abraham Lincoln (578 West Main Street). A state historical marker for Fort Clay stands along the west end of a viaduct, Lexington, U.S. 60. Fort Colburn— See Camp Wood. Fort Craig— Union general Alexander McCook directed his troops to construct a fort near the Louisville Nashville Railroad bridge that spanned the Green River in conjunction with orders from General William Tecumseh Sherman to protect the bridge and the Union supply line there as well as the gateway into middle Tennessee. Fort Craig was established during January 1862 by elements of the 1st Ohio Light Artillery. The Union troops constructed the fort at the location of a former Confederate battery which was referred to as the Old Reb Fort. The fort was located in the vicinity of Woodsonville in close proximity to Camp Wood at Munfordville. During September,

137 the Confederates seized Munfordville (Battle of Munfordville) in Hart County. Union forces commanded by Colonel John Wilder surrendered to Mississippi regiments of General Braxton Bragg’s forces on 17 September 1862 following the battle for Munfordville, which began on the 14th. General Bragg evacuated Munfordville on the 20th before Union general Buell’s forces arrived, but prior to departing the railroad bridge (Louisville Nashville Railroad) over the Green River was demolished. The site of Fort Craig has been preserved. Fort Craig is not to be confused with Craig’s Camp in Boone County. See also Camp Wood. Fort DeRussey— The Confederates established Fort De Russey at Columbus during early September 1861. The fort was constructed by troops under General Leonidas Polk, who occupied the town to anchor the Confederate hold in western Kentucky. The fort was located on the Mississippi and was constructed to hold 140 pieces of artillery and the plans included blockage of the river with chains to impede Union vessels. The fort was not held too long and the operation with the chains was never completed. While Polk was fortifying Columbus, the Union had secured Cairo, Illinois, and Paducah. The contest for domination had begun and by early 1862, the Union prevailed. On 7 November, Union forces debarked at Hunter’s Point, out of range of the guns of Fort DeRussey, then advanced toward Belmont while the gunboats Tyler and Lexington moved against Columbus (Fort DeRussey). Elements of the 27th, 30th and 31st Illinois Regiments were bolstered by Dollin’s Cavalry and artillery under General McClernand and another brigade under Colonel Henry Dougherty. The defending Confederates, commanded by General Gideon Pillow, included the 13th Arkansas and the 12th, 13th, 21st and 22nd Tennessee Regiments, bolstered by its cavalry and artillery. Once the heated battle opened the Confederates were driven back, but with the withdrawal the Union entered the range of the guns at Fort DeRussey. Both Grant and McClernand’s horses were shot from under them in the midst of a bayonet attack and General McClernand saw a second horse shot from under him. The Union seized the two Confederate batteries. After seizing the positions, the Union destroyed the camp and departed before the Confederate artillery could maul them. During the retirement, Confederate reinforcements under General Benjamin Franklin Cheatham arrived and plowed into the column, encircling the Union force. Grant’s troops were able to break through to the waiting vessels. Although Fort DeRussey was able to hold 140 guns, at the time of the attack it contained only 21 guns. On the day after the battle, General Grant remarked as part of the general order: “It has been my fortune to have been in all the battles fought in Mexico by Generals Scott and Taylor, save Buena Vista, and I never saw one more hotly contested, or where troops behaved with more gallantry.” Following the battle and the appraisal of Confederate resistance, Grant concluded that a frontal attack against Fort DeRussey would be too costly. The Union instead advanced against other strongholds. Confederate-held Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee fell to the Union along with Fort Heiman, Tennessee. Consequently, Fort DeRussey was abandoned. The Union then seized the strategic fort, which also was in close proximity to Belmont, Missouri, on the opposite side of the Mississippi. Fort DeRussey was renamed Fort Halleck in honor of Union general Henry Halleck and Columbus remained under Union control for the duration of the war. Fort Duffield— Union general William Tecumseh Sherman ordered the construction of a fort at West Point, located just outside Louisville. Both the Union and Confederates during 1861 coveted Kentucky, initially a neutral state, which was a primary gateway through the Cumberland Gap for southern troops who could invade the North or Union troops to drive southward. By September, Confederate troops under General Leonidas Polk established positions in

Fort Harrod / KENTUCKY Columbus, while Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant held Paducah. In order to ensure supplies for other Union troops under Sherman at Elizabethtown and defend Louisville, Sherman dispatched contingents to West Point. Sherman set his headquarters at a house owned by Judge Fisher at present-day Fourth and Elm streets. Fort Duffield was established during November atop Pearman Hill, a dominant position above the river which gave the Union a strategic blocking position against any Confederate troops advancing along the Louisville-Nashville Turnpike. At the time, the closest Confederate troops were at Bowling Green. The fort was constructed by engineers of the 9th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was garrisoned by that regiment and the 37th Indiana Regiment. Other units at the fort included the 1st Wisconsin Regiment and the 16th and 28th Kentucky Infantry Regiments. Sherman’s strategy to prevent a breakthrough was not tested. Fort Duffield on the Ohio River was not attacked. Fort Duffield, named in honor of the commanding officer of the 9th Indiana, Colonel William Duffield, was abandoned during the latter part of January 1862. Subsequently for a brief period during autumn 1862, Union troops would again garrison the fort. The fort, which contained 10 artillery pieces, lacked a stockade and had the river at its rear, below a cliff of several hundred feet. The Union also established some smaller forts in the area, including Camp Holman (Kulmer Beach) and Camp Hazard. Although the fort saw no action, it was struck by an enemy: sickness. Various epidemics, including typhoid and measles, hit the forces there. The troops that succumbed were interred at nearby Memorial Hill Cemetery. Walking tours are available at the fort site. Fort Duffield is located near Fort Knox, an active U.S. Army base. For more information: Fort Duffield Heritage Committee, 166706 Abbotts Beach Road, West Point, Kentucky 40177. Fort Elster— Fort Elster, a Union fortification, was one of a series of forts established to defend Louisville. The fort was located in the vicinity of Frankfort Ave. and Brownsboro Rd. near Bellaire and Vernon Avenues. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Engle— Fort Engle, a Union fort, was located near present-day Spring Street and Arlington Avenue. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Farragut— See Cumberland Gap. Fort Foote— See Cumberland Gap. Fort Garrett— Fort Garrett, also known as Garrett Station, was established in Woodford County outside of Lexington, near Pinckard. The post office there, designated Fort Garrett Post Office, operated from the 1890s through 1917; however, there is no source for why the word “Fort” was attached to the town’s name. Fort Grider— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort Harrod— Fort Harrod, also known as Harrod’s Station, was established by James Harrod during the summer of 1774 in Lincoln County (present-day Mercer County). Harrod, who had discovered a spring (Big Spring) during 1773, selected the area as a site for where he would build a settlement. Harrod led a 32-man expedition back to Kentucky from Pennsylvania during 1774 and established Harrodstown (later Harrodsburg). The party left Pennsylvania in dug-out canoes and traveled down the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers to the Kentucky River and from there moved another 100 miles down the Kentucky to what became Harrod’s Landing. Subsequently, Isaac Hite’s party arrived there to increase the number of pioneers in the region. The Kentucky Militia was soon after formed to provide protection for the settlements in Kentucky. The militia was also a

KENTUCKY / Fort Hartford participant in what became West Virginia at the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774). The initial fort was flooded and the pioneers rebuilt it on higher ground. The fort was built to the size of a 264-foot square with walls composed of oak logs. The fort also contained three corner blockhouses, each 25 feet by 44 feet, with overhangs from which the defenders could hold an advantage against an approaching enemy. In addition, the fort contained two gates, at the north and west sides respectively. The spring that provided water for the complex was within the walls of the post and in addition, it contained a blacksmith’s shed. Also, within close proximity to the fort, other fortified stations were established. The fort was under constant threat of attack by the Indians, but none that occurred were successful. At Fort Harrod, Colonel John Bowman, commander of the Kentucky Militia (1775–1780), established his headquarters. Harrodsburg was the initial colonist settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains. During the American Revolution, George Rogers Clark spent time at the fort and made preparations for his campaign of 1778 to evict the British from the frontier. At the time, Kentucky was a colony of Virginia (1776). Mercer County was named in honor of Revolutionary War hero, General Hugh Mercer. Mercer, who owned a large tract of land in Kentucky, also served in the French and Indian War. He was slain during the Battle of Princeton in New Jersey during 1777. Also, James Harrod left the settlement on a hunting trip during 1792, but he never returned. A replica fort stands at Harrodsburg and it includes blockhouses and cabins. Old Fort Harrod is located off I-75, along U.S. Highway 68 in Harrodsburg, slightly more than 30 miles southwest of Lexington. A cemetery (Pioneer Cemetery) that contains the gravesites of about 500 of the early families that settled at Harrodsburg is near the fort site. The three blockhouses at the reconstructed fort are noted as James Harrod Blockhouse, George Rogers Clark Blockhouse and Ann McGinty Blockhouse. Cabins at the fort site include Mark McGohon’s, William Pogue’s, Bryan Station and John Lythe’s. For more information: Old Fort Harrod State Park, P.O. Box 156, Harrodsburg, Kentucky 40330. Fort Hartford— Fort Hartford was established by settlers in the lower Green River Valley (Ohio County) near the Ruff (Rough) River. The exact date it was established has not been determined; however, it was constructed prior to 1790, and emerged from a settlement at Hartford that originated about 1782. The fort provided protection from Indian raids from its founding until 1810. A replica fort now stands in Ohio County Park. The fort also contains an original log cabin that is thought to have been constructed about 1840. A State Historical Marker regarding Fort Hartford is located north of Hartford along U.S. Highway 231 at the Rough River Bridge. Fort Heiman— Fort Heiman, named for Confederate colonel Adolphus Heiman, was established during January 1862 in Calloway County on the west bank of the Tennessee River opposite Fort Henry, Tennessee, by the Confederates as the third of a series of forts to bolster Confederate positions at the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. The region (Calloway County) was heavily tilted toward the Confederacy and most men who joined the army became Confederates. Fort Heiman was established on a bluff, but its counterpart across the river, Fort Henry, was unexplainedly constructed on a flood plain which would create problems and aid the Union effort to gain the fort. Fort Donelson was built there on the Cumberland. General Grant initially attempted to persuade General Halleck to authorize the attack, but he was rebuffed. Later, after flag-officer Foote concurred with Grant’s plan and put forth a similar blueprint, it was approved. Grant realized Fort Heiman was the dominating post that had to be taken before the Confederates could complete it. Grant, afterward, initiated the campaign to seize the trio of forts and gain

138 major water arteries that would permit the Union to control the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Domination of the two rivers would create a funnel from which to push Union forces down the Tennessee into Alabama. In addition, the route to Nashville would be opened through the Cumberland seizure. By early February, Grant attacked Fort Henry by land and sea. In conjunction, another force under General Charles Ferguson Smith advanced against Fort Heiman. The troops at Fort Heiman abandoned it and broke for Fort Henry. Confederate general Lloyd Tilghman, commanding Forts Heiman and Henry, capitulated on 6 February; however, many of the defenders escaped to Fort Donelson, which was soon after also seized (16 February 1862). Tilghman and 90 men were captured. Fort Heiman was used as a supply depot by both ground units and the gunboats. For Henry, partially flooded when Tilghman surrendered, was not especially useful to the Union, but Fort Heiman was a strategic post. It was abandoned during 1863 when it was concluded that no Confederate threat existed. Nevertheless, during autumn 1864, Confederates under Nathan Bedford Forrest moved into the post and pulled off a successful raid, destroying gunboats and inflicting serious damage to a Union supply depot at Johnsonville, Tennessee. Fort Heiman was located in an obscure part of Kentucky and most probably due to the infrequent access to the site, much of the fort has been preserved. At this time, attempts are being made to secure Fort Heiman as a National Historic Site. The fort site is located less than two miles southeast of New Concord off Fort Heiman Road. Fort Hill— Fort Hill was established by the Union at Louisville. The post was located near present-day Goddard Avenue and St. Louis Cemetery. The chain of forts in and around Louisville, established during 1864, did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts, Kentucky. Fort Hobson— See Fort Williams. Fort Holt— Fort Holt was established by the Union on the Ohio River in the vicinity of Wickliffe during 1861. The post was established to provide a buffer in front of the massive Union buildup at Cairo, Illinois. The garrison at Fort Holt often communicated with the Confederates at nearby Columbus, particularly when a Confederate vessel flying a white flag would approach. A quick burst from an artillery piece would be fired across the bow of the approaching vessel to signal, don’t advance further until you receive instructions. The fort was located in the western portion of Kentucky (Ballard County) at Wickliffe on the Ohio River during 1861.The fort was located in the same region as a former post that existed during the 1780s, Fort Jefferson near Mayfield Creek. The site of former Fort Jefferson was also used by Union forces during the Civil War. In addition to being a support post for Cairo, Fort Holt was also utilized as a supply depot due to its location on the Ohio River. However, the river was also the fort’s adversary and often the fort was inundated with the unruly river water. Units that were stationed at Fort Holt included the 17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and then dispatched to the fort. Elements of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery were also stationed there from February 1862 through March 1862. Also, the 7th Illinois Infantry was stationed at Fort Holt. The site of the fort has been lost to the Ohio River. Fort Horton— Fort Horton was established by the Union at Louisville. The post was located in the vicinity of the intersection of present-day Shelby and Merriwether Streets. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Jefferson— Fort Jefferson was established in Ballard County

139

Fort Nonsense / KENTUCKY

Union troops land in Kentucky, opposite Cairo, Illinois, to construct Fort Holt —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

slightly south of Wickliffe by George Rogers Clark during 1780. During the previous September, Clark ordered the construction of a fort (Fort Jefferson) in the vicinity of the convergence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers near Clarksville. About 150 troops built and garrisoned the fort to promote American presence in the area, previously dominated by the British. The fort also provided a way of controlling movement into the Ohio Territory. Clark arrived at Fort Jefferson during June 1780. Having gained information that the British were preparing to move against Louisville, Clark departed Fort Jefferson en route to the Falls at Louisville. In his absence, Clarksville near Fort Jefferson was attacked on 7 June and 15 July by Chickasaws. Later, on 27 August, the fort and settlement came under attack. However, the assault and siege, which lasted until 1 September, was repelled. Nevertheless, the settlers lost their crops. Consequently, most settlers abandoned the region. Fort Jefferson was abandoned on 8 June 1781 due to acute sickness and shortages of supplies. During the Civil War, the Union established Fort Holt in Ballard County and it used the former site of Fort Jefferson. Fort Karnash— Fort Karnash was located in the vicinity of presentday Wilson Avenue bounded by 26th and 28th Streets in Louisville. The chain of Union forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Knox— Fort Knox, named in honor of General Henry T. Knox, a Revolutionary War hero, was not established until the twentieth century when the U.S. established a training center there for train-

ing artillerymen. The post was located in the vicinity of where Abraham Lincoln’s father owned a farm. Subsequently, the U.S. established a gold depository there. The post remains active. The Patton (General George S. Patton Jr.) Museum of Cavalry and Armor is located on the post. For more information: Patton Museum Foundation Inc., Fort Knox, Kentucky 40125. Fort Lyon— See Cumberland Gap. Fort Lytle— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort McCook— See Cumberland Gap. Fort McPherson— Fort McPherson, a Union post, was one of a series of forts established to defend Louisville and it was the largest established The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. Fort McPherson was located in the vicinity of present-day Preston Street stretching to four points, Barbee, Brandies, Hahn and Fort Streets. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Nelson— Fort Nelson was established at Louisville during 1779. It remained active until 1782. During its active period (American Revolution) militia troops quartered there included Captain Robert George’s artillery company. The site of the fort is located at 9th Street and the Ohio River. Not to be confused with Camp Nelson, established during the Civil War period. Fort Nonsense— Fort Nonsense was established south of Louisville during the 1780s. The station was located in Bullitt County on the

KENTUCKY / Fort Philpot north side of the Salt River and apparently was on land thought to be owned by Jacob Froman. Fort Nonsense was one of a group of stations that were established to protect the settlers that were engaged in making salt in the area, particularly Mann’s Lick and Bullitt Lick. Fort Philpot— Fort Philpot was located in Louisville near the intersection of present-day Seventh Street Road and Algonquin Parkway. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Rains— See Cumberland Gap. Fort Saint Clair Morton— Fort Saint Clair Morton was located in the vicinity of the intersection of 16th and Hill Streets in Louisville. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Saunders— Fort Saunders was located in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. Cave Hill Cemetery, in which Union and Confederate soldiers were interred, later became a national cemetery. It is located in Louisville at 701 Baxter Avenue. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Smith— The Union established Fort Smith, essentially two forts, both star-shaped, at the convergence of the Cumberland and Ohio Rivers during September 1861 at present-day Smithland. Fort Smith was constructed in conjunction with another, Fort Anderson in Paducah, both of which were ordered by General Ulysses S. Grant. The fort was a key part of General Grant’s strategy to neutralize the Confederate forces under General Gideon Pillow that occupied and fortified Columbus during September and to provide a place from which to launch an attack to gain Confederate-held Forts Henry and Donelson in nearby Tennessee as well as the incomplete Fort Heiman at New Concord, the latter a potential stumbling block which could prevent an advance against Nashville. The 52nd Illinois Infantry, which arrived during early January 1862, was ordered to hold the fort, while General Lew Wallace was to lead the remainder of the garrison to Fort Henry (Tennessee). Wallace’s orders arrived at his headquarters (Gower House) on 31 January. The fort remained under Union control for the duration of the war, but for a short while during 1862 it was abandoned. During the latter part of March 1862, General Halleck ordered the fort closed. Meanwhile, Confederate prisoners captured at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson were brought to Fort Smith while they were en route to Chicago where they would be held until exchanged. The garrison, pursuant to Halleck’s orders of March 1862, was ordered to Tennessee to support General Grant’s actions subsequent to the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Later, during August, elements of the 2nd Regiment, Light Artillery, arrived at the fort. The fort was permanently abandoned during November 1865. Other units that garrisoned Fort Smith included the 91st Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, elements of the 48th Mounted Infantry and the 13th Heavy Artillery Colored Regiment One of the two earthen forts, the smallest, still remains. It is located on Cemetery Hill to the rear of Livingston Central High School in Smithland. The site of the larger of the two forts is now occupied by a senior citizen’s facility. Fort Southworth— Fort Southworth was located at present-day Paddy’s Run. The chain of forts established during 1864 in and around Louisville did not come under attack during the conflict. See also Louisville Forts. Fort Terrill— Fort Terrill, named in honor of Brigadier General William R. Terrill, who was killed at the Battle of Perryville on 8 October 1862, was established just after Union troops under Gen-

140 eral Buell reoccupied Munfordville. The Union, having lost the town on 17 September, regained it subsequent to the evacuation by Confederates on 20 September 1862. The earthworks fort was constructed on the north side of the Green River, along with another fortification, Fort Willich, also established at that time. Both forts were established to fortify Camp Wood and bolster the defenses that protected the rear of the Union lines, which had been dominated by the Confederates when they seized the town. In conjunction, during 1864, the commander of Munfordville at the time, Colonel Horatio G. Gibson, attempted to rename the fort Fort Colburn, but the change was not approved. See also Camp Wood. Fort Thomas— See Newport Barracks. Fort Underwood— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort Webb— See Bowling Green Forts. Fort William— Fort William was established during 1785 by Colonel William Christian. Colonel Christian brought his family with him to establish residence in Jefferson County. Christian, a Virginian, was the brother-in-law of Patrick Henry, having married his sister, Anne Henry. Fort William was constructed (stone house) on Harrod Trace which led to the Falls of the Ohio. Colonel Christian was killed during 1786 by Indians. Fort Williams— Fort Williams, also known as Fort Hobson (The Old Fort), was established during 1863 by the Union during in the vicinity of Glasgow when the region was imperiled by Confederate raiding parties. The local government in Glasgow constructed a replica fort (earthworks) during the 1980s. It is located on Leslie Avenue in the Glasgow Municipal Cemetery. Fort Willich— Fort Willich, named in honor of Brigadier General August Willich, was established during 1862, just after Union troops under General Buell reoccupied Munfordville. The Union, having lost the town on 17 September, regained it subsequent to the evacuation by Confederates on 20 September 1862. The earthworks fort was constructed on the north side of the Green River, along with another fortification, Fort Terrill, also established at that time. Both forts were established to fortify Camp Wood and bolster the defenses that protected the rear of the Union lines, which had been dominated by the Confederates when they seized the town. See also Camp Wood. Froman’s Station— See Brashear’s Station. Garrett Station— See Fort Garrett. Gilbert’s Creek Station— See Craig’s Station. Gilmore’s Station— Gilmore’s Station was established in Montgomery County slightly more than 10 miles east of Mount Sterling during the summer of 1792 at about the same time as another station, Morgan’s, was established. The settler’s forts were built at Slater’s Creek, but due to Indian threats both were abandoned. The families moved to Boone’s Station and Bryan’s Station. Givens’ Station— Samuel Givens relocated in Kentucky from Virginia in about 1780. Givens established Givens’ Station in the vicinity of Clark’s Run just outside of Danville in Lincoln County (later, 1785, Mercer County). Subsequently, the station became known as John Reed’s Station. Glover’s Station— Glover’s Station was established during 1780 in south-central Kentucky (Green County) in the vicinity of the Green River near Greensburg. Green County, named in honor of Nathanael Greene, a Revolutionary War hero, was established during 1792, the year Kentucky became a state. Green County was formed from parts of Lincoln and Nelson Counties. The station was located slightly less

141 than 10 miles west of Gray’s Station, which was established later during 1790 along the Columbia Road. Goar’s Station— Goar’s Station was established about 1785 in the vicinity of Elkhorn Creek in Franklin County. Goodwin’s Station— Goodwin’s Station was established about 1780 on the Rolling Fork in Nelson County. Gordon’s Station— Gordon’s Station was established by settlers in Mercer County Kentucky about 1779. It was one of eight stations established in the region between 1779–1780. See also Vital Junction. Grant’s Station— Grant’s Station was established during 1779 by John Grant at what became known as Grants Lick, Bourbon County. The fortified station was one of several that were built to protect settlers from Indian attacks. Grant, a North Carolinian who relocated in Kentucky, established his station primarily because another station, known as Bryant’s Station, was too small to hold all who were there. Grant’s Station, located along Houston Creek was attacked by Indians during the following year and soon after abandoned. The Indians then destroyed the station. Grant returned to North Carolina, but later, during 1784, he returned to Kentucky and rebuilt the station. At the time of the attack, about 30 pioneers, considered effective in defending the station by Grant, were occupants of the fort, but there were a few others there also. One of the early pioneers at the station was George Summit, who subsequently established Summit’s Station in Nicholas County. George Berry acquired the property during 1788. The site of the station was later located off present-day Bryan Station Road and a stone monument was placed there by a chapter of the Children of the American Revolution. Great Buffalo Crossing Station— See Great Crossing Station. Great Crossing Station— Great Crossing Station, known also as Great Buffalo Crossing Station and Johnson’s Station, was established during 1783 in Scott County by Robert Johnson and his wife, Jemima. The area was a favorite crossing of the North Elkhorn Creek by buffalo. The station was established near where the American army earlier established McClelland’s Fort during the American Revolution during 1775; however, the fort was abandoned during 1777. Initially, the station, about five miles west of Georgetown, was known as Johnson’s Station, but the name eventually was changed to Great Crossing due to the large amount of buffaloes that passed through there. Scott County was formed during 1792, the same year that Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the Union. Grubbs’ Station— Grubbs’ Station was established prior to October 1792 by Captain Higgason Grubbs. The station was located in Madison County near Muddy Creek. Haggin’s Blockhouse— During spring 1775, John Haggin arrived in Kentucky. While there, he planted a crop of corn on land less than 10 miles outside Cynthiana in present-day Harrison County. During the following year, Haggin fortified a cabin known as Haggin’s Blockhouse. At about Christmas 1776, Indians drove Haggin and the other settlers from the area. Another fort in the area was Hinkston’s Station, established during 1775. See also Trigg’s Station. Haggin’s Station— Haggin’s Station was established in Mercer County during 1780. It was one of eight forts built in the region during 1779–1780. See also Vital Junction. Hamilton’s Station— Hamilton’s Station was founded in Franklin County on a trail leading to the Falls of the Ohio during 1785. In addition, settlements were begun near Elkhorn Creek during the period, including John Major’s Station (1783), Goar’s Station (about 1785), Cook’s Station (1792), and Harry Innes’s Station (1792).

Harmon’s Station / KENTUCKY Harbeson’s Station— A group of settlers accompanied James Harbeson when he arrived in Kentucky during the latter part of the American Revolution. Harbeson’s Station was established by James Harbeson in the vicinity of the Chaplin River at present-day Perryville. Those settlers with Harbeson selected a site that was in close proximity to a spring and a cave. The latter became a welcomed place when the region was under threat of Indian attack. Stories handed down indicate that during one raid, Harbeson was unable to reach the cave from where he was working on the opposite bank of the river. A legend, unsubstantiated, is that Harbeson was caught by the Indians and decapitated and that his head was later found some distance away from the fort. Harbeson’s Station later became Perryville, named in honor of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, who won the decisive naval battle on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. Subsequently, during October 1862, the Battle of Perryville was fought there between the Union and Confederates. Long forgotten Harbeson’s Station was transformed into Perryville during the 1820s, but the heated battle between the Blue and the Gray would make Perryville a place never to be forgotten. Both sides sustained high casualties and although much of the battle was fought on the outskirts of the town, Perryville, too, felt the sting of the fighting. Following the conflict the townspeople named streets in honor of men and officers of both sides. The streets on the western side of the town received names representing Union officers. Confederate officers’ names were honored on the east side of the town. Hardin’s Fort— Hardin’s Fort was established in Breckinridge County by William Hardin, known also as “Indian Bill,” during 1780 during the period when Indians were launching attacks against various frontier stations. Martin’s Station and Ruddel’s Station were attacked and destroyed by a British-led force during June. In addition to Hardin’s Station, McAfee’s Station was built near Harrodsburg. Hardin, who was born during 1747, served in the American Revolution with forces from Virginia. He is remembered as the founder of Hardinsburg. William Hardin succumbed there during 1821. The site is off route U.S. 60 in Hardinsburg. Harlan’s Station— Harlan’s Station was established by Major Silas Harlan south of Harrodsburg in present-day Harlan County near Danville during 1778. Harlan, a Virginian, relocated in Kentucky from what later became Berkeley County, West Virginia. He arrived there with another frontiersman, James Harrod, during 1774. He served during the American Revolution and participated with George Rogers Clark during his campaign in Illinois. During his time in Kentucky, he also participated with the other settlers in defending against Indian raids. During August 1782, Harlan was killed in the fighting at the Battle of Blue Licks, Kentucky. Harlan’s uncle Jacob and his brother James had arrived in Kentucky with him and after Silas was killed, his brother James eventually married Silas’ fiancée, a Miss Sarah Caldwell. Harman’s Station— See Harmon’s Station. Harmon’s Blockhouse— See Harmon’s Station. Harmon’s Station— Harmon’s Station, also known as Harmon’s Blockhouse, was established during 1787 and completed during 1788. Matthias Harmon, with the support of other Virginians in the party, constructed the station in Floyd (later Johnson) County along the Big Sandy River near the mouth of John’s Creek. The settlers’ fort was located in what was known as Block House Bottom in the eastern sector of Kentucky. Earlier expeditions by hunters, including the Harmons from Virginia, had used the location during hunting trips. During one such trip (1750s), the men established a cabin there. The region at the time was inhabited by various Indian tribes. The structure the frontiersmen built as the station was designed to

KENTUCKY / Harrison’s Station withstand attacks, and the inhabitants of that settlement were prepared for tough times. Perhaps the most famous event to occur at Harmon’s Station occurred during 1789 when a captured pregnant married woman, Jenny Sellards Wiley, escaped from the Indians and made it to the fort. Jenny was captured in Virginia along with one of her children. Her other children and her brother were killed in the attack while her husband was away from the house. Jenny’s life was saved, but the Indians had killed the child captured along with her. In addition, she gave birth while a captive and that child was also killed by the Indians who threw the baby against a tree. Later, Jenny was reunited with her husband, John, and they resumed their family life which was blessed with five more children. The Jenny Wiley State Resort Park was named in honor of Jenny. In conjunction, Harmon’s Station and Paintsville, both located in Johnson County were the two earliest settlements in the Big Sandy Valley. Harrison’s Fort— See Harrison’s Station. Harrison’s Station— Harrison’s Station, also known as Harrison’s Fort, was established about 1776 by Colonel (later General and President) Benjamin Harrison. The station was located near Cynthiana. Some earlier references to the station placed it several miles from what was thought to be Fort Harrison; however, a reference to Fort Harrison was probably meant to be a reference to Hinkston’s or Ruddell’s Station. A large tract of land near Licking Creek was owned by Benjamin Harrison near the town of Lair on the South Fork of the creek. The settlement at Harrison’s Station leaves little from its history, although it is thought to have been destroyed by Indians during 1784. Nevertheless, a subsequent article in a Kentucky newspaper (Kentucky Gazette) during 1787 related an Indian attack against the station on Licking Creek during 1787. Harrod’s Station— See Fort Harrod. Harry Innes’s Station— Harry Innes’s Station was established north of Frankfort in Franklin County during 1792. Franklin County was created from Mercer and Shelby Counties during 1792, the year that Kentucky became the fifteenth state. Harry Innes was born in Virginia during 1752. During the American Revolution he worked for the Virginia Committee of Public Safety, but did not serve in the army. Innes was also a lawyer who became a supreme court judge (Virginia, district of Kentucky) during 1783 and afterward he became attorney general of Kentucky, subsequent to the murder of Walker Daniel by Indians during 1785. By 1787, Innes became a federal judge and his decisions, unless overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, were the final word. Innes’ first wife succumbed just after they arrived in Kentucky. Later he remarried and one daughter came from the marriage. Subsequently, she married John J. Crittenden (later U.S. Senator). In conjunction, when the Civil War erupted, the Crittendens had two sons that both became generals, one for the Union and the other served in the Confederate Army. Also, Harry Innes donated land to Kentucky which was used to construct the federal penitentiary in Frankfort. Hart’s Station— Hart’s Station, also known as White Oak Spring Station was established by Nathaniel Hart during 1779. The station was located in Madison County slightly outside Boonesborough near the Kentucky River. Haycraft’s Station— See Helm’s Station. Haydon’s Station— Haydon’s Station was established by William Haydon in Franklin County along the Kentucky River at the mouth of Yeatman’s Branch during 1783. Haydon, a Virginian, brought his wife (Ann Ballard Haydon) and their children with him to Kentucky in about 1776. Helm’s Station— Helm’s Station was established in Lincoln County

142 in the vicinity of present-day Elizabethtown by Captain Thomas Helm during 1780. The station was one of three stations established in the area, each separated by about one mile in the form of a triangle. Helm’s Station was located on the site of the residence of former Governor John L. Helm, who became governor of Kentucky during 1850 when Governor John J. Crittenden resigned. Haycraft Station was established on a hill near the cave spring by Samuel Haycraft, and the third station, Hynes Station, was established by Captain Andrew Hynes at the site of present-day Elizabethtown. Lincoln County was formed during 1780 and named in honor of American general Benjamin Lincoln. Many settlers relocated in Lincoln County despite the continuous threat of Indian attacks. Some of the other fortified stations in present-day Lincoln County included Barnett’s Station, Briggs Station, Isaac Shelby’s Station, Knob Lick Station, Logan’s Fort, Montgomery’s Station, Owsley’s Station, Pettit’s Station, Spear’s Station, McCormack’s Station, McKinney’s Station and Whitley’s Station. In conjunction, Isaac Shelby, the founder of Shelby’s Station and a Revolutionary War hero, became the first governor of Kentucky. Shelby’s house, which he referred to as Travelers Rest, is now a state historic site. Also, William Whitley, the founder of Whitley’s Station, constructed a brick house (Sportsman’s Hill), which also remains as a state historic site. Higgins’ Blockhouse— Higgins’ Blockhouse, also known as Higgins’ Station, was established prior to 1786 in the vicinity of Cynthiana (Harrison County) on the Licking River opposite Seller’s Run. Following the Battle of Blue Licks, during 1786, some of the settlers in the region relocated to Higgins’ Station. The station was located about three miles from Ruddell’s Station and eight miles from Martin’s Station. The site of the station is now occupied by a motel. Higgins’ Station— See Higgins’ Blockhouse. Hinkston’s Station— Hinkston’s Station was established by Captain John Hinkston prior to July 1776. During July 1776, the station was attacked by Indians. Captain Hinkston was captured, but he escaped after a short time. Meanwhile, nearby Haggin’s Blockhouse was also abandoned later in the year at about Christmas. A new fort was later constructed at Hinkson’s place by Captain Isaac Ruddle during spring of 1779. In conjunction, Harrison’s Station, established by Benjamin Harrison, was located near Cynthiana, several miles from what is thought to be Fort Harrison; however, a reported reference to Fort Harrison is most probably meant to be Hinkston’s or Ruddell’s Station. See also Ruddle’s Station. Hogland’s Station— Hogland’s Station was established north of Louisville in Jefferson County on Beargrass Creek in the vicinity of the Salt River during 1780. See also Dowdalls Station. Holder’s Station— Holder’s Station was established by John Holder during 1781 in Clark County just outside Boonesborough near Lower Howard’s Creek. Holder’s Station was only about one mile from Strode’s Station, which was in the vicinity of Winchester. Hood’s Station— Hood’s Station was established by Major Andrew Hood about 1789. Major Hood selected a site in the vicinity of Winchester, Bourbon County (later Clark County). The station was near Crossthwaite’s Station, which was established later, in about 1791, at Winchester. Houston’s Station— See Huston’s Station. Hoy’s Station— Hoy’s Station was established near Boonesborough about 1782 or prior to that year in Madison County. The station came under attack several times, including during 1783, when William Buchanan was one of the settlers killed there. Subsequently, at about the time of the siege of Bryant’s Station, Hoy’s Station again came under assault as the British-led force captured two boys near

143 there anticipating a rescue party would come after them. Settlers under Captain John Holder formed at Hoy’s Station and initiated pursuit, but they were ambushed at what is remembered as Battle Run (August 1782). Of the 17-man party, four were killed and one was wounded. Huston’s Station— Huston’s Station, sometimes known as Houston’s Station, was established in Fayette County, later present-day Paris, Bourbon County, in about 1776. It was constructed by three brothers, Archibald, Nathaniel and Stephenson Huston. Hyne’s Station— See Helm’s Station. Irish Station— Irish Station was established by Captain John Miller in about 1778 in the vicinity of Millersburg, about five miles below South Lick. Miller, born in Pennsylvania, had relocated in Bourbon County (later Nicholas County). Captain Miller succumbed during 1815 at the age of 62. In conjunction, Captain Miller is reported to have constructed the initial brick house in what would become the state of Kentucky. Irish Station— Irish Station, not to be confused with Irish Station in Nicholas County, was established between Danville (Boyle County) and the mouth of the Dick’s River. Irvine’s Station— Irvines Station was established in the vicinity of Richmond (Madison County) by two brothers, William and Christopher Irvine, during 1778–1779. Colonel William Irvine was seriously wounded while serving with Captain James Estill at Little Mountain. Subsequently, he was a member of the delegates chosen to organize Kentucky as a state. Christopher Irvine was killed while serving with Colonel Ben Logan during a campaign in northern Ohio during 1786. James Smith’s Station— James Smith established his station off the Wilderness Road in the vicinity of Bryantsville during 1779 in what became Garrard County. The settlers at Miller’s Station maintained contact with Fort Boonesborough and with Logan’s Fort due to continuing threats from Indian raids. In conjunction, James Smith’s Station was one of eight forts constructed in the region between 1779–1780. Each of these had a road leading through the wilderness that intersected at Vital Junction. See also Vital Junction. John Holder’s Station— See Holder’s Station. John Kennedy’s Station— See Kennedy’s Station. John Major’s Station— John Major’s Station was established at Dry Run in Franklin County about 1783–1784. John Reed’s Station— See Givens’ Station. Johnson’s Station— Johnson’s Station was established by Robert Johnson during 1783 in present-day Scott County. Johnson and his wife, Jemima, arrived in the area outside of Georgetown near the North Fork of Elkhorn Creek. No settlements had been in the area since the U.S. Army abandoned nearby Fort Scott (formerly McClelland’s Fort) during 1777. The station became a permanent settlement. Subsequently, Johnson’s Station was renamed Great Crossing. See also Great Crossing Station. Joseph Kennedy’s Station— See Kennedy’s Station. Kellar’s Station— Kellar’s Station was established in Jefferson County prior to 1780. Kennedy’s Station— Kennedy’s Station was established in Madison County by John Kennedy, one of the men who was with Daniel Boone during 1775 when the Wilderness Road was being carved. Kennedy’s site was constructed during 1779 and positioned between the Dick’s River and Paint Lick. Other family members joined

Lee’s Station / KENTUCKY Kennedy in Kentucky, including his four brothers, Andrew, David, Joseph and Thomas. Subsequently, Joseph Kennedy, the brother of John Kennedy, established a station along the headwaters of Drake Creek. Joseph was captured by Indians on 26 December 1780 while he was serving in the American Army. The Indians handed him over to the British, who held him captive in Georgia, along with 36 other Americans, until the summer of 1781 when the Americans seized Augusta and freed the prisoners. During 1792, John Kennedy’s Station was nearly destroyed by fire during an Indian attack, but John’s sister-in-law, Agnes ( Joseph’s wife), managed to extinguish the fire while the male defenders concentrated on repelling the assault. The Kennedys became well known in the area. John Kennedy was killed by Indians while he was hunting. Joseph became involved in the local government and became sheriff, and his brother Thomas became district justice. All went well for the Kennedys until word spread that the county seat (Milford) was going to be relocated. With the absence of the county seat the Kennedys faced the loss of power. Several hundred men followed the Kennedys to Milford for the purpose of retaining the court. Prior to the arrival of the armed force, the court had convened and relocated to a barn house in what would later become Richmond. No mass violence occurred, but David Kennedy challenged all comers to a fight. No one seemed interested in accepting the challenge, but William Kerley reluctantly stepped forward. Kennedy’s reputation had preceded his challenge. Nevertheless, Kerley prevailed. The courthouse stayed where it had moved and with state approval, that area (southwestern section of Madison County) was separated from Madison County and the courthouse became the Garrard County Court House. Kenton’s (John) Station— John Kenton established Kenton’s Station slightly southeast of Washington in Mason County. Not to be confused with Simon Kenton’s Station, also in Mason County. Kenton’s (Simon) Station— Kenton’s Station was established in the vicinity of Maysville (Mason County) by Simon Kenton (for awhile previously known also as Simon Butler) and Thomas Williams during the spring of 1775. The two men remained there for several months but departed by autumn. Subsequently, during 1784, Kenton returned to the camp and fortified the station. During 1787, Kenton married, but his wife succumbed during 1796. Later, Kenton remarried and subsequently, during 1799, he returned to Ohio where he became a brigadier general in the Ohio Militia. In conjunction, Kenton during 1778, worked for George Rogers Clark as a spy prior to the attack against British-held Kaskaskia. He was with the attack force when the British post was seized during the spring of 1778. Kincheloe’s Station— Kincheloe’s Station, named in honor of Captain William Kincheloe, is in Nelson County, about seven miles east of Bardstown. Subsequently, the station became known as Polke’s Station after Charles Polke, who made a claim on the tract. During September 1782, the station was attacked and destroyed by Indians. The Indians massacred men, women and children. Afterward, the station became known as Burnt Station. A State Historical Marker stands along U.S. Highway 62. Kuykendall’s Station— Kuykendall’s Station was established by Moses Kuykendall in Jefferson County near the Beargrass Creek during 1782. Lee’s Station— Lee’s Station was established in Bourbon County (later Mason County) during 1785 by Henry Lee, a Virginian who relocated to Kentucky about 1778. While in Kentucky, prior to establishing the station between Maysville and Washington, he had been appointed a captain of the Bourbon County militia. Subsequently, during 1798, he was appointed a brigadier general of the

KENTUCKY / Leitch’s Station militia by Governor Garrard. General Henry Lee succumbed at his residence during 1845 at the age of about 89. Leitch’s Station— Major David Leitch, an American officer who served with General Lawson during the War for Independence, established Leitch’s Station during 1789–1790. The station was located about six miles from the mouth of the Licking River in Campbell County. Lewis Craig’s Station— See Craig’s Station. Lewis’ Station— See Clark’s Station. Lexington— A group of hunters from Harrodsburg moved to present-day Lexington (Fayette County) and established a station (Masterson’s Station) during 1775, but the Indians there were hostile and the settlers were forced to abandon the station. Initially the station was called Masterson’s Station, but it was renamed Lexington. A historical marker stands on Versailles Road near Cardinal Hill Hospital in Lexington, which was named in honor of the Massachusetts town in which the patriots first fought with the British at the start of the American Revolution during April 1775. Subsequently, settlers would return to the area, beginning with a party led by Robert Patterson. The settlement prospered. It was the home for several prominent Americans, including John C. Breckinridge, Henry Clay and Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States. In conjunction, Masterson’s Station in Lexington is not to be confused with Masterson’s Station built by James Masterson northwest of Lexington during 1790. Liberty Fort— Liberty Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established outside McAfee in Mercer County along the Salt River. Licking Station— Licking Station, also known as Prather’s Fort, was established in present-day Salyersville (present-day Magoffin County) during 1794, but at the time the region was under constant threat of Indian attacks. The settlers were compelled to leave the area, but by about 1800, the area again received settlers. Licking Station was renamed Adamsville after William Adams. Later the name was changed to Burning Spring and then during 1839 it again became Licking Station until 1849 when it again reverted to Adamsville. Finally, during 1861, the town received its permanent name, Salyersville. The station is now part of the Gardner Farm, which the Gardner family acquired during the 1830s, in Salyersville. Lindsay’s Station— Lindsay’s Station was established by Anthony Lindsay between Georgetown and the Ohio River in Scott County in about 1790. Linn’s Station— See Lynn’s Station. Littell’s Station— Littell’s Station was established in Pendleton County (later Grant County) on Fork Lick, a branch of South Fork Licking River. The town of Williamstown emerged from the site of the station. Little Fort— Little Fort, also known as Twitty’s Fort (Twetty’s Fort), was established in Madison County outside Richmond during 1775 by Daniel Boone. The fort came to be known as Twitty’s Fort in honor of William Twitty, who was killed during an Indian raid. Locust Thicket Fort— Locust Thicket Fort was established by settlers in Madison County prior to 1780. Logan’s Fort— Logan’s Fort, also known as Logan’s Station and St. Alsaph’s Station, was established in Lincoln County in the vicinity of Stanford by Colonel Benjamin Logan and William Gillespie during the spring of 1775. The fort was located near a spring and the Green River. Access to the spring was achieved in time of trouble by moving through a tunnel that led from the fort to the spring. Dur-

144 ing the following year, Benjamin Logan moved his family from Virginia to St. Asaph’s, which essentially was what became the town of Fort Logan. Indians were a constant threat to the settlement and two other forts in the area, at Boonesborough and nearby Fort Harrod. The year 1777, when Logan’s Fort was actually completed in about February, was a particularly desperate time as Indians repeatedly attempted to destroy the area and drive out the settlers. During May 1777, the Cherokees initiated a siege that lasted 13 days, but by 1 June, the Indians relented and moved away from the fort. Nonetheless, Logan’s Fort withstood all attacks against it, and at times, the settlers there rushed men to support other imperiled stations. During 1778, Daniel Boone was captured by Indians, but his life was spared and a chief adopted him. Later that same year he escaped and returned to warn the settlements about an imminent Indian attack in the region. Boone’s reappearance caused a controversy and he was later charged with but acquitted of treason after being accused by Logan and another, Colonel Richard Calloway. In addition to thwarting the Indians, the new Kentuckians also participated in the American Revolution. Men from the Kentucky settlements accompanied George Rogers Clark as he worked to drive the British from Vincennes on the Western Frontier. Logan constructed his fort along the Wilderness Road, but it was further south than the other stations in the region and its position placed it first in the path of any Indians moving up from the South. Fort Logan acted somewhat like the hub of the pioneer paths. The road from Nashville, Tennessee (Cumberland Trace), terminated at the fort and two other routes, the Harrodsburg Trace and the Hickman Trace, converged at the fort. As the region grew, Fort Logan became a primary location. During 1779, the Virginia Land Commission (Kentucky became a colony of Virginia during 1776), established its initial Kentucky office at the fort. Later, during 1781, court proceedings were held at the fort after first holding court at Harrod’s Station. The fort was later transformed into the town of Stanford. Colonel Logan died during 1802. Logan’s Station— See Logan’s Fort. Louisville Forts— During 1864 as a precaution to ensure the protection of the strategic city of Louisville, the Union established a series of forts. They were Fort Clark, Fort Elster, Fort Engle, Fort Hill, Fort Horton, Fort Karnash, Fort McPherson, Fort Philpot, Fort Saint Clair Morton, Fort Saunders and Fort Southworth. The forts did not come under attack. Also, the Union occupied a school (Industrial School of Reform and House of Refuge) located at present-day 2301 South Third Street (University of Louisville) and transformed it into a barracks. The property was also sufficiently large enough to utilize the grounds as a parade field. Also, the building housing the public library at the present-day intersection of Fifth and York Streets was occupied by the Union and used as a military hospital. In addition, the Union also established Taylor Barracks at the intersection of Third and Oak Streets. The Union used the barracks to induct Negro troops for the U.S. Colored Regiments. A Confederate cemetery (PeWee Valley Confederate Cemetery) was later established on the outskirts of Louisville during 1904, in conjunction with the Kentucky Confederate Home to provide burial places for the Confederates who succumbed at the home. More than 300 Confederate troops are interred there. The cemetery is located on Maple Avenue, PeWee Valley. Low Dutch Station— Low Dutch Station, also known as New Holland Station, was established south of Louisville in Jefferson County near Beargrass Creek in about 1780. Lynch’s Station— See Squire Boone’s Station. Lyndon Station— Lynnwood Station was established by Alvin Wood at present-day Lyndon during 1871. The station was established to

145 serve as a railroad stop. Alvin Wood is considered the founder of Lyndon. The station was named Lyndon after the pioneer station known as Lynns’ Station, which was located nearby in the vicinity of Beargrass Creek. Wood apparently established the station to make it easy for the residents to catch a train, rather than traveling to nearby St. Matthews train station. Portions of the original house owned by Wood were later discovered. The city of Lyndon afterward acquired the house, located at 501 Romara Place. Lynn’s Station— Lynn’s Station, also Linn’s Station, was established in Jefferson County about 10 miles outside Louisville near the Beargrass Creek during 1779. In conjunction, the nearby town of Lyndon, a suburb of Louisville, emerged as a result of being a railroad station on the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexington Railroad line during 1871. It received the name Lyndon Station after Linn’s Station. Martin’s Fort— See Martin’s Station. Martin’s Station— Martin’s Station, also known as Martin’s Fort, was established initially in about 1775–1776 by John Martin. At the time, Martin had lived at Fort Boonesborough. Later, by 1779, Martin further fortified the station, which was near Stoner’s Creek and only about five miles from Ruddle’s Station. The area was attractive to settlers from such areas as Pennsylvania and Virginia. The American Revolution was ongoing when Martin’s Station was fortified and although the bulk of the fighting was along the eastern seaboard, the settlers in Kentucky had faced the threat of Indians working as allies of the British. During 1780, the British, supported by Indians, attacked the region. On 22 June 1780, British troops, Tories and Indians under Captain Henry Byrd attacked and captured Ruddle’s Fort in the vicinity of Cynthiana, on the south fork of the Licking River, and Martin’s Fort at Stoner Creek, near Paris. Martin’s Station surrendered without resistance. However, Ruddell’s Station raised resistance. See also Ruddle’s Station. Masterson’s Station— Masterson’s Station was established about five miles northwest of Lexington in Fayette County by Richard Masterson in about 1790. Not to be confused with Masterson’s Station (later Lexington) which was established in Lexington during the 1770s. Maulding’s Fort— Maulding’s Fort, the first fort in Logan County, was established by James Maulding, a Virginian, and his family during 1780. The fort was built about 10 miles south of Russellville on the Red River. The station was attacked by Indians during 1782, prompting the settlers to evacuate it, but afterward the fort was reoccupied and refortified. Maysville Blockhouse— The settlement of Maysville in Mason County on the Ohio River was established during 1784. Jacob Boone, a brother of Daniel Boone, ran a tavern at the settlement. Subsequently, during 1820, a jail was constructed as an addition to the tavern. Three frontiersmen, Edward Waller, John Waller and George Lewis, constructed a blockhouse there to provide protection from Indian raids. McAfee Station— McAfee Station was established during 1779 by the McAfee brothers, James, George, Robert, William and Samuel. Others that helped construct the stockaded fort were the Adams, Curry, McGee and McCoun families. The party arrived in Kentucky from Virginia. Earlier, during the summer of 1773, the McAfees had been in Kentucky and selected a site near Harrodsburg in the central part of the future state near Drennon’s Creek outside present-day Frankfort (Mercer County). When the McAfees departed Virginia, their mother accompanied them to Kentucky, but their father, James Sr., apparently due to his advanced age, remained in Virginia.

McGary’s Station / KENTUCKY McClelland’s Fort— The Americans established McClelland’s Fort in Scott County (at the time, a county of Virginia) during 1776. The station was the initial station north of the Kentucky River to be built with the protection of a stockade. Pioneers with Colonel John Floyd had discovered a spring (Royal Spring) there during 1774, which made it a prime location for settlers, but also for the American Army. Later, the army renamed the post Fort Scott in honor of General Charles Scott, who served during the American War for Independence. During the following year, 1777, the post was attacked by Indians. Afterward, the outpost was abandoned by the army. The post was located in a region with some settlers outside of present-day Georgetown, named in honor of George Washington. General Scott became the governor (4th) of Kentucky from 1808–1812. The area of Kentucky continued to accept new settlers; some arrived via the Ohio River and others traveled the overland Wilderness Road that stretched from Tennessee to Kentucky. During 1783, a new settlement emerged in the area when Johnson Station was established. In conjunction, the Tennessee and Kentucky regions later began to become concerned about the ability of Virginia to provide sufficient protection against the Indians, prompting the Kentuckians to seek statehood and gain it during 1792. In 1792, Scott County became one of the first two counties established by the state legislature of Kentucky. It was also named in honor of General Charles Scott. McClelland’s Station— See McClelland’s Fort. McConnell’s Station— McConnell’s Station was established by William McConnell, subsequent to acquiring about 1,000 acres of land from James Buchannon in about 1788. McConnell served in the American Army (Pennsylvania militia) during the War for Independence. The station was built near Houston Creek in Bourbon County in the vicinity of Lexington at Royal Spring. Apparently, Buchannon had earlier purchased about 1,400 acres from John Holder and John Martin and from that land he sold the parcel to McConnell. The McConnell Station was not fortified like most stations at the time; however, it was constructed of stone. Travelers passing between Lexington and Maysville often paused at the station to get fresh horses. William McConnell and about six of his sons served in the army during the War of 1812. William McConnell later, during 1823, succumbed. He was interred in a cemetery plot on his land; however, the gravesites have never been discovered. Although the original house was later destroyed by fire, McConnell’s descendants still possess the land. In conjunction, McConnell should not be confused with his cousin, William McConnell of Fayette County. McCormick’s Station— McCormick’s Station was established in the vicinity of Knob Lick Fork of Hanging Fork of the Dick’s River. McFadden’s Station— McFadden’s Station (also McFadin) was established in southern Kentucky several miles outside Bowling Green by Andrew McFadden during 1784–1785. McFadden, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, received the land grant from Virginia for his service during the war. The station was located in Logan County (later Warren County) on the Barren River along the Cumberland Trace in the vicinity of the mouth of Drake’s Creek. McFadden’s Station was one of the earlier settlements developed in the Green River region and became a primary post that was a linkage between the settlements further south in Tennessee at Nashville on the Cumberland River and those to the northeast along the Green River. Warren County, named in honor of Revolutionary War hero General Joseph Warren, was formed from Logan County during 1796. McFadin’s Station— See McFadden’s Station. McGary’s Station— McGary’s Station was established by Major Hugh McGary about four-five miles northeast of Harrodsburg on Shawnee Run in Mercer County during 1778–1779. He had arrived

KENTUCKY / McGee’s Station in Kentucky from North Carolina during 1775. McGary was among the initial groups of frontiersmen who arrived in the region. His family accompanied Daniel Boone when he brought a large group through the Cumberland Gap. Prior to establishing the station, McGary resided at Harrod’s Fort and during 1777, he became captain (later colonel) of the militia. McGary’s Station was one of eight built in the area during 1779–1780. See also Vital Junction. McGee’s Station— McGee’s Station, also known as Old Station and McGuire’s Station, was established by William McGee about 1780 near Cove Spring in the vicinity of Cooper’s Run (Fayette County). It was established the year following the founding of Levi Todd’s Station, also in Fayette County. In conjunction, the station was also called McGuire’s Station because James Felix McGuire was a prominent person of that settlement. McGuire, born in Dublin, Ireland, during 1834 arrived in America prior to 1860 and resided in Virginia until he relocated to Kentucky. McGuire and his wife, Elizabeth Margaret Black McGuire, initially resided at Fort Boonesborough where he became friendly with Daniel Boone. During a siege of Fort Boonesborough, Mrs. McGuire gave birth to Ambrose McGuire. James McGuire was killed by Indians at the Battle of Blue Licks during August 1782. He was buried in Blue Lick Spring on 19 August 1782. McGuire’s Station— See McGee’s Station. McKinley’s Blockhouse— McKinley’s Blockhouse, also known as McKinley’s Station was established by settlers along the Buffalo Trace in Mason County south of Washington, Kentucky, by James McKinley during 1785. McKinney’s Fort— McKinney’s Fort was established along the Cumberland Trace by Archibald McKinney during 1792. McKinney’s Fort initially had four structures (log cabins) enclosed within a stockade. The fort located, close to the Green River and less than 10 miles southwest of Stanford, was renamed McKinney’s Station during 1874. The site of the former pioneer fort is located on the private property of the Chaney family in Lincoln County. McKinney’s Station— See McKinney’s Fort. McMillin’s Fort— McMillin’s Fort was established in either Bourbon or Harrison County during 1779. McMurtry’s Station— McMurty’s Station was established in Mercer County, outside of Harrodsburg, and became one of eight forts established in the area between 1779–1780. Each of the forts had a road through the woods that converged at Vital Junction. See also Vital Junction. Meek’s Station— Meek’s Station was established about 1788 near Drennon Lick Creek in the vicinity of present-day New Castle by John Meek and his brother Jacob. The Meeks relocated from Pennsylvania. The station was located in Kentucky County (county of Virginia), which during 1792, when Kentucky became a state, became Shelby County and later during 1799, Henry County. John Meek succumbed during 1803. Mefford’s Fort— Mefford’s Fort was established by George Mefford, formerly a Pennsylvanian, in the vicinity of Maysville and presentday Washington (Mason County) during 1787. Mefford’s skill as a gunsmith was useful as he began a new life in the wilderness. George Mefford’s father and mother, his brother John and two sisters made the trip to Kentucky during 1785 or 1786. George had actually been born at sea in about 1857 when his mother (German) and father (English) were en route from Europe to America. The fortified house was constructed from the lumber of the boat on which the Mefford family traveled the Ohio River to arrive in Kentucky. George and

146 his wife, Melinda Masters Mefford, had 13 children. The original fort has been preserved and is part of the historical renovations of Mason County. The fort is located off U.S. Highway 68 on Maple Leaf Road. Mereford’s Station— Mereford’s Station is listed in several sources, including History of Kentucky, (Collins Company 1874), which is apparently a variation of the spelling of Mefford. See Mefford’s Fort. Mill Springs Camp— The Confederates established camp in the vicinity of Mill Springs (Wayne County) during 1861 while control of Kentucky was still coveted by both the Union and Confederate armies. Toward the latter part of 1861, Major General George B. Crittenden, a seasoned veteran and graduate of West Point (West Point Class of 1832) was dispatched to Kentucky to lead the campaign there. He had previously served in the U.S. Army during the Black Hawk War and the Mexican War, and in addition, he served with the Army of Texas during Texas’s struggle for independence from Mexico. Crittenden’s brother, Thomas, was a Union general during the Civil War. Upon Crittenden’s arrival at the encampment, he discovered the troops were positioned on opposite sides of the Cumberland River just below Mill Springs and the remainder of the force was at Beech Grove opposite Mill Springs. General Zollicoffer maintained his headquarters at the Lanier House in Mill Springs. Shortly after Crittenden’s arrival, the Union was threatening the positions. During January of 1862, a strong force under General George H. Thomas had arrived at Logan’s Crossroads at present-day Nancy. Crittenden was aware of the presence of Thomas and he made preparations to eliminate the threat. However, unbeknownst to Crittenden, the Union force expanded when another force, a contingent of General Albin Schoepf ’s force, joined with Thomas. At about midnight on the 18th–19th of January, the Confederates advanced to launch a surprise attack. By dawn, the Confederates sprung the attack, but while en route, the conditions caused problems as much of the powder became wet and useless, which only added to the somber mood as the prolonged march had exhausted the troops. Nonetheless, the attack commenced. Initially, the Union was caught by surprise and it was pushed back, but when General Zollicoffer’s Tennessee regiments began to penetrate the Union 10th Indiana, the 4th Kentucky and cavalry under Colonel Wolford, the gap was beefed up by the 2nd Minnesota and 9th Ohio Regiments. Confusion set in as the Confederates for a short while thought they were firing upon their own. The initial brigade to attack included the 19th, 20th and 25th Tennessee Regiments and the 15th Mississippi. Zollicoffer’s decision to suspend fire gave the Union another advantage. During the pause, Union fire killed Zollicoffer and diffused the Confederates. Discipline broke down and while some attempted to retire, General George B. Crittenden rallied the force and advanced. Again the Union was pressured, but reinforcements arrived and liquidated the assault. The Confederates disengaged and headed for Beech Grove with the Union in pursuit. It was a severe loss for the Confederates and would have been worse except for the rear action of the 16th Alabama, which halted Union pursuit. With the victory at Mill Springs, the Union was poised to overrun Bowling Green before moving against Shiloh. Also, during the 1770s, frontiersmen had established hunting quarters and a station in close proximity to Mill Springs at Monticello (Price’s Station). Benjamin Price established his station during 1775, about five years after the establishment of Wayne County, named after General Anthony Wayne. For more information: Mill Springs Battlefield Association P.O. Box 814, Somerset, Kentucky 42502. Miller’s Station— Miller’s Station was established by Major John Miller, who moved to Kentucky from Pennsylvania with his brothers, Robert and William, and a party of other settlers. The group arrived during 1778. Land was cleared and crops planted, but hostile

147 Indians prevented the pioneers from working the land and drove the men back to the settlements. During the following year, some of the original group returned to construct a blockhouse; however, the Millers apparently did not actually establish the station until about 1785–1786. Meanwhile, William Miller had been killed during one of the attacks. Miller’s Station was located near Hinckston’s Creek in the vicinity of Millersburg, which emerged from land owned by Miller. John Miller succumbed in Millersburg (Bourbon County) during September 1815 at the age of 62. Miller’s (William) Station— See Miller’s Station. Montgomery’s Station— Montgomery Station was established near the Green River, less than three miles from Petit’s Station in Lincoln County, by William Montgomery, the father-in-law of Benjamin Logan, who married Anne Montgomery. The station was also only slightly more than 10 miles from Logan’s Fort. During 1780, William Montgomery was killed at his station by Indians. Subsequently, on 27 February 1781, Indians attacked the station. Some of the settlers there were killed and others were dragged away as captives. However, one girl managed to avoid detection. She escaped and made it to nearby Petit’s Station. The alarm went out and militia from Logan’s Fort initiated pursuit, intercepted the Indians and rescued the captives, except for one young child, Flora Russell. She was killed just as the frontiersmen intercepted the Indians. Morgan’s Station— Morgan’s Station was established during 1789 several miles east of Mt. Sterling by Ralph Morgan, a cousin of Daniel Boone. The station, located in present-day Montgomery County near the Harper’s Trace, was attacked by Indians during April 1793 while the men were away working the crops. Twelve people were massacred and another 19 women and children were dragged away. Some later died and others were traded as slaves. The surviving captives were later freed during 1795. During 1796, after the termination of hostilities, Morgan’s Station was rebuilt. In conjunction, the town of Mt. Sterling was for awhile, at its inception, part of Clark County when Clark County was formed from Fayette and Bourbon Counties, but in 1796, Montgomery County, named in honor of Revolutionary War hero General Richard Montgomery, was formed from Clark County. A decisive Civil War battle occurred at Mt. Sterling during June 1864 when forces of Confederate general John Hunt Morgan were defeated by a contingent of Union Kentucky cavalry. The Union sustained 35 killed and 150 wounded, but the Confederates suffered 50 killed, 200 wounded and about 250 captured. The contest for Mt. Sterling was the final Civil War battle fought in Montgomery County. Mud Garrison— Mud Garrison was established by settlers, including Michael Deats (sometimes known as Teets), in the vicinity of Shepherdsville, located between the Falls of the Ohio and Bullitt’s Lick in about 1778–1780. Subsequently, during 1805, Deats acquired about 150 acres on Crooked Creek. Mud Garrison was one of a group of stations, including Brashear Station, Dowdall’s Station and Fort Nonsense, established south of Louisville at that time. During 1788, Henry Crist led a party from Louisville to Mud Garrison; however, the group, composed of 11 males and one woman, was attacked shortly after traveling the Ohio River to the mouth of the Salt River. The Indians killed most of the party. Henry Crist, although wounded, made it to Salt Licks, but the intent of initiating a salt manufacturing company was terminated by the Indian attack. Crist then settled in Bullitt County. Munfordville Forts (Kentucky Union Civil War Forts)— Camp Wood, Fort Craig, Fort Terrill, Fort Willich, Battery Hale (later Battery McConnell), Battery Slayton (later Battery Simons). See Camp Wood, Fort Craig, Fort Terrill and Fort Willich.

Paint Lick Station / KENTUCKY Nelson’s Fort— See Fort Nelson. Not to be confused with Camp Nelson. New Holland— See Low Dutch Station. Newport Barracks— Newport Barracks was established as a U.S. Army post in the vicinity of present-day Newport (Campbell County) during 1803. The post was located in northern Kentucky near the Ohio River, a region where settlers and Indians often clashed. The military built the post there to provide protection and for use as a depot to supply troops engaged against the Indians. Subsequently, the fort held troops which were there while preparing to move to other duty stations during the War of 1812 and the Mexican War during the 1840s. The post remained active until 1884 when it was devastated by a flood. Afterward, during 1887, the U.S. Army relocated the fort near present-day Fort Thomas, and renamed it Fort Thomas at that time. The post remained an active U.S. Army installation, used by the Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Army Reserves. At present, the installation is an Army Reserve Training Center and a Veterans Administration hospital. Nonsense Fort— See Fort Nonsense. Ol Reb Fort (Battery)— See Fort Craig. Old Fort (Glasgow)— See Fort Williams. Old Fort Hartford— See Fort Hartford. Old Reb Fort— See Fort Craig. Owen’s Station— Owen’s Station was established during 1782 by Brackett Owen in present-day Owen County in the vicinity of Shelbyville. Bracket Owen, a Virginian, relocated in Kentucky from Virginia. Colonel Abraham Owen, the son of Bracket, was killed at the Battle of Tippecanoe during 1811. Owen County was named in honor of Abraham Owen. In conjunction, Bracket Owen is often referred to as a colonel; however, there is no record of his ever having received a commission. Owenton Camp— See Camp Marshall. Paint Lick Station (Garrod County)— William Miller established Paint Lick Station, the initial settlement in present-day Garrod County, during 1776. The station was close to the primary route of that time in Kentucky, the Wilderness Road. The frontier in Kentucky made it mandatory that the various settlements kept close contact due to threat of attack by Indians. The settlement at Paint Lick maintained frequent communication with Logan’s Station (Stanton) and Fort Boonesborough, each of which was located in Garrod County. Not to be confused with Paint Lick Station in Johnson County. Paint Lick Station ( Johnson County)— Paint Lick Station in eastern Kentucky was established in a mountainous region of Kentucky in Floyd County, later Johnson County, in the vicinity of presentday Paintsville, in about 1789–1790. The station and settlement were established by Colonel John Preston and Judge French. Although the town was not officially created until 1843, Paintsville was referred to by military units during the War for Independence who participated in missions in that area during the war. The reference to Paint Lick Station came about due to the settlement’s location, which was in close proximity to the convergence of Paint Creek with the Big Sandy River. Several stories about how the station received its name have been handed down, including ones that give credit to a doctor, Thomas Walker, and Matthias Harmon for naming it and others claim Daniel Boone was involved with naming the place, but no direct evidence links to the source. Nonetheless, the banks of the creek held an abundance of Indian markings on the rocks there as well as many trees. Paintsville’s initial settlers were primarily families from

KENTUCKY / Petit’s Station Kentucky North Carolina, Virginia and Pennsylvania who relocated there after the close of the American Revolution. Not to be confused with Paint Lick Station in Garrod County. Painted Stone Station— See Squire Boone’s Station. Petit’s Station Kentucky— Petit’s Station was established by Benjamin Petit and his brother, Thomas, during 1775. Petit was one of the original pioneers that ventured over the Wilderness Road into Kentucky. The station was located near the Green River in close proximity to Montgomery’s Station in Lincoln County and less than 20 miles from Logan’s Station. Benjamin Petit served with the American forces (Captain Robert Barnett’s company of Lincoln County Militia) during the War for Independence. In addition, Benjamin Petit, holding the rank of lieutenant, was activated for regular service and accompanied George Rogers Clark on a campaign during November 1782. Phillips Fort— Phillips Fort was established about 1780–1781 outside Hodgenville near Nolin (Nolynn) Creek in Nelson County (later Larue County) by Phillip Phillips, a Pennsylvanian. Pittman’s Station— Pittman’s Station was established along Cumberland Trace in Green County atop a bluff on the right bank of the Green River near the mouth of what became Pittman’s Creek in about 1779–1780. It is not clear whether the station was built during the autumn of 1779 or spring of 1780. The station was located near Greensburg (Glover’s Station). Other stations in Green County included Skagg’s Station and Gray’s Station. Also, Pittman’s Station was in close proximity to the camp established by Colonel James Knox and the Long Hunters during 1770 near present-day Mount Gilead Meeting House. Polke’s Station— See Kincheloe’s Station. Pond Station— Pond Station was established by James Inman during 1790. The fortified station was located in McClean County slightly southeast of Vienna Station, which had been established during 1788. Port William— Port William (later Carrollton) was considered a settlement rather than only a station. It was established by two explorers, Christopher Gist and James McBride, as well as members of the Masterson family and Lewis and Benjamin Craig in about 1792 in Carroll County at the convergence of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. General Charles Scott (also governor of Kentucky 1808–1812) established a blockhouse there during 1789 to bolster the settlement’s defenses against Indian attacks. Pottenger’s Station— Pottenger’s Station was established during 1781 in the vicinity of present-day Gethsemani in Nelson County by Captain Samuel Pottenger. Captain Pottenger had served in the American Revolution while still in Maryland and later he served with James Harrod and William Harrod during 1778 and 1780 respectively. Captain Pottenger also joined with George Rogers Clark during 1782. Some other settlers that joined Pottenger at the station and later formed their own stations included the Mastersons. In addition, conditions at Samuel Cartwright’s Station were deteriorating. Upon the return from the Clark campaign (Greater Miami Valley) against the Indians during the autumn of 1782, those settlers at Cartwright’s were moved to Pottenger’s Station due to lack of food. Prather’s Fort— See Licking Station. Ray’s Station— James and William Ray (stepsons of Hugh McGary) began to establish Ray’s Station during 1779 at Shawnee Run (Shawnee Springs), but while they were preparing the ground, an Indian band attacked them. William was slain during the attack; however, the Indians failed to kill James. He escaped and made it to Har-

148 rod’s Fort. James later returned and established the station, which was in close proximity to McGarry’s Station. Reed’s Station— See Givens’ Station. Robert Clarke’s Station— The station was established in the vicinity of Paris along the Hume-Bedford Road during 1784 by Robert Clarke, who had relocated in Kentucky from Virginia. Robert Sconce’s Station— Robert Sconce’s Station was established in Bourbon County by Robert Sconce, also known or referred to as Bauld Robin, but reports vary on the exact location of the site. Apparently the station was only one structure and it has been placed in the time period of about autumn 1789. One person reported in the Draper Manuscripts that the station was in the vicinity of Millersburg. Another report placed it close to Winchester near Flat Lick and yet another placed it outside of Paris. The son of Robert Sconce placed it between Strode’s Station and Lower Salt Springs. Ruddell’s Fort— See Ruddle’s Station. Ruddle’s Station— Ruddle’s Station, formerly Hinkston’s Station was established during 1779 by Isaac Ruddle at a spot slightly south of Cynthiana (Harrison County). The station was destroyed during the following year. On 22 June 1780, British troops, Tories and Indians under Captain Henry Byrd attacked and captured Ruddle’s Station on the south fork of the Licking River and the force also seized Martin’s Fort at Stoner Creek (near Paris). Martin’s Station surrendered without resistance. However, Ruddell’s Station fought back until the main body of the British force arrived with artillery. Nearly 500 people, including women and children were captured and taken on a grueling journey initially to Detroit where they were divided among the enemy like cattle. Some were dragged farther to Mackinac and yet others were marched to Montreal. In conjunction, when the enemy first entered Ruddle’s Fort, Mrs. Ruddle was unable to prevent her child of about three years of age from being grabbed from her arms and tossed into a burning fire. Two other Ruddle children who were captured were raised by the Indians. When the Ruddle children were later offered repatriation with their family they declined. Also, those captives who survived what become a 14-year captivity were released upon a treaty signed during 1794. In conjunction, after seizing the stations, the British aborted an attack against Louisville. Subsequent to his release, Isaac Ruddle returned to Kentucky and relocated a short distance from the station in what became Ruddle’s Mills in Bourbon County. St. Alsaph’s Station— See Logan’s Fort. Salt River Garrison— See Brashear’s Station. Salt River Post— See Brashear’s Station. Sandusky Station— Sandusky Station was established by two Virginians who had arrived in Kentucky during 1774 as part of a surveying party (Hite’s). During 1776, James and Jacob Sandowski, with the assistance of James Harrod, established Sandusky Station in Marion County slightly more than five miles northeast of Lebanon. The site selected was in the vicinity of Pleasant Run Spring. Later, during 1785, Jacob and James moved to present-day Jessamine County; however, Anthony, the son of James Sandowski (changed to Sandusky) remained at Sandusky Station. In conjunction, Mercer County was formed from Lincoln County. Scholl’s Station— Scholl’s Station was established in Fayette County (later Clark County) on Marble Creek by the Scholl family, which was related to the Daniel Boone family. William Scholl acquired the tract, located between Schollsville and Kiddville, from his cousin Daniel Boone. Scholl originally arrived in Kentucky with his wife and their 10 children during 1779. The station, which was near a

149 spring, was constructed by several of William Scholl’s sons, Abraham, Joseph and Peter, in about 1781–1782. The station did not come under attack by Indians; however, Indian raiding parties did move through the area. During 1793, Indians were in the region and it was thought that an attack was imminent, but the fort was reinforced by many settlers and the attack never occurred. Scott’s Blockhouse— See Port William. Not to be confused with Scott’s Station (Harrison County) or Scott’s Station ( Jessamine County). Scott’s Station (Harrison County)— Scott’s Station was established by John Scott in Harrison County about five miles northeast of Cynthiana at an undetermined time. Not to be confused with Scott’s Station ( Jessamine County). Scott’s Station ( Jessamine County)— Scott’s Station was established at Wilmore ( Jessamine County) during 1882, when property owned by the Scott family since the days of the Revolutionary War period was sold to make way for the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The land was sold by John Durbin Scott. Afterward, the arrangement between the railroad and John Scott became unraveled. The railroad acquired other property and renamed the town Wilmore. In conjunction, at about 1790, the Bethel Academy (later Asbury College) was established in present-day Wilmore. Shelbyville Blockhouse— The Shelbyville Blockhouse was established by the citizens of Shelbyville (Shelby County) to provide protection from renegades who were raiding the region during a period of turbulence. The blockhouse was located at about the center of the town of Shelbyville. During the summer of 1864, Confederate guerrillas under Captain David Martin unsuccessfully attacked the town. Later, during 1870, the blockhouse was demolished. It stood at the intersection of 5th and Main Streets. Simon Kenton’s Station— See Kenton’s (Simon) Station. Skagg’s Station— Skagg’s Station was established by settlers about 1781 in Green County near Brush Creek, an area visited earlier by the Long Hunters. The station was in the vicinity of present-day Somersville. Slate Furnace Post— See Bourbon Iron Works Post. Smith’s Station (Garrard County)— See James Smith’s Station. Spring Fort— Spring Fort, also known as Spring Station, was established in Jefferson County near Bealls Branch and in close proximity to Rock Spring sometime prior to 1782. The fort was one of a series of settlers’ forts near Louisville. A State Historical Marker regarding the site of the fort stands at the intersection of McCready Avenue and Trinity in Louisville. Spring Station— See Spring Fort. Squire Boone’s Station— Squire Boone’s Station, initially known as Painted Stone, was established in Shelbyville (Shelby County) during the 1770s, most probably 1779. Squire Boone was a son of Daniel Boone. His station was located along the Wilderness Road between the Falls of the Ohio and Harrodstown. Subsequently, during 1781, the station was destroyed by Indians, but later it was rebuilt. During 1780, Boone became captain of the militia and served at his station (Painted Stone Fort or Squire Boone’s Station). The station was also known as Lynch’s Station. Later, during 1806, Squire Boone relocated in Indiana and remained there until he succumbed during 1815. The site of the station is in present-day Shelbyville at the intersection of 5th and Main Streets. During 1781, while the region continued to face Indian attacks, the settlers at Louisville came under a severe assault. While a group of settlers was moving between Squire Boone’s Station and the forts along the Falls of the Ohio, Indians am-

Sullivan’s Old Station / KENTUCKY bushed the party. The Miami war party killed more than 50 people. Militia troops were dispatched on the following day to retrieve the bodies, but the 25-man force was also ambushed and sustained the loss of 16 men. State Arsenal— During 1850, an arsenal was established by the State of Kentucky as a depot for the militia. The arsenal was built atop a bluff above the Kentucky River at Frankfort and replaced an earlier structure at the old fairgrounds that was destroyed by fire during 1836. During the Civil War period, the Confederates for awhile, during September 1862, controlled the city and the arsenal, but it was gained during the following month by Union forces. The arsenal building was nearly totally destroyed by fire during 1933, but it was reconstructed. Subsequent to use by the Department of Military Affairs, the building became the headquarters for the Kentucky Military History Museum. Steuben Fort— See Fort Finney, Indiana. Stockton’s Station— George Stockton and John Fleming led an exploration expedition into Kentucky during 1776. At the time of the expedition, Kentucky was a colony of Virginia. Subsequently, during 1787, Stockton left Virginia and relocated in Kentucky where he established Stockton’s Station near present-day Flemingsburg, which became the initial settlement in Fleming County. Prior to establishing the fort, Fleming had resided at nearby Strode’s Station. On 10 August 1782, Indians ambushed a party of settlers near Battle Run. John Fleming was among the wounded. The British and their Indian allies engaged the Kentuckians in a major battle several days later. Strobe’s Station— See Stroud’s Station. Strode’s Station— Strode’s Station was established in Clark County, slightly west of Winchester, by Captain John Strode during 1779. In conjunction, Clark County, carved from Bourbon and Fayette Counties, was established during 1792 when Kentucky became a state. Prior to establishing the station, at a site near Howard’s Creek and the Athens-Boonesborough Road, Strode had been at Boonesborough since his arrival from Virginia during 1776. Strode fortified the station sufficiently to withstand Indian attacks. On 1 March 1779, it was attacked, but not destroyed. Two people were killed. No one else was killed during subsequent attacks and all were repelled. Subsequently, during 1926, excavations discovered the rocks of the station’s chimney. In conjunction, some interviews of people who were familiar with the station sometimes spelled Strode as Stroud. Not to be confused with Stroud’s Station in Mason County. Stroud’s Station— Stroud’s Station, sometimes known as Strobes Station, was established near the North Fork of the Licking River at the mouth of Stroud’s Run in Mason County during 1785. Not to be confused with Strobe’s Station in Clark County. Sturgis Station— On 2 June 1780, Colonel William Christian received a grant for Sturgis Station (also A’Sturgis Station) in the vicinity of present-day Louisville ( Jefferson County) at Middle Fork of Beargrass Creek. The station was established about 1783 along Harrod’s Trace. Sullivan’s Old Station— Sullivan’s Station was established in Jefferson County near Beargrass Creek about five miles south of Louisville prior to 1780 as one of a group of settlers’ forts in and around Louisville. Sullivan’s Station was on the South Fork. Six others, by 1780, were located along the Middle Fork. They were A’Sturgis Station, Floyd’s Station, Hogland’s Station, Linn’s (Lynn’s) Station, Low Dutch (or New Holland) and Spring Station. The settlers’ forts sprang up to provide protection from Indians and to protect the various salt-making operations at places such as Bullitt Lick and

KENTUCKY / Tanner’s (David) Station Salt Lick. During August 1784, a three-man party, including Walker Daniel (attorney general of Kentucky), William Johnston and a visiting businessman from Ireland, George Keightley, were traveling to Salt Lick after first stopping at another station. Prior to reaching Salt Lick, the trio was ambushed by Indians. Only Johnston survived. Also, it was reported that a son of Thomas and Mary Applegate, Elisha, was born at Sullivan’s Station during March 1782 to become the first male white child to be born in Jefferson County. Subsequently, sometime prior to 1784, a new Sullivan’s Station was established at a separate location, still in Jefferson County. Tanner’s (David) Station (Nicholas County)— Tanner’s Station in Blue Licks, which became the initial settlement in Nicholas County, was established by David Tanner during 1784. Tanner’s (John) Station (Boone County)— Tanner’s Station was established on the Ohio River at present-day Petersburg in Boone County by John Tanner, a Baptist minister, in about 1789. Reverend Tanner arrived in Kentucky following residences in Virginia and the Carolinas where he had previously preached. The land upon which the station was built was owned by Tanner and John Taylor, who shared about 2,000 acres. While Tanner was in Kentucky, his son, less than 10 years of age, was captured by a Shawnee raiding party and kept captive until he was nearly 30 years old. By about 1798, John Tanner relocated in Missouri and later, during 1812, succumbed there. Boone County was officially formed during 1799, about one year after being authorized by the Kentucky legislature. The town officially became known as Petersburg during 1818. Todd’s Station— Todd’s Station was established by Levi Todd during 1779 in what became Fayette County during 1780. The station was located about 10 miles southwest of Lexington. Due to the lingering threat of Indian raids, Todd relocated to Lexington to gain more security. Levi Todd was the grandfather of Mary Todd, who later married Abraham Lincoln. Mary Todd’s grandfather had been among the pioneers who settled Lexington and her father, Robert Todd, was a member of the Whig Party. In Lexington, the Mary Todd Lincoln House still stands. Mary was a teenager when her father and stepmother moved into the house during 1832. Mary was only about six years old when her mother passed away. Trigg’s Station— Trigg’s Station, sometimes inadvertently thought of as Haggin’s Station, was established in Mercer County slightly northeast of Harrodsburg during 1780 by Colonel Stephen Trigg. The station was also known as Viney Station due to its location in the vicinity of dense areas of grapevines. Trigg’s Station was located in Mercer County along Cane Run several miles from where it converged with the Dick’s River. Also, another pioneer, John Haggin, was one of the men who stayed at Trigg’s Station, which caused it to be thought of as Haggin’s Station. Trigg’s Station was one of eight stations built in the region during 1779–1780. See also Vital Junction. Twetty’s Fort— See Little Fort. Twitty’s Fort— See Little Fort. Tyler’s Station— Tyler’s Station was established near Tick Creek just outside of Shelbyville in Shelby County during 1781 by Major Bland W. Ballard and Robert Tyler. Bland had served in the American Revolution with George Rogers Clark and with General Anthony Wayne. During 1788, while Indians were raiding the area, the Ballards were caught near the station. Bland, three of his children and his wife were slain. One son, also named Bland, who was in the militia, and one daughter survived. Tyler’s Station was abandoned subsequent to the attack. See also Ballard’s Station. Vallandingham’s Barn— Vallandingham’s Barn was located in Owen

150 County in the vicinity of Owenton. It was established as one of two Confederate training camps located in the county during 1861. The other post was known as Camp Marshall. Vance’s Station— Vance’s Station was established by settlers in about the spring of 1780 at a point about 15 miles from the mouth of the Green River. Vancouver’s Fort— Vancouver’s Fort was established by Charles Vancouver during the spring of 1789. During the following year, the settlers abandoned the settlement due to Indian attacks. The land acquired by Vancouver during 1788 was a grant from the governor of Virginia, Beverly Randolph, as at the time, Kentucky was a colony of Virginia. Vanmeter’s Fort— Vanmeter’s Fort was established by Jacob Vanmaeter (Vanmeter) in Hardin County prior to 1790. Vanmeter was born in New Jersey during 1723. Later, while in Virginia, Jacob married Letitia, the daughter of Edward Strode, during 1741. Jacob succumbed in Kentucky during November 1798. His wife, originally from Chester, Pennsylvania, lived only until the following year. Letitia died on Christmas Day 1799, also at home. Vienna Station— Vienna Station was established by Solomon Rhoads in McClean County at present-day Calhoun during 1788. Vital Junction— Vital Junction was a strategic link between various forts in and around Harrodsburg in Mercer County. The stations were Harrods Fort (1775) and Bowman’s Fort, just east of Harrod’s Fort (1777). Between 1779 and 1780 eight other stations were established. They were Crow’s Station, Fisher’s Station, Gordon’s Station, Haggin’s Station, McGary’s Station, McMurtry’s Station, Smith’s ( James) Station, and Trigg’s Station. The roads through the woods from each of the forts intersected at Vital Junction. Waddington’s Station— See Worthington’s Station. Wallen’s Station Camp— Wallen’s Station Camp was established during 1761 by Elisha Wallen. The camp, for a group of Long Hunters, was located in the Powell Valley near the mouth of Wallen’s Creek. Wallen established the camp where an earlier exploration party (Doctor Thomas Iker’s exploration party) had visited during 1750. Ambrose Powell, for whom the valley was named by Wallen, had been a member of Iker’s party. Other members of Iker’s expedition included James Harrod, Michael Stoner and William Carr. Waring’s Station— Waring’s Station was established by Thomas Waring during 1785 in Mason County about two miles from Maysville. In conjunction, Waring was apparently also a trustee of the settlement of Charlestown, also in Mason County, during 1791. According to county records, Waring was one of a group of trustees that authorized Thornley Berry to construct a house with a brick or stone chimney in Charlestown. Warwick— Warwick was the location where a party under James Harrod landed prior to establishing Harrodsburg. The site was used as a place for the militia to gather in case of peril and was known as Harrod’s Landing until the name was changed during 1787 to Warwick (Mercer County). Wells’ Station— Wells’ Station was established by Samuel Wells several miles northwest of Shelbyville in Jefferson County. Wells was born in Virginia and later moved to Pennsylvania before arriving in Kentucky during 1775 from Virginia. Wells served in the army during the American Revolution and afterward, during the 1780s, he established his station. Apparently he served under George Rogers Clark during 1780 and under Colonel John Floyd during 1781. In conjunction, Samuel Wells rose to the rank of major general of the Kentucky militia and at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Wells received

151 a commission in the U.S. Army as colonel of the 17th U.S. Infantry Regiment, which he raised in Kentucky. During September 1812, Wells was dispatched by General Benjamin Harrison to the Elk Hart River (Michigan) to destroy the village of the Potawatamie chief Onox-see. Wells accomplished the mission. Also, the Potawatamie Indians massacred troops at Fort Dearborn (Chicago, Illinois), including Captain William Wells, Samuel’s brother. Captain Wells was with his niece when the massacre (August 1812) occurred and said to her: “We have not the slightest chance for life. We must part, to meet no more in this world. God bless you.” Soon after while attacking, after the commander had agreed to give up their weapons, William Wells was slain. Whitaker’s Station— Whitaker’s Station was established during 1781 by Captain Aquila Whitaker in Bullitt County. Captain Whitaker sent reinforcements along with others from Bracket’s, Owens and Boone’s Stations when Indians attacked Ballard’s Station during 1788. White Oak Spring Station— See Hart’s Station. Whitley’s Station— See William Whitley House. Williams’ Station— Williams’ Station was established by David Williams outside Harrodsburg. The station was established during the mid–1770s. Williams was in Harrodsburg when it was established and later gave a deposition regarding the settlement, explaining that he was not interested in the suit, but was a proponent of Harrodsburg. During the deposition, Williams explained that he was in the area during the period 1774–1776, but there was no mention of whether or not he was there longer. William Thomas’ Station— William Thomas’ Station was established near Kennedy Creek by William Thomas during 1784. The land was purchased from John Kennedy, who had established a station near the Kentucky River south of Nicholasville. William Whitley House— The William Whitley House, initially Whitley’s Station, which doubled as a settlers’ fort, was established in Lincoln County by William Whitley during 1788. Prior to the establishment of his fortified brick house, Whitley and his wife, Ester (Fuller Whitley), whom he had married during 1775, had spent other precarious years in Kentucky. When Whitley constructed the brick house, he inserted a concealed stairway in an apparent attempt to provide his family with an extra defense in case of an Indian attack. A concealed stairway was also discovered at George Washington’s residence in Mt. Vernon. Whitley’s Station was initially established near St. Asaph (later Logan’s Fort), outside present-day Stanford, during 1775. Afterward, the frontiersman went back to Virginia to get his family. The Whitleys initially held little fear of an Indian attack, but the dangers became ever present and they were forced to move into Logan’s Fort. Subsequently, for a while, Whitley, his wife and two daughters moved to Harrod’s Fort, but when he believed the danger had subsided, Whitley returned to his station. Mr. Whitley became a prominent Kentuckian and a fearless militia member. Whitley is also remembered for another feat that is not well known.

Alexandria / LOUISIANA After building his house, he also constructed a circular race course, but using clay as its track rather than the usual grass. Another innovation was that the track was in contrast to horse racing in England as the horses ran counterclockwise in Kentucky. Later, during the War of 1812, Whitley had obviously aged, but his reputation remained intact and due to his accumulated skills against the Indians, the Kentucky militia accepted him despite his 64 or so years of age. During the conflict, while engaged at the Battle of the Thames at Lake Erie, where the Shawnee chief Tecumseh was defeated and killed on 5 October 1813, Whitley was also slain. For more information: William Whitley House State Historic Site, 625 William Whitley Road, Stanford KY 40484. Phone, 606–355–2881. The site is located south of Stanford off U.S. Highway 150. Wilson’s Station (Henry)— Wilson’s Station was established by Henry Wilson near the Salt River, about two miles northwest of Harrodsburg (Mercer County). Wilson’s Station ( James)— Wilson’s Station was established by James Wilson during the 1780s (about 1785) in the vicinity of Clark’s Run near the border separating Lincoln and Mercer County. The station became part of Boyle County when it was established during 1842. The Wilson Station Cemetery remains on private property near the station and it contains the graves of members of families, including the Beadles. James and Sally Wilson are also interred there. The station site and cemetery site are located near Junction City. The National Register of Historical Places lists Wilson’s Station at 3750 Lebanon Road in the vicinity of Danville; however, it is also in close proximity to Harrodsburg. Wood’s Blockhouse— Wood’s Blockhouse was established about 1793 in Laurel County about seven miles north of London at a place known as the Hazel Patch settlement. Earlier, it was here that Benjamin Logan could not agree on details of a settlement with Colonel Henderson and the two ended a joint endeavor. Wood’s Blockhouse became the initial permanent structure in the Wilderness. Worthington’s Station— Worthington’s Station was established during 1779 by Captain Edward Worthington, one of a group of pioneers known as the Long Hunters. The station is sometimes erroneously thought to have been called Waddington’s Station. The station was located less than five miles southeast of Danville in Lincoln County. Zophar Carpenter’s Station— Zophar (also known as Joseph) Carpenter established his station in Garrard County in about 1791. Zophar earlier relocated in Virginia from New York in about 1767. The station is thought to have been located in the vicinity of Suck Fork Creek. Zophar and his wife, Mary, relocated with their family from Virginia at about 1791. Zophar succumbed on 6 February 1798. His wife, Mary, succumbed at the age of 97 on 14 August 1832. Zophar’s will stipulated that the property was to be divided by his three sons (Adam, Conrad and John). The Carpenters also had three daughters. Not to be confused with Carpenter’s Station in Lincoln County.

LOUISIANA Alexandria–During the Civil War, Confederate troops were deployed at Alexandria when state troops had headquarters in the city. Other Confederate units were there afterward as it was used also as

a supply center. During 1864, Union troops established fortifications there during the Red River Campaign. Subsequent to the conclusion of the Civil War, U.S. troops remained in Louisiana as an oc-

LOUISIANA / Algiers cupation force. Posts were established across the state at various locations including Alexandria. Although the conflict had ended, Mexico was ruled by Emperor Maximilian and the U.S. maintained large forces there in the event of a threat by France. The period following the Civil War is known as the Reconstruction Period, Algiers— During the Civil War, Algiers, a section of present-day New Orleans after annexation during the 1870s, was used by Confederates as a post and after the seizure of New Orleans, the Union made use of the post. Algiers was created earlier from the Bienville Plantation. Subsequent to the end of the Civil War, Algiers was annexed by New Orleans. There was a railroad (New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad) there and the Bellville Iron Works was located there. Algiers was also used by the U.S. military during the War of 1812. See also Powder Magazine Barracks. Algiers Barracks— See Powder Magazine Barracks. Amite Barracks— See Amite River Forts. Amite River Fort(s)— The British established a post (Amite River Fort, also known as Amite Barracks) in the vicinity of Port Vincent during 1778. During the following year, Spanish militia at Pointe Coupee, led by Carlos de Grand Pre, seized the fort (known as Amite Barracks) and another British post at Thompson’s Creek. The British garrison was composed of only a small force. See also Fort Graham. Also, subsequent to the close of the Civil War, during 1867, U.S. troops deployed there. A post was established during January 1868. The fort was garrisoned from about February 1868 until February of the following year. Amite Post— See Amite River Fort(s). Annunciation Square— Annunciation Square was located in the Lower Garden District of New Orleans, which was initially part of Bienville’s Plantation, which was later transferred by purchase to the Jesuits. During the 1760s, the Spanish gained control of New Orleans and by 1763 the Jesuits were compelled to depart Louisiana. Afterward, the area was divided into smaller parcels. Annunciation Square was one of four separate sections in the district, with the others being the Irish Channel, Coliseum Place and New Basin Canal. The area known as the Lower Garden District emerged following the acquisition of Louisiana by the United States during the early 1800s and it was settled by the Americans who began to arrive there and chose to avoid the French Quarter District. During the Civil War, the Confederates established a camp at Annunciation Square. Later, when the Union regained New Orleans during April 1862, the Union also used Annunciation Square as a camp. Baton Rouge Arsenal— The Baton Rouge Arsenal was built about 1838 in the vicinity of a prior British post, Fort Richmond, during the 1760s. Later, during 1779, the Spanish, under Governor Galvez, captured Baton Rouge from the British. The French acquired control of the area during 1800, but only for a while. By 1803, in conjunction with the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. gained control of Louisiana and the remainder of the vast territory. After the U.S. secured the area, Baton Rouge was designated as an ordnance depot location. During 1812, the city of Baton Rouge, which had been part of Spanish West Florida, was actually legislated back into the Louisiana Territory by the U.S. Congress just prior to its voting Louisiana into the Union. The Baton Rouge Barracks complex, also known as the Pentagon Barracks, was established there about 1819 and remained active through about 1823. Colonel (later General and President) Zachary Taylor was in charge of the construction of the barracks, shaped in the form of a pentagon, which were designed by Captain James Gadsden, U.S. Army. The U.S. Army also built a magazine but it proved too small for the fort, although it was used to warehouse the abundance of Spanish weapons seized by Andrew

152 Jackson’s troops during 1810. By 1828, the building was demolished. A larger arsenal was subsequently constructed during 1838. In addition, a new magazine was erected during 1850. The barracks were part of the complex, which was built along the left bank of the Mississippi River. The fort was plagued during the summer with sickness that at times took high tolls on the troops. After some time, the post would be abandoned during part of the summer and regarrisoned during the fall. Baton Rouge was struck by a devastating fire during 1849. During the Civil War, the Confederates seized control of Baton Rouge, but it was regained by the Union during May 1862. By about 1871, the ordnance operation at the post was phased out and the post was held afterward by infantry contingents and units of the quartermaster. By 1886, the barracks were used by Louisiana State University. One of the magazines was later transformed into a state museum, while the other was demolished. The Louisiana State Capitol Building, completed during 1932 by direction of Governor Huey Long, includes part of the Barracks and the Baton Rouge Arsenal. See also Pentagon Barracks. Baton Rouge Barracks— See Pentagon Barracks and Baton Rouge Arsenal. Baton Rouge Redoubt— See Fort New Richmond. Battery (at) Berwick City— The Union established a battery in the vicinity of Berwick City near Berwick Bay during 1863. Battery (at) Chalmette— See New Orleans. Battery (at) Cornay’s Bridge— See Fort Bisland. Battery at Proctorsville— The Confederates established a battery at Proctorsville (later Yscloskey) in the vicinity of Proctor’s Landing, St. Bernard’s Parish, during 1861. The post was in close proximity to where Fort Proctor had been established during the 1850s. A storm damaged the uncompleted fort, prompting the Confederates to erect the battery to defend New Orleans. After the Union regained New Orleans during 1862, the Union used the post for a short while. Battery Bienvenue–The British, following the Battle of New Orleans, evacuated the area around Bayou Bienvenue during January 1815. Subsequent to the withdrawal by the British, the Americans established an outpost there. Militia garrisoned the post. The British post included several fortifications near the convergence of Bayou and Battery Bienvenue. The Americans had earlier established Fort Villere there during 1812 to guard the region near Lake Borgne. Subsequent to the close of the War of 1812, the Americans retained the post; however, it was not always garrisoned, particularly during the Seminole Indian Wars when troops were needed in Florida. The post was essentially an outpost; however, Congress allotted funds to repair and modernize the post, which was intended to have a garrison of about 50 troops except in time of conflict when the garrison would be enlarged to meet the crisis. By the latter part of the 1840s, a typical problem developed as the structures were sinking. Massive repairs were required, but the problem continued. During the Civil War, Confederates were deployed there until April 1862, when the U.S. regained the region. The post was abandoned during 1865. The post, which was protected by a moat while active, passed into private hands during the 1930s. Battery Burton— See Fort Burton. Bayou De Sair— The Union established an outpost in the vicinity of Lake Ponchartrain in St. John the Baptist Parish during 1864. An artillery contingent was posted there. The bayous in and around New Orleans were used by both sides during the conflict and many temporary camps were scattered at various times. Bonnet Carre— The Union established positions in St. Charles

153 Parish in the vicinity of Bonnet Carre during 1862. The Union remained there for the duration. Boutte Station— See Des Allamandes. Bullet Bayou— See Fort San Luis de Natchez. Camp Ashby— Camp Ashby was a temporary encampment established by the Confederates in Louisiana near Port Hudson during the latter part of 1862, but no location or documentation on it has been located. Camp (at) Chalmette— See Chalmette Battlefield. Camp at Greenwell Springs— After the start of the Civil War, the Confederates established temporary camps at Greenwell Springs near the Amite River in the vicinity of Baton Rouge. The site had been used earlier as a place to escape from epidemics when Baton Rouge was struck with sicknesses such as yellow fever. Camp at New Orleans Fairgrounds— See Camp Foster. Camp at Powers Point— During the War of 1812, a contingent of Louisiana militia under Major Michael Reynolds established a camp in the vicinity of Powers Point during December 1814. The exact location is unknown, but it was thought to be at a bayou near Lake Barataria. Camp (at) Williams Bridge— The Confederates maintained a fortification at Williams Bridge, which was located at the Amite River in the vicinity of Grangeville, along the road that ran from Camp Moore to the Mississippi River. Skirmishes occurred in the vicinity of the bridge during June 1862. A contingent of Union general Benjamin H. Grierson’s Cavalry was able to cross the bridge during a mission in the region during May 1863. Camp Atkinson— See Cantonment Atkinson. Camp Banks— The Union established Camp Banks at Baton Rouge during December 1862. Camp Beal— Camp Beal was a temporary camp established by the Confederates during January 1863 in the vicinity of Clinton. Camp Beauregard— Camp Beauregard was established in East Feliciana in the vicinity of Clinton by the Confederates at an undetermined time. A force of Union cavalry under General Albert Lindley Lee, out of Baton Rouge, seized the outpost during the summer of 1864. A Confederate cemetery was located at Clinton. Not to be confused with Fort Beauregard (Catahoula Parish). Camp Benjamin— Camp Benjamin was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of New Orleans during 1861. Units that were based there for training included the 16th and 19th Volunteer Louisiana Infantry Regiments. The camp was abandoned during 1862. In conjunction, the Union regained New Orleans during April 1862. The Louisiana 2nd Battery Volunteer Artillery (later 2nd Field Battery, 2nd Siege Battery) was at Camp Benjamin for a short while during March 1862. Camp Bertonniere— The Americans established temporary fortifications in the vicinity of Bayou Sauvage (Bertonniere Plantation) during December 1814, when New Orleans was threatened by the British.

Camp Cobb / LOUISIANA in service, until 1865. Nearby at Shreveport, the Confederate TransMississippi Department made its headquarters. In conjunction, there were at least two Camp Boggs established in Louisiana, both temporary in the vicinity of Rapides Parish and near Camp Blanchard at Lecompte respectively. Camp Breaux— The Confederates established a temporary camp in the vicinity of Port Hudson during the summer of 1863. It was in use until the spring of the following year. Camp Bruin— A Confederate unit, Watson’s Battery, was formed during July 1861. The unit moved to a camp known as Camp Bruin at St. Joseph along Lake Bruin (Tensas Parish). After about one month, the unit moved out for duty in Kentucky. Subsequently, the unit surrendered at Port Hudson ( July 1863). The unit that same month was paroled, but it never reorganized. In conjunction, Watson’s Battery was equipped by a prominent southern planter, C. Watson. Camp Buckner— The Confederates established a camp outside Alexandria about 1864; however, Confederates had earlier been posted at Alexandria. The Consolidated Crescent Infantry Regiment was formed at Simmesport during 1863 and elements of the unit, including Company K, were deployed there during early 1864. The regiment remained intact and surrendered during May 1865. Camp(s) Butler— There were several temporary camps in Louisiana known as Camp Butler; however, there is little information regarding the exact times or places. The Confederates are thought to have had a Camp Butler in the vicinity of Baton Rouge and another in the vicinity of Natchitoches. The Union established a temporary camp known as Camp Butler in the vicinity of Lake Providence in Carroll Parish. In addition, the Union seized Confederate-held Fort Quitman (Grand Caillou Bayou) and renamed it Fort Butler. The Union also established a Fort Butler in the vicinity of Donaldsonville. Camp Caffery— Camp Caffery was established during the SpanishAmerican War period (1898) in the vicinity of Covington. Camp Carroll— During 1814, a force of Tennessee Volunteers under Generals William Carroll and John Coffey arrived in New Orleans to bolster the forces of General Andrew Jackson. They established a camp in the vicinity of New Orleans which became known as Camp Carroll. In conjunction, another camp, known as Camp Coffee, was established at about the same time in the area by volunteers under General Coffee, which had also arrived from Tennessee. Camp Carrollton— Camp Carrollton was a Civil War camp in the vicinity of Carrollton near New Orleans. The Confederates used the camp and when the Union regained New Orleans the Union also used it as one of several camps in the area. Units that were at the camp included the 21st Indiana Infantry, which was commanded by Colonel James W. McMillan. The regiment moved from Camp Carrollton to engage Confederates at Donaldsonville and the vicinity during September 1862. Another unit there was the New Hampshire 15th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The camp was plagued with problems due to the poor sources of good quality water. In conjunction, during the War of 1812, Tennessee Volunteers encamped in the same area at what was known as Camp Carroll. Other nearby Civil War camps included Camp Kearney and Camp Parapet.

Camp Bisland— See Fort Bisland.

Camp Claiborne— See Fort Claiborne.

Camp Blanchard— The Confederates established a temporary camp in Rapides Parish in the vicinity of Lecompte during 1862.

Camp Cobb— During 1855, the troops stationed in the vicinity of Baton Rouge were threatened by a yellow fever epidemic and sought a safer place until the danger passed. Most of the troops in the area were relocated at a place near the Amite River in East Baton Rouge Parish. The camp there at Greenwell Springs came to be known as

Camp Boggs— The Confederates established Camp Boggs slightly outside Shreveport during the 1860s. The Confederates held the camp, which was composed primarily of tents for most of its time

LOUISIANA / Camp Dauterive Camp Cobb. After the summer threat passed, the troops moved back to the post at Baton Rouge. Camp Coffee— See Camp Carroll. Camp Dauterive— The Confederates established a temporary camp, known as Camp Dauterive, near a sugar house in the vicinity of Grand Lake (Iberia Parish) during the 1860s, about the latter part of 1862. Not to be confused with another temporary camp located at Dauterive Landing. Camp Foster— Camp Foster was established in New Orleans during 1898 as a Spanish-American War training camp. Another camp in the area during the same period was Camp H. C. Corbin. The complex was at the New Orleans Fair Grounds, which was transformed into a military installation. Camp Hamilton— Subsequent to the acquisition of Louisiana from France during 1803, the United States deployed troops in several areas in Louisiana. A small post referred to as Camp Hamilton and sometimes referred to as Fort Hamilton was established during 1804 in St. Landry Parish in the vicinity of Opelousas. The post was abandoned at an unknown time; however, it was garrisoned for more than a few years. The exact location of the post has never been determined. Camp Harney— The United States Army contingents based in Baton Rouge during the 1850s used a temporary camp site known as Camp Harney sporadically for training purposes and when sickness struck Baton Rouge. The post was located near the Comite River, less than 10 miles from Baton Rouge. Later, during the Civil War, the Confederates used the camp temporarily during 1861. Camp H.C. Corbin— See Camp Foster. Camp Hubbard— The Union established Camp Hubbard in the vicinity of Thibodaux (LaFourche Parish) during 1863. It remained active into 1864. Units there included the Rhode Island Volunteer 2nd Cavalry Regiment. The regiment was initially commanded by Major Augustus W. Corliss. Camp Kearney— Camp Kearney was established by the Union at Carrollton in the vicinity of New Orleans. Units that were at the camp included the Connecticut 12th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which arrived there about September 1862 as part of the Reserve Brigade. Prior to arriving there, the regiment had been at Camp Parapet, also near New Orleans. The post remained active into the following year. Camp Lovell— The Confederates established a training camp known as Camp Lovell in St. Mary Parish near Berwick City about 1861. The camp was still active into 1862. In conjunction, there was another camp in the vicinity of Fort St. Philip, but it was temporary and lasted only a few weeks during April of 1862, when the Union arrived and seized New Orleans. Camp Martin— The Confederates established a militia training camp in the vicinity of Lafourche (Lafourche Parish) during 1862. Camp Moore— The Confederates established Camp Moore, named in honor of Governor Thomas O. Moore, during the spring of 1861 slightly north of Tangipahoa near the Tangipahoa River and Beaver Creek. Another training post known as Camp Walker had earlier been established, but it was a poor location and sanitary conditions made it unsafe. The troops there were transferred to Camp Moore. About 25,000 troops were trained at the camp, which was on Jackson Road and along the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad. During its first months of operation, a measles epidemic struck the camp, costing many lives. During 1862 when Baton Rouge was falling to the Union, the governor, Thomas Moore, evacuated

154 the capital and made it to Camp Moore, where he reestablished his headquarters. On 5 August 1862, a large force under General Breckinridge advanced from the camp to evict the Union from Baton Rouge. Union brigadier general Thomas Williams was killed during the battle, but the Union held the city. Both sides sustained heavy casualties. The Confederates held the camp until 1864 when a Union force attacked and caught the Confederates off guard. They were compelled to abandon the camp and head into the woods. The Union destroyed the camp. The State of Louisiana (Office of State Parks) now owns about seven acres which includes the Camp Moore Cemetery, where more than 400 Confederate soldiers were interred, and the Camp Moore Confederate Museum. Also, the post was sometimes referred to as Camp Tracy. The initial commander at the camp was General Elisha Tracy (militia). Camp Moore is located along Highway 51, slightly north of Tangipahoa. The museum is open from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. Tuesday through Saturday. For more information: Camp Moore Historical Association, Inc. Tangipahoa, Louisiana 70465. Camp on Bayou des Glaises— See Fort Humbug. Camp Parapet— Camp Parapet was a primary link in what was dubbed the Victor Smith Line (known also as the Parapet Line), which was essentially composed of a line of defenses that stretched in Jefferson Parish for just under two miles. During July 1861, the Confederates implemented plans to bolster New Orleans by fortifying the east bank of the Mississippi above New Orleans. The two Confederate officers that oversaw the establishment of the defenses there were Major (later General) Martin Luther Smith, a former New Yorker and a West Point graduate (Class of 1842) and Colonel (later General) Paul O. Hebert, a native of Louisiana who also graduated from West Point (Class of 1840). Hebert had graduated from Jefferson College prior to entering West Point. Colonel Hebert was placed in command of the 1st Louisiana Artillery and appointed brigadier general during August 1861. The post was located in the vicinity of Carrollton and a portion of its land was located on the Roman Plantation. The post also contained a powder magazine. The primary part of the post defended the water approaches to the city. The remainder of the line, which led northward toward Lake Ponchartrain, defended the east bank land approaches into New Orleans as well as the railroad there (New Orleans and Jackson Railroad). The defensive line traced what later became the Boulevard Causeway. On 21 March 1862, less than one month before the Union regained New Orleans, the fort was officially named Fort John Morgan. The fort was named by General Mansfield Lovell, a native of Washington, D.C., and yet another West Point graduate (Class of 1842). The Union seized New Orleans during April 1862 and the surrounding defenses fell with the loss of the city. The post was renamed Camp Parapet. A powder magazine was also erected there by the Confederates as part of the overall defenses around the city. In conjunction, the site was initially the Dubreuil Plantation in the vicinity of Metairie, but it had passed into the hands of others prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. A later owner of the land was Jean-Baptiste Castillon, who acquired it during 1804 when he married Louise de la Ronde. Castillon, at the time, was the French consul in New Orleans. Other plantation owners there included Louis D’Aquin and Pierre Francois Volant de La Barre. By the latter part of the 1850s, the land was subdivided and new plantations that emerged there included one belonging to E. Preston and another further up the river belonging to V. Roman. Also, the line was dubbed the Victor Smith Line after the son of Major Smith. Camp Pratt— The Confederates established Camp Pratt during the 1860s in southern Louisiana, near Spanish Lake in Iberia County about May–June 1862. The camp was named in honor of John G. Pratt, brigadier general of the Louisiana 9th Brigade, Louisiana militia. The

155 camp was the primary enlistment and training camp in southern Louisiana during 1862–1863. The Confederates also used the camp as a POW camp. The camp site was located along present-day State Highway 182. Camp Pulaski— The Confederates established Camp Pulaski as a Civil War training camp in the vicinity of Amite during 1861. Units that were based there included the Louisiana 13th Regiment (August 1861) and the Louisiana 2nd Regiment, Polish Brigade, which formed there during June 1861. Camp Roman— See Camp Parapet. Camp Salubrity— Camp Salubrity was established at Natchitoches by the U.S. Army during 1844. The post was located about 25 miles from Fort Jesup. Some of the prominent military officers stationed there included Benjamin Alvord (West Point Class of 1833 and future Union general), Alexander Hays (West Point class of 1844 and future Union general) James Longstreet (West Point class of class of 1842 and future Confederate general) and Ulysses S. Grant (West Point class of 1839, future general and president of the U.S.). Grant arrived during May 1844 with the 4th U.S. Infantry. By March of 1845, legislation was passed authorizing the annexation of Texas and from that point troops based in Louisiana were anticipating orders to move to Texas. In the meantime, Louisiana was struck with a yellow fever epidemic at about the same time that the 4th Infantry Regiment was ordered there. Camp Salubrity was abandoned during 1845 and the U.S. was soon after preparing for hostilities with Mexico. Camp Sandy Creek— The U.S. post known as Camp Sandy Creek was one of a group of temporary camps used by the contingents in Baton Rouge, particularly during the summer months when the threat of an epidemic of yellow fever was present. The camp was active during the 1820s. Camp Tracy— See Camp Moore. Camp Walker— Camp Walker was established by the Confederates in New Orleans at the Metairie Race Course during 1861; however, it was an unhealthy location with poor water resources. The camp was abandoned and by mid–May 1861, the troops were being transferred to Camp Moore. Camp Weitzel (Donaldsonville)–A camp known as Camp Weitzel was established by the Union in the vicinity of Donaldsonville during 1863. The camp was located near Fort Butler (Donaldsonville). Camp Weitzel (Kenner)— The Union established a camp in the vicinity of Kenner during 1862. Camp Wilkins— See Fort Jesup. Cantonment Atkinson— Cantonment Atkinson, known also as Camp Atkinson and Fort Atkinson, was established at Lake Charles toward the latter part of 1829. In conjunction, a small contingent had been posted there during the autumn of 1822 and the camp was active until September of the following year. The area had remained a trouble spot since the Louisiana Purchase as the Spaniards and the Americans continued to quarrel, more specifically, over the land stretching between the Sabine and Calcasieu Rivers. A contingent of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment under Captain George Birch was dispatched to Lake Charles to terminate the problem. Birch established the fort near the Calcasieu River and named it after General Henry Atkinson. The fort remained active until 1832. However, during 1836, Mexican general Santa Anna was brought there when he was en route to Washington, D.C. Santa Anna had been captured by the Texans under Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto, a victory that followed the defeat of the defenders at the Alamo during 1836.

Chalmette Battlefield / LOUISIANA The property was acquired by Thomas Bilbo. The Bilbo Cemetery was on the site of the old fort on South Lakeshore Drive. Cantonment Robertson— The camp or encampment known as Cantonment Robertson (also Robinson) was essentially a summer relief camp for troops based in Baton Rouge during the period 1824–1825. Several camps were established to have a place for the troops to seek refuge in time of an epidemic of yellow fever. Cantonment Robinson— See Cantonment Robertson. Cantonment Taylor— See Fort Jesup. Chalmette Battlefield— During the latter part of 1814, the Americans under Andrew Jackson continued to bolster the defenses around New Orleans to prepare for a British attack. Jackson’s force arrived in New Orleans on 2 December. Other contingents still at Baton Rouge were ordered to New Orleans on 13 December. In the meantime, a large British force began arriving at Pea Island on the 14th. The debarkation was not completed until 22 December. The British established positions at the Villere Plantation. Jackson had inadvertently gotten some help from a privateer, the General Armstrong, while it was in port at the Azores, a neutral harbor. A British fleet en route to New Orleans spotted the American ship and decided to take the easy mark. The fleet was transporting a large force of British troops that war now available due to the defeat of Napoleon. Nevertheless, the privateer held the British and managed to forestall defeat. The Americans thrashed the English and then scuttled their vessel rather than surrender it. The reinforcements did not arrive in time to aid the English at New Orleans. Meanwhile, the Americans launched a surprise attack on the night of the 23rd–24th and stunned the British. Both sides sustained about 200 casualties. The war actually terminated on 24 December with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent; however, neither the British nor the Americans at New Orleans were aware of the development. On 28 December, the British attacked the American lines, but the attack was repulsed. Soon after, on 1 January, yet another British attack was launched and again it was repelled. In the meantime, American volunteers continued to come into the positions. On 3 January, a contingent of Kentuckians arrived, but they lacked weapons. General Andrew Jackson, upon noticing their lack of weapons, exclaimed: “I have never seen a Kentuckian without a gun, a pack of cards and a bottle of whiskey in my life.” Later, on 8 January, the British, with an estimated total strength of about 9,000 troops, attacked. At dawn, under cover of dense fog, the British advanced in columns, approaching the range of American cannons which were placed behind the walls of the defenses. The fog lifted just as the British soldiers came into range, initiating a slaughter. The cannon abruptly ceased firing, allowing the smoke to clear and give the American marksmen a good view. The French pirate Jean Lafitte had turned down British offers and joined forces with General Jackson. The combined American strength, including artillery and Kentucky-Tennessee sharpshooters, devastated the British infantry in a battle which lasted less than an hour The British lost more than 2,000 men killed or wounded. The combined forces of LaFitte and Jackson lost less than 100 killed and wounded (during the initial assault American casualties were approximately 13). British general Lambert, who had taken command after the death of General Pakenham, finally called off the assault. Retreat was sounded and the British withdrew toward Lake Borgne. This incredible victory raised American morale to an extraordinary level, but they were still unaware that the war was over. General Andrew Jackson was nicknamed “Old Hickory.” British brigadier general Pakenham, commanding officer, was killed and British general Keane was wounded. In conjunction, during the Battle of New Orleans, a 56-man U.S. Marine detachment was positioned adjacent to Captain Thomas Beale’s New Orleans Rifles. Both outfits were intertwined

LOUISIANA / Colfax with the U.S. 7th Infantry, close to the Mississippi River as they awaited the approaching British. Three British Regiments, the 21st (Royal North British Fusiliers) Regiment, 43rd (Monmouth) Regiment and the 93rd (Sutherland) Regiment, launched a diversionary attack against the artillery positions. The Marines, commanded by Lieutenants de Bellevue and de Grandpre, stood firm and repelled a charge by the 93rd Highlanders. The Scottish regiment was compelled to retreat after sustaining high casualties. The Marines sustained no casualties. The British commander, Lieutenant Colonel Rennie, was among those killed. Also, during the Civil War, Confederates established a camp in the vicinity of the battlefield and artillery was posted there. The Union moved a fleet toward New Orleans during 1862 and with little effort silenced the guns and proceeded to move against the defenses of New Orleans. The Confederates at the positions at Chalmette retired. Subsequent to the seizure of New Orleans, the Union made use of the Chalmette area for its troops. In addition, prior to the Civil War, the area was used as an encampment for troops that were serving during the Mexican War. For more information: Jean Lafitte National Historic Park, Chalmette National Historical Park, P.O. Box 429, Arabi, Louisiana. In addition, there is a National Cemetery on site. The park can be reached by highway or an alternate route is by boat tour from New Orleans. Colfax— Troops were deployed at Colfax during 1873, a time of turbulence there during the Reconstruction Period. Troops remained there into early 1876, but no fort was erected there. Comichi— During the early 1800s, subsequent to the U.S. acquiring Louisiana from France, the Spanish maintained an outpost in the vicinity of Comichi. The presence of Spanish troops, although a small contingent, was a concern to the U.S. The Spanish were informed that the post was to be abandoned and shortly after, it was (early 1806). Covington— Covington was established as a settlement (initially known as Wharton) during 1813. The settlement was located in the vicinity of the convergence of the Bogue Falaya River and the Tchefuncte River. During 1816, the settlement became known as Covington (St. Tammany Parish), named in honor of General Leonard A. Covington, who served at that time (War of 1812) and was killed during fighting in Canada during 1813. Subsequently, while a construction project during 1817, which consisted of the building of the military highway from Nashville, Tennessee, to Madisonville, Louisiana, the town of Covington became a key supply center for the troops involved in the project in Louisiana. During that time, sometimes there were mentions of a Camp (Fort) Covington at Covington. Later, during the Civil War, Confederates made use of the location and Covington was a place where the Confederates established temporary encampments. Dalacroix— Dalacroix, located near Bayou Terre, was toward the latter part of the War of 1812 part of the defenses of New Orleans. William Darby, of Irish descent, was a topographer who served with Andrew Jackson during the conflict and it was Darby who was a surveyor with the group that laid out the boundary line between Canada and the United States. It was also Darby who outlined the initial map of Louisiana as part of the United States. Darby, originally from Pennsylvania, lived at the time in Louisiana. A fort referred to as Fort Darby was built there during early 1815, to guard the approaches to New Orleans that could have been used by small vessels; however, the conflict by that time had ended. Soon after the fort was constructed, apparently by Darby, it was no longer needed. Dauterive Landing— The Confederates established a temporary position at what was known as Dauterive Landing near Lake Fausse Point (St. Martin’s Parish) during the latter part of 1863. Not to be confused with Camp Dauterive in Iberia Parish.

156 Des Allamandes— The Union, subsequent to taking control of New Orleans, established a large group of temporary outposts and camps in the region, including several of the bayous. One place where troops were deployed was in the vicinity of the railroad station (Boutte Station) at Des Allamandes. Skirmishes occurred in the area at various times. On one occasion, Confederates ambushed a Union contingent that was on a train at the station during September 1862. The Union sustained more than 10 killed and slightly more than 20 wounded. Doyal’s Plantation— See Manning’s Plantation. Dupre Tower— The Americans established a fortification known as Dupre Tower (also known as Martello Castle at Bayou Dupre, itself also known as Bayou Phillipon), St. Bernard’s Parish, during 1827. The structure was initially intended as a three-story fort; however, due to complications from the elements and damage to the roof, it became a two-story fortification. The ground floor was equipped with loopholes to provide an advantage for the riflemen. The post was one of a series of fortifications established to defend New Orleans. Dupre Tower was located on the south side of Lake Borgne. The fort was built to accommodate more than 100 troops. The post was bolstered by a battery. Despite the defensive ability of the post, it was never garrisoned by a large contingent. The post was completed about 1830 and during the following year another storm inflicted damage, but at the time no garrison was deployed there. The fort’s garrison arrived during 1833. By that time the Seminole Indian War had broken out and the various posts in the region were drawn for use in Florida. The fort was dormant, but not abandoned and it retained that status beyond the Mexican War. During 1861, the Confederates occupied the vacant post. During the following year, New Orleans was regained by the Union during April. Afterward, Union forces moved to the post, but it had been abandoned. However, the guns there were not spiked. The post was not considered necessary by the Union during its occupation of New Orleans. Following the conclusion of the Civil war, the fort was refurbished. Subsequent to 1883, the post was acquired by civilians. At present, the fort site is encircled by water. It is now referred to as the Martello Castle. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston— See Fort Humbug. Fort (at) Barataria Canal— The Confederates established a fortification in the vicinity of the Barataria Canal as one of the posts designed to defend the approaches to the city of New Orleans. It was part of the defensive line (Barataria Line) that ran from the river there to the city. Not to be confused with Fort Livingston at Barataria Pass. Fort (at) German Coast— See German Coast Settlement. Fort (at and on) Grand Caillou— See Fort Butler. Fort (at) Houma— See Houma. Fort (at) Plaquemine— The Union established a fortification that was known as the Fort (or Post) at Plaquemine along the Mississippi River in Iberville Parish during the spring of 1864. The post remained active until it was completely abandoned during the latter part of 1865. When the post was abandoned, its guns were redeployed in Baton Rouge. Fort at the Iberville— The Spanish established a post near Plaquemine during 1778 due to a British fort (Fort Bute) which was nearby. The fort was abandoned about 1781. Fort Atkinson— See Cantonment Atkinson. Fort Babcock— Fort Babcock, a small outpost, was established by the Union in the vicinity of Port Hudson during May 1863 during the campaign to seize Port Hudson. The ground was gained and the

157 fortification was constructed in close proximity to the Confederate positions during the latter part of May 1863. Port Hudson fell during July 1863. Fort Balise— Fort Balise (also Fort La Balize), a primitive earthworks fortification, was established by the French under La Salle, on an island about five miles below Head of Passes during 1682. Later, by the early 1700s, the place, near Point Eads at Southwest Pass, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, became a settlement. The settlement also had a quartermaster (or as the French referred to it, “garde-magasin”), named Sieur Barbin. Although it is thought that the initial lighthouse constructed in the U.S. was in Massachusetts at Boston during 1716, by the same year and possibly earlier, it is also thought that the French had built a lighthouse at Balise. During 1722, the area was ravaged by a hurricane that inflicted severe damage to the island and to the fort. Plans for a new fort emerged that included a magazine and barracks, but no fortification was built at that time. It appears as if the fortification was completed during 1724. During 1734, the French built barracks, a guard house and a magazine composed of brick. They also constructed a six-sided cistern (for water storage). During the period the French occupied the fort, there was much sickness. Several of the priests sent there also became ill. In addition, the ground was not suitable for the fortification and as it continued to settle, the structures began to sink. Essentially, repairs were in vain. By about 1750, the post became no more than an outpost, with only a small garrison. The church that was to be erected never got started and it was to have its chapel’s steeple used as a lighthouse. The French retained the fort until 1766, when it was gained by the Spanish. The Spanish abandoned the fort and constructed Fort Isla Real Catolica de San Carlos near Pilot Town during 1766. Subsequently, during 1769, the Spanish abandoned the new fort and returned to Fort Balise. They regarrisoned it and renamed it Fort Baliza. By the end of the Spanish occupation of the fort, the island was sinking and eventually it vanished. The place became known as Bayou Balize. Fort Baliza— See Fort Balise. Fort Balize— See Fort Balise. Fort Banks— The Confederates established an earthworks fort in Jefferson Parish in the vicinity of Nine Mile Point to impede Union progress there along the Mississippi River. The post was located in the vicinity of the Fortier Plantation outside Bridge City. It was seized by the Union during April 1862 during the campaign to gain New Orleans and at that time it was named Fort Banks. The Confederates had established the fortification during either the latter part of 1861 or the early part of 1862. The Union deployed six guns there and it became one of a large group of fortifications that protected the city of New Orleans for the remainder of the conflict. Fort Barrow— See Fort Butler (Donaldsonville). Fort Beauregard (Catahoula Parish)— The Confederates established Fort Beauregard at Harrisonburg, Catahoula Parish, in 1863. Fort Beauregard was one of a series of forts established during May 1863 by the Confederates in the vicinity of Catahoula Parish during the spring of 1863. The fortifications, including Fort Beauregard at Harrisonburg, were built to impede Union progress on the Ouachita River. Union gunboats operating on the river attacked the fort on 10 May 1863, but inflicted little damage. Later, during September 1863, the Confederates at Fort Beauregard battled the Union on the 4th-5th and again on the 12th and 15th. The 17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment participated in the attacks. The Confederates abandoned the fort during September 1863, after spiking the guns and inflicting much damage. Not to be confused with Fort Beauregard (Fort Proctor) in St. Bernard Parish.

Fort Bourgogne / LOUISIANA Fort Beauregard (St. Bernard Parish)— See Fort Proctor. Not to be confused with Fort Beauregard (Catahoula Parish). Fort Berwick— The Confederates established an earthen forti-fication known as Fort Berwick in St. Mary’s Parish during the summer of 1861. The post was located in close proximity to Brashear, City. The exact location of the post is unknown. Fort Berwick worked in conjunction with Fort Chene, which was located in the vicinity of Mossy Point, also in St. Mary’s Parish. Fort Berwick was abandoned during April 1862. The fort was temporarily regained by the Confederates during the following year, when Brashear City was taken, but within several weeks it was again abandoned. See also Fort Chene. Fort Bisland— The Confederates established Fort Bisland (Bethel Place) in western Louisiana in the vicinity of Patterson, St. Mary’s Parish. The Confederates established a line of fortifications in the vicinity of Bayou Teche that stretched along a primary route between Centerville and Pattersonville. The batteries included one at Cornay’s Bridge, slightly below Fort Bisland. Headquarters for the defenders was in the vicinity of the Bisland Plantation. During April 1863, Union forces under General Nathaniel Banks attacked the Confederate positions. The Confederates for awhile repelled the assaults (April 12th–13th), but Union forces landed at Irish Bend to strike from the flank, prompting the Confederates to abandon the fort and the line. The Union forces under General Banks had departed Brashear City (Forts Brashear and Buchanan) to launch the offensive, which had Alexandria as a primary target. The Confederates under General Richard Taylor and Thomas Green were compelled to retire, but within a few months Green would be sent back to attack the Union at Brashear. See also Fort Brashear. Fort Blanc— Fort Blanc was established in about 1806 at what became Fort Blanc Bayou in Jefferson Parish. The fort was apparently a colonists’ fort. There is some confusion as to who established the fort. Some sources believed it was the Blanc family, which held prominence during the period and owned much property. Other sources list the land as belonging to a Joseph Perrilliat at Barataria Bay. There is no indication that any military forces were ever involved with the fort. Fort Bourbon— Fort Bourbon was established across (west bank) the Mississippi River from Fort St. Philip about 1793–1794 and completed by the spring of 1794. The fort sustained damage from a nasty storm during the summer of 1795, which caused the Spanish to relocate it to a nearby position. The post was rebuilt a short distance away on the opposite side of the bayou; however, during 1796, another storm whipped through the region and inflicted severe damage. Repairs were made and the fort was modified, including elevating parts of it, including the parapet and the parade grounds. Several pieces of artillery were also deployed in an effort to coordinate with Fort St. Philip in the event of an enemy vessel. The purpose of the post was to push an approaching adversarial vessel into a position from which it would be trapped in a crossfire. By the time the Americans assumed control of the region during 1803, the fort was in poor condition and when the U.S. actually arrived there during 1807, it seemed beyond repair. The U.S. decided to establish a new fort in the area. The War of 1812 followed, delaying the construction of a fort, which came to be known as Fort Jackson. It too, was constructed on the west side of the Mississippi River, but closer to a bend on the river. Fort Bourgogne— The French established Fort Bourgogne (known also as Fort Burgundy) during the early 1700s as one of a series of forts built to defend New Orleans. The post passed to the Spanish during 1766 and they retained possession until 1803. At that time, the Americans gained control of Louisiana by purchase from France

LOUISIANA / Fort Brashear and assumed control of the forts in the area of New Orleans during 1805. The post was afterward dismantled by the Americans. Fort Bourgogne was one of the Vieux Carre Forts, located in the French Quarter, and known as the Upstream Bastion of New Orleans. The other forts in the group included Fort St. Charles, Fort St. Ferdinand, Fort St. Jean and Fort St. Louis. See also New Orleans. Fort Brashear— Fort Brashear, also known as Fort Star, was established by the Union during 1862 in the vicinity of Brashear City (later Morgan City), St. Mary Parish. The fort held a dominating position near the mouth of the Atchafalaya and at the entrance to Bayou Teche. The Union earlier attempted to gain Brashear during 1862, but failed. During January 1863, after some heated fighting, the city was seized. In addition to constructing Fort Brashear, the Union also built Fort Buchanan in Brashear (Morgan City). By April more than 15,000 Union troops were at Fort Brashear. During June 1863, Confederates attacked and captured the fort, defended by elements of the 114th and 117th New York Regiments, the 23rd Connecticut Regiment, the 42nd Massachusetts Regiment and the 21st Indiana Regiment. The Confederates sustained less than 10 casualties, but inflicted a severe defeat upon the Union, which sustained 46 killed and 40 wounded in addition to about 300 captured or missing. Word spread about Union reinforcements heading to the area and recently promoted Brigadier General Thomas Green was compelled to abandon the area. General Green was killed the following year at Blair’s Landing (12 April) by a shell from a Union gunboat. Following the Confederate victory and subsequent abandonment of St. Mary’s Parish by the Confederates, the region remained relatively tranquil for the remainder of the war. The site of Fort Brashear is located in Morgan City near Highway 90. See also Fort Buchanan. Fort Buchanan— Fort Buchanan was established in Brashear (later Morgan City) by the Union during 1862. It was captured during June 1863 by the Confederates under Brigadier General Thomas Green; however, the Confederates later abandoned the post upon word that Union reinforcements were en route from New Orleans. The post was named in honor of a Union naval captain, Thomas McKean Buchanan. See also Fort Brashear. Fort Buhlow— Fort Buhlow was established along the Red River north of Alexandria (Rapides Parish) during 1864 by the Confederates. The fort stood about 500 yards from Confederate Fort Randolph, which also was part of the plan to prevent a Union advance (third Union Red River Valley invasion). Fort Buhlow was located in the vicinity of Pineville at the Red River of U.S. Highway 71. The Union seized Forts Buhlow and Randolph during 1865, but no fighting occurred. The forts were relinquished during early June, 1865. The fort’s artillery placements remain visible. The forts, Buhlow and Randolph, stood about 500 yards from one another. Fort Burgundy— See Fort Bourgogne. Fort Burton— Fort Burton, a battery with two older siege guns, was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Butte la Rose during 1861. The fort was seized by the Union on 20 April 1862. U.S. warships, including the Arizona, Clifton and Calhoun, supported the Union ground troops, about four companies strong. The fall of Fort Burton provided Admiral Farragut with an opportunity to gain further advantage. The Union warships were able to bypass Port Hudson and advance across Atchafalaya Bay to enter the Atchafalaya River which would carry the flotillas and squadrons to the Mississippi and Red Rivers, and to the river of the same name connecting the gulf with the Red and Mississippi Rivers. Fort Bute— Fort Bute, known also as Fort Manchac, a star-shaped fort, was established by the English about 1764 along the Amite

158 River at Bayou Manchac. During the summer of 1764, Fort Bute was attacked by an Indian war party. The British abandoned the post and moved to New Orleans. Later, during October, the British returned and reconstructed the fort. The fort was garrisoned until about 1768. Later, during 1778, it was reconstructed; however, by the following year, 1779, the fort was seized by the Spanish, subsequent to Spain’s entrance into the American War for Independence on the side of the Americans (May 1779). A Spanish force led by Governor Bernardo de Galvez moved against the British in Louisiana. Galvez captured the fort and its small garrison during early September 1779. The seizure occurred following Galvez being informed that Spain had entered the war on the side of the Americans. Meanwhile, the main body of British troops at the fort had moved to Baton Rouge. Only about 25 troops were at the post when it was seized by the Spanish. There were no guns there as the British removed them when they departed. Afterward, the Spanish moved against Baton Rouge, about 15 miles away. See also Fort New Richmond. Fort Butler (Grand Caillou Bayou)— The Union seized Confederate Fort Quitman, which was located in the vicinity of Grand Caillou Bayou. The Confederates established the fort during 1861. The Union seized the post during May 1862 after it was abandoned by the Confederates. The fort was renamed Fort Butler. The fort was also known as the Fort at (on) Grand Caillou. Not to be confused with Fort Butler (Donaldson). Fort Butler (Donaldsonville)— Fort Butler was established near Point Barrow at the convergence of Bayou La Fourche and the Mississippi River at Donaldsonville during 1862. During the following year, the Confederates took action to seize the fort, which was located between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The fort was commanded by Major Joseph D. Bullen and it was garrisoned by elements of the 28th Maine Volunteer Regiment; however, when attacked, some troops who were at the fort recuperating from wounds also supported the defense of the fort. On 31 May 1863, Confederates at various points across Louisiana received orders to form for the attack. The units of the first brigade included elements of the 4th, 5th and 7th Texas Mounted Volunteer Regiments, the 2nd Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, Waller’s Battalion and two artillery units, the Nichols Battery and the Valverde Battery. A second brigade included regiments under Baylor, and Gurley (30th Texas Partisan Rangers), Stone and Speight, bolstered by one artillery unit, Semmes Battery. The brigades were commanded by General Thomas Green and Colonel James Patrick Major. Colonel Major was promoted to brigadier general on 21 July 1863. The Confederates launched the assault during the early morning hours of 28 June, but by dawn it was apparent that the attack had been repulsed. The Confederates sustained about 40 killed, more than 100 wounded and about 150 captured or missing. The dead on both sides were placed in a common grave; however, following the conclusion of the conflict, the Union dead were reinterred at Chalmette National Cemetery. The Confederates were left in the common grave at Donaldsonville. Several other skirmishes occurred near Fort Butler, including Kock’s Plantation on 13 July 1863. Others included 8 February 1864 and 5 August 1864. In conjunction, occasionally, references are made to a Fort Barrow, but it seems as if the references actually refer to Fort Butler at Point Barrow. Not to be confused with Fort Butler (Grand Caillou Bayou). Fort Carroll— See Fort Humbug. Fort Charles— See Fort St. Charles. Fort Chef Menteur— See Fort Macomb. Fort Chene— The Confederates established Fort Chene, a battery, outside of Brashear City during 1861. The post contained a barracks

159 and it was partially bolstered by a stockade and a ditch. The post contained about five guns, but the Confederates there spiked them prior to evacuating the post. It was abandoned during April 1862. The Union seized the post after it was abandoned and retained a small contingent there. During the following year, the Confederates scored some temporary success and gained Brashear City for a short time. Fort Chene and nearby Fort Berwick were reoccupied by the Confederates, but shortly thereafter, the Confederates again abandoned it and the area. Fort Claiborne— Fort Claiborne (initially Camp Claiborne), named in honor of the territorial governor of Louisiana, William C.C. Claiborne, was established in Natchitoches during 1804. The fort remained continuously active until about 1819–1822 when Fort Jesup was established (1822). Fort Claiborne held responsibility for guarding the southwestern frontier in Louisiana. The post was also known as Post at Natchitoches (Natchitoches Parish). In conjunction, another post known as Camp Claiborne (initially known as Camp Evangeline) was established in Rapides Parish during the World War II period. Fort Concord— See Post (at or on) Concord. Fort Concordia— See Post (at or on) Concord. Fort Darby— See Dalacroix. Fort de la Boulaye— Fort de la Boulaye, known also as Fort Iberville (and also Fort Louisiana and Fort on the Mississippi), was established by the French near the mouth of the Mississippi in the vicinity of present-day Phoenix, Plaquemines Parish, during 1699. The fort was the initial fort established in present-day Louisiana. The post was abandoned during 1718 when the French established New Orleans. The exact location of the fort remains unknown. Fort DeRussy— Fort DeRussy, named in honor of Confederate colonel Lewis DeRussy (West Point class of 1814), was established dur-

Fort Desperate / LOUISIANA ing November 1862 by the Confederates along the south bank of the Red River channel, several miles north of present-day Marksville (Avoyelles Parish) on property at the time owned by Ludger Barbin. Colonel DeRussy was the ninety-sixth graduate of West Point. DeRussy’s brother, Rene, graduated from West Point during 1812 and was the eighty-ninth graduate. In conjunction, during 1813, only one man graduated from West Point, George Trescot. Ludger Barbin operated Barbin’s Landing, a busy port for steamboats. The Confederate-held fort, thought to be impregnable by the defenders, was attacked during March 1864. Union warships attached to Admiral Porter’s fleet moved along the Red River and closed on the target. Meanwhile, transports debarked elements of the Union XVI and XVII Corps (General Andrew Jackson Smith) at Simmsport on 12 March, while the XIII and XIV Corps under General Banks were advancing toward the fort by way of Berwick Bay and Bayou Teche. Contact was made with the Confederates on 13 March by Smith’s vanguard. On the following day, the Union seized the fort, defended by about 350 troops under Lieutenant Colonel William Byrd. Fort DeRussy gave the Union control of the Red River from Barbin’s Landing to Alexandria. The Union continued to execute the Red River Campaign and advanced toward Alexandria. During April, the Confederates dealt the Union a devastating loss at the Battle of Mansfield and on the following day, 9 April, the Confederates again attacked at Pleasant Hill, but the Union held and repelled the assault. The Confederates retired, but later that night, the Union began its withdrawal. During May, the Union burned Alexandria on 13 May; about the same time, the Union vessels, trapped because of a low water level on the river at Alexandria, were rescued by dams constructed by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Bailey. Two skirmishes were fought, one near Fort DeRussy on 16 May at Mansura and another at Yellow Bayou on 18 May. After the campaign, Fort DeRussy was not regarrisoned. During 1999, the fort site was donated to Louisiana and it became a Louisiana State Historic Site. Also, Colonel DeRussy, who succumbed on 17 December 1864 and was buried near Natchitoches, was reinterred at the fort.

The Union attacks and captures Fort DeRussy in Louisiana, on March 15, 1864 —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

Fort Desperate— Fort Desperate, in the vicinity of Zachary, was established by the Confederates in an effort to thwart the Union invasion of Port Hudson. Colonel Benjamin W. Johnson, commanding officer 15th Arkansas, supervised the construction, which continued despite Union artillery fire. The fort’s defenses were bolstered by several positions, including Artillery Ridge (seized 27 May 1863). Another position about 100 yards from the fort was also seized on 27 May; it was named Fort Babcock by the Union in honor of Lieutenant Colonel W. Babcock (75th N.Y. Infantry Regiment). Fort Desperate was also bolstered by the Alabama-Arkansas Redoubt, Bennett’s Redoubt, the Mississippi Redoubt and Commissary Hill. Follow-

LOUISIANA / Fort Detour a l’Anglais

160 Fort Hamilton— See Camp Hamilton.

Fort Humbug— Fort Humbug, initially known as Fort Turnbull, was established in Caddo Parish during December 1863 by the Confederates. It was constructed on the Red River just west of Simmesport near the junction of Bayou des Glaises and Yellow Bayou in close proximity to the borders with Arkansas and Texas. The fort was a chain of forts built there to defend Shreveport (Avoyelles County), the capital of Louisiana. Earthen works were stacked on the west bank of Yellow Bayou and at Bayou des Glaises; the troops fortified both banks, including rifle pits. Nonetheless, the fort was open to attack from several routes and it was positioned to allow encirclement. In addition, the southward flank faced a swamp which was usually nearly dry during March. Lacking sufficient armaments, the Confederates used burned logs in place of cannon as a ruse to forestall a Union attack. Elements of Scurry’s Brigade attached to Confederate general John George Walker’s Texas Infantry Division constructed the post. Its troops were spread far and wide, with some quartered on plantations such as Norton’s. The fort was completed by early March Confederate positions, at Port Hudson, Louisiana — March 1863 1863, but it was abandoned shortly thereafter during mid–March when faced with the approach of an overing the attack on 27 May, the Union was unable to seize the fort. whelming Union force under General Andrew Jackson Smith. The The Confederates held for nearly 50 days; however, after the fall of fort was destroyed by the Union during May 1863. The Union apVicksburg on 4 July 1863, the end was near. Port Hudson, includproach against Fort Humbug was part of the Red River Campaign, ing Fort Desperate, capitulated on 9 July. The siege cost the Union which would later fail. By May, the Union, which had been advancabout 500 killed, 2,500 wounded. The Confederates sustained about ing along the Red River, was thwarted by the Confederates. The 100 killed, 700 wounded and about 6,400 captured. Confederate Union retreated past the fort, which it destroyed on 18 May, the lieutenant colonel William Johnson was among the captured. Union identical day that the Battle of Yellow Bayou was fought. The fort general William T. Sherman and Colonel Charles Jackson Paine, apparently was never formally named and it is known by other names who commanded the 2nd Louisiana Negro Regiment, were wounded such as Fort Number 2 at Yellow Bayou, Fort Scurry, Camp on Bayou while leading an attack. The Confederate units defending the fort des Glaises, Fort Carroll, Fort Lafayette and Fort Taylor. Fort Humincluded the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment, 10th Arkansas Infantry bug can be visited at Fort Humbug Memorial Park in Shreveport. Regiment, the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Watson’s At present, the 1st Battalion 156th Armor is headquartered at Fort Louisiana Battery. The Union forces included the XIX Corps’ diviHumbug. The fort is in close proximity to Barksdale Air Force Base, sions of Generals Weitzel, Grover, Augur and Dwight, all of which which is part of the U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command and the were attached to General Banks’ Army of the Gulf. Naval forces headquarters of the U.S. 2nd Air Force. The remains of Fort Humunder Admiral David Farragut also participated. The Port Hudson bug can also be seen from Yellow Bayou Memorial Park, which is the State Historic Site is located off U.S. Highway 61 about 30 miles site of the Battle of Yellow Bayou (also known as the Battle of Nornorth of Baton Rouge. wood’s Plantation) which was fought on 18 May and halted the Red River Campaign. Also, several other forts were established by the Fort Detour a l’Anglais— Fort Detour a l’Anglais was established by Confederates to protect Shreveport. They included Fort Jenkins, the French during the 1700s at English Turn in the vicinity of New which guarded the western approaches to the city; Fort Smith at Orleans about 1722, but batteries were not established. Later, a post Bossier City on the eastern bank of the Red River; and Fort Albert was planned and set up by De Verges during 1748, but not garrisoned Sidney Johnston, which was located to the north of the city. In aduntil 1754. The Spanish assumed control of the area during the 1760s dition, the Confederates placed a large number of batteries at variand the fort became known as Fort St. Leon. Fort St. Marie was esous points in and around the city. The site of Fort Jenkins is today tablished by the French on the opposite bank of the Mississippi River the Schumpert Medical Center. The site of Fort Smith is at the at about the same time. The post was abandoned during 1792. Later, grounds of present-day Bossier High School. The site of Fort Albert the post was rebuilt by the Americans during 1808. The Americans, Sidney Johnston lies under the streets of a section of Shreveport too, named the post Fort St. Leon. See also Fort St. Leon. known as north Allendale. Fort Ferdinand— See Fort St. Ferdinand. Fort Iberville— See Fort de la Boulaye. Fort Galveztown— See Galveztown. Fort Isla Real Catolica de San Carlos— See Fort Balise. Fort Graham— During the spring of 1779, the British established Fort Jackson— Fort Jackson was established along the Mississippi Fort Graham in West Florida along the Amite River near where it River about 70 miles south of New Orleans at Port Sulphur near Triconverged with the Iberville River (present-day Bayou Manchoc). umph in Plaquemines Parish during 1832. The fort stood in close The post was abandoned about August of that same year. However, proximity to Fort St. Philip, built by the Spanish on the opposite some troops were still at the post during the following month, when bank of the river during 1761. Work was started on the fort during Spanish forces arrived there and captured a small contingent of about 1814, but English pressure (War of 1812) forced a delay. The fort was 10 troopers.

161 constructed in close proximity to Fort Bourbon, which had been established by the Spanish as a sister fort of Fort St. Philip. In conjunction, it was also near the site of an earthworks fort, Fort Burgundy (Fort Bourgogne), which had earlier been built by the French. The fort was seized by the Confederates during 1861 and regained by the Union during 1862 following a 10-day siege. Later, during the Spanish-American War and during World War I, the post was used as a training base. Batteries established there included Battery Ransom (1899–1918, two 8-inch DC) and Battery Millar (1901–1920, two 3-inch MP). Fort Jackson, named in honor of Andrew Jackson and located off Highway 23, was made a national monument during 1961. See also Fort Bourbon and Fort St. Philip. Fort Jenkins— See Fort Humbug. Fort Jesup— Fort Jesup was established by Lieutenant Colonel (later President) Zachary Taylor during 1822 in the vicinity of Many (Sabine Parish). Elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry formed the initial garrison. The fort was named in honor of General Thomas Sidney Jesup. During the following year, Cantonment Taylor was constructed at a nearby location to bolster the fort and the army’s presence in the region along the southwestern frontier. The fort remained active until 1846, and was used frequently during 1845 by troops who were en route to Texas as the country moved toward war with Mexico. While the fort was active, a camp known as Camp Wilkins was either in the fort complex or in close proximity to accommodate troops that arrived there during 1844–1845. The fort was abandoned at a time when a border post there was no longer required. Fort Jesup is now a Louisiana State Historical Site located on State Highway 2 about 5–6 miles east of Many. Fort John M. Morgan— See Camp Parapet. Fort La Balize— See Fort Balise. Fort la Pointe Coupee— Fort la Pointe Coupee was established during 1717, by the French under Bienville. The fort (Poste de Pointe Coupee) was along the Fause River (actually, the stream has turned into a large, closed, horseshoe-shaped lake) in Pointe Coupee Parish across the Mississippi River from St. Francisville. The site of the fort was later called Waterloo. Subsequently, during 1722, the fort

Fort Necessity / LOUISIANA was relocated to a spot close to the ferry running to St. Francisville. According to records of Pointe Coupee Parish, the fort was near a Fort St. Joseph, an outpost, established about 1716. The Spanish later gained the region and Galvez created the Pointe Coupee Militia which included many troops, including Creoles and Indians as well as French and Spanish. When Spain entered the war on the side of the Americans during 1779, Spanish governor Bernaldo Galvez used the fort to attack the British. The militia at Pointe Coupee led by Carlos de Grand Pre seized British posts on the Amite River and at Thompson’s Creek. The Spanish, under Galvez, drove the British from such places as Baton Rouge, Natchez and Mobile. By 1782, the Spanish were pushing the British from Pensacola. The region came under U.S. control subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase about 1805. The post was used for just a few years. Fort Lafayette— See Fort Humbug. Fort les Oumas— Fort les Oumas (also Fort St. Jean and later Fort St. John) was initially established by the French in about 1708. It was the first fort at New Orleans and was located near Lake Pontchartrain. See Fort St. Jean 1. Fort Livingston— Fort Livingston was established at the Barataria Pass on Grand Terre Island between Barataria and Caminada Bays, on one side and on the other by the Gulf of Mexico. The post was to be another part of the defense of New Orleans. In conjunction, Barataria was earlier used by pirates, some of whom fought with the Americans to defend New Orleans during the War of 1812. The U.S. forced the pirates to abandon the island during 1814; however, the post was not constructed until 1841. The fort was not at any time engaged in any hostilities. It was deactivated during 1893. In conjunction, during the twentieth century (WWII), a new fortification known as Camp Livingston (initially known as Camp Tioga) was established in Louisiana at a place north of Alexandria. Fort Louisiana— See Fort de la Boulaye. Fort Macomb— Fort Macomb, initially Fort Wood, was established by the U.S. Army in Orleans Parish during the period 1815–1822 as one of a series of forts to defend New Orleans. Fort Macomb was located along present-day Highway 90 at Chef Menteur Pass about 10 miles from Fort Pike. The fort was surrendered to the Confederates during January 1861, but the Union regained it during 1862. The fort remained active until about 1867. Fort Macomb was located near the site of an old fort known as Fort Chef Menteur or Post at Chef Menteur. Fort Manchac— See Fort Bute. Fort Miro— Fort Miro, initially called Post of Ouachita, a trading post, was established by the French in present-day Monroe (Ouachita Parish) during 1790. It was completed during the following year and stood where the courthouse stands at present. The fort was renamed Fort Miro in honor of New Orleans’ Spanish governor, Don Estefan Miro. It was commanded by Commandant Joseph de la Baume. The Frenchmen who established the post had earlier received a grant from Spain’s King Charles X. Fort Miro became a town during 1805.

Fort Jesup Louisiana — Photograph Ft. Jesup, Louisiana, State Historical Site

Fort Necessity— Fort Necessity was not a military fort. It is also known as Boeuf

LOUISIANA / Fort New Richmond Prairie. In addition, there was no fighting in Fort Necessity during the Civil War; however, some Union forces did arrive there. Fort New Madrid— See Fort St. Jean 1. Fort New Richmond— The British established Fort New Richmond (also known as Baton Rouge Redoubt and Post at Baton Rouge) subsequent to the close of the French and Indian War, during 1763. The British post was captured during 1779 by a Spanish force led by Galvez and supported by Acadians and Indians. Galvez initially took Fort Bute on 7 September, and afterward he moved against and captured Fort New Richmond on 21 September 1779. The fort was more strongly defended than Fort Bute, but the Spanish succeeded in convincing the British that the attack would come from the woods. While the British directed their artillery at the anticipated point of attack, the Spanish, using surprise, struck the British from the rear. The fort’s commander, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dickson, attempted to repel the assault without success. The sole battle that occurred in Baton Rouge during the war became a victory for the Spanish. The Spanish renamed the post Fort San Carlos. Spain used the American cause to further her own cause, to regain Spanish Florida from the British. After the fall of Baton Rouge, the British capitulated at their outpost in Natchez. Galvez afterward focused on Pensacola, Florida. See also Fort Bute and Fort San Carlos. Fort Number 2— See Fort Humbug. Fort of Our Lady of Pilar at the Adaes— See Los Adaes Post. Fort on the Yellow Bayou— See Fort Humbug. Fort Petites Coquilles— Fort Petites Coquilles was established by the French in the vicinity of New Orleans during 1793. Subsequent to the War of 1812, the Americans reconstructed the fort during 1815 and renamed it Fort at the Rigolets (later Fort Pike). During 1827, the fort was relocated. See Fort Pike. Fort Pike— Fort Pike was established during 1819 when Fort at the Rigolets (formerly Fort Petites Coquilles) was reconstructed and relocated at a point from which it could defend Rigolets Pass and the approaches from Lake Ponchartrain to New Orleans. On 14 January 1861, the post was seized by Confederates (state troops). New Or-

162 leans was regained by the Union during April 1862. The fort, named in honor of General Zebulon Pike, remained active until 1871. The fort has been preserved and is open to the public. It is located near Slidell on Highway 11 in St. Tammany Parish. For more information: Fort Pike State Historic Site, Route 6, Box 194, New Orleans, Louisiana 70129. This fort, situated on U.S. 190, approximately 22 miles east of New Orleans, was constructed immediately following the War of 1812 to defend New Orleans’ water channels. Fort Proctor— Fort Proctor, also known as Fort Beauregard, was established in St. Bernard Parish in the vicinity of Shell Beach on Lake Borgne. The post was one of a series of forts intended to defend New Orleans. The fort was established during the 1850s, but it was never completed. The land was acquired during 1856. The area was struck by a hurricane that damaged the fort and then the outbreak of the Civil War caused it to be abandoned. Construction was halted during 1858. The fort was constructed in the form of a castle tower and it was to hold about eight guns and be composed of three stories with a height of more than 40 feet. The fort was not a primary installation during the Civil War. The Confederates did construct a battery at nearby Proctorsville, about one mile from the pier. Other forts built to defend the city of New Orleans included Fort Massachusetts on Ship Island (actually in Mississippi), and Fort Livingston on Barataria Island where the pirate Jean Lafitte had his headquarters when he assisted Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812. In conjunction, the fort was officially known as the Tower at Proctor’s Landing. The construction was under the supervision of Major Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (later a full-rank Confederate general), who resigned his commission to join the Confederacy. Another officer engaged in the construction project was Lieutenant Godfrey Weitzel, who became a Union general. Subsequent to the Union regaining control of New Orleans during 1862, Weitzel returned to the city and was second in command to General Nathaniel Banks. Access to the fort site is by boat only. See also New Orleans. Fort Quitman— See Fort Butler (Grand Caillou Bayou). Not to be confused with Fort Butler (Donaldsonville). Fort Randolph— Fort Randolph was established by Confederate captain C.M. Randolph near Pineville during October 1864 to forestall a third Union advance against Shreveport. The fort and another, Fort Buhlow, were in close proximity to each other, but neither came under attack. On 2 June 1865, Union troops under General Philip Sheridan occupied the fort, subsequent to the surrender of the Confederate troops in Louisiana. Fort Randolph was located south of the O.K. Allen bridge on U.S. Highway 71. In conjunction, Sheridan’s command also occupied Fort Buhlow.

Fort Pike Louisiana — Photograph Ft. Jesup, Louisiana, State Historical Site

Fort St. Charles (San Carlos)— Fort St. Charles was established by the French during the 1750s. It remained under French control until 1765 when the Spanish gained control of New Orleans. Under Spanish control, the post also became known as Fort San Carlos. During 1803, the fort came under American control after the U.S. acquired Louisiana from France. The post remained active until 1821. Later, during 1835, a U.S. mint was established there on the 400 block of Esplanade in the French Quarter. The Union regained New Orleans during April 1862. At the mint, a southerner, William Mumford, ripped the

163 U.S. flag from its staff and dishonored it. He was caught and afterward hanged for treason upon the orders of General Butler. Other fortifications known as the Vieux Carre Forts in the area included Fort Bourgogne (also Fort Burgundy), Fort St. Ferdinand, Fort St. Jean (Fort St. John) and Fort St. Louis. The Vieux Carre Forts were located in the French Quarter, and known as the Upstream Bastion of New Orleans. See also New Orleans. Fort St. Ferdinand— Fort St. Ferdinand was originally built by the French as a New Orleans fort. The French controlled New Orleans from 1708 until 1765. Afterward, the Spanish controlled New Orleans until 1803. At that time, the Spanish were preparing to transfer New Orleans to the French; however, the U.S. acquired Louisiana from the French and took control from the Spanish during 1803. The post was afterward dismantled by the Americans during 1805. Fort St. Ferdinand was considered as one of the Vieux Carre Forts, which were located in the French Quarter and referred to as the Upstream Bastion of New Orleans. The others in the group included Fort Bourgogne (Fort Burgundy); Fort St. Charles; Fort St. Jean and Fort St. Louis. The post, Fort St. Ferdinand, was located at Beauregard Square. See also New Orleans. Fort St. (San) Gabriel— Fort St. Gabriel de Manchak was established in present-day St. James Parish near Bayou Manchak (Iberville River) where it converges with the Mississippi River in about 1766–1767. The fort was constructed with the help of settlers, primarily Germans, who had arrived from Maryland. The Spanish also constructed a church (St. Gabriel) during 1769 which was the initial church in Louisiana. More families, primarily Germans and Acadian, would arrive during 1769; however, en route, they went off course and were detained by the Spanish in Texas. By 1771, the Spanish checked the fort and discovered two settler families were living there. The Spaniards made preparations to relocate the settlers and fortify the fort. Fort St. Jean (Natichitoches)— See Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches. Not to be confused with Fort St. Jean 1 or 2 in New Orleans (also known as Fort St. John (2), New Orleans). Fort St. Jean 1— Fort St. Jean was initially French Fort les Oumas and also known as Fort San Juan del Bayou (Spanish) and Fort New Madrid. Later, it was known as Fort St. John (1). The post was initially established by the French during the 1700s in about 1708. It was the first fort at New Orleans and was located near Lake Pontchartrain. The Spanish gained the fort during 1779 after joining with the Americans against the British during the American Revolution. During 1795, the Americans became concerned about Spain’s actions in Tennessee after they established a fort in U.S. territory. President Washington became incensed and directed General Anthony Wayne to inform the Spanish governor at Fort New Madrid to cease and desist. On 2 October 1795, an American military contingent arrived at the Spanish fort under a white flag to deliver the message to Governor Gayoso. It read: “You have thus made usurpation in the territory of the United States and built a fort (Fort Ferdinand or Fort San Fernando de Barrancas at Memphis) therein.” The Spanish reacted quickly and on the same day informed the Americans that they would not usurp U.S. territory.

Fort St. Joseph / LOUISIANA Nonetheless, the Spanish did not evacuate the post at Memphis until nearly two years later, during 1797. Afterward, the Spanish returned to their territory in Arkansas. The Americans gained Fort St. Jean during 1808 and renamed it Fort St. John. The fort was built to hold the entrance to New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain. The site of the fort is between Robert E. Lee and Lakeshore, in New Orleans (Orleans Parish). The fort was also known as Spanish Fort, Fort New Madrid, Fort Jean 1, and Fort Pontchartrain. See also New Orleans. Not to be confused with Fort St. Jean (Natchitoches) or with Fort St. Jean 2 in New Orleans. See also New Orleans and Fort Adams, Tennessee. Fort St. Jean 2— The French established Fort St. Jean in New Orleans near present-day North Rampart and Barracks Streets. Like Fort St. Jean (1), formerly Fort les Oumas, when it was acquired by the Americans, it, too, became known as Fort St. John (2). The fort was in close proximity to Fort St. Jean (1), Fort Bourgogne and Fort St. Ferdinand, located at Beauregard Square. The fort was intentionally dismantled during 1805 by the Americans. Not to be confused with Fort St. Jean (Natchitoches) or Fort St. Jean 1. Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches— Fort St. Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches was established by Sieur Charles Claude Dutisne during 1716 at Natchitoches. The fort was built by the French as a buffer against Spanish encroachment from Texas. French Marines garrisoned the fort until 1763 when the English assumed control of the region. The English later, during 1778, reconstructed the fort and renamed it Fort Panmure. Subsequently, the Spanish reclaimed the area during 1779 and controlled the fort until the Americans assumed control during 1798. Under U.S. control the fort became known as Fort St. John (Natchitoches Parish). The fort is now a state historic site. Not to be confused with Fort St. Jean or Fort St. John in New Orleans. Fort St. John (1)— See Fort St. Jean (1), New Orleans. Fort St. John (2)— See Fort St. Jean (2), New Orleans. Fort St. Joseph— The French established a small post about 15 miles from Fort la Pointe Coupee. The outpost was located in close prox-

Fort St. Jean Baptiste, Louisiana — Photograph Ft. Jesup, Louisiana, State Historical Site

LOUISIANA / Fort St. Leon imity to land which was inhabited by Tunica Indians. It is not known exactly when the post was abandoned. See also Fort la Pointe Coupee. In conjunction, not to be confused with St. Joseph (Tensas Parish). Fort St. Leon— The French established a post (Fort Detour a l’Anglais) in the vicinity of River Road in Belle Chase (Plaquemines Parish) during 1754. The Spanish assumed control of the fort during the 1760s and it became known as Fort St. Leon. The post was abandoned during 1792. Subsequently, during 1808, the fort was rebuilt by the Americans to defend New Orleans and it was again called Fort St. Leon. During the Civil War, the Confederates controlled the area; however, a naval force under Admiral David Farragut destroyed the fort during the 1862 campaign to seize New Orleans. Fort St. Louis— Fort St. Louis was established by the French under Bienville at New Orleans during 1717. Following severe losses at Natchez (Fort Rosalie) during 1729, the fortifications at New Orleans were bolstered and New Orleans became the capital of Louisiana, which at the time held about 4,000 French and nearly 2,000 Negroes. The post passed to the Spanish during 1766 and remained under Spanish control until 1803 when the U.S. acquired Louisiana from the French. The post was abandoned subsequent to the War of 1812. Later, a U.S. customs house was built at the site of the abandoned fort during 1848. During the Civil War, after the Union regained New Orleans (1862), General Butler used the customs house as his headquarters. The customs house at 423 Canal Street in New Orleans’ French Quarter is still active. The Union hospital in New Orleans was known as St. Louis General Hospital, but its exact location is unknown. Also, Fort St. Louis was one of the Vieux Carre Forts, which were located in the French Quarter and known as the Upstream Bastion of New Orleans. Other forts in the group included Fort Bourgogne (Burgundy); Fort St. Charles; Fort St. Ferdinand and Fort St. Jean. See also New Orleans. Fort St. Luis— See Fort St. Louis. Fort St. Marie— The French, during 1746, established Fort St. Marie along the east bank of the Mississippi River in the vicinity of English Turn and in close proximity to Fort St. Leon on the opposite bank of the river. Fort St. Marie held about 21 guns and worked together with Fort St. Leon, which contained just under 20 guns. By the early 1760s, both forts were in bad condition. See also Fort St. Leon. Fort St. Philip— Fort San Felipe (known also as Fort Plaquemine and Fort Ste. Philippe), a battery, was established by the Spanish during 1792 and completed during the following year. The fort was located about 70 miles below New Orleans. The French previously controlled the region, but there is no evidence that they ever erected a fort there. However, the French fortifications (Fort St. Marie and Fort St. Leon) were at English Turn. The fort was composed partially of brick and contained barracks and a parapet that reached a thickness of just under 20 feet with the entrance provided by a drawbridge. The barracks (two) were able to quarter several hundred troops; however, the garrison was usually only at about one-third of its capacity. The fort was in an area that was prone to severe storms and it was struck during 1793 and 1794 by horrific hurricanes. During December 1803, the fort changed hands twice, initially during the early part of the month when it was transferred from the Spanish to the French and afterward, on 20 December, when the French in turn transferred it to the U.S. In conjunction, the territory (Louisiana) had been acquired by the French from the Spanish; however, Napoleon sold the territory to the United States. The Spanish fortified the post with just under 25 guns. At the time, Napoleon realized his chances of taking advantage in the United States had vanished and he was apparently concerned that the English might oth-

164 erwise get the territory. That, coupled with his apparent need for funds, prompted the sale of the Louisiana Territory. The U.S. initiated construction at the site of the fort during 1808 and referred to the fort as Fort St. Philip. The Americans erected the fort atop and around the previous fortification. Twenty-four guns were deployed there in a complex built of brick that encompassed a perimeter that was about 240 feet by 360 feet, the latter in length. Like the Spanish, the Americans soon faced the elements. During 1812, yet another devastating hurricane swept through the region and inflicted severe damage to the post. Structures were damaged and the storm toppled trees which fell into the protective ditches, which permitted water to overwhelm the post. Nevertheless, the post was not totally destroyed and remained active during the ongoing conflict (War of 1812). Although the post was retained and not abandoned, work to repair it was essentially suspended from 1813 until the following year. During December 1815, Andrew Jackson arrived at the post and directed that two batteries be built in support of the dilapidated post. In the meantime, a British naval squadron arrived during early January, which caused the battery being constructed on the opposite bank of the river to be aborted and there is no evidence that the battery on the west side above the fort was ever finished. Following the close of hostilities the fort was garrisoned without interruption, but major work did not get reinitiated until the 1840s. During the years just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, the fort was undergoing modifications and the project was overseen by future Confederate general Pierre G. T. Beauregard. Much of the construction was focused on repairs to damages sustained during yet another hurricane that struck during 1854. Nonetheless, by 1858, funds were diminished and the construction was suspended. On 11 January 1861, the post was seized by Confederates (state troops). Beauregard had already departed to join the Confederacy. The fort was unoccupied except for a caretaker when it was taken over by the Confederates. At about the same time, the Confederates were seizing all U.S. fortifications in Louisiana, including nearby Fort Jackson. On the same day, the Confederates seized the U.S. Marine Corps’ hospital in New Orleans. New Orleans was regained by the Union during April 1862. Fort St. Philip, which at the time contained slightly more than 50 guns, was regained by the Union during the latter part of April 1862 when the garrison capitulated. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, work again began to repair and expand the fort and to modernize its weaponry. During the 1870s, large platforms were constructed to accommodate 15-inch guns and more modern magazines were constructed. However, during the 1880s, the fort, most of the time, was essentially unmanned. However, construction continued. During the 1890s into the Spanish-American War period (1898), again the post was modernized with concrete platforms in place of earlier ones which were built of lumber and concrete. In conjunction, barracks were established above and below the fort and in addition a mess hall and officers’ quarters were built above the fort. Most of the project was finished by 1908. Later, during 1918, more construction was begun and during World War I just under 14 new structures were completed at the fort which included barracks, a small hospital facility and a mess hall. Batteries there included Battery Brooke (1904–1920, two 3-inch MP). The battery was named in honor of Lieutenant Francis J. Brooke (West Point class of 1826, Cadet No. 460), who was killed during the Second Seminole Indian War in Florida on Christmas Day 1837. Battery Forse (1899–1918, two 8inch DC) was named in honor of Major Albert Gallatin Forse (West Point class of 1865, Cadet No. 2074). Major Forse was killed during the Spanish-American War in the fighting near San Juan Hill on 1 July 1898. Battery Merrill (1907–1920, four 6-inch P) was named in honor of Captain Moses Emory Merrill (West Point class of 1826, Cadet No. 465), who was killed during the Mexican War at the Battle of Molino Del Rey, Mexico, on 8 September 1847. Battery Pike

165 (1898–1919, two 10-inch Breech Loaded Rifles DC) was named in honor of General Zebulon Pike, who was killed during the War of 1812 while engaged against the British in Canada during the spring of 1813. Battery Ridgeley (1899–1913, two 4.7” A Rapid Fire Guns) was named in honor of Lieutenant Henderson Ridgeley (4th U.S. Infantry), who was killed during the autumn of 1847 (Mexican War) while fighting in Mexico. Battery Scott (1901–1920, two 3-inch MP) was named in honor of Lieutenant Richard Scott (U.S. 7th Infantry), who was killed during the First Seminole Indian War while fighting in Florida during November 1817. Also, an unnamed battery was at Fort St. Philip from 1898 through 1899; it contained two 8-inch Rodman guns. Some archives noted Fort St. Philip as “Old Spanish Fort.” Subsequent to the close of the Spanish-American War, Fort St. Philip was transformed into a support post of Jackson Barracks (Fort Jackson). Fort St. Philip remained active throughout World War I and was later abandoned during 1922, at the same time Fort Jackson was deactivated. Fort St. Philip had a cemetery in close proximity to the fort and more than 350 people, many of whom were unknown, were interred there, including some who had been transferred from graves near Fort Jackson. Subsequently, the remains of all those at the Fort St. Philip Cemetery were relocated and reinterred at Chalmette National Cemetery. Fort St. Philippe— See Fort St. Philip. Fort San Carlos (Baton Rouge)— Fort San Carlos came under British control following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, during 1763. The British controlled Baton Rouge and the post was known as Post at Baton Rouge until 1779 when it was seized by the Spanish. After the Spanish seized Baton Rouge, the fort was renamed Fort San Carlos. Don Pedro Jose Favrot became commandant of the post under the command of Don Carlos de Grand Pre, the commandant of Baton Rouge. The inhabitants of Baton Rouge, subsequent to Spanish takeover, were informed that they had to either depart Baton Rouge or swear allegiance to the king of Spain. Following the termination of the American Revolution, the Spanish, who had assisted the U.S., became less than friendly. By the mid–1780s, Spain severed traffic on the Mississippi River, blocking traffic from the Midwest to New Orleans. The river was reopened during the mid–1790s, but by the early 1800s, circumstances changed as Spain returned western Louisiana and New Orleans to the French (Napoleon Bonaparte). In the meantime, the Spanish rebuilt the fort in about 1799. In turn, France sold the land to the U.S., but Baton Rouge was not considered by the Spanish to have been included in the Louisiana Purchase. During the summer of 1804, a small party of Americans moved out of the Mississippi Territory to seize Baton Rouge. A Spanish outpost near St. Francisville was seized, but the Spanish drove the party (led by Sam and Nathan Kemper) out of the area before they could take Fort San Carlos. Subsequently, during 1808, Baton Rouge’s commandant was called back to Spain. He was succeeded by Don Carlos de Hault de Lassus, who lacked the skills of his predecessor. By September 1810, the feelings about Spanish rule had reached a zenith and a militia force took action. On 22 September 1810, a convention was formed and Don Carlos de Hault de Lassus was deposed while the group also declared independence from Spain. The militia on the following day, 23 September, moved against and seized by surprise Fort San Carlos prior to dawn. The victorious militia even raised a new flag, which was to signify the Republic of West Florida. Fulwar Skipwith served as the president of the temporary republic; however, he soon after became governor of the state of Western Florida. President James Madison issued a proclamation on 27 October 1810 directing governor the Orleans territorial governor, C.C. Claiborne, to take possession of West Florida up to the Perdido River. Afterward, things moved quickly. The Stars and Stripes was hoisted at St. Francisville on 7 December 1810 and

Franklin / LOUISIANA several days later, on 10 December, Old Glory was hoisted at Baton Rouge, and Fort San Carlos again became Baton Rouge. See also Fort New Richmond and Pentagon Barracks. Fort San Carlos (New Orleans)— See Fort St. Charles. Not to be confused with Fort San Carlos (Baton Rouge). Fort San Felipe— See Fort (at) Plaquemine. Fort San Juan del Bayo— See Fort St. Jean 1. Fort San Louis de Natchez— The French established Fort San Louis de Natchez during 1765 in the vicinity of Vidalia. The French, after appraising British strength at Natchez, concluded that Fort San Louis was required to protect their interests. Some Acadians who intended to resettle in Illinois instead were sent to Fort San Louis during 1765. They had arrived from camps in Halifax. The fort was abandoned in about 1769. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the Union deployed troops in the vicinity of Bullet Bayou near Vidalia. Fort Scurry— See Fort Humbug. Fort Selden— Fort Selden was established by the U.S. Army during 1816 in the vicinity of Grande Encore in Natchitoches Parish. The post was occupied through 1817. Subsequently, during 1819, it was again garrisoned until 1822. While an active post, the garrison held responsibility for protecting that region of the southwestern frontier, including Bayou Pierre and the Red River. Also, for awhile, General Edmund P. Gaines, who commanded the Western Department, made his headquarters at Fort Selden. The site of Fort Selden is located north of Natchitoches off Highway 6 in the vicinity of the Grand Encore bridge. Fort Smith— Fort Smith was established at Bossier City to bolster the forts at Shreveport against a Union advance. Fort Smith was built on the east bank of the Red River. See also Fort Humbug. Fort Star— See Fort Brashear. Fort Tigouyou— The Spanish established an outpost at a place known as Tigouyou in the vicinity of New Orleans during the mid1770s. A hurricane struck the region during 7–10 October 1778 and wiped out everything there. During that same storm, other places destroyed included Balize and Bayou St. John. All buildings at the individual places were destroyed. Fort Turnbull— See Fort Humbug. Fort Villere— See Camp Bienvenu. Fort Wood— Fort Wood was established near New Orleans during 1815. See Fort Macomb. Fort Williams— See Pentagon Barracks. Fortress Morganza— The Union Army under General Banks, following the unsuccessful Red River Campaign, established camp at Morganza (Morganzia), Pointe Coupee Parish, during 1864. The troops remained there until the conclusion of the conflict. In conjunction, earlier, the Battle of Stirling’s Plantation had been fought near there during September 1863, while the Union was advancing from Morganza along Bayou Fordoche. Franklin— The Confederates established defensive positions at Franklin during 1861. Later, during April 1863, the Union launched an attack against Confederate-held Fort Bisland. On 13–14 April, Union contingents landed in the vicinity of Franklin and after heated skirmishing compelled the Confederates to disengage. The Union later deployed troops in the region (St. Mary’s Parish). Subsequent to the close of hostilities (Reconstruction Period), the U.S. also deployed forces at Franklin sporadically as late as the 1870s. The military presence there was referred to at times as the Post at Franklin.

LOUISIANA / Galveztown Galveztown— During 1777, a directive arrived from the Spanish crown instructing the Spaniards in Louisiana to undertake a project of recruiting militia from the Canary Islands. The king’s directive stipulated that each volunteer was permitted to bring his wife and family to the Spanish province of Louisiana. The specific reason for bringing in militia was to protect the Spanish interests with regard to the various regions and waterways leading to the Gulf of Mexico. The influx of volunteers continued to arrive in Louisiana from the Canary Islands from 1778 through 1783. More than 2,000 troops were acquired. In addition to Galveztown (Ascension Parish), these militia troops bolstered defenses at other locations, including Barataria and San Bernardo. A fort was established there by the Spanish during the latter part of 1778, beginning with the construction of a barracks. During the following year, troops from Galveztown moved against the British positions across the Amite River and others there joined the advance against British-held Fort Bute and the English positions in Baton Rouge. The offensive action was subsequent to Spain officially siding with the Americans against the British (American Revolution). The Americans acquired the territory (Louisiana Purchase) during 1863, but by that time the defenses at Galvezton had deteriorated and the Americans concluded that a post there was unnecessary. A temporary position was established there during the War of 1812, during the latter part of the conflict when the British threatened New Orleans. German Coast Settlement— During the 1720s, an entourage of Catholic Germans arrived to establish a settlement in what became known as the German Coast (La Cote des Allemands) in St. John the Baptist Parish. The settlement there was known as Karistein (later known as Lucy) and was the second permanent colony in Louisiana. Other settlements followed. The leader of the settlers was D’Arensbourg. His grandson ( Jacques Villere) became the second governor of the state of Louisiana. A defensive settler’s fort was established there at an unknown location (there were more than five stockaded settlements in the region) during 1729, subsequent to the turbulence with the Indians and what is remembered as the Massacre at Natchez. In conjunction, the settlers had erected a Catholic church there during 1722, prior to erecting their fort. Although the area was known as the German Coast, it was French territory until 1768, when the Spanish acquired it. During the French control a small military post was constructed there about 1748–1750. It is not known when the fort was abandoned; however, the Spanish did maintain it as an outpost for an unknown time. About 1751, the settlers there learned of sugar from the Jesuits and afterward sugar became a prime industry in southern Louisiana. By about 1768, the Acadians (emigrants from Nova Scotia) began to arrive in the area and they became known as Cajuns. The Cajuns also established a settlement in southern Louisiana (present-day Wallace). Both the early German arrivals and the Cajuns from Acadia were strongly Catholic. In conjunction, the Acadians had been expelled from Nova Scotia. Although the cultures of the Germans and the Cajuns were different, the identical religion brought them together and they essentially joined, with the French culture more or less dominating, including the language. Subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase (1803), Louisiana became a state during 1812; however, earlier, during 1807, the Louisiana Territory was divided into 12 counties, one of which was German Coast. Later, Louisiana was divided into 18 parishes, which placed German Coast into St. John the Baptist Parish. Grande Ecore— During 1863, the Confederates fortified Grande Ecore, which was located slightly outside Natchitoches, in an effort to prevent Union passage along the Red River. The fortifications were later, during September of that year, abandoned. During the following year, the Union planned its Red River Campaign to gain Shreveport. General Banks used Grand Ecore as headquarters, but

166 the campaign failed. Also, while the Confederates manned the defenses there, the Union and Confederates clashed twice in the vicinity of Natchitoches, on 31 March and 19 April 1863. Following the unsuccessful offensive to gain Shreveport, the Union pulled back to Alexandria. Also, subsequent to the close of hostilities, the Union did temporarily establish a post at Grande Ecore which was garrisoned from the spring of 1868 until the early part of the following year. Greenville Barracks— The Union established positions in Greenville, now a part of New Orleans. The barracks there, known as Greenville Barracks and as Sedgwick (Sedgewick) Barracks, were used by Union infantry troops from summer of 1864; however, artillery units were also there. In addition, the U.S. Cavalry established a training camp at Greeenville during that same year. Subsequent to the conclusion of the war, during the occupation period, the U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry was organized at the camp (1866). Greenwell Springs— See Camp at Greenwell Springs. Highland Stockade— During the Union occupation of Baton Rouge, a fortification known as Highland Stockade was established slightly more than five miles outside and below the city. Units there included cavalry during 1864. A bed and breakfast is now located at the site, along Highland Road. The Highland Stockade Site (East Baton Rouge Parish) was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during the year 2000. Jackson Barracks— During 1833, the U.S. began to acquire land in New Orleans to establish a post which would act also as a supply depot to maintain other forts along the river that had been established subsequent to the close of the War of 1812. The U.S. Army established the Jackson Barracks in New Orleans below the French Quarter during 1834–1835 to accommodate soldiers posted at various stations in the area along the Mississippi River. By 1837, a powder magazine was also built there. New Orleans was abandoned by U.S. forces during 1861; but the city was regained during April of the following year. The post remained active during the twentieth century and was used to detain German POWs. The Jackson Barracks Military Museum is now located in the former Powder Magazine. The post is also used by the Louisiana National Guard. Jean Lafitte Park— See Chalmette Battlefield. Lafayette Square— The Connecticut 12th Volunteer Regiment established a camp at Lafayette Square in New Orleans in the vicinity of present-day Gallier Hall and the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Afterwards, on 5 May 1862, the regiment moved to the vicinity of Carrollton and occupied Confederate Fort John Morgan, which was renamed Camp Parapet by the Union. Lake Providence— The Union deployed troops in the vicinity of Lake Providence, which at the time was in Carrollton Parish. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, during what was known as the Reconstruction Period, troops were again deployed there sporadically, including 1866 and 1868. Los Adaes Post— Los Adaes Post was established by the Spanish in the vicinity of present-day Robeline during the early 1700s, in about 1716. The post served several purposes, including Spain’s desire to display the strength of New Spain (later Mexico) in Louisiana. The post was for awhile (1729) the capital of Texas. The French were encouraged by a Franciscan priest to establish the post and a mission near East Texas. The Spaniards rebuilt abandoned forts and they also reestablished missions in the region of East Texas, one of which was Mission San Miguel. The Post at Adaes, also known as the Fort of Our Lady of Pilar at the Adaes (Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes), was built during 1719 due to fears of a French attack from Natchitoches. The post was abandoned during 1773. For more

167 information: Los Adaes State Historic Site, 6354 Highway 485, Robeline, Louisiana 71449. The fort was located between Fort Jesup and Fort St. Jean Baptiste. Madisonville Navy Yard— The U.S. established a navy yard in the vicinity of Madisonville (initially known as Cokie) during the early 1800s. The navy yard was located along the Tchefuncta River. It remained active during the War of 1812. The exact site of the post is unknown. During the conflict, soldiers were also deployed at the post. Manning’s Plantation— The Union deployed troops at several plantations in the vicinity of New Orleans, including Manning’s and Doyal’s. Units of the New York 11th Volunteer Cavalry Regiment were scattered at various plantations after the regiment arrived in New Orleans aboard the steamer Thomas A. Scott during March of 1864. The troops at Doyal’s Plantation were apparently caught off guard during August of that same year when Confederate cavalry attacked and captured a large number of troops. Mansfield State Commemorative Area— For more information, write to Route 2, Box 252, Mansfield, LA 71052. Open 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. daily and Sunday —1 to 5 P.M. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Year’s. The admission fee is nominal. This historic landmark is located approximately 4 miles south of Mansfield on State Highway 175. A small Confederate cemetery is located in the vicinity of the battlefield. The museum is the place to start for it provides an electric map, explaining the Civil War campaign in this area, including the Battle of Sabine Crossroads. Martello Castle— See Dupre Tower. New Iberia— During the period when Spain controlled Louisiana, toward the latter part of the 1790s, an outpost was established at New Iberia. During the Civil War, there was no fighting there; however, at the close of hostilities, troops were deployed there during the initial stages of the Reconstruction Period. Troops remained there for several years. New Orleans— New Orleans was held by the French from 1708 until 1765 when Louisiana reverted to the Spanish, who retained it until 1800, when it was transferred to the French under Napoleon. At the time, Napoleon had plans to conquer Haiti and from there land French forces in Louisiana, but the schedule was sidelined. Spain actually remained in control of Louisiana until 1803. During January 1802, Napoleon’s forces invaded Santo Domingo, Haiti, to regain control of that country, which had been seized by former slaves of the French colony led by Toussaint L’Ouverture. Napoleon, using a temporary truce with England to his advantage, expected his brother, LeClerc Bonaparte, to quickly overwhelm the opposition. In concert with the invasion, Napoleon also directed General Claude Victor, in Holland, to raise an army for the purpose of landing in Louisiana. Santo Domingo was to be the French capital in the Western Hemisphere and New Orleans the conduit to handle and process the sugar crops of Santo Domingo. French plans to occupy U.S. mainland territory went astray when an epidemic struck Haiti. Yellow fever, by September, had wiped out thousands of troops, including about 4,000 during the month of September. The resistance of the former slaves, combined with the fever, forced Napoleon to forestall his plans for placing a strong French army in Louisiana. In addition, nature took a toll on Europe and the harbor at Holland froze over during January and February 1803, which prevented Napoleon’s forces from embarking for Haiti. Once the ice broke, a ravaging storm struck, again preventing the French fleet from sailing. In the meantime, Napoleon was informed that his brother, LeClerc, had succumbed from the fever. Consequently, Napoleon’s plans were aborted. Afterward, the U.S. acquired Louisiana by purchase from

New Orleans / LOUISIANA Napoleon and it was American troops who assumed control of New Orleans rather than the French, whom the Spanish were initially expecting. During the War of 1812, New Orleans was defended by the Americans against a British attack (see Chalmette Battlefield). The Americans prevailed at the Battle of New Orleans, which actually occurred after the war had ended. During the period spent in preparing the city, a series of barracks were constructed to hold the influx of troops. The barracks were referred to as the Powder Magazine Barracks and also as the Algiers Barracks. The barracks were abandoned several years after the close of the war. The U.S. Army remained in New Orleans until 1861, when the Civil War was erupting. On 10 January 1861, the Confederates began seizing federal installations, including the arsenal at Baton Rouge and Fort Jackson, located below New Orleans. On 14 January, Fort Pike was seized. Soon after, on 26 January, Louisiana seceded from the Union and on 31 January, the U.S. mint and the customs house at New Orleans were seized. While the Confederates bolstered their defenses at New Orleans, taking advantage of the various posts there, the Union began its initial action to retake the strategic port of New Orleans. On 26 May 1861, a Union warship, the Brooklyn, moved into position and blockaded the port. In conjunction, another naval blockade was established at Mobile. By mid–April 1862, a massive Union force gathered off Ship Island, Mississippi in preparation for the campaign to seize New Orleans. On 20 April, the warships of Admiral David Farragut arrived off Confederate-held Forts Jackson and St. Philip and initiated a bombardment. Within a few days, the armada sailed past the forts and entered New Orleans harbor on 24 April. The warships devastated the Confederate battery at Chalmette and on the 25th, the city was occupied after it was abandoned by the Confederates. The Stars and Stripes was rehoisted over the quarantine building by a contingent of U.S. Marines. Meanwhile, Fort Jackson refused to believe the city had fallen and the garrison there and at Fort St. Philip continued to resist. By 27 April, reinforcements under General Benjamin Butler arrived in New Orleans to maintain order and guarantee control of the city. With the fall of New Orleans, the Union also regained the barracks there (known as New Orleans Barracks and as Jackson Barracks), Fort Livingston, Fort Pike, Fort Quitman and Fort Wood. The Confederates surrendered Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip to forces under Commodore David Porter on 28 April. New Orleans was held for the duration of the war by the Union. Also, the area in the vicinity of New Orleans had contained many forts and camps of French, Spanish and American origin. They included (New Orleans French Forts): Fort Bourgogne (later Fort Burgundy), Fort Ferdinand, Fort les Oumas (also known as Spanish Fort, Fort St. John 1 and as Fort Ponchartrain), Fort St. Charles, Fort St. Louis, and Fort Detour a l’Anglais (later U.S. Fort St. Leon). (New Orleans Spanish Forts): In addition to utilizing the French forts, other included Fort San Juan del Bayo (also known as Spanish Fort), which was originally French Fort St. Jean (1). (New Orleans U.S. Forts): The Americans also used the previously established forts of both the French and the Spanish including Fort St. John (1 and 2), Fort St. Ferdinand, Fort Burgundy, Fort St. Louis and Fort St. Charles. In addition, Fort St. Leon was established during 1814 on the site of Fort Detour a L’Anglais. Others included Battery Bienvenue at Bayou Bien, Tower du Pre and Fort Proctor. The Union established a line of defenses on the east side of the Mississippi River in Jefferson Parish at fortifications previously established by the Confederates and referred to as Fort John Morgan. Once the Union secured the line, the name was changed to Camp Parapet. In conjunction, the occupation of New Orleans continued beyond the termination of the Civil War. U.S. troops maintained occupation forces there until 1877 when the Reconstruction period there was terminated. New Orleans Barracks— See Jackson Barracks.

LOUISIANA / Niblett’s Bluff Fort Niblett’s Bluff Fort— Confederates under Captain George O’Bryant established a camp during 1863 at Niblett’s Bluff near the Sabine River at a point between New Orleans and Texas, less than 10 miles from Orange, Texas. Some sections of the original breastworks still remain. Also, the area had earlier been used by pirates as a hideout. The site is now part of Niblett’s Bluff Park along Highway 90, which was, during the colonial days, a major route (Old Spanish Trail) for the Spanish while traveling from Louisiana into Texas. Subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase, the region was part of the neutral zone that separated U.S. territory from Spanish territory. In conjunction, a small Confederate cemetery is located in the area and commemorated by a historical marker. The unmarked gravesites are of a group of Confederate troops (Texans) who succumbed there during an epidemic. Old Spanish Fort— Old Spanish Fort was a name sometimes used for Fort St. Philip. See Fort St. Philip. Opelousas Post— Opelousas Post (Poste des Opelousas), a trading post, was established by the French about 1740 in present-day St. Landry Parish. The post was able to deal with those traveling between New Orleans and Natchitoches. The French named the post after the Opelousas Indians who inhabited the region. The French concluded that the post would be a deterrent against the Spanish and the British, who also coveted the land they designated “La Louisianne” in honor of King Louis XIII’s wife, Queen Anne. About 1763–1764, following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, Louisiana passed from the French to the Spanish and later during 1800, France again received the territory. During 1803, the French sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. and by 1804, the U.S. gained Opelousa Post, which was manned for several years. Opelousa Post, under the Spanish, became a military post. The Opelousas Post became the city of Opelousa in St. Landry Parish, the latter named after the Catholic church established at the French trading post. At about the time of the War of 1812, Louisiana became a state (30 March 1812). During the Civil War, subsequent to the Union’s occupation of Baton Rouge, Opelousa became for awhile the capital of Louisiana. Parapet Line— See Camp Parapet. Pentagon Barracks— The U.S. Army established a post known as Pentagon Barracks at Baton Rouge subsequent to the war of 1812, where the British initially established a fort (Fort New Richmond) during 1779. The Spanish, afterward, used the site and established Fort San Carlos there. By 1810, a rebellion erupted there and a group led by Bernardo de Galvez seized control of Baton Rouge and proclaimed a new republic, the Republic of West Florida. However, on 10 December 1810, the U.S. Army arrived and the area was immediately transferred to the U.S., terminating the short life of the new republic. U.S. forces utilized the post during the Creek War (1813–1814) and for a jump-off point for sending troops to support Andrew Jackson against the British at New Orleans. Subsequent to the conclusion of the War of 1812, the U.S. maintained the post and by about 1819, new construction was begun to modernize and fortify the post. The project, which continued until 1823, included new barracks and an arsenal. Later, during 1825, four two-story brick buildings were erected. Originally there were five barracks which were to form a pentagon structure. The post was abandoned during 1861. The Confederates controlled Baton Rouge during 1861 and a small garrison of artillerymen under Captain Joseph Haskins was compelled to turn the fort over to state troops. The Union returned during May 1862 and regained the city. The Union then renamed the post Fort Williams in honor of General Thomas Williams (West Point class of 1837), who was killed during August 1862, defending the city against a Confederate attack. The Union retained

168 Baton Rouge for the duration of the conflict. Subsequently, during the 1880s, the Louisiana Legislature provided use of the buildings for the Louisiana State University and by 1886 the university acquired the property of the fort site. The Pentagon Barracks is now used by several entities, including the offices of the lieutenant governor of Louisiana. A museum (formerly a magazine that was built during 1838) is also located there as well as a visitors’ center. See also Fort New Richmond, Fort San Carlos (Baton Rouge) and Pentagon Barracks. Phillipon Tower— See Dupre Tower. Post at Attakapas— During the 1760s, the French maintained a garrison at Attakapas near St. Martinsville. Later, when the Spanish held control, they too deployed a garrison there. The place was little more than a remote outpost. The Americans established an outpost at Attakapas during 1804. The post was garrisoned by the Americans only sporadically until 1818. Post at Baton Rouge— See Fort New Richmond, Fort San Carlos (Baton Rouge) and Pentagon Barracks. Post at Chef Menteur— See Fort Macomb. Post (at or on) Concord— During 1798, the Spanish governor general of Louisiana, Baron de Carondelet, granted several tracts, which were located in what became Concordia Parish, to Don Jose Vidal. The place there, known as Concordia, was across the river from Natchez where the French had earlier established Fort Rosalie. The land grants included a stipulation that a settler’s fort was to be constructed there. The fort became known as the Post at New Concordia and the Post at Concord. Earlier, about 1716, a small outpost and a settlement were located there but were not able to sustain themselves. Subsequently, during January 1804, the territory there was transferred to the U.S. and a ceremony, which included people from Natchez, was held at the post. Afterward, the U.S. concluded that Concordia (Concord) was not suitable for a post. At the time of the transfer to the U.S., there were still no government buildings in the area and the government house actually was Vidal’s residence. Post (at) Franklin— See Franklin. Post (at) Galveztown— See Galveztown. Post at Lake Pontchartrain— During February 1779, Spain acknowledged the independence of the American colonies. In conjunction, a Spanish force under Governor (Spanish Louisiana) Colonel Bernardo de Galvez initiated action to evict the English from the region around the southern Mississippi. He seized the Post at Lake Pontchartrain (New Orleans area) and other forts between there and Baton Rouge. However, the victory was not assured. While his flotilla of 14 ships was en route to Baton Rouge, a terrible storm appeared and nearly every vessel was lost. Undaunted, the Spanish recovered guns from the destroyed ships and established land positions from which to bombard the English-held fort and force capitulation. Post at Ouachita— See Fort Miro. Post at Pointe Coupee— See Fort la Pointe Coupee. Post at St. Martinsville— St. Martinsville was a place of strategic value to the French and the Spanish. During their respective periods of control of the region, each maintained garrisons there; however, it is not known whether or not forts were constructed there. St. Martinsville was also used by federal troops during the Reconstruction Period between 1873 and 1877. Units there included elements of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment and contingents of the U.S. 19th Infantry Regiment. Poste at Opelousas— See Opelousas Post.

169 Poste des Opelousas— See Opelousas Post. Powder Magazine Barracks— During the War of 1812, upon orders of General James Wilkinson, barracks were constructed at Algiers during January 1813. Sixteen barracks were to be constructed and each was to be built to a size of 27 feet by 70 feet and each was to contain a porch. The barracks were to provide quarters for a contingent of volunteers from Tennessee who were en route to New Orleans. Of the 16 barracks, four would be used as a post hospital. In addition, the construction project was to include a mess hall (kitchen). Meanwhile, the Tennesseans were held at Natchez, Mississippi. Later, during December 1813, the militia was ordered into service by the governor (Claiborne) on the request of General Thomas Flournoy. A call was made for 1,000 troops, but in New Orleans the militia essentially ignored the call. Nonetheless, about 500 troops from other sections of Louisiana arrived at Algiers. The militia remained there until February 1813. Subsequently, a contingent of U.S. troops, the 44th Infantry Regiment, moved into Algiers during August 1814 and remained there to support General Andrew Jackson when New Orleans was threatened toward the latter part of the year. Following the Battle of New Orleans, the Algiers Barracks were used as a hospital. During 1817, Barracks were established at Baton Rouge. At that time, the War Department took steps to eliminate the Algiers Barracks and return the property to the owners. In conjunction, the land had been leased by the government. Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes— See Los Adaes Post. Proctor’s Landing Tower— See Fort Proctor. Proctorsville Battery— See Battery at Proctorsville. Rapides Post— The French are thought to have established an outpost there during the 1720s, but there is no absolute evidence to validate whether or not the post was built. The Spanish, too, are thought to have established a post there by the Grand Rapids along the Red River in Rapides Parish when they gained control of the territory. Subsequently, after the U.S. gained the territory from France, while the Spanish were still in the region, the Spanish transferred the post to the U.S. during 1804. St. Joseph— There were no forts established at St. Joseph (Tensas Parish) during the Civil War; however, troops were deployed there for a short while during 1868 (Reconstruction Period). St. Martinville— There is no evidence whether or not a fort was established at St. Martinville during the periods that either the French or Spanish controlled the region; however, both European powers deployed troops there at various times during their respective periods. No battles were recorded at St. Martinville during the Civil War; however, during the Reconstruction Period, U.S. troops were deployed there during the 1870s. Shreveport Arsenal— The Confederates established an arsenal at Shreveport and maintained it for the duration of the conflict. When Shreveport was occupied by the Union during 1865, the arsenal was still operational. The arsenal complex, located on what was known as Arsenal Hill, was composed of more than 70 acres. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, U.S. troops were eventually deployed there during the Reconstruction Period. The troops remained there from 1867 until 1876. Shreveport Confederate Navy Yard— The Confederates maintained a navy yard at Shreveport for the duration. Another Confederate naval facility, at New Orleans, fell during 1862. Union attempts to seize Shreveport failed. See also Fort Humbug, Louisiana, and Fort Esperanza, Texas. Thompson’s Creek Fort— The English established a fort in the

Young’s Point / LOUISIANA vicinity of another British fort, Post on the Amite River, during 1778. During the following year, Spanish militia bolstered by Creoles and Indians advanced from French Fort de Pointe Coupee and seized both English forts. See also Fort la Pointe Coupee. Tower at Proctor’s Landing— See Fort Proctor. Tower du Pre— See Dupre Tower. Vieux Carre Forts— The French by about 1721 designed a line of fortifications for New Orleans that were to be established to the rear of the St. Louis Cathedral, which faced the Mississippi River. The defensive line contained four corner bastions. None of the forti-fications remain standing; however, one building of the period, an Ursuline convent, has survived. Bienville, during 1726, transferred land to the Jesuits and they remained active there until 1763, when they were compelled to leave. The Jesuit properties were either sold or demolished. Later, on Good Friday 1788, a ravaging fire destroyed a large part of New Orleans. Afterward, the city was reconstructed and expanded and a new section was called Arrabal Santa Maria and a public square was made there. It is now known as Lafayette Square. At that time, the French constructed Fort San Louis along the river at a place between the older section and Arrabal Santa Maria. During 1794, the fort was damaged by fire and the magazine there exploded. The Vieux Carre Forts were located in the French Quarter, known as the Upstream Bastion of New Orleans. In addition to Fort St. Louis, the forts included Fort Bourgogne (Burgundy), Fort St. Charles; Fort St. Ferdinand and Fort St. Jean. In conjunction, during 1805, the city council of New Orleans authorized the destruction of the forts. Subsequently, during that same year, Governor Claiborne informed the mayor of New Orleans the forts were federal property, and in the same communication, Claiborne agreed that the forts, except Fort St. Charles and Fort St. Louis, could be dismantled. Winter Quarters Plantation— During spring of 1863, Union forces arrived in Louisiana (Tensas Parish) and established camp at a plantation known as Winter Quarters. The plantation began as a hunting lodge acquired by Job Routh during 1805 when he received a Spanish land grant. Subsequently, during the 1850s, relatives of Routh acquired the plantation and expanded it. At one time it was composed of more than 2,000 acres. Fifteen plantations were in the area near Lake St. Joseph, but when the Union troops departed, only Winter Quarters Plantation was spared. Apparently, the officers had notice in writing to spare the plantation, at the time owned by a doctor named Haller Nutt. However, later units that passed did much damage to some of the lesser structures on the plantation. The plantation was added to the National Register of Historical Places during 1978 and it is now designated a State Historical Site. For more information: Winter Quarters State Historic Site, Route 1, Box 91, Newellton, Louisiana 71357. The plantation is located less than 10 miles southeast of Newellton along State Highway 608 in close proximity to the Mississippi state line. From US 65, take Louisiana Route 4 East until the junction with State Highway 605 and make a right turn. Proceed about three miles and make a left-hand tun onto State Highway 608 and proceed about six miles to the entrance. Young’s Point— The Union established a temporary camp at Young’s Point during 1862. The encampment was along the Mississippi River in Madison Parish near Milliken’s Bend. The Union forces arrived there following the clash at Chickasaw Bayou (27–29 December 1862). General Grant established his temporary headquarters there and from the camp the Arkansas Post Expedition was launched. The post was also utilized by the naval forces under Admiral David Porter. During June, Confederates under General James Morrison Hawes (West Point class of 1845) moved against Young’s Point, but the march was tedious and their intelligence was inaccurate regarding the

170

MAINE / Alger’s Garrison forces at the Union positions. While the Confederates prepared to attack on 7 June, Union reinforcements arrived by vessels and the

attack was aborted. The Union was then able to retain the post without threat during the Vicksburg Campaign.

MAINE Abbott Garrison— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Agamenticus Trading Post— The English (Pilgrims) established a trading post during 1624 at what was called Agamenticus, which later became York. The site was selected by Ferdinando Gorges. During 1641, the settlement was given a city charter by Gorges. The colonists renamed it Gorgeana in his honor. During 1652, the town was renamed York by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Alger’s Garrison— Alger’s Garrison was established at Scarborough during 1651 by Andrew and Arthur Alger. The garrison house was the initial step creating a new settlement (Dunstan) at Scarborough. The Algers acquired about 1,000 acres from an Indian woman named Uphannum. She was the daughter of Wachwarreska, the sagamore of Owascoag, which was the Indian name for Scarborough. During 1658, Scarborough, named after Scarborough, England, was incorporated and included all the territory which was previously Black Point, Blue Point and Stratton’s Island. By the latter part of 1676, Indian attacks had devastated the region and large numbers of colonists had been killed or captured and dragged to Quebec by the French and their Indian allies. The town of Scarborough was completely abandoned by 1690 when hostilities with the Indians again erupted. The surviving colonists fled south to other more fortified settlements such as Portsmouth. The colonists returned during the early 1700s to again build a settlement at Scarborough. Andrews’ Fort— Andrews’ Fort was established by James Andrews at Cushing Island during the 1660s to defend against repeated Indian attacks in the region (Casco Bay area) at the time. Often, settlers from nearby islands flocked to Andrews’ Fort during times of trouble. Andrews’ Fort at times had a garrison of more than 100 troops. The fort was also active during the 1760s and beyond. During the Civil War, some of the fort remained usable. Other forts later built in the area to defend Portland included the more prominent Fort Gorges. Andrews Mitchell Garrison— The Andrews Mitchell Garrison was established in about 1722 at Kittery, according to town records. It may have been built earlier, but the initial records held by the town were noted during 1722. The log blockhouse contained one story and a loft. It was dismantled and placed in storage during the 1970s. The original site of the fort was on present-day Brave Boat Harbor Drive at Kittery Point in close proximity to the York County line. The fort is being reconstructed with supporters and volunteers in conjunction with the Kittery Historical and Naval Museum on Rogers Road. Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery (AMTB) 952— See Fort Foster (Kittery). Arrowsic Trading Post— The colonists (Puritans) established a trading post (Clarke and Lake Trading Post) during the 1600s on Arrowsic Island on the Asaonoa River. During King Philip’s War, the post was seized and destroyed by the Indians. The fort was well fortified; however, the Indians were able to get through the gate during August 1676. Several men were able to escape, but the remain-

der were killed by the Abernaki Indians. Subsequently, during 1717, the Puritans initiated a post there to convert the Indians. A peace treaty was signed at Arrowsic during 1717, however, the plan to acquire converts was unsuccessful and by 1721 the effort was abandoned. During the 1740s, it was proposed that a fort be built at Arrowsic Island; however, instead it was built at Hunniwell’s Point. Battery 205— See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Abbot— See Fort Lyon. Battery Acker— See Fort McKinley. Battery at Coxe’s Head (Wyman’s Bay)— See Black Point Fort. Battery (at) Little River— See Belfast Batteries. Battery at Minister Point— See Belfast Batteries. Battery (at) Schooner Head— See Frenchman Bay Batteries. Battery Bayard— See Fort Lyon. Battery Berry (or Battery on Gerrish’s Island)— See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Berry— See Fort McKinley, Maine. Battery Blair— See Fort Williams. Battery Bohlen—See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Bohlen (“B”)— Seward’s Point. See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Bowdoin— See Fort Levett. Battery Carpenter— See Fort McKinley. Battery Chapin— See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Chase— See Fort Preble. Battery Daniels— See Fort Levett. Battery DeHart— See Fort Williams. Battery Farry— See Fort McKinley. Battery Ferguson— See Fort Levett. Battery Foote— See Fort Levett. Battery Garesche— See Fort Williams. Battery on Gerrish’s Island (or Battery Berry)— See Fort Foster (Kittery). Battery Hobart— See Fort Williams. Battery Honeycutt— See Fort McKinley. Battery at Hunneywell Point— See Black Point Fort. Battery Ingalls— See Fort McKinley. Battery Kearny— See Fort Preble.

171 Battery Kendrick— See Fort Levett. Battery Keyes— See Fort Williams. Battery Mason— See Fort Preble. Battery Mason II— See Fort Preble. Battery (on) Egg Rock Island— See Frenchman Bay Batteries. Battery (on) Turtle Island— See Frenchman Bay Batteries. Battery Pasture— See Pepperell’s Garrison. Battery Ramsey— See Fort McKinley. Battery Rivardi— See Fort Preble. Battery Spring Point— See Fort Preble. Battery Sullivan— See Fort Williams. Battery Thompson— See Fort McKinley. Battery Weymouth— See Fort McKinley. Belfast Batteries— The U.S. (Union) Army established batteries at Belfast, Waldo County, during 1863 to protect against possible incursions by Confederate warships. At the time, the property on which Little River Battery was built was owned by Erastus Freeman, who acquired it during 1855. The batteries were constructed at Minister Point and on the opposite side of the bay at Little River at sites selected by Captain Thomas L. Casey, U.S. Corps of Engineers. Work on the project was contracted to a civilian company under the supervision of the engineers. The batteries contained a magazine and five gun emplacements, three 32-pound smooth-bore cannon and two 24-pound rifle cannon. Both batteries were completed by November 1863; however the magazines lacked ammunition until early January 1864. During June 1864, barracks were built for the troops. By December 1865, only three guns were at Little River Battery. At that time, they were relocated to Fort Knox, Maine. No structures remain. The sites of both batteries are on private property. The remains of Little River Battery are located off Route 1, at the end of a dirt road known as Battery Road near Belfast Bay. Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses— Settlers first arrived at what became Berwick during 1643. At the time it was known as Quampeagan by the Indians. Among the first to begin colonization were the following families: Chadbourne (Chadburn or Chadbourn), Frost, Heard, Shapleigh, Spencer, Broughton, Leader and Plaisted. During 1720 the settlement was stretched from the Quampeagan Falls and the Great Works River to Stair Falls and from there in a northeast direction slightly less than 10 miles to Bonnebeag Pond and Baker’s Spring, essentially becoming the boundary between York and Kittery. Several fortified houses emerged at Berwick prior to 1745, including the William Gerrish Blockhouse near Salmon Fall brook. Others included Key’s Garrison, located about one mile from Gerrish’s property. There was yet another on Pine Hill, which became known as Fort on Pine Hill (also known as Hamilton’s Garrison). In addition, Goodwin Blockhouse and Wentworth’s Blockhouse were erected there. Others included Tozer Garrison (also known as Old Garrison House), Goodwin’s Blockhouse, Frost Garrison, Hodgedon Garrison, John Mason House, Abbott Garrison, Spencer Garrison, and Holmes Garrison. Subsequently, during 1814, Berwick was divided into two parishes, Berwick and South Berwick. Black Point Fort— On 14 July 1658, Scarborough was incorporated. The order read in part: “That those places that were formerly called Black (Blacke) Point, Blew Point, Stratton’s Islands, thereto adjacent, shall henceforth be called by ye name of Scarborough.” During 1660, the title for Black Point was transferred to Joshua Scottow. Subsequently, about 1675, a fort was constructed at Black Point (Scarbor-

Boothbay Harbor Fort / MAINE ough). It has become known by several names, including Fort Scarborough, Black (Blacke) Point Fort, Scottow Fort, Josselyn (and Jocelyn) Fort and Prout’s Neck Fort. At the time, 1675, Maine was part of Massachusetts (Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England). During September 1675, Indians attacked Saco. Some settlers were killed, but recently established Phillips’ Garrison, commanded by Major Philipps, repulsed the assault. By the following month, militia from Massachusetts were ordered to move to Saco to bolster the area. In conjunction, at the time of the attack, the fort at Black Point was not garrisoned by seasoned troops, but rather by the workers of Captain Scottow and some settlers. The force had been insufficient to advance in relief of the defenders. Scottow was blamed by some for not sending aid to save the fort. To deal with the hostilities, Major Walderne deployed about 60 troops spread through about three fortified houses (forts) in the area including Saco, Falmouth and Scarborough at Forts (or fortified houses) Scottow, Sheldon and Foxwell respectively. Later, about 1681, another fort (known as Scottow’s Fort) was built at Black Point (Scarborough). That same year, the Reverends Blackman and George Burroughs arrived at the settlement. Burroughs was subsequently hanged on charges of witchcraft. By 1680, about 50 houses were at Blackpoint (Scarborough). By 1690, all were driven out by Indians. In conjunction, according to town records, the final house built was the Hunnewell House (1680). By about 1702, a new settlement was started at Scarborough. Later, a peace treaty was agreed upon. Nonetheless, the Hunnewell House, thought of as an outpost for Black Point (Scarborough), came under attack during autumn (6 October 1703). The Indians ambushed an unarmed party at a place now known as Massacre Pond. Richard Hunnewell (Hunniwell) and 18 others were slain while tending livestock. Afterward, the settlers abandoned the area. Government and settlements did not return to the area 1720. During that same year, Timothy Prout acquired Black Point, which became known as Prout’s Neck. Other fortified homes in the region included the Dunstan Garrison Houses in West Scarborough. At Dunstan, they included Alger’s Garrison (1670s), Burnham’s Garrison (1670s) at Blue Point, Roger Dearing’s Garrison (1710) at Oak Hill and Foxwell’s Fort (1670s). Another set of fortified blockhouses known as Eliot’s Garrison Houses included Watt’s Fort, Darby’s Fort, Leighton’s Fort and Frost’s Garrison. A plaque commemorating the Indian attacks that took place near Scarborough places the Hunneywell incident in 1713 rather than the correct date of 1703. In conjunction, Hunneywell, who built the house during 1673, married during 1674. The Hunneywell House, known also as the Old Red House, survived. It was relocated to a nearby site during the 1700s. During the early 1800s, it became a tavern, operated by Hunneywell’s grandson. Subsequently, during 1976, it was again moved to its present location at the intersection of Black Point Road and Winnock’s Neck Road in Scarborough. Also, as the town of Scarborough developed during the 1760s following the French and Indian War, it became a heavy shipping area outside of Boston, which stood about 160 miles distant. A primary road, known as King’s Highway, linked the two places by ground. Later, during the latter part of the 1790s, the Cumberland Turnpike (present-day U.S. 1) was created, primarily for the stage lines which ran between Portsmouth and Portland, beginning about 1787. Apparently there were an abundance of watering holes for both the horses and travelers along the route. Taverns were built about every mile on the pike. Boothbay Harbor Fort— At Boothbay Harbor, British (and later Scotch and Irish) colonists initially moved into the area during the 1600s, but due to the hostility of the Indians they were pushed out by about 1689. Subsequently, during 1729, the area was again settled, including Damariscove Island off Boothbay and at Newagen. By 1764, Boothbay was incorporated. During the American War for

MAINE / Brown’s Garrison Independence and during the War of 1812, the fur trappers, fishermen and other colonists served the American cause. Many participated as seamen on privateers. Others served locally to defend the harbor from British warships. Brown’s Garrison— Andrew Brown established Brown’s Garrison after he and another man, William Smith, acquired about 500 acres from the Lygonia government on 29 September 1651. The acreage was located east of Dunstan in the vicinity of Harmon’s Landing at Black Point (Scarborough). Another settler, Henry Watts, owned an adjacent property which also was about 500 acres. Watts’s property was transferred to Andrew Brown Jr., giving the Browns 1,000 acres. During the latter part of October 1675, 60 militia troops were dispatched to Brown’s Garrison by Captain Scottow to bolster it against an Indian attack. Soon after, by early November, more militia was rushed there due to Indian attack. Andrew Brown Sr.’s house was destroyed during 1675. By October 1676, he was living close to Black Point Fort at Scarborough. Brown petitioned the government for help as he had been unable to make a living. The petition noted his losses, including the loss of his houses being destroyed and his cattle killed. Brown got the relief from the government during July 1677 when he received 90 acres in the vicinity of Scarborough. For awhile, Andrew Brown was a tax collector. By about 1695–1696, he was living in Boston when he sold his property in Scarborough to his grandsons, John and Samuel Brown. Andrew Brown II was born about 1657. He set up his home near Oak Hill at Mill Creek. The property was sold to Robert Eliot during 1699. Earlier, during August 1696, Andrew Brown III purchased land on the north side of the York River from Henry and Sarah Wright of Boston. Property (about 150 acres) owned by Andrew in Scarborough was sold to George Vaughan. Brown also sold at about the same time, more than 170 acres to William Cotton, Sr. Meanwhile, Brown had built a garrison house in York near Cooper Lane, northeast of the York River. He lived there from 1697 until about 1713. Later, during 1717, Andrew moved to Saco where he acquired about 100 acres at Cape Porpoise. Afterwards, during 1719, Brown sold his property, including the garrison, to Diamond Sargent. Andrew also relocated to Arundel during 1719. During the following year, Brown purchased in partnership with Thomas Perkins about 50 acres at Montague’s Neck. Brown and Joseph Storer established a mill at Montague’s Neck, but by June 1721, Brown was recorded as sole proprietor. In conjunction, during 1936, a half-dollar commemorating York County was minted. It contained (rear of coin) the seal of York County and a depiction of Brown’s Garrison and the National Bank of Saco, an institution that stood at the site of the former fort during 1936. Brunswick Garrisons and Blockhouses— During the 1670s, a blockhouse known as Fort Dunning was established by the Dunning brothers, Andrew and Robert, both of whom were killed by Indians. Their names are on a present-day monument at Fort George in Brunswick. See also Fort George (Brunswick). Burnham’s Garrison— See Black Point Fort. Burton’s Fort— Burton’s Fort, known also as Fort Burton, was established by Captain Benjamin Burton during 1754 at Cushing (St. Georges region) The area came under English control (Plymouth Company) during 1616. At that time, the territory was split between the Plymouth Company and the London Company. During 1630, John Beauchamp out of Boston received a grant which was composed of about 30 square miles stretching from the sea and extending between the Muscongus and Penobscot Rivers. Subsequently, during the early 1700s, the grant was acquired by General Samuel Waldo. The region had been inhabited by the Wawennock tribe prior to 1616 when the Tattatine tribe arrived to vanquish them. The Indi-

172 ans called St. Georges by the name Secohquet. The Indians referred to Pleasant Point at Cushing as Sawquid. Burton actually arrived in Cushing about 1750–1751, but it was several years before he established his blockhouse at a time that coincided with the days preceding the French and Indian War. At Fort Burton, like many other settlements around the country, dogs were procured to aid in the defense against Indians. Burton acquired Newfoundland dogs which were trained to stay a distance from the party sufficient to prevent the Indians from ambushing the colonists. By the following year, 1755, war was declared also against the Indians in the region of eastern Maine, except for one tribe which remained friendly, the Tarratines. The fort was attacked by Indians on 5 June 1755. Five colonists were killed near the fort. During March 1756, the fort was again attacked, but it was repelled. Two defenders were killed and another was scalped. By June of that same year, war was officially declared by England against France. During 1757, the fort was commanded by Captain Thomas Bradbury and less than 40 men, but no attacks occurred. By the following year, the French and their Indian allies mounted a strong assault against the settlement at St. Georges. Afterward, the war wound down. Benjamin Burton remained at the fort, but later, after a disagreement with a Captain North, Burton departed during March for his “float” (anchored raft), but the river was frozen and he was unable to cross. He was later found dead (frozen to death) near the river. The exact date of Burton’s death is not certain as both 1762 and 1763 have been cited. See also Fort St. George (Thomaston). Buxton Powder House— The Buxton Powder House was established during the 1800s at Buxton Center. The site became a National Historic Site during 1976. Camden Forts— During the War of 1812, the British had seized various towns and forts in Maine, including Castine. At Camden, near Mt. Battie, steps were taken during 1814 to thwart a British attack. The citizens at Camden established two small forts, at Eaton’s Point (later Wayfarer) and at Jacob’s Point, the latter placed at present-day Bay View Street near Bay Road. The forts were hastily built in less than one week. Neither the forts, nor Camden, came under attack. Subsequently, during the 1930s, civilian camps were established in the area near Mt. Battie to accommodate the workers of the Civilian Conservation Corps, created through the president, F.D. Roosevelt, to assist the unemployed during the Depression. Later, during World War II, the abandoned camps were used by the U.S. Army in conjunction with the U.S. Coast Guard. The troops protected the town and the Coast Guard patrolled the waterways in search of enemy submarines. Cammock— Cammock (Black Point), later Prout’s Neck, was an early fortified settlement in the vicinity of Scarborough. It was established in conjunction with a land grant during the 1630s. It was the initial settlement at Scarborough, followed by the Black Point settlement which was located between the Saco and Spurwink Rivers. Another settlement of the time was known as Blue Point (later Pine Point), followed by a third, Dunstan. See also Black Point Fort. Camp Abraham Lincoln— Camp Abraham Lincoln was established during 1862 at Portland. It was abandoned during 1863. Camp Berry— Camp Berry was established at Cape Elizabeth during 1862. It was deactivated during 1863. Camp Butler— Camp Butler was established during 1861 at Cape Elizabeth. It was deactivated the same year. Camp Coburn— Camp Coburn was established at Augusta during 1863. It remained active until it was abandoned during 1865. Camp E.D. Keyes— Camp E.D. Keyes was established at Augusta during 1862. It was deactivated during 1864.

173 Camp in Maine— The Civil War camps located in Maine and listed below are those confirmed by the State of Maine Archives. It is possible that there were some other camps as research continues to search. For example, one camp not verified was Camp Beaufort in Augusta. There is no record of the camp; however, the archives contains a letter, which was written during 1861, by a soldier attached to the 13th Maine Volunteer Regiment. The soldier signed the letter only with initials. The letter is the only piece of information held by the State of Maine that mentions the camp. During the Civil War, as with many states, camps were hurriedly established on a temporary basis and often the troops would designate an unofficial name. Camp John Pope— Camp John Pope was established at Bangor during 1862. It was deactivated the same year. Camp Mason— Camp Mason was established at Portland during 1862. It was deactivated the same year. Casco Fort— See Fort New Casco. Chadbourn’s Garrison— See Chadbourne Garrison. Chadbourne Garrison— William Chadbourne, a carpenter by trade, arrived in Maine from England to work at Mason Hall, John Mason’s plantation at Kittery. William married Elizabeth Sparry Chadbourne while still in England. It is thought that he might have constructed the Great House (Mason’s). Some say that he built the house he built at present-day Berwick at Brattle and Vine Streets where another structure now stands. Later, one of William Chadbourne’s sons, Humphrey, arrived in Maine during 1631, followed by another son, William, who arrived in about 1634. In about 1643, Humphrey acquired land and established a garrison in Kittery. Humphrey succumbed during 1667. The estate was left to his oldest son, Humphrey, and his grandson, Humphrey III. At the time of the death of Humphrey Sr., his oldest son was only 14 years old. The will of Humphrey stipulated that Humphrey’s widow, Lucy, would control the property until his son came of age. Lucy remarried about 1669–1671. Her second husband was Thomas Wills, who earlier had been married to the daughter of Walter Abbott. The garrison was destroyed about 1690, during King William’s War. Chadburn’s Garrison— See Chadbourne Garrison. Cox Head Fort— See Fort at Cox’s Head. Cutt’s Garrison— See Whipple Garrison and Kittery Garrison Houses. Damariscotta Battery— See Fort Damariscotta. Darby’s Fort— See Black Point Fort. Dennett Garrison— The Dennett Garrison was built about 1710 as one of about 30–30 fortified houses at Kittery, Maine. See also Kittery Garrison Houses. Fort Allen— Fort Allen was established during 1814 at Portland in southern Maine by the militia. The fort remained active until several years after the close of hostilities (War of 1812). Fort Anawagen (or Newagen)— Colonists began to arrive in the area known as Cape Newagen during the 1600s. At the time, the area was inhabited by the Abenaki and the Wawenock tribes. Trappers and fishermen attempted to establish themselves, but by 1689 no settlers remained at Cape Newagen or other settlements including nearby Winnegance (later East Boothbay). See also Fort Damariscove. Fort Andrews— See Andrews’ Fort. Fort Andros— Fort Andros was established during 1688 on the Androscoggin River near the Great Falls in the vicinity of where

Fort Burrows / MAINE Brunswick was later established. The fort was destroyed by Indians during 1690. Subsequently, Fort George would be established near the site during 1715. See also Fort George (Brunswick). Fort (at) Augusta— A stone fort was established during 1716 in the vicinity of Hunneywell’s Beach at Small Point Harbor west of Fort Popham. The fort was erected by the Pejepscot proprietors, including Doctor Oliver Noyes, who was the principal backer and director of the fort. Noyes established a 100-foot-square structure at the growing fishing settlement known as Augusta. The fort was built atop the crest of a dominating hill slightly east of the shore and provided a strong defense against Indian attacks. Initially, troops were provided by the Massachusetts government to garrison the fort. A contingent under Captain John Penhallow remained there for awhile, but it was transferred to other locations. Afterward, the colonists formed the defense force. Later, about 1721, the fort and settlement were destroyed during an Indian attack (Lovewell’s War 1721–1725). Subsequently, during 1737, colonists again began to resettle the region. There is no official documentation to verify the name of the fort as Fort Augusta, but the fort did exist. Fort (at) Cox’s Head— The summit of Cox’s Head, about one mile from Parker’s Head, was fortified as an outpost during both the American Revolution and the War of 1812. The outpost was in close proximity to Fort Popham and the mouth of the Kennebec River. During 1814, when a British warship arrived in the area off Sequin Island, a volunteer referred to as “Maine’s Paul Revere” sped on horseback to Bath, a distance of more than 10 miles, to signal an imminent attack. At the time, the forces in the area were commanded by General William King, who later became Maine’s initial governor. Fort at Gorham— The initial colonists arrived in what would become Gorham (Gorhamtown), also known as Narragansett Number 7, during 1736, when Captain John Phinney acquired his 30-acre lot. About two years later, Hugh McClellan and Daniel Mosher arrived there, followed later by James Irish. During 1743, John Gorham built a sawmill on Fort Hill Road near Little River. That same year, the proprietors authorized the establishment of a fort, sometimes referred to as Fort Gorham. One hundred pounds was provided for the construction of the fort. Subsequently, during 1745, Indians destroyed the sawmill and the meetinghouse on Fort Hill Road, but the settlers were not attacked. During the following year, Indians attacked the settlement, which at the time contained only about 10 families as some chose to relocate due to the danger. Three colonists were killed and several were taken captive. The fort survived. By the following year the settlement was struck with an epidemic specified as black tongue. In conjunction, the disease referred to did not refer to the contemporary black tongue caused by such things as antibiotics or iron supplements; rather, it was a contagious disease that at times proved fatal. Militia troops were dispatched to bolster the fort during the crisis. Subsequent to the close of the French and Indian War, the settlers, during 1763, constructed a bridge across the Presumpscot River to link with the settlement at Windham and by the following year, more than 60 families were again at Gorham. A strong hurricane struck the settlement and others, including Cumberland, Falmouth and Windham, during 1767, inflicting much damage. Afterward, some settlers began fortifying their houses by building them with bricks. The first brick house in Gorham was the McClellan House on Fort Hill Road. Construction began during 1769 and was not completed until 1775. Fort Burrows— Fort Burrows, named in honor of Commander William Burrows, was established at Portland by militia. The fort remained active for several years after the close of hostilities (War of 1812). In conjunction, during the sea engagement off Pemaquid Point

MAINE / Fort Damariscotta between the HMS Boxer and the brig USS Enterprise, on 5 September 1813, Commander Burrows was killed. The British warship, Boxer, struck its colors and surrendered following a contest that lasted nearly one hour. Fort Burton— See Burton’s Fort. Fort Buxton— See Woodman’s Fort. Fort Castine— See Fort Madison. Fort Charles— See Fort Pemaquid. Fort Damariscotta— Fort Damariscotta, known also as Damariscotta Battery, was established along the Damariscotta River in the vicinity of Damariscotta opposite Newcastle about 1808–1809 while France and England were at war. At the time, there was fear in the U.S. that either the French or the British might threaten the U.S. Fort Edgecomb, been built during 1808, and other forts were constructed to protect the St. George, Damariscotta and Kennebec Rivers. War eventually came between the U.S. and Great Britain during 1812. The fort remained active until about 1818. Fort Damariscove— During the 1600s, about 1623, English fishermen began to settle Damariscove Island off Boothbay. It was at about the same time that Newagen was settled. Like Newagen, the settlers were driven out by Indians and the region was not again settled until the 1700s. During 1764, the settlement, which earlier had been thought of as Fort Damariscove, became known as Boothbay. During the American War for Independence and during the War of 1812, the men fortified the area to protect against British warships. In conjunction, the harbor at Boothbay was fortified. Subsequent to the Civil War, the area started to become a vacation area. In addition, shipyards emerged that produced warships during World War I and World War II. Fort Dayton— Fort Dayton, a truck house (trading post), was established in about the late 1720s near Union Falls on the Saco River at present-day Dayton by the Smith family. The trading post, about 15 miles from Kennebunk, was operated by Thomas Smith’s father. Thomas was the minister and pastor of Falmouth’s (later Portland) First Parish Church. Thomas participated with the trading post by backing trappers and providing supplies for scalp bounty hunters (scouts). According to the “Journals of the Reverend Thomas Smith and the Reverend Samuel Deane,” published during 1849, Smith backed the bounty hunters for “profit and patriotism.” Fort Edgecomb— Fort Edgecomb was established in the vicinity of Wiscasset during 1808 at North Edgecomb located on the southern end of Davis Island, on the Sheepscot River, and Decker’s Narrows, a river passage between North Edgecomb and Westport Island. Several other forts were established in the region to protect the St. George’s and Kennebec Rivers during a period when it was thought that the U.S. might come under attack by either the French or the British, both of whom were at war. The fort was in close proximity to Wicasset, which had a large deep-water port less than 15 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Fort Edgecomb was one of seven forts authorized by the secretary of war, Henry Dearborn, to be constructed to protect the coastline of Maine during 1808. The fort contained an octagonal (eight-sided) blockhouse (two stories), officers’ quarters, barracks, magazine and a watchtower. Artillery pieces were located on the second story of the fort and at other strategic spots, including the water’s edge. The fort’s artillery was placed where it could fire across both rivers, designated as the Front River and the Back River, protected by the east and west bastions respectively. The historical records are unclear on the exact amount and type of guns at the fort, but it is certain that the two batteries at the water contained six pieces, four of which were 18-pounders. Later, during the

174 War of 1812, a post (Fort MacDonough) was established during 1814 by volunteers at Wiscasset on Westport Island at Clough’s Point. Fort MacDonough was designed to work in support of Fort Edgecomb and concentrate its fire with Fort Edgecomb to form a crossfire against any British warship that approached the area. During June 1814, a British warship advanced to the mouth of the Sheepscot River and debarked a force which used barges to move to Fowles Point, about four miles below the fort. The militia at the outpost abandoned it and the British seized two artillery pieces, but they were later retrieved when militia troops from Fort MacDonough arrived at Fowles Point to secure the fort. Fort Edgecomb was abandoned during August 1816. The fort’s guns were transferred to Fort Independence at Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Subsequently, during the Civil War, a Confederate vessel arrived in the area, causing concern. Fort Edgecomb was again garrisoned; however, the threat quickly evaporated. The fort was acquired by the State of Maine from the War Department during December 1923 for a nominal sum of about $500. The fort, which was established to protect Wiscasset, is now a State Historic Site. The fort was later reconstructed. For more information: Fort Edgecomb Historical Site, 66 Fort Road, Edgecomb, Maine 04556. Fort Fairfield— Fort Fairfield was established in present-day Fort Fairfield during 1839 at about the same time Fort Kent was established during a period of turbulence between the U.S. and Canada. It remained active until 1843. The fort was torn down in about 1862. Subsequently, a replica blockhouse was constructed during the 1970s. See also Fort Kent. Fort Foster (East Machias)— Fort Foster was established on the opposite bank of the Machias River from Fort O’Brien during 1775. On 12 June 1775, three British warships dispatched by General Gage arrived off Machias to confiscate lumber for the British garrison at Boston. The armed schooner H.M.S. Margaretta with her two sloops were met and engaged by lumbermen under Jeremiah O’Brien. The Americans commandeered a British lumber sloop and attacked the British. The Americans boarded and seized the Margaretta. The British ensign was taken down and an American flag was hoisted (“An appeal to Heaven” with the evergreen tree). The contest was the first sea battle in the American Revolution. Later, during August 1777 (Battle of the Rim), a British naval squadron arrived in the St. John Valley from Canada and attacked Machias, but it was repulsed by the colonials at Forts O’Brien and Foster, who were supported by allied Indians (Wabanaki, Penobscot and Passamaquoddy). The fort remained active until 1780. For more information: Fort Foster Park on the East Machias River, East Machias, Maine, 04654. Not to be confused with Fort Foster (Kittery). Fort Foster (Kittery)— Fort Foster, named in honor of General John G. Foster, was established in the vicinity of Kittery Point on the southwestern end of Gerrish Island during 1873 as part of the defenses of Portsmouth. The property was acquired by the government during 1872. Initially, the fort was to be built as a Fourth System installation and was to contain a 13-gun earthwork and battery to be named Battery Berry or Battery on Gerrish’s Island, named in honor of Major General Hiram G. Berry of Maine, who was killed during fighting in the Wilderness (Virginia) during 1862, but the project was never completed. The parapet and gun platforms were constructed, but the work stopped after the completion of only two magazines. Later, during 1879, work was reinitiated, but soon after it was halted. Subsequently, during the Endicott Period, Battery Bohlen, named in honor of General Henry Bohlen, was established in its place. Battery Bohlen held three 10-inch 35 caliber breachloading rifles (1901–1943). Battery Bohlen was part of the initiative that emerged following the close of the Spanish-American War

175 (1898) to focus on protecting the country’s coastlines. Later, during 1917, when General Pershing was in France with the American Expeditionary Force, the guns from Battery Bohlen were dismantled for shipment to Europe, but they were never transported there. Engineers reinstated the guns during 1920, but apparently they were never able to operate properly. Other batteries included Battery Chapin, named in honor of Brigadier General Edward P. Chapin, who was killed in Louisiana on 27 May 1863 while leading a brigade, which included the 21st Maine Regiment, against Port Hudson, Louisiana. Battery Chapin contained two 3-inch shielded rapid-fire guns (1904–1943). In addition, Battery 205 (two 6-inch guns —1944) and Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery (AMTB) 952 (two 90 mm guns) were established at Fort Foster. Also, during 1909, a two-story Mine Observation Station (M2) was constructed to the rear of Battery Chapin. In addition, the army constructed a coincidence range finder (CRF) station above Battery Chapin. Searchlights mounted on trucks were also acquired for the fort during 1920 for later use at Seward’s Point, but instead, during 1921, they were transferred to Fort Totten, New York. During 1921, a concrete fire-control station for Battery Bohlen (B) was built on Seward’s Point. It still exists, but it is on private property. The post remained active until 1948; however, rarely was it garrisoned by a large contingent. From 1905 through 1907, the post was officially garrisoned by the 124th Coast Artillery Command. Usually it was a caretaker contingent of Battery E, 8th Coast Artillery Regiment, which was responsible for all the artillery defenses at Portsmouth until World War II erupted. During World War II, the army intended to construct a battery atop Battery Bohlen, but instead, a new battery (Battery 205) was constructed on land (formerly Pocahontas Hotel, which was demolished during 1904) acquired during 1921. The battery was decommissioned during 1944, prior to its completion. The fort was deactivated during 1948. Later it was acquired by the town of Kittery. It is now a park, but unlike many other former historical forts, there is little mention of the fort at the park, except for a small handout paper. Not to be confused with Fort Foster (East Machias). Fort Foxwell— See Foxwell’s Garrison. Fort Frankfort— Fort Frankfort, later Fort Shirley, was established during 1752 at present-day Richmond along the Kennebec River. The post was constructed in the vicinity of an earlier fort, Fort Richmond, which was established in Richmond during 1719. Two other posts, Fort Halifax and Fort Western, were also established in the area at the time Fort Frankfort was built. The trio of forts were known as the Kennebec Forts. Fort Frankfort was abandoned during the 1760s, following the close of the French and Indian War. Fort Frederick— See Fort Pemaquid. Fort Friendship— Fort Friendship was established by settlers on Garrison Island (Knox County) in the vicinity of present-day Friendship about 1750. The fort was located about 20 to 25 miles south of Rockland. No traces of the fort remain. Fort George (Brunswick)— Fort George was established during 1715 by the English in the vicinity of Fort Andros (earlier established during 1688) in the vicinity of present-day Brunswick. Fort George came under attack by Indians during 1722, but it survived and remained active until about 1737, when it was demolished. The fort was located near what is known as the Ancient Burying Ground. During 1930, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a monument near Cabot Mill to commemorate the forts that were located there. The monument also list several prominent people of the time that were interred at the cemetery grounds. They are Benjamin Larrabee, the agent of the Pejepscot Proprietors and the commanding officer of Fort George; and two others, Robert Dunning and Andrew Dunning. Both Andrew and Robert Dunning were killed by

Fort Gorges / MAINE Indians. Of the many people interred at the Ancient Burial Ground, no stones remain. The colonists who were placed at rest there remain unknown and remain in obscurity, lost to posterity forever. Not to be confused with Fort George (Castine) or Fort St. George (Popham Beach) or Fort St. George (Thomaston). Fort George (Castine)— The British, under General Francis McLean, established Fort George, initially known as Fort Penobscot at Castine. During June–August 1779, the Marine Committee (American) had given Dudley Saltonstall command of the frigate Warren with instructions to destroy a British supply depot (Fort George) on the Penobscot estuary at Castine. The British were effectively using the facility as a base to constantly launch raids in Maine. On 19 July, the Warren, the sloops Diligent and Providence, the 18-gun New Hampshire, several sloops attached to the Massachusetts Navy, a few privateers and other smaller vessels debarked (Penobscot Expedition) to destroy the British fort. After several days afloat, the armada neared the British fortifications. The British batteries commenced firing to deter the advance, but their shots fell short. The indecisive Saltonstall refused to assault the surprised British defenders, choosing to remain far offshore. During the night of 28 July, Saltonstall ordered the Marine detachment to land and they seized a British battery. As daylight approached, a large detachment of the several thousand soldiers under General Solomon Lovell prepared to assault. The ground force requested a bombardment to assist their landing, but Saltonstall refused. The troops, nevertheless, stood ready for the signal to attack, but Saltonstall never ordered the assault. The weeks dragged along without progress until 13 August. At that time, General Lovell was informed that a British fleet had entered the bay. The British were reinforced by four frigates and two sloops, augmented by a massive ship of the line. The British warships had boxed the U.S. fleet in the water canyon, leaving no escape. Saltonstall’s fleet (19 vessels) were run ashore and burned. The ground troops were able to get ashore safely, but they had a harrowing journey of about 100 miles before they reached American lines. Many troops perished during the trek. Saltonstall received a courtmartial and was dismissed from the service. The British naval commander, Collyer, following the victory, returned to New York and transferred his command to Admiral Arbuthnot. The British retained Castine until 1783. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the British returned and seized Fort George as well as nearby Fort Madison (later Fort Porter) during September 1814. The British fortified the fort with about 40 artillery pieces and held the fort until April 1815. The U.S. took control of the fort and it remained active until it was abandoned and demolished during 1819. The earthworks were later restored during the 1960s. A commemorative plaque at the fort site read: “This fortress, originally known by its garrison as Fort Penobscot and named by Admiral George Collyer in his reports of Fort Castine, received its present official designation from its builder, General Francis McLean, upon its completion in December 1779.” The fort site, situated on a bluff above present-day Maine Maritime Academy, is located near the intersection of Battle Avenue and Wadsworth Cove Road, Castine. This is not to be confused with Fort George (Brunswick). Nor is it to be confused with Fort St. George (Popham Beach) or Fort St. George (Thomaston). Fort Gorges— Congress approved funding for the establishment of Fort Gorges during 1857. It was to be established on Hog Island Ledge (Portland Harbor). The construction began during 1858, but it still was not completed when the Civil War erupted. By 1865, the project was finished an d the fort was named in honor of Ferdinando Gorges, a former proprietor of the colony of Maine. The fort remained active, despite its outdated weaponry until 1946. Not to be confused with Fort George (Castine) or Fort George (Brunswick). Nor is it to be confused with Fort St. George (Popham Beach) or Fort St. George (Thomaston).

MAINE / Fort Gray Fort Gray— Colonists established a blockhouse fort at what was known as New Boston (later, Gray) during the 1750s, but there is no specific name for the fort. The fort was located near the Royal River. The settlement was located about halfway between Portland and Lewis, about 20 miles from the ocean. Fort Halifax— Fort Halifax was established during 1754 at the convergence of Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers near Winslow. Fort Western was established nearby at Augusta to support Fort Halifax and act as a supply depot. In addition, Fort Frankfort, later Fort Shirley, was established about 1752 at present-day Richmond along the Kennebec. The three forts were known as the Kennebec Forts. The post was abandoned subsequent to the termination of the French and Indian War, but in about 1775, the Americans reactivated it. During 1775, Benedict Arnold paused at Fort Halifax while en route to Canada with his invasion force. Fort Halifax is now a Maine State Historic Site. The original fort withstood time until it was destroyed by a flood during 1987. A reconstructed fort now stands at the site. For more information: Fort Halifax State Historic Site, Bureau of Parks and Lands, 106 Hogan Road, Bangor, Maine 04401. Fort Hancock— See Fort Preble. Fort Hill— See Fort Mary. Fort Jocelyn— See Black Point Fort. Fort Josselyn— See Black Point Fort. Fort Kent— The U.S. established Fort Kent, a blockhouse, during 1839 during a period of turbulence between the U.S. and Canada. The fort, named in honor of Edward Kent, the governor of Maine at the time, was located in northern Maine near the convergence of the Fish and St. John’s Rivers. At the time the fort was constructed, a dispute was ongoing regarding Canadian lumberjacks who had for several months been moving into the area near the Aroostook River, inciting the Americans. The Aroostook flows northeast through Maine and converges with the St. John River slightly beyond the Canadian border. The antagonism expanded into a clash that once again catapulted Great Britain and the U.S. to the brink of war. The Canadians were instructed to leave the area; however, they refused and a scuffle ensued. The American agent was taken into custody by the Canadians. A call to arms was signaled by both nations. Soon after, opposing troops were deployed on opposite banks of the river separated only by about 30 yards. General Winfield Scott, who had been quite busy disarming the Hunter Lodge members during the past year, found himself in the middle of this standoff. He brought the two sides together, sparing bloodshed. During March of 1839, a truce was consummated. Neither side was asked to disarm. Subsequently, during 1842, the boundary dispute Maine and New Brunswick was settled by the Ashburton-Webster Treaty. The fort was abandoned about 1845. A blockhouse is at the site. For more information: Fort Kent Historical Site off Route 1, Fort Kent, Maine 04743. Fort Knox— Friction between the United States and Canada continued, despite the passing of many years since the War of 1812. The dispute centered around the border between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada. During 1839, the U.S. took precautionary measures and purchased land in the area of Bucksport Narrows for the purpose of establishing a fort. By 1845, the installation of a battery, initiated during July of the previous year, was completed at present-day Prospect for the purpose of intercepting any British advance against Bangor. The fort, which contained tunnels, was designed to contain more than 130 pieces of artillery, but congressional funding was never fully provided. By 1863, Fort Knox was established there and became known as the Fort Knox on the Penobscot. The fort, the initial one in Maine constructed of granite acquired from

176 Mount Waldo, was named in honor of Revolutionary War hero General Henry Knox who also became the first U.S. secretary of war. The fort was garrisoned during the Civil War. Subsequently, during 1890s, the fort was again garrisoned during the period of the SpanishAmerican War (1898). In conjunction, the anticipated English threat from Canada never materialized, nor was the fort challenged during the Civil War or the Spanish-American War. Fort Knox is now a State Historical Site, Fort Knox State Park Stockton Springs, Maine. For more information: The Friends of Fort Knox, P.O. Box 456, Bucksport, Maine 04416. Fort Larrabee— See Larrabee’s Garrison. Fort Lawrence— Fort Lawrence was established at Portland during 1814. It remained active until after the close of hostilities (War of 1812). In conjunction, later, during the 1840s, Henry Wadsworth visited the area and afterwards wrote a poem (“My Lost Youth”) about Munjoy Hill and Fort Lawrence. Some think he was referring to Fort Sumner, which was another fort in Portland that was built during the 1790s. Fort Levett— Fort Levett was established in Portland on Cushing Island in Casco Bay during 1896. The fort was located on a tract of slightly less than 126 acres and was later expanded by an additional tract of nearly 16 acres in the eastern sector of the island, located just about two miles from the Portland mainland. The fort was built to support Fort Williams. Engineers established batteries on the higher elevations to provide an unobstructed view of the Atlantic Ocean. From the five batteries established there it was possible to bombard any enemy warships that advanced to the outer islands from where they could anchor and bombard the harbor or city. The post was reinforced with three 3-inch antiaircraft batteries during 1918 to ward off any potential threat from enemy aircraft. Subsequently, the antiaircraft batteries were upgraded with .50 caliber guns during 1944. The fort remained active during the Spanish-American War through World War I, but during the 1920s through the 1930s, the fort’s guns were deactivated. The weapons were nevertheless maintained by elements of the 8th Coastal Artillery Regiment, headquartered at nearby Fort Preble. When the U.S. found itself in World War II, following the attack against Pearl Harbor, the post was again placed in an active role. The 240th Coastal Artillery Battalion, composed of more than 500 troops, was based at Fort Levett. By 1943, the fort was bolstered by a new defensive position, the Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery, No. 962 (two 90-mm guns —1943–1946). The five batteries established were Battery Foote (two 12-inch guns — 1924–1948), Battery Bowdoin (three 12-inch guns —1903–1943), Battery Kendrick (two 10-inch guns —1903–1942), Battery Ferguson (two six-inch guns —1906–1947) and Battery Daniels (three 3-inch guns —1903–1920). The fort remained active until March 1950. Subsequently, during June 1955, the post was transferred to the General Services Administration. The fort is now on private property. Fort Loyall— Fort Loyall was established by the English at Falmouth Neck (later Portland) during 1678, following a period of hostilities with the French and their Indian allies. The period of turbulence lasted from 1676 until 1678. The fort was constructed in Falmouth at the foot of present-day India Street. During 1689, Falmouth was again attacked by Indians, however, the English repelled the assault. Subsequently, during the spring of 1690, again the Indians attempted to seize Falmouth. The fort held for four days, but on the fifth day of the siege, the garrison capitulated after receiving a promise by the French that they would be protected. Despite being promised safety by the French (after surrender), the defenders were murdered by the Indians. Throughout much of Maine, the Indians at that time were causing the colonists to abandon their settlements. East of Wells, the area was nearly void of settlers. The settlement at Falmouth Neck

177 remained abandoned for about 10 years. During 1717, Falmouth was incorporated as a town. Later, during 1786, it was renamed Portland. The Americans, during 1775, built a fort known as Lower Battery at Falmouth in the vicinity of the foot of India Street. The troops that constructed it included Captain David Strout’s company, attached to Colonel Enoch Freeman’s regiment. The contingent was ordered to Falmouth Neck during November 1775. Another unit that worked on the construction was Captain George Rogers’ Company, which was ordered there during November by Colonel Jonathan Mitchell. Other nearby fortifications included Upper Battery, which was built on present-day Free Street during 1776. Fort Lyon— Fort Lyon was established on Cow Island during 1896, as part of the North Atlantic Coast defenses. The fort remained active until 1946 and served during the Spanish-American War as well as World War I and World War II. The batteries established there were Battery Bayard (three 6-inch guns —1907–1917) and Battery Abbot (three 3-inch guns —1909–1946). Fort MacDonough— Fort MacDonough was established during 1814 at Wiscasset on Westport Island at Clough’s Point across Decker’s Narrows in close proximity of Fort Edgecomb. Fort Macdonough was one of a series of forts established at that time to protect the area (St. George’s and Kennebec Rivers) from potential threats from British warships. See also Fort Edgecomb. Fort McClary— Fort McClary was established at the site of former Pepperell’s Garrison (also known as Fort William) at the Piscataqua River at Kittery during 1808. The fort was named in honor of Major Andrew McClary, a patriot from New Hampshire who was slain at Bunker Hill (Battle of Breed’s Hill, June 1775) during the initial stages of the American Revolution. The fort contained the original breastwork of Fort William when it was remodified to hold nine guns, rather than the original six guns. It had two batteries, the Upper Battery on the crest of Central Hill atop the Lower Battery at the base of the hill. The blockhouse was on the crest while the Lower Battery was fortified with a granite wall built in the form of a half-moon. The guns contained at the fort included five 32pounders and four 8-inch howitzers and apparently all were located on the lower portion of the fort. The upper level of the fort held the officers’ quarters and barracks for the militia. A brick magazine also was on the upper level, along with a facility for the cooks and a mess hall. Subsequently, during 1844, a bigger blockhouse was built in the form of a hexagon (six-sided) in place of the original blockhouse. The new blockhouse contained three stories, with the initial floor composed of fieldstone and mortar and the two top stories constructed of logs. A magazine was located on the ground floor underneath the officers’ quarters. The defenders also constructed two brick houses in the vicinity of the main blockhouse to be utilized by riflemen to protect the flanks of the fort. By 1846, the fort was deactivated. However, at the outbreak of the Civil War during 1861, the fort was again made operational. Initially it was garrisoned by a company of the Kittery Artillery, commanded by Captain (and doctor) Mark Wentworth. At the time, the defenders were not especially geared for warfare as most were either elderly or very young. Within a short time, reinforcements from Biddeford arrived to relieve the company. The nearby naval shipyard transferred four guns to Fort McClary. Subsequently, during 1863, Battery B, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery, arrived at the fort. The unit remained there from September until May of the following year when it was dispatched to fortify the defenses at Washington, D.C. Afterward, when the threat against Washington diminished, the unit returned to Fort McClary, arriving there during November 1864. In the meantime, the fort again had been modified. Construction had begun during 1863 to enlarge the defenses (Third System) to include two tiers of casemates to defend against Confederate warships. A second magazine was con-

Fort Madison / MAINE structed outside the southern end of the fort. The fort’s northern tip was bolstered to protect the well, and at the southern point of the fort, a ditch was dug at the bank of the river to provide a forward post from which to envelop an approaching enemy with fire. The original plan included a third bastion to be built at the northeastern edge of the fort, but it was never completed. Nonetheless, the fort was bolstered by a few Parrott rifles. The fort was never challenged, but a hospital had been built there. One of the recruits at the fort during the Civil War was Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. He was also, at the time of his enlistment during 1864, involved with another segment of the government. Hamlin was vice president (1861–1865) under President Abraham Lincoln. He served about three months in the Maine Coast Guards as a cook. By 1868, all construction projects at the fort were canceled. Later, some modifications were made on the granite wall at the Lower Battery. During 1890, the fort received nine 15-inch Rodman guns, but they were placed in reserve. During 1898, several of them were placed at the Lower Battery. During the 1900s the fort was thinly garrisoned at best, but at the outbreak of World War I, Fort McClary was used as a support post for Fort Foster (Gerrish Island) and Fort Constitution (at New Castle, New Hampshire) to protect the harbor. The fort was deactivated by the U.S. Army during 1918, but it was used during World War II by Civil Defense volunteers who scanned the skies and harbor from the post (blockhouse) in search of aircraft or vessels. The State of Maine acquired most of the property from the government during 1924, but the initial parcel which contained the structures remained under control of the federal government until 1961. Fort McClary became a National Historic Site during 1969. For more information: Fort McClary State Park, P.O. Box 82, Kittery Point, Maine 03905. Fort McKinley— Fort McKinley, named in honor of President McKinley (1897–1901) was established at Diamond Cove, Hog Island, later Great Diamond Island off Portland, during 1896. It became a post of the Coast Defenses of Portland (North Atlantic Coast Artillery District). The property for the fort, about 111 acres, was acquired during 1873. The post contained brick barracks and the officers’ quarters located along the parade field were constructed in Queen Anne style. The construction of the fort was completed during 1907. The fort remained active through the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II and was deactivated during 1945. Subsequent to its abandonment, the fort fell into a state of disrepair; however, later it was revitalized. The officers’ quarters are now private homes and the former quartermaster’s warehouse is now a restaurant. Fort McKinley was placed on the list of National Historic Sites during 1985. The coastal defense batteries established there were Battery Ingalls (eight 12-inch guns —1904–1942), Battery Berry (two 12-inch guns —1901–1943), Battery Thompson (three 8inch guns —1902–1942), Battery Weymouth (three 8-inch guns — 1901–1942), Battery Honeycutt (two 8-inch guns —1901–1942), Battery Acker (two 6-inch guns —1902–1943), Battery Carpenter (two 6-inch guns —1906–1947), Battery Farry (two 3-inch guns — 1902–1920) and Battery Ramsey (two 3-inch guns —1902–1920). Units which served at Fort McKinley included elements of the Coast Artillery. Fort Machias— See Fort O’Brien. Fort Madison— The Americans established Fort Madison (later Fort Porter) at Castine during 1784. It was named in honor of President James Madison. The fort contained two 24-pound guns and was garrisoned by a contingent of artillerymen under Lieutenant A. Lewis. It was located in the vicinity of Fort George (separate from Fort George at Brunswick), which had been seized by the British during the War for Independence and later abandoned during 1784. In

MAINE / Fort Manning

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day Machiasport, but it was soon destroyed by the British. During 1777, Fort O’Brien was reestablished. It remained active during the War of 1812 and was captured and destroyed by the British during 1814. The post was later back under U.S. control. It was active during the Civil War, protecting Machias Bay. The post was bolstered with a new battery during 1863. Fort O’Brien was deactivated following the conclusion of the war. Also, during 1777, a British naval squadron arrived off Machias near Fort O’Brien and her sister fort, Fort Foster. Fort Castine, Maine (Remains)— Benson J. Lossing Ilus. The Revolution’s first naval battle occurred at that time. See Fort Foster (East Machias). During 1923, conjunction, Fort Pentagoet, established by the French during the the State of Maine acquired the site of Fort O’Brien. It is now a State 1630s, had also been in this vicinity until 1688. During September Historic Site located on State Highway 92 about five miles outside 1814, a British naval squadron arrived and seized Fort Madison (later Machias. For more information: Fort O’Brien State Historic Site, Fort Porter), but the garrison detonated the magazine and disabled Bureau of Parks and Lands, 106 Hogan Road, Bangor, Maine 04401. the guns before abandoning it and heading to Portland. Both forts remained under British control until April 1815. The British in the Fort on Stage Island— The English initially arrived at Stage Island meantime renamed the fort Fort Castine. At some point after the (off Kennebunkport) east of Cape Porpoise during the early 1600s. Americans regained the fort, it became known as Fort Porter. SubThey established themselves on Stage and Fort Islands. Remains of sequently, during 1862, the fort was further fortified with three 32some of the homes or structures can still be seen (cellars were dug) pound guns and two 24-pound guns. The fort was abandoned subwhich they used to provide shelter through the harsh winters. sequent to the close of hostilities. Fort Pemaquid— Fort Pemaquid (also known as Shurte’s Fort) was Fort Manning— Fort Manning was an outpost located near Machiestablished in the vicinity of Bristol by the English in about 1630. asport during the War of 1812. below Sanborne’s Point. It was deThe fort was later destroyed during 1676 during a conflict with the fended by a small contingent under Lieutenant Manning. Sanborne’s Indians known as King Philip’s War, but the colonists were aware of Point was abandoned during the summer of 1814 when British warthe attack and escaped to safety. Subsequently, during the following ships advanced near Birch Point. year, the colonists rebuilt the fort from stone and renamed it Fort Charles. In addition, they reestablished a settlement and called it Fort Mary— Fort Mary, known also as Fort Hill, was established on Jamestown in honor of the duke of York. Later, during August 1689, a dominant bluff near Winter Harbor at Biddeford Pool during 1688 Indians from the area around the Penobscot, incited by Baron St. in conjunction with the ongoing King William’s War. The fort was Castin, attacked and destroyed the fort. The fort was again reconcommanded by John Hill, who later married Mary Frost, the daughstructed during 1692 and renamed Fort William Henry. The fort was ter of another prominent colonist, Major Charles Frost. Subsequent again reconstructed with stone and its walls were strongly fortified to the Indian attacks in the region between Saco and Biddeford durto a thickness of five feet. During 1692, the French also attacked ing 1675, some settlers relocated to Biddeford for additional safety. and destroyed York. Later, during 1696, the French launched their The area had been relatively free of violence from about 1678 when last invasion against the Five Nations in western New York. The a treaty was signed at Casco until war broke out during 1688. AcFrench, under D’Iberville and St. Castin, attacked Fort William cording to the town of Hills Beach, it has never been determined Henry during August. The garrison capitulated and the fort was dewhether the fort was named for John Hill’s wife or Mary, the wife stroyed. The on-again off-again confrontation between the English of William, Prince of Orange. and French continued well into the eighteenth century. Also, durFort New Casco— In about 1698, Fort New Casco, a trading post, ing 1696, the English concluded an agreement of peace with the was established at Falmouth (later Portland). During 1703, the fort Abenakis; however, the Indians, before a year passed, reinitiated hoswas attacked by the French and their Indian allies, but it survived tilities. Nonetheless, the English established Fort Frederick atop the due to the timely arrival of an English vessel. Later, during 1716, the ruins of Fort William Henry during 1729 when Colonel David Dunfort was destroyed at the direction of the governor of Massachusetts, bar arrived to occupy the area which had been unoccupied since who at the time had authority over the territory known as Maine. 1696. Dunbar referred to the area as Harrington. Soon after the arFort New Gloucester— During 1753, the settlers at New Gloucesrival of Dunbar, more settlers began arriving in the area, including ter, at what was known as the eastern frontier in southern Maine, emigrants from Scotland and Ireland. The fort was twice attacked established a blockhouse which became the prominent place in the by the French and their Indian allies during 1747, but the English settlement. It was used as a fortified residence to defend against Inrepelled the assaults. Fort Frederick was abandoned by the English dian raids, but it also served as a church and the town hall. The town during 1759. Later, during 1775, the fort was demolished by patriof New Gloucester was incorporated during 1774. There is no hisots to prevent the British from occupying it. The State of Maine actorical record to indicate that the blockhouse was known officially quired the site of the fort. The house constructed by Colonel Dunas Fort New Gloucester. The town erected a plaque to honor the site bar, now a State Historical Site, still stands and is located in Colonial on Gloucester Hill Road in memory of where the town started. Pemaquid. Fort Pemaquid was later reconstructed as a replica fort and is now part of the Pemaquid State Historic Site. Fort Noble— During 1734, Colonel Arthur Noble established a fort on the north side of the peninsula in the vicinity of Phippsburg. SubFort Penobscot— The French established Fort Pentagoet, also sequently, during 1747, Colonel Noble was killed while participatknown as Fort Penobscot, at Castine. Also, Fort Penobscot was the ing in the Louisbourg Campaign (French and Indian War). initial name of the British fort established at Castine prior to renamFort O’Brien— Fort O’Brien, known also as Fort Machias, was established by the Americans during 1775, in the vicinity of present-

ing it Fort George. See also Fort Pentagoet and Fort George (Castine).

179 Fort Pentagoet— The French established Fort Pentagoaet, sometimes referred to as Fort Penobscot, a trading post, in about 1635 at Castine. The French first arrived at the Castine peninsula during 1604 when Samuel de Champlain’s expedition was exploring the region. Later, King Henry IV authorized the establishment of a post there and it was constructed during 1613. The British also had their sights on the region. During 1614, an expedition under John Smith visited the area; however, it was the French who gained domination. They retained control for nearly a century and a half, except for a few setbacks by the Dutch who, during 1674 and 1676, arrived and destroyed the French fortifications by using the French guns. The Dutch, however, were unable to stay permanently. During 1689, the English, who began to focus on the area during 1659, seized Castine with a force under Governor Andros. The French were awarded Castine and the surrounding region as a term of the Treaty of Breda, which ended the ongoing war between England and France. The French king awarded a French army officer, Jean Vincent d’Abbadie de St. Castin, a grant for the territory at Castine and from his name the peninsula was named. Subsequently, during the winter of 1722–1723, it was destroyed by fire by a force under Thomas Westbrook. Subsequently, during 1759, Governor Pownall of Massachusetts established Fort Pownall (later Fort Point) in the vicinity of Fort Pentagoet on the west side of the Penobscot River. Later, during the American War for Independence had begun, the British, with loyalist aid, reestablished a fort (Fort George) at Castine. See also Fort George (Castine). Also, Fort Pentagoet was in close proximity to Fort Madison (later Fort Porter). Fort Popham— See Fort St. George (Popham Beach). Fort Porter— See Fort Madison. Fort Pownall— More than 300 colonists under Governor Thomas Pownall established Fort Pownall, later Fort Point, during 1759 at Wasaumkeag Point (present-day Stockton) along the Penobscot River to sever the link between the Indians and the French and Canadians. Fort Pownall, formed in the shape of a four-point star, contained four strong points and a central blockhouse encircled by a palisade and bolstered by a ditch (dry moat). The location selected had previously been a French fortification. The fort remained active until 1775, when a British contingent landed during March 1775 and confiscated the guns with the permission of the men at the fort, who happened to be loyalists. Afterwards, patriots moved to the fort, torched the blockhouse and filled in the ditch to ensure the British would not occupy the fort. The fort site is located off U.S. 1 in Stockton Springs. For more information: Fort Point State Historic Site, Bureau of Parks and Lands, 106 Hogan Road, Bangor, Maine 04401. Fort Preble— Fort Preble (formerly Spring Point Battery, 1775, and Fort Hancock, 1778) was established as part of the defense of Portland during 1808, while France and England were at war. The government acquired the property which formed the initial acreage (five acres) from Ebenezer Thrasher. Additional property to expand the fort was later purchased by the government as late as 1901 to enlarge the post. The U.S. at the time was concerned that an invasion might come from either the French or the English. The fort was built from a combination of bricks, stone and earth and formed in a shape similar to a star at a dominating position overlooking Casco Bay. Fort Preble, named in honor of Commodore Edward Preble, was one of two forts constructed during 1808 to protect Portland’s harbor. The other was Fort Scammell. The fort was modified and modernized during 1845. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the fort became the headquarters of the U.S. 17th Infantry Regiment, which arrived there during July 1861. Later, during 1896, the post was rebuilt as a Coast Artillery post and by the early 1900s new batteries were estab-

Fort St. George / MAINE lished. The fort remained active during World War I and was at that time garrisoned by elements of the 8th Coast Artillery, which also manned the other Portland defenses. The fort remained active during World War II and remained a post until it was deactivated and declared surplus during 1950. The batteries established at Fort Preble were Battery Kearny (eight 12-inch guns —1901–1942), Battery Chase (eight 12-inch guns —1901–1942), Battery Rivardi (two 6-inch guns —1910–1918), Battery Mason (one 3-inch gun —1906–1942) and Battery Mason II (the 3-inch gun at Battery Mason was relocated —1942–1946). During 1952, it was acquired by the State of Maine and afterward became the Southern Maine Technical College, which relocated from Augusta. The Portland Harbor Museum is now located in the ordnance machine shop building of the former fort. In conjunction, during 1899, Fort Williams was established as a support post of Fort Preble. Fort Province— See Province Fort. Fort Richmond— Fort Richmond was established by the English during 1719 at Bowdoinham, which included the area from Merrymeeting Bay to Richmond, which at the time was known as the Richmond Plantation (White’s Landing). The fort was constructed on the west bank of the Kennebec River. The fort was abandoned during 1754. In conjunction, the present-day Richmond Police Department displays a design of Fort Richmond as part of the township seal on the shoulder patches worn by the police. Fort Saco— A fort was established in the vicinity of Biddeford and Saco (known as Fort Saco) during 1675 by the settlers there, and at about the same time Phillip’s Garrison was established nearby. The forts were located about 18 miles from Portland. During September 1675, Indians attacked Saco and some settlers were killed, but at Phillip’s Garrison the attack was repelled. By the following month, militia from Massachusetts were ordered to move to Saco to bolster it. By 1690, the colonists in the region were driven out by Indians. See also Black Point Fort. Fort Sagadahuc— See Fort St. George (Popham Beach). Fort St. George (Popham Beach)— During August 1607, the West of England Company sent two vessels under Raleigh, Gilbert and George Popham to colonize northern Virginia. They arrived at the Sagadahoc (Kennebec) and established Fort St. George, also known as Fort Sagadahoc, at Popham Beach (Sagadahoc County). Fortyfive colonists were left to construct the fort and establish a colony. The colonists were compelled to live basically within the confines of the fort. However, the new arrivals lacked the skills to properly establish a colony. Consequently, the settlers endured many hardships. In addition, George Popham succumbed. By the following year, their dream of becoming wealthy from the riches of the new land was nonexistent. The survivors returned to England during 1608. In conjunction, George Popham, prior to his death, had stated that he would always be remembered as being one of the first Englishmen in America. Popham also suggested that his remains would never be abandoned. Unfortunately, his near death-bed predictions were wrong. He was buried in an unmarked grave and essentially forgotten. Subsequently, the British fortified the site and later, during the American Revolution, the patriots used the fort. It was also used by the Americans as a fortification during the War of 1812. In about 1808, a battery was established at Hunneywell Point. Later, during 1814, an earthwork battery was established at Coxe’s Head near Wyman’s Bay. The battery had barracks as well as a magazine. During 1861, the fort was reconstructed of granite in the shape of a half moon. The post was used during the Spanish-American War during 1898 and it remained active during World War I. Fort Popham, located near the mouth of the Kennebec River, stood about 15 miles from Bath. It is located on State Highway 209, in the vicinity of

MAINE / Fort St. George Phippsburg, about two miles from Popham Beach State Park. In conjunction, two other forts were established near Phippsburg: Fort Augusta (1718) and Fort Baldwin during the early 1900s. Not to be confused with Fort St. George (Thomaston). Fort St. George (Thomaston)— General Samuel Waldo and the Waldo proprietors established Fort St. George’s during 1719–1720. The English established Fort St. George, composed of two blockhouses, during 1719 at St. George’s at about present-day Thomaston. The fort was initially garrisoned by about 20 men commanded by Captain Westbrook. The colonists at about the same tine constructed a sawmill and some homes. The settlement was attacked by a band of about 200 Indians on 15 June 1722. The fort repulsed the attack; however, the Indians were able to destroy the sawmill and some houses. Soon after, during August of the same year, the fort was again attacked. The Indians broke off the assault, but several men were killed and some were taken captive (later released). Subsequently, during December 1723, the Indians launched another attack on Christmas Day. The fort remained under siege for about 30 days, but it held. Reinforcements under Colonel Westbrook arrived to lift the siege. Following the lifting of the siege during January 1724, the fort was on several occasions threatened, but no major attacks were launched. Afterward a period of peace arrived. Subsequently, during August 1758, a large force of about 400, composed of French troops bolstered by Indians, attacked Fort St. George’s; however, fortuitously, an English force of substantial force under Governor Pownall had recently arrived at the fort and was on scene when the attack was launched. The French were repulsed and essentially the settlements in the St. George’s region most probably were spared because of the victory. St. George’s received its name during 1623, but no colony was established at that time. During November 1776, Upper Town of St. George’s was changed to Warren and included present-day Rockland and Thomaston. Fort St. George’s was abandoned during 1762, following the conclusion of the French and Indian War. During the 1800s, about 1808, the Americans established a fort there (Fort St. George). It contained a blockhouse as well as barracks and a magazine. Later during 1814, it was seized by the British and its guns were put out of action. Not to be confused with Fort St. George (Popham Beach). Fort St. George’s— See Fort St. George (Thomaston). Fort Scammell— Fort Scammel was established at Portland (Cumberland County) on House Island in Casco Bay during 1808. The government acquired about 12 acres on the island and constructed a half-moon fortification composed of earthworks and bricks. Later, barracks, a magazine and a second battery were established there. By the time the War of 1812 erupted, the fort contained nine guns. Subsequently, during 1845, the two batteries were combined into one complex. The fort was later rebuilt during 1862 when fears were raised about the possibility of Confederate warships advancing upon Portland. The plans called for three strongholds, on the north, east and west, but by 1866 the blueprint was modified and called for only two bastions, on the east and west respectively. In addition, the fort would contain multiple magazines. The fort remained active into the early part of the twentieth century when its artillery was removed. Later, during World War I, the military quickly established an antiaircraft battery at the fort. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1930s, the government unsuccessfully attempted to sell the post. By the outbreak of World War II, regarding the entrance of the U.S., the U.S. Navy took over the fort for use as an ammunition depot, but the project was never completed. By 1947, Fort Scammel was declared as surplus by the Navy Department. It was purchased privately during 1948. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers later inspected the site of the fort, but subsequently, the owner of the property on which

180 the fort is located refused permission during 1994 for any additional inspections. In conjunction, Fort Scammell was established at the same time as Fort Preble, both for the purpose of protecting the bay. Also, Fort Scammell was located near where Munjoy Garrison had stood during the 1600s. See also Munjoy Garrison. Fort Scarborough— See Black Point Fort. Fort Sherbrooke— See Fort Sullivan (Eastport). Fort Shirley— See Fort Frankfort. Fort Sullivan (Eastport)— Fort Sullivan was established during 1808 by the U.S. in the vicinity of Eastport (Moose Island). The fort was surrendered without a fight to the English during 1814. The British renamed the fort Fort Sherbrooke. Subsequently, during 1818, it reverted back to the U.S. During the Civil War it was fortified with nearby batteries. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, during the 1870s, the Barracks Museum was relocated. It is now operated by the Border Historical Society. For more information: Barracks Museum of the Border Historical Society, Washington Street, P.O. Box 95, Eastport, Maine 04631. Not to be confused with Fort Sullivan (Portsmouth). Fort Sullivan (Portsmouth)— Fort Sullivan, an earthwork fort, was established during 1775 on Seavey’s Island at Portsmouth by New Hampshire militia. The fort was a sister fort of Fort Washington on nearby Pierce’s Island. The fort was named in honor of Major General John Sullivan. Marines began to arrive at the fort during 1808. During 1824, a Marine Barracks was established there and remained active until it was deactivated during 1987. During the War of 1812, the fort was bolstered by more weaponry. During the 1840s, a magazine known as the Magazine House was built to lessen the chances of explosions from ships that entered port. Once moored, the ammunition was unloaded and transferred to the magazine. During the Civil War, the U.S. Army installed two 8-inch Rodman guns at the post. Seavey’s Island became part of the navy yard during 1866. During the Spanish-American War, some POWs were held on the island at Camp Long. In addition, the Marines, during 1898, established Camp Heywood, named in honor of the commandant at the time, Major General Charles Heywood. The camp was a temporary Spanish-American War camp. It was a temporary camp, set up following the termination of the conflict; however, later, during World War I, the U.S. Navy used the camp for the navy reserve. The fort was dismantled during 1901 to make room for water tanks and a reservoir. As the nation moved forward during the twentieth century, more changes were made at Portsmouth. The government literally demolished Henderson’s Point in the channel during 1905 to widen the shipping lanes to accommodate a new project, the building of submarines. At present the site of the former fort remains part of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. During the early part of the 1900s, a naval prison known as the Castle was built at where it is thought the original Fort Sullivan stood. Subsequently, during 1943, the prison was enlarged and it came to be known also as the Fortress. The prison remained active until 1974. The prisoners being held at the time of its closing were transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard is off limits to the public, but it now contains a museum with limited accessability. Not to be confused with Fort Sullivan (Eastport). Fort Sumner— Fort Sumner was established by the U.S. Army during 1794 at Munjoy Hill in Portland. The fort remained active until the 1840s, but never faced a threat. There are no remains of the fort. Fort Western (Old)— In about August 1628, the English colonists (Pilgrims) established a trading post at a place known as Cushnoc (later Augusta). Subsequently, during 1754, the English (Kennebec Proprietors) established Fort Western at this site, about 17 miles

181 south of Fort Halifax. The fort was garrisoned initially by James Howard’s Company, composed of about 20 men. Fort Western was established to support Fort Halifax and act as a supply depot. Several times a year, supplies for Fort Halifax arrived at Fort Western from Boston. From Fort Western, the goods were transported by boat to Fort Halifax. The fort was garrisoned until 1767, but the hostilities with France terminated during 1760 when the French and Indian War ended. During its period of activity, the French never directly attacked the fort. After the fort was officially abandoned, Captain Howard acquired it. In addition, Fort Frankfort, later Fort Shirley (established about 1752), was established at present-day Richmond along the Kennebec. The three forts were known as the Kennebec Forts. Later, during 1775, the Americans used Fort Western. General Benedict Arnold used the fort for a staging ground as he prepared to push into Canada. Fort Western, the oldest original wooden fort in the nation that still survives, is now a National Historic Site. For more information: Old Fort Western, 16 Cony Street, Augusta, Maine 04330. Fort William— See Pepperell’s Garrison. Fort William Henry— See Fort Pemaquid. Fort Williams— The U.S. Army acquired 14 acres of land at Cape Elizabeth to establish a support post for Fort Preble at South Portland (Spring Point). As time went on, about 75 acres were secured for the new post at Portland Head. Plans for a battery began during 1872, but it was never completed. The construction project was abandoned during 1876. However, by April 1898, three batteries were established and completed. A contingent of Battery E, 2nd Artillery Regiment, arrived at Fort Williams during mid–February to maintain the artillery. The three batteries were Battery Sullivan (1896), named in honor of Major General John Sullivan; Battery DeHart (1897), named in honor of Captain Henry V. Dehart, 5th U.S. Artillery; and Battery Hobart, named in honor of 1st Lieutenant Henry A. Hobart, U.S. Light Artillery. There was some concern that the artillery might cause a problem with the local residences or the lighthouse, but following a test of the guns during August 1898, no problems occurred. During April of the following year, Army Headquarters issued General Order No. 17, designating the post Fort Williams in honor of Brigadier General Seth Williams (West Point class of 1842, Cadet #1133) former adjutant general, Army of the Potomac (1861–1864), who had earlier succumbed on 23 March 1866. During the 1900s, the fort continued to expand. Barracks for enlisted men and officers’ quarters were constructed. The post also contained a guardhouse and a fire station. During 1903, Battery Blair (two 12inch disappearing guns) was established to further bolster the fort’s defenses. Other defensive measures included an underground complex (1921) to protect the telephone system. In addition, during 1921 the fort acquired a searchlight that could be lowered out of sight. The post, which was operable during the Spanish-American War and untested, was equally formidable during World War I, but again, the harbor defenses, which by that time included antiaircraft artillery, were not challenged. In conjunction, during 1906, two additional batteries were established, Battery Garesche (two 6-inch disappearing guns) and Battery Keyes (two 3-inch mine defense guns), positioned to protect the north side of Ship Cove. Later, during 1917, the war in Europe caused the deactivation of Battery Garesche; its guns were transported to Europe for use by General Pershing. National Guard units as well as artillery contingents, including Maine Coast Artillery companies, served at the fort during World War I. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, during 1923, the U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment was deployed at Fort Williams. During the previous year, changes were made within the National Guard. The First Coast Defense Command, Maine National Guard, became the 240th

Gibbons Garrison / MAINE Coast Artillery Regiment, Maine National Guard. During 1929, Batteries Sullivan, Garesche and Hobart were deactivated. The war in Europe was causing security concerns in the U.S. and surrounding region. During 1939, the 5th Infantry Regiment was ordered to Panama to protect the Panama Canal. By the outbreak of World War II, the post became headquarters for the Harbor Defenses of Portland. Just prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, during September 1941, the Army and Navy combined to form a harbor entrance control post to add more security to the harbor. By early 1942, the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment was assigned to defend Fort Williams, and by the following year the fort became obsolete. Following the termination of World War II, the mission of the post began to change. Also, during 1933 and continuing until 1942, Fort Williams was used as a district headquarters for the Civilian Conservation Corps, which was created to provide work during the Great Depression. During 1950, Fort Williams was transformed into a logistics center and a support facility for each of the military units in the state of Maine. It remained active until 30 June 1962 when it was transferred to the General Services Administration. Later, during the latter part of 1964, the fort was acquired by the citizens of Cape Elizabeth, who placed a bid of $200,000 on the table that was accepted by the government. The fort is now part of Fort Williams Park. Foxwell’s Garrison— Richard Foxwell established his garrison house during 1636 near the Dunstan River at Mill Creek (Foxwell’s Brook) at Scarborough. The area was known as Blue Point. Foxwell’s garrison was in close proximity to another garrison house built at about the same time by Henry Watts to initiate the second settlement of the area behind Cammock. See also Black Point Fort. Frank’s Fort— See Kittery Garrison Houses. Frenchman Bay Batteries— The U.S. Army established batteries at several places in the vicinity of Bar Harbor during 1898 due to the hostilities with Spain (Spanish-American War). The batteries were placed to protect the coast, but they were not challenged. A battery was established on Egg Rock Island, Schooner Head and Turtle Island. Frost Garrison— Nicholas Frost, the son of John and Ann Hamden Frost, arrived at Leighton’s Point at the mouth of Sturgeon Creek in the vicinity of Kittery about 1636. The Frosts — Nicholas, his wife, Bertha Cadwalla, and their two sons, Charles and John — were the initial settlers to arrive in the area (upper parish of Kittery). Frost acquired about 400 acres of land and constructed a home near the Piscataqua River. By 1640, a large fortified house (Frost Garrison) was established. By 1653, Frost had also received two separate grants totaling about 360 acres at Kittery. In about 1653, while Frost and his son Charles had been at York, Indians raided the area and seized Nicholas’ wife, Bertha, and their young daughter, Anna. Soon after, Frost and others attempted to rescue the captives, but without success. Afterward, both Bertha and Anna were discovered after the Indians killed them. Nicholas succumbed during 1663. Frost Garrison and House became a National Historic Site during 1971. It is located in York County at Frost Hill in present-day Eliot. The site is situated on about 100 acres and contains several buildings on private property. Gerrish’s Blockhouse— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Gibbons Garrison— Gibbon’s Garrison was established by Ambrose Gibbons near the mouth of the Asbenbedick River (Great Works River) about 1630. Gibbons (a founder of the Laconia Company) is thought by some to have been the first settler to arrive in Maine. It is thought that the house was constructed of logs and protected by a palisade.

MAINE / Great House Great House— The Great House was built by Humphrey Chadbourne (Chadborn) during 1631 near the Piscataqua River at Portsmouth, several miles above Mason’s Hall. The house was on Mason’s property on a tract later known as Strawberry Bank. It was situated in close proximity to a fort which was built on the eastern sector of Great Island. John Mason, the proprietor, never visited the property; however, he imported cattle from Denmark and he sent men from England as stewards. Of the men he sent, many later established their own garrison houses. Thomas Warnerton, an assistant to Governor Williams, resided in the Great House until 1644. Afterward, Sanford Lane resided there until 1646. Richard Cutt then occupied the house until he succumbed during 1676. After the death of Richard, his brother occupied it. By 1685, the structure had fallen into disrepair and collapsed. Goodwin’s Blockhouse— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Hamilton’s Garrison— Hamilton’s Garrison, also known as Fort on Pine Hill, was established during the 1720s. The garrison was constructed of poles that were 20 feet high with pointed tips at the top. See also Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses.

182 1805, is the final town in the U.S. before crossing into Canada. The post was abandoned during 1845. See also Fort Kent. Humphrey Chadbourne’s Garrison— See Chadbourne’s Garrison. Hunneywell (Hunniwell) House— Hunneywell House was also known as Old Red House. See Black Point Fort. Hunneywell Point Fort— See Hunniwell’s Point Fort. Hunniwell’s Point Fort— During 1743, the English colonists in Maine established a settler’s fort at Hunniwell’s Point during the War of Austrian Succession period. A fort had been planned for Arrowsic Island, but the site was changed to Hunniwell (Honeywell) Point. There is no evidence that it was manned by the patriots during the American Revolution, but the Americans established a battery there during the War of 1812. Note: Hunniwell, apparently became known also as Hunneywell. Jocelyn’s Fort— See Black Point Fort. Jocelyn’s House— See Black Point Fort. John Mason Garrison— See Manor House.

Hammond’s Fort— Richard Hammond established Hammond’s Fort (also Hammond’s Garrison) about 1676 near the Kennebec River at Woolwich. During the same year, it was attacked by Indians. Richard Hammond and his son were killed during the attack. Hammond’s wife and children were captured and taken to Canada. The site is on private property. Harnden’s Garrison was established there during the early 1740s and Lewis’ Fort was also established there. See also Harnden’s Garrison and Lewis’ Fort.

Jordan’s Fort— By October 1676, the settlement at Black Point (Scarborough) had a minimum of 100 houses and several fortified houses. Other settlements, like Spurwink at Cape Elizabeth, also had fortified blockhouses, one of which was known as Jordan’s Fort (1680s). Like the other settlements in the area, Spurwink was abandoned by 1690 as the colonists sought safety from Indian attacks and departed for Portsmouth or other safer areas south of the cape.

Hammond’s Garrison— See Hammond’s Fort.

Kennebec Arsenal— The Kennebec Arsenal was established at Kennebec on the east bank of the Kennebec River during 1827–1828 during a period of turbulence between the U.S. and Canada over a border dispute between Maine and Canada. Construction of the arsenal began during 1828 and was completed during 1838. The boundary dispute nearly brought about yet another war with England; however, the crisis ended peacefully during 1842. The arsenal remained active until the early 1900s and at that time was transferred from the federal government to the State of Maine. During 1903, the facility became a state asylum for the insane. Kennebec Arsenal is now a State Historic Site located on Arsenal Street in Kennebec.

Harenden’s Garrison— See Harnden’s Garrison. Harndeel’s Garrison— See Harnden’s Garrison. Harndell’s Garrison— See Harnden’s Garrison. Harnden’s Garrison— Harnden’s Garrison was established by Samuel Harnden near the site of the Smith-Hammond families at Woolwich. Harnden, during 1739, purchased a small part of the Smith property. By the following year he had acquired 200 acres. The exact time he constructed his garrison house is unknown, but it seems as if it was by 1742. Harnden, during 1743, was a surveyor and by 1750 he was a lieutenant (later captain) in the Georgetown militia. During 1758 (French and Indian War), while under attack (Preble Massacre) by Indians, two of Harnden’s grandchildren were among six children taken captive and moved to Canada. Harnden was later able to move to Quebec during 1761 and gain the release of his two grandsons and one other child, Elinor (Eleanor) Noble, who had been seized during an earlier raid (1751) at Swain Island. It is thought by some that the site of Harnden’s Fort was located at a spot known as Burial Point where his grave and those of several other pioneers are located. The Smith and Hammond families are thought to have been near the cove. In conjunction, the name Harnden has been used with several variations, including Harenden, Harndell and Harndeel. Hodgedon’s Garrison— Hodgedon’s (Hodsden or Hodgedon’s) Garrison was established about 1659 by Benoni Hodsden (Hodgedon). It was destroyed during 1675 when Tozer Garrison was attacked. See also Tozer Garrison. Holmes Garrison— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Houlton Barracks— Houlton Barracks was established as a post by the U.S. military on what became known as Garrison Hill during 1828. The military presence was required to keep the Aroostook War from deteriorating. The town of Houlton, established earlier during

Josselyn’s Fort— See Black Point Fort.

Kennebec Forts (Fort Halifax, Fort Western and Fort Frankfort (also known as Fort Shirley)— During 1754, Fort Halifax was established at the convergence of the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers near Winslow, and nearby Fort Western was established at Augusta to support Halifax and act as a supply depot. In addition, Fort Frankfort, later Fort Shirley, was established about 1752 at present-day Richmond along the Kennebec. The three forts were known as the Kennebec Forts. Fort Halifax was abandoned subsequent to the termination of the French and Indian War, but in about 1775 the Americans revitalized it. Fort Western was also abandoned after the conflict. The Americans, however, did use it during the struggle for independence. See also Fort Halifax, Fort Western (Old) and Fort Frankfort. Kittery Garrison Houses— In about 1700, the Libbey (Libby) brothers, David and Matthew (reportedly half-brothers), relocated at Eliot (Kittery) from Scarborough. They were joined by Daniel Fogg, Major Joseph Hammond and Stephen Tobey. The group acquired by purchase a tract known as Bay Land, which included the territory stretching from Frank’s Fort to Watts’ Fort (later Leighton’s Fort), the latter located about three miles outside Georgetown and reaching inland to Marsh Hill. The Libbeys built their homes near the Piscataqua River northeast of the bay on plots between those of Fogg and Tobey. David Libbey constructed his home at Libbey’s

183 Hill where Moses Libbey would later build his home. Subsequently, Samuel Libbey would build a home on the site where Matthew Libbey constructed his house. These homes were built as blockhouses. About 30 of 36 authorized fortified houses were in place at Kittery during 1722, including the Larrabee Garrison. Only three, Whipple Garrison (Cutt Garrison) 1665, Dennett Garrison 1710, and the Mitchell Garrison 1665, still survive. Larrabee (Larraby) Garrison— The Larrabee Garrison, known also as Fort Larrabee, was built about 1720 along the Mousam River near Kennebunk. The fort faced the water’s edge. It had three gates and the walls reached about 14 feet in height. The garrison also had five one-story houses, each with block windows to provide sunlight. One house belonged to Stephen Larrabee, the son of William Larrabee who succumbed during 1727. Two other houses were for families, and yet another two were to quarter militia. Stephen’s mother and two of his sisters had been killed by Indians during August 1703 at Cape Porpus (also Arundel and Kennebunkport). The actual size of the Larrabee property exceeded 100 acres. During April 1747, Indians attacked the settlement of Larrabees’ Garrison, at Larrabee Village in Wells, but surprise was lost thanks to the barking of Larrabee’s dog. The men of the settlement were in a nearby field when the dog signaled the alarm. The men sped back to the fort and the Indians aborted the attack. During June 1750, territory between the Kennebunk and Mousam Rivers was designated as a district parish known as the Second Congregational Society in Wells. The property of Stephen and Samuel Larrabee was in a section that became Kennebunk. In conjunction, in the last will and testament (dated 25 April 1727 and probated 8 August 1727) of William Larrabee, his last name was spelled Larraby. The garrison remained active until about 1762, when the French and Indian War ended. Leighton’s Fort— Leighton’s Fort, formerly Watt’s Fort. See Kittery Garrison Houses. Lewis’ Fort— Lewis’ Fort was established by Job Lewis, a Pejepscot proprietor. Lewis married Sarah Palmer in Boston during 1720. They had two children, Hannah and Abigail, who married Samuel Waterhouse and Nathaniel Bethune respectively. Job established Lewis’ Fort during the early 1740s at Woolwich. The blockhouse was located near Merrymeeting Bay at a place called the Chops, an outlet to the sea. Lewis owned about 1,000 acres at Woolwich in the vicinity of Harnden’s Garrison and Hammond’s Fort. During 1746, Lewis and another colonist, Arthur Noble, requested that Governor Shirley at Boston provide troops to help protect the settlers at Woolwich. Lewis succumbed during 1755. See also Hammond’s Fort. Lower Battery (Fort) at Falmouth— See Fort Loyall and Fort McClary. Manor House— During 1623, representatives of the Laconia Company (Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason were the most-involved partners) selected a site on the Piscataqua River at Odiorne’s Point (Portsmouth) to establish a plantation known as the Manor House (and Mason’s Hall). A fort was established on a nearby hill (Flake Hill). The colony was plagued by much illness, causing high numbers of deaths. A cemetery in close proximity to the fort remains on the property and the stones are visible. Although John Mason remained focused on his holdings, he never visited his lands in Maine. Nevertheless, during 1631, he dispatched more than 50 men, including skilled workmen, servants, stewards and agents, to ensure its prosperity. Some of those who arrived later became prominent men of the colony. They included (surnames) Chadborn (Chadbourne), Goddard, Herd, Jossselyn ( Jocelyn), Seavey, Spencer, Symonds, Vaughan, Wall, Walford, Wall, Warnerton, Williams Moore and Bracket. During 1634, Gorges and Mason became the owners of the

Old Red House / MAINE grant, but Gorges transferred his New Hampshire holdings to Mason. See also Great House. Mason’s Hall— See Manor House. McIntire Garrison House— The McIntire Garrison was one of a group of fortified blockhouses to be established in York during the 1600s and early 1700s. The McIntire Garrison, was built during 1699–1700. It was located along present-day State Highway 9 in York County about five miles outside the city of York. The McIntire House became a National Historical Site during 1968. Munjoy Garrison— The Munjoy Garrison was established during 1675 during King Philip’s War. The leader, King Philip, was also known by his Indian name, Metacomet. The war broke out in Massachusetts, which coincidentally was named with a variation of Metacomet’s father’s name, Massasoit, who was a chief of the Wampanoag tribe until he succumbed. His son, Alexander, became chief until his death and was succeeded by King Philip. An Englishman, Benjamin Church, killed King Philip on 12 August 1676, essentially terminating the war. Some of the followers of King Philip escaped across the Piscataqua River into Maine. On 11 August 1676, Indians under Simon (Megunnaway) attacked the settlement at Casco Bay, initially striking at the property of Captain Anthony Brackett near Back Cove. Later, during September, Captain William Hawthorne led a large force from Berwick to Wells to bring relief to the settlements under attack. The militia arrived at Casco on 19 September. The militia captured an Indian who informed Hawthorne that about 20 settlers were held captive by Indians at Peggwackwick and he informed Hawthorne that the settlement at Kennebec was annihilated. On 23 September, Hawthorne’s army arrived at Falmouth Neck to find it abandoned. Survivors picked up along the way near Black Point returned to Munjoy’s Garrison. At that time a group boarded boats and moved to Munjoy’s (House) Island to retrieve some livestock. To their grief, Indians awaited them and sprung an ambush. The settlers attempted to take refuge in a stone home, but they were overwhelmed. The troops were able to observe the massacre, but could not advance to help them as there were no boats available. Two days later, on 25 September, the Indians struck the settlement in the vicinity of Wells at Cape Neddick and burned it to the ground. The settlers in the entire region were essentially disoriented and discipline, order and government were absent. The force under Hawthorne remained in the area until November of 1676, but afterward returned to Ossipee in New Hampshire. The settlements east of Wells were soon permanently abandoned and no resettlement occurred until the 1720s. In conjunction, Fort Scammell was established on House (Munjoy) Island during 1808. Old Fields Garrison— In about 1650, Nathan Lord Sr. arrived in Maine from England. By 1653, he had married Judith Conley, the daughter of Abraham Conley. They had six children. Lord acquired about 40 acres at Kittery during 1652 and joined with other colonists there requesting that the Massachusetts Bay Colony administer the government of the settlement. Subsequently, Lord purchased more property (near Sturgeon Creek) from another colonist, John Neal. The latter purchase was near Sturgeon Creek in close proximity to the Frost Garrison. Later, his son Nathan Jr. became co-owner of the property at Berwick (Old Fields, Kittery) in York County, which had been owned by A.H. Goodwin. The garrison house held about five families. Nathan Jr. married Martha Tozer, the daughter of Richard Tozer and his wife, Judith (Smith) Tozer. Nathan Sr. succumbed during 1690. Nathan Jr. died during 1733. The garrison house was torn down about 1816. Old Red House— Old Red House was also known as Hunneywell House. See Black Point Fort. Pemaquid Forts— See Fort Pemaquid.

MAINE / Pepperrell’s Garrison Pepperrell’s Garrison— William Pepperrell, a prosperous landowner with strong tires to England, acquired a new tract of land that was near his home during 1689. The parcel was known as Battery Pasture. Pepperell’s Garrison (later Fort McClary) was established by the English (William Pepperell) during 1689–1690 on Battery Pasture at Kittery Point. The fort was constructed as a defensive position to dominate Portsmouth Harbor. Later, during 1715, the Massachusetts Bay Company authorized the bolstering of the earthworks and blockhouse fortification. The post known as Pepperrell’s Garrison (also Fort Pepperrell) was then renamed Fort William, in honor of William Pepperrell; however, it is not certain that the reinforced fort was immediately built. It was, however, built as a permanent post able to hold six guns. It was taken by patriots during 1775 and garrisoned by militia from New Hampshire until 1779. The Pepperrell family had remained loyal to the British crown, which was not well accepted by the patriots. The colonists had confiscated all Pepperrell property during 1775, including Fort Pepperell (Fort William), which had belonged to the Pepperrell family. The installation became Fort McClary during 1808. See also Fort McClary. Phillips’ Garrison— Phillips’ Garrison was established during 1675 at Biddeford. During September 1675, Indians attacked the area around Saco, which was in close proximity to Biddefort. The defenders at recently established Phillips’ Garrison, commanded by Major William Phillips, repulsed the assault. However, some settlers at Saco were killed. By 1690, the settlers in the region abandoned their settlements. See also Black Point Fort. Phippsburg Fort— During 1716, at the settlement of Pejepscot in the southern sector of present-day Phippsburg, Doctor Oliver Noyes established a blockhouse fort in the vicinity of Small Harbor. The settlement was known as Ancient Augusta. Noyes’ fort, composed of stone, was built to a size of 100 feet square and positioned to form the shape of a diamond. Initially, troops from Massachusetts under Captain John Penhallow garrisoned the fort to provide protection for the settlers. However, subsequently, the troops were withdrawn and the settlers provided a garrison in times of danger. In conjunction, the settlement apparently never prospered. Pine Hill Fort— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Plaisted Garrison— See Berwick Forts or Garrison Houses. Prout’s Neck Fort— See Black Point Fort. Province Fort— Settlers, including Abraham Anderson, began arriving at a settlement known as New Marblehead (later Windham) during the 1730s. Anderson arrived about 1738, the fifth settler to establish a home there (Lot 36). Another lot, Number 33, was purchased by the settlers for use as a fort (Province Fort). During 1744, the proprietors convened a meeting at Marblehead, Massachusetts, which resulted in a request from the government to authorize the formation of companies of troops to be known as Snow Shoe Companies, composed of 50 men each. The units were to train for potential hostilities and be prepared to march in an instant. Later records indicated that one such company under Captain Domini Jordan was active at York. Abraham Anderson was listed as one of the men. During the French and Indian War, the area came under attack several times, including 14 May 1756. The Indians were driven away, but one man, Ezra Brown, was killed and another, Ephraim Winship, was badly wounded, losing one eye. The Indians sprung an ambush near the fort. Subsequent to the conclusion of the conflict (1756), the region became more tranquil and the settlers were again able to work their land. Rockland Batteries— During 1864, Rockland, slightly south of Camden, was fortified with batteries to protect against Confederate warships, but the area was never challenged. Like Camden, the cit-

184 izens became concerned when Castine fell to the British. Toward the end of the conflict, Company E, Maine Coast Guard Infantry, was stationed at Rockland. In conjunction, Union general Hiram Berry was borne in Rockland. Berry was one of those who established the Rockland Guards. In addition, when the 4th Maine Infantry was established at Rockland, he was appointed colonel (15 June 1861). General Berry was mortally wounded on 3 May 1863 at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Also, General Adelbert Ames (West Point class of 1861), a recipient of the Medal of Honor, was born in Rockland. Ames, who succumbed during April 1933, was the last surviving full rank general of both sides of the Civil War. Roger Dearing’s Garrison— See Black Point Fort. Scotland Garrison— Daniel Dill (might have been MacDill, while he was in Scotland-Great Britain) acquired land near York above Bass Creek from Roland Young during 1666. Dill had previously been a servant to Alexander Maxwell. Dill had also received another 20 acres in the vicinity of Scotland, Maine from his wife, Dorothy’s, brother, Thomas Moore. Later, during 1701, Dill transferred his holdings to his son John. John later, during 1709, purchased additional land near the York River from Benjamin Preble on 28 April 1709. During April 1711, the Indians attacked York. Daniel Dill and Joseph Junkins were among the casualties. Dill was killed and scalped while Junkins was scalped. A local newspaper at the time reported that the Indians left Junkins for dead, but that he survived and returned to Scotland Garrison to tell of the attack. John later died at an unspecified time between 1708 and 1716. His wife, Sarah Hutchins, and her second husband, Charles Trafton, controlled John Dill’s estate, which included shares for a son, Enoch Dill. Enoch later acquired the estate. Later, during 1738, Enoch sold land (southwest of the York River) to Alexander Junkins and Alexander McIntire. Soon after, Enoch sold more land, about nine acres, at Kittery to Junkins and McIntire. In addition, Enoch sold land in the vicinity of York to a widow, Mary Crosby, during 1734 and yet more of Daniel Dill’s original estate was sold to Crisp Bradbury. Part of the land included acreage near Goose Neck and another sector southwest of the York River. Enoch sold more land during 1737. It was located in Wells and was purchased by Zacheus Trafton. By 1743, Enoch relocated at Yarmouth. The garrison built by Dill was one of a group established in York County. Scottow’s Fort— Scottow’s Fort was established at Scarborough (Black Point) during 1681. It was the second fort constructed there; however, often the first fort known as Black Point Fort and other names was also referred to as Scottow’s Fort as 11 houses within the stockade and the church had been moved even closer to it for additional protection. By 1690, Indians had driven all the settlers from the region. Subsequently, during 1931, the Society of Colonial Wars (State of Maine) placed a stone at the site to commemorate the fort. The stone had earlier, during 1727, been used at Colonel Thomas Westbrook’s gristmill at Stroudwater. See also Black Point Fort. Shurte’s Fort— See Fort Pemaquid. Spencer’s Garrison House— Spencer’s (William) Garrison House was established sometime prior to 1675 near the site of a former home (Old Fields) of William A. H. Goodwin (Goodwin’s Garrison) in the vicinity of South Berwick. Later, a house built on the site was sold by Spencer to Ichabod Goodwin during July 1740. A new house was constructed at the Goodwin site during 1797 and still stands. The garrison was sufficiently large to hold about 100 people. Spring Point Battery— See Fort Preble. Stage Island Fort— See Fort on Stage Island. Storer’s Garrison— See Wells Garrisons.

185 Stratton’s Fort— John Stratton established a trading post on what became Stratton’s Island in the vicinity of Scarborough during the early 1600s. Other colonists would follow and from those, the town of Scarborough emerged. See also Black Point Fort. Tozer Garrison— The Tozer Garrison was established near Salmon Falls at Kittery in about 1659 by Richard Tozer. At the time, Tozer had been married for about three years to Judith Smith, whom he had met in Boston after arriving from England. The Tozers had six children. Their son Richard married Elizabeth Wentworth, the daughter of William Wentworth. She was captured by Indians during 1690. During 1675, the garrison was attacked by a small party of about two Indians. At the time, only women and children were at the house. The women and children were able to escape to a nearby garrison through the efforts of one woman who single-handedly barred the door. However, two children, both less than 10 years old, were caught before they reached safety; one was killed and the other was taken prisoner. The Indians finally burst through the door. The woman was left for dead, but she survived. During October of the same year, Indians again attacked, but in great force. A letter signed by Roger Plaisted and George Broughton, written on 16 October, requested urgent help from Major Richard Walderne. The message explained that several men, including Richard Tozer, James Barney and Issack Bottes, had been killed. No reinforcements arrived. Meanwhile, rather than staying in the fort, about 20 men under Roger Plaisted ventured outside the fort to gather the dead. The party was ambushed and severe losses were incurred. Nonetheless, some were able to make it back to the fort. Roger Plaisted was among those killed. Later, men under Charles Frost arrived and buried the dead. Hodsden’s (Hodgedon’s) Garrison, owned by Benoni Hodsden (Hodgedon), was destroyed during the attack. Tozer Garrison survived. Tozer’s wife, Judith, was one of the survivors. Her daughter Martha later, during 1678, married Nathan Lord Jr. Afterward, Nathan, who had lived at the Old Garrison, lived at the Tozer Garrison. Upper Battery— See Fort Loyall and Fort McClary. Vaughan’s Fort— See Vaughan’s Garrison. Vaughan’s Garrison— Vaughan’s Garrison, also known as Vaughan’s Fort, was built during 1745 at Scarborough. The fort was constructed on the property of Robert Elliott. The fort remained active until the 1750s and was later used as a school and afterward, during the Civil War, the old fort was utilized as a stable. The owner at the time was under contract with the U.S. Army quartermaster to provide horses for the cavalry. During the 1920s, the site of the fort became part of the Willowdale Golf Club. Watts’ Fort— Watts’ Fort was established during 1636 by Henry Watts at Scarborough at about the same time that Richard Foxwell established his garrison house. Both were near the Dunstan River at Mill Creek (Foxwell’s Brook) at Scarborough. The area was known as Blue Point. The two garrison houses initiated the second settlement in the area behind Cammock (Black Point). See also Black Point Fort. Wells Garrisons— Wells was established by a Puritan minister, John Wheelwright, who earlier founded Exeter, New Hampshire. Wheelwright was also the brother-in-law of Ann Hutchinson. Initially, Wheelwright departed England during 1636 after being suspended from his clerical duties for being a nonconformist to the Puritan teachings. During 1638, when he sided with his sister-in-law against the Puritan clergy in Boston, he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Afterward, he established Exeter. Later, the government of Massachusetts declared Exeter part of Massachusetts, compelling Wheelwright to again move. At that time he relocated

Wells Garrisons / MAINE and established Wells. Subsequently, Wheelwright’s banishment was canceled. Wheelwright departed the settlement during 1647, following a pardon he received from Governor Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Subsequently, during 1676, John Wheelwright, the grandson of Reverend Wheelwright, established a garrison at Town’s End during a period of turbulence. During the previous year, word spread that the Indians under King Philip were moving to push the colonists from the region. They struck near Hardin’s Garrison at the mouth of the Kennebunk River and they struck Wells, attacking the home of William Symonds, which was vacant except for one servant; the servant was killed. Symonds’ family made it to the fort. Other homes in the region also came under attack, but Wells was not vanquished. Subsequently, the colonists struck back. A force under Major Waldron seized a large band of Indians estimated at several hundred. The Indians were executed. Following the deaths of the Indians, the region, during 1676, came under a continual series of attacks, beginning with the killing of the James Gooch family (Wells Branch) while they were heading home after attending church services. The colonists braced for the raids. During 1676, a garrison was erected at Town’s End by John Wheelwright (grandson of the reverend). The fort was completed just prior to an attack by Indians led by Mugg. The defenders sustained some men wounded and only one killed, Isaac Littlefield. By the spring of 1676, despite a treaty having been agreed to by Mugg, the Indians again raided Wells. These attacks continued for a long time and then the violence subsided. During 1692, violence again erupted at Wells. With quick action, more garrisons were constructed, including Storer’s, built by Joseph Storer. It became the primary fort in the chain that stretched along the Webhannet River and the Town River as well as further inland. And yet another was built on the Merriland River. At least eight blockhouses were established to forestall disaster. Meanwhile, the Kennebec tribe, led by Moxum, launched a forceful attack against Storer’s Garrison on 9 June 1692. The defenders did not need a signal from the dogs. Some of the men were attacked near the fort as they were moving livestock, and the guards at the fort saw cattle, which had been wounded, charging in the direction of the fort. The Indians were accompanied by the French and their combined strength of about 500 severely tested the garrison, which withstood two major attacks and a continual stream of flaming arrows during a siege that lasted three days. The fort held, due in great part to the women and children who assisted the men in various ways, including gathering ammunition, loading the muskets, and helping with extinguishing the fires by using wet mops. The French and Indians lunged at the fort on the morning of 11 June, but again were repelled. Wheelwright’s Garrison was destroyed during the attack. Afterward, the Indians kept their distance from Wells. Subsequently, during 1703, the Indians again raided Wells and captured the granddaughter of Reverend John Wheelwright. An irony of the Puritan settlement involved Ester Wheelwright, the granddaughter of the founder. During August 1703, Esther, who was about seven years old, was seized by the Abenaquis and taken to Canada. Subsequently a French Jesuit, Father Bigot, came across Ester and attempted to gain her freedom, but the chief who held her refused. The priest continued to visit and eventually Ester became a Catholic. Later she gained her freedom when a ransom was paid. Father Bigot took her to Quebec where the nuns at an Ursuline convent cared for her. Esther’s father attempted to convince Ester to return home, but without success. She had decided to become a nun and on 12 April 1714, Ester took her final vows to become Sister Esther-Marie Joseph de l’Enfant Jesus. Wheelwright’s last will and testament bequeathed Esther one-fifth of the family property with the stipulation that she leave the convent and return home. She declined and later, during 1760, became the mother superior of the convent, where she remained until her death during October 1780.

186

MAINE / Whipple Garrison Wheelwright’s Garrison— See Wells Garrisons. Whipple Garrison— The Whipple Garrison, known also as Cutt’s Garrison, was established about 1630 near Whipple’s Cove at Kittery. The garrison house was built on the east bank of the Piscataqua River, about one mile from its mouth. The house was near the water’s edge and was located on a dominant position from which the harbor was effortlessly observed. Apparently the garrison house was built by the settlers in the little village as a garrison for all to gather in time of danger. The garrison house contained two stories and was initially about 34 feet square. Later it was enlarged. The house was later occupied by Robert Cutt, the father-in-law of William Whipple. Cutt succumbed during 1717. Robert Cutt was the maternal grandfather of Captain William Whipple and great-grandfather of General William Whipple, who served during the American Revolution. General William Whipple was born in the garrison house during 1730. Wiscasset— English colonists arrived at what would become Pownalborough (later Wiscasset) during the mid–1600s. Earlier, during 1605, the region later known as Wiscasset (about 1802) had been visited by the French under Samuel Champlain. Wiscasset was located near the convergence of three rivers, the Back, Marsh and Sheepscot Rivers. In about 1649, Christopher Lamson acquired land there from the Indians; however, no colony was established. Later, during 1660, a small party of four men, including George and John Davies, arrived at Wiscasset and remained there for a few years, establishing some type of houses before they purchased land from the Indians. The colony there was abandoned during 1676 when hostilities with the Indians erupted. Like other regions in Maine, Wiscasset remained abandoned for many years. A new attempt at a colony was

initiated during 1729 by Robert Hooper, but still peace was not long lasting. Violence in the area did not actually subside until the conclusion of the French and Indian War. The settlement became known as Pownalborough during 1760. Soon after, during 1773, Wiscasset was formed out of Pownalborough, but apparently no official action was taken on the modification until 1802. As tensions between the U.S. and England continued to rise, Fort Edgecomb was built during 1808 to protect the harbor. See also Fort Edgecomb. Woodman’s Fort— Woodman’s Fort was established by Joseph Woodman at Pleasant Point in Buxton, a settlement in the Saco Valley that began about 1741, but most settlers began to arrive in about 1759. The exact date the fort was established is not available. The fort, sometimes thought of as Fort Buxton, was located on the bank of the Saco River. The town of Buxton was established during 1772. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the Buxton Powder House, a brick structure with walls that were one foot thick, was established at Buxton by Theodore Elwell. The Buxton Powder House became a National Historical Site during 1976. Woolwich Garrison Houses— Between the years 1741–1747, seven blockhouses and garrison houses were constructed in Woolwich to defend the settlement against Indian attacks. The garrison houses included Hammond Garrison and Harnden’s Garrison. York Garrison Houses— The English (Pilgrims) established a trading post during 1624 at what was called Agamenticus, which later became York. The site was selected by Ferdinando Gorges. During 1641, the settlement was given a city charter by Gorges. The colonists renamed it Gorgeana in his honor. During 1652, the town was renamed York by the Massachusetts Bay Company.

MARYLAND Allen Killough’s Fort— Allen Killough’s Fort was established near Indian Springs in western Maryland less than five miles south of the Mason-Dixon Line during 1754. Ancient Barracks— See Hessian Barracks. Anderson’s Fort— Anderson’s Fort was established in western Maryland (western Frederick County, present-day Washington County) near the North Branch during 1755. Annapolis Forts— During the American War for Independence, the patriots fortified several locations to guard Annapolis and the river approaches. Forts were hurriedly established at Beaman’s, (also Bieman’s Hill, later Fort Nonsense), Greenbury (Greenberry) Point (later Fort Madison), Horn’s Point (later Fort Horn) and Windmill Point (later Fort Severn). During 1774, a merchant ship, the Pegg y Stewart, which carried a cargo of tea, was burned by patriots while it was moored in the harbor at Annapolis. Other forts and batteries were established during the War of 1812. One of about seven that were built was Fort Severn. Another place that was fortified was known as The Point at the City Dock. Later, during the Civil War era, others were established, including Camp Burnside, Camp Kelsey, Camp Parole, Camp Relay House, Camp Richmond and Camp Stanton. Annapolis National Cemetery— The Annapolis National Cemetery was established during 1862 at the intersection of West Street

and Taylor Avenue, with the primary entrance being on West Street Road. The cemetery, established for the U.S. military, contains the grave of a Russian sailor who died while in Annapolis aboard a Russian warship during 1864. The Russians dispatched two vessels to the U.S. on a goodwill trip. While the vessels were at Annapolis, the Russian who was killed, N. Demidoff, was in a local tavern there and was refused a drink. A fight broke out and a bedlam occurred. The Russian was shot. A subsequent investigation was held and apparently the results were accepted by the Russian government. He is interred in Section G, Grave 240. At the time of his death, Russia was still a Christian country. Demidoff received a Christian burial (Russian Orthodox). Of more than 2,000 people interred at the cemetery, the identities of 211 remain unknown. Baltimore Civil War Forts— At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union was compelled to strongly fortify Baltimore to ensure it and the nation’s capital did not fall into the hands of the Confederates. Maryland was strategic because if it fell, the capital would have been encircled by Confederate states, Maryland and Virginia, both of which earlier donated part of their land to form Washington, D.C., as the federal capital. This entry (list) of Baltimore Civil War forts and camps is from author and historian Scott Sheads’ book Baltimore, During the Civil War, published by Toomey Press, 1997. This list of Baltimore fortifications is printed with the permission of the author, Scott Sheads.

187 Battery A (1864) at Monroe and Ramsey Streets. Belger Barracks— See Camp Belger. Camp Andrew— See Fort No. 1∂ Camp Beaver— See Camp Hay. Camp Belger—(1862–1864) also known as Camp Birney and Belger Barracks (subsequent to 1862)— Madison and North Avenues. Camp Birney— See Camp Belger. Camp Bradford—(1861–1864) also known as Camp Cattlegrounds and Camp Tyler; Charles and 26th Streets near former state fairgrounds. The camp became a military hospital during 1864. Camp Cadwalader—(1861) close proximity to Fort McHenry. Camp Carroll—(1861–1864) also known as Camp Chesebrough; Carroll Park.

also known as Camp Small; Cold Spring Lane and Jones Falls in vicinity of Cross Keys. Camp Millington—(1862) vicinity of Gwynn’s Falls at Brunswick Street and Millington Ave., in close proximity to Camp Emory.

Fort No. 9∂—(1864) Caroline Street in Fell’s Point.

Camp Patterson— See Fort No. 12.

Fort No. 10—(1864) Caroline St. At Fell’s Point.

Camp Seward—(1861–1862) At Parkton near York Road in vicinity of Little Falls railroad bridge. Camp Simpson— See Fort No. 1∂

Camp Stansbury—(1861) at Rosedale near Back River railroad bridge.

Camp Cram—(1862) Liberty Road vicinity of Powhattan Dam.

Camp Tyler— See Camp Bradford.

Camp Creager— See Fort No. 1∂

Camp Washburn— See Fort No. 12.

Camp Donaldson—(1863) unknown location.

Camp Wool— See Fort No. 1∂

Camp Druid— See Fort No. 5.

Fort No.∂—(1864) West Baltimore and Smallwood Streets.

Camp Emory—(1862) close proximity to Camp Millington.

Fort No. 1—(1863–64) West Baltimore and Smallwood Streets.

Camp Essex—(1861–1865) Thomas Viaduct Bridge at present-day Patapsco State Park.

Fort No. 1∂—(1861–64) known also as Camp Andrew, Camp Reynolds, Camp Creager, Camp Wool, Camp Simpson— West Baltimore Street and Fulton Avenue.

Camp McClelland— See Fort No. 8. Camp McKim— See Fort No. 8. Camp Meade—(1863) at North Charles Street. Camp Melvale—(1861–1862)

Fort No. 8—(1861–64) known also as Camp McKim or Camp McClelland south of Greenmount Cemetery at Preston, Chase, Homewood, and Valley Streets. Renamed McKim Barracks— The barracks became a military hospital during 1862.

Camp Newport— unknown date and location.

Camp Chapin—(1862) Druid Hill Park.

Camp Hoffman (1)—(1861–1864) also known as Camp Lafayette Square and later Lafayette Barracks (subsequent to 1862); located at Lafayette Square. Not to be confused with Camp Hoffman at Scotland.

Fort No. 7∂—(1864) opposite Camp Bradford at North Charles Street.

Fort No. 9—(1864) Harford Rd. and North Ave.

Camp Small— See Fort Melvale.

Camp Hay—(1861–1862) also known as Camp Beaver; York and Sherwood Roads at Cockeysville.

Fort No. 7—(1864) near Mount Royal Reservoir.

Camp Morgan—(1861–1865) Thomas Viaduct Bridge at present-day Patapsco State Park. Camp Mount Clare—(1861) West Fayette St, Fulton Ave., West Baltimore and Smallwood Streets, near Camp Andrew. Became a military hospital during 1862.

Camp Cattlegrounds— See Camp Bradford.

Camp Glory—(1861–1862) Long Bridge on the Ferry Branch of the Patapsco River.

Baltimore Civil War Forts / MARYLAND

Fort No. 2—(1864) Franklin Street and Kirby’s Lane. Fort No. 3—(1864) Gilmor and Townsend Streets or Franklin Street and Kirby’s Lane. Fort No. 4—(1864) Gilmor Street and Winsor Mill Road (or Townsend Street and Kirby’s Lane?). Fort No. 4∂—(1864) at Gilmor and Baker Streets. Fort No. 5—(1861–64) known also Camp Druid Hill Park at Druid Hill Park on Madison Ave. Fort No. 6—(1864) at Druid Hill Park.

Fort No. 11—(1864) also known as Fort Rosehill at East Monument Street in the vicinity of present-day Johns Hopkins Hospital. Fort No. 12—(1861–62) also known as Camp Washburn, Camp Patterson, Fort Patterson and Patterson Park Barracks; Hampstead Hill at Patterson Park. Became military hospital during 1863. Fort No. 13—(1864) also known as Fort Worthington; Kenwood and Preston Streets. Fort No. 14—(1861–1864) also known as Fort Marshall; Murray’s Hill in Highlandtown section at present-day Sacred Heart Catholic Church. Fort No. 15—(1861–1864) also known as Fort Federal Hill on Federal Hill. It was the first temporary fort built at start of the war when General Butler arrived in Baltimore during April 1861. See also Federal Hill. Fort Dix—(1861–1865) Thomas Viaduct Bridge at present-day Patapsco State Park. Fort Marshall— See Fort No. 14. Fort Patterson— See Fort No. 12. Fort Rosehill— See Fort No. 11. Fort Worthington— See Fort No. 13. Lafayette Barracks— See Camp Hoffman (1). Patterson Park Barracks— See Fort No. 12.

MARYLAND / Battery (at) Frenchtown

188

Battery Augustin— See Fort Carroll.

Battery Potato— See Havre de Grace Batteries.

Battery (at) Counterscarp Gallery— See Fort Warburton.

Battery Smith— See Fort Warburton.

Battery (at) Fell’s Point— See Fell’s Point Battery.

Battery Spring Garden— See Spring Garden Battery.

Battery (at) Frenchtown— The Americans established a battery at Frenchtown in close proximity to Fredericktown. See also Fort Defiance.

Battery Stricker— See Fort Howard.

Battery (at) Indian Head— See Indian Head Battery.

Battery Towson— See Fort Carroll.

Battery (at) Port Deposit— See Port Deposit Battery.

Battery White— See Fort Warburton.

Battery (at) St. Michael’s— See St. Michael’s Battery.

Battery Wilkin— See Fort Warburton.

Battery (at) Whetstone Point— See Principio Furnace Battery.

Battery Winchester— See Fort Armistead.

Battery Babcock— See Fort Babcock.

Bladensburg— The Americans established fortifications at Bladensburg to defend the capital during the War of 1812. See also Fort McHenry and Fort at St. Leonard’s Creek.

Battery Bailey (Maryland-Washington, D.C., Civil War defenses)— See Fort Sumner. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C. Battery Benson— See Fort Sumner. Battery Clagett— See Fort Howard. Battery Decatur— See Fort Warburton. Battery Doubleday— Battery Doubleday was established during 1862 by the Union at Williamsport, a town that changed sides at least seven times during the war. The final major exchange occurred near Williamsport while the Confederates under Robert E. Lee were in retreat from Gettysburg en route back to Virginia. The battery was initially established to protect a crossing of the Potomac there. On the night of 4–5 July, the Confederates were jammed along the Fairfield Road, shadowed from a safe distance by an equally exhausted Union cavalry contingent. On 11 July, the Confederates were stalled at the Potomac due to a burned bridge and a river which had overflowed its banks. By 14 July, the Confederates had improvised and constructed a bridge, but the Union had closed prior to Lee getting his entire force to the opposite bank. Union cavalry struck the rear and managed to seize about 500 prisoners. During the heated contest, Confederate general Pettigrew was fatally wounded. On the 16th, the running battle was still ongoing. By dusk, the Confederates had held. The Union disengaged. Lee continued the retreat. Battery Emory— See Fort Warburton. Battery Harris— See Fort Howard. Battery Hartshorne— See Fort Smallwood. Battery Heart— See Fort Carroll. Battery Humphreys— See Fort Warburton. Battery Irons— See Fort Armistead. Battery Key— See Fort Howard. Battery Lazaretto— See Lazaretto Battery. Battery Lazear— See Fort Howard. Battery McFarland— See Fort Armistead. Battery Many— See Fort Warburton. Battery Meigs— See Fort Warburton. Battery Mudge— See Fort Armistead. Battery Nicholson— See Fort Howard. Battery Patapsco (Patapsco Battery)— See Fort Covington.

Battery Sykes—See Fort Smallwood.

Budd’s Ferry Battery— The Union established a battery in the vicinity of Budd’s Ferry to counteract Confederate batteries across Quantico Creek in Virginia. The site was selected by Union captain R.S. Williamson during October 1861. Camp Bates— Camp Bates was established in the vicinity of Poolesville, southwest of Germantown and west of Gaithersburg, during 1861. Units stationed there included cavalry from New York regiments. One trooper, Morris Harrington, described in a letter (written 23 December 1861) sent home how one of the corporals, killed in action, was brought back to camp with a 12-man honor guard and the riderless horse with the corporal’s stirrups. See also Camp Stone. Camp Benton— See Camp Stone. Camp Berlin— The Union established Camp Berlin during 1862 in the vicinity of Berlin, on the Eastern Shore, about eight miles west of present-day Ocean City. Camp Boonesboro— Boonesboro, located in western Maryland near Antietam and South Mountain, was a town that saw both sides, Union and Confederate, pass through. General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s forces were there and various Union contingents established temporary positions there. Just outside the town, the Union used a deteriorating monument to George Washington (built on 4 July 1827) as a signal station Other Union units established positions at a local church. On 12 February 1862, the 1st Pennsylvania Independent Light Artillery Battery (Hampton’s Battery), commanded by Captain Hampton, received orders at Camp Bradford to depart for Camp Boonesboro. Afterward, Hampton’s Battery participated in battles including the Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. Camp Bradford— See Fort Bradford (Hagerstown). Not to be confused with Camp Bradford (Civil War Camp at Baltimore). Camp Butler— During April 1861, Brigadier General Benjamin Franklin Butler departed Philadelphia with the 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment for Washington. Butler was moving in response to a call from President Lincoln for troops to defend the capital. Another regiment under Butler, the 6th Massachusetts, had already arrived at the capital. In the meantime, Confederate sympathizers in Baltimore and the surrounding area were impeding travel. Butler’s train was halted at a destroyed bridge at the Susquehanna River above Baltimore. He then altered his plans and boarded a ship, which moved down Delaware Bay to the Chesapeake. While advancing toward Washington, Butler was informed by men aboard a private fishing boat that the Potomac was defended by Confederate artillery.

189 Butler arrived at Annapolis on 21 April, joined shortly thereafter by a Massachusetts unit, the 7th Volunteer Regiment. The troops debarked and set up positions at the naval academy. Additional troops followed and Annapolis remained heavily guarded by Union troops for the duration. Several camps were established in and around Annapolis in addition to Camp Butler. They included Camp Richmond and Camp Parole on the outskirts of Annapolis and Camp Kelsey at Annapolis Junction. During July 1862, the Confederates and the Union consummated an agreement designating City Point, Virginia, as the authorized exchange point for prisoners. It was also agreed that Annapolis would be one location which would hold Union officers that received paroles. Afterward, John Stanton, the military governor of the Annapolis District and commander of the provost regiment, issued a public proclamation for all Union officers who were paroled to report to Annapolis and soon after a similar order was published (in newspapers) for enlisted men. Parole camps began to be established; the initial one was at St. John’s College (College Green). By September 1862, several thousand troops had arrived. New camps had to be established. The second parole camp was located on farmland about two miles outside of Annapolis. Nonetheless, troops continued to pour into Annapolis and by October about 20,000 paroled troops were there, creating a major problem with winter fast approaching. Clara Barton made her headquarters at Camp Parole. Barton (later the founder of the American Red Cross) became known as the “Angel of the Battlefield” due to her tireless work with the wounded Union soldiers. During September 1863, a third parole camp, known as Parole Barracks (soon after renamed Camp Parole), was constructed in the vicinity of the Annapolis and Elkridge Railroad. Sixty barracks were established, but the post soon had to build more. Subsequently, during 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant halted the prisoner exchange; however, the Confederates, although unable to receive their captured soldiers, still released many Union prisoners due to the inability to provide care. In conjunction, Grant also refused to send supplies for the Union prisoners. During February 1865, Camp Parole was still receiving paroled prisoners and the camp again had to be enlarged. Camp Parole (third) remained active until the conclusion of the war. The site of the former post is now occupied by the Parole Shopping Center. Camp Cambridge— Camp Cambridge was established in the vicinity of Cambridge during 1863. The 1st Maryland Eastern Shore Regiment had earlier been formed (September 1861) to guard and defend Maryland. The unit was commanded by Colonel James Wallace, an attorney from Cambridge. When the unit was ordered to Baltimore to join with the U.S. regular forces and fight against the Confederates at Gettysburg, some troops refused to serve outside Maryland. They were disarmed and discharged at Camp Cambridge. The unit arrived in Gettysburg as a contingent of the Army of the Potomac on 2 July 1863. Camp Casey— Camp Casey was established in Prince George’s County during 1861 near Cottage City and Bladensburg. During November 1862, the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment arrived there. Camp Cross (Lookout Point)— See Fort Lincoln. Camp Heintzelman— See Camp Stone. Camp Hicks— Camp Hicks was established by the Union in Frederick during 1861. Governor Thomas H. Hicks transferred the state legislature to Frederick. One of the units stationed there was the 1st Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia Regiment. Camp Hoffman— See Fort Lincoln. Not to be confused with Camp Hoffman in Baltimore. Camp Kelsey— Camp Kelsey was established by Union forces dur-

Camp Richmond / MARYLAND ing 1861 at Annapolis Junction. It was one of a group of posts established in the vicinity of Annapolis. Following the arrival of General Butler to the area during April 1861, other units continued to arrive at Annapolis. One of the regiments based for awhile at the camp was the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. There is not a lot of specific information on the camp, but the Maryland archives contain a photo of men (Company F) of the 10th Maine, enjoying dinner on Thanksgiving Day, 1861. See also Camp Butler. Camp Lininger— Camp Lininger was established in present-day Washington County during 1862. There is little information regarding this camp. However, units from Pennsylvania were there. A Pennsylvania newspaper printed a small death notice of a Pennsylvanian volunteer (Charles Allison), attached to a company commanded by Captain Marshall, who succumbed there during September 1862. Camp Look-Out— Camp Look-Out (Lookout), later Fort Wood, was established in Baltimore during 1813 to protect the land approaches to Fort Babcock and Fort Covington, both of which were across the channel from Fort McHenry. The earthworks position was active until 1819. The site of the old battery is located in Riverside City Park in Baltimore. Camp Lyon— See Camp Stone. Camp Observation— Camp Observation was established as a battery by the Union at White’s Ferry. One of the units that trained at the camp was the 13th Independent Battery (also known as Baker’s Brigade Battery), which was formed as part of General E.D. Baker’s California Brigade. The unit then became known as Baker’s Brigade, Light Artillery. It was formed in New York City and it arrived at Camp Observation on 20 October 1861. Afterward, the unit became the Thirteenth Independent Battery. Another contingent that served at Camp Observation was the Pennsylvania 72nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Baxter’s Philadelphia Fire Zouaves). Camp Parole— Several parole camps were established at Annapolis. The third, Camp Parole, initially called Parole Barracks, was established at Annapolis during 1863. At the time, the barracks at the Naval Academy and at St. John’s College were overcrowded with no room to spare. Camp Parole, in close proximity to Camp Richmond, was located on the outskirts of Annapolis. The arriving troops were able to receive medical attention if needed and they were issued new uniforms. The men were quartered there until able to either rejoin their units or, in the case of some, until they were able to return home. Few items pertaining to the camp remain, but the Maryland archives contain what is thought to be the only known photograph of Camp Parole. The photo displays a military band in front of the barracks. Camp Relay House— Camp Relay House was established during 1861 in the vicinity of Annapolis during 1861. It was one of a group of camps established in Annapolis. One of the primary responsibilities was guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad there. General Benjamin Franklin Butler arrived in Annapolis during April and subsequently established headquarters at Federal Hill in Baltimore. The Union troops at Annapolis got the destroyed rails repaired quickly. By mid–May, General Butler informed Lieutenant General Winfield Scott that he was prepared to transport as many as 5,000 troops per day from Annapolis to Washington. Annapolis was located about 30 miles from Baltimore and it was an equal distance from Washington. See also Camp Butler. Camp Richmond— Camp Richmond was established in the vicinity of Annapolis during 1861 as one of a group of camps established there. One of the units based there was the 53rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (D’Epineuil Zouaves). The post was located near Camp Parole. See also Camp Butler.

MARYLAND / Camp Rose Hill

190

Camp Rose Hill— Camp Rose Hill was established in Cumberland on 8 June 1861 when Union troops occupied the city. The camp was located at the base of Rose Hill (now Allegany High School).

Ferry Point Redoubt— A redoubt was established during 1813 in Baltimore at Ferry Point as one of a series of defensive positions to protect Baltimore. The fort was abandoned during 1815.

Camp Stanton— Camp Stanton, named in honor of Edwin Stanton, the secretary of war under President Lincoln, was established at Benedict during 1863. It was established after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which became law on 1 January 1863. The post was established to provide a training camp for Negro troops. During the camp’s period of activity, the 7th, 9th, 19th and 30th Colored Infantry Regiments were established there. Lincoln’s proclamation freed only the slaves in the Confederate states, although it is often thought that all slaves were freed by the proclamation. Maryland at the time had slaves, but they were not freed in conjunction with the proclamation, as Maryland remained loyal to the Union. The states in which the slaves were freed were not controlled by the Union. Nonetheless, slaves on nearby plantations were recruited and they came in large numbers. Slavery was ended in Maryland on 1 November 1864.

Fort Alexander—(Maryland Washington Defenses, 1861) Fort Alexander was one of more than 100 fortifications established to protect Washington, D.C., during the Civil War. It was located near Fort Ripley. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C.

Camp Stone— Camp Stone was established during 1861 in the vicinity of Poolesville where General Charles P. Stone maintained his headquarters on Sugar Loaf Mountain in close proximity to General Nathaniel Banks, who established headquarters at Hyattstown. The area was used to establish several training camps, which included training for the U.S. Signal Corps. A series of small camps were established in the vicinity of Poolesville and came under the command of several officers, including Lieutenants Theodore S. Dumont, 5th New York Regiment and acting signal officer Evan Thomas, 4th U.S. Artillery and Lieutenant Leonard F. Hepburn, 4th New York Regiment. Other camps established at Poolesville included Camp Bates, Camp Benton, Camp Lyon and Camp Heintzelman.

Fort at Fredericktown— See Fort Duffy.

Camp Upton— Camp Upton was established during 1861 at Salisbury. The Union was pressed to protect Washington and to keep Maryland in the Union. Southern sympathizers throughout the state, and in particular throughout the Eastern Shore, were creating problems. General John A. Dix at Federal Hill in Baltimore requested of Secretary of War Simon Cameron that seasoned regiments at Salisbury be dispatched to destroy Confederate camps that were emerging on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and Virginia. A local newspaper is now located on the site of the former camp (Salisbury Times). Camp Wallace— Camp Wallace was established during September 1861 at Cambridge. The 1st Maryland Eastern Shore Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Colonel James Wallace, was formed there. The regiment was attached to a brigade under General Henry Hayes Lockwood (West Point class of 1836), who was during 1861 appointed commander of the eastern shore of Maryland and Virginia and responsible for the defenses of the Lower Potomac. Conococheague— The militia fortified the settlement of Conococheague (later Williamsport) during the 1750s. During 1757, one of the prominent residents, James Gutridge, was sworn into the militia for a period of 30 days by Governor Sharpe. Evan Shelby’s Fort— See Shelby’s Fort. Fell’s Point Battery— The Americans established a battery in Baltimore, at Fell’s Point, across from Fort Whetstone (later Fort McHenry) during 1776. The battery remained active until the close of the American Revolution. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, Fell’s Point became a base for privateers who had been granted letters of marque, which authorized the private vessels to attack British shipping. The privateers that operated out of Fell’s Point included the Lynx. British warships were impeded from reaching Fell’s Point due to the guns at Fort McHenry, which provided the privateers a safe harbor.

Fort Armistead— Fort Armistead was established in the vicinity of Baltimore during 1896 near Fort Carroll, which had been established during 1847. The fort was located at Hawkins Point in the vicinity of present-day Francis Scott Key bridge. The fort remained active until 1928. Four batteries were established there : Battery Irons (1900–1913, two 4.7-inch guns), Battery McFarland (1900–1917, three 8-inch guns), Battery Mudge (1901–1920, two 3-inch guns) and Battery Winchester (1900–1918, one 12-inch gun). The fort is now part of Fort Armistead State Park. Fort at St. Leonard’s Creek— On 4 July 1813, Joshua Barney proposed constructing a small fleet of gunboats that could be flexible enough to take on the Royal Navy’s blockade of Chesapeake Bay. His blueprint included gunboats that could also be rowed to provide additional means of navigating the rivers and outmaneuvering the large warships of the British Navy. His plans were deemed bold, but at the time of crisis also pragmatic, and they were approved by William Jones, the secretary of the Navy, making Barney’s fleet a temporary part of the U.S. Navy. Consequently, Barney, who had retired after the War for Independence, was reactivated. He received the rank of commodore. A naval battery (Fort at St. Leonard’s Creek) was established to provide protection for the gunboats on the Patuxent River. The fleet was constructed and prepared to set sail from Baltimore during May of the following year. British vessels ventured into the Chesapeake to attack Washington and Baltimore. Commodore Joshua Barney’s flotilla of mostly barges attempted to engage then pulled back into the Patuxent River to Leonard’s Point during June 1814. The British blockaded Barney’s fleet. The Americans were able to inflict damage upon the British with a combination of shore guns and the fleet, but Barney was unable to break out. Barney was ordered to destroy the fleet (16 gunboats and 13 schooners, including Barney’s sloop, Scorpion) to keep it from being captured. After the sailors lost their vessels, Barney led them overland to help defend Washington. As the British force of just under 3,000 troops advanced against Washington, defended by about 6,000 troops, primarily militia, the Americans fled, except a contingent of U.S. Marines and Barney’s men. They stood firmly at Bladensburg (August 1814) and withstood the British for about two hours, buying time for President Madison, who witnessed the disaster on the field, to get back to Washington. Ironically, the Americans ran after the British introduced a new weapon that terrified the defenders. However, the rockets were actually fireworks. Nonetheless, they got the desired effect. It was a huge British victory. The Redcoats marched into Washington unopposed and were soon after evicted by a horrific storm rather than an American force. The British were commanded by General Robert Ross, who would later meet his demise en route to Fort McHenry. The American commander was General Winder. The U.S. Army and the politicians in Washington fled to Virginia. Dolly Madison refused to leave the capital until the president returned from Bladensburg. It was through her efforts that many important documents, including an original copy of the Declaration of Independence, were saved. Joshua Barney was wounded and captured, but the British released him. He returned to his home, but he spent the remainder of the war recuperating. The Americans

191 suffered 150 casualties and the British lost about 250 killed or wounded. The British continued the campaign to seize Baltimore. The site of the headquarters for Barney’s command is now part of the Patterson State Park. Fort at Soller’s Point— See Fort Carroll. Fort Babcock— Fort Babcock, known also as Battery Babcock, was established during 1813 as one of a group of defensive posts designed to protect Baltimore. The fort contained six guns in its half-moon shaped earthworks. The fort remained active until 1815. It was located less than two miles west of Fort McHenry. A state marker is located at the intersection of Gould and McComas Streets. Fort Bradford (Hagerstown)— Fort Bradford, known also as Camp Bradford, was established at Hagerstown during 1861. One of the units that was for awhile based there was the 1st Pennsylvania Independent Light Artillery Battery (Hampton’s Battery), commanded by Captain Hampton. Captain Hampton departed Williamsport (formerly Conococheague) on 27 January 1862 en route to Camp Bradford where, on 1 February, the unit received six 1-pounder rifles. The stop was short lived. On 12 February, the unit was ordered to Camp Boonesboro. Fort Carroll— Fort Carroll, known as the Fort at Soller’s Point until 1850, was established during 1847 at Dundalk, about five miles west of Baltimore in the vicinity (southwest) of present-day Francis Scott Key bridge. The fort was part of the countrywide defense project (Permanent System, also known as the Third System) to bolster the defenses of the seacoasts. The construction of the fort was one of several that were supervised by a U.S. Army engineer and veteran of the Mexican War named Robert E. Lee. In 1850, the huge fortification, built in the shape of a hexagon (six-sided), was named in honor of Charles Carroll, a Marylander, who was one of those who signed the Declaration of Independence. The fort was constructed to hold more than 200 guns, but at the outbreak of the Civil War during 1861, less than five were in place. Platforms had been constructed for five guns and of those, only two had their guns operational. The fort, however, was not challenged. Subsequently, modern batteries (Endicott System) were added, but they were not completed until after the close of the Spanish-American War (1898). They were Battery Augustin (1900–1920, two 3-inch guns), Battery Heart (1900–1917, two 5-inch guns) and Battery Towson (1900–1918, two 12-inch guns). Fort Carroll served as a support post of Fort McHenry from about 1908 through 1911 and from then it served an identical purpose for Fort Howard. The fort was officially abandoned during the early part of the twentieth century (1913); however, it was used sporadically afterward by the Army and Coast Guard during World War I and beyond until 1955. During the latter part of the 1950s the fort was acquired by a private party. The fort still stands on Dundalk, actually a man-made island, but it is not accessible to the public and is unreachable by land. A lighthouse was installed on the island during 1854. Later, during 1898, the lighthouse was reconstructed and later, during 1920, the light was automated. In conjunction, during 1843, the Aqueduct Bridge was built near the fort’s location. It carried canal boats across the Potomac River to a link with the Alexandria Canal. The bridge contained an 1,100-foot trunk which contained a depth of seven feet of water. A tow path was built for the mules which pulled the boats across the bridge. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union transformed the bridge into a dry span. The water was emptied to permit a double wagon path. Subsequent to the close of the war, the bridge was modified to handle boats and wagons. During 1866, a steel bridge was built there and later, during 1924, the Francis Scott Key Bridge was constructed. The Aqueduct Bridge was demolished during 1934. Fort Conquest— The English, under William Claiborne, established

Fort Covington / MARYLAND a trading post on Palmer’s Island (later Garrett Island) at the mouth of the Susquehanna River about 1627–1628. The island’s whereabouts were first discovered by Captain John Smith during the early 1600s when Smith arrived at Jamestown. The island later became part of Maryland. The first settler to reach the island was Edward Palmer, who chose to establish a trading post there based on information from the Smith expedition. He arrived about 1622. Subsequently, during 1632, England’s king, Charles I, granted “Maryland” to Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; however, Calvert succumbed on 15 April, prior to the signing of the patent. On the 20th of June, the patent was issued to Cecilius Calvert, his son. The colonists in Virginia, led principally by William Claiborne, protested loudly, insisting that Maryland was part of Virginia. Claiborne at the time also had a trading post on Kent Island. The followers of Claiborne entered into conflict with Calvert. Eventually, during 1635, the Virginians were evicted. Claiborne escaped to Virginia and pleas for his return by Calvert were ignored by Virginia’s governor Harvey. Claiborne returned to England. After the eviction of the Virginians, a fortification, Fort Conquest, was constructed. Apparently, according to the Maryland State Archives, some of the colonists didn’t want to help support the fort. During January 1643, several men were summoned to court. The summons, in part, as written at the time from the archives: “January 16. warne Rob Smith John Ormsby Isaac Edwards Tho only, Anth. rawlins, franc. gray & henry James to be at the Court on Thursday next to shew cause why iudgmt should not pceed agst them for the contribution mony wch they pmised vnder their hands to the meinteining of the garrison at fort conquest [Fort Conquest]. wherof that they faile not at their pill of iudgmt to pceed. And then returne.” The island was initially Harford County and later Cecil County. The name was changed from Powell’s Island to Garrett Island during 1885. It was renamed in honor of John W. Garrett, who at the time was president of the B&O Railroad. Fort Covington— Fort Covington, initially known as Patapsco Battery, was established during 1813 as one of a group of defensive positions established to defend Baltimore. The fort was constructed of brick and shaped in the form of a V. It contained a barracks, guardhouse and a powder magazine. The post was located in close proximity to Fort McHenry and was located less than one mile from Fort Babcock, also built near the Patapsco River. During the early morning hours of 14 September, while Fort McHenry was under incessant bombardment, a contingent of British troops moved to seize Fort Covington and spring from there to attack Fort McHenry from the rear. The British warships traded blows with the fort and the other defenses, including Fort McHenry, but after a while, the British pulled back out of range of the fort’s 10 guns. From their distant positions on the Patapsco, the British continued to pound the American positions. A British force attempted to take Fort Covington. Several vessels laden with ground troops moved through the water under the cover of pitch darkness amidst a heavy rain, but soon after they discovered the guns of Fort Covington had not been eliminated. Fire commenced at Fort Covington and from nearby defenses inflicting casualties on the British. As they aborted the attack and moved back toward the ships, the fire continued. The ships by then had already come under fire from barges in the water, but Fort McHenry’s guns pounded the vessels as they withdrew. The Americans took great pleasure from driving the Redcoats back At the time of the attack, the fort was commanded by naval Lieutenant Newcomb and a contingent of sailors. Lieutenant Webster, also of the U.S., commanded the six-gun battery near the fort. On 24 September, Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead mentioned the jubilation in a letter to James Monroe, the secretary of war. The letter read in part: “We gave three cheers, and again ceased firing-The enemy continued throwing shells, with one or two slight intermissions, till one

MARYLAND / Fort Cresap o’clock in the morning of Wednesday, when it was discovered that he had availed himself of the darkness of the night, and had thrown a considerable force above to our right; they had approached very near to Fort Covington, when they began to throw rockets; intended, I presume, to give them an opportunity of examining the shores-as I have since understood, they had detached 1250 picked men, with scaling ladders, for the purpose of storming this fort. We once more had an opportunity of opening our batteries, and kept up a continued blaze for nearly two hours, which had the effect again to drive them off....” The fort was abandoned about 1832. Fort Cresap— Fort Cresap, constructed of stone, was established at Williamsport during the 1750s. The fort was constructed by Daniel Cresap, the son of Thomas Cresap. It was attacked in 1756. Fort Cumberland— During 1749, Christopher Gist established a trading post in the vicinity of Washington Town (present-day Cumberland) in western Maryland (Allegheny Mountains). Gist located the post at Wills Creek near its convergence with the North Branch Potomac River and protected it from Indian raids by constructing a stockade. The trading post, which became known by several names, including Fort at Wills Creek and Post at Wills Creek, became Fort Cumberland during 1755, just as the French and Indian War was escalating. As the war continued and the contest for dominance of North America intensified, the fort was expanded. Fort Cumberland contained four blockhouses and was shaped in the form of a star. Forces from Maryland and Virginia occupied the fort, which was considered a primary post leading up to the seizure of Fort Duquesne (afterwards Fort Pitt) near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Once Fort Duquesne was seized by the English, the French threat against Maryland and Virginia evaporated. The site of Fort Cumberland is now an Episcopal church. There are some traces of the fort under the church. Nearby, at the river bank, a cabin thought by the City of Cumberland to have been the headquarters of Colonel (later General and President) George Washington stands in its relocated position near the old fort site in Riverside Park. The Emmanuel Episcopal Church permits tours of the fort’s trenches that remain under the church. Advance notice is required. Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was established during 1813 in the vicinity of Elkton in close proximity to Frenchtown Battery and Fort Hollingsworth, the latter being less than two miles away at Fowler’s Shore. During April 1813, a British naval squadron under Admiral Cochrane arrived at Frenchtown on the 29th. The British landed a force, but it was repulsed by militia after Frenchtown was destroyed. Forts Defiance and Hollingsworth held. The British moved to Havre de Grace. The forts, Defiance and Hollingsworth, remained active until 1815. Fort DeRussy (Maryland, Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses)— Fort DeRussy was established during 1861. Established views say that the post was named in honor of Colonel (later General) Gustavus Adolphus DeRussy, commanding officer of the 4th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment. However, the fort may have instead been named after Rene Edward DeRussy, the son of Gustavus. The fort was in close proximity to Fort Stevens, which was on its right. Fort Pennsylvania, later Fort Reno, was nearby to the left (west). It was in the sector of the chain of forts that encircled the capital at a point where it defended against an attack from the north. The fort, which contained 11 guns and mortars, provided firepower in support of Fort Stevens when it came under attack by General Jubal Early during the summer of 1864. The fort was located near the 7th Street Pike (present-day Georgia Avenue). Colonel De Russy was promoted to brigadier general during May 1863 and assigned command of the Washington defenses south of the Potomac. De Russy remained in command there until the conclusion of the war.

192 The fort is now part of Rock Creek Park and is located near the intersection of Military Road and Oregon Avenue, NW, Washington. In conjunction, Rock Creek Park manages a group of Civil War sites, those which primarily protected the northern and western advances to the city and the aqueduct. They include (starting at Chain Bridge) Battery Kemble, Fort Bayard, Fort Reno, and Fort DeRussy, which is located in the park. In addition, Fort Stevens, Fort Slocum, Fort Totton and Fort Bunker Hill (close to the Franciscan monastery in Washington). See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C. Fort Duffy— Fort Duffy, also known as the Fort at Fredericktown, was established during 1813 in the southern sector of Cecil County. During early May 1813, following a British attack near Elkton, which included Forts Defiance, Hollingsworth and Frenchtown Battery, the British attacked Fredericktown. The fort, defended by Colonel Thomas Ward Veazey, was unable to withstand the superiornumbered force. The British attack force traveled along the Sassafras River aboard 15 barges and several small boats on 6 May. The fort and town were destroyed. The British also burned Georgetown before departing the area. According to maps of the region, Fredericktown was planned during 1736 by William Rumsey and was formerly named Pennington Point or Happy Harbor. The map surfaced while the state of Maryland was preparing for the 200th celebration of George Washington’s birthday (1932). Also, Colonel Veazey, who commanded at Fort Duff y, later became governor of Maryland (1836–1839). See also Fort Defiance. Fort Duncan— Fort Duncan was established in western Maryland by the Union during 1862 as one of the defending points of Harper’s Ferry (now in West Virginia) The fort was located in the vicinity of Maryland Heights in close proximity to West Virginia and the National Historical Park there. Fort Foote— Fort Foote, named in honor of Rear Admiral Andrew H. Foote, was established at Oxen Hill during 1863 as one of the 68 forts built around the capital during the Civil War. Fort Foote, like Fort Washington below it, was a sentinel on the Potomac for Alexandria, Virginia and Georgetown as well as Washington. Admiral Andrew H. Foote was mortally wounded on 26 June 1863 while participating in the campaign to seize Vicksburg. Between the outbreak of war during April 1861 and December of that same year, 48 forts were established. Fort Foote was in close proximity to Fort Washington (formerly Fort Warburton) on the Potomac. Plans were immediately laid to fortify the capital, but the pace was rapidly increased after the Union defeat at Bull Run (Manassas) during July 1861. Another crisis developed during 1862 when the Confederates introduced the CSS Merrimac, an ironclad that ravaged the Union warships at Hampton Roads until the USS Monitor, also an ironclad, appeared to neutralize the Confederate advantage. The city was guarded in that region by Fort Washington, which was more than 15 miles from Washington. It was decided that another fort should be built closer to the capital. Fort Foote, in close proximity to Battery Rogers, was established during 1863. Elements of the 9th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment arrived to garrison the fort during mid–August 1863. Fort Foote was initially commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William H. Seward. Colonel Seward was the son of President Lincoln’s secretary of state, William Seward. The fort’s guns began to arrive during autumn 1863. When its full complement was in place, the artillery included two 15-inch Columbiad guns, four 200-pounder Parrott rifles and six 30-pounder Parrott rifles. Fort Foote was located slightly more than five miles from the capital and in close proximity to Battery Rogers. The engineers planned it as a water battery. Work continued on the post until it was officially declared complete during June 1865, about two months after General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant

193

Fort Lincoln / MARYLAND

at Appomattox, Virginia. The fort’s earthen walls, which stretched for 500 feet along the frontage, were 20 feet thick. However, the fort was never tested. Nonetheless, many casualties occurred there due to the conditions. The fort was near a nasty swamp which caused malaria during the summer months, and impure water was the cause of typhoid. Large numbers of the garrison force were usually in the hospital there. In conjunction, the fort’s unchallenged 15-inch guns were capable of firing within a rage of about 5,000 yards and the 8inch guns had a range of about 2,000 yards. Following the close of the war, Fort Foote, unlike the others forts that ringed the city, remained active. For several years, between 1866 through 1869, the post was used as a prison. Subsequently, during 1872, plans were initiated to expand the post. Land was acquired during the following year and work was initiated. By 1875, Congress, which provided the funds for the purchase of the additional land, withdrew additional funding. Shortly thereafter, during 1878, the fort was abandoned. During World War I and World War II, the fort was used for some minor tasks, including as a training center for officer candidates during the latter. Fort Foote is now part of the National Park Service. Two of its Rodman guns still stand guard on the Potomac. Another of the fort’s guns was transferred to Pennsylvania and now stands silently at Evergreen Cemetery in Leechburg near the graves of 20 soldiers who had served during the Civil War. Fort Foote can be visited. Tours are arranged through Fort Washington.

confined there. Subsequent to the close of the war, the fort was abandoned and it was later acquired by purchase from the state for use as private property. Nevertheless, when the Civil War erupted, troops were deployed there. During the twentieth century, the State of Maryland reacquired the fort. Fort Frederick afterward became Maryland’s initial state park. Work began during the 1920s and later, when the nation suffered from the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps was utilized to focus on rebuilding the fort’s stone walls. Further reconstruction projects continued. For more information: Fort Frederick State Park, 11100 Fort Frederick Road, Big Pool, Maryland, 21711.

Fort Franklin (Maryland, Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses)— Fort Franklin was established during 1861 near Fort Alexander and Fort Ripley. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C.

Fort Horn— Fort Horn was established at Horn’s Point, Eastport, Annapolis, during1776. It was one of a series of fortifications built at the time to defend Annapolis against a British attack. The site was probably also defended also during the War of 1812. The exact site of the fort is unknown due to a hurricane that swept through the area during 1933 and ravaged the peninsula where the fort was located.

Fort Frederick— Fort Frederick was established by the English during 1756 to defend against the French and their Indian allies during the French and Indian War. The fort, ordered built by Governor Horatio Sharpe, contained stone walls. It was named in honor of Frederick Calvert (6th Lord Baltimore). It was located in western Maryland near the Potomac River in Big Pool, slightly less than 20 miles from Hagerstown. Fort Frederick was also about 60 miles from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and 80 miles from Washington, D.C. The fort remained active during the French and Indian War, but saw no action. Later, during 1763, Pontiac’s War erupted when the Indians swept across the frontier, destroying forts, including some in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, but again, the fort saw no action. The Americans controlled the fort during the War for Independence. During the war, captured English troops and Hessian soldiers were

Fort Frederick, Maryland — Department Interior, NPS

Fort Garrison— Fort Garrison was established about 1693 near Stevenson, about 15 miles from Baltimore. The fort was made of stone and still stands. The fort was also known by other names, including Olton’s Garrison, Oulton’s Garrison and Risteau’s Garrison. The fort became a National Historic Site during 1971. It is located on 40 acres in Baltimore County south of Stevenson at Garrison Farms Ct. Fort Hollingsworth— Fort Hollingsworth was established near Elkton during 1813 at about the same time as nearby Frenchtown Battery and Fort Defiance. Fort Hollingsworth was not attacked when the British raided Frenchtown during April 1813. Fort Hollingsworth remained active until 1815. See also Fort Defiance.

Fort Howard— Fort Howard was established during 1896 at North Point as one of a series of forts intended to bolster the defenses of Baltimore. Fort Howard was named in honor of Colonel John Eager Howard, a prominent Marylander during the American Revolution. Howard married Margaret “Peggy” Chew, the daughter of Chief Justice Chew of Maryland, during 1787. Howard later became governor of Maryland (1788–1791) and afterward served in the U.S. Senate (1796–1803). The fort remained officially active until 1928; however, the military retained control of the post through the period of the Vietnam War (1960s). A Veterans Affairs hospital was established at the post during 1940. Six Endicott Batteries were established there: Battery Clagett (1901–1920, two 3-inch guns), Battery Harris (1900–1917, two 5-inch guns), Battery Key (1900–1927, eight 12-inch guns), Battery Lazear (1900–1920, two 3-inch guns), Battery Nicholson (1900–1927, two 6-inch guns) and Battery Stricker (1899–1918, two 12-inch guns). The fort site is now part of North Point Park. Fort Lincoln— Fort Lincoln was established during 1864 at Scotland on Point Lookout on the peninsula. The fort was located in the vicinity of the convergence of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. Colonists under Captain John Smith had visited the area on an exploration expedition during 1612. The patriots used Lookout Point as an outpost during the War for Independence and again during the War of 1812. During both conflicts, messengers were able to speed to headquarters in the event of an approaching British naval squadron. Subsequently, when the Civil War erupted, events changed the fate of the point which had between the wars become the site of a lighthouse (1830). Some of the land had been acquired by a private party for the purpose of creating a resort. Instead, the federal government was compelled to transform it into a military tract. A hospital (Hammond Hospital) was established to care for the mounting casualties that followed the failed campaign to seize Confederate-

MARYLAND / Fort McHenry held Richmond. During 1863, the Union began to transfer captured Confederate prisoners from the Gettysburg area to Lookout Point. However, at the newly established prison (Camp Hoffman), there were no buildings to house them; rather, tents were used. The prisoners were used to construct Fort Lincoln. The Union also established a camp (Camp Cross) outside and slightly north of the prison camp. By 1864, the Confederates planned to raid the prison camp and rescue the POWs, but the plan was foiled when the Union received prior notice of the attack. Consequently, Confederate general Bradley T. Johnson (a Marylander) was ordered to abort the attack. The Union also constructed two redoubts slightly northeast of Fort Lincoln, but no traces remain. Both are underwater. During 1865, some Confederate prisoners, offered a choice to rejoin the Union, became volunteers to form the U.S. 1st and 4th Volunteer Regiments, which saw no duty against their former confederates. The regiments were sent west to deal with the Indians. Also, the prisoners sustained hardships including shortages of food and medicine, causing many deaths. Disease added to the high numbers of deaths at the camp, which pushed the number of deaths well over 3,000. At the time, the dead were buried in the area, but later the remains of the Confederate prisoners were transferred to a cemetery (Fort Lincoln National Cemetery). There are remains of the earthworks of Fort Lincoln, located in close proximity to Cornfield Harbor. The lighthouse is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy and off limits to the public. In addition, some components of the old fort, including the officers’ quarters, and barracks as well as a scaled-size of the penned prison, have been reconstructed at the park (Point Lookout State Park). A nearby town, Colmar Manor, had in the past been a prominent location which apparently contained what was known as the Dueling Grounds. It was also along the route where the British troops blew past the Americans at Bladensburg en route to burn Washington during August 1814. Many duels were held there even after dueling was outlawed in the U.S., but the most famous was the contest between Commodore Stephen Decatur and James Barron. Decatur, who had won fame during the Barbary Pirate Wars (early 1800s), was fatally wounded by Barron during March 1820. A museum and visitors’ center is located at the park. For more information: Point Lookout State Park, P.O. Box 48, Scotland, Maryland 20687. Fort Lininger— See Camp Lininger. Fort Look-Out— See Camp Look-Out. Fort McHenry— Fort McHenry was established during 1798 at Whetstone Point at Baltimore where Fort Whetstone was located from 1776 through 1783. Fort McHenry was named in honor of James McHenry, secretary of war at this time. The site was strategically located and was on dominant ground which was protected on three sides by water. The fort’s guns also defended the shipping

Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland — Dept. Interior, NPS

194

U.S. Marines perform at Fort McHenry, Baltimore — Dept. Interior, NPS

channel that an enemy vessel would have to pass to reach Baltimore. The fort’s design was planned by a Frenchman, Jean Foncin. At the time Fort McHenry was established, there was still difficulty with both France and England with the former being engaged against the U.S. in what is known as the Quasi War. The confrontation with France was confined to the sea. However, England, too, persisted in causing problems. War with England (War of 1812) later broke out which compelled the U.S. to bolster its defenses, including Baltimore. At Baltimore, during 1813, Forts Babcock, Covington and Fort Lookout (Camp Lookout, later Fort Wood) were established to reinforce the harbor. Further defensive positions were established as batteries were erected and the city of Baltimore contained a large number of forts and camps. Some forts were designated by numbers only. A list of these is noted under the heading Baltimore Civil War Forts. Fort McHenry remained the anchor, but forts were staggered in every direction. In addition, Washington was ringed with forts. At nearby Elkton, Fort Defiance and Fort Hollingsworth were established. Others were established further east at Annapolis to defend the Chesapeake and the mouth of the Potomac River. By summer of 1813, the defenders at Fort McHenry believed they were prepared for an expected attack. During summer of 1813, an American officer, Major George Armistead, in a letter to General Sam Smith, stated: “We sir, are ready at Fort Mchenry to defend Baltimore against invading by the enemy, and it is my desire to have a flag so large that the British will have no difficulty in seeing it from a distance.” During June through August 1814, Fort McHenry braced for the imminent assault. Washington had fallen, the British had buzz-sawed through Maryland and were closing fast. British troops led by Admiral Sir George Cockburn and General Ross occupied Washington, D.C., without opposition. They burned the White House, the Capitol Building, and many other dwellings. Nasty weather prompted the British to abort the attack to return to their ships on the Patuxent River. A sudden storm as frightening to the British as the introduction of British fireworks was to the defenders of Bladensburg saved Washington. The campaign to seize Washington was coordinated with the ongoing campaign in New York. The British anticipated an easy victory at the primary thrust, Lake Champlain and New York state. The British expected New York to fall by September. The British were so confident that they sent diplomats to the negotiators at Ghent to inform them that the British demanded that all occupied territory would remain under British control as a condition of a settlement to end the conflict. By 10 September, more than 1,000 defenders were cramped inside Fort McHenry.

195

Fort McHenry / MARYLAND

Fort McHenry during 1861— Benjamin J. Lossing Illustration Two days later, the British debarked at North Point and marched toward the fort. Prior to initiating the advance, while eating breakfast, British general Robert Ross was questioning several American prisoners. Ross boasted: “He would eat dinner tonight at Baltimore, or in hell.” General Ross did not dine in Baltimore. Shortly after the advance began, he was killed, about five miles outside Baltimore at a place known as Godly Wood. Ross’ death caused the British to postpone the attack. In the meantime, the British fleet continued its pressure against Fort McHenry, defended by General Samuel Smith. The British ships remained outside the harbor and from positions on the Patapsco River the fleet incessantly bombarded Fort McHenry. The defenders sustained the constant pounding, but held firmly. The fort refused to capitulate. More than 24 hours after the attack commenced, dawn arrived on 14 September and the flag was still flying. It had been riddled by shells, but not displaced. That brief moment in history became immortalized in the hearts of Americans then and forevermore. The fort prevailed and Baltimore was saved. The British retired. In a letter from Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead to Secretary of War James Monroe, he explained how he deployed his force: “I had arranged my force as follows: The regular artillerists under Captain Evans and the volunteers under Captain Nicholson, manned the bastions in the Star Fort [Fort McHenry]. Captains Bunbury’s, Addison’s, Redman’s, Berry’s and Lieutenant Commandant Pennington’s command were stationed on the lower works, and the infantry under Lieutenant Col. Stewart and Major Lane were on the outer ditch, to meet the enemy at his landing, should he attempt one....” Soon after, on 18 September, there was a large celebration at the fort after word arrived regarding the great American victory at Lake Champlain in New York. The guns of Fort McHenry commenced a tumultuous salute. Fort McHenry was reconstructed between the wars beginning in 1829 with completion of the project during 1836. Fort McHenry was never again challenged. However, at the outbreak of the Civil War, the possibility existed that the fort and the state of Maryland could have fallen from the Union. Federal troops rushed to the cause, the first (6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment) of which to enter the city were attached to General Benjamin Franklin Butler (See also Fort Severn). Baltimore remained in Union hands. The fort was later used to hold Confederate sympathizers. A huge influx of POWs, numbering more than 6.000, arrived at the fort following the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania during July 1863. Subsequent to the conclusion of the Civil War, work began to modernize the fort. By 1866, Rodman guns arrived to begin to replace the older

weaponry. By the mid–1890s, all of the outdated guns were dismantled. The fort remained active until 1912 when the U.S. Army abandoned it on 12 July. From 1915 through 1917, the City of Baltimore transformed the historical icon into a park, but their authorization contained a stipulation that if necessary, the government would reacquire it. By 1917, the government moved back and established a hospital (U.S. General Hospital #2) due to the eruption of World War I. The facility was used to care for veterans when they returned from Europe. The post was overwhelmed with veterans. More than 100 buildings were constructed. One of the earlier buildings was heavily frequented, the chapel which was constructed during 1879, as large numbers of veterans who survived the Great War paused at the chapel to give thanks. It served all denominations. During 1919, an epidemic that had spread across the country struck the post and of several hundred patients who became infected with the flu, about one-third succumbed. By the following year, patients were being transferred to other hospitals. The War Department ordered the facility closed during May of 1920, but it was transferred to the Public Health Service to be used as a veterans’ hospital. The patients received a prominent guest on 14 June 1922. President Warren G. Harding arrived at Fort McHenry from the capital to celebrate the unveiling of a memorial to Francis Scott Key. The president, in addition to giving an address, took the time to visit all the sick veterans at the hospital. The celebration was heightened by the presence of the U.S. Army Band from Fort Hunt. Later, during 1925, the hospital was demolished. Fort McHenry at that time became a national park and later, during 1933, the fort came under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. The Park Service designated Fort McHenry a National Monument and National Shrine during 1939. Subsequently, when World War II erupted, the fort became an installation of the United States Coast Guard. The triumphant and legendary flag that flew above Fort McHenry has been preserved and is on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The sight of the fluttering flag inspired the immortal words of Francis Scott Key, known later as the Star-Spangled Banner. Key had been offshore aboard a British vessel, negotiating for the release of Dr. William Beanes, who was held by the British. The poem written by Key was originally published in a Baltimore newspaper, but the poem had no title. Key apparently penned the piece to the music of an old English tune, “Anacreon in Heaven.” The original manuscript which became the Star-Spangled Banner was sold about 60 years later for more than $50,000. During 1931, by an act of Congress, the StarSpangled Banner became the national anthem of the United States.

MARYLAND / Fort Madison

196

This is a picture of a Union Railroad Battery used to protect workmen while they repair bridges along the Baltimore-Wilmington-Philadelphia route and to protect the B & O Railroad —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

Key inserted the words “In God is our trust.” During the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1954), it would seem as if some words might have been borrowed from the Star-Spangled Banner. The words “In God we trust” became the national motto of the United States. The words “In God we trust” had also been used on U.S. currency beginning in 1864 and afterward on all U.S. coins. For more information: Fort McHenry National Monument, End of East Fort Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21230. Fort Madison— Fort Madison was established at Greenbury (Greenberry) Point at Annapolis. The fort was across the Severn River from Fort Severn (later the U.S. Naval Academy). Both forts were established during 1808 and later both forts were transformed into what became the Annapolis Naval Complex which included the Naval Academy. Fort Madison was somewhat bigger than Fort Severn. The blueprint for Fort Madison was also used to construct nearby Fort Warburton (later Fort Washington). Subsequent to the Civil War, during the 1870s, the fort was transferred to the U.S. Navy. Later, during the early 1900s, Naval Station Annapolis was established there. It was the initial naval station established by the U.S. Navy. By 1939, with the approach of war, the base was modernized to better monitor the expanding naval operations at Annapolis. During 1941, the Severn River Naval Command was established. In conjunction, at the same time, the Naval Air Station Annapolis was reestablished. By the following year, the post was expanded by more than 120 acres, primarily to upgrade the living quarters of the sailors, many of whom (about 800) were living aboard their respective ships, including the

USS Cumberland, Mercedes and Reina. The Naval Barracks Command was responsible for the enlisted men stationed at the academy. While the war was raging overseas, there was no relaxation stateside. The navy also, during 1943, constructed a Boat Repair Facility and a Boat Basin. Subsequent to the termination of World War II, on 15 May 1947, Rear Admiral J.L. Holloway, Jr., officially commissioned the Naval Station Annapolis. That same year, the Severn River Naval Command was given more responsibility which included the Naval Station Annapolis, the Naval Small Craft Facility, the Naval Air Facility and the Naval Barracks Command. Subsequently, during 1962, the Severn River Naval Command was abolished. The personnel were then brought under the jurisdiction of the Commanding Officer, Naval Station Annapolis. The station remains an active base. Fort Mansfield (Maryland, Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses)— Fort Mansfield was located between Fort Reno (D.C.) and Fort Sumner. See also Washington, D.C., Defenses, Washington, D.C. Fort Nicholas— Fort Nicholas, a settlers’ fort that contained four blockhouses, was established in western Maryland at Cresaptown during 1755. Fort Nonsense— Fort Nonsense was constructed during the early 1800s on Beaman’s Hill at Annapolis in close proximity to Fort Madison, another War of 1812 — period post. The site of the fort was also fortified during the American Revolution. The fort later became part

197 of the U.S. Naval Complex at Annapolis. During 1984, the site became a National Historic site. Fort Pendleton— Fort Pendleton was established during 1861 near the Upper Potomac in western Maryland. The fort was in close proximity to West Virginia and located slightly southwest of Gorman and northwest of Bayard near Gorman. Fort Ripley (Maryland, Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses)— Fort Ripley was established near Fort Alexander, in the vicinity of Little Falls. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C. Fort Severn— Fort Severn, built in the shape of a circle with thick walls, was established by the U.S. Army during 1808–1809. The site selected was a place where the colonists previously constructed fortifications during the American Revolution, Windmill Point, Annapolis (formerly Annarundell). The fort was located on an inlet of the Chesapeake Bay at a place originally founded by Puritans from Virginia during 1649. The Puritans named the settlement after the wife of 2nd Lord Baltimore, Cecil Calvert. When the town was made the capital of Maryland, it was renamed Anne Arundel Town. Afterward, during 1708, it became Annapolis, named in honor of Princess Anne, the daughter of Queen Mary of England. The fort was built to bolster the defenses of Annapolis. The fort, however, was not garrisoned until the outbreak of the War of 1812. Although there was conflict in Maryland during the war, Fort Severn saw no action. The U.S. Army retained the post until 1845 when it was transferred to the U.S. Navy for the purpose of establishing the Naval Academy. Naval commander Franklin Buchanan received command of the post. Little time was wasted. On 10 October 1845, seven professors, including three civilians and four officers, began classes with a class of 50 midshipmen. However, it was about six years later, during 1851, when the first training vessel, the Preble, arrived. About 16 years later, Commander Franklin Buchanan resigned from the service to join the Confederacy. His brother remained loyal to the Union. The size of the fort during the 1770s and during the War of 1812 was about 10 acres. The post began to grow as soon as it became the Naval Academy. Several adjacent properties were quickly acquired, increasing the post by six acres, but by the 1900s, the post would reach a size of about 336 acres. When the Civil War erupted,

Fort Smallwood / MARYLAND the three upper classes of midshipmen were ordered to sea. In conjunction, the academy was abandoned and the school was transferred to Newport, Rhode Island, and continued to operate there at Fort Adams. During April 1861, General Benjamin Franklin Butler arrived at Annapolis to ensure the city remained under Union control. In conjunction, the state legislature moved from Annapolis to Frederick and convened there even though it was an off year. The training continued at Newport from May 1861 until just after the close of the war during 1865. In the meantime, other changes occurred. During 1862, the Bureau of Navigation was created and at that time, the new department received responsibility for the academy from the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Subsequently, during 1867, the U.S. Naval Academy came under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department. Nonetheless, with the exception of two years, 1869 and 1889, the academy remained under the control of the Bureau of Navigation for administrative and financial management. Following the close of the Spanish-American War (1898), the government focused on enlarging the academy. The old building which had previously served as the house of Maryland’s governors and later as the quarters for the superintendent of the academy was demolished during 1900. Later, during 1909, Fort Severn was dismantled. Subsequent discoveries included what is thought to have been one of the original gates of Fort Severn at a location along Bancroft Road slightly north of Bancroft Hall. The archeology finds also came across military buttons (artillery) from the War of 1812 era and at another location near Tecumseh Court, remains (foundation) of the old navy mess hall (seamanship/mess hall) building from about 1850 was found. Fort Simmons (Maryland, Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses)— Fort Simmons was established near Chain Bridge between Fort Sumner and Fort Bayard (Virginia). See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C. Fort Smallwood— Fort Smallwood, named in honor of Major General William Smallwood, who served during the American Revolution and later became governor of Maryland (1785–1788), was established in the vicinity of Baltimore at Rock Point during 1890. The fort was one of a series of coastal defense positions established near Baltimore during the latter part of the 1890s. The fort remained active until 1928. Two batteries (Endicott) were established there. One

Fort Severn, Annapolis, Maryland — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

MARYLAND / Fort Sumner

198

Union troops land at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, during 1861; the Naval Academy had previously been Fort Severn until transferred to the Navy during 1845 —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

was Battery Hartshorne (1900–1927, two 3-inch guns), named in honor of Captain Benjamin M. Hartshorne, Jr. Hartshorne was killed in the Philippines during the Philippine Insurrection (1902). The other was Battery Sykes (1905–1927), named in honor of Major General George Sykes, who was a veteran of the Mexican War and the Civil War. The fort is located in Fort Smallwood Park. Fort Sumner (Maryland-Washington, D.C., defenses)— Fort Sumner was located above Chain Bridge. It guarded the Aqueduct (water supply) and the Potomac. Supported by Forts Ripley, Alexander, and Franklin, Fort Sumner, located near present-day Sangamore Road, was also supported by two batteries near Little Falls Creek, formerly Powder Mill Branch. Battery Bailey (Westmoreland Hills Park) was located slightly east of the fort and Battery Benson was just west of the fort on a nearby hill which is now a residential area. In conjunction, the Washington Aqueduct (Potomac Aqueduct) was constructed during 1853 by army engineers under Major (later General) Montgomery Cunningham Meigs. Major Meigs had attended the University of Pennsylvania prior to entering West Point, where he graduated during 1836. The Union, at the outbreak of the Civil War, immediately took steps to prevent the Confederates from disrupting the water supply. By 1860, the aqueduct acquired water from both the Little Falls and Great Falls, which flowed through pipes that had a diameter of nine feet. The water was stored in a reservoir which serviced Arlington and Fairfax Counties in Virginia as well as Washington, D.C. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses, Washington, D.C. Fort Warburton— Fort Warburton (later Fort Washington) was established in the southern part of Prince George’s County opposite Mount Vernon and about 10 miles from Washington, D.C. Fort Warburton was built during 1809 as a component of the Harbor Defenses of Washington, D.C., at a time when the U.S. was concerned

about hostilities with either France or England. Earlier, during 1794, the U.S. Congress authorized the construction of forts along the seacoasts due to a period of turbulence which preceded the Quasi War with France, essentially an undeclared war that was fought entirely on the sea. By 1801, the hostilities with the French terminated, but still, tensions remained high as both France and England posed threats to the new nation. A fort at Digges’ Point had been requested by President George Washington as early as 1794. Washington was convinced it was a strategic place to place the fort. Nevertheless, at the time the project started, the fort was to be built on the Virginia side of the Potomac River rather than in Maryland as Washington suggested. Later during 1805, a decision was made to build a fort on the Thomas Digges’ property (Digges Point). Several acres were purchased by the government, but it was soon determined that more land was required, compelling the project to be scaled down, which, according to Captain George Bombford, made the location unsuitable for the fort. Construction began on 14 April 1808 under Bombford. The fort, built similarly to Fort Madison at Annapolis, was completed on 1 December 1809. The fort as described by Captain Bombford was “an enclosed work of masonry comprehending a semielliptical face with a circular flank on the side next to the Potomac.” The post was built to hold a complement of 120 artillerymen and 15 guns, bolstered by a tower on a hill above the fort which contained six additional guns and quarters for about one company. The fort itself contained quarters for two companies. Meanwhile, peace continued, but war had only been postponed. By 1812 (War of 1812), England made another move to conquer her former colonies. The U.S. was unprepared for the conflict as Congress had eliminated the navy and sold the ships. The modifications to the fort to ensure it was built on the small parcel later proved to be a detriment. During July 1813, a British fleet advanced up the Potomac, but it was unable to reach Washington due to some resistance from militia, but more importantly

199

Havre de Grace Batteries / MARYLAND

tablished. The fort’s operations, following the conclusion of World War I, wound down, but during 1937 it was again garrisoned by the U.S. Army, which remained at the post until after the conclusion of World War II. In the meantime, the fort was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior during 1939. Afterward, when war broke out, the post was taken over by the Department of War. Fort Washington’s batteries included Counterscarp Gallery and Mortar Battery, which was established to guard the right wall of the fort. In addition, others included BatFort Washington (aka Fort Warburton), Maryland, 1812 era — Benson J. Lossing Illustration tery Meigs (eight 12-inch mortars 1902–1914), Battery Decatur (two 10inch guns positioned on disappearing the nasty Kettle Bottom Shoals. The British fleet, rather than risk carriages, 1899–1918), Battery Emory (two 10-inch guns positioned disaster, reversed course. The threat, however, forced action in on disappearing carriages. One served from 1898 through 1915 and Washington. It was soon determined by Major Pierre L’Enfant that the other from 1898 until 1929), Battery Humphreys (two 10-inch Fort Warburton was badly designed and the flaws were unfixable. guns positioned on disappearing carriages 1899–1929), Battery Nonetheless, orders from the Navy Department directed the estabWilkin (two 6-inch guns positioned on disappearing carriages lishment of a “water battery” composed of nine guns. The battery 1902–1928), Battery White (two 4-inch guns positioned on pedestal was under the command of naval Lieutenant Decius Wadsworth. By mounts 1899–1921), Battery Smith (two 3-inch balanced pillar the following year, 1814, the British again advanced up the Potomac mounted guns 1903–1920), Battery Many (two 3-inch pedestal toward Washington. At that time, during August, a small fleet under mounted guns 1905–1928), and the Ravelin (four Rodman guns Joshua Barney was trapped at Leonard’s Point and it had to be de1820–1830 and one 10-inch gun the latter positioned on a barbette stroyed. Fort Warburton, manned at the time by only 49 troops, was carriage 1896–1898). Battery White replaced the Ravelin. The walls also destroyed. The garrison abandoned it without a fight. The fort of Fort Washington have deteriorated, making it necessary to prohad 26 guns, nine of which were positioned to fire at approaching hibit access to some parts of the fort. Also, the lighthouse established warships. The British arrived off the fort on 27 August and during there during 1870 stood in place until 1901. Afterward, the bell tower the following night, the fort was destroyed by explosives. Annapoof the lighthouse was used as a lighthouse. See also Fort at Leonard’s lis capitulated on 29 August. Some troops formed and established Creek. For more information: Fort Washington National Park, Fort makeshift batteries to obstruct the British fleet, but soon after, the Washington Road, Fort Washington, Maryland 20750. ammunition was expended, forcing a withdrawal. The British were able to move effortlessly. They occupied Fort Warburton (Fort WashFort Washington— See Fort Warburton. ington). While some troops were working to destroy the powder left Fort Whetstone— Fort Whetstone, an earthworks position, was esbehind, an accidental explosion occurred which killed some troops tablished in Baltimore during 1776 at Whetstone Point, where Fort and wounded many more. Another consequence of the disaster durMcHenry would later (1798) be established. The fort was formed in ing the British advance upon Washington was the resignation of the shape of a five-point star and contained two batteries, Upper and General Armstrong, the secretary of war. He was unconvinced that Lower. Initially the fort had eight guns, but later it contained 13 guns. the British would move against Washington and never properly preFort Whetstone and a nearby position known as Fell’s Point Battery pared the city for the attack. He had steadfastly held the opinion that were the patriots’ sole Baltimore defensive posts during the Amerithe offensive would be against Baltimore. Subsequently, new fortican Revolution. Subsequent to the close of the war, Fort McHenry fications were constructed at the site of the demolished fort to be prewas established during 1798 in place of Fort Whetstone. See also Fort pared for the next British offensive, but none came. Fort WarburMcHenry. ton was also known as Fort Washington, which it later was renamed, and it was referred to as Digges Point, the Fort at Warburton and Fort Wood— See Camp Look-Out. Fort Washington Light. In addition to the water battery, it is thought Frenchtown Battery— Frenchtown Battery, which held three guns, that a martello tower was constructed near the lighthouse about 1815. across the river from Fort Defiance was established near Elkton durThe North Battery (Civil War era) was located where Battery Deing 1813. It was destroyed that same year by the British. Later research catur would later stand and the South Battery (Civil War era) was discovered two vessels from the War of 1812 era that had been burned located where Battery Many was later established. Subsequent to the and sunk during the raid. See also Fort Defiance. termination of the War of 1812, the United States remained concerned that yet another confrontation would develop with a EuroHager’s Fort— See Jonathan Hager’s Fort. pean country, particularly England. Steps were taken to bolster the Havre de Grace Batteries— The Americans (militia) established two seaports and modernize the defenses, a plan known as the second forbatteries at Havre de Grace during 1813. Havre de Grace was stratetification system. Congress authorized the construction during gically located about 18 miles north of Baltimore, 15 miles south of March 1821. Fort Washington was established at the site of Fort WarElkton and slightly more than 60 miles south of Philadelphia. The burton at that time and completed during 1824. By 1840, the fort militia manned two batteries, one at Concord Point, which conwas further fortified and elevated to the standard of the Third Systained three guns, and another at the place where a lighthouse would tem of fortifications. Fort Washington remained active, but it never later be built (1827). It was known as Potato Battery at the foot of again faced a threat. Toward the latter part of the nineteenth cenLafayette Point and it, too, was defended by three guns. Subsequent tury the weapons were again modernized and new batteries were es-

MARYLAND / Hessian Barracks to their raid against Elkton, the British moved against Havre de Grace on 3 May. The British swarmed over the defenses. One man, John O’Neil, continued against insurmountable odds at Potato Battery. However, he was eventually wounded and captured. The town was destroyed. Subsequently, O’Neil was released. Hessian Barracks— The Hessian Barracks, also known as Ancient Barracks, were built in Frederick during 1777 by Abraham Faw. The stone buildings were designed to hold German POWs (Hessians) captured in New York at Saratoga and in Trenton, New Jersey. Faw was a member of the Maryland state legislature representing Frederic County from 1781 through 1785. Faw also participated during the American Revolution. One of the buildings still survives. It is located on the property of the Maryland School for the Deaf. For more information: Hessian Barracks, 101 Clark Place, Frederick, Maryland 21701. Indian Head Battery— The Americans established a battery at Indian Head during 1814 in an attempt to inflict some damage upon the British fleet that had attacked Alexandria. The battery was established by the U.S. Navy, but the British fleet was not badly damaged as it continued down the Potomac. Isaac Baker’s Fort— Isaac Baker’s Fort was established during 1755 in western Maryland near Fairview. The fort was in the vicinity of Baker’s Ridge, slightly more than 10 miles northeast of Fort Frederick. When the French and Indian War erupted during 1756, the fort was manned by militia. Jonathan Hager’s Fort— Jonathan Hager’s Fort was established at Elizabeth Town (later Hagerstown) during 1739. The settlement was initially named after Jonathan’s wife, Elizabeth. The fort was constructed atop two springs to maintain water in the event of an Indian attack. The bouse in now a museum (Hager House and Museum) located in Hagerstown City Park. Kent Island— Fort Kent was established on Kent’s Island during 1631. William Claiborne of Virginia established a trading post there at that time. Kent Island was in the upper Chesapeake near Powell’s Island (later Garrett Island). Subsequently, Maryland was granted to Lord Baltimore and trouble erupted between the Virginians under Claiborne and the colonists from Maryland. The two sides later clashed and Maryland prevailed. Claiborne departed for England, but later returned and recaptured Kent Island about 1645, but the rebellion led by Claiborne failed and by 1646, Maryland again prevailed. See also Fort Conquest. Lancelot Jacques’ Fort— Lancelot Jacques’ Fort was established in western Maryland during the mid–1750s (French and Indian War era) in the vicinity of Big Pool. The fort, a settlers’ fort, was a log house located less than five miles west of Thomas Prather’s Fort and in close proximity to Fort Frederick.

200 fenses (two stone blockhouses) at Frederick to protect a railroad bridge that spanned the Monocacy River. During July 1864, as part of Robert E. Lee’s perceived plan to capture Washington, General Jubal Early, with a force of more than 15,000 troops, arrived at the Monocacy area on 9 July. The defenses were commanded by General Lew Wallace (author of Ben Hur) who had less than 6,000 troops. The Union was unable to repulse the overwhelming force, but it did forestall the attack against the capital, gaining time for reinforcements to arrive. The defenses of Washington had been depleted by substantial numbers to support the prolonged campaign to take Richmond. The site of the battle known as the “Battle that saved Washington” is now a National Battlefield Park. For more information: Monocacy National Battlefield Park, 4801 Urbana Pike, Frederick, Maryland 21704. Mortar Battery— See Fort Warburton. Naval School at Fort Severn— See Fort Severn. North Battery— See Fort Warburton. Olton’s Garrison— See Fort Garrison. Oulton’s Garrison— See Fort Garrison. Parole Barracks— See Camp Parole. Patapsco Battery— See Fort Covington. Pikesville Arsenal— The Pikesville Arsenal was established by the U.S. Army during 1813 at Pikesville on Reisterstown Road. During 1861, elements of the Pennsylvania 18th Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Colonel William D. Lewis, Jr., were dispatched to the arsenal. A contingent composed of Companies B and K, commanded by Captain Peter Fritz, departed Federal Hill at Baltimore on 12 June and arrived later that same day at the arsenal. The contingent remained there several weeks, engaged in gathering all the ammunition and supplies for transport back to Baltimore for use at Fort McHenry. The troops departed for Baltimore, about 15 miles distant, on 23 July. The post remained active until 1879, when the buildings were transferred to the State of Maryland for a home for Confederate veterans. During 1888, the home (Maryland Line Confederate Soldiers’ Home) opened. It ceased operations during 1932. Subsequently, during September 1950, the former arsenal and Confederate veterans’ home became the Maryland State Police Headquarters. While it was a home for Confederate soldiers, the portraits of Confederate generals were in view throughout the facility. The Maryland State Police later decided to open a museum to chronicle the state police history. It is open to the public. The police even published a yearbook, “From Horseback to Helicopter.” For more information: Maryland State Police, 1201 Reisterstown Road, Pikesville, Maryland 21208.

Lazaretto Battery— The Lazaretto Battery was established during 1813 as one of a group of defensive positions to protect the city of Baltimore during the War of 1812. The post was located across the channel from Fort McHenry. The battery was located where the Lazaretto Quarantine Station had been established during 1801. Another quarantine station had been built about the same time further north, outside Philadelphia in Essington. The quarantine stations were to protect the ports and prevent any infected cargo from entering the country. In addition, the stations were used to check passengers arriving from foreign countries to prevent them from bringing in contagious diseases such as smallpox. The Lazaretto Battery remained active until the close of the War of 1812.

Point Lookout State Park— See Fort Lincoln.

Lazaretto Quarantine Station— See Lazaretto Battery.

Principio Furnace Battery— A British company had operated the iron works at Whetstone Point; however, during 1775, the Americans

Monocacy Blockhouses— During 1862, the Union established de-

Port Deposit Battery— The Americans fortified Port Deposit during 1813 at about the same time Fort Defiance, Havre de Grace and Fort Hollingsworth were established. The British raided the area (April-May 1813) and destroyed Havre de Grace and Frenchtown, but Port Deposit was spared. Port Deposit is located on the north bank side of the Susquehanna River. It had originally been named Creswell’s Landing after a ferry operation slightly north of the town, but during January 1813 the name was changed to Port Deposit. See also Fort Defiance. Potato Battery— See Havre de Grace Batteries.

201 confiscated it and fortified the position with a battery. Subsequent to the close of the war, nearly 200 acres were confiscated from the British company’s (British Principio Company) land. Maryland controlled the property, but later the U.S. government concluded that it would construct a fort there. Congress, however, was slow to appropriate funding. Nevertheless, Maryland initiated construction during the 1790s. The fort became Fort McHenry. See also Fort McHenry. Risteau’s Garrison— See Fort Garrison. Roger’s Bastion— Roger’s Bastion was established in the vicinity of Loudenslager’s Hill (also known as Hempstead’s Hill) during 1814 to bolster the defenses of Baltimore. During the siege of Fort McHenry, the defenses at Roger’s Bastion as well as those at nearby Fort Covington turned back a British diversionary attack on the night of the 13th–14th September. The line of earthworks stretched for about one mile near what was known as Bread and Cheese Creek, which seemed to have gotten its name during the 1600s. A land certificate for John Ferry was executed on 15 November 1697 and it mentioned Bread and Cheese Creek. The identical name also was noted on a survey during 1698. The site of Roger’s Bastion is now part of Patterson Park in Baltimore. The post was abandoned during 1815. St. Ignatius Fort— St. Ignatius Fort at St. Inigoes Manor was in conjunction with the settlement at St. Mary’s. When the Calverts were seeking investors to fund the expedition to America for the colony, which would permit the practice of Catholicism, they received support from the Jesuits. Lord Baltimore instituted methods by which land (manors) was in proportion to the amount of settlers brought over to the new colony. Jesuit-backed families arrived aboard the Ark and Dove during 1634. The Jesuits sent two priests, Father John Altham and Father Andrew White, with the early settlers and due to the financial backing and number of colonists, they were to receive about 6,000 acres, but apparently the transaction never occurred. Nonetheless, during 1637, Richard Gerard sold the Jesuits land (St. Inigoes Manor) that was comprised of about 2,000 acres on St. Inigoes Neck and another tract of about 1,000 acres on St. George’s Island on the opposite bank of the St. George’s (later St. Mary’s) River. A mission was established, but unlike the missions later established by the French and Spanish, no troops were provided. Actually, at the time, Catholicism was not well received in the English colonies. In Georgia, the charter stipulated that Jews would be permitted, but no

St. Mary’s Fort / MARYLAND “Papists.” Maryland was the exception. The fort, named after Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), was constructed about 1637 at St. Inigoes Manor at about the time the fort at St. Mary’s had been in disrepair and abandoned. The fort was located near the mouth of the river at Fort Point. During the 1640s, when St. Mary’s was attacked by a group led by Richard Ingle, some Jesuits were able to escape to Virginia with Governor Calvert, but two, Father Copley and Father White, were seized and tried for treason. The manor was attacked a second time during 1655, by Puritans, compelling the Jesuits to abandon the area and move to Virginia. The fort and settlement were destroyed. Subsequent to Calvert regaining the charter during 1660, the Jesuits returned to the manor. See also St. Mary’s Fort. The settlement and mission ran into more difficult times during 1704 when the government (Maryland provincial legislature) outlawed the public display or practice of Catholicism. The action forced the closure of the chapel at St. Mary’s. The structure’s bricks were transported to St. Inigoes, where the Jesuits used the bricks to establish a new manor house at what is now known as Old Chapel Field. A new manor house was constructed about 1755 at Priest Point. Unfortunately for the Jesuits, the location was a lucrative target for the British guns that were on nearby St. George’s Island during the American War for Independence. The period following the American Revolution proved to be prosperous for the Jesuits. However, during the War of 1812, the British again caused the eviction of the Jesuits from the settlement as British troops were constantly launching raids against it, punishing the inhabitants who remained. The Civil War inflicted little harm to the region. During the twentieth century, military forces again arrived in the region, but it was a friendly force, the U.S. Navy, which purchased nearly 800 acres to construct an airfield. The field, known as Webster Field, was built to support the Patuxent Naval Air Station by providing an alternative place to land. The Navy essentially took over the manor. The Villa House was demolished to make room for a barracks and the other Jesuit buildings were also torn down. At Priest Point, there was also a transformation as the Navy rebuilt the old house used by the Jesuits and used it as officers’ quarters. St. Inigoes Fort— See St. Ignatius Fort.

St. Mary’s Fort— St. Mary’s Fort, named in honor of the Blessed Mother, was established by English Catholics about 1634 at presentday St. Mary City. The colonists under Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil (Cecilus) Calvert, arrived at St. Clement’s Island on the feast of the Annunciation, 25 March 1634. Shortly thereafter, on 27 March, the ships moved up the St. George’s River (later St. Mary’s River) to an Indian village inhabited by the Yaocamico tribe, which at the time was under threat by another tribe, the Susquehannocks. Apparently lacking the strength to fight off the Susquehannocks, the Yaocamico tribe was preparing to relocate in safer territory. Meanwhile, the colonists aboard two vessels, the Dove and the Ark, began to establish themselves in the village from which the settlement (later city) of St. Mary’s emerged. The Indians received various items, including tools, in trade for the land. The colonists constructed a fort, composed of a palisade and four blockhouses, for defense against Indian attacks. The fort was abandoned after about three years. By 1637, a settlement, which became the initial permanent settlement in Maryland, was established there. At present-day St. Mary’s, there is a historic district that contains an outdoor museum Rogers Bastion, Maryland, 1812 era — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

MARYLAND / St. Michaels Battery including a reconstructed state building which was originally built during 1676. St. Mary’s, in St. Mary’s County, remained the state capital until 1695. The Catholics who arrived at St. Mary’s received the grant through the relationship between Lord Baltimore, George Calvert and King Charles II. However, George succumbed before the agreement had been completed. His son, Cecil (Cecilius), Lord Baltimore (2nd), finished the details and obtained the charter. In conjunction, subsequent to the abandonment of the fort, the settlers for the most part remained in close proximity to the area. The region sustained violent periods during the early days of the settlement. During 1645, a group of Protestant insurgents led by Richard Ingle attacked St. Mary’s and destroyed much property. In addition, the group seized Catholic settlers and Jesuit priests, but Governor Calvert escaped harm by fleeing into Virginia. The Virginians sided with Calvert, who returned to St. Mary’s with a strong force the following year and recovered it. Afterward, during 1652, the charter was invalidated by the new government in England, the Commonwealth. He regained it during 1658. Subsequently, during 1689, trouble again struck the region as the Associates (Protestants) seized the government, raised one of their own, Nehemiah Blackston, as governor and later moved the government to Annapolis (1695). Consequently, St. Mary’s began to deteriorate. By about 1720, the original settlement was unoccupied. St. Michaels Battery— The Americans established batteries at the small town of St. Michaels on the eastern shore of Maryland in Talbot County during the War of 1812. The town, located at Navy Point in close proximity to Kent Island, was known for its shipbuilding, particularly the Baltimore clippers, the fast-moving privateers. A British naval squadron under Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved to destroy the town, defended by militia led by General Perry Benson during August 1814. To meet the threat, General Benson constructed two batteries at the nearby creek by the harbor and the other at the doorstep of the town. The former held three 6-pounders and one long 9-pounder, and at the latter two 6-pounders were deployed to guard the town’s entrance. Militia rushed from nearby Easton and other localities providing the defenses with several hundred troops. At about midnight on the night of the 10th–11th, the British launched the assault. Eleven barges moved under a darkened sky made more ominous by thick clouds. The barges each contained one 6-pounder, and the defenders were unaware of the imminent attack as the British had muffled their oars. The first sign of the arrival of the enemy was the sound of the cannon. Nonetheless, the Americans were prepared and immediately returned fire, initially by the lower battery’s 9pounder. Despite the pitch-black night, the artillery commander of the 9-pounder, Captain William Dodson, was able to guide the fire through the sounds of the enemy movements. The British had formed tightly to storm the fort, but Dodson’s fire was so accurate that it blew a hole in the British lines and felled nearly 20 Redcoats. Afterward, the British attempted to penetrate the defenses. The Americans abandoned the lower battery and retired to the upper battery where they assisted Captains Vickers and Auld. The British persisted until dawn, but never gained entrance. At dawn, the British retired, embarked with the squadron and joined the fleet for the attack on Baltimore. Shelby’s Fort— Evan Shelby, the father of American Revolutionary War hero Isaac Shelby, arrived in America from Wales about 1734 when he was about 14 years old. His family settled in Maryland (present-day Frederick County) during 1739. Subsequent to his father’s death during 1751, Evan acquired property (24,000 acres) in present-day Washington County at North Mountain. Evan Shelby’s Fort was established on Mount Pelier in western Maryland (western

202 Frederick County, present-day Washington County) in the vicinity of Clear Spring during 1755. The fort, a log cabin, was located several miles below the Mason-Dixon Line and about five miles west of Baker’s Fort. It was destroyed during 1763 (Pontiac’s War). Evan Shelby became involved with the fur-trading operations at Michilimackinac and at Green Bay. He also established a trading post in Maryland near Fort Frederick at Big Pool and at Buffalo Run. Shelby also served in the militia and participated in the French and Indian War. By the time Pontiac’s War erupted during 1763, Shelby had lost most of his property in Maryland. Shelby’s business endeavors did not prosper. About 1773, Shelby moved to Virginia and later became the commander of the Fincastle Company during Dunmore’s War. Evan also served during the American Revolution in the service of Virginia. Evan’s son, Colonel Isaac Shelby, later became the initial governor of Kentucky. South Battery— See Fort Warburton. Spring Garden Battery— Spring Garden Battery was established during 1813 as one of a group of defensive positions built to defend Baltimore. The battery was located north of Fort Covington in a section of Baltimore known as Camden Yards. The fort remained active until 1815. Stone Fort— The Union fortified Maryland Heights across the Potomac from Harpers Ferry, Virginia, during the Civil War. The first installation was the Naval Battery erected during May 1862. The battery contained two 9-inch Dahlgren guns and one 50-pounder. The guns were on dominating ground that overlooked Harpers Ferry and Loudoun Heights as well as Bolivar Heights. During the following month, June, a 100-pounder battery which held a 9-inch Dahlgren gun was installed and by autumn a 30-pounder battery was established. An earthworks was constructed during 1863. Maryland Heights actually became a fortified camp as Union contingents established positions there. During June 1863, rifle pits were constructed along the western slope to protect the northern approaches and by the latter part of June 1863 the rifle pits (a double paralleled line) were further fortified. The rock walls were increased by about 8–9 feet in height and openings were chiseled to permit five guns (30-pounder Parrott rifles) to galvanize the line. Subsequently, construction of a stone fort (blockhouse) began, but the structure was not completed. It was turned into a commissary and storage depot. For more information: Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, P.O. Box 65, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, 25425 Thomas Cresap’s Fort— Thomas Cresap’s Fort, a trading post, was established near the Potomac River in the vicinity of Oldtown in western Frederick County (present-day Washington County) during 1742. The fort was also known as Fort at Cresap’s. The fort remained active until after the French and Indian War until about 1763 (Pontiac’s War). Thomas Mills’ Fort— Thomas Mills’ Fort was established in western Maryland in the vicinity of Millstone during 1754. Mills built the fort near the Potomac River and when the French and Indian War erupted, the settlers’ fort was manned by Maryland militia. Thomas Prather’s Fort— Thomas Prather’s Fort was established during 1756 in western Maryland near Big Spring in the vicinity of the B & O Canal. The Maryland militia used the fort during the French and Indian War. Tonoloway Fort— Tonoloway Fort, a settlers’ fort known also as Stoddert’s Fort, was established during the early 1750s in western Maryland at Hancock. The fort was abandoned when Fort Frederick was established.

203

Ayres Garrison / MASSACHUSETTS

MASSACHUSETTS Acushnet Fort— See New Bedford. Andover Garrison Houses— The settlement at Andover came under attack by Indians during October 1675. The raid raised concern across the whole of New England, which had not anticipated the hostile acts from the Indians under Philip, a sachem of the Wampanoags. By November of that same year, colonists were impressed into the British service to meet the threat. Lieutenant Osgood commanded the militia at Andover. During December of that same year, the English engaged and defeated the Indians in a major battle in the swamps in the territory of the Narragansetts on the 19th, but the hostilities did not terminate. Philip’s War was soon after ignited and 1676 placed the entire frontier in jeopardy. By spring of 1676, Indians attacked and devastated the various towns in their path, including Lancaster (10 February). At Lancaster, women were taken captive and their babies had been killed by mutilation. Houses were destroyed by fire. Meanwhile, at Andover Garrison, houses were constructed to prepare for the onslaught and militia began to form garrisons at the fortified houses. Two such garrisons were quickly prepared and 10 others followed. The garrisons were inspected during March to ensure the men were properly equipped. The court in Boston also directed that the settlers establish a line of defense (stone wall) stretching from the Charles River to Billerica (at the Concord River) and from there to continue the line down the Merrimac River to the bay; however, the colonists at Andover were not in favor of such an undertaking. Instead they further fortified garrisons. The fort-houses were constructed of hewn logs and at the four corners they were linked with grooves. At least two corners of each house contained a sentry post from which a guard maintained watch from the elevated position. Within the confines of the fort, smaller structures were built to provide protection to citizens during attacks. The town (and Chelmsford) came under assault during April 1676. Most of the colonists reached the forts safely, but two men, George and Joseph Abbott, were intercepted in the field near their fort. Joseph was killed. A younger brother, Timothy, was seized and taken captive, but he was returned by an Indian squaw during August of that same year. In conjunction, other garrisons were established during King Philip’s War, including one between Exeter and Haverhill holding about 70 men. Others included a garrison holding about 40 men between Chelmsford and Concord, one between Concord and Sudbury holding about 40 men, one between Sudbury and Medfield holding about 40 men and one slightly south of Sudbury holding about 40 men. Aptuxet Trading Post— The colonists (Pilgrims) at Plymouth established a trading post known as Aptuxet Trading Post in about 1626–1627 on the Bourne River at Manomet near Buzzard’s Bay. The post was actually a house that was used to initiate trade further south with the Dutch and the Indians near Narragansett Bay. Further north at Cushnoc (present-day Maine), another trading post was established and it overshadowed Aptuxet. The post closed at a point between the latter part of the 1620s or possibly as late as 1635, when nature ended the venture. A hurricane struck the area and demolished the structure. Ashfield— Ashfield, unlike most of the early English settlements, was in the mountains and not close to either a river or the sea. Richard Ellis arrived in the area during 1745. Problems erupted with the Indians during 1754–1755 (French and Indian War period), com-

pelling many colonists at Ashfield to abandon the land. Ebenezer Smith, the son-in-law of Ellis, arrived at Ashfield following service against the French at Lake George (New York) during 1755. A settlers’ fort was established there when the colonists returned to the area. The fort was on Smith’s property and it was built of logs spread over a square of 81 rods with a blockhouse (Chileab Smith’s) inside the fort which doubled as the garrison. Smith’s house also had a tower which held eight men. A contingent of militia under Colonel Israel Williams manned the fort from June 1757 until the close of the French and Indian War. The settlers also constructed another fort, known as Ellis and Phillips Fort, of a smaller size (6 rods square), less than two miles from Smith’s Fort. The forts remained active until the close of the French and Indian War. Ayres Garrison— Settlers began to colonize the area around Brookfield, initially known as Quabaug, during 1660 when colonists at Ipswich relocated there. About 20 families resided there when King Philip’s War erupted and at the time there were no other settlements close by; the nearest was Springfield, about one day’s march to the west. Ayres Garrison, established by Sergeant John Ayres, was where the settlers gathered in time of trouble. Following an ambush near New Braintree during 1675, survivors arrived at Brookfield and gave the people there some time to prepare for the imminent attack by the Nipmuc tribe. Soon after, during the beginning of August, the colonists rushed to the fort, but John Ayres was not there. He and John Coye were among the three killed at the ambush. In the meantime, runners were dispatched on horseback to get reinforcements from Marlboro, but the Indians blocked the path and they were compelled to return to the garrison, arriving there just before the attack. The Indians assaulted the settlement and torched the buildings, but the garrison fort was unscathed. The defenders maintained their positions as they faced relentless pressure for about 48 hours. The settlers received some fortuitous luck when a rainstorm arrived and doused the flames before the village was entirely wrecked, which would have sealed the fate of the colonists. During the siege, one of the defenders, a son of Sergeant Pritchard, the latter having also been killed at the ambush, ventured out of the fort in an attempt to get supplies from another building, but the Indians caught him and decapitated him prior to placing his head on a stake for the others to see. Another defender, Major Wilson, was killed while he attempted to get to a well to get water. By the night of 4 August, reinforcements arrived from the area around Lancaster, following a tedious journey of more than 30 miles. The force, composed of nearly 50 men, that lifted the siege was commanded by Major Simon Willard. Meanwhile, other men were en route and upon their arrival the force soared to well over 300 men, bolstered by friendly Indians (Mohegans). The latter reinforcements that arrived had come from Hartford (led by Captain Watts), Springfield (led by Lieutenant Cooper) and from Essex County (led by Captains Beers and Lathrop). Following the lifting of the siege, troops remained at the garrison, but prior to winter, the settlement was abandoned. Historical markers are located along Foster Hill Road in West Brookfield, commemorating the settlement and other incidents relating to the garrison at the Quabaug Plantation settlement. The exact location of the garrison on Foster’s Hill has not been determined by factual evidence. Battery Adams— See Fort Warren (Georges Island). Battery Allerton (Allerton Battery)— See Fort Revere.

MASSACHUSETTS / Beacon Hill Battery (at) Beacon Hill— See Beacon Hill. Battery (at) Charlestown Point— See Charlestown Navy Yard. Battery (at) Copp’s Hill— See Copp’s Hill Battery. Battery (at) Eastern Point— See Eastern Point Battery. Battery (at) Gurnet Point— See Fort Andrew. Battery (at) Long Island Head— See Fort Strong. Battery (at) Salisbury— Salisbury Battery. Battery at Tarpaulin Cove— See Tarpaulin Cove Battery. Battery Bartlett— See Fort Warren (Georges Island). Battery Barton— See Fort Rodman. Battery Bassinger— See Fort Strong. Battery Craig— See Fort Rodman. Battery Cross— See Fort Rodman. Battery Drum— See Fort Strong. Battery Field— See Fort Revere. Battery (Fort) Taber— See Fort Rodman. Battery Gaston— See Fort Rodman. Battery Hitchcock— See Fort Strong, Massachusetts. Battery Lowell— See Fort Warren, Georges Island, Massachusetts. Battery Miliken— See Fort Rodman, Massachusetts. Battery (on the) Acushnet River— See New Bedford. Battery (on) Grover’s Cliff— See Fort Heath. Battery Plunkett— See Fort Warren (Georges Island). Battery Pope— See Fort Revere. Battery Ripley— See Fort Revere. Battery Sanders— See Fort Revere. Battery Smyth— See Fort Strong. Battery Stevens— See Fort Strong. Battery Stevenson— See Fort Warren (Georges Island). Battery Taylor— See Fort Strong. Battery Walcott— See Fort Rodman. Battery Ward— See Fort Strong. Battery Winthrop— See Fort Banks. Beacon Hill— The British established a battery on Beacon’s Hill. It was one of three hills atop a summit of a mountain. The other two hills were Copp’s Hill and Fort Hill, and both of the latter were also fortified during the American Revolutionary War period. Subsequent to the evacuation of Boston by the British during March 1776, the Americans occupied Beacon Hill. Later, during 1811, Beacon Hill was acquired by John Hancock. Hancock received it from the City of Boston. The site which belonged to Hancock was located between Bowdoin (east) and Hancock (west) and by Mount Vernon and Derne Streets to the south. Beacon Hill Battery— See Beacon Hill. Beverly Forts— During the American Revolution, Beverly, a Massachusetts Bay town, was selected by George Washington for a naval base, but it was also the site of a Colonial Army outpost. In con-

204 junction, prior to the establishment of the military posts, a fort had already been there, near a lighthouse. A British warship approached Beverly during 1774 and initiated a bombardment; however, militia returned fire and the ship departed. At Beverly, with the protection of navy guns and the army outpost, privateers were able to operate out of the defended harbor. The Hannah was one of the vessels that embarked from Beverly during 1775. Beverly is located near Salem. Subsequently, during 1801, a hospital was established at Beverly and it became known as Hospital Point. The name apparently evolved after a smallpox epidemic occurred, causing the hospital to be built. During the War of 1812, the army used the hospital as a barracks. The barracks were destroyed by fire during 1849. During the Civil War, the harbor was never challenged. Consequently, the harbor fortifications saw no action. Other names attributed to Hospital Point were Beverly Cove, Paul’s Head and Paul’s Point. Also, the Summer White House of President William Howard Taft was located at Hospital Point from 1909 through 1912. The Summer White House was later relocated to Marblehead in Lynch Park. Boston American Colonial Forts— The Americans established a number of fortifications in the vicinity of Boston during 1775–1776. They included posts at Brookline, Cambridge, Charlestown, and Roxbury. Brookline Fort was established at Sewall’s Point (Brookline). At Cambridge, Fort Washington and two batteries known as Fort One and Fort Two were located. Breed’s Redoubt was located at Charlestown. Somerville contained forts on Cobble Hill, Ploughed Hill, Prospect Hill and Winter Hill. Other forts were established at Roxbury. They included Lamb’s Dam Redoubt and Roxbury Fort. Also, on 4 March 1776, American troops, under the command of General John Thomas, captured Dorchester Heights, just south of Boston. The operation was executed flawlessly. A vanguard of about 800 troops advanced to the positions trailed by wagons and nearly 1,200 troops, led by General Thomas. The columns moved through the isthmus of Dorchester, anticipating heavy British fire, but the mission succeeded without incident. Artillery fire originating at Phipp’s Farm and at Roxbury provided some cover for the noise of the column as it advanced. By about 2200, the colonists completed the construction of two forts, one of which offered a dominating view of the city and another that overlooked Castle Island. They were Nook’s Hill Fort on Dorchester Hill and the other in Dorchester Heights. Subsequent to the abandonment of Boston by the British during March 1776, the patriots occupied all of the British forti-fications as well. For more information: Boston National Park, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, Massachusetts 02129. Boston Area Early Colonial Forts —During December 1622, Robert Gorges, the son of Sir Fernando Gorges, received a grant from the English Grand Council. The territory included land stretching north from the Charles River at Boston for about 10 miles. It included Charlestown, Chelsea, East Boston, Revere and Winthrop. Gorges’ venture failed to succeed, compelling him to cease the operation of the settlement and embark for England. Several colonists, including William Blackstone, Thomas Walford (Wolford) and Samuel Maverick, remained. Maverick established his fort, known as Maverick Garrison and Winnesimmet Fort (Winnisimmet Fort), in the vicinity of Chelsea. Walford (Wolford) established Wolford’s Garrison at Charlestown in the vicinity of Bunker Hill. Blackstone remained in the vicinity of Boston. Also, several families established a settlement at Dorchester during 1630. Boston British Colonial Forts— During the British occupation of Boston from 1774 through 1776, fortifications were constructed to reinforce the city against the American rebels and older posts like North Battery (1646), at Merry’s Point (Merry’s Wharf ), were bolstered. South Battery, at Rowe’s Wharf, initially established during

205 1666, was fortified. Others included Beacon Hill Battery and Fort Hill (Roxbury High Fort), the latter initially known as Corn Hill Fort, established during 1634. The British occupied Breed’s Hill after the Battle of Bunker Hill and fortified both positions. The British also garrisoned a fort at Boston Neck. Yet another fort, known even at present-day as the Castle, was the fort established on Castle Island during 1634. Castle Island would hold eight separate forts through her history of defending the city of Boston. These included Castle William, Fort William and Fort Independence. See also Fort Independence. When the British abandoned Boston during March of 1776, the Americans used most of the British fortifications, including many that never had names. Boylston Fort— A settlers’ fort known as Boylston Fort was established by Jacob Hind during 1720 at present-day West Boylston. Hind, a veteran of the Indian Wars of the period, received a tract of land for his service. He relocated there from Marlboro and at about the same time changed his name from Hins to Hind. The fort was located off present-day Worcester Street. The other settlers gathered at the fort during times of Indian threats. Breed’s Hill Redoubt— Breed’s Hill in Charlestown was fortified by the patriots during 1775. It was located under Bunker Hill and the Battle of Bunker Hill was actually fought on Breed’s Hill. The Americans abandoned the fort after they expended their ammunition and the British then occupied it. See also Charlestown Fort. Brookline Fort— See Camp at Sewall’s Point. Burke’s Fort— Burke’s Fort was established about 1738–1739 in the vicinity of Bernardton (Fall Town) in western Massachusetts (Quabbin Valley) by John Burke. It was the initial fort built there. The fort had eight houses within its palisade and during the French and Indian War about 50 people remained there for their safety. The fort site is off Route 5. Cambridge Forts— Cambridge was settled during 1630 when Puritans, including John Winthrop, arrived from England. Winthrop selected a site on the north bank of the Charles River to establish a fort at what was known as Newtowne (later Cambridge). The colonists subsequently constructed a palisade around the settlement as additional protection against Indian attacks. The settlement was located less than 10 miles from Boston. Until a bridge (Great Bridge) was eventually built during 1660, ferries carried the traffic between the two points. During the American Revolution, three earthenworks forts were established there. Two of them had names with numbers, Fort One and Fort Two, and a third was named Fort Washington. The two batteries were placed between Lechmere’s Point and the Charles River, but Washington intended them only for temporary service; both were formed in the shape of a half-moon. During 1775–1776, George Washington spent time at Cambridge and oversaw the construction of the forts. While there, he used the VassalCraigie-Longfellow House as headquarters. One of the forts, Fort Washington, still has remains that can be visited within a park in the vicinity of Chestnut Street and Waverly Street. Camp (Massachusetts Civil War Camps)—The Union began establishing training camps for recruits during 1861. Forts already in service, including Forts Independence, Miller, Seward and Warren, were utilized as well as many other fortification in the vicinity of Boston, including Prospect Hill Camp (Fort). In addition to the individual camps listed below, units were formed at Boxford, Gallops Island, Greenfield, Groton Junction, Lynnfield, Pittsfield, Plymouth, Salem, Springfield, Wenham and Worcester. In addition to many artillery units, Massachusetts produced five regiments of cavalry plus three other battalions and the state of Massachusetts provided 62 infantry regiments in addition to other unattached units. The Union training camps:

Camp Stanton / MASSACHUSETTS Camp Adams— Camp Adams was established by the Union during 1861 at Quincy, Massachusetts. The 2nd Battery Massachusetts Light Artillery Regiment was organized there. Camp Andrew— Camp Andrew was established by the Union during 1861 in West Roxbury. The Massachusetts 2nd Infantry Volunteer Regiment was formed there. Camp at Sewall’s Point— The Americans established a camp at Sewall’s Point (Brookline) which was known as Brookline Fort and Camp at Sewall’s Point in the vicinity of Boston during 1775. Camp at Sewell’s Point— See Camp at Sewall’s Point. Camp Brigham— Camp Brigham was established at Reedville during 1861. The Massachusetts 1st Cavalry Regiment was formed there. Camp Cameron— Camp Cameron was established during 1861 at Cambridge. The units that were formed there included the Massachusetts 16th, 26th and 28th Infantry Regiments. Camp Chase— Camp Chase was established at Lowell. The Massachusetts 30th Infantry Volunteer Regiment (known also as the Eastern Bay State Regiment) and the 3rd Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment were formed there. Camp Dalton— Camp Dalton was established in South Framingham where Massachusetts militia had been training since about 1873. Camp Dalton was named after Major General Samuel Dalton, Massachusetts adjutant general. Camp Dalton was also known as Camp Dewey and Camp McGuiness. The post was used during the Spanish-American War period (1898). Both the 2nd and 5th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiments were formed there. The post was abandoned during the 1920s. Subsequently, it became the headquarters of the Massachusetts State Police and the headquarters for the area’s Civil Defense. The site is located in South Framingham along Worcester Road. Camp Dewey— See Camp Dalton. Camp Ellsworth— Camp Ellsworth was established at Watertown near Fresh Pond during 1861. The Massachusetts 1st Volunteer Infantry Regiment began to form there and later transferred to Camp Cameron in Cambridge. Camp Joe Hooker— Camp Joe Hooker was established at Lakeville during 1862. The Massachusetts 4th Infantry Volunteer Regiment was formed there. Camp Lander— Camp Lander was established at Wenham during 1862. The Massachusetts 5th Infantry Volunteer Regiment was formed there. In addition, the 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment was organized there. Camp Lincoln— Camp Lincoln was one of several training and recruiting camps established at Worcester. The others included Camp Scott and Camp Wool. Camp McGuiness— See Camp Dalton. Camp Meigs— Camp Meigs was established at Reedville during 1862. The Massachusetts 42nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 9th Battalion, Light Artillery, were formed there. Camp Scott— Camp Scott was one of several training and recruiting camps established at Worcester. The others included Camp Lincoln and Camp Wool. Camp Stanton— Camp Stanton was established subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War at Lynnfield. The 41st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there beginning in August 1862. Subsequently, during the autumn of that same year, the regiment

MASSACHUSETTS / Camp Wilson transferred to Boxford prior to departing for New York and from there to the Department of the Gulf. Camp Wilson— Camp Wilson was established at Lowell subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War. Units that trained there included the Massachusetts 6th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Camp Wool— Camp Wool was one of several training and recruiting camps established at Worcester. The others included Camp Lincoln and Camp Scott. Cape Cod Fort— During April 1602, which was the final year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, another expedition embarked for the New World. With only one ship, Bartholomew Gosnold, sent by the Earl of Southampton, sailed to find a shorter route to America, rather than use the known route via the Canary Islands and the West Indies. He discovered Massachusetts Bay and spotted land near Nahant. The vessel sailed south in search of a harbor and found the promontory which he named Cape Cod. The expedition party debarked there on 10 May. Gosnold built a house on Cuttyhunk, one of the Elizabeth Islands; it was the first house to be constructed in Massachusetts. He directed that a fort and a supply depot be constructed upon a rocky islet in the middle of a small freshwater lake. Those British colonists became ecstatic upon learning of the area’s climate and its vast amount of vegetation, which included strawberries and wild grapes. A colony was begun. However, due to their scant number and a severe shortage of supplies, all returned to England during June of 1602 rather than risk being annihilated by the large number of Indians that inhabited the area. This new route to America reduced travel time by about one-third. The entire expedition from embarkation to the return to England was completed in less than four months. Later, during 1797, Jeremy Belknap, while in the area, uncovered traces of the earlier English fort. Once the reports regarding the new land reached England, more interest was aroused and merchants pressed for others to trace Gosnold’s steps. One prominent Englishman, Richard Hakluyt of Westminster, encouraged another expedition. Martin Pring, during 1603, led the next expedition. Castle Island— Massachusetts had been visited several times by early explorers beginning with the Frenchman Champlain during 1605. Later, during 1614, Captain John Smith had sailed from Jamestown to the vicinity of Boston and after the Puritans arrived at Plymouth, during 1620, Myles Standish ventured from Plymouth to Boston during the latter part if 1621. Others followed, but it is not known how Castle Island received its name or when it was actually named. The island, located less than three miles from Long Wharf at Boston, received its first fort during 1634, with seven others that followed to retain the defense of Boston. During 1634, the Puritans established the fort on Castle Island, but at the time there were no threats of Indian attacks. The Puritans were more concerned that England might compel them to accept the Church of England and it was that fear which caused them to fortify the harbor. Under the dominance of the Puritans, the fort after awhile flew no flag rather than fly the king’s colors with its cross of St. George. Later, during 1636, indignant British officers aboard warships spoke with the leaders and demanded that the fort belonged to King George and it carried his name. The compromise was struck and the flag of England was hoisted. During 1644, a new fort was built on the island and the General Court appointed Captain Davenport as the commanding officer. By 1653, the fort had fallen into disrepair as nature had overwhelmed the logs, compelling the Puritans to build a third fort. Captain Richard Davenport retained command of the fort and in fact stayed at the post until 1665, when he was accidentally killed after being struck by lightning. Davenport was inside the fort and in a building at the time of his demise. In the meantime, the English and

206 the Dutch, who had been at war when the second fort was constructed, were again at odds during 1664 while the third fort was still in existence, but the fort was never challenged during the conflicts. Later, during 1673, while the English and French were again at war, the fort on Castle Island burned down, but not by actions on the part of the Dutch. The accidental fire occurred on 21 March and of the debris, one known piece of the fort remains — a bell. When the fort was finally abandoned by the U.S. Army, the bell was given to the City of Boston. The bell is now held by the Bostonian Society at the Old State House. A new fort, the fourth, was built to replace the one destroyed by fire. It was completed by October 1664 and referred to as the King’s Fort. Roger Clap, who succeeded Captain Davenport, commanded the fort. The colony became a recipient of changes in England during 1684 when King William (William and Mary) gained the throne from King James II. Sir Edmund Andros, the royal governor, and another, Edward Randolf, the king’s representative, were seized and the Puritans regained control of the colony. They detained Andros and Randolph at Castle Island and took control of Fort Hill, where Andros had his headquarters. Later, Andros was shipped back to England. During 1700, the Massachusetts House of Representatives took steps to fortify and enlarge Castle Island’s fortifications. The fort (fifth), known as Castle William (also Romer’s Castle William), was completed by 1705. A conflict with the French (Queen Anne’s War) had begun during 1702, before the fort’s completion. The fort was later, during 1770–1771, modified and expanded by the British, following an inspection ordered by General Thomas Gage. During 1770, the fortress held a total of 103 guns. Of those artillery pieces, there were 23 42-pounders, 19 32-pounders and one 13-inch mortar which bolstered other, smaller weapons. John Montresor was authorized by General Gage to assess the situation and make the necessary changes. The blueprint for the fort included a blockhouse, barracks, and four bastions in addition to a two-gun battery. Montresor named the batteries Hanover, Governors, Marlborough and Eugene, but the colonists more or less ignored the names and referred to them as Crown, Rose, Royal and Elizabeth. The castle (fort) was completed during the summer of 1772. The British 64th Regiment had garrisoned Castle William, but the regiment played only a minor role during the siege of Boston, the latter having been evacuated by the British several days earlier on 17 March 1776, St. Patrick’s Day. More than 100 vessels stood in the harbor as the British began their departure at about 0400. By about 1000, about 10,000 troops and loyalists numbering about 1,500 were aboard the ships. Soon after, with the disappearance of the Union Jack and the departure of the short-term governor, General Howe, the city heard the distant sounds of drums as the Americans marched in cadence toward the city of Boston with their colors flying. The city had been encircled by the patriots, yet George Washington retook the city without a shot being fired. This day is still celebrated in Boston as Evacuation Day. In conjunction, the artillery which so dominated the heights and gave the terrific threat to the British holding Boston, unbeknownst to the British, actually lacked ammunition. Subsequent to the departure of Howe, Boston was again surprised by the arrival of British troops. Reinforcements under Sir Archibald Campbell soon after arrived, totally unaware that the British had been driven from the city. Those British reinforcements were held as prisoners of war. The fort on Castle Island was destroyed by the British before they departed. The Americans occupied the fort subsequent to the eviction of the British and afterward, they began to restore the fortifications. Paul Revere became commandant of Castle Island during September 1776. By the following year, the fort had 30 artillery pieces in place. During 1778, workers continued to work on the post and by 1780, still it was not completed. Following the close of the war, neither Congress nor the State of Massachusetts held the fort on Castle Island as a priority. Later, during

207 1798, the federal government assumed control of the fort. In the interim, the fort, beginning in 1785, was also used as a state prison. Consequently, inmates were used to improve the defenses of the fort. Once the federal takeover of the fort was completed, the inmates were transferred to other prisons. On 25 June 1798, the island and fort was passed from Massachusetts to the government of the United States. It would become Fort Independence. In conjunction, on 3 August 1799, a newspaper reported that President John Adams, while at the fort, had stated that the fort would be renamed Fort Independent, but few other reports used it rather than Fort Independence. Construction of the fort was completed by 1803. It remained active until 1836. Boston remained free of British naval attack during the War of 1812 due to the dominance of Fort Independence. By 1836, the fort again became dilapidated and a new fort was begun. A financial crisis during 1837, known as the Panic of 1837, halted construction, but it was restarted during 1841. The fort, constructed of granite, was regarrisoned during January 1851 when a contingent of artillerymen under the command of Major (later General) George H. Thomas, who became a Union hero at the Battle of Chickamauga during the Civil War. After the war broke out during 1861, Fort Independence was used as a Union training camp and like the other conflicts while the fort was active, it was not tested by an enemy. During the war, the 11th U.S. Infantry Regiment was organized at the fort. The island was used as a test firing range for weaponry that was produced in South Boston by the Alger Foundry. The fort remained active until 25 November 1879; however, during the Spanish-American War the post was used to warehouse mines. During World War I, U.S. Army contingents occupied the fort. Subsequently, during 1942, the federal government reacquired Castle Island for use as a component of the Boston Port of Embarkation. In addition, the U.S. Navy operated a Degaussing Range at Castle Island and every vessel attempting to enter Boston Harbor had to undergo a thorough check to ensure demagnetizing wasn’t necessary. It operated until the latter part of 1945. Massachusetts reacquired the fort during 1962. Restoration of the fort began during 1976. The fort opened to the public during May 1981, due to the efforts of the Castle Island Association. Charlemont Forts— Charlemont, slightly more than 20 miles from Deerfield was settled during 1743 by Captain Moses Rice. He built a home there for his family, but it was in the wilderness. Several years later, Rice was informed of hostile Indians launching raids in the region. With his family, Captain Rice hurried to Deerfield during August 1746. Afterward, the Indians ravaged the property. About 1749, Rice returned to Charlemont and rebuilt. During the following year, another family, the Taylors, arrived and they built their homestead. More families, including the Hawks, arrived within a year or so bringing the settlement to about 10 or 12 families. Joshua Taylor and his brother built homes there and Eleazer Hawks with his three sons built a homestead. The settlers at Charlemont built defenses which included fortified houses or blockhouses and stockades. During June 1755, the Indians attacked some of the settlers who were near Rice’s Fort. Rice was among the killed and one of his grandchildren and another child were taken captive (Asa Rice was later freed). Rice initially survived the attack, but he was also scalped. He succumbed later in the day. Taylor’s Fort did not come under attack, but by the time aid arrived from there, the Indians had gone. Charlestown Fort— Colonists led by John Winthrop arrived at Charlestown from England during 1630. The group established the Massachusetts Bay Colony there. In addition, they constructed the initial church in Charlestown and awaited until the following year before constructing a fort. The fort was built at Moulton’s Point. See also Boston Area Early Colonial Forts-Maverick Garrison. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the patriots fortified

Copp’s Hill Battery / MASSACHUSETTS Breed’s Hill, a redoubt. The Battle of Bunker Hill was actually fought on Breed’s Hill, not Bunker Hill. Following the battle, the British seized the redoubt. Charlestown Navy Yard— Following the end of hostilities (War for Independence), Congress scrapped the U.S. fleet and disbanded the Army, Navy and Marine Corps. Soon after, hostilities erupted with France. The Undeclared War with France, known also as the Quasi War, compelled Congress to take action to rebuild the Navy. Boston at that time became a primary player. During 1801, land was acquired in Charlestown by the federal government for the purpose of establishing a shipyard. Boston was one of six cities across the U.S. selected. The Boston Navy Yard was born and until the War of 1812, little had been done there as it was used as a storage facility. The workers at the shipyard, after the outbreak of war with England, built the initial ship of the line, the USS Independence, which carried 74 guns. In conjunction with the conflict, Charlestown Point (part of the shipyard) was fortified with a battery. The USS Merrimack was built there and it later became more famous after it was seized by the Confederates and transformed into the CSS Virginia, an ironclad that terrorized Hampton Roads until the USS Monitor neutralized her. Another of the more famous ships built at the Boston Navy Yard was the USS Hartford, immortalized at Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864 when the Union fleet attacked. Admiral David Farragut, aboard the Hartford, stated: “Damn the torpedoes, full steam ahead.” Following the Civil War, Congress repeated its usual actions and diminished the role of defense. The Boston Navy Yard was used as an equipment and recruitment facility. The navy yard continued as a repair facility during the Spanish-American War and World War I. Afterward, until the 1930s, there was little activity at the yard, but the threat of hostilities from Germany, Japan and Italy prompted the government to pay attention and once again ships were constructed at Boston. Following the attack against Pearl Harbor, activity at the yard increased rapidly and continued for the duration. The Boston Navy Yard was deactivated following the Vietnam War, but Congress did allow for the historical importance of the yard to carry on the legacy which had begun nearly 175 years ago. A sector of the original Boston Navy Yard was to become a part of the National Historical Parks. The USS Constitution remains in the service on active duty although it rarely leaves the dock. Nevertheless, the U.S. Navy still serves aboard the vessel. Charlestown Point Battery— See Charlestown Navy Yard. Clark’s Garrison— Clark’s Garrison was established in the vicinity of Plymouth during the 1660s. During March 1676 (King Philip’s War), Indians attacked the fort-house. William Clark’s wife and one child were killed as well as another family in its entirety that had been at the house for protection. One son of Clark’s survived as the Indians believed him dead. The garrison was also burned to the ground. William was the son of Thomas Clark. Apparently both William and Thomas were in business together as merchants in Boston. Connable’s Fort— Connable’s Fort was established at Bernardston (Fall Town) in western Massachusetts’ Quabbin Valley during 1739 by Samuel Connable. The fort was in close proximity to Burke’s Fort. Like Burke’s Fort, it was located off Route 5. Cooke Garrison— John Cooke had property rights to Ram Island (later Pope’s Island), which he received during 1672, in the vicinity of the northern sector, Fairhaven (later Oxford). Cooke transformed his house into a garrison. During the conflict (King Philip’s War), the Indians burned either his garrison house or possibly it was another of the homes he owned. Copp’s Hill Battery— Copp’s Hill was one of three hills atop a

MASSACHUSETTS / Cuttyhunk Fort mountain in Boston at what was known as Trea-mont or Trimountain until 1630, when it became Boston. The summit of Copp’s Hill was about 50 feet above the harbor and above what was known as North Battery. Copp’s Hill was fortified by the British and from positions there on the hill, artillery bombarded American positions at Charlestown on 17 June, just prior to the Battle of Bunker Hill. British admiral Samuel Graves deployed a battery that included six pieces of artillery. Beacon Hill and Fort Hill were the other two. The British established batteries upon each during the American Revolutionary War period. And Governor Andros established a fort at Fort Hill (at the time, Corn Hill) during the 1600s. Copp’s Hill Burial Ground was established during 1659. The hill had earlier been known as Windmill Hill and Snow Hill prior to becoming Copp’s Hill. See also Boston British Colonial Forts. Corn Hill Fort (Fort Hill)— See Boston British Colonial Forts. Cow Fort— See Marblehead Forts. Cuttyhunk Fort— The English, under Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, established a post at Cuttyhunk Island, one of the Elizabeth Islands, during 1602. Cuttyhunk was sometimes referred to as Elizabeth Island Post or Fort. The Elizabeth Islands are a series of islands off Cape Cod between Buzzard’s Bay (originally Gosnold’s Hope) and Vineland Sound. Gosnold initially named Cuttyhunk Elizabeth Isle. During 1641, at about the same time Thomas Mayhew acquired the Vineyard and Nantucket, he also acquired authorization to colonize the Elizabeth Islands; however, apparently, his efforts were diverted. During 1790, according to the census, less than 15 people occupied the island, the most westward one in the chain. Darby’s Fort— See Marblehead Forts. Deacon Ebenezer Sheldon’s Fort— Deacon Ebenezer Sheldon’s Fort was established in the Quabbin Valley in western Massachusetts at Bernardston during 1740–1741 by Ebenezer, the son of Lieutenant Isaac Sheldon. Ebenezer’s father also built a fort in the same vicinity during the previous year. Lieutenant Sheldon’s Fort was located along the road that led to Northfield. The forts came under attack during King George’s War. During 1747, another of Lieutenant Sheldon’s sons, Eliakim, was killed by Indians while he was doing work on the outside of the fort. Deerfield Fort— Deerfield in the Quabbin Valley (western Massachusetts) was colonized by settlers who arrived from Dedham during 1671. At the time, the area was called Pocomtuck by the Indians. The settlement was fortified. During 1675, Indians attacked and destroyed the settlement, burning it to the ground. Later, it was reestablished, but during 1704, Indians, this time aided by the French, attacked again. Forty-seven settlers were killed and 112 were seized and taken to Canada. Sixty later were able to return. Dorchester— The Americans established a fort, known as Lamb’s Dam Redoubt, in Roxbury during 1775. The artillery at the post participated in the bombardment of British positions in Boston during March of 1776, as George Washington was fortifying Dorchester Heights in an effort to further cutoff the British. By 17 March, Boston was in the hands of the Americans. Also, Roxbury High Fort and Dorchester Heights Forts were established in Roxbury during the siege of Boston (1776). See also Roxbury High Fort. Dorchester Fort— Settlers began to colonize Dorchester about one month prior to the colonization of Boston during May 1630. The initial settlers’ families included the Blakes, Capens and the Clapps. The settlement was fortified to protect the settlers from Indian attacks. The original settlement was known as Allen’s Plain and from there a road was constructed to the fort that was established atop Rock Hill (later Savin Hill). The settlers also established a cemetery there dur-

208 ing 1633. Two prominent Puritans buried there are William Staughton, the chief justice of the witch trials, and Richard Mather, a Puritan minister. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the patriots established a fort at Dorchester Heights from where they laid siege upon Boston. Also, during 1710, descendants of Roger Clapp constructed a home at Dorchester Neck that survived the elements and the wars. It still stands, but during the 1950s, the historical home, which had been modified as a rural mansion by Lemuel Clapp subsequent to 1767, was picked up and relocated to a nearby spot only a couple of hundred yards from its original position. The Dorchester Historical Society has restored the mansion to its original condition. See also Boston Area Early Colonial Forts and Dorchester. Eames’ Garrison— Eames’ Garrison was established by Thomas Eames, who arrived in Massachusetts from England about 1630. Initially he resided in Dedham and afterward several other settlements prior to establishing his garrison in Framingham at the Plantation of Framingham about 1670. Subsequently, during King Philip’s War, many of the settlements in New England were ravaged, beginning with the settlement at Swanzey on 21 June 1675. Afterward, a major clash occurred during December of that same year, a battle known as the fight at Narragansett, which forced Philip to retire into western Massachusetts. The Eames Garrison was in the path of Philip by February 1676. During early February (some accounts give 1 February and others 2 February), while Thomas Eames was away from the house-fort, located on the southern side of Mount Wayte, it was struck by Indians and destroyed as Eames’ family, his wife and nine children, was unable to defend against the war party. All were either killed or taken captive. There is no evidence relating to the attack, but the story handed down is that Mrs. Eames tried to resist and even poured a boiling substance upon the attackers before the house was torched. Eastern Point Battery— The Union established a battery at Eastern Point in East Gloucester. The units that garrisoned the post included the 2nd Unattached Company Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, which had formed at Beverly and moved to Gloucester during 1864. Ebenezer’s Fort— See Deacon Ebenezer Sheldon’s Fort. Elizabeth Island Post (or Fort)— See Cuttyhunk Fort. Fort Andrew— Fort Andrew (Gurnet Fort) was established by the Americans at Gurnet Point at Plymouth Harbor in Plymouth County during 1776. During the Revolutionary War, Fort Andrew, with a 6-cannon battery, was built on Gurnet Point by the towns of Duxbury, Kingston and Plymouth. The guns were challenged by the British when the HMS Niger arrived at the harbor. The British bombarded the American positions, but return fire was immediately commenced. Meanwhile the Niger inflicted damage to the lighthouse. As the vessel retired, it ran aground at Brown’s Island. The Americans prepared to seize it, but before they executed the mission, the ship was freed and it sailed to safety. The federal government acquired the land during 1808 and established Fort Andrew. The fort, slightly less than 12 acres in size, was located at the farthest end of Duxbury Beach, less than 40 miles from Boston. During the Civil War, the Union reconstructed the fort (1863) and to further bolster the post, seven coastal artillery pieces were deployed there. The artillery included four 8-inch smoothbore rifles and three 32-pounder rifles. Following the close of hostilities, during 1867, the military installed one additional piece of artillery (light field piece) there, but it was removed by about 1880. Subsequently, during 1927, the fort was transferred by the War Department to the Department of the Treasury and at that time the U.S. Coast Guard prepared to utilize it as

209 a Coast Guard base. Although the post came under the control of the Department of the Interior, the War Department kept a small portion of the base, less than two acres, to maintain a Fire Control Station. Fort Andrews— Fort Andrews, not to be confused with Fort Andrew at Plymouth, was established at Boston Harbor during the twentieth century. It is now part of the Boston Harbor Islands State Park). Fort Ann (Queen Ann Fort)— See Fort Pickering. Fort at Clark’s Point— See Fort Rodman. Fort (at) Gale’s Head— See Fort Sewall. Fort at New Plymouth— The greater number of Pilgrims which had arrived off Plymouth during November 1620 aboard the vessel Mayflower remained aboard the vessel through the winter of 1620–1621. On 21 March 1621, the colonists debarked at Plymouth and established a stockaded fort known as the Fort at New Plymouth. In 1627, the agreement between the London Company and the colonists at Plymouth terminated. The merchants in London liquidated their interests for $9,000, thereby ending the joint-stock principle. Each colonist at Plymouth now received 20 acres of land for private use. In conjunction, the church was also used out of necessity as a fort. The colony was originally stockaded and armed with six cannons. The church fort was built on Burial Hill. It was no longer in existence by 1675. The meeting house was palisaded in 1675–1677. Batteries were placed on Cole’s Hill to repel any sea-born raids. It is now the site of the Pilgrim Memorial. Plimoth Plantation is a reconstruction of the original fort and village. A replica of the Mayflower is in the harbor there. Fort Banks— Fort Banks was initially established as Battery Winthrop during 1899. The post was a Nike Missile Site during the 1950s. The Army declared the post as excess during 1950, but during 1951, the post was reactivated in response to the Korean War. Fort Banks was deactivated during September 1966. Fort Burke— See Burke’s Fort. Fort Conant— See Stage Fort. Fort Dalton— See Camp Dalton. Fort Darby— See Marblehead Forts.

Fort Leverett / MASSACHUSETTS Fort Fearing— See Fort Phoenix. Fort Glover— See Marblehead Forts. Fort Heath— Fort Heath, known initially as the Gun Battery on Grover’s Cliff, was established on Grover’s Cliff at Winthrop during 1899. It later became a Nike site. The New England District of the Army Corps of Engineers constructed a bombproof, fallout-proof Master Missile unit there which held responsibility for controlling and coordinating all the Nike batteries in New England. Fort Heath was located in close proximity to Fort Banks, which also was a Nike site. Fort Hill (Roxbury High Fort)— See Boston British Colonial Forts and Roxbury High Fort. Not to be confused with Fort (on) Fort Hill (Yarmouth). Fort Hoosac— See Fort West Hoosac. Fort Independence— Fort Independence was established on Castle Island during 1799. The fort was abandoned during 1880. The location, in Boston Harbor, has actually been a fortification since 1634, when it was used by Governor Dudley to establish a defense of Boston Harbor. The successive forts established there came to be known unofficially as the Castle. See also Castle Island. Fort Lee— The initial earthworks established at Salem (Fort Lee) were constructed during the 1690s. Later, during 1742, the Massachusetts General Court authorized funding to construct earthworks and gun emplacements there. During the American Revolutionary War period, the patriots of Salem decided by vote to erect forts on the Neck and at Winter Island and by the following year, 1776, the star-shaped fort, known as Fort Lee, was further fortified to defend the harbors of Salem and Beverly. The fort contained 16 8-pounders and a large force of artillerymen were based there. It is not certain for whom Fort Lee was named, but there are several different opinions. Some have said it was named after Colonel Jeremiah Lee from Marblehead and others have thought it was named for General Henry Lee and yet others believed it to be named after a Colonel William R. Lee, also of Marblehead. Most think it was named after General Henry Lee. During the early 1800s, prior to the War of 1812, Fort Lee was modified and restored following a period of natural deterioration. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the fort was again refortified, but like the others in the northeast, it was never challenged during the war. Remains of the earthworks still exist in a park along Fort Avenue.

Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was initially known as The Fort and Fort Leverett— On 26 June 1675 a contingent under Captain (Fort) Watch House Neck during the American Revolution. It was Henchman joined with a force under Captain Thomas Prentice and established at Gloucester to afford protection from British naval atmoved out of Boston during King Philip’s War. Later, during July, tacks for the inner harbor. The federal government acquired the fort Henchman was at Pocasset. A skirmish developed there and by dark, during 1794 and afterward renamed it Fort Defiance. Following the the Massachusetts troops withdrew; however, Henchman’s continWar of 1812, the fort fell into a state of disrepair and apparently regent remained there with troops from Plymouth. While there it was mained in poor condition until it was revitalized at about the time decided to construct a fort. The post was built by Henchman’s force of the outbreak of the Civil War. Two naval batteries were established there to again protect Gloucester’s harbor. The fort site remains on a slope of the hill upon which it was built and some traces of the earthworks remain visible. The fort was abandoned subsequent to the close of hostilities. In conjunction, even earlier than the American Revolution, Watch House Point had been fortified as the English established forti-fications there during 1743 to fend off pirates and to defend against an enemy attack. The fort established during the 1740s was separate from Stage Fort, which also was established at Gloucester to be used as a fishing enterprise by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Fort Independence, Massachusetts, 1812 era — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

MASSACHUSETTS / Fort Lucas

210 Fort Morrison— Fort Morris, known also as North Fort, was established by settlers at Colrain during 1745. It was one of a group of settlers’ and militia forts built there during King George’s War. The others included Fort Lucas and Fort Morris. Fort Nichols— The Americans established a post, known as Fort Nichols, in the vicinity of Salisbury Point at Amesbury (Essex County) during 1775. The post was located along the Merrimac River. In conjunction, all across New England, militia units were being raised during 1775. During April of 1776, a company raised in Amesbury, Salisbury, and Newburyport, under the command of Captain Moses Nowell, was based at Plum Point to establish defenses there to protect the seacoast in that region. Fort Number One— See Cambridge Forts. Fort Number Two— See Cambridge Forts.

Fort Pickering, Winter Island, Massachusetts (Remains)— Benson J. Lossing Illustration

and named in honor of Governor Leverett of Massachusetts. The intent was to trap King Philip and starve him, but by the end of July, he escaped the swamp. Fort Lucas— Fort Lucas was one of a group of settlers’ and militia forts established in Colrain in about 1745 during King George’s War. Others included Fort Morris (also known as South Fort) and Fort Morrison (also known as North Fort). Fort Massachusetts— Fort Massachusetts was established at North Adams in Berkshire County by the English during 1745. The fort was constructed to a size of about 80 by 120 feet near the convergence of the Upper and Lower Forks of the Hoosic River. It was attacked and destroyed by the French and their Indian allies during 1746. At the time of the attack, the garrison was at less than full strength. Some who had been sick had departed the fort on August 14 en route for Deerfield, while the French were poised for the attack. The fort was assaulted on 19 August by a force of about 900. Fort Massachusetts capitulated on 20 August. Shortly after the devastating attack against Fort Massachusetts, the force attacked Deerfield (Deerfield Massacre). Fort Massachusetts was destroyed, but the English rebuilt it during 1747. The French attacked the fort again during 1748, but the assault was repelled. The exact date the fort was abandoned is unknown. Other forts built during the period and also along various point along the Mohican Trail were Fort Shirley, Fort Pelham and Fort Dumner. Fort Massachusetts was abandoned about 1760. Subsequently, during 1895, an organization known at the time as the Fort Massachusetts Historical Society raised funds and saved the fort site. A replica was later built and a dedication ceremony was held during August 1933. A museum was operated there until the 1940s. A new organization (North Adams Historical Society) was formed during 1971 to continue commemorating the heritage of North Adams. The fort still stands and is open to the public. A visitor center which details the history of North Adams is located at the Western Gateway Heritage State Park. Fort Miller— See Marblehead Forts. Fort Morris— Fort Morris, known also as South Fort, was established by settlers at Colrain during 1745. It was one of a group of settlers’ and militia forts built there during King George’s War. The others included Fort Lucas and Fort Morrison.

Fort (on) Fort Hill (Yarmouth)— English colonists established a fort on what became known as Fort Hill in Yarmouth during 1643. Settlers initially arrived in the vicinity of Yarmouth (known at the time by the Indians as Mattacheese) during the 1630s. At the time, the area was inhabited by the Wampanoag nation. The tribes included the Cummaquids, Hokanums, and the Pawkunnawkuts. The English and the settlers had managed to coexist on friendly terms, but during 1643, the region became turbulent and it was decided that a fort was required for the safety of the colonists. The fort was located in what became known as the Ancient Cemetery in Yarmouth. There is no surviving documentation relating to whether or not the fort ever came under attack. Fort Hill was also known as Corn Hill. Fort Pelham— Fort Pelham, a palisaded fortification was established in the vicinity of Pelham Brook at Rowe in about 1744. The fort, manned by militia, was located in the northwestern sector of Franklin County near the border with New Hampshire. The exact time the fort was abandoned is unknown. Fort Phoenix— The Americans established a fort (Fort Fearing, later Fort Phoenix) at Nolscot Point in Fairhaven during 1775, following a naval confrontation that occurred offshore on 13–14 May of that same year when two British vessels were captured. The two sloops were seized by Massachusetts militia in Buzzard’s Bay. Two officers, Captains Benjamin Dillingham and Eleazer Hathaway, oversaw the construction that continued until 1777. Some of the cannon used there had been captured from the British in the Bahamas. Fairview at the time of the attack was technically part of New Bedford. Later, during 1812, it became a separate town. The harbor defenses at Fairview folded during September 1778, when on the 8th a British force under Major General Charles (later 1st Earl) Grey arrived and destroyed much of the town and the fortifications in the area. After the British departed, the Americans, under Major Israel Fearing, rebuilt the fort, naming it Fort Fearing, but later, by about 1784, it became known as Fort Phoenix. Subsequently, during the 1800s, prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812, the Americans further fortified the post and expanded it to accommodate more defenders. A British force attacked Fort Phoenix during June 1814, but the fort held and it repulsed the landing forces which had debarked the HMS Nimrod and attempted to storm the fort from landing boats. The post remained active during the Civil War. Despite the huge amounts of men that had moved south and southwest to meet the Confederate threat, the fort was garrisoned for the duration. Troops from nearby Fort Taber in New Bedford supplemented the force. Initially, Fort Phoenix held between six and 11 pieces of artillery. During the Civil War, eight 24-pounders were placed there. Five of these historic artillery pieces remain at the fort. The fort was never challenged. The only land activity in New England during the Civil War was when a group of Confederate guerrillas raided Vermont

211 from Canada. The rebels quickly moved out of the United States back to Canada. Fort Phoenix remained active until 1876. The fort is now part of a city park in Fairhaven (Bristol County). During 1973, the fort was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. During the summer months, volunteers (Fairfield Village Militia) are on the grounds to relate the colonial history of the fort to visitors (Fort Phoenix Beach State Reservation). Fort Pickering— Fort Pickering was established on Winter Island at Salem during 1794. The English had initially established military defenses there since about 1655 and the forts included Fort William and Fort Ann. In addition, during the American Revolution, the fort was also known as Fort Number 2. During the War of 1812, it had less than 10 guns to defend the harbor from British warships. The fort was greatly expanded during the Civil War. Prior to the Civil War, the Massachusetts State Militia trained on Winter Island. During the Civil War, the fort was also known as Salem Barracks. Subsequently, during the 1930s, the Coast Guard began to use the facilities. A Coast Guard airplane hangar was constructed there during 1934. While awaiting new housing, the Coast Guardsmen were housed at the lighthouse. At a later date, the keeper’s house at the lighthouse became the officers’ club. The base, known as Air Station Salem, was designated the initial Air Sea Rescue station along the East Coast during 1944. The Coast Guard station is no longer active. Fort Revere— The English established a trading post at Telegraph Hill (Nantasket Head) during the 1620s. The English initially fortified the area militarily during 1673 when they established a beacon at Telegraph Hill which could warn of an approaching enemy, at the time, either the French or the Dutch. Later, during King Philip’s War, the colonists also fortified Telegraph Hill. The forti-fication was also used by the English and colonial forces during the French and Indian War. The British, when they abandoned Boston during March 1776, burned a nearby lighthouse and demolished the artillery. The artillery was repaired under the supervision of Paul Revere. After seizing the area, the Americans fortified Telegraph Hill and established a fort which originally was named Allerton Battery. Afterward it was renamed Fort Independence. Fort Independence was constructed in the shape of a pentagon and held 22 cannon which dominated the southern approaches to Boston Harbor. It was completed during 1777. The fort was rebuilt in close proximity to the location of the original earthworks. During 1778, French Marines were based at the fort and later the French fleet which sustained damage from a storm moved into the harbor under the protection of the fort’s artillery while repairs were made. Later, following the victory at Yorktown, the French again made use of Fort Independence while awaiting orders to return to France. A cemetery at the foot of the hill attests to the French presence during the American Revolution. A large number of French troops (soldiers and sailors) succumbed during smallpox epidemics and other diseases while there. The fort was essentially abandoned after the War for Independence until the 1820s when it again became of strategic value for the coastal defenses of the United States. Plans were laid for the construction of a new Fort Independence on Castle Island, and to further fortify the Hull Peninsula, the plan of the War Department included modifications of the fort on Governor’s Island (later Fort Winthrop). In addition, the coastal defense system there was to include the construction of a modern new Fort Warren on Georges Island. Nevertheless, the plans were never carried out. By the 1850s, the U.S. Army installed magnetic telegraph stations on Telegraph Hill and those stations continued operations into the 1930s. In the meantime, new methods of communications (ship-to-shore radio) were invented during the 1920s, which eliminated the telegraph by the latter part of the 1930s. During the Civil War, Fort Independence was

Fort Rodman / MASSACHUSETTS garrisoned. Subsequently, Fort Independence fitted into the plan to bolster the coastal defenses. During 1897, the federal government acquired land to establish a Coastal Defense Site (Fort Revere Military Reservation). The complex was comprised of just slightly more than 77 acres. During 1900, the post was named Fort Revere. The fort contained four batteries: Battery Ripley (two 12-inch guns, 1901–1943), Battery Field (two 5-inch guns, 1901–1917), Battery Sanders (three 6-inch guns, 1906–1943) and Battery Pope (three 6inch guns, 1906–1917). Also, Fort Revere contained an AA Battery (one 3-inch gun, 1936–1946) and AMTB No. 941, which contained four 90 mm guns (1943–1946). In conjunction, during World War I, the 6-inch guns of Battery Sanders were dismantled and transported to the American Expeditionary Force under General Pershing in France. Those guns were replaced during the 1920s. Fort Revere was placed in caretaker status during the latter part of the 1920s, but it was reactivated during World War II. Elements of the 9th and 24th Coast Artillery Corps garrisoned the fort during the war. By 1943, most of the fort’s guns were dismantled, but the antiaircraft weaponry remained operational until after the war had concluded. By the 1950s, Fort Revere was obsolete as a coastal defensive post due to the introduction of nuclear weapons. Fort Revere was sliced and much of its property was sold for commercial purposes, which was similar to the other coastal defensive posts along Boston’s harbor. Fort Revere was declared as surplus by the U.S. Army during 1948, but later it was again used until deactivated during the 1960s. Fort Revere is now part of a park and it has been placed in the National Register of Historic Places. The park contains the remains of two fortifications, Fort Independence and Fort Revere, and it contains the Officers’ Quarters Museum. For more information: Fort Revere Park, 60 Farina Road, Hull, Massachusetts 02045. Fort Rodman— Fort Rodman, initially known as Fort at Clark’s Point, was established at New Bedford during 1857 on land acquired by the federal government at Clark’s Point that was part of the Edward Wing Farm. A lighthouse had been established at Clark’s Point during 1797 by the citizens and later, during the early 1800s, the government established a lighthouse there. When the granite fort was built, the light was of no value to the ships. The light was then relocated and placed atop the fort. During 1898, a new lighthouse was built offshore. The fort was constructed of granite and stone and built in the shape of a hexagon (six-sided). The granite was transported to Clark’s Point from quarries in Fall River, Massachusetts, and from Sullivan, Maine. During 1863, work continued, but the fort had not been completed. In the interim, a battery known as Fort Taber, constructed of earthworks, was built during 1861. The fort was named after the mayor of New Bedford at the time, Isaac C. Taber. Fort Rodman was a link in a three-fort chain of the coastal defense system. It was located between Fort Preble in the vicinity of Portland, Maine, and the southern tier at Fort Wright off Long Island, New York. At the time of the construction of Fort Taber, there was great concern about the safety of the area as Confederate vessels were able to operate (1863) in Long Island Sound and in Buzzard’s Bay and they were able to inflict destruction upon the commercial vessels, such as the unarmed whaling ships. The “Great Stone Fleet,” a flotilla of granite-laden vessels departed from this region en route to the South where they were intentionally sunk to aid in the blockade of southern port-cities. Fort Taber (Fort Rodman), unchallenged during the war, was able to fire its guns. In conjunction with the departure of the Stone Fleet, the fort’s guns fired a hefty salute. Once Fort Rodman’s (still unnamed) massive walls were completed (spring 1863), Fort Taber, slightly west of the post, became obsolete, as its view of the Acushnet River was impeded. The guns were removed from the earthworks and relocated at the new fort. Nonetheless, the fort, known as the Fort at Clark’s Point, continued to be referred to

MASSACHUSETTS / Fort Sewall as Fort Taber. The third tier of the fort was never completed. During 1898, the fort was officially named Fort Rodman in honor of Lieutenant Colonel William Logan Rodman (38th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment), who was killed during fighting at Port Hudson, Louisiana (May–June 1863). Fort Rodman, named during the Spanish-American War period, continued as an active military post during the twentieth century; however, for awhile, it was placed in caretaker status. Afterward, new batteries were established and some were manned until the close of World War II. The batteries were Battery Barton (west side 1924–1946) one 8-inch M-1888 mounted on a disappearing carriage (1896 type), Battery Craig (west side, 1902–1920) two 3-inch rapid-fire, pedestal-mounted guns, Battery Cross (west side, 1902 1920) two 5-inch rapid-fire, pedestalmounted guns, Battery Gaston (east side 1902–1920) two 3-inch rapid-fire, pedestal-mounted guns, Battery Miliken (north west, 1924–1946) two 12-inch M-1895–212A4 rifles; Battery Walcott (east side, 1899–1942) one 8-inch M-1888 mounted on a disappearing carriage (1896 type). The primary supervisor of the construction of the fort was Captain (later General) Henry Martyn Robert, a graduate of West Point, class of 1857. In addition to his military and engineering skills, Henry Robert is also known for a book he wrote, Robert’s Rules of Order, initially published during 1886. The book is still widely used and considered the standard work on parliamentary procedure. The City of New Bedford now operates the fort as part of a park. The Fort Tabor (Taber) Historical Association is also involved with the fort. Fort Sewall— During 1742, the English established a fort at Gale’s Head near Marblehead. Subsequently, it was expanded as a precautionary measure to bolster defenses against French encroachment. And again, following the American Revolution, it was further expanded. In conjunction, during 1814, Fort Sewall, named in honor of Judge Samuel Sewall, was established near Marblehead. The USS Constitution came under the custody of the fort during 1814 when the British attempted but failed to destroy her. During the 1890s, the fort became part of a city park, but later, during the SpanishAmerican War, Massachusetts troops were based there. During 1899, a unit from the Chelsea area that had returned from Cuba paraded through Marblehead during April of that year. Fort Sheldon— See Deacon Ebenezer Sheldon’s Fort.

Fort Sewall, Massachusetts — Benson J. Lossings Illustration

212 Fort Shirley— Fort Shirley was established by settlers (militia) at Heath during 1744. It was one of a series of forts built along the trail to Canada during that period. The others included Fort Pelham and Fort Massachusetts. Fort Standish (Boston)— Fort Standish was established on Lovells Island in Boston Harbor during the Spanish-American War period (1898). Fort Standish was deactivated subsequent to the close of World War II. Not to be confused with Fort Standish (Plymouth). Fort Standish (Plymouth)— Fort Standish was established at Plymouth during the 1860s. The fort was acquired by the federal government during the 1870s. It was abandoned subsequent to World War I. The fort site is now private property. Not to be confused with Fort Standish (Boston). Fort Strong— Fort Strong was established on Long Island during 1814. It was designed by Loammi Baldwin, the man who designed the Bunker Hill Monument. In conjunction, the fort was fortified beginning in the latter part of the nineteenth century (1870s) and work continued through the twentieth century as the fort expanded with eight batteries (deployed 1874 and 1906). The coastal batteries were Battery Hitchcock (three 10-inch guns, 1899–1939), Battery Ward (two 10-inch guns, 1899–1939), Battery Drum (two 4.7-inch A, 1899–1917), Battery Smyth (two 3-inch guns, 1906–1921; during 1921, the guns were transferred to Battery Basinger), Battery Stevens (two 3-inch guns, 1906–1946), Battery Taylor (two 3-inch guns, 1906–1942; during 1942, the guns were transferred to Fort Dawes), and Battery Basinger (two 3-inch guns, 1901–1947). The Long Island Head Battery (1874–1876) was also at Fort Strong. The final battery to remain operational was Long Island Head Battery, which ceased during 1947. Fort Strong (Noodle Island)— See Noodle Island. Fort Taber (Tabor)— See Fort Rodman. Fort Taylor— See Charlemont Forts. Fort (The)— See Fort Defiance. Fort Warren (Governors Island)— Fort Warren, a three-tiered (square tower) structure was established on Governors Island in close proximity to Castle Island during 1807. The guns are located only on the top of the fort, with portholes for riflemen on the three tiers. The fort remained active during the War of 1812 until 1814. Subsequently, Fort Winthrop was established on the island during 1846. It remained active until the early part of the twentieth century when its condition became so poor that it was abandoned during 1901. Boston’s Logan International Airport was later established on Governors Island. Not to be confused with Fort Warren (Georges Island). Fort Warren (Georges Island)— Fort Warren was established during 1833 on Georges Island. Georges Island had also been a part of the Boston Harbor defenses during the War of 1812. Although construction began during 1833, the huge granite fort was not completed until 1869. Fort Warren was intended to defend Boston Harbor from a sea attack. However, due to its remote location, it also served as a federal prison during the Civil War. The fort was garrisoned through the Spanish-American War and World War I. Later it was again manned during World War II. After the conclusion of the war, Fort Warren was placed in caretaker status until it was decommissioned in 1952. The fort is now open to the public. Tours include discussions on the history of the fort. Batteries there were Battery Stevenson (two 12-inch guns, 1903–1945), Battery Bartlett (four 10-inch guns, 1899–1942; one emplacement was destroyed), Battery Adams (one 10-inch gun, 1899–1914), Battery Plunkett (two 4-inch guns, 1899–1925) and Battery Lowell (three 3-inch guns, 1900–1920). The

213 U.S. Boston Harbor mine defenses operated from Fort Warren. Not to be confused with Fort Warren (Governors Island). Fort Washington (Cambridge)— See Boston American Colonial Forts. Not to be confused with Fort Washington (Marblehead). Fort Washington (Marblehead)— See Marblehead Forts. Not to be confused with Fort Washington (Cambridge). Fort West Hoosac— The Massachusetts Bay Company, during 1750, in an attempt to settle West Hoosac and simultaneously provide extra protection for other nearby settlements, established a plantation there. A fort, known as West Hoosac Blockhouse, was established in the northwest tip of the colony during the French and Indian War (1756), placing it less than five miles from Fort Massachusetts. Some troops from Fort Massachusetts acquired tracts in the new colony. Following the French and Indian War (1760), the settlement began to expand. Later, during 1765, the settlement known as Fort West Hoosac was renamed Williamstown in accordance with the will of Captain Ephraim Williams. The will stipulated that funds would be provided for the construction of a school if the town would be renamed in his honor. The school (Williams College) began operations during 1791. During the 1830s, a house which had been built during the mid–1770s was relocated to the vicinity of the site of Fort West Hoosac during 1830 and it still stands (full alterations were done during the 1980s). It is now a bed and breakfast, known as the House on Main Street. Fort William— See Fort Pickering. Fort Winthrop— See Fort Warren (Governors Island). Gale’s Head Fort— See Fort Sewall. Gilbert’s Fort— Gilbert’s Fort was established by Henry Gilbert during September 1688. Gilbert, leading a contingent of militia, arrived at Quabaug, later Brookline, and fortified it, but Gilbert also constructed a house for himself that was next to the fort. The fort, located in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of Maple and North Main Street, was further protected by a stockade. Groton Garrison Houses— During 1676, militia officers were appointed at Groton. They included Captain James Parker, Lieutenant William Larkin and Ensign Nathaniel Lawrence. The settlement at Groton contained a group of about five garrison houses. Of those were Parker’s Nutting’s and Willard’s. At the time, King Philip’s War was ongoing and Groton had come under attack during March 1676. During one of the raids, the meeting house was destroyed along with a large number of homes. Following the raids, the settlers began to relocate at safer places. Subsequently, Groton was again colonized and by the early 1690s there were about eight garrison houses that had been constructed to protect against Indian raids. However, the Indians attacked again during 1694 and inflicted great damage and loss of life. The raids continued and during 1697, the colonists again sustained a devastating attack. Several colonists, including members of the Stephen Holden family, were taken captive. They were later released. Gurnet Fort (Battery)—See Fort Andrew. Hadley Garrison Houses or Hadley Stockade— During King Philip’s War, settlers along the entire frontier in Massachusetts attempted to fortify their villages. In western Massachusetts, the three towns of Hadley (later Hatfield), Hatfield and Northampton formed a mutual set of defenses and militia was based at each following some violent attacks. During August 1675, a scouting party of 10 men was ambushed and nearly annihilated; only one survived. During the following month, a force under Captain Lathrop was nearly wiped out. More than 60 of Lathrop’s command were buried near what be-

Huguenot Fort / MASSACHUSETTS came known as Bloody Brook. The region was devastated again during 1677 when Indians attacked during September. The list of dead on that day included Isaac and John Graves, who were outside of the stockade in Hatfield, working on the construction of a new home for John Graves Jr. About 12 settlers were killed and another group of about 15 or more, mostly women and children, were seized. Harlow Old Fort House— The Harlow Fort House was established in Plymouth by Sergeant William Harlow during 1677. The forthouse was built from lumber taken from another nearby fort (Meeting House) at Burial Hill that had been demolished. Hatfield Garrison Houses— See Hadley Garrison Houses or Hadley Stockade. Haverhill Garrison Houses— See Andover Garrison Houses. Hingham Garrison Houses— English colonists in about 1633 began to settle Hingham (initially known as Bare Cove), at the time a territory inhabited by the Massachusetts Indians led by Chickatabut and later by his son, Wompatuck. Subsequently, during 1668, the Indians transferred the territory that comprised Cohasset and Hingham to the English. The initial homes established at Hingham are thought to have been near the bay and along present-day North Street. The settlement was fortified with a palisade and as was usual in New England, a meeting house (church) was present. During 1636, a militia was formed there. John Winthrop was appointed colonel and Thomas Dudley was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Hingham Militia. Nevertheless, during 1639, the Massachusetts Bay Company authorized the meeting house to be used as a watch house (fort). The church bell and the church were able to play a part in proclaiming time of danger. However, there is no documentation that determined the meeting house was ever attacked. In addition to fortified houses, the government of Massachusetts also passed laws (1630s) demanding that each house had to contain powder and ammunition for their guns. Failure to adhere to the law meant punishment. During the Pequot War, some colonists from Hingham served under Captain Israel Stoughton. Following the conclusion of the Pequot War, the relationship between the colonists and the Indians never got back to friendly as they had initially been. Settlers began establishing garrison houses, one of which was established about 1640 by Joseph Andrews, that later became known as the Perez Lincoln House near the intersection of North and Cottage. The garrison house was initially known as the Andrews House. Others were constructed near the intersection of Hershey and South Streets. Captain John Smith of Hingham also constructed a garrison house and yet another was established by Captain John Jacob. The Tower Garrison House was built in the vicinity of Tower’s Bridge. In addition to the garrison houses, the town, during 1645, decided to bolster the meeting house by building a palisade around it. King Philip’s War ravaged the colonies in New England, but the threat was about terminated on 12 August 1676, when the leader of the Indians, Philip, was killed. The devastation of the war had demolished about 13 towns and severely damaged many others. At Hingham, the garrison houses had survived and the three forts constructed in the vicinity of Fort Hill (Yarmouth) no longer were under threat of attack. Huguenot Fort— A group of Huguenots established a fort in Oxford in about 1687 on a hill known as Huguenot Hill in close proximity to another hill known as Federal Hill. The area, like most of New England, remained under threat of Indian attacks. Subsequently, during the 1690s, about 1694, Indians attacked and destroyed the fort. The Huguenots abandoned the area, but returned during 1713 to reestablish the settlement at Oxford. In conjunction, just prior to the arrival of the original Huguenots who settled at Oxford,

MASSACHUSETTS / Lancaster Garrison Houses the grant was about to expire. To keep the grant active, the English applied successfully for an extension of three years. During 1686, the English Puritans used the French Protestants who had embarked from France to avoid persecution to settle there. Initially, 30 families of Huguenots colonized Oxford. Lancaster Garrison Houses— During 1647, the settlers at the Nashaway Plantation attempted to have the settlement incorporated as a town and suggested the name of Prescott. The General Court decided upon West Towne, but it was unsatisfactory to the colonists. A compromise was reached and the town became Lancaster (1653). Lancaster by the 1670s was fortified with garrison houses, while New England was engulfed with war against King Philip. The town contained about 50 families, but it was not strongly garrisoned by militia. The Indians struck it hard one morning at dawn during February 1676 and one of the garrisons, that of Reverend Joseph Rowlandson, was destroyed. Some, including Mrs. Rowlandson, were taken captive and others were killed. Other garrison houses at Lancaster included the Roper Garrison, Sawyer Garrison and Stevens’ Garrison. Another of the early settlers was John Ball, a tailor. According to a report by General Daniel Gookin, the attack against Lancaster was led by an Indian chief known as John Monaco of the Nipmuck tribe, who also had some of Philip’s braves with him. Rowlandson’s Garrison was the only one to fall to the Indians, although the others sustained casualties. Leonard’s Garrison— Leonard’s Garrison was established at Raynham (Taunton) during the 1650s. The settlements at Taunton and Raynham were later in the midst of the conflict known as King Philip’s War. A historical marker relating to the garrison house is located along Route 104. Apparently, the garrisons at Raynham and Taunton were overlooked by Philip’s braves due to past dealings with the Leonards, who befriended Philip prior to the hostilities. Nevertheless, Samuel Leonard had constructed a garrison house in the settlement at Raynham, which also contained a fort. Marblehead Forts— During 1644, the English established a fort near Gale’s Head or Nob’s Head in the vicinity of Marblehead during 1644. At the time, Marblehead was known as Marvillhead or Marble Harbor. The commander of the post was Major William Hawthorne and another, Samuel Ward, was appointed sergeant. The fort was completed by 1645. During 1742, Darby’s Fort, also known as Fort Miller, was established at Gale’s Head and completed under the supervision of Sir Harry Franklin. During the American Revolution the fort was expanded. The federal government acquired the fort from the town of Marblehead during 1794. Samuel Sewall, a justice of the peace (later Massachusetts Supreme Court chief justice), was present when the transfer of the fort occurred. Later, during 1809, the Marblehead Light Infantry was established and within a few years, during 1814, the fort was renamed Fort Sewall. The fort was reconstructed during 1813. (See also Fort Sewall.) Another colonial fort that was established in the vicinity of Marblehead was Fort Bailey, established during 1775 at Bailey’s Head. Subsequently, during 1813, Fort Washington was established at present-day Fountain Park. During the Civil War, the Union established Fort Glover in the vicinity of Cow Fort at Hewitt’s Head near present-day Seaside Park. Also, the patriots constructed earthworks during the American Revolution at Bartol’s Head (present-day Uriel Park). In addition, during 1755, the English established a powder house in Marblehead at present-day Number 35 Green Street. Marlborough Garrison Houses— Marlborough was initially settled about 1657 by John Howe and several years later still there were less than 40 settlers there. As the town expanded, a blockhouse was constructed there, but by the time King Philip’s War erupted, the necessity of more fortifications was quickly met, despite the fact that

214 some of the colonists abandoned the settlement. About seven garrison houses with stockades that reached a height of about eight feet were established at Marlborough; however the number decreased subsequent to an Indian attack during March 1676. The forts included John Johnson’s Garrison House, Thomas (or Joseph) Rice’s Garrison House, William Ward’s Garrison House and Abraham Williams Garrison House. The town repelled the assault and no forts were destroyed, but the settlement’s meeting house was lost. After the attack, several forts were abandoned as more settlers headed for safer ground, and another fort was destroyed by an accidental fire. During April of that same year, the Indians again launched an attack against Marlborough. The town was ravaged and all unfortified buildings were lost. The colonists who remained in the forts were able to withstand the assault. The Indians withdrew after a siege of about two days. Sudbury, a nearby settlement, was then struck by the Indians. Medfield Garrison Houses— During the conflict between the colonists and the Indians (King Philip’s War) between 1675–1676, Medfield was one of the towns that sustained the most injury. The settlement, like the others in New England, had garrison houses, but the overwhelming attack against it during February 1676, was devastating. Most houses were destroyed. One garrison house which survived was that of John Metcalf. Following the raid against Medfield, the Indians struck Marlborough, but there the garrison houses withstood the attack and siege. Middleborough— The settlement at Middlebourough, formerly Middleberry, was fortified during 1670. Later, during King Philip’s War (1675), it was abandoned. During June 1775, some Indians were executed at Plymouth and a conflict erupted. On 26–29 June, Wampanoag Indians attacked Rehoboth and Taunton, then retired without being intercepted by troops. Soon after, during 8–9 July, the Indians raided and devastated Middleborough and Dartmouth. Millis Blockhouse— The settlers across Massachusetts were under threat of attack during King Philip’s War. At Millis, during February 1676, six families gathered at a stone house which was built near Boggastow Pond to form a galvanized ring of defenses. They were joined by other families who arrived from Sherborn. Indians twice unsuccessfully attacked thee fort. Nathaniel Dickinson’s House— Nathaniel Dickinson’s house, which was fortified, was located in Northfield at Pachaug Hill. He resided there for 19 years until he came under attack by Indians on 15 April 1747. Dickinson was scalped and killed. The fortified house was located off Route 10. New Bedford— The area of Massachusetts known as Bedford was first colonized during 1652 by Puritans from Plymouth. At the time, New Bedford on Buzzard’s Bay was part of Dartmouth. The settlement was located slightly more than 50 miles south of Boston at the mouth of the Acushnet River. By about 1765, New Bedford, which contained a deep-water port, had become a colonial shipbuilding town and a town involved with the whaling industry. The initial ship launched from New Bedford was named the Dartmouth. By the time the American Revolution erupted, New Bedford’s harbor became a prime location for privateers that operated out of the region. During the revolution, the colonists established a battery near the mouth of the Acushnet River. A British force including the 44th Regiment of Foot, commanded by Major General Grey, attacked and destroyed New Bedford on 5 September 1778. In addition to burning the town, the fort on the Acushnet River was destroyed along with a large number of vessels (more than 50). Later, New Bedford emerged from the ashes to again become a flourishing town, which was incorporated during 1787. After the raid against New Bedford, the British moved against Martha’s Vineyard, where they landed and destroyed

215 the American fortifications there. While at Martha’s Vineyard, the British gathered many oxen and sheep and debarked with the animals en route for New York. New Framingham Fort— In about 1756, the settlers at New Framingham (later Richfield and afterward Lanesborough) established a fortification to defend against Indian attacks. The blockhouse was erected at the southern end of the settlement. Subsequently, after the close of the French and Indian War, the settlers began to increase in numbers and a town was laid out. Later, during 1765, it was authorized by the governor, Francis Bernard. Newtowne Forts— See Cambridge Forts. Noodle Island— The patriots fortified Noodle Island (later, East Boston) during the American Revolution and a minor clash occurred there during the early days of the war. The island was also fortified during the War of 1812. During the War of 1812, the fortification, an earthen fort was known as Fort Strong. The island was once owned by General William Sumner. Not to be confused with Fort Strong on Long Island, Massachusetts. Nook’s Hill Fort— On 15 March 1776, at Boston, British General William Howe, the governor of Massachusetts, issued a proclamation that ordered all citizens to remain in their houses until 1100 to ensure that there was no interference with the evacuation operation. The British were scheduled to embark, but more bad weather forced postponement. Meanwhile, tensions continued to rise and the situation became more dangerous as time passed. The colonials had constructed yet another fort. It stood at Nook’s Hill in Dorchester, and the British also faced the possibility that the Americans, who already dominated the city from their commanding positions, might also occupy Noodle Island and establish additional artillery positions there. The British became anxious while waiting to depart. North Battery— The British established a battery in Boston at Merry’s Wharf (Merry’s Point, later Battery Wharf ) during 1646 as a defensive post for the protection of Boston. Subsequently, during 1774, British troops arrived in Boston and the post there was garrisoned until 1776 when the Americans seized Boston following its abandonment by the British on 17 March. The Americans garrisoned the fort until about 1780 at a time when the war had already shifted to the southern colonies. See also Boston British Colonial Forts. North Fort— See Fort Morrison. Northampton Garrison Houses— See Hadley Garrison Houses. Northfield Forts and Garrison Houses— A log stockade was established at Northfield during 1673. On 2 September 1675, Indians under King Philip raided Northfield. Slightly less than 10 settlers were killed, but others made it to the safety of the fort. Reinforcements arrived near the settlement on the following day; however, they were ambushed. More than 20 of the militia force were killed. The remainder escaped. Several days later, a larger militia force moved to Northfield and the settlement was afterward abandoned. The inhabitants moved to Hadley, where the defenses were combined with Northampton and Hatfield. Once the settlers departed, the Indians destroyed the fort at Northfield. Subsequently, the settlement was reinitiated during 1685, but during 1690 it was again abandoned. Later, during 1713, the area was resettled. The town was bolstered with forts during the 1720s and more garrison houses were also established. By the 1750s (French and Indian War period), additional fortifications were constructed. Old Stone Fort (Rockport)— Although there was much dissent in New England regarding support for the war, the British expressed little empathy for those who might not want to participate. British warships frequently bombarded New England. One such place was

Rehoboth Garrison Houses / MASSACHUSETTS Rockport. A harbor fort there (Old Stone Fort) on the far edge of Bearskin Neck (Sandy Bay) became a frequent target of the British Navy. The post was dismantled during the War of 1812. A barracks there, near the wharf, is now a store. Not to be confused with Stone Fort House (Millis Blockhouse) at Millis. Palmer’s Island Garrison— A fort was established on Palmer’s Island (New Bedford) by the English during 1675. The island was named after William Palmer, who had been scalped during 1670. Pittsfield Area Forts— During 1742, settlers attempted to establish a township on the frontier north of Pontoosuc Lake, but the area was not considered too safe. Only a few colonists became interested. The name was to be New Framingham Township, but it was changed to Richfield. One of a small group of settlers there was Nathaniel Wilcox. During 1756, the settlers constructed a fort at what was the terminus of Main Street of what became Lanesboro. For more information on this and other similar settler forts in the area, contact Chamber of Commerce of the Berkshires, 75 North Street, Suite 360, Pittsfield Massachusetts 01201 Ploughed Hill Fort— See Somerville. Prospect Hill Camp— See Somerville. Prospect Hill Fort— See Somerville. Provincetown Batteries— The U.S. government acquired Long Point at Provincetown during 1864 and established two batteries. According to the reports of the town of Provincetown, the two earthen works subsequently became known, as coined by the locals, as Fort Useless and Fort Ridiculous. Quabaug Garrison— During July 1693, the Indians struck the colonists at Quabaug (or Quaboag) (Brookfield vicinity), catching the settlers off guard. Three families, the Woolcotts, Masons and Lawrences, suffered. The attack is remembered as the Woolcott Massacre. According to the Massachusetts State Archives, Joseph Woolcott’s wife and two of his children were killed. Joseph Mason and his son were killed and his wife and child, an infant were seized. In addition, Thomas Lawrence was killed and Daniel Lawrence (teenage son of Thomas) was taken captive. Woolcott’s home was close to the garrison (Quabaug or Quaboag Garrison). Reinforcements under Major John Pynchon later arrived from Springfield and other settlements. The settlers considered abandoning their homes, but instead, a contingent of about eight or 10 troops were posted at the garrison to bolster the defenses. Quaboag Garrison— See Quabaug Garrison. Queen Ann’s Fort— See Salem Forts. Rehoboth Garrison Houses— During King Philip’s War, the settlers at Rehoboth (part of it later became Seekonk) and at Swansea gathered together in times of danger at various garrison houses. Several of the forts were constructed to withstand severe attacks and of those the primary ones were Woodcock’s Garrison ( John Woodcock) in Rehoboth North Purchase (later Attleboro), a second at Seekonk Plain (later Seekonk Common) and another, Miles’ Garrison (Reverend John Miles of Swansea) at Miles’ Bridge in Swansea. Another fortified house at Swansea was that of Major John Brown (Brown’s Garrison). The Indians attacked Rehoboth on 28 March 1676, two days after a vicious fight (Pierce’s Fight) in the same vicinity. The garrison house and one other survived the attack. One of the settlers, Robert Beers, decided to remain in his house rather than seek safety at the fort. He was convinced that if he read the Bible during the attack that he and his home would be spared. While reading the Bible inside his home, he was killed by a shot that came through his window. Two days after Rehoboth was ravaged, the Indians devastated

MASSACHUSETTS / Roxbury High Fort Providence, Rhode Island. In conjunction, Woodcock’s Garrison was also a tavern prior to the war and afterward it continued as one. The General Court had provided Woodcock with a license for the Ordinary (tavern) during 1670. By August 1676, the war was terminating. King Philip was slain on 12 August and shortly thereafter, on 28 August, a key leader under Philip, Annawan, was captured at Rehoboth at a spot remembered as Annawan’s Rock. Rice’s Fort— See Charlemont Forts. Roger Conant’s Fort— See Stage Fort. Roxbury High Fort— During 1686, Sir Edmund Andros arrived in Boston to assume the duties of royal governor of New England as well as New York and Pennsylvania. Andros considered the fort on Castle Island insufficient for his needs. He directed that a new fort be built at Fort Hill (initially known as Lloyd Neck and Corn Hill Fort). The fort was also known as Fort Hill and Roxbury High Fort. Andros was later imprisoned after William of Orange gained the throne of England from King James II. The colonists, aided by the HMS Rose, seized the fort without incident. Andros was for awhile imprisoned on Castle Island and after two temporary escapes, he was finally sent back to England during 1690. With the ouster of Andros and King James II, the Puritans regained control of the colony’s government. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the British retained Roxbury High Fort which guarded Roxbury Neck. The singular way to move overland from Boston during 1776 was through Roxbury Neck. The Americans, meanwhile, gained the fort during the final days of British occupation and from positions there caused a stir to divert attention from a massive operation to seize Dorchester Heights (March 1776). Artillery pieces which had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga were transported from there to Massachusetts and deployed at Dorchester Heights. The fort was seized by the Americans during March 1776. The ancient fort is now commemorated by stone walls that retrace the perimeter of the fort, which was built in the shape of a star. It is located at Highland Park. The terrain in the vicinity is extremely steep and the park itself is about level with the roofs of the houses that are nearby. From the heights there you receive a panoramic view of downtown Boston, as well as Mission Hill and Jamaica Plain. The park is located near the intersection of Beech Glen and Fort Avenue. See also Castle Island. Russell’s Garrison— Russell’s Garrison was established by Ralph Russell (and his son, John) at Dartmouth (later New Bedford). It was one of at least two fortified garrisons at Dartmouth during King Philip’s War (1675–1676). Russell’s Garrison, also known as the Garrison House on Castile, was located near the mouth of the Aponeganset River. John Russell, born in about 1608 in England, succumbed during 1676. Salem Blockhouses— See Salem Forts. Salem Forts— Puritans under John Endecott established a settlement at Winter Island known as Naumkeag (Salem) during 1628. Afterward, the colonists fortified the colony with a fort, which was erected at the intersection of Lynde and Sewall Streets, which was located about the center of the settlement as opposed to the outside perimeter approaches by land. Salem was protected by water except for a ground approach at Jackson Street. The fort’s construction was supervised by Thomas Graves. The fort itself was commanded by Samuel Sharp. The fort at Salem contained eight cannon, two of which (demi-culverins) weighed about 3,000 pounds each. Three of the other pieces of artillery were known as sackers. The sackers each weighed about 2,500 pounds. The remaining pieces included a full severin, which was capable of propelling a cannonball weighing from two to 15 pounds. Two other smaller pieces, known as drakes, were also brought to the colony from England. The vessels laden with the

216 weaponry arrived during June 1629. Subsequently, during 1643, Fort William was established there. Fort William was frequently refurbished through the years and it was apparently also referred to as Winter Island Forts, like other fortifications there. During the early 1700s, it was known as Fort Ann (or Queen Ann’s Fort). The fort at that time contained 20 guns. By 1712–1713, the fort was in poor condition and by the following year, 1714, the town petitioned the government to make the necessary repairs and supply a gunner and sentinel at the crown’s expense. The petition noted the problems with pirates. The petition also noted that the town had constructed two blockhouses near the almshouse and they were in need of a stockade. Later, during 1799, the post there became known as Fort Pickering. The post there remained active during the War of 1812, the Civil War and the Spanish-American War. Traces of the ancient fort are still visible in the vicinity of the Winter Island Lighthouse. Salem was also the scene of the witch trials. Subsequently, as the settlement grew, it became a primary part of colonial America. For more information: Salem Maritime Historic Site, US Customs House, Derby Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. Visit this historic site and learn of the American privateers who sailed from the port of Salem during the War for Independence. In addition, although unrelated to the Revolution, there are many historical sites in the city of Salem. You may visit the various exhibits of the witch mania of the early colonial days. There is much to see in this fine city and you could very well spend a few days there and thoroughly enjoy yourself. See also Fort Pickering. Salisbury Battery— During the Civil War, the Union established a battery at Salisbury Beach. Somerville— Somerville, during the American Revolution, was part of Charlestown and afterward, during 1842, it became a separate town. The prominent landmarks are its seven hills, originally claimed by John Winthrop. At the time of the establishment of Somerville, the townspeople intended to name it Warren after Doctor Joseph Warren, who served in a heroic role during the Revolution. The hills included Cobble Hill, Clarendon Hill, and Ploughed Hill, which was the site of a fort during the war. In addition, another fort was constructed at Prospect Hill and yet another fort was built at Winter Hill. Others included Spring Hill and Walnut Hill. A monument is located in Seven Hills Park, which commemorates the history of Somerville. South Battery— South Battery at Rowe’s Wharf— See Boston British Colonial Forts. South Fort— See Fort Morris. Springfield Armory National Historic Site— The federal government, at the direction of President George Washington, established the initial national armory at Springfield during 1794. The armory had been producing weapons prior to its becoming a national arsenal during the War for Independence (1777). The armory remained active until 1968 when it was officially deactivated. Subsequently, during 1978, the arsenal became a National Historic Landmark. For more information: Springfield Armory National Historic Site, One Armory Square, Springfield, Massachusetts 01105. Springfield Garrison Houses— Springfield was initially settled during the 1630s. By the 1670s, it was one of a large number of targets during King Philip’s War when the Wampanoags attempted to eliminate the English colonies. Springfield was struck during early October 1675. At the time, the town was fortified with garrison houses, including the Burt Garrison and the Pynchon Garrison and what was known as the Ely Tavern Garrison. A fort had also been constructed at Long Hill to provide safety for the Indians who were friendly to the English. At the time of the raid, most of the defenders had been

217 absent as on the previous day, 4 October, Captain John Pynchon had traveled with them to Hadley. Despite the absence of the majority of the troops, some advance warning arrived from a friendly Indian (Toto) giving the settlement some time to prepare for the onslaught. Most of the defenders there during the attack were older men. They included Deacon Samuel Chapin, Lieutenant Thomas Cooper and the Reverend Pelatiah Glover. About 30 homes were destroyed, but the settlement recovered and rebuilt. Between early August 1676 and the latter part of October, the Indians also attacked several other settlements in what at the time was Hampshire County, including Brookfield (August), Deerfield (August), Northfield (September), Northampton (September) and Westfield (October). The war continued into the following year and finally ended soon after the leader of the Wampoags, King Philip, was slain during July. Also, another prominent place at Springfield at the time of the attacks was Nathaniel Ely’s Tavern, which has been noted as a garrison house. Nathaniel Ely had earlier moved from Connecticut and established his ordinary (tavern). The tavern remained in operation into the 1800s. Stage Fort— Roger Conant established a fort at Gloucester (Stage Head) during the 1620s. It served as part of a fishing operation there initiated by the Massachusetts Bay Company. The fort later became known as Stage Fort. The fort was known also as Fort Conant. It remained active until the late 1890s. For more information: Stage Fort Park, Hough Street, Gloucester, Massachusetts 01833. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (known also as the Fort) in Gloucester. Stone House Fort— See Millis Blockhouse. Not to be confused with Old Stone Fort (Rockport). Sudbury Garrison Houses— The settlers at Sudbury, like most New England towns in the region, constructed garrison houses to defend the settlement from Indian attacks. Sudbury contained about six garrisons when King Philip’s War broke out during 1675. They included Brown’s Garrison, Goodenow’s (Goodnow) Garrison and Haynes’ Garrison. Sergeant John Woods, one of the defenders, participated (October 1675) in the selection of which six dwellings were to become garrisons and his house was also a garrison. Other garrison houses were built following the war. The Indians, numbering more than 1,000, attacked and destroyed Sudbury during April 1676. Sudbury, located near the Sudbury River, was also in the vicinity of a tavern which was located along the Old Berlin Road stretching from Boston to Lancaster. The tavern became known as a place where travelers would stop, but sometimes never reach their desti-

Camp Lyon / MICHIGAN nation, not by acts of Indians, but by highwaymen led by a Captain Lightfoot. Swansea Garrison Houses— See Rehoboth Garrison Houses. Tarpaulin Cove Battery— The patriots manned a battery at Tarpaulin Cove (Naushon Island) in the Elizabeth Islands. The defenders included elements of the Captain John Grannis’ 3rd Company. Other seacoast officers included Lieutenant James Blossom. During June 1776, Sergeant Silas Hatch, who had served at Tarpaulin Cove, was promoted to 2nd lieutenant and placed in a command of about 100 troops (Captain Russell’s command) that were deployed at Martha’s Vineyard to defend the seacoast there. Taunton Garrison Houses— During King Philip’s War, the Indians attacked Taunton during June 1675. The settlement was fortified with garrison houses. The homes of James Walker and John Tisdell were among those destroyed in the attack. During May of the following year, the Indians again attacked and a part of Taunton that in the meantime became Raynham came under assault. By July of 1676, the war was essentially ended in conjunction with the death of King Philip, the leader of the Wampoags. Taylor’s Fort— See Charlemont Forts. The Fort— See Fort Defiance. Watch House Hill— See Fort Defiance. Watch House Neck Fort— See Fort Defiance. Watertown Arsenal— The Watertown Arsenal was initially established during 1816 and operated as an ordnance depot until the 1830s. The arsenal, located about five miles outside Boston, was phased out beginning in 1967. Wessagusset Fort— Settlers at Plymouth Colony established a settlement and fort at Weymouth during 1622. During the following year and a hard winter, the colonists build a stockade, but the settlement failed by spring. West Hoosac Blockhouse— See Fort West Hoosac. Westminster Forts— During the 1740s (King George’s War), Westminster was garrisoned by milita and the settlers there fortified many of the homes. Winter Hill Fort— See Somerville. Woodcock Garrison— See Rehoboth Garrison Houses.

MICHIGAN Camp Backus— The Union established Camp Backus, named after Lieutenant Colonel E. Backus, at Detroit during 1861. The Michigan 16th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, initially known as Stockton’s Independent Regiment, was mustered into federal service there on 7 September 1861. Camp Butler— Camp Butler was established as a Union training camp during 1861. The 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment, part of the Iron Brigade, spent time at Camp Butler during 1865. Camp Eaton— Camp Eaton at Island Lake was established during

the Spanish-American War period (1898). By the latter part of April, Company A, 5th Regiment Michigan National Guard, moved from Big Rapids for Camp Eaton. On 23 May, Company A and other elements were mustered into the U.S. Armed Forces as the 34th Infantry Regiment. Other units at Camp Eaton included the 1st Michigan Volunteer Reserve Infantry and the 1st Independent Battalion Michigan Volunteer Reserve Infantry; both units were combined to form the 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Reserve Infantry. Camp Eaton was abandoned during 1901. Camp Lyon— The Union established Camp Lyon during 1861 at

MICHIGAN / Camp Williams Detroit. One of the units that was formed there was the 1st Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The regiment, with a complement of nearly 1,150 officers and men, commanded by Colonel Thornton F. Brodhead, was mustered into federal service during September 1861. While still at Camp Lyon prior to moving to Washington, D.C., the people of Springwells ceremoniously gave a unique flag to the regiment. It was a blue silk banner with the words “First Michigan Cavalry” embossed in gold. Colonel Brodhead was mortally wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) during August 1862. Camp Williams— Camp Williams was established on the outskirts of Adrian during 1861. During June 1861, the women of Adrian presented the 4th Michigan Infantry Regiment a silk U.S. flag. The flag received its 34th star the following month (the official date a new star is added to the flag) in recognition of the entry of Kansas into the Union on January 29, 1861. Detroit Arsenal— See Detroit Barracks.

218 drained. The fort essentially remained unoccupied and in a caretaker status until after the close of the Civil War. When the federal troops arrived back at the post, it was in a state of disrepair, prompting a new Fort Brady to be constructed. The responsibility of the garrison after the Civil War was primarily to guard the State Lock (canal). Subsequently, upon orders of General Philip Sheridan, Fort Brady was relocated to a new site upon higher ground. Construction of the new fort began during 1886 and was completed during 1893. During 1894, some civil unrest occurred, prompting the government to bring in troops to protect the St. Mary’s Ship Canal. On 3 January 1903, an accidental fire destroyed the barracks during the early morning hours. Nearly 300 troops temporarily lost their quarters. Fort Brady remained active until 1944. After the outbreak of World War II, about 15,000 troops were garrisoned at Fort Brady, but by 1944, the installation came under control of the Michigan National Guard. A minor part of the fort known as Camp Lucas was reactivated during the Korean War. Lake Superior State University now stands at the site of Fort Brady.

Detroit Barracks— The U.S. Army established the Detroit Barracks during the 1830s. Army units were garrisoned there from the early 1830s until about 1855. The barracks were located in the vicinity of present-day Gratiot and Russell. Subsequently, during 1862, a company was raised in Detroit following authorization by the Department of War. The unit, known as the Provost Guard, was mustered into federal service during early January 1863. The Provost Guard, commanded by Erastus D. Robinson, remained at the Detroit Barracks for its entire tour of duty. In related activity, a unit known as the Detroit City Guards was deactivated following the conclusion of the Black Hawk War in 1832. Later, during 1836, former members formed a new volunteer unit and shortly thereafter named it the Brady Guards in honor of General Hugh S. Brady. The Brady Guards during 1855 were renamed the Detroit Light Guard and later it became the modern-day Company A, 1st Battalion, 125th Infantry Regiment. The Brady Guard was activated due to the ongoing Patriot War in Canada. It was the Brady Guard which intercepted a group of Patriots (Irish from Canada and the U.S.) who were attempting to capture the U.S. Arsenal at Dearborn. In conjunction, a U.S. arsenal was located in Detroit, but it was decided to move it to Dearbornville (later Dearborn), which was a much less populated area. Construction in Dearborn began in about 1833 and was completed during 1837. The arsenal was located on about 1,650 acres in present-day West Dearborn. It remained active until about 1875. During 1950, part of the original arsenal became a museum. Some buildings at the Dearborn Historical Museum, including the commandant’s quarters (at Michigan Avenue and Monroe Street) and the powder house (McFadden-Ross Home on Brady Street at the Lower Rouge River) are open to the public. Not to be confused with Detroit Naval Armory established in Detroit during 1930.

Fort de Buade— The French established Fort de Buade during 1681 at St. Ignace on the upper peninsula in the vicinity of where Father Jacques Marquette established a Jesuit mission during 1671. French troops were not on scene at the mission until about 1679, two years before the fort was built. The fort was also known as Fort Michilimackinac (two other forts in Michigan also were known as Fort Michilimackinac). The fort was bolstered and modified during 1689 when the garrison from Fort St. Joseph relocated there, but by 1701 it was abandoned along with the mission, which ceased operations after the troops departed for Detroit (established during 1701). Some traces of the earthworks are still visible to the rear of Marquette Mission Park. A museum is located at 334 North State Street. Also, the Marquette National Monument is located in the Straits State Park. It contains a National Parks Museum at 720 Church Street, St. Ignace, Michigan 49781.

Fort Brady— Fort Brady was established during 1822 at Sault Ste. Marie on the upper peninsula near the site of the old French post (Fort de Repentigny), which had been seized by the English. Prior to the arrival of Colonel Hugh Brady’s force, which established the fort, the U.S., represented by Michigan territorial governor Lewis Cass, and the Chippewa Indians had consummated a treaty (Treaty of the Sault) during 1820. The accord brought about U.S. domination of the region around Lake Superior. The fort was initially known as the Post at Sault Ste. Marie and also as the Post at St. Mary’s prior to becoming Fort Brady during 1825. Later, during the War with Mexico, the federal troops at Fort Brady were ordered from the fort. It was then garrisoned by the 1st Michigan Infantry Regiment. Afterward, during 1848, the post was abandoned, but by 1849, federal troops were again deployed there. However, during 1857, during a Sioux uprising in Minnesota, the troops at Fort Brady were again

Fort Drummond— Drummond Island was initially fortified by the British during 1760. The British remained there beyond the conclusion of the American Revolution until 1796. Subsequently, during 1815, when the English abandoned Fort Mackinac, they moved to Drummond Island and established Fort Drummond, also known as Fort Colyer. The British retained the fort until 1828. For more information: Drummond Island Historical Society, P.O. Box 293, Drummond Island, Michigan 49726.

Fort de Repentigny— During 1671, the French claimed the territory at Sault Ste. Marie. A mission had already been established in the region by the Jesuits three years prior to the claim by St. Lusson, who represented the French crown. It was later, during 1751, that Louis de Repentigny established a palisaded fort there. During the French and Indian War (1759), Repentigny left the settlement and moved to Canada to join in the fight against England and he was slain at Quebec. Following the defeat of the French, the English gained control of Fort Repentigny (1762). Later, during December of that same year, a fire destroyed the fort, except for one building. The British garrison departed for Fort Michilimackinac. A new fort (Fort Brady) would be established there during the 1820s by the Americans. See also Fort Brady. Fort Detroit— See Fort Pontchartrain and Fort Lernoult.

Fort George— The English established Fort George on Mackinac Island during 1812. The fort was attacked on 4 August 1814 by the Americans, but the British held the post. During the assault, led by Colonel George Croghan, Major Andrew Holmes was among those killed. The landing of the Americans went well, but as the force advanced inland on the island, Indians allied with the British had

219 established concealed positions in the woods from where they ambushed the Americans. Colonel Croghan, aware that he could not seize the fort, retired. The fort was regained by the Americans during the following year and renamed Fort Holmes. Fort Gratiot— Fort Gratiot was established during 1814 at Port Huron along the St. Clair River where earlier, during the 1680s, the French had manned Fort Ste. Joseph. Construction of the fort was supervised by Charles Gratiot, a West Point graduate (Class of 1808). Gratiot, Cadet No. 16, was the sixteenth graduate of West Point and a member of the first class that had more than three graduates. Gratiot achieved the rank of brevet brigadier general, but he was dismissed from the service by President Van Buren during 1838. Fort Gratiot was active until the 1820s, and later it was used at various times, including the Civil War period. It was permanently abandoned by the U.S. Army by the 1870s. A lighthouse was constructed near the fort during 1825 and at present it is an active U.S. Coast Guard station. In conjunction, the fort site is in the vicinity of Pine Grove Park in Port Huron. Fort Hogan— Fort Hogan, a settlers’ fort, was established on the Nottawa prairie. It is thought that the fort was built on property owned by Daniel Hogan in St. Joseph County during the Black Hawk War (1832), but some believe it was on another property. The settlers were concerned that the nearby Indians would join with the Fox and Sac tribes to attack the settlement. In addition to the construction of the fort, the settlers also raised a militia. The settlers believed an attack was imminent; however, as the situation unfolded, the Indians (Nottawa tribe) in the region were not allied with the hostile Indians. After a meeting between the Nottawa Indians and the settlers, it was determined that the Indians had in fact been more worried about being attacked by the settlers. The fort, located near the Potawatomi Indian reservation, was abandoned shortly after it was established. During the meeting with the Indians, it was learned that the only Indians from the tribe that were engaged in fighting was a group from the village that had joined with General Atkinson’s command to fight against their enemies, the Sacs. Fort Holmes— The Americans seized British-held Fort George on Mackinac Island during 1815 and afterward renamed the island post Fort Holmes. The blockhouse fort was later demolished. The fort never acquired a priority status. During the 1930s, a replica was constructed. It is located in the vicinity of Fort Mackinac. See also Fort George. Fort Lernoult— During 1778, the British at Fort Detroit relocated the fort and renamed it Fort Lernoult (later Fort Detroit). The new fort, named in honor of Captain Richard B. Lernoult, the commander of the post, became the primary British defense at Detroit against American attempts to seize the city. The fort was in close proximity to the old Fort Pontchartrain. During the spring of 1780, an American force of Virginians under George Rogers Clark maintained their efforts to bolster the U.S. positions in the Lower Ohio Valley, but Clark could not raise the strength to attack Detroit. Regular colonial troops under General D. Brodhead at Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) prepared to launch a campaign against Detroit, the primary British force against Clark. The Virginians under Clark lacked sufficient strength to attack Fort Lernoult (Fort Detroit), however, Clark was promised reinforcements. In contrast, the British at Detroit had the strength to initiate attacks. The English launched raids into Kentucky and northwestern Virginia, dispatching large forces into each region. The British raids into Virginia evaded primary forts like Fort Henry, and instead forded the Ohio River outside Wheeling and wreaked havoc on the settlers further out on the frontier that remained vulnerable between the Ohio at Wheeling and Catfish Camp (Washington, Pennsylvania). Catfish Camp was

Fort Miami / MICHIGAN located about 30 miles from Wheeling and just under 35 miles from Fort Pitt. In response to the incursions, the alarm rang throughout the area and militia troops converged on Fort Henry to intercept the invaders. The militia’s entrance upon the scene was sufficient to prompt the Indians to recross the Ohio; however, the settlers that had earlier been seized were not dragged back to Indian territory. Rather, they were massacred. In conjunction, General D. Brodhead’s planned offensive to take Detroit never unfolded. Consequently, George Rogers Clark, lacking reinforcements, later aborted the attempt to take Detroit, and with his force of about 400 troops returned to Fort Henry, arriving there during July 1781, less than two months prior to General Cornwallis’ surrender at Yorktown. Although the Americans won their War for Independence and the agreement by England that the bases would be abandoned, British troops remained at Fort Lernoult (Fort Detroit) until 1796. The fort came under American control on 11 July 1796. In conjunction with the American presence, the Stars and Stripes made its debut in Detroit, which had become American territory during 1783. The first bolt of misfortune struck the Americans during 1805 when a fire badly damaged the fort and later, during the War of 1812, the British seized the post without incident as the garrison surrendered without resistance during 1812. The Americans recaptured the post during 1813 and retained it for the duration. After the seizure, the Americans renamed the fort, calling it Fort Shelby. The fort was acquired by the City of Detroit during 1826 and by the following year, work to demolish the fort began. The legacy of the fort is noted by a historical marker near the federal building in Detroit at the intersection of Fort and Shelby Streets. See also Fort Ponchartrain. Fort Mackinac— The British established Fort Mackinac (pronounced Mackinaw) on Mackinac Island during 1780 after abandoning Fort Michilimackinac. The Americans gained the fort subsequent to the close of the American Revolution during 1796. The fort was seized by the British during 1812 and the British withstood an American attack during 1814. The Americans regained the fort (subsequent to the close of the War of 1812) during 1815. The British had abandoned the fort and relocated at Fort Drummond on Drummond Island. The fort is often referred to as Fort Michilimackinac. The U.S. Army remained at the post until 1894. At that time, it was transferred to the State of Michigan. For more information: Mackinac State Historic Parks, P.O. Box 873, Mackinaw City, Michigan 49701. Fort Miami— Fort Miami was established by the French at St. Joseph during 1679. At the time, Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sailed aboard the vessel Griffin and, with Henri Tonti and a group

Fort Mackinac, Michigan

MICHIGAN / Forts Michilimackinac of fur traders, he advanced onto Lake Erie through a lake that he named Lake St. Clair. Continuing, the party reached Lake Huron and afterward Green Bay at Lake Michigan. At this point he directed the Griffin to return and procure additional supplies. Meanwhile, the remainder of the party traveled in canoes and advanced to the head of Lake Michigan, where he established Fort Miami on the Miami River (later St. Joseph’s River). From there La Salle traveled to the Illinois River to a point which is present day La Salle County, Illinois. In conjunction, a post (Fort Conti, later Fort Niagara) was established at Youngstown, N.Y., near the mouth of the Niagara River in close proximity to Fort Frontenac on the opposite side of Lake Ontario at Kingston. Fort Miami was destroyed by fire during the 1680s, but the French established Fort St. Joseph at Niles during 1691 and it became a primary French post Forts Michilimackinac— Three separate forts known as Fort Michilimackinac were established in Michigan. They were Fort Michilimackinac, which was established by the French during 1715 at the straits that link Lake Huron with Lake Michigan; Fort Mackinac, which was established by the English on Mackinac Island after abandoning Fort Michilimackinac; and Fort de Buade at St. Ignace, established by the French during 1681. Each is listed separately. Fort Michilimackinac— The French, in about 1715, established Fort St. Phillipe Michilimackinac at the straits that link Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, an area inhabited by Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. French presence had been there earlier, but during 1707, Cadillac relocated the garrison to Detroit. The fort was in the identical area where Father Marquette founded a Jesuit mission (St. Ignace) during the period about 1683. The French utilized the fortification to enlarge their fur trade, but control of the fort was lost at the conclusion of the French and Indian War, when the British gained it. The British contingent (60th Regiment, also Royal American Regiment of Foot), led by Captain Henry Balfour, arrived at Fort Michilimackinac on 28 September 1761 and assumed control of the fort, which was transferred to the British by an officer of the French Marines, Charles Michael Mouet de Langlade. Afterward, the fort was commanded by a small garrison commanded by Lieutenant William Leslye. During the following year, the post was commanded by Captain George Etherington. Subsequently, on 4 June 1763, Fort Michilimackinac fell to the Indians during Pontiac’s War. The Indians used a ruse to distract the garrison. A group of Chippewa and Sauk began a supposedly innocent game of lacrosse; however, unbeknownst to the garrison, the Indians were preparing to seize the fort. Meanwhile, some of the troops moved out of the fort to observe the game, leaving the gates open. At one point, the ball was purposely kicked toward and through the gates. The Indians pursued the ball, but just before penetrating the gates, they received weapons that had been concealed by Indian women. The Indians entered and killed everyone in sight. Two officers, including Captain George Etherington, and about 20 soldiers survived the massacre. In the meantime, a party of Ottawa arrived at the fort and when no booty remained for them, they insisted that the captives be turned over to them. The Ottawa received Etherington, another officer, Lieutenant William Leslye, and 11 other soldiers. Later, following a council, including some Sioux, the captives were freed at the suggestion of the Sioux. The troops, thanks to the hatred between the Sioux and the Chippewa, were permitted to go to Canada. During 1781, the British abandoned Fort Michilimackinac. They relocated at nearby Mackinac Island, where they established Fort Mackinac (pronounced macinaw). The Americans then controlled Fort Michilimackinac, but during the War of 1812, it was recaptured by the British. On 17 July 1812, a British force composed of about 40 regulars, 150 Canadians and several hundred Indians, under Captain Charles Roberts, departed Fort St. Joseph (St. Joseph’s Island,

220 Canada) and effortlessly captured the garrison of about 60 troops under Lieutenant Porter Hanks. The English then informed Lieutenant Hanks that the war had begun. In conjunction, the British garrisoned the fort and abandoned Fort Joseph in Canada. Subsequently, during 1814, Americans destroyed the unoccupied Fort St. Joseph. Fort Michilimackinac has been reconstructed and is open to the public. For more information: Mackinac State Historic Parks, P.O. Box 873, Mackinaw City, Michigan 49701. Fort Pontchartrain— During 1701, Detroit was founded by Antoine de La Motte (La Mothe) Cadillac. A French expedition under Cadillac departed Montreal during early June 1701 and by 23 July, the party reached a point slightly more than 15 miles below Detroit at Grosse Ile. After spending the night there, the French sailed back up the river and halted at present-day Detroit where Cadillac claimed the territory for France and King Louis XIV. The French planted their colors and soon after, they proceeded to construct a fort at a place, now the intersection of West Jefferson and Shelby. The fort was built at the river’s edge at a point where the bank was about 30 feet above the water, providing some additional protection. The fort was bolstered by heavy oak logs that were dug about three feet into the ground. Cadillac named the post Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit in honor of the minister of marine, Count Jerome de Pontchartrain. The fort marked the beginning of the city of Detroit. The French retained control of the fort and Detroit until 1760. The fort was also known as Fort Detroit. It remained under control of the French until 1760, when it came under British control following the conclusion of the French and Indian War. Subsequently, during Pontiac’s War, the fort became a target of the Indians. During May 1763, in an attempt to gain the fort by trickery, the Indians informed the fort’s commander, Major Henry Gladwin, that they would like to give a performance to express friendship. The ruse failed as the garrison was on guard. The Indians placed Detroit under siege and unfolded plans to attack all the frontier forts. At Detroit, the Indians informed the commander, Major Gladwin, that if he surrendered, the garrison would be spared. Gladwin, aware of Indian treatment, declined the offer. A small contingent, including Lieutenants Donald Campbell and George McDougal, moved out of the fort under a under a white flag to parley, but they were taken as hostages. Nonetheless, the fort held and on 30 July, reinforcements under Captain James Dalyell arrived to bolster the garrison. On the following day, Dalyell moved out with a force numbering about 250 troops and engaged the Indians in a battle referred to as Bloody Ridge. The Indians, who greatly outnumbered the soldiers, repelled the attack. Just under 20 soldiers, including Dalyell, were killed during the fighting. During 1775, British-held Fort Detroit (Pontchartrain) on the Great Lakes stood far from the hub of the hostilities in the east and south, giving England a strategic location with which to keep close alliances with Indians friendly to the British. The fort also became a paramount depot for Forts Michilimackinac on the straits that link Lake Huron and Lake Michigan and nearby Fort St. Joseph (at Port Huron, not Niles) as well as the outposts farther west in Illinois and Indiana. The British and Indians used Detroit as a base from which to raid into Western Virginia and Kentucky. Nonetheless, the region was not totally in support of the British. The French had little interest in English prosperity and many English Americans also supported the American cause. Later, during 1778, the British established Fort Lernoult (also Fort Detroit), which then became the primary defensive post at Detroit. See also Fort Lernoult. Fort Repentigny— See Fort de Repentigny. Fort Saginaw— Fort Saginaw was established during 1822 at Saginaw where the American Fur Company established a trading post during 1816. The fort had been constructed earlier, in about 1819,

221 but the garrison did not arrive until 1822. The fort was abandoned by 1824 due to disease (malaria) caused by mosquitoes. The fort site was located at the present-day intersection of Court and Hamilton Streets. Fort St. Clair— Fort St. Clair (Sinclair) was established in the vicinity of St. Clair by the English during 1765. The post, located between Forts Detroit and Michilimackinac, was used as a supply post until it was abandoned during 1785. Fort St. Joseph (Niles)— In about 1684, Jesuit priests arrived at the St. Joseph River in the vicinity of Niles to establish a mission there among the Miamis Indians. Later during 1691, a contingent of French troops arrived to construct Fort St. Joseph, a trading post, due to the location, which dominated the southern Lake Michigan region. It remained under French control until 1761, when the British gained it following the French and Indian War. However, there were some times when the fort was not garrisoned. On 25 May 1763, the fort, manned by only 14 men commanded by Ensign Francis Schlosser, was attacked by Pontiac’s Indians. The fort was set afire and the troops were seized. Eleven of the soldiers were murdered. Four, including Schlosser, were taken captive and moved to the vicinity of Detroit and used by the Indians as an exchange to free a group of Potawatomi held by the British at Detroit. In conjunction, the English regained control of Fort St. Joseph during the following year, but the English chose not to send a garrison. Subsequently, British troops occupied it during the American War for Independence. On 12 February 1781, a force, composed of Spanish troops, militia and friendly Indians (Fox, Sac and Potawatomi), having completed a tedious journey of about 600 miles from St. Louis, launched a surprise attack against the English-held Fort St. Joseph. The force, numbering less that 125 men, succeeded in capturing the fort. The Spanish raised Spain’s colors and claimed all the territory below Lake Michigan for Spain. The Spanish underscored the victory and the land claim for “His most Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain.” However, the Spanish did not retain the fort. The area was taken over by the Americans by the following year. There are no remains of the fort, but a Fort St. Joseph’s Museum is located in Niles. Not to be confused with Fort St. Joseph (Port Huron). Fort St. Joseph (Port Huron)— During 1686, the French established Fort St. Joseph in the vicinity of Port Huron. During 1688, the traders who established the fort relocated to Fort de Buade also known as Fort Michilimackinac at St. Ignace. Not to be confused with Fort Ste. Joseph (Niles). Fort St. Philippe de Michilimackinac— See Fort Michilimackinac. Fort Shelby— See Fort Lernoult. Fort Sinclair— See Fort St. Clair. Fort Wayne— Fort Wayne, named in honor of General Anthony Wayne, was established in Detroit along the Detroit River near the foot of Livernois Avenue during 1842. Construction on the site of about 23 acres began during 1842 and later more acreage (about 44) was acquired. The project was not completed until 1851, and no garrison was deployed there until the Civil War period. At the time the fort was built, tension was high between the U.S. and Canada, but no hostilities occurred. The fort was constructed of stone and it had a moat, but the moat remained dry. Supervision of the fort’s construction was handled by Lieutenant (later General) Montgomery Cunningham Meigs, a graduate of West Point, class of 1836. The fort saw no action during the Civil War and was used primarily as a training camp. Following the close of the war, U.S. Army units occupied the fort. Subsequent to the Civil War, Fort Wayne acquired more acreage, bringing the size of the fort to about 90 acres. Fort Wayne remained active beyond World War II. During World War

William Burnett’s Trading Post / MICHIGAN II, the post became a huge vehicle and parts depot. During 1967, the fort was deactivated and the City of Detroit received part of the fort. By 1971, the remainder of the fort, except for about 15 acres retained by the Army Corps of Engineers, was transferred by the government to the City of Detroit. Fort Wilkins— Fort Wilkins was established during 1844 in the vicinity of Copper Harbor in upper Michigan on the Keeweenaw peninsula. The fort was established to afford protection of the miners working in the copper mines there from Indian attacks. The fort was abandoned during 1846. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1860s, the fort was again garrisoned, but only for a short period. The Fort Wilkins site is located in Fort Wilkins State Park. For more information: Fort Wilkins State Park, Copper Harbor, Michigan 49918. Grand Island Trading Post— Abraham Williams arrived at Grand Island, the largest island on Michigan’s south shore, during 1837. Williams, who came from Vermont, became the first permanent settler on the island. He began operating a trading post there. In the past, the North West Company and later the American Fur Company operated trading posts in the same vicinity, the former at Munising during the latter part of the 1770s and the latter on Grand Island. Grosse Ile Stockade— The U.S Army established a post (Grosse Ile Stockade) at Detroit during 1815. At the time, the U.S. and the British were quarreling over border lines between the U.S. and Canada. The post was garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment. The post, which contained barracks and officers’ quarters, also focused on protecting the civilians from Indian hostilities. The post was abandoned during 1817. A historical marker is located along East River Road in Wayne County. La Framboise Trading Post— During the early 1800s, Joseph La Framboise established a trading post in West Michigan in the vicinity of Grand Rapids (Grand Haven). La Flamboise succumbed during 1806, but the trading post remained in operation. His wife, Madeline, continued to operate it. Subsequently, she joined her operation with the American Fur Company and afterward retired. Moreau’s Trading Post— Moreau’s Trading Post was established in the vicinity of Irving during the latter part of the 1820s. It remained active until the latter 1830s. A historical monument is located along Irving Road. Navarre-Anderson Trading Post— During 1789, Heutrau Navarre established a trading post in Monroe, but later, during 1798, the post was turned into his residence. Subsequently, the home was relocated from Elm Street to a new location near the intersection of Monroe and Custer. For more information: Monroe Historical Society, 3775 North Custer Road, Monroe, Michigan, 48161. Ontonagon Trading Post— The American Fur Company established a trading post in the vicinity of the Iron River near Silver City at about 1808. The exact time that it was abandoned is unavailable. Wayne Stockade— The Wayne Stockade, a blockhouse, was established at Monroe in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of East Elm Avenue and North Monroe Avenue during 1796. It was destroyed by the British during the initial part of the War of 1812. William Burnett’s Trading Post— William Burnett, originally from New Jersey, relocated in Michigan and established a trading post along the St. Joseph River during either the late 1770s or the early 1780s. Burnet also married Kakima, a daughter of one of the chiefs of the Potawatomi tribe. Burnett was an American, disliked by the British. Following the American Revolution, the British arrested

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MINNESOTA / Alexander Faribault’s Burnett during 1785 on charges on inciting the Indians. He was ordered to Canada, but no guards accompanied him. Subsequently, he was released and no trial was ever held. The trading post continued operating. Later, during the War of 1812, Burnett vanished without

a trace. Still, the trading post continued to operate as his son, James, remained there. The trading post continued operations until 1833. A historical marker is located east of Miller Drive and Langley in St. Joseph (Berrien County).

MINNESOTA Alexander Faribault’s Trading Post— Alexander Faribault, the son of Jean Baptiste Faribault, established a trading post near the Cannon River during 1826. Later, during 1834, he relocated to a place near the convergence of the Cannon and Straight Rivers at presentday Faribault. Faribault prospered for awhile and during the 1860s he contributed much to the local Indians; however, later, during the 1880s, he died in poverty. Augustin Rogue’s Posts— Augustin Rogue, a French Canadian, established a trading post in the vicinity of Reed’s Landing at Wabashaw (named about 1843) about 1800. Rogue apparently abandoned the post prior to the arrival of Lieutenant Pike’s expeditionary force in the area during 1805. Subsequently, about 1830, his son, also named Augustin, returned to the area and reestablished the post near where Fort Perrot, another trading post, had stood. The location was known as Rocque’s Landing. Augustin ( Jr.) had also established a post in the vicinity of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Benjamin Baker’s Post— Benjamin Baker’s Trading Post, a stone house, was established near Fort St. Anthony in the 1820s at what was known as Cold Water, a group of springs near Fort St. Anthony (Fort Snelling). The trading post during 1837 became a schoolhouse, the first in Minnesota, and was used by the children of the soldiers at the fort. Afterward, the stone home of Baker was used as a hotel, known as the St. Louis House (or Mackenzie Hotel). The structure was destroyed by fire during 1859. Blue Earth Fort— The settlers established a fort at Blue Earth during the Sioux Uprising of 1862. In conjunction, the Blue Earth City Cavalry was established there during September 1862. It remained operational until October 1862. Camp Bacon— Camp Bacon was established during 1898; however, it was not in response to the Spanish-American War. The post was brought about due to a problem with a group of Ojibway Indians (Leech Lake), the Chippewa, which led to a clash (Battle of Sugar Point) during October 1898. During September 1898, a chief of the Chippewas, known as Old Bug (Bug-Oh-Nay-Geshig translated Hole-in-the-Day), was arrested at the Leech Lake Indian Agency by the U.S. Army on charges of possessing and selling alcohol and for his refusal to abide by and sign various tribal relocation treaties. However, the chief escaped and returned to Sugar Point where he lived. Later, on 5 October, a contingent of the 3rd Infantry Regiment from Fort Snelling and several federal marshals boarded steamboats at Walker and moved across the lake to Sugar Point to rearrest the chief. The force numbered more than 75 men. The force, after picking up one Indian, became engaged with a band of Indians at about noon, but the ignition of the battle known as the Battle of Sugar Point is still under question. The reason the battle ignited is said to have been an Indian ambush and another source is that a military rifle discharged accidentally, setting off the exchange and yet another theory is that there was resistance by the chief. Nevertheless,

while the army was paused for lunch, the fight broke out. The soldiers lost five killed and in addition, one federal marshal was killed. The number of Indians killed remains unknown, but it initially was reported that they sustained high casualties. Following the clash, the residents in that part of Minnesota became alarmed and thought yet another major uprising was about to emerge. The governor called out the National Guard and shortly thereafter, more troops were sped to the region to ensure tranquility. The concerns of the civilians never came to fruition. Slightly more than 10 Indians were taken into custody and held for trial on charges of murder and the additional charge of insurrection, but the chief was not among them. Later, each of the prisoners was convicted; afterwards, the president, William McKinley, granted pardons to all. The camp was abandoned by 1900. Camp Coldwater— Camp Coldwater was established during 1820. It was where the troops made camp until Fort St. Anthony was completed. As the fort was completed, a settlement grew from Camp Coldwater as employees of some of the fur-trading companies in the region began to settle there. It was also where Benjamin Baker had his trading post. In the area where there were three settlements, Camp Coldwater, New Hope and Fort Snelling, the three settlements seem to have been known on the whole as St. Peters, but there was no one place known as St. Peters. Camp Lakeview— Camp Lakeview was established near Lake Pepin in the vicinity of Lakeview as a training camp for the Minnesota National Guard during the 1880s. Subsequently, during 1929, a new and larger site, Camp Ripley, was selected to replace Camp Lakeview. By the following year, Camp Lakeview was abandoned and Camp Ripley was established. Camp Ripley, which used the name of the former frontier fort (Fort Ripley), remains active. The post, after it was later expanded, now exceeds 50,000 acres. Camp Lincoln— Camp Lincoln was established near Mankato as a temporary camp during the period of the Sioux Uprising during 1862. Sioux captives were held there during November 1862 after being transferred from Camp Release. Camp Mueller— Camp Mueller, named in honor of Lieutenant Louis Mueller, 12th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was established at New Ulm. The post was established during the SpanishAmerican War period. Mueller had succumbed during September 1898 due to malaria and typhoid fever. The 12th Infantry mustered out of the service at Camp Mueller during early November 1898. Camp Pope— Camp Pope was established during 1863 in the vicinity of Redwood Falls. It was from Camp Pope that General Henry Hastings Sibley initiated his campaign against the Dakotas (Sioux) from 16 June to 12 September 1863. His force included the 6th and 7th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiments. Camp Ramsey— Camp Ramsey was established in the vicinity of St.

223 Paul and in close proximity to Camp Van Duzee. The post was named for the initial governor of the Minnesota Territory, Alexander Ramsey. The post was set up in the northwest sector of the city at about the location of the fairgrounds. Its location had easy access to the rail lines. Camp Release— Camp Release was established during 1860 in the vicinity of Montevideo. The 7th and 9th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiments were formed there during 1862. Elements of both units participated in the Sioux Uprising of 1862. During the uprising, Sioux and Dakota Indians were held at Camp Release. Also, the Sioux, which held captives, released nearly 300 of them following the termination of the rebellion. Camp Ripley— See Camp Lakeview. Camp Van Duzee— Camp Van Duzee was established at St. Paul, near Camp Ramsey, the latter being the primary post for mustering in the Minnesota Volunteer Regiments for service during the Spanish-American War. Cass Lake Trading Post— The Northwestern Fur Company established a trading post near Red (Cedar) Lake (later Cass Lake) north of Bemidji in about the early 1800s. At the time, the land was inhabited by the Chippewa, who had pushed the Sioux from the area in about 1750. Crow Wing River Posts— A trading post was established along the Crow Wing River sometime after a major conflict between the Dakota and Ojibwe Indians that concluded about 1768 as trappers began entering the area about 1771. The North West Company established a post there near Pillager for the winter of 1771 and again during 1790. Later, Allen Morrison, considered the initial settler of Crow Wing, established a post in the vicinity of the southern mouth of the river during 1823. Later, during 1847, while the American Fur Company was phasing out, the operation there was acquired by Clement H. Beaulieu. The house (mansion) which Beaulieu constructed was at some time moved, but it has been moved back to its original location and was being restored to its original condition. Dulhut’s Trading Post— A French explorer, Sieur Dulhut (Sieur du Lhut), arrived at what became Duluth during 1679 and established a trading post there which was protected by a stockade. Subsequently, during the early 1750s, the American Fur Company also established a trading post in the vicinity of Duluth. In conjunction, the city of Duluth was named after Dulhut. Edward Hudson’s Post— Edward Hudson arrived in Pepin County and established a trading post during 1841. The post was the initial structure built there at what became known as Read’s Landing. Hudson succumbed during 1843. Subsequently, during 1847, Charles R. Read arrived there from Nelson’s Landing. He leased Hudson’s property and later acquired it through purchase. By 1851, another man, F.S. Richards, arrived and joined with Read in the business venture (trading post). Elk River Trading Post— The Elk River Trading Post was established at a spot near the convergence of the Elk and Mississippi Rivers (Benton County, later Sherburne County) by David Faribault during 1846. At about the same time, a tavern was established in the county by Joseph Jerome. The two established the first two buildings in the county, which contained a length of what was known as the Red River Ox Cart Trail which paralleled the Mississippi River. Faribault’s Trading Posts— Jean Baptiste Faribault, Canadian by birth and the son of a French lawyer who emigrated to Canada, became an American citizen following the War of 1812. Faribault arrived at Michilimackinac while employed with the Northwest Fur

Fort Beauharnois / MINNESOTA Company during the spring of 1798. Later, during 1809, he relocated with his wife, Pelagia Hanse Faribault, who was half–Indian, and initiated his own trading company at Prairie du Chien. Faribault did not fare well under British domination at Prairie du Chien and when he declined their invitation to join the British army, he became their guest as a prisoner. In the meantime, he lost everything. After the conclusion of the war and the appearance of the Stars and Stripes, Faribault restarted his trading post as a U.S. citizen. Subsequently, during 1819, Faribault relocated at Pike Island on the Mississippi River, and later again he moved to Mendota, near Fort Snelling. Faribault was known for his fair dealings with the Indians and for his generosity to the Indians and to the Catholic Church. Faribault succumbed at a town known as Faribault, where he had been with his children during his final days. Fond du Lac Posts— Fur traders had always found Fond du Lac to be a prosperous place to trade with the Indians. The enterprises continued and during 1792, a Frenchman, Jean Baptiste Cadotte, established a permanent fort (trading post) trading post there, but his enterprise was located on the Wisconsin side of the St. Louis River. After about eight years of operations, it burned down (1800). Subsequently, during 1809, an American, John Astor, who had been born in Germany, established a trading post there on the Minnesota side of the river. Astor’s company, the American Fur Company, continued to prosper for about 30 years and in the meantime, the operation greatly expanded to other parts of the country. During 1826 through 1831, William Morrison was the partner of William Aitken and together they were the head traders of the American Fur Company at what was known as the Fond Du Lac Department. Morrison was at Leech Lake and Aitken operated at Sandy Lake. Astor’s operations ceased during the 1840s. The post at Fond du Lac was run by the Missouri Fur Company from about 1842 until about 1847. Meanwhile, the U.S. had been expanding. Minnesota became a U.S. territory during 1849. However, the region comprising Fond du Lac and the North Shore of Lake Superior was retained by the Chippewa. In addition to the fur trade, the area at Fond du Lac also was a great area for mineral deposits, prompting the U.S. government to consummate a treaty with the Chippewa tribe to give the U.S. mining rights. Forest City Stockade— The citizens of Forest City constructed a stockade during 1862 when the Sioux (Eastern Dakota) initiated an uprising. During the 1970s, the town reconstructed a stockade. See also Fort Ridgely. Fort Beauharnois— Fort Beauharnois was established near Lake Pepin by the French during 1727. The party led by Rene Boucher included two Jesuit priests, Father Michel Guignas and Father Nicholas de Gonnor. The party arrived at the lake during the latter part of September and the fort was completed by the end of the following month. The fort was located near a steep cliff known as Maiden Rock. The men also constructed a chapel (dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel) within the walls of the fort, making it the initial chapel to be erected in Minnesota. During September of the following year, the fort was relocated on higher ground. Later, during 1737, the fort was abandoned and destroyed by its former inhabitants due to the Dakota Indians, who refused to accept the French. After the departure of the French, the local Indians traveled to Canada and at Quebec they requested that the fort be reestablished to renew trade between the Indians and the French. By 1750, the fort was reestablished. The fort remained active until the outbreak of the French and Indian War, when the garrison was needed to engage the British, but following the war, the fort was never reoccupied. The Villa Maria, an Ursuline convent, is now located at the site of the frontier fort (Frontenac State Park).

MINNESOTA / Fort Charlotte Grand Portage Fort Belmont— See Wood’s Trading Post. Fort Charlotte Grand Portage— In about 1784, Fort Charlotte was established by a party of Scots for the Northwest Fur Company at present-day Grand Portage near the Pigeon River. The post remained active at the Grand Portage, considered the primary route to northern Canada until about 1803–1804 when the traders abandoned it and relocated at Fort William (Thunder Bay) near Lake Superior in Canada. The fort’s having been in the U.S. posed a problem for the traders, as they apparently wanted to move back into Canada, rather than deal with tariffs and citizenship problems. During the 1930s, a fort was reconstructed at Grand Portage National Monument. Fort Cox— Fort Cox, located slightly west of Madelia, was established by settlers during 1862 at the time of the Sioux Uprising. Other forts in the area included Fort Hill and Fort Slocum. In conjunction, the Younger Brothers, who had roamed with Jesse and Frank James, were captured near Madelia after they robbed the bank at Northfield. Fort Duquesne— Fort Duquesne, a trading post, was established during the early 1750s along the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Little Falls. The post remained active for about two years. Subsequently, during 1984, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The remains of the fort were discovered about one year earlier. Fort Gaines— See Fort Ripley. Fort Holes— During 1862, when the Sioux Uprising occurred, the citizens in St. Cloud established Fort Holes, which they named after Samuel Holes, the man most responsible for its construction. In addition, the people also erected another fort, referred to as Brokers Block. At least two other forts were also constructed there. Fort L’Huillier— Fort L’Huillier was established at Blue Earth (Mankato) during 1700 by Charles Pierre Le Sueur. Earlier, during 1683, Le Sueur discovered unusually colored bluish-green clay, which he believed contained copper, at a spot near the confluence of the Minnesota and Blue Earth Rivers. When Le Sueur returned to France he had samples of the clay with him. It was determined by a chemist named L’Huillier, that the clay did contain copper. Le Sueur intended to run a large mining operation there, but the project never began, due primarily to the hostility of the Indians in the region. Le Sueur did send a large amount of the clay to France, but there is no record that the clay ever reached its destination. The fort was abandoned during 1702. The exact site of the fort is unknown, but a historical marker that stands along State Highway 66 slightly south of Mankato is where the fort stood. Fort le Sueur— During 1695, Le Sueur (Charles Pierre) established a fort (trading post) on an island known as Isle Pelee (or Prairie Island), which was located above Lake Pepin. At the time, the French dominated the region between Green Bay (Wisconsin) and the Falls of St. Anthony. Fort Perrot— Fort Perrot was established about 1685 by Nicholas Perrot near the mouth of Lake Pepin. Perrot, with a party of about 20 men, had arrived from Canada under orders from the governor of New France to try to establish cordial relations with the Dakotas. During 1687, hostilities with the Indians broke out and the fort was abandoned. The garrison departed for Mackinac. Later, during 1689, the French under Perrot returned to the area and reestablished Fort Perrot. However, according to some ancient maps, including one mode during 1700, Fort Perrot was erroneously named as Fort Bon Secours and in another map, from about 1703, the fort was listed as Fort Le Sueur, but later maps referred to it with the correct name, Fort Perrot. In conjunction, during 1695, Le Sueur did arrive

224 in Minnesota from Louisiana and at that time, he did establish Fort Le Sueur above Lake Pepin in the vicinity of the mouth of the Minnesota River. Fort Renville— Fort Renville, a trading post, was established during 1822 by Joseph Renville at Lac qui Parle in southwestern Minnesota. Other traders had operated posts in the same vicinity since about 1811. Renville’s post remained active until 1846, the year he died. The site of the trading post is located in Lac qui Parle State Park. Also, Renville and a few others, in about 1819, had established the Columbia Fur Company. Other posts of the company included one at Traverse des Sioux (later Traverse) which afterward became also a post of the American Fur Company. Renville left the Columbia Fur Company during 1824. For more information: Lac qui Parle State Park, Route 5, Box 74A, Montevideo, Minnesota 56265. Fort Ridgely— Fort Ridgely was established by the U.S. Army during 1853 on land, about 35 million acres, which was acquired from the Eastern Dakota Sioux during 1851. The Sioux then relocated to a reservation which was located near the Minnesota River, slightly north of New Ulm. The reservation extended to the border with South Dakota. Troops from Fort Snelling were dispatched by steamboat to construct the post, which would be named Fort Ridgely in honor of three separate soldiers, each named Ridgely, who had been killed while serving in the Mexican War. The post was placed just northwest of New Ulm and at the southern end of the reservation. It was built to afford protection for the settlers, primarily German, from Indian attacks and to provide a buffer between the settlers and the Indians. The fort was composed of a group of buildings, rather than a usual frontier fort with a stockade. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the post was used as a training camp, but in the meantime, the relations between the Indians and the government were deteriorating. Tensions continued to build between settlers and the Indians who regretted the loss of their lands and the treatment afforded them by the government, which included some broken promises. Another factor causing ill feelings was the fur traders’ dealings with the tribe and yet another factor was the Indians crop failure. By 1862, the tension erupted into hostilities. During August 1862, the Indians (Eastern Dakota Sioux) attacked and laid siege, but nine days later the fort still held as reinforcements under Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley arrived to end the threat. Soon after, on 23 September, Sibley led a force from the post and defeated the Sioux under Little Crow at a battle known as the Battle of Wood Lake. Another chief, Mankato, was killed during the fight. By the following day, 24 September, more than 250 captives held by the Sioux were released. The army constructed Camp Release to have a central place for the members of the families to meet. Many of the released prisoners moved to Camp Ridgely, but others remained at Mankato to attend the trial of the Dakotas who were tried on 28 September for their role in the insurrection. Colonel Sibley was promoted to brigadier general on 29 September 1862. General Henry Hastings Sibley is not to be confused with Confederate general Henry Hopkins Sibley, who led the Confederate forces in the southwest during the war. Fort Ridgely was abandoned during 1872. The Confederate Sibley, after the war, joined the Egyptian army. In contrast, General Henry Hastings Sibley, a distant relative of Henry Hopkins Sibley, had been elected the initial governor of Minnesota when the state was admitted to the Union during 1858. General (Governor) Sibley later, during February 1891, succumbed at St. Paul. During 1911, the site became part of Fort Ridgely State Park. During 1934, work began by the CCC to restore some of the original fort’s buildings. For more information: Fort Ridgely State Park, Route 1, Box 65, Fairfax, Minnesota 55332. Fort Ripley— Fort Ripley was established along the Mississippi

225 River, about seven miles north of Little Falls, during November 1848. The post, at present-day Camp Ripley, was originally named Fort Marcy and afterward Fort Gaines. During 1850, the post was renamed Fort Ripley, and it is thought to have been named in honor of General James Wolf Ripley. However, there is some thought that it might have been named after a War of 1812 veteran, Eleazar W. Ripley. A garrison force, composed of elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment, first arrived during the following May. The U.S. Army built the fort at a time when the Winnebago Indians were in the process of relocating in Minnesota at a reservation after having been moved from northern Iowa. The company, commanded by Captain John B. Todd, that garrisoned the fort had arrived from Fort Snelling. The soldiers were also responsible for maintaining peace between the Sioux (Eastern Dakota) and the Ojibwa (Chippewa). By 1855, it was determined that the land where the Winnebago tribe was relocated was not too suitable and it was decided to move them closer to Mankato. In turn, Fort Ripley was deactivated during 1857, but soon after, the situation changed again and the fort was reactivated when turbulence began between the Chippewas and the settlers. Later, during 1861, when the Civil War erupted, the fort was drained of its federal troops to meet the threat from the Confederacy. Volunteer regiments then manned the fort. During 1862, the Sioux (Eastern Dakotas) initiated a rebellion in the southern sector of Minnesota, prompting Fort Ripley to become a place of safety for the settlers. Meanwhile, more troops were rushed to the fort and forestalled an attack against it. The rebellion was subdued, but other incidents occurred that brought about new campaigns against the Indians. For several years, Fort Ripley was used as a primary supply depot and a base of operations. Large numbers of cavalry arrived there and remained (1863–1864). Subsequently, the Indian hostility against the settlers in Minnesota was subdued and the fighting moved further west by the 1870s. The fort was destroyed during January 1877, but by accidental fire, not an Indian attack. The post was severely damaged and it was afterward concluded by the U.S. Army to abandon the post rather than rebuild. It was abandoned by 1878. The only visible legacy of the frontier fort is its powder magazine (ruins) which is now on the modern post, Camp Ripley, which assumed the name of the pioneer fort when it was established during the twentieth century (1929). Camp Ripley was built to replace Camp Lakeview on Lake Pepin in the vicinity of Lake City. It was located on a small tract and had been in use since 1888. Camp Ripley, on the west bank of the Mississippi River, today is a post composed of more than 53,000 acres that is the headquarters and training center of the Minnesota National Guard. Fort St. Anthony— Fort St. Anthony (later Fort Snelling) was established during 1819 by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Leavenworth at the St. Anthony Falls, near present-day Minneapolis. The fort was near the site originally selected by Zebulon Pike (1805) and later agreed upon by Major Stephen H. Long. In conjunction, the construction project continued until 1825, with the installation’s work being completed by troops under Colonel Josiah Snelling. See also Fort Snelling. Fort St. Charles— Fort St. Charles was established during 1732 on Magnusson’s Island by Pierre Gaultier De Verennes, Sieur De La Verendrye. The trading post, located in the vicinity of Warroad, near what is known as the Northwest Angle in Angle Inlet of the Lake of the Woods, remained active until the close of hostilities of the French and Indian War during 1760. Also, La Verendrye established other forts in the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg in Canada. In conjunction, other fur companies subsequently initiated operations in the region; however, settlers did not begin to arrive there until the period following the Civil War during the 1880s. During its period of operations, a party from Fort St. Charles was ambushed on 6 June

Head of the Lakes Post / MINNESOTA 1736. The incident is remembered as the La Verendrye Massacre. Twenty men, including Father Jean Aulneau, were slain by the Indians. The trading post fort was reconstructed during 1950 by the Knights of Columbus (Minnesota Fourth Degree). The Knights also included a memorial altar and afterward a chapel. In conjunction, the land was acquired by the Diocese of Crookston. Fort St. Louis— During the 1790s, the British Northwest Fur Company, operated by Canadians, established a series of trading posts in what would become Minnesota. The initial post, Fort St. Louis, was established near Superior in about 1792. The post became the headquarters of what the company named the Fond du Lac Department. During 1794, the Northwest Fur Company moved its headquarters from Grand Portage to Kaministiquia and during 1805 the Fond du Lac headquarters relocated to Leech Lake. The area had become American territory subsequent to the Jay Treaty, but the British Northwest Fur Company continued operations in the region for about 10 additional years. Fort St. Louis was abandoned about 1815. During 1821, the Northwest Fur Company combined its operations with the Hudson Bay Company. Fort Snelling— Fort Snelling, a stone fort initially known as Fort St. Anthony, was established in the vicinity of St. Paul near the Two Rivers (Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers) by elements of the 5th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army, during 1819. Construction of the post was completed during 1825. The post was named in honor of Josiah Snelling, who arrived after Colonel Leavenworth to complete the fort. The fort was also known originally as Cantonment Leavenworth prior to its being named Fort Snelling. The fort remained active, but as the frontier expanded and other forts were built, Fort Snelling was by 1851 transformed into a supply base. Afterward, the fort was abandoned, but the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 revitalized the fort and it was used as a Union training center. After the conclusion of the conflict, Fort Snelling was again used as a supply depot for the military that operated between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The region for the military was known as the Department of Dakota. By about 1880, the life span of the fort was extended further as new barracks and other structures were constructed. The fort remained an active post until the conclusion of World War II. Following the termination of the conflict, the Veterans Administration acquired the fort. Subsequently, during the 1960s, the fort was designated a National Historic Landmark. A replica fort was then constructed. The fort site is in the vicinity of Fort Snelling State Park. Grand Portage Trading Posts— The Northwest Fur Company began operations at Grand Portage in about 1768. By about 1790, the post was greatly expanded with more than 15 buildings. The post continued until about 1804 and by the following year its headquarters was relocated at Leech Lakes. By 1821, the Northwest Fur Company merged its operations with the Hudson Bay Company. Each year, the trappers held a rendezvous at the Grand Portage and afterwards the trappers returned to Montreal. Subsequently, during the 1830s, the American Fur Company ran a fishing operation at Grand Portage. Head of the Lakes Post— The American Fur Company established a trading post during 1809, about one year after John Astor, an American (born in Austria) established the company. During 1817, Astor established headquarters at Fond du Lac along the St. Louis River. Astor’s operations there had easy access to Lake Superior and Lake Vermillion farther north as well as the Mississippi River, which was located south of the post. Astor’s endeavors prospered until the 1840s, when the fur trade was vanishing from the region. However, the financial crisis of 1837 also took a toll on the fur-trading industry. It hurt Astor’s operations, but earlier, during 1834, the American

MINNESOTA / Leech Lake Posts

226 the destination. A contingent of soldiers under Lieutenant William G. Oliver was assigned responsibility for guarding the supplies and when possible to get them to Colonel Leavenworth. The place where they halted for the winter became known as Oliver’s Grove (later Hastings). Joseph Renshaw Brown established a trading post at Oliver’s Grove about 1833. Brown had served in the army and as a boy of 14 years he was a drummer. He left the service during 1825 and became involved in the fur trade. However, he didn’t seem to get along with the Indian agents, particularly Talliaferro and another, Schoolcraft. Prior to establishing the post at Oliver’s Grove, Brown operated a post at Granite Rocks on the Minnesota side of the St. Croix River. In addition to fur trading, Brown was involved in smuggling alcohol. During 1832, the Indian agent Schoolcraft destroyed Brown’s post at Granite Rocks. Afterward, by 1833, Brown established the post at Oliver’s Grove. By 1849, the Territory of Minnesota was established and by 1851, a treaty was consummated between the U.S. and the Indians. Afterward, settlers began arriving in large numbers. By 1857, the town, then known as Hastings, became a city.

Grand Portage (Scottie Crawford House), Minnesota — Department Interior NPS

Fur Company began entering the fishing industry and opened operations at Grand Portage and Fond du Lac, and at La Pointe, which kept the American Fur Company in operation until 1842. Leech Lake Posts— The Northwest Fur Company established a trading post at Leech Lakes in the 1780s. During the prosperous fur-trading era at the time and into the 1800s, the British had established well more than 50 posts in what would later become the state of Minnesota. During 1805, the Northwest Fur Company moved its headquarters at Grand Portage to Leech Lakes. Madelia Forts— See Fort Cox. Martin McLeod’s Post— Martin McLeod established his trading post about 1840 in the vicinity of Glencoe. The post was located opposite Traverse on the Minnesota River. Martin McLeod was one of the pioneers who founded Glencoe. McLeod County was named in his honor. Maurice Samuels’ Post— Maurice Samuels established a trading post in the vicinity of the convergence of the Sunrise and St. Croix Rivers during 1846. The site was later inspected by archeologists with the National Park Service. They determined that the trading post had a main building which was used as Samuels’ residence and as the post and that there was one other building which was probably a barn. The post had been located in the vicinity of where the Northwest Fur Company previously had trading posts. Thomas Connor’s Trading Post, also established during 1846, was nearby where Goose Creek converged with the St. Croix River. Northwest Fur Company Post— The Northwest Fur Company established a trading post at Pine City during 1804. It was constructed as a winter fort and remained active until the following year. The site is now a State Historic Site and a replica trading post has been built there. The fort is located less than two miles west of I-35, off Exit 169 (Pine County Highway 7). Oliver’s Grove Post— During August 1819, Colonel Leavenworth moved to the mouth of the St. Peter’s River (later Minnesota River) to establish a fort. Later, supplies were en route for the troops, but the weather interfered and the supplies were unable to continue to

Otter Tail Lake Trading Posts— The American Fur Company operated a trading post at Otter Tail Lake. One of the people who managed the operation there was George Bonga, who had been a slave owned at one time by a British officer. As a freeman, he worked for the American Fur Company at Otter Tail and at Lech Lakes. Later he went into his own trading business. Bonga Township is named in his honor. Bonga also won fame for tracking down a murderer, capturing him and turning him in to the government. The person who had been murdered was Alfred Aitken, the son of William Aitkin. The American Fur Company ceased operations at Otter Tail during the mid-1830s, but subsequently other trading posts emerged there by about 1850. Pike’s Fort— Lieutenant (later General) Zebulon Pike established a small stockaded fort in the vicinity of Little Falls during 1805–1806. It was located near the mouth of the Swan River. On 25 September 1805, Pike signed a treaty with the Dakota, represented by Chief Le Petit Corbeau, and the Sioux, represented by Mdewakanton. The agreement was consummated on an island (later Pike’s Island) at the convergence of the Mississippi and St. Peter’s (later Wisconsin) Rivers in the vicinity of an old French fort, Fort Beauharnois. Pike, through the treaty, acquired about 155,000 acres of land for the U.S. at a minimal cost of some goods and spirits, with a promise of additional gifts worth about $2,000, placing the cost at slightly more than $1 per acre. In conjunction, Pike’s agreement with the Indians was the initial treaty signed with Indians west of the Mississippi River. As time progressed, the Indians became disillusioned by the treaty and the general attitude of the U.S. toward them. Subsequently, a grandson of the Sioux chief, Le Petit Corbeau Dakota, during an ongoing war (Civil War) took up arms against the U.S. during 1862. His action initiated Little Crow’s War, also known as the Sioux Uprising. Also, on 2 July 1823, an expeditionary force under Major Stephen Harriman Long arrived at Fort St. Anthony at the St. Anthony Falls near Minneapolis and departed on the same day. Joseph Renville, previously a British officer during the War of 1812, accompanied Long on the journey beyond Fort St. Anthony; he had also acted as a guide for Zebulon Pike during his 1805 expedition. Renville later, with some other men, established the Columbus Fur Company. Subsequently, he established Fort Renville in the vicinity near Lac qui Parle. The party (Long party) advanced along the St. Peter’s River (later Wisconsin River) to the Traverse des Sioux. Continuing, they moved across the lands of the Dakotas but encountered mostly unoccupied villages as the warriors were engaged in the hunt, an annual undertaking to gain food and skins. On August 5, the party arrived at Pembina along the Red River, where the team

227 marked the border with Canada. The survey discovered that some Canadian settlers there were actually below the 49th Parallel and within U.S. territory. However, similarly with the Pike expeditions, the U.S. was in no position to press its authority. Nevertheless, the Stars and Stripes was introduced to the region. Long’s party afterward returned to Philadelphia by moving to Lake Superior and from there to New York and on to Pennsylvania, arriving at Philadelphia on 27 October. Long’s expedition, unlike that of the earlier mission by Zebulon Pike, returned home before winter arrived in Minnesota. In conjunction, Stephen Long rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel during 1827 and he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during 1861. He remained in the U.S. Army until 1863. One year later he succumbed at a small town outside of St. Louis at the age of 80. Zebulon Pike, who also rose to the rank of general, was killed during the War of 1812 at the Battle of York (Toronto) on 27 April 1813. The fort site was flooded by the Blanchard Dam during 1925. Subsequently, during some construction work on the dam, the site of the fort was confirmed when artifacts were discovered. Later, it again became submerged. Reaume’s Trading Post— See Wadena Posts. Red Lake River Posts— The area which became Bemidji County became an attraction to the fur trappers and traders from Canada by about the 1780s when trading posts began to spring up near Red Lake. One post there was established by James Grant, who started an operation on the northeast shore of the Upper Red Lake in close proximity to the Mississippi River. Later, in about 1790, the Northwest Fur Company established a post in the area, either at the Upper or Lower Red Lake. Subsequently, the American Fur Company established a trading post in the area during the mid–1820s. Redwood Agency Trading Posts— Four trading posts were located at the Redwood Agency during 1862 when the Sioux Uprising occurred. They were William H. Forbes’, Francis La Bathe’s, Myrick’s and Louis Robert’s Posts. At the time of the first violence on 18 August 1862, three of the principals, Louis Robert, Nathan Myrick and William Forbes, were not at their respective posts when the attack occurred. Francis La Bathe was killed defending his post. Several others died, including Andrew J. Myrick, a brother and partner of Nathan Myrick. Another partner of the Myricks, S.B. Garvie, and an employee, James W. Lynd, were also killed during the attack. At the Forbes Post, Joseph Belland was killed. All four posts were destroyed. Robert Dickson’s Post— Robert Dickson was an officer in the British Army during the War of 1812, but following the conclusion of the conflict he became an American citizen. Dickson worked with the American Fur Company and was headquartered at Lake Traverse. Dickson succumbed during the 1830s at Niagara Falls, New York. Dickson’s son, William, and his son-in-law, Henry Augie, continued in the fur-trading business and established Fort Vermillion at Vermillion (Clay County) on the Missouri River. St. Cloud— See Fort Holes. St. Joseph Forts— Several forts were constructed in St. Joseph during the Sioux Uprising, which occurred in Minnesota during 1862.

Wood’s Trading Post / MINNESOTA Sacred Heart Post— Charles Patterson established a trading post in the vicinity of Sacred Heart Creek and Patterson’s Rapids which was located near the St. Peter (later Minnesota) River near the town of Sacred Heart. The post, which became known as Sacred Heart Post, was established during 1783. Patterson was always seen in a bearskin hat and the Indians coined the phrase “Sacred Hat Man” for Patterson, but the name later became Sacred Heart. Sandy Lake House— The Northwest Fur Company established a trading post on Big Sandy Lake in about 1794. The post, situated at the western section of the lake near the Mississippi, was also located along the canoe route that flowed between Lake Superior and the Mississippi River. The post, which included blockhouses, remained active for about two years. Sauk Centre Fort— The settlers at Sauk Centre, alarmed by the Sioux Uprising in Minnesota, established a fort to have a place of safety in the event of an attack. Settlers from the surrounding area fled to Sauk Centre when the conflict began. The stockade lasted beyond the crisis and was apparently used by the military as a supply depot and support post for Fort Abercrombie, which was located across the border in North Dakota. The depot remained active until the close of the Civil War. Sunrise River Post— See Maurice Samuels’ Post. Wadena Posts— Trading posts were established in the vicinity of Wadena during the late 1700s into the 1800s. The posts were in close proximity to the Crow Wing River. They included Cadotte’s Trading Post, Prescott’s Trading Post and Reaume’s Trading Post. Each of the three sites was placed on the National Register of Historical Places between 1973 and 1974. William Aitken’s Post— See Fond du Lac Posts. William Morrison’s Post— See Fond du Lac Posts. Wood’s Trading Post— Three brothers, Charles, William and George Wood, arrived from Indiana at what would be known as Springfield (later Jackson) and established a trading post during July of 1856. The post was a one-building cabin. Soon after their arrival, other settlers, primarily from Iowa, began moving into the settlement, which was near the Des Moines River. During March 1857, a band of renegade Indians led by Inkpaduta raided the settlement at Springfield after earlier killing about 40 settlers and taking a few women as hostages in Iowa in the region around Smithland at Okoboji and Spirit Lake. The trading post was attacked and two of the owners, Charles and William, were killed, but defenders at the other cabins were able to repel the assault. After the attack, the settlement was abandoned and the residents departed for Iowa to find safety at Fort Dodge. Later, the settlement was reestablished and the name was changed by the Minnesota legislature from Springfield to Jackson. A part of the settlement became known as Belmont (Fort Belmont) and it was attacked during the Sioux Uprising (August 1862). The Indians believed the fort was too strongly defended, and after a short while departed. After that attack, again the settlement became deserted as the citizens hurriedly departed for Iowa. During 1865, the settlement again was reinitiated and a stockade was constructed on an elevation known as Thomas Hill.

228

MISSISSIPPI / Battery Robinette

MISSISSIPPI Battery (at) Drumgould’s Bluff— See Fort Snyder. Battery (at) Hayne’s (also Haine’s) Bluff— See Fort Snyder. Battery DeGolyer— See Vicksburg Forts. Battery Robinette— The Confederates evacuated Corinth on 29 May 1862 prior to the abandonment of the city, in anticipation of a Union assault. The supplies had already been transferred and prior to departing, the magazines were destroyed. The Union occupied the city on the following day. Subsequently, the Union established Battery Robinette (also known as Fort Robinette) and other defenses in the area, including six batteries (A through F) outside the city limits and Battery Williams (also known as Fort Williams). Battery Williams was in close proximity to Battery Robinette. The Confederates attempted to regain Corinth during October (Battle of Corinth) 1862. On 3 October 1862, Confederates launched the attack from positions northwest of the town. In an effort to cut off any Union reinforcements, they were deployed near the Memphis and Charleston and Ohio Railroads. The force under General Van Dorn included the commands of Generals Mansfield Lovell, Bowen, Rust, Sterling Price and Villepigue in addition to Generals L. Herbert, and Dabney H. Maury. The defending force included the commands of Union Generals Hamilton, Thomas McKean and T.A. Davies. At about 0800, the Union front lines were pushed back toward Forts Robinette, Williams and Phillips. Afterward, the Confederates threatened to collapse the entire line, but dusk arrived to buy time for the Union. By dawn of the following day, the fight reignited and Fort Powell was threatened, but the charge was met with withering fire that halted the assault along Bolivar Road, but only temporarily. It soon after fell. Other Confederates moved against Fort Robinette. The Ohio Brigade held firmly and the Rebels took high casualties. Another charge was launched against Fort Robinette by Texas troops under Colonel William P. Rogers, but as they ascended the parapet, they were met by a wall of point-blank fire from concealed troops. Still, the Confederates charged and they secured the guns, but before they could reposition them, the Union initiated a countercharge. Every available trooper advanced and the Confederates were overwhelmed. Fort Robinette and Corinth were secured. General Van Dorn retired. Corinth remained in Union hands. The Union sustained 315 killed and 1,812 wounded. The Confederate casualties, according to the official Union records, were 1,423 killed, 5,692 wounded and 2,248 missing. Union general Pleasant A. Hackleman was killed during the fighting. Battery Robinett is located at Confederate Park at the intersection of Polk and Linden Streets. Union Battery F is also in the area. Battery Selfrige— See Vicksburg Forts. Battery Williams— See Battery Robinette. Brices Crossroads National Battlefield— See Tupelo National Battlefield Brices Crossroads National Battlefield Site. Camp Davies— The Union established Camp Davies during autumn 1862 along the Danville-Rienzi Road (Alcorn County). It was one of several posts established in the vicinity of Corinth. Other temporary posts were established near Eastport, Jacinto, Kosssuth and Rienzi. The area was abandoned by the Union during January 1864. The site of Camp Davies is now part of the Shiloh National Military Park of the National Park Service. A visitors’ center is at Corinth.

Camp Glendale— Camp Glendale was established by the Union less than 10 miles south of Corinth during the autumn of 1862. The post played a part in the Vicksburg campaign and was intended to protect the northeastern flank of General Ulysses S. Grant. The post was abandoned during January 1864 when it was determined that the region was no longer threatened by Confederates. Units based there included the Union 1st Alabama Cavalry. Cayuga— Cayuga was not a Union post; however, it was in the path of advancing forces under General Andrew J. Smith’s division (part of XIII Corps) which established an overnight camp there on 10 May 1863. On the following day, Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman arrived at Cayuga. While there, a resident, Mrs. Jane Fisher Smith (unrelated to General Smith), requested and received assistance from General Grant, who assured her that a guard would protect her farm from Union foragers. Apparently, Mrs. Fisher had provided some recent assistance to a Union patrol and Grant wanted to repay the favor. Columbus Arsenal— The Confederates established an arsenal at Columbus during 1862. The city also, for a short while during 1863, was the capital of the Confederacy. The Union never targeted Columbus, permitting it to survive the war unscathed. The Battle of Shiloh was fought nearby on 6–7 April 1862 and many soldiers from each side were afterward buried in Columbus at the Friendship Cemetery located at 14th Avenue and Fourth Street. The site of the Confederate arsenal is noted by a historical marker that is posted along 10th Avenue North. Contraband Camp— The Union established a camp known as the Contraband Camp at Corinth during the latter part of 1862. Many blacks had arrived at the safety of Union lines to escape slavery. From the time of its establishment until it was abandoned when the Union abandoned Corinth during January 1864, two regiments had been formed from the recruits. Later, they were joined to create the U.S. 55th Colored Troops Regiment. Fort Adams— Fort Adams, named in honor of President John Adams, was established during 1799 at Loftus Heights, slightly less than 40 miles south of Natchez. Earlier, during 1541, the region had been claimed by Hernando DeSoto for Spain. He was followed by the French explorer La Salle, who claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France’s king Louis XIV. French missionary priests had established a mission there during 1698 to work amongst the Tunica Indians. At the time, the hill was known as Roche a Davion. Later, when the British took possession (1763), it became known as Loftus Heights. The United States, during 1798, concluded that a fort was required there to protect the frontier against any threat from the Spanish, who were holding the territory just across the Mississippi River. Fort Adams, initially commanded by General James Wilkinson, remained active until after the Americans consummated the agreement with France which brought about the Louisiana Purchase. From that point forward, any threat from the Spanish had been eliminated. Once the Louisiana Purchase was finalized, the port at New Orleans assumed the fort’s tasks, including becoming the port of entry along the Mississippi, previously handled at Memphis. While in active service, the fort held a garrison of about 500 troops. The U.S. Army maintained the post, which included barracks. At the time, the land belonged to the Chickasaw. Subsequently, during 1818, the Chickasaw tribe relinquished their lands in West Tennessee

229

Fort Nogales / MISSISSIPPI

(the region between the Mississippi River and the Northern Tennessee River area).

the entire area to the British following their defeat in the French and Indian War (1760).

Fort Biloxi— See Fort Maurepas, Mississippi.

Fort Massachusetts— Fort Massachusetts was established on Ship Island during 1859. The fort was one of the final Third System forts that was constructed. As weaponry was modernized, the forts lost their impregnability. The new guns were able to penetrate the walls. During 1861, it was seized by the Confederates, but prior to its seizure, the federal forces there destroyed much of the post. The Confederates retained it only a short while before it was again under Union control. Once back under the Stars and Stripes, the fort again came under construction. It was completed about 1866, but the fort never held its full capacity of guns. The Union used the fort during the campaign (1862) to seize New Orleans. Following the conclusion of the Civil War, the fort was placed in a caretaker status. Fort Massachusetts, part of the Coastal Fortifications of the Gulf of Mexico, is now part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore. Eventually, during 1900, the fort was abandoned by the U.S. Army.

Fort Coburn— The Confederates established Fort Coburn at Port Gibson, Grand Gulf, along the Mississippi. The fort was constructed about 40-feet above the river on the side of Point Rock. It was in close proximity to Fort Wade, which had also been established by the Confederates, less than one mile from Fort Coburn. Fort Wade also hovered above the river, but it was set back about 30 feet from the water. Point of Rock became headquarters for Confederate general John S. Bowen, who selected a house atop it, from where he could oversee the defenses and maintain a dominating view of the area. On 28–29 April 1863, General Grant ordered an assault on Grand Gulf (frontal positions at Vicksburg). Porter’s fleet, including the gunboats Benton, Carondelet, Lafayette, Louisville, Mound City, and Pittsburg and the ironclad Tuscumbia, fired continuously for more than 5 hours. Fort Wade’s guns were knocked out of action, but Fort Coburn’s firepower remained potent. General McClernand’s force of about 10,000 men was not able to disembark, allowing the Confederates to hold the positions and compel Porter to withdraw. Grant realized that a frontal attack against Grand Gulf was futile. He ordered McClernand’s troops to land on the west bank of the Mississippi where they debarked under cover of darkness at Bruinsburg without opposition. From there they advanced to Port Gibson. The Confederates destroyed the magazines and then abandoned Grand Gulf on 3 May upon the approach of McClernand’s force (XIII Corps) which was en route from Port Gibson. Confederate colonel William Wade, a Missourian who commanded artillery at Grand Gulf, was killed during the exchange when he was struck in the head by an artillery shot from one of the Union vessels. The fort sites and a Confederate battery are located near the Grand Gulf Military Monument Visitor Center. Fort Dearborn— Fort Dearborn was established during 1803 as a support post of Fort Adams and to protect the town of Washington, the capital at the time of the Mississippi Territory. For awhile, following the American Revolution, Mississippi was claimed by Spain as well as the United States, but the U.S. prevailed by 1798. Fort Dearborn and Fort Adams played a role in maintaining the southwestern frontier until the Louisiana Purchase occurred during the early 1800s and eliminated the need for the forts. In the meantime, the incident surrounding Aaron Burr and his involvement with an attempt at seizing New Orleans prompted the government to reoccupy during 1807 and take steps to intercept and arrest Burr. Burr was seized during February 1807 in the vicinity of Natchez, but he was later freed when he convinced the authorities that he was acting against Spain rather than the United States. Nonetheless, Burr was still wanted by the federal authorities for separate charges. He was seized again near Mobile, Alabama, while en route from Mississippi to Pensacola, Florida, and afterward transported to Richmond, Virginia, to stand trial. He was acquitted. Later, during 1809, the post became known as Fort Washington (and Cantonment Washington). The post was then used during the Creek War (1812) and it was used during the War of 1812.

Fort Maurepas— Fort Maurepas, initially known as Fort Biloxi, was established at present-day Ocean Springs. It remained the capital of French Louisiana from its founding until 1702. During 1702, an epidemic of fever broke out in the region. The French relocated to a new post further east, Fort St. Louis de la Mobile (Alabama), but conditions there were equally bad, compelling the French during 1709 to abandon it and relocate at Mobile. In the meantime, the French at Fort Maurepas relocated to Biloxi. While the French were concentrating on settling Louisiana, war (Queen Anne’s War) broke out with England as both coveted Canada. The French required D’Iberville to reinitiate his service with the French navy. After D’Iberville departed Louisiana, of which Alabama and Mississippi at the time were included, his brother, Bienville, became the leader of the settlements in Louisiana. D’Iberville succumbed from yellow fever during 1706 while in Cuba during the conflict. Bienville’s political enemies erroneously accused him of misconduct in duty, compelling him to return to France. After clearing his name, Bienville returned to Louisiana. Fort McHenry— See Fort Nogales. Fort Mount Vigue— See Fort Nogales. Fort Nogales— During 1791, the Spanish established Fort Nogales at Vicksburg. The Spanish also constructed at about this time (1790–1791) two blockhouses, Fort Gayso and Fort Ignatius as well as Fort Mount Vigue (Fort Hill). In conjunction, the Americans assumed control of the territory during 1798, and Fort Nogales (Fort Walnut in English) was renamed Fort McHenry. The military complex there was abandoned by the Americans during 1800.

Fort Gayso— See Fort Nogales. Fort Greenwood— See Fort Pemberton. Fort Hill— See Fort Nogales. Fort Ignatius— See Fort Nogales. Fort la Base— The French established an outpost fort at what became Lyman in about 1755. The post was located between Baton Rouge and Gulfport, about 15 miles from the latter. The French lost

Fort Massachusetts, Ship Island, Mississippi (Dept. Interior NPS).

MISSISSIPPI / Fort Pemberton Fort Panmure— See Fort Rosalie. Fort Pemberton— Fort Pemberton, also known as Fort Greenwood, was established in the vicinity of Clayton Bayou on the outskirts of Greenwood by the Confederates during 1863. The fort was located along the Tallahatchie River at a spot intended to impede the Union advance against Vicksburg. The Confederates used cotton bales and logs to construct the fort. In addition, the Confederates used the captured Star of the West as an obstacle by sinking it in the river. The artillery fire from the fort and the sinking of the vessel succeeded in halting the Union vessels at Yazoo Pass. The fort was not seized. A State Historical Marker is posted along Highway 82 west of Greenwood to commemorate the fort. Fort Rosalie— During January 1700, Lemoine D’Iberville returned to the Mississippi River. The expeditionary force constructed a fort near the mouth of the river; however, the French colonists only garrisoned it for a short while. Later, during 1716, D’Iberville chose a site for the construction of a fort. Afterward, he returned to France. In conjunction, these French forts along the Mississippi later played a part in the saga of the expansion of the United States when the colonists attempted to get their crops down the Mississippi to New Orleans, Louisiana. Celeron de Bienville established Fort Rosalie (Natchez) at the site selected by D’Iberville. It was named in honor of the wife of the Comte de Pontchartrain, Jerome Phelypeaux. During 1729, Indians attacked Natchez in what is remembered as the Natchez Massacre, inflicting many deaths and causing the settlers to flee for New Orleans. Later, the French retaliated. The British gained the area subsequent to the conclusion of the French and Indian War. During 1770, on 21 January, a band of Choctaws raided the fort, inflicted some damage and stole some items. Later, reinforcements arrived, including friendly Choctaws, and the party moved to the suspected camp to retaliate or to seek justice if the warriors had only been inebriated. When the contingent encroached, the renegades opened fire. A short firefight erupted and the Indians vanished into the woods. During 1778, the British reconstructed the fort. During the following year, the Spanish seized the fort from the British during 1779 and lost it again during 1781. The British were only able to hold it a short while. The Spanish regained control and retained it until the Americans assumed control of it during 1798. In conjunction, during 1795, by the terms of a treaty with the U.S., the Spanish agreed to abandon the territory north of the 31st parallel and not to impede the U.S. access to the port of New Orleans. By 1797, the Spanish still had not abandoned Fort Panmure (formerly Fort Rosalie). An American force led by Colonel Andrew Endicott arrived in the vicinity of the fort during 1797 and planted the Stars and Stripes in clear view of the Spanish. Afterward, he issued an ultimatum to the Spanish to relinquish the post; however, the Spanish were reluctant to capitulate. Meanwhile, the Americans at Natchez rebelled and seized the fort. During this same period, the U.S. Congress claimed the land previously relinquished by the Spanish as the Mississippi Territory. By the following year, Winthrop Sargent arrived at Natchez to become the initial governor of the Mississippi Territory. Sargent arrived during early August, followed shortly thereafter by a U.S. Army force under General Wilkinson. The fort at that time became known as the Post at Natchez, but by some it has been referred to as Fort Sargent. The fort remained active until about 1808. For more information: Fort Rosalie, Natchez National Historic Park, 640 South Canal Street, Box E, Natchez, Mississippi 39120. Fort St. Pierre— Fort St. Pierre was established by the French during 1719. The fort was actually established by French missionary priests. It was located along the Yazoo River where it converged with the Mississippi River at Vicksburg. An attack by Yazoo Indians during 1729 destroyed the fort. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the

230 Confederates established a fort there. The fort site was placed on the list of National Register of Historic Places during 2000. See also Fort Snyder. Fort Sargent— See Fort Rosalie. Fort Snyder— During 1862, the Confederates established a post (Fort Snyder) at Snyder’s Bluff where the French had earlier established Fort St. Pierre. Union gunboats bombarded the fort on 26–27 December 1862. The Confederates manned the post there during the Union campaign to seize Vicksburg during 1863. Vicksburg fell during July 1863, but the victory was overshadowed by the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Confederates also had other batteries nearby. They included a battery at Drumgould’s Bluff and at Hayne’s (also Haine’s) Bluff. Fort Wade— See Fort Coburn. Fort Walnut— See Fort Nogales. Great Redoubt— See Vicksburg Forts. Grenada Fort— The Confederates, during autumn 1862, established a fort known as Grenada Fort as a primary blocking point along the Yalobusha River to try to keep Vicksburg from falling into Union hands. Grenada at the time was a rail center and it served as a supply depot for other posts in the area. About eight forts or batteries were constructed around Grenada and at times, about 22,000 troops were based in the area. In contrast, Grant’s forces moving against Vicksburg numbered about 50,000 men. A historical marker near the Grenada Dam commemorates the fort which protected the Grenada-Graysport Road. Vicksburg fell to the Union during July 1863. Indian Mound Ridge Confederate Outworks— The Confederates established a redoubt on Indian Mound Ridge in the vicinity of Warren. The fort was part of the Vicksburg defenses. The forces of Brigadier General William Edwin Baldwin, a South Carolinian, were assigned the line that extended from Fort Hill several miles southwest of Vicksburg to a position known as Stockade Redan, slightly southeast of Vicksburg. Indian Mound Ridge was located along present-day Sherman Avenue. The lines were not too strongly fortified and the Union approached his positions at Indian Mound Ridge on 18 May 1863. Baldwin was able to hold and reinforcements arrived later in the afternoon, but a full-scale attack would have overwhelmed the defenders. After darkness fell, and acting upon orders from General Pemberton, the position was abandoned. Subsequently, General Baldwin was among the captured when Vicksburg fell during July 1863. Iuka— The Confederate fortifications at Iuka came under strong attack on 19–20 September 1862. The Union forces under General William S. Rosecrans were opposed by General Lewis H. Little (General Sterling Price, principal commander). A heavy skirmish occurred at Barnett’s Corner. And at a point about two miles from Iuka another fierce skirmish erupted during the afternoon. General Rosecrans, flanked on the left and right respectively by Generals Stanley and Hamilton, advanced. A reserve force under General Ord did not participate. The Confederates launched a counterattack and pushed the Union back. Soon after, the Union counterattacked and regained the lost ground and the guns which the Confederates had seized. The Confederates, however, again counterattacked and regained the ground and the guns. At dusk on the 19th, the battle concluded for the day. On the 20th, the Union entered Iuka with minimal resistance as the Confederates retired toward Ripley. The Union did not pursue. Confederate brigadier general Lewis H. Little was killed while sitting on his horse in conversation with Generals Price, Hebert and Whitfield.

231 Jackson Earthworks—The Confederates established fortifications at Jackson during 1863. The town was twice burned during the conflict and after one fire, prompted by Union general William Tecumseh Sherman, the town got the nickname of Chimneyville. The French, earlier, during 1792, established a trading post at Jackson. It was established by Louis Le Fleur, a French Canadian, on the Pearl River (Le Fleur’s Bluff ). The fort site is located in Battlefield Park in Jackson at the intersection of Langley Street and Terry Road. In conjunction, the Confederates also had an arsenal and ordnance depot at Jackson. Old Spanish Fort— Old Spanish Fort was established during 1718 by the French under Joseph Simon de la Pointe at Pascagoula. The fort remained under French control until the close of the French and Indian War when it reverted to the British, who controlled it until it was retaken by the Spanish during 1799. In addition, Fort St. Pierre was established at about the same time on the Yahoo River near Redwood in an effort to improve trade with the Indians that inhabited the area north of the Natchez. Patton’s Fort— During 1813, the settlers along the Buckatunna Creek in the vicinity of Winchester (Wayne County) became alarmed after news of a Creek uprising and gathered to formulate a plan. It was decided to build a fort in which all the settlers could gather. The site selected was at Patton’s mill. Within a short while all the settlers worked on constructing the fort. It was named after Colonel James Patton. The fort was never attacked. Post at Bay St. Louis— During April 1699, a French expeditionary force under Pierre le Moyne d’Iberville and his brother, Jean Baptiste le Moyne Bienville, arrived at the Gulf Coast and claimed the territory for King Louis XIV. D’Iberville concluded that the bay (of St. Louis) could not handle his ships as it was shallow. However, a small garrison was established at Chicapoula (later Shieldsborough and afterward Bay St. Louis) during December 1699. D’Iberville established the settlement at present-day Ocean Springs. Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, the British, during 1763, acquired the settlement and afterward, during 1793, the Spanish regained the land. In the meantime, during 1781, the town of Bay St. Louis was settled. By 1801, the territory was transferred to the French (Napoleon), but it was a clandestine transaction. The territory actually came under U.S. control during January 1811 when the Stars and Stripes was hoisted on the shores of Bay St. Louis. By the following year, the area was officially incorporated as part of the Louisiana Purchase. During the War of 1812, there was one small skirmish at the town of Bay St. Louis and later, during the Civil War, there was a skirmish at nearby Pass Christian across the bay. No major forts were constructed at Bay St. Louis or at Pass Christian;

Union fleet passing Confederate batteries, Vicksburg, Mississippi 1863 —Harper’s Illustration

Vicksburg Forts / MISSISSIPPI however, later, during the late 1800s, a small fort known as Fort Henry was established at Pass Christian. Post (at) Natchez— See Fort Rosalie. Post at Pass Christian— See Post at Bay of St. Louis. Railroad Redoubt— See Vicksburg Forts. 2nd Texas Lunette— See Vicksburg Forts. South Fort— See Vicksburg Forts. Stockade Redan— See Vicksburg Forts. Tupelo National Battlefield Brices Crossroads National Battlefield Site— On 10 June 1864 (Battle of Brices Crossroads), a Union force under General S.D. Sturgis, bolstered by a contingent of cavalry (Grierson’s Cavalry) and elements of General Andrew Jackson Smith’s division, engaged Confederates under General Nathan Bedford Forrest. The Union was soundly defeated by a combination of artillery fire from the heights and incessant fire from the ground. The Union force in addition to Grierson’s Cavalry included the 114th and 120th Illinois and the 55th and 59th Colored Troops. The Union retired to Ripley and held that point and from there moved to Memphis. The Union sustained 223 dead, 394 wounded and 1,625 missing. The Confederates sustained 131 dead and 475 wounded. The disorganized Union withdrawal, which began as a disciplined retreat, turned into a chaotic nightmare. In its attempt to retreat, the Union lost nearly all its supplies and artillery, surrendering them to the terrain and the river bottom. General Sherman, upon learning of the defeat at Brices Crossroads, ordered his commander at Memphis to “Make a force up and go out and follow Forrest if it costs 10,000 lives and breaks the treasury.” For more information: Brices Crossroads National Battlefield Site, Natchez Trace Parkway, R.R. 1, Nt —143, Tupelo, Mississippi 38801. This national battlefield is located within the city of Tupelo. It is situated on Mississippi Highway #6, approximately 1 mile west of the intersection with U.S. Highway 45. Vicksburg Forts— The Confederates fortified Vicksburg during 1862 to try to prevent its capture by the Union. The defenses included Waddell’s Alabama Battery, Fort Garrott, Battery DeGolyer, Stockade Redan, Battery Selfridge, Fort Hill, Great Redoubt, 2nd Texas Lunette, Railroad Redoubt and outside the perimeter the Confederates established South Fort by the river. Other Confederate batteries were deployed on the outskirts of Vicksburg, including those at Warrenton. Vicksburg fell to the Union following a siege during July 1863. For more information: Vicksburg National Military Park, P.O. Box 349, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180.

Union attacks Confederate works at Vicksburg, Mississippi — Illustration, Life of General Logan, 1887

232

MISSOURI / Arrow Rock Fort

MISSOURI Anderson’s Fort— See Cox’s Fort. Arrow Rock Fort— Arrow Rock Fort was established during the War of 1812 when Fort Osage was temporarily deactivated due to the severity of Indian raids in the area. The fort (and Indian agency) was a two-story log blockhouse along the Missouri River. The fort is also known sometimes as George Sibley’s Fort. It remained active until 1815. While the fort was active, the trading post (factory) that operated at Fort Osage continued at Arrow Rock. Subsequently, following the destruction of the town of Franklin by the Missouri River (1827–1828), Arrow Rock became a jump-off point for those making the westward journey toward Santa Fe and other points. Trading posts began outfitting the wagon trains there and nearby Arrow Rock Landing on the river continued to operate into the 1900s. About 1834, a prominent stop for travelers, Huston’s Tavern, was built there by Joseph Huston about 1834. Best’s Fort— Stephen Best, born in Ireland, later emigrated to America and settled initially in Pennsylvania before moving to Kentucky. Later, during 1808, Best relocated in Montgomery County during 1808. He established a fort there, but later he determined that it was untenable due the threats of attack by the Indians. Best removed his family and settled at Fort Clemson on Loutre Island for more safety. Soon after the fort was abandoned, it was attacked by Indians. Stephen Best’s sons’ names were Isaac, Humphrey, Stephen Jr., and Ebenezer. Best also had several daughters; however, their names remain unknown. In conjunction, during the 1820s, the Best family moved to Texas. Boone’s Lick Forts— The region around Boone’s Lick was initially visited by French explorers in about 1722 in what became presentday Montgomery County in close proximity to the convergence of the Loutre River (also Otter in English translation) and the Missouri River. Loutre Island is where about 12 families of settlers resided during the early 1800s. During 1812, Fort Clemson was built to provide protection for the settlers. It was the largest fort in the region, but there were many settlers’ house-forts. Not to be confused with Daniel Morgan Boone’s Fort. Buckhart’s Fort— There is very little information regarding this settlers’ fort which was established along the lower Missouri River in the Bone’s Lick region in the vicinity of Arrow Rock in about 1812. Buffalo Fort— Buffalo Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established during December 1811 and completed during January of 1812 in the vicinity of Louisiana, Missouri. The fort, located on a bluff near the Buffalo and Nioz Creeks, was abandoned during 1813. Bunker Hill Fort— The Union established a fort, initially known as Lookout Fort at St. Charles, during 1861. It was an outpost from which the Union could oversee the Missouri River and keep a vigil for Confederate troops attempting to pass. During April 1861, General Simeon Bunker, of Kentucky and a veteran of the U.S. Army, was placed in command. He renamed the post Bunker Fort and a hill there was renamed Bunker Hill. The fort was later transformed into a private residence near the present-day St. Charles reservoir. While in command at St. Charles, General Bunker used a school there as a barracks. In addition, Bunker used two mills, each transformed into both a hospital and a prison. The school building is now Mount Pleasant School. Callaway’s Fort— Callaway’s Fort was established in about 1799 by

Flanders Callaway, a son-in-law of Daniel Boone, on Loutre Island in the vicinity of Marthasville in Warren County. The post was known also as Callaway’s Post. Flanders Callaway was married to Jemima Boone (Daniel Boone’s daughter). The post remained active until 1815. Daniel Boone lived with the Callaways when he relocated from Kentucky. It was located in the vicinity of an old French post and settlement known as La Charette. In conjunction, although Daniel Boone constructed two separate log cabins in Missouri, he owned no land there. The frontiersman who discovered Kentucky succumbed at a time when he owned no property and that which he did own in Kentucky was lost. Camp at Tipton— On 11 October 1861, Union forces under General Frémont, in pursuit of Confederate general Sterling Price (Missouri Militia) arrived at Tipton. Frémont established camp on the fairgrounds. Camp at Wilson’s Creek— See Wilson’s Creek. Camp Clemson— See Fort Clemson. Camp Crittenden— Camp Crittenden was established by the Confederates during 1861 at Elliott’s Mills. On 22 September 1861, a Union contingent of the 7th Iowa Volunteers skirmished with a Confederate force of about 50 troops at Elliott’s Mills (Camp Crittenden). The Union suffered 1 killed and 5 wounded. The Confederate casualties are unavailable. Camp Jackson— Camp Jackson was established by Confederate Missouri militia on the northern fringes of St. Louis during 1861. The camp, named after the governor of Missouri, was located at what was known as Lindell’s Grove. It was soon after seized by Union troops. On 10 May 1861, a force numbering about 6,000 and led by Captain (later General) Nathaniel Lyon, Colonel Frank Blair (former congressman), Colonel Franz Sigel and others surrounded Camp Jackson to foil a plot by two companies of state militia which were attempting the capture of St. Louis and the U.S. arsenal there, to add to the stash of arms confiscated in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and presently at Camp Jackson. The garrison, more than 600 strong, commanded by Brigadier General Daniel Marsh Frost (West Point 1844), aware of the overwhelming strength facing it, surrendered without resistance. In conjunction, the 1st, 3rd and 4th Missouri, Reserve Corps and the 3rd Missouri, U.S. Volunteers, participated in the seizure. Confederate colonel Emmett MacDonald, Colonel William Wade and Lieutenant Samuel Farrington were among those captured. Camp Krekel— Camp Krekel, known also as Krekel’s Dutch, was established by St. Charles Home Guards (primarily German immigrants), under Colonel Arnold Krekel. Colonel Krekel organized the guards during January 1861, prior to the seizure of Fort Sumter. Krekel’s contingent was composed of about 1,300 men, which formed Companies A through O. The force was supplied with arms from the Union at St. Louis. In addition, an arsenal was located in St. Charles at 314 South Second Street. The arsenal building was demolished during 1961. The training camp was located along Boonslick road at Cottleville. The St. Charles Home Guards were mustered into federal service during July 1861. In conjunction, 14 blockhouses were established throughout St. Charles County to protect the region’s railroad bridges. They were manned by the 27th Regiment of Enrolled Missouri, a unit which did not join the state

233

Cape Girardeau Posts / MISSOURI

The Union constructs floating batteries at Upper Ferry in St. Louis for use in various theaters of the war —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

militia or the Union Army. Their service was confined to the county. Krekel’s Missouri Independent Reserve Corps Infantry Company was discharged from federal service during January 1862. Subsequently, the majority of the troops that were mustered out afterward served with the First Missouri State Militia Cavalry Battalion. Camp Lillie— Camp Lillie was established by the Union during 1861. On 28 September 1861, General John Frémont, on the march to intercept Confederate general Sterling Price (Missouri Confederate Militia), established Camp Lillie at Jefferson City, the state capital. Subsequent to the recent actions of General Price in the area, Frémont moved with a force of about 15,000 infantry troops, bolstered by about 5,000 cavalrymen, including the commands of Generals Alexander S. Asboth, David Hunter (West Point 1822), John Pope (West Point 1822), Justus McKinstry (West Point 1838) and Franz Sigel. Meanwhile, Sterling Price was preparing to evacuate Lexington and head for Arkansas. Camp Rolla— Camp Rolla was established by the Union during 1861. On 26 July 1861, a contingent of the Missouri Home Guard engaged Confederates in the vicinity of Rolla (Lane’s Prairie). The Union sustained 3 wounded. The Confederates sustained 1 killed and 3 wounded. The 1st Kansas Volunteer Regiment was headquartered there when the Confederates clashed with the Union at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek near Springfield during August 1861. The 36th Missouri Volunteer Regiment arrived at Camp Rolla from St. Louis during the latter part of September 1861. The 13th Missouri Volunteer Regiment also was based there during the fall of 1861. On 24 De-

cember, General Samuel R. Curtis assumed command of Camp Rolla. Curtis later became commander of the Department of Missouri. Curtis, a graduate of West Point, class of 1831, had previous service at Fort Gibson in the Indian Territory. Camp Union— The Union (Federal troops) established Camp Union in Kansas City, Missouri, during June 1861. The area had been in conflict since the 1850s as the antislavers in Kansas and the proslavers in Missouri had been earlier engaged in what was known as the Kansas Border War. The post was located at the intersection of Tenth and Central Streets. Kansas City remained under Union control for the duration. Cap Au Gris Fort— See Fort Independence. Cape Girardeau Posts—In about 1733, a Frenchman, Jean D. Girardot, established a trading post at Cape Girardot (later Cape Girardeau) on the Mississippi River. The area at the time was controlled by the Spanish. Later, during 1793, Louis Lorimier was authorized by the Spanish governor to establish a military post (and trading post) there. Lorimier is credited with the founding of Cape Girardeau. The residence, known as the Red House, was located at the site of the Old St. Vincent’s Church. The post was known as Lorimont Post. Lorimier was in charge there when the Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived. He later died there during 1812. The settlement, however, continued to grow. During the Civil War, the Union established four forts there. General Ulysses S. Grant, prior to establishing his headquarters across the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, set up headquarters at Cape Girardeau. No major conflicts were fought at Cape Girardeau during the conflict.

MISSOURI / Captain Benjamin Cooper’s Fort

234

Union Troops under Ulysses S. Grant occupy Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and initiate the task fortifying the area —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (Stanley Bradley Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1896)

Captain Benjamin Cooper’s Fort— Cooper’s Fort was established at Boone Lick outside of the settlement of Petersburg during the War of 1812 by two brothers, Benjamin and Sarshall Cooper. The fort was destroyed by a flood that ravaged the area during 1844. In conjunction, Sarshall Cooper was killed while he sat in his house one day (April 1814) during a heavy storm. An Indian was able to conceal his noise and fire at Sarshall from close range. The single shot killed him. Subsequently, during 1903, another flood struck the area and in the aftermath the remains of Cooper’s Fort were discovered. Cooper’s Fort was one of a series of settlers’ forts built at Boone’s Lick during the War of 1812 period. Captain White’s Fort— Captain White’s Fort was established near Monroe, about two miles from Fort Howard, during the War of 1812. During its time of activity, the settlement apparently had a school as one man, Daniel F.J. Browning, taught school there after he had run down on his luck and lost all his property. Castlios’ Fort— Castlios’ Fort was established in about 1811–1812 on Howell’s Prairie, less than two miles from Howell’s Fort. The fort remained active until about 1815. Clark’s Fort— See Troy Forts. Clarksville Stockade— The settlers constructed a stockade at Clarksville during 1812. The fort was soon after abandoned following an Indian attack. Cole Camp— Cole Camp, a town located along what was known as Military Road (later Butterfield Trail), was in its earliest times known

also as Lick Skillet. In about 1829–1830, a settler from Boonville, Ezekiel (Zeke) Williams, relocated at Cole Camp in Benton County and established a trading post near there at Williams Creek, a few miles outside the town. Later, during 1839, he moved to a settlement which then became known as the town. According to the Cole Camp Historical Society, Williams named the town and a post office there Cole Camp after Cole Camp, Kentucky. Despite its name, Cole Camp was not a military camp; however, during the Civil War, those in the town (primarily Germans) who supported the Union formed a Home Guard on 13 June. Less than one week had passed when they were attacked at their camp by Confederates, while Governor Jackson was retiring following his defeat by General Lyon at Camp Jackson. The Confederates, who had also recently formed (at Warsaw), overwhelmed the Home Guard. Consequently, Jackson was able to pass through Cole Camp without incident and continue his retreat. The Union sustained about 75 killed or wounded and the Confederates, 4 dead, 20 wounded. Cole’s Fort— See Stephen Cole’s Fort. Coontz’s Fort— Coontz’s (Koontz) Fort, a settlers’ fortified house, was built during 1808 by John and Nicholas Coontz in the vicinity of Cottleville, about 10 miles outside St. Charles. The fort was located along Boone’s Lick Road and remained active until about 1815. Another nearby fort was Pond Fort, about 10 miles west of Coontz’s Fort. A historical marker near the site lists the fort as Koontz, rather than the correct spelling of Coontz. Cooper’s Fort— See Captain Benjamin Cooper’s Fort.

235 Cox’s Fort— Cox’s Fort, known also as Anderson’s Fort, was established in the vicinity of Saline, in the Missouri River basin, during 1814. The settlers’ fort was named after Jesse Cox, who earlier moved into the area with his family and his son-in-law (William Gregg). The fort remained active until the following year. Daniel Morgan Boone’s Fort— Daniel Morgan Boone’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Matson during 1812 by Daniel M. Boone, a son of Daniel Boone. The settlers’ fort was built to afford protection to a large number of families. It also contained two and possibly three blockhouses. The fort, near Osage Creek, remained active until about 1815. Not to be confused with Boone’s Lick Forts. David Kinkead’s Fort— David Kinkead’s Fort was established in about 1812 in the vicinity of Arrow Rock. The fort was essentially a group of log cabins that were linked together to afford more security in the event of an Indian attack. The fort was named in honor of David Kinkead. The fort remained active until about 1815. Femme Osage Valley Forts— Daniel Boone, when he first arrived in Missouri, built a cabin in the Osage Valley near the home of his son Daniel Morgan Boone. The area was near the Missouri River outside Defiance. Within about two years, Daniel Boone relocated in the Femme Osage Valley where he constructed another log cabin near the home of another son, Nathan. During 1803, Nathan constructed a large home on the property which took about seven years to complete. Following the death of Rebecca Boone during 1813, Daniel moved in with his daughter, Jemima, and her husband Flanders Callaway, at their fort-home near Marthasville. The house-forts in Femme Osage Valley remained active until about 1815. Also, during the autumn of 1806, a small party of settlers from the Femme Osage settlement, led by William Cole of Loutre Island, were attacked while hunting elk on Loutre Prairie (Warren County). The settlers escaped without any deaths, but the attack served as a warning and instilled caution about the defenses of the settlement. Fort Belle Fontaine— Following the acquisition of Missouri as part of the Louisiana Purchase, General James Wilkinson, the initial governor of the Louisiana Territory, acted to secure a site which would insert the presence of the U.S. in St. Louis and provide a post with which to trade with the Indians there. The U.S. Army established Fort Belle Fontaine (initially known as Cantonment Belle Fontaine) during 1805 in the vicinity of St. Louis at a selected spot along the Missouri River near where it converged with the Mississippi River. The site selected had been in the vicinity of where Lewis and Clark had encamped during May 1804 when the expeditionary force set out for the West Coast. Upon the return of the party during 1806, the team returned to Fort Belle Fontaine on 22 September. From there, Lewis and Clark traveled to Washington to report to President Thomas Jefferson with the results of their expedition. The post became the first U.S. Amy post established in the territory acquired by the U.S. with the Louisiana Purchase. It was constructed by elements of the 1st U.S. Infantry Regiment led by Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Kingsbury. The new territory acquired from France (Napoleon) more than doubled the size of the United States. The U.S. immediately began to use the base to extend its presence in the new territory and seek intelligence. On 9 September 1805, a U.S. Army expeditionary force, led by Lieutenant (later General) Zebulon Montgomery Pike, departed St. Louis and soon after, the 21-man unit embarked in a keelboat from a place near Onawa, Iowa, on the journey to the Upper Mississippi River (Prairie du Chien) to negotiate treaties with the Indians. During the following year, Pike led another expedition from St. Louis to the southwest. His family remained at Fort Belle Fontaine. During 1806, the Lewis and Clark expedition, upon its return from the West Coast, stopped at Fort Belle Fontaine and later, during 1818, the expeditionary force led by

Fort Clemson / MISSOURI Stephen Long (Yellowstone Expedition) departed from the fort. During 1809, it was determined and decided that the post, being located on low ground and under a dominant bluff, could easily become vulnerable. The newly arrived commander, Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Bissell, requested and received authority by the following year to relocate the fort to more tenable ground. Bissell, who had been transferred from Fort Massac in the vicinity of Cairo, Illinois, ordered that the fort be built atop a high cliff. The new fort was completed during 1811. It consisted of 30 separate log buildings, each of which had a stone foundation, and it was fortified with blockhouses and palisades. By the time the new fort was built, it was strictly a military complex as the trading post (Indian factory) ceased operations during 1808. The trading post was split between two other posts, Fort Osage at Kansas City, Missouri, and Fort Madison, Iowa. The fort played a strategic part in the growth of the region from its inception. During 1814, the garrison participated in campaigns against the British and the Sac and Fox Indians. Fort Belle Fontaine remained active until 1826 when it was abandoned upon the completion of Jefferson Barracks Post, which was located in the southern sector of St. Louis County. The final commander at Fort Belle Fontaine was Colonel Henry Atkinson. Although the fort was abandoned, a small contingent, commanded by Major John Whistler, remained there and the post continued to operate on a scaled-down basis to continue supplying Jefferson Barracks with ammunition until the federal arsenal was completed during 1828. In conjunction, Meriwether Lewis later became the governor of the Louisiana Territory. Fort Carondelet— Fort Carondelet, a trading post, was established during 1794 in Spanish held territory in the Osage Valley at presentday Vernon County by a group (under Auguste and Pierre Choutou) which had journeyed there from St. Louis. The trading post remained active there for several years. Subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase when Missouri became part of the U.S., a contingent of soldiers under Lt. George Peter arrived there on a reconnaissance mission. Earlier, during 1719, the area was visited by a small French party led by Claude Charles du Tisne (pronounced Tinay). Du Tisne was on an expedition along the Osage River in search of establishing trade with the Osage Indians. The area initially controlled by the Spanish reverted to the French subsequent to the American Revolution and afterward it became U.S. territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Fort Charette— The French established a trading post (Fort Charette) at La Charette, known also as St. John’s, in about 1800. The settlement of La Charette, just outside Marthasvillle, emerged in about 1804. The fort and settlement were located near where the Charlotte Creek converged with the Missouri River. The area was under Spanish rule and they had established Fort San Juan del Misuri in the vicinity during the late 1700s. The fort established by the French remained intact and served the settlers during the War of 1812 and the Indian conflicts of the period. The village also contained a blockhouse during the war. Afterward, the settlement, in the vicinity of present-day Marthasville, was overwhelmed, but not by the English or Indians; rather, the Missouri River essentially washed it away. Also, the fort was in close proximity to a German settlement known as Dutzow which sprang up during the 1800s. Fort Clark (Sibley)— See Fort Osage. Fort Clark (Troy)— See Troy Forts. Fort Clemson— Fort Clemson, also known as Camp Clemson, was established during 1812 on Loutre Island. The territorial governor, William Clark, directed that the fort be named in honor of Captain James Clemson (U.S. Dragoons). It was garrisoned by local militia (Missouri Rangers). During 1815, a contingent of troops led

MISSOURI / Fort Cote sans Dessein by Captain James Callaway, a grandson of Daniel Boone, departed the fort to pursue Indians and regain some stolen horses. The part intercepted the Indians and the horses, but only a few squaws were with the horses. While en route back to the fort along the same route they had taken to find the horses, the Indians had set up an ambush. The Indians (Sac and Fox) struck while the rangers were fording a swollen creek. Callaway was killed along with several others. One in the party reached the fort and returned with reinforcements only to find several more dead and strung up in the bushes. In conjunction, Captain Callaway was the son of Flanders Callaway and Jemina Boone. Callaway’s widow was Nancy Howell Callaway. Fort Clemson remained active until 1815. Fort Cote sans Dessein— Fort Cote sans Dessein was a settlement initially established near the mouth of the Osage River by the French. It was located in the Missouri River Valley slightly more than 10 miles east of Jefferson City. Two settlers’ forts were established there during 1812, Tibeau’s Fort, and Roy’s (Roi’s) Fort. Tibeau’s Fort (also Thibault’s) was named after Joseph Tibeau and was the most dominant fortification. Roy’s (Roi’s) Fort, named after the Roi family, was spaced about 400 yards from Tibeau’s Fort. The settlers maintained a powder magazine between the two forts. The forts came under attack during April 1815, but both survived. Fort Davidson— Fort Davidson, a small post, was established by the Union in the vicinity of Pilot Knob. The fort was an earthwork post formed in the shape of a hexagon (six-sided with angles). The St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad arrived in Pilot Knob during 1857. Pilot Knob remained the terminus of the line until 1871. The post was attacked by a large Confederate force under General Sterling Price on 26–27 September 1864. At the time of the attack, the garrison was composed of more than 1,000 troops and 11 pieces of artillery. Price intended to seize the post, capture the arms and eliminate any chance of the fort’s garrison from reinforcing St. Louis or Jefferson City. Price’s force was composed of about 12,000 troops, but of those, more than 5,000 were green and another several thousand lacked arms. The post was defended by General Thomas Ewing. The Union pickets were struck first and they were compelled to fall back toward the fort at Ironton. By dusk, the Confederates established night positions rather than attack, but on the following morning, the fight was reinitiated. Pressure from the Confederates quickly forced the front lines back. Two regiments moved to the rear to positions near Pilot Knob and the Shepherd Mountains with the Confederates in quick pursuit. However, when the Confederates advanced they had not been aware of the artillery (siege guns) or they had underestimated their killing power. Nonetheless, the attack was intensified. The Union force at Pilot Knob was pummeled, but at Shepherd Mountain, the troops were able to retire to the fort. An unending wave of gray advanced toward the fort and was met with a wall of fire. Of about four brigades that charged, only one reached the perimeter of the fort and it too was plastered with fire, including tossed hand grenades. The Confederates were forced to disengage for the night, but still they intended to take the battle into a third day. Meanwhile, the garrison at Fort Davidson continued to hold; their supply of small arms ammunition was sufficient, but the supply of artillery shells had been severely drained. General Ewing concluded that by the following day, the fort would become untenable. The fort was then abandoned during the early morning hours of the 28th. A contingent lagged behind to destroy the supplies and at about 0330, the magazine was detonated. The main force had begun its departure about one and one-half hours earlier and got a jump on Prices’ pursuing columns. The Union safely made it to Leasburg, a march of nearly 70 miles, and from there General Ewing advanced to Rolla. Meanwhile, Price continued his offensive in Missouri, but St. Louis was no longer at risk. The Union defenders at

236 Fort Davidson included the 5th Minnesota Volunteer Regiment, the 47th and 50th Missouri Volunteer Regiments, the 14th Iowa, the 2nd and 3rd Missouri Cavalry and the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery. The Union sustained 184 dead, wounded or missing. The Confederates sustained about 1,500 killed or wounded. In conjunction, General Thomas Ewing Jr. was the brother of Union generals Charles and Hugh Ewing. The Ewing brothers were also brothers-in-law of General William Tecumseh Sherman. For more information: Fort Davidson State Historic Site, P.O. Box 509, Pilot Knob, Missouri 63663. Fort D’Orleans— See Fort Orleans. Fort Hempstead— Fort Hempstead, initially known as McClain’s Fort (and McLain’s Fort), was established during 1812. The fort, named in honor of a Reverend David McClain, was located near Sulphur Creek on a high bluff outside of present-day New Franklin. The fort was later named Fort Hempstead in honor of Captain Stephen Hempstead. The settlers’ fort was located about one mile from Kinkead’s Fort. The fort remained active until 1815. Another fort in the area was Head’s Fort, which was located about five miles above Rocheport. Fort Hovey— During 1862, Fort Hovey was established by the Union at a point between Ironton (Fort Davison) and Arcadia in Iron County. The fort was named after Colonel Charles Edward Hovey, commander of the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment. Colonel Hovey was promoted to brigadier general, effective September 1862, but the Senate did not act upon the promotion. Consequently, Hovey’s rank reverted to colonel during March 1863. The fort was abandoned during 1863. The fort was plagued with sickness, including communicable diseases. Fort Howard— Fort Howard, named in honor of Governor Benjamin Howard, was established as one of the fortifications in Troy during 1812. The fort was constructed by a contingent of Missouri Rangers. The rangers also dug a well within the confines of the fort to assure water in the case of an Indian attack. The confrontation known as the Battle of the Sinkhole between Missouri Rangers and Indians under Black Hawk occurred near the fort on 24 May 1815. Rangers moved in to encircle Black Hawk’s force and seize him, but he escaped. See also Troy Forts. Fort Independence— Fort Independence (sometimes known as Cap au Gris Fort was established by militia (Missouri Rangers) in the vicinity of Troy in about 1813. The fort stood less than 10 miles from the mouth of the Cuivre River. Fort Independence was an outpost that was used to monitor the movements of the Indians along the Mississippi River there. The settlement of Cap au Gris in Illinois was located near Fort Independence on the Illinois banks of the Mississippi. See also Troy Forts. Fort Lookout— See Portage De Sioux Blockhouse. Fort McClain— See Fort Hempstead. Fort Madison— Fort Madison, sometimes referred to as Fort Matson, was established during the 1800s (War of 1812 period) in the vicinity of Sublette. Elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment were garrisoned there. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, the garrison of about 40 troops included Captain Horatio Stark and Lieutenant Thomas Hamilton. During the autumn of 1813, Hamilton was in command of the fort. He ordered the fort destroyed when threatened by a large force of Sauk (Sac) and Fox Indians under Black Hawk. At the time, Hamilton was aware that no reinforcements were en route. The exact date of the fort’s demise is unknown. In conjunction, this Fort Madison information was gained from the history of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment. It is separate from Fort Matson (and later renamed Fort Madison) during the Black Hawk War (1830s).

237 Fort Mason— Fort Mason was established near Saverton as a military outpost during 1812. The fort, named after Lieutenant John Mason, a member of Kibby’s Rangers at St. Charles, was constructed by elements of the Missouri Rangers (Militia). It was abandoned during 1814. Fort Matson (Sublette)— During 1832 at the outbreak of the Black Hawk War, a contingent of troops led by Captain Richard Matson was dispatched from Ralls County to the vicinity of Sublette, where they established a post, Fort Matson, near the Salt River. The fort, a blockhouse, also had a stockade. The fort was later renamed Fort Madison. It was located at the site of the Fort Madison Cemetery, slightly northeast of Sublette and just north of Kirksville in Adair County. This Fort Matson, later, Fort Madison, is separate from Fort Madison established in Sublette County during 1812. Fort Mulligan— See Lexington, Fort Mulligan. Fort Orleans— Fort Orleans (Fort D’ Orleans) was established (according to the Missouri State Archives) during 1724 near the Missouri River by the French under Etienne de Bourgmont. The fort, located in Carroll County, was built to give France dominance of the Missouri River there and to prevent Spain from gaining control. The fort was abandoned in about 1730. In conjunction, during 1718–1719, a French expeditionary force led by Claude Charles du Tisne departed Natchitoches and traveled up the Missouri River to Carroll County, Illinois. During 1713, du Tisne arrived at Natchez (Fort Rosalie). Afterward, during 1725, du Tisne became commander at Fort Chartres. Fort Osage— Fort Osage was established during 1808 in the vicinity of Sibley ( Jackson County). The fort was constructed by elements of the St. Charles Dragoons and the First U.S. Infantry Regiment under the command of Captain Eli B. Clemson from Fort Belle Fontaine. The fort was ordered built by William Clark, who had recently been appointed commander of militia and Indian agent for the Louisiana Territory. The work began during September and was completed during November. The fort contained barracks, officers’ quarters, a hospital and blockhouses in addition to the trading post (factory) operated by George Sibley. The Indians that inhabited the region were the Sauk (Sac), Fox and Osage. Fort Osage, also known as Fort Clark, remained active until 1827; however, subsequent to the termination of the War of 1812, it was relocated to Arrow Rock. By about 1822, the U.S. eliminated the Indian factory system which in turn opened up private trading. The garrison consisted of both U.S. infantry and cavalry units. While the factory was in operation, George Sibley was in charge of the trading post at the fort. Fort Osage became dispensable when Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, was established. Fort Osage was reconstructed during the 1940s. For more information: Fort Osage, 4th and Osage Streets, Sibley, Missouri 64015. Also, during 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition referred to the site as Fort Point. The fort is not to be confused with Fort Clark (Troy). Fort Peruque— During 1861, the Union established a two-story blockhouse (Fort Peruque) to protect a railroad bridge that spanned Peruque Creek used by the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway. The fort was constructed by a contingent of troops under Captain Henry B. Denker. The fort was built of logs in the shape of a diamond; it remained active until the close of hostilities. The bridge was located several miles west of O’Fallon. Fort Pike— Fort Pike was established by militia during 1832 (Black Hawk War) near the Des Moines River at St. Francisville. At the time, three divisions, composed of two companies each, were raised in the region. The post, a blockhouse built of logs named Fort Pike, was built by troops under Captain Mace. The fort was garrisoned

Franklin / MISSOURI for three months, which ran in sequence to the length of service of the militia. Fort Point— See Fort Osage. Fort San Carlos— During 1778, the Spanish established Fort San Carlos, essentially a fortified tower at St. Louis. The defensive position proved extremely valuable when the British attacked the Spanish-held town during 1780. On 26 May 1780, a combined force of English Canadian troops and Indians that had departed Prairie du Chien on 2 May, attacked St. Louis and Cahokia in Missouri. The main body, led by a British officer, Emanuel Hesse, struck St. Louis, while a smaller contingent of several hundred Indians under a Frenchman (pro–British), Jean Marie Ducharme, attacked Cahokia. At Cahokia, Americans under George Rogers Clark used their artillery to good effect, quickly driving the Indians away. At St. Louis, the city itself was defended by Spanish lieutenant governor Fernando De Leyba. The attack killed some unsuspecting people in the fields, including women and children who were picking strawberries. However, the fort at St. Louis, defended by Spanish regulars and militia, was prepared. The attack was repelled. In conjunction, Santee Sioux under Chief Wabasha and Chippewas under Chief Matchekewis participated, and others, including Sac, Fox, Winnebagoes and Menominees, were among the attackers. Fort San Juan del Misuri— See Fort Charette. Fort Scott— Fort Scott was located in Kansas, less than five miles from the border with Missouri. See Fort Scott, Kansas. Fort Zumwalt— Fort Zumwalt, a fortified house with a stockade, was established by Jacob Zumwalt during 1812. It initially was a log cabin constructed near O’Fallon during 1798. During the War of 1812, about 10 families sought shelter and resided there. Prior to the war, it is reported that Chief Black Hawk held friendly relations with the Zumwalts and visited them often. The fort site is now part of Fort Zumwalt State Park in O’Fallon (St. Charles County); however, only the chimney of the original fort remains. Francis Howell’s Fort— The Howell family first arrived in North America at Norfolk during 1685. From there for awhile they resided in Pennsylvania and later North Carolina prior to settling in Missouri. During 1795, Francis Howell Sr., his wife, Susannah Stone Howell, and several other families moved to St. Louis, prior to the arrival there of Daniel Boone, who also relocated there from North Carolina. Following a flood that occurred during 1800, Howell, his wife and seven children sought a more suitable residence on higher ground. Howell, using a Spanish land grant in what would later become Dardenne Township, constructed his fort, which was to be used until the area would be safe enough to move into a house. The fort, located about 10 miles west of St. Charles, remained active until about 1815 and during its period of operation, it was used by militia. Franklin— The town of Franklin was founded during 1816. William Becknell, known as the “Father of the Santa Fe Trail,” resided just outside the town near Boone Lick Spring. During 1821, Becknell and his party departed Franklin for Arrow Rock and from there he moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, initiating a trip along what became the Santa Fe Trail. Franklin, located west of St. Louis, remained prominent until 1826–1827, when the Missouri River overran it and washed it away. Boonesville, on the opposite side of the river, survived. Until its demise, it was the starting point of the westward route to Santa Fe. After the demise of the town, the residents relocated about two miles away and formed New Franklin. A historical marker stands in Franklin and notes: “The End of the Boone’s Lick Road.” The opposite side of the marker reads: “The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail.” Subsequent to the demise of Franklin, settlers and trap-

MISSOURI / Gilbert’s Fort

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pers heading west began to use Arrow Rock to get their equipment prior to taking the arduous journey. Afterward, other towns became jump-off points for the Santa Fe Trail.

brothers, James, Joseph and Peter Journey. The fort was located about 15 miles from Pond Fort on the Dardenne Prairie near Wentzville. It remained active until 1815.

George Sibley’s Fort— See Arrow Rock Fort.

Kennedy’s Fort— See Thomas Kennedy’s Fort.

Gilbert’s Fort— Gilbert’s Fort was established by Samuel Gilbert near the Salt River in Ralls County. The fort, a blockhouse, was constructed on some heights in the vicinity of Matson’s Mill (or Shepards). The fort was built during 1812.

Kinkead’s Fort— See David Kinkead’s Fort.

Hannah Cole’s Fort— Hannah Cole’s Fort was established during 1814. Hannah Cole, just after the death of her husband, William Temple Cole, moved to Boone Lick country on the west side of the Missouri River during 1810. Subsequent to an Indian attack at Boonville during 1814, in which a settler named Samuel Mahan was killed, the settlers met and decided to build a fort at Hannah Cole’s property. Hannah operated a ferry along the river. The fort was constructed during December 1814 and completed in about one week. Once it was completed, Stephen Cole’s Fort, about one mile away, was abandoned. The Cole brothers, Stephen and William (Hannah’s late husband), were first cousins of Daniel Boone. The fort was originally in Howard County until July 1816 when that section was carved out of the county to become Cooper County. Head’s Fort— Head’s Fort was established as a settlers’ fort near a big spring in the vicinity of Rocheport during 1811. The fort, named after Captain William Head, remained active until 1815. Howard’s Fort— See Troy Forts. Howell’s Fort— See Francis Howell’s Fort. Isaac Best’s Fort— Isaac Best relocated from Kentucky to southern Missouri during 1808. Best established his fort at that time near the Loutre River in the vicinity of McKintrick. The fort was abandoned in about 1814. Best moved his wife (Mary Margaret Wilkins Best) and their nine children to Fort Clemson for more protection. Best later relocated to Texas during 1824. He succumbed there during 1837. Jacob Groom’s Fort— Jacob Groom established his fort along the Loutre River less than 10 miles from its mouth at about 1814. The fort-house was located in the vicinity of Big Spring. Jacob Zumwalt’s Fort— See Fort Zumwalt. Jefferson City— The Confederates abandoned Jefferson City on 14 June 1861. Afterward, the Union occupied it and fortified the city with a fort known as Fort Jefferson. On 28 August 1861, Union colonel (later general) Jefferson C. Davis, 22nd Indiana Regiment, arrived at Jefferson City where he delivered orders to Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was to depart for St. Louis. Davis was to replace Grant and assume command at Jefferson City. The post remained active until 1863. Jesse Cox’s Fort— See Cox’s Fort. John Castlio’s Fort— See Castlio’s Fort. Johnson’s Fort— Johnson’s Fort, a trading post factory, was established near Jefferson City during 1813. It contained an Indian agency for the Sauk (Sac) and Fox Indians in the region who lived around Little Moniteau Creek above the town of Jefferson City. It remained active until 1815. Joseph Thibault’s Fort— Same as Tibeau’s Fort. See Fort Cote sans Dessein. Joseph Tibeau’s Fort— See Fort Cote sans Dessein. Journey’s Fort— Journey’s Fort was established during 1812 by three

Lester’s Fort-A settler’s fort blockhouse was located along the Lower Missouri River during the War of 1812 period. The existence of the blockhouse showed up on various notes of surveyor of the region during 1816. However, there is no evidence of exactly when the fort was built or abandoned. Lexington— The Santa Fe Trail was initially cut beginning at Franklin when William Becknell departed for Santa Fe during 1821. Later, Franklin was washed away by the Missouri River and other towns, including Lexington, became a jump-off point for travelers and trappers heading west. Initially the trail moved from Arrow Rock to Lexington. By the 1850s, Lexington, along the Missouri River, played a large part in the country’s westward expansion as it was a major point of trading. In addition, several freight companies were based there and they moved freight for civilians and the military. See also Lexington, Fort Mulligan. Lexington, Fort Mulligan— Lexington was fortified by a Union force under Colonel James Mulligan when it came under attack by Confederates under General Sterling Price on 12 September 1861. The city was placed under siege. Meanwhile, a detachment was dispatched to Jefferson City to get reinforcements, but they were seized when the Confederates captured the vessel, the Sunshine, which the troops were on board. On 17 September, the Confederates again launched an attack to seize Lexington. In addition, Confederate artillery continued to pound the Union fortifications. Reinforcements, numbering about 2,700 men, arrived to swell Price’s force. On the 20th, despite the overwhelming force against them, the Irish Brigade under Captain Gleason mounted a charge and recaptured the Anderson hospital, which had been seized earlier by the Rebels, but about 30 of the 80 troops who advanced were lost and Gleason was wounded. The Union had also depleted most of its ammunition and water was scarce. Nevertheless, Mulligan refused an ultimatum to surrender with the statement: “If you want us, you must take us.” Some disagreed and they hoisted a white flag. It was ripped down and the Confederates poured more power into the attacks which continued without pause. By 1400, Mulligan had no alternative but to capitulate. During the siege, the Union sustained 42 dead, 108 wounded and 1624 missing. The Confederates sustained 25 dead and 75 wounded. The Confederates in gaining Lexington got their prize, gold and money totaling about $900,000, and about 3,000 stand of arms, more than 700 horses and an enormous amount of equipment. The Confederates evacuated Lexington toward the end of the month and moved to Arkansas in an effort to join forces with General Ben McCulloch. A small detachment was left behind. The city of Lexington had been defended by slightly more than 2,500 troops of the Irish Brigade, Home Guards and the 8th Missouri Regiment, led by Colonel James Mulligan. The Union forces included the 23rd Illinois, 8th, 25th and 27th Missouri Regiments, the 13th and 14th Missouri Home Guards, supported by Van Horn’s Missouri Cavalry, and the 1st Illinois Cavalry also participated in the action. Also, a Missouri Confederate cavalry regiment, commanded by Colonel Martin E. Green, participated in the action. Lexington was recaptured on 16 October by a Union contingent that included elements of the 1st Missouri Cavalry and the Irish Brigade, led by Major White. Skirmishing continued around Lexington until 20 October. For more information: Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, 1300 North John Shea Drive, P.O. Box 6, Lexington, Missouri 64067.

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St. Joseph Pony Express Post / MISSOURI

Liberty Missouri Arsenal— On 20 April 1861, Confederates seized control of the Federal Armory at Liberty. Missouri did not secede from the Union; however, it was claimed by the Confederates as one of their states. Governor Jackson of Missouri refused to supply troops in response to the call by President Lincoln for each state to commit forces. The arsenal at Liberty, in the western part of the state, was seized by Confederates who acted without orders. Meanwhile, in St. Louis, steps were taken to assure the arsenal there was not seized. On 10 May, Confederate Camp Jackson was seized before the men there could move against the arsenal.

and from that the legend began, particularly since it overlooked the Missouri River. In conjunction, during the War of 1812, the militia constructed a wooden fort at the foot of First Capitol Street and did not use the abandoned grist mill tower. The fort is sometimes referred to as the Old Round Fort. The tower was demolished subsequent to the Civil War.

Lookout Fort— See Bunker Hill Fort.

Portage De Sioux Blockhouse— On 8 April 1813, General Daniel Bissell of Fort Belle Fontaine and territorial governor Benjamin Howard chose Portage de Sioux to build a military post. Captain Robert Desha, with a subaltern and 51 men, was instructed to build a blockhouse at Portage de Sioux. To protect the builders, a large fortified gunboat was left in the river near the blockhouse. To further watch and protect St. Louis, it was decided to place a battery of artillery on an island in the middle of the river just south of the village of Portage de Sioux. This battery was called Fort Lookout. On 15 July 1815, a treaty was signed with the Indians near the blockhouse, thus more or less ending the Indian attacks on the settlements. Also, the Spanish had established a fortification in the same vicinity during 1799. See also Portage des Sioux Fort.

Lorimer’s Trading Post— See Cape Girardeau Posts. Lorimier’s Post— See Cape Girardeau Posts. Lorimont Post— See Cape Girardeau Posts. Loutre Island— During 1807, in Missouri, a band of Indians (Sacs and Potawatomis) raided Loutre Island to steal horses, but no settlers were harmed. Nonetheless, a group of five seasoned frontiersmen initiated pursuit. During the evening of the second day of the chase, the frontiersmen established night positions on the Salt River Prairie near Spencer Creek, but apparently they posted no guard. Afterward, the Indians sprung a night attack. Of the five men there, three, including William T. Cole, were immediately struck down before they could bolt from their prone positions. Another was able to find some temporary safety by the creek’s bank; however, the lone frontiersman, Stephen Cole, was trapped. Despite receiving multiple wounds, Cole was able to break away and make it back to Fort Clemson. The other survivor, Murdock, straggled back to Loutre Island in a few days. Shortly thereafter, a relief party headed back to Spencer Creek to retrieve the dead. Once there, they discovered a typical gruesome scene. The bodies were horribly mutilated, and all had been decapitated. Later, when the missing heads were found (years later), the scene of the murders became known as Skull Lick. See also Fort Clemson, Callaway’s Fort, and Stephen Cole’s Fort. Major Christopher Clark’s Fort— See Troy Forts. McClain’s Fort— See Fort Hempstead. McDermits Fort— McDermits Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established along the Loutre River in the vicinity of Big Spring, also known as Santa Fe Spring. The fort was located several miles above the Loutre Island Forts, near Arrow Rock. The fort was established in about 1812 and remained active until 1815, but the exact location remains unknown. McMahan’s Fort— McMahan’s Fort was established slightly west of Boonville by William McMahan. The fort was attacked during 1814 and McMahan was killed. The attack prompted the settlers in the area to establish a new fort. See also Hannah Cole’s Fort. Old Spanish Fort— An old fort was established in St. Charles, but actually, historians there have determined that it was a stone tower for a windmill. Since the colonial days, it had been thought by some that the fortification was built during the 1770s by French Canadians and by others that it was a Spanish-built fort. The tower was three stories high and stood in Block #67. The walls were 3-feet thick and the tower had a diameter of 30 feet. Later information determined that the tower was constructed during 1797 by Antoine Roy, a fur trader. Roy sought permission from Lt. Governor Zenon Trudeau at St. Louis to build the tower and once it was determined that it could not be used by an invading enemy, permission was granted. Apparently, the ground was owned by Francois Duquette. The fort was a grist mill. It was abandoned during 1805 and once the blades of the wind mill were down, the tower resembled a fort

Pond Fort— Pond Fort was established on the Dardenne Prairie as a military outpost by Missouri Rangers led by Captain James Callaway during 1812. The fort was located in the vicinity of a pond near Wentzville, about 10 miles west of Coonz’s Fort.

Portage des Sioux Fort— The Spanish established a post at Portage De Sioux during 1799. The area came under American control subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase when the U.S. acquired the territory from France (Napoleon). Quick’s Fort— Quick’s Fort was established by settlers near Loutre Island on the west bank of the Loutre River, near its mouth, in the vicinity of Best’s Bottom. It remained active until about 1815. Reed’s Blockhouse— See William Reed’s Blockhouse. Roi’s Fort— See Fort Cote sans Dessein. Round Stone Fort— See Old Spanish Fort. Roy’s Fort— See Fort Cote sans Dessein. St. Charles Forts (Blockhouses)— See Camp Krekel. St. Charles Trading Post— During 1769, a trading post known as St. Charles Trading Post was established northwest of St. Louis at present-day St. Charles by a French-Canadian, Louis Blanchette. St. Charles, during the early days, was also referred to as Les Petites Cotes (“The Little Hills”). It became the initial major settlement on the frontier along the Missouri River and was followed later by another French settlement, La Charette (also known as St. Johns and Wood River), thought to have been established during the 1790s further up the Missouri. St. Charles was the eastern terminus of the Booneslick Road which ran between the saltworks (Boone family) in Howard County. Subsequent to the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri came under the control of the United States. In conjunction, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, initiated to explore the new territory, after leaving Camp Wood stopped at St. Charles during May 1804 to make the final preparations prior to heading for the West Coast. From St. Charles, the party advanced to the mouth of the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean before returning to St. Louis. Lewis and Clark again stopped during 1806 when they returned from the West. Missouri became the 24th state in the Union during August 1821. St. Charles served as Missouri’s capital from 1821 to 1826. Jefferson City then became the permanent capital. St. Joseph Pony Express Post— During 1860, the Pony Express began its operation at St. Joseph on 3 April. The Pony Express carried (non-stop) the U.S. Mail from Missouri to San Francisco. The

MISSOURI / St. Joseph Trading Post Pony Express ceased operations during the following year due to the invention of the telegraph. St. Joseph Trading Post— A trading post was established at St. Joseph in about 1830; however, it might have been established during the latter 1820s. During 1830, Joseph Robideaux founded what would become the city of St. Joseph. At that time, he became the sole owner of a trading post at the mouth of Roy’s Branch just above the Blacksnake hills. Later, during 1838, a Jesuit priest arrived there and while at the trading post, a crudely built structure, Mass was celebrated. The town was laid out during 1840. St. Louis Arsenal— On 26 April 1861, at St. Louis, Union captain (later brigadier general) Nathaniel Lyon (West Point class of 1841) and Colonel (later Major General) Frank P. Blair took measures to transport arms and ammunition from the arsenal at St. Louis to Springfield. After dusk, the arms were transferred to a steamboat which carried the weapons to Alton and once there, Union-guarded trains moved the arms (21,000 stand of arms, 2 cannon and 110,000 rounds of ammunition) to the arsenal at Springfield, Illinois. During the following month, on or about 29 May, Union general William S. Harney, commander of the West with his headquarters in St. Louis, was relieved of command due in great part because of an alleged agreement with Confederate general Sterling Price (state troops) that Union troops would not interfere with his forces provided Price would not move against Federal property. The government retired Harney during 1863. General Lyon succeeded Harney. Soon after, on 11 June 1861, General Lyon, at St. Louis, ignored a request from Governor Claiborne Jackson to disband all Missouri Home Guards. Two days later, on 13 June, Lyon, leading a force of about 2,000 troops, advanced to the Confederate stronghold near Boonville (Camp Jackson). Also, during July 1861, General John Frémont was appointed commander of the West. He made his headquarters at St. Louis. See also Camp Jackson. Samuel Gilbert’s Fort— See Gilbert’s Fort. Santa Fe Trail— The Santa Fe Trail, which stretched from Independence to Santa Fe, New Mexico, came into use during 1821 when William Becknell initiated an expedition along what became the Santa Fe Trail. The party completed the trip to Santa Fe, which became the overland route from the Missouri River to New Mexico, a distance of about 800 miles. Later, the Oregon Trail came about (1840s), and it too carried settlers, commercial wagons and the military. The U.S. Army was called upon to protect the route. Forts were established across the Plains and in the southwest regions of the new frontier. The Santa Fe Trail remained a vital link in the expansion of the U.S. until about 1880, when the “Iron Horses” of the Santa Fe Railroad replaced it. See also Franklin. Sibley’s Fort— See Fort Osage. Springfield Forts— The Union, which dominated Springfield by February 1862, later established four separate earthen forts, numbered rather than named. The forts were No. 1, No. 2, No. 4 and No. 5. There was no No. 3. Construction of the forts began toward the latter part of the summer or possibly early autumn. The posts held responsibility for the city and the supply depot that was there. Each of the posts contained bastions at the corners which were fortified with artillery pieces. Fort No. 1, shaped in the form of a pentagon, was located in the vicinity of present-day Chestnut and W. Brower near the Kansas Expressway and N. Nettleton. Fort No. 2 was located along present-day West Walnut in the vicinity of Fort Street. Fort No. 4 was located along present-day South Street at the intersection with Mt. Vernon and Fort No. 5 was located at the present-day intersection of St. Louis and Dollison. Springfield was attacked during early January 1863. On 7–8 January 1863, a contin-

240 gent of Union troops (including convalescents) and citizens of Springfield, repelled an attack by a force under Confederate generals Sterling Price and John Sappington Marmaduke. Union general Egbert B. Brown was wounded during the battle. The Union sustained 14 killed and 144 wounded. The Confederates sustained 40 killed and slightly more than 200 wounded or missing. See also Wilson’s Creek. Stephen Cole’s Fort— Stephen Cole’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Boonville during 1812. During 1814, the fort, located on what became known as Old Fort Field, came under attack. One man, named McMahan, was killed. On the following day, the settlers met at another settler’s home, Hannah Cole, and decided to build a fort there. The new fort was built during December 1814 and Stephen Cole’s fort was abandoned. See also Loutre Island. Stout’s Fort— See Troy Forts. Sturgeon Post— The Union controlled the town of Sturgeon, named after Isaac Sturgeon, for the greater part of the Civil War and concurrently controlled the North Missouri Railroad (later Norfolk Southern). Union troops garrisoned the town; however, many of its citizens sympathized with the Confederacy. Talbot’s Fort— Talbot’s Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established near Loutre Island in the vicinity of Fort Clemson. It remained active until 1815. Thibault’s Fort— See Fort Cote sans Dessein. Thomas Kennedy’s Fort— Thomas Kennedy established his fort in the vicinity of Wright City during 1811 to afford protection for his family from Indian attacks. The fort remained active until 1815. Tibeau’s Fort— See Fort Cote sans Dessein. Troy Forts— Wood’s Fort in northern Missouri was one of a series of settlers’ forts established in the vicinity of Troy during the War of 1812 period. Wood’s Fort was initially where two settlers, Zadock Woods and Joseph Cottle, built their homes during 1801 at a former Sauk (Sac) and Fox encampment. The forts, built by rangers and settlers, included Clark’s Fort (Major Christopher Clark’s Fort), Howard’s Fort, and Cap au Gris Fort (also known as Fort Independence and Stout’s Fort, near Auburn. The forts were to form the first defensive line in the area. During 1814, the forces of Major (later General) Zachary Taylor spent time at Fort Cap au Gris. Subsequently, the Battle of Sinkhole, fought by militia, rangers and settlers against Black Hawk, occurred near Fort Howard on 24 May 1815. In conjunction, Fort Howard was garrisoned by about 60 militia troops and held about 25–30 families. Westport (Big Blue)— Westport (Big Blue) was founded during 1832. Subsequent to the destruction of Franklin by the Missouri River, Westport became a flourishing trading and jump-off point for the Santa Fe Trail. Later, during the Civil War, on 23 April 1864, Confederate cavalry under General Sterling Price attacked the Union fortifications at Westport. The Union force, commanded by General Curtis, took the full force of the attack and then mounted a strong counterattack that inflicted a decisive defeat on Price, finally gaining a dominant position in Missouri. The Union nearly got overwhelmed during the battle as two generals, John McNeil and Egbert Brown, failed to attack as ordered. Brown and McNeil were relieved of duty, but no charges were filed. Price headed for Texas and from there he entered Mexico. He was not captured at the end of the war. Also, Confederate major general James Fagan, who accompanied Price on the raids into Missouri, did not travel to Texas. He was paroled during June 1865. Fagan returned to Arkansas and later, through an appointment by President U.S. Grant, became a U.S. marshal during 1875.

241 White’s Fort— See Captain White’s Fort. William McMahan’s Fort— See McMahan’s Fort. William Reed’s Blockhouse— William Reed’s Fort, a settlers’ blockhouse, was established during 1812 in the area at Boone’s Lick near the Missouri River. The fort remained active until 1815. It is not certain who built the fort, but it was determined that it was located on property belonging to William Reed. The fort site is now under water (Missouri River). Wilson’s Creek— The Confederates established a camp at Wilson’s Creek near Springfield during 1861. By August 1861, the Union was preparing to move against Springfield as part of the plan to dominate Missouri. On 6 August 1861, Union general Nathaniel Lyon arrived at Springfield. The commands of General Thomas W. Sweeny, Colonel Franz Sigel and Major Samuel D. Sturgis fell under his authority, but even combined, the force numbered only slightly more than 5,000 troops. The Confederates at Wilson’s Creek included the commands of Generals Ben McCulloch and Gabriel James Raines, and brought the combined total to about 20,000 troops. The Battle of Wilson’s Creek (Springfield and Oak Hill) occurred on 10 August 1861. The Union guns announced the presence of the attack force, but the Confederates had been prepared. Confederate artillery responded in kind. The force under Union generals Sigel and Lyon launched attacks, but they were not coordinated and to further complicate the problem, many of the Confederate units had also been wearing blue uniforms, making it difficult at times to distinguish friend from foe. At one point, a unit approached Union lines with the Stars and Stripes flying, but once they got within close range, the Stars and Stripes vanished and the Stars and Bars replaced it. The ploy worked, but Union guns finally forced the Rebels back. In the meantime, Sigel almost lost his entire command, but he was able to pull back. While Sigel continued to battle at the rear, Lyon was engulfed at the front. Lyon’s fearlessness helped return the momentum to the Union. His horse was shot from under him and he

Brassaeu’s Houses / MONTANA was twice wounded, but he maintained control. By about 0900, Lyon was again struck, but it was a fatal wound. Major Samuel Sturgis assumed command, but still there was no coordination with Sigel and neither was aware of the other’s situation. All the while, the Confederates pressed. Sturgis’ line faced another Union column moving toward it, but yet again, as the unit closed, the Stars and Stripes vanished and was replaced by the Stars and Bars. The Union repelled the attack, but more pressure brought about another Confederate charge. Sturgis, still unaware of Sigel’s progress and holding untenable positions against overwhelming strength, ordered a retreat, terminating a six-hour battle. The surviving men of Sigel’s command also made it back to Springfield by about 1700. The Confederates prevailed, but it was a costly victory. The Union suffered 223 killed, 721 wounded, 291 missing. The Confederates sustained 265 killed, 800 wounded, 30 missing. Union brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon (West Point, 1841) was mortally wounded while charging Confederate positions during the engagement; his body remained on the field and was recovered by Confederates. General Sterling Price (Missouri Militia) ensured that General Lyon’s body was returned to Springfield; however, soon after, the Union troops under Colonel Sigel retired from Springfield and again General Lyon’s remains were left behind. Confederates under General J.B. Clark prepared his remains for burial and delivered the body to a Mrs. J.S. Phelps, who arranged interment. Later, General Lyon’s body was removed and reinterred at East Hartford, Connecticut. For more information: Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Route 2, Box 75, Republic, Missouri 65738. The battlefield is located approximately 10 miles southwest of Springfield. The museum there exhibits many Civil War relics. Wood’s Fort (Missouri)— See Troy Forts. Zadoc Woods’ Fort (Missouri)— See Troy Forts. Zumwalt’s Fort— See Fort Zumwalt.

MONTANA Arrow Creek— During August 1872, a U.S. Army force including the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and a contingent of infantry established a temporary encampment at Arrow Creek in eastern Montana. The army was operating along the Yellowstone River, protecting railroad workers (surveyors). The Sioux, who were camped near the Powder River, attacked during the early morning hours of 14 August. The skirmish lasted for several hours, but much of the fight was fought from long distances, giving the advantage to the troops. During the attack, Chief Crazy Horse’s horse was shot from under him, but Crazy Horse was not injured. The attack was anticipated due to some activity the previous night when Indians managed to sneak into the perimeter and steal some saddles. The attack was repelled.

Nez Perce escaped, they were later intercepted at Bear Paw Mountain before they could make it into Canada. Chief Joseph was one day’s march form Canada when he was caught at Bear Paw Mountain. On 30 September, the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and the U.S. 5th Infantry initiated a five-day siege upon Chief Joseph’s tribe. The army, bolstered by artillery, compelled Chief Joseph to surrender on 5 October 1877. The surrender terminated the Nez Perce War. First Lt. George W. Baird, 5th Infantry, and Wilfred Clark (sharpshooter), 2nd U.S. Cavalry, became recipients of the Medal of Honor for bravery during this action. For more information: Big Hole National Battlefield, P.O. Box 237, Wisdom, Montana 59761. The museum and visitor center display many artifacts from this period.

Baker’s Post (I.G. Baker)— See Fort Benton.

Big Horn Post— A trading post known as Big Horn Post was established by Andrew Henry during autumn 1823 near the mouth of the Big Horn River. It was abandoned during the following year.

Big Hole— During the Nez Perce War, contingents of the U.S. Army, including cavalry and infantry units led by Colonel John Gibbon (7th U.S. Infantry Regiment), clashed with the Nez Perce Indians at Big Hole River on 9 August 1877. The battlefield was located along State Highway 43, about 12 miles from Wisdom. Although the

Brasseau’s Houses— John Brasseau, a trader who worked for Fort Union Trading Post, established two house-forts along the Yellowstone River about 50 miles from its mouth.

MONTANA / Camp Baker Brosseau’s House— See Brasseau’s Houses. Camp Baker— Camp Baker (later Fort Logan), named in honor of Major E.M. Baker (attached to Fort Ellis), was established by the U.S. Army on 1 November 1869 at a point in the Smith River Valley northwest of White Sulphur Springs. During 1870, the post was relocated close to Sulphur Springs. Later, during 1878–1879, the post was renamed Fort Logan in honor of Captain William Logan, who had been killed during the fighting at Big Hole. The fort remained active until 1880. There are some remains of the fort. The blockhouse was moved to the parade groung during the 1960s. Camp Cooke— See Fort Claggett. Camp Disappointment— The Lewis and Clark expeditionary force, while en route back to St. Louis following their successful journey to the West Coast, halted at a place near the Marias River where it was thought, incorrectly, that they had been at the boundary line of the Louisiana Purchase. The party, including Meriwether Lewis and nine other members of the force, remained there for three days after arriving on 22 July 1806. The weather remained poor and dreary while they were at the encampment. The inclement weather, combined with the failure to discover the natural boundary, brought about the name of the camp. On the second day at the encampment, a small group of Blackfeet braves arrived at the camp at the invitation of the Americans. During the early morning hours, a struggle erupted as the Indians attempted to grab the weapons. Two of the eight braves were killed and no weapons were lost. None of the 10 men, including Lewis, were harmed at what became the only violent confrontation of the entire journey. Camp Fortunate— Camp Fortunate was established by Meriwether Lewis (Lewis and Clark expedition) near present-day Dillon in the vicinity of Clark Canyon Reservoir during August 1805. Several days later, Clark arrived at the camp. For awhile, Lewis had been concerned that Clark’s absence had been caused by a catastrophe, but his arrival was welcomed as Lewis was negotiating with the Shoshone and the additional manpower let him rest easier. During the following year, when the expeditionary force was returning to Missouri, they explored the Big Hole Valley, which was in close proximity to their camp. About 70 years later, the Nez Perce Indians and the U.S. Army fought a major battle there while the Indians were attempting to evade capture and make it to Canada (Nez Perce War, 1877). The town of Dillon was named after Sydney Dillon, the president of the Utah and Northern Railroad, when the railroad arrived in Montana during 1879. Camp Howie— See Camp Ida Thoroughman. Camp Ida Thoroughman— Camp Ida Thoroughman was established along the Yellow River during 1867. The post was established by Montana volunteers as part of a plan to explore the headwaters of the Yellowstone. Another post, Fort Elizabeth Meagher, was established at the same time. It had been planned to carry out an exploratory expedition during 1866, but due to the Indians’ dissatisfaction with the Bozeman Trail, there was hostility in the region. The expedition was to get off the ground during 1867. The posts were built as part of an expedition that would explore the Yellowstone region where the river converged with the Shields River. Former general Thomas Francis Meagher, following the war, became secretary of Montana. He was the enthusiast behind the expedition. During the temporary absence of Governor Sydney Edgerton, Meagher became acting governor. Acting governor Meagher died by drowning after falling from a steamboat near Fort Benton on 1 July 1867. After his death, the expedition was shelved; however, later, during 1869 and again during 1870 and 1871, other teams explored the region. A small party of the original expedition did venture to Mammoth Hot

242 Springs (Curtis-Dunlevy expedition). In conjunction, Fort Elizabeth Meagher was known also as Camp Howie and Camp Smith. Camp Lewis— Camp Lewis was established in central Montana during 1874 by elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment in the vicinity of Lewistown. The Army used the camp as a temporary post to protect the Carroll Trail. A settlement grew from this area where a trading post stood and by 1879 more than 20 families (French and Indian descent) were residing there. Camp Merritt— Camp Merritt was established during 1880 at the Tongue River Indian Agency. Subsequently, during 1898 (SpanishAmerican War period), the post was used as a support post of Fort Keogh. Camp Poplar— Camp Poplar, known also as Fort Peck Agency, was established by federal troops during 1880 in the vicinity of Poplar. It remained active until 1893. Subsequently, during 1970, the site was added to the National List of Historic Places. Camp Porter— The U.S. Army established a temporary camp along the north bank of the Yellowstone River during 1880 in the vicinity of Glendive to afford protection for workers of the Northern Pacific Railroad while it was moving through the region. The post was abandoned by the following year. Camp Reeve— Camp Reeve, a stockaded outpost of Camp Cooke, was located during 1868 at the mouth of the Musselshell River. The post was manned by troops from Camp Cooke. Camp Reynolds— See Fort Shaw. Camp Smith— See Camp Ida Thoroughman. Cantonment Jordan— Cantonment Jordan, named after Captain Thomas Jordan, was established in the vicinity of St. Regent by a contingent of U.S. Army troops under Lieutenant (later Captain) John Mullan in St. Regis Borgia Valley, Mineral County, during December 1860. The post served as winter quarters for the party, which was in the process of building a road from Fort Walla Walla in the Washington Territory to Fort Benton in Montana. The road was known as the Mullan Road. The winter of 1860–1861 was nasty. A small part of the team actually set up a separate camp due to snow and the inability to safely get to the main camp. The party remained separated from the main body until January of 1861. The camp was composed only of log cabins and a guard was always posted, but according to Mullan’s reports, there was no danger of attack due to the constant snow and the guard was posted primarily to retain discipline within the troops. Cantonment Stephens— Cantonment Stephens was established in the vicinity of Missoula County by Lieutenant John Mullan during 1853. The camp was near the mouth of Willow Creek. At the time, a road (Military Road) was to be built from the Washington Territory to Fort Benton in Montana, but the project was suspended. Subsequently, during 1860, Mullan established Cantonment Jordan when the road project was reinitiated. Cantonment Wright— Cantonment Wright was established near Milltown during 1861 by a contingent of U.S. Army troops under Captain John Mullan. Mullan was charged with road construction of the Military Road linking the Washington Territory to Fort Benton. Cantonment Wright was established as winter quarters to provide protection, primarily from the elements, during the winter of 1861–1862. See also Cantonment Jordan. Crow Agency— See Fort Parker. David Thompson’s Post— David Thompson, a British explorer, was also a fur trader and a cartographer. He established a trading post

243 (Saleesh House) at what became Thompson. He established his post during 1809 near the Clark Fork River near its convergence with the Thompson River. Subsequently, about 1881, the railroad arrived at the town. Flathead Post— See Fort Connah. Fort Alexander— The American Fur Company (Charles Larpenter) established Fort Alexander, a trading post along the left bank of the Yellowstone River, during 1842. The Blackfeet tribe was unenthusiastic about the construction of the post and referred to it as Fort Crow. The post, named after Alexander Culbertson, was located opposite the mouth of the Rosebud near Forsyth and Big Porcupine Creek. Fort Alexander was established in place of Fort Van Buren. Fort Alexander was abandoned during 1850 and replaced by Fort Sarpy. Fort Andrews— Fort Andrews was established during 1862 along the Missouri River above the Musselshell. The trading post was built by George Steel and named for a man known as Andrew Dawson. Fort Assinniboine—(Near Fort Union) A trading post known as Fort Assinniboine was established during 1834 in the vicinity of Fort Union at a spot along the river where the steamboat Assinniboine got grounded. The post was to be a support post for Fort Union, but it was abandoned by early April of the following year. Not to be confused with Fort Assinniboine (Havre). Fort Assinniboine (Near Havre)— Fort Assinniboine was established outside of Havre during the spring of 1879. The fort was located in north central Montana on the Milk River north of Bear Paw Mountain and slightly southwest of Havre. The garrison was responsible for the safety of travelers and to protect the region near the Blackfeet Indian Reservation from Indian attacks, particularly the Sioux in nearby Canada. The post was not built as a defensive fort with a stockade. It was formed in the shape of a rectangle. Most of its buildings were made of brick and several have been preserved. The fort remained active until 1911. Not to be confused with Fort Assinniboine (Fort Union). Fort at Three Forks— Fort at Three Forks, also known as Lewis and Clark Fort, was established between the Jefferson and Madison Rivers near the Three Forks of the Missouri by Andrew Henry, Pierre Menard and John Coulter for the St. Louis Fur Company. During April 1810, an expedition from the company guided by John Coulter arrived at the Three Forks of the Missouri River from their winter quarters at Fort Raymond on the Yellowstone River. The party intended to trade with the Blackfeet, but the trappers also intended to initiate their own trapping operation. The Indians in the region did not receive the party with friendliness, but rather with hostility. The party came under frequent attacks by the Blackfeet. The Indians inflicted many casualties on the trappers and one, George Drouillard, was caught and decapitated and his body was sliced into pieces. The area was soon after abandoned. One group, under Pierre Menard, moved back to Fort Raymond and another, under Andrew Henry, moved to the territory near the Columbia River headwaters where a fort was established (near present-day St. Anthony, Idaho). In conjunction, Henry’s fort was unsuitable for the terrain and for defensive purposes. The combination of Indians and the lack of food and supplies nearly cost the loss of all the men during the winter of 1810–1811. The Lewis and Clark expedition had stopped in the general area of the fort during 1805 when during July, Clark’s contingent of the expedition force arrived there two days before Lewis. Clark at the time was attempting to locate the tribe of Sacagawea, who had previously been kidnapped about five years prior by Hidatsa Indians. Sacagawea informed Clark that they were at a primary hunting ground of her people. Also, John Coulter, who acted as

Fort Benton / MONTANA guide for the expedition force, had been with the Lewis and Clark expedition. Coulter and one other man, John Potts, remained in Montana when the party continued on the journey back to St. Louis. During 1808, while Coulter and Potts were trapping near the Jefferson River, they were attacked by Blackfeet (Piegan) Indians. Potts was immediately killed; however, the Blackfeet kept Coulter alive for their pleasure. The Blackfeet gave Coulter a head start before they gave pursuit and only if he could outrun them, an unusual occurrence, would he survive. Coulter was naked, shoeless and weaponless, armed only with instinctive survival. Coulter was nearly killed by one of his pursuers, but at close contact, Coulter dislodged the Indian’s weapon, a spear and used it to kill the Indian. Afterward, Coulter managed to evade capture by hiding near the river, thought by some to have been the Jefferson and by others to be the Madison. Nonetheless, the Indians abandoned the search after dark. Coulter, undaunted by his lack of clothing or shoes, on the following day began an arduous journey to Fort Ramon at the mouth of the Big Horn River. Seven days later, after mastering the Bozeman Pass and following the Yellowstone River, still lacking clothing, he arrived at the end of a 300-mile march, which he survived by eating wild berries. Fort Belknap— Fort Belknap was first established after the abandonment of Fort Browning during 1871. The fort acted also as a trading post to accommodate the Gros Ventre and Assinniboine Indians who had previously used the post at Fort Browning. The post was located on the south side of the Milk River just southwest of Chinook. The fort contained a stockade and a blockhouse. Fort Belknap was deactivated during 1876. Once the fort was abandoned, the Indians were directed to head for the Indian agency at Fort Peck and Wolf Point. Some of the Indians were reluctant to move to receive their annuities. The Assinniboine had no problem; however, the Gros Ventres became concerned that at Fort Peck they would encounter their enemy, the Sioux. In response to the dilemma of the Gros Ventre tribe, the Fort Belknap Agency was reestablished. Also, during 1888, the Fort Belknap Reservation, named after William W. Belknap, the secretary of war under President Ulysses S. Grant, was established. It was established near the Milk River subsequent to acquiring about 17,500,000 acres (northern Montana east of the Rocky Mountains) that had been ceded to the U.S. by the Gros Ventres and Assinniboine tribes. The tribes agreed to live on smaller reservations, known as the Blackfeet, Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Reservations. A historical marker is located along Highway 2 and Route 66 east of the town of Harlem. Fort Benjamin Harrison— See Fort William Henry Harrison. Fort Benton— During 1850, Fort Lewis which was established at present-day Fort Benton during 1846–1847, was relocated on the opposite bank of the Missouri River. The fort was renamed Fort Benton on 25 December 1850 in honor of Senator Thomas Hart Benton. Fort Lewis had been established by the American Fur Company. Later, during 1866, the trading post was sold. The I.G. Baker Company, a large supplier, began to take the place of the trading posts. Subsequently, during 1866, a contingent of the U.S. Army arrived in Montana to establish a camp (Camp Cooke) along the Judith River. Afterward, during 1867, the troops relocated at Fort Benton and another fort, Fort Shaw. Fort Benton became the eastern terminus of the Military Road, which ran from the fort to Fort Walla Walla in the Washington Territory. Fort Benton also became a strategic town in Montana and it played a vital part in the growth of the entire region, particularly when the steamboat arrived in the area about 1860. The steamboats provided a sea route from Montana to the Gulf of Mexico, the latter standing nearly 3,500 miles away. Fort Benton was also prominent during the gold rushes, including the Helena and Virginia City areas, when it housed many saloons

MONTANA / Fort Benton and dance halls. In conjunction, the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) established a camp in the vicinity during June 1804 while en route to the West Coast. The military abandoned the fort during the mid–1870s, but afterward it was used sporadically until about 1881. For more information: Fort Benton Museum, 1801 Front Street, Fort Benton, Montana 59442. The museum has on display much to depict the history of the fort, which played an important part in the history of Montana, especially trade and transportation. The museum is located in the Old Fort Park. Fort Benton (Big Horn)— The Missouri Fur Company established Fort Benton, a trading post, during 1822 near the mouth of the Big Horn River. It remained active until 1824. Not to be confused with Fort Benton established at Fort Benton during 1850. Fort Benton (Yellowstone)— This trading post was established by Manuel Lisa during 1807 near the convergence of the Big Horn and Yellowstone Rivers. See Fort Manuel. Fort Browning— During 1855, the U.S., represented by Isaac Stevens, governor of the Washington Territory and later a Union general, consummated a treaty with several Indian tribes in the territory. The tribes (Blackfeet, Flathead and Nez Perce) signed the treaty and each of the tribes afterward used the hunting grounds of the Blackfeet. Another tribe, the Gros Ventre became a signatory to the treaty as part of the Blackfeet tribe. During 1868, the U.S. government established Fort Browning, a trading post along the Milk River in the vicinity of the mouth of People’s Creek. The post was established to service the Gros Ventre and Assinniboine tribes; however, it was placed in the midst of a Sioux hunting ground, complicating the circumstances there. Later, during 1871, the post was abandoned. The Sioux were relocated at Fort Peck and the Assinniboine relocated at Fort Belknap, the latter established near Chinook. Fort Buford— Fort Buford was established by the U.S. Army during 1866. The post was located near the convergence of the Missouri and the Yellowstone Rivers, several miles below Fort Union. Two other forts had previously been in the area, both of which were nonmilitary trading posts, Fort Union and Fort William. During the Civil War, Union troops arrived in the region and were garrisoned at Fort Union. During 1866, General Sully arrived at Fort Union, but declined to use it as a military post. Instead, he directed the establishment of Fort Buford, which was built slightly east of Fort Union. The troops used material from Fort Union in the construction of Fort Buford. The post remained active until 1885. Fort C.F. Smith— Fort C.F. Smith, named in honor of General Charles F. Smith, was established by the U.S. Army during 1866. The post, the initial U.S. Army post established in what would become the state of Montana, was initially called Fort Ransome. It was built by a contingent of the U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel N.C. Kinney. The fort was located along the Big Horn River and its garrison was responsible for protecting the Bozeman Trail. On 1 August 1867, a contingent of troops guarding a civilian party which was cutting hay came under attack (Hayfield Fight) by a band of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians. The troops defended their positions for about eight hours until finally a relief force arrived from Fort Smith to rescue the party. The Bozeman Trail began at Fort Laramie (Wyoming) on the North Platte River and ran to the Yellowstone River near Livingston, Montana, and from there through the Bozeman Pass to the Gallatin Valley and beyond to Virginia City, where gold had been discovered, until it was abandoned in accordance with a treaty (Fort Laramie Treaty) signed with the Indians during 1868. The trail was named after John Bozeman, who was killed along the trail during April 1867. The other man with Bozeman, Tom Cover, was wounded, but he escaped. Bozeman and

244 John Jacobs scouted a route for the Bozeman Trail during the spring of 1863. The party moved eastward from Montana to the primary road on the North Platte River. It was used primarily from 1863 through 1868 during the gold rush era in Montana at that time. A historical marker is located along U.S. 87 slightly south of Lodge Grass. Fort Campbell— Fort Campbell, a trading post, was established near the Missouri River above Fort Benton during 1847. The post was established by Harvey Primeau and Company and named after Robert Campbell. Initially, the post was located about 10 miles below Fort Benton. Later, the post was rebuilt at the former site of the original Fort Lewis, above Fort Benton but below Fort Clay. The second fort was an adobe fort. It remained active until 1860 when it was transformed into a mission run by Jesuit priests who were working to convert the Flathead Indians. Prior to the mission at Fort Campbell, the Jesuits worked from St. Mary’s Mission, but it was abandoned during 1850. Fort Carroll— Fort Carroll was established along the Missouri River in about 1874. At the time, freight originating in Minnesota moved by rail to Bismarck, North Dakota, by rail and from there it would be reloaded aboard steamboats which transported the goods to Fort Carroll or Carroll where Matthew Carroll established the Diamond R Transportation Company. Fort Carroll was the shipping point from which the supplies were transported by wagon to the mining operations at Helena. Fort Carroll as the point lessened the shipping time by bypassing Fort Benton. By 1880, Fort Carroll was abandoned and it became known as Rocky Point. Although the fort (trading post) was abandoned, the goods continued to flow there. Wagons transported freight from there to Fort Maginnis by using the old Carroll Trail. Fort Maginnis was located on the east side of the Judith Mountains, causing a modification in the route which originally led to the western side of the Judith Mountains. The new route departed Rocky Point and moved through the Cone Butte Pass (later Ross Pass). In conjunction, during 1880, another trading post (Kipp’s) was established there. Fort Cass— Fort Cass, a trading post, was established in Montana (present-day Treasure County) by the American Fur Company during the autumn of 1832. The trading post was built for the company by Samuel Tullock and is sometimes thought of as Tullock’s Fort. The post was near Fort Lisa (Fort Manuel) and similarly to the other trading posts of the period, it remained active until about 1835 and was replaced by Fort Van Buren, which was established during 1835. Fort Pease, another trading post, was built in the area during 1875. Fort Chadron— See Fort F.A. Chardon. Fort Chardon— See Fort F.A. Chardon. Fort Charles— Fort Charles was a trading post that was established above the Poplar River during 1863. The date it was abandoned is unknown. Fort Claggett— Fort Claggett, also known as Camp Cooke, was established on 11 July 1866 by elements of the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Major William Clinton. The post was located above the mouth of the Judith on the Missouri River and was close to its confluence with the Yellowstone River. The post was established to oversee the Blackfeet tribe in the region. During 1869, the post was abandoned. The garrison moved to Fort Benton. Fort Clay— Fort Clay was established during 1847. It replaced Fort Lewis. Subsequently, during 1850, it was renamed Fort Benton. See also Fort Benton. Fort Connah— Fort Connah was established during 1846 near Post Creek, north of St. Ignatius, by Angus McDonald and Neil

245 McArthur. It was the southernmost post of the Hudson Bay Company. The post, located in the vicinity of the Flathead Indian Reservation, was also known as Flathead Post. Fort Connah remained active until 1872. Fort Conrad— Fort Conrad was established by Charles Conrad during 1875 on the north bank of the Marias River, near Shelby. The post was located about 80 miles northwest of Fort Benton. It was composed of three log cabins at right angles with the other side constructed as a stockade to form a square. The post was acquired by Joseph Kipp during 1878. Fort Copeland— See Fort Copelin. Fort Copelin— Fort Copelin was established along the Milk River near its convergence with the Missouri River during 1865 as a trading post. The post was used to receive and warehouse goods. The Montana and Idaho Transportation Line, owned by John G. Copelin and John J. Roe, which also owned steamboats, operated out of the post. Vessels delivered goods there which were then moved to Fort Benton. Fort Cotton— Fort Cotton, also known as Fort Honore, was established about 1842 by Fox, Livingston and Company. The trading post was located along the Missouri River above Fort Benton. It remained active only a short while. Later, during 1845, Fort Lewis was established there. Fort Crow— See Fort Alexander. Fort Custer— Fort Custer was established during 1877, subsequent to the defeat of General Custer’s 7th Cavalry at the Little Big Horn during the previous year. The fort was built to maintain order with the Crow Indians. Prior to Custer’s demise the Congress provided little interest in the U.S. Army’s problems on the frontier. During 1876, there was far fewer than 1,000 troops and probably about 700 in Montana. By 1877, Congress had acted and authorized the establishment of five forts in Montana, including Fort Custer. The post was originally known as Big Horn Post or Big Horn Barracks. The post was located south of Hardin between the Big Horn River and the Little Big Horn River. In conjunction, the U.S. Army operated at Big Horn prior to Custer’s defeat. During 1875, on July 9, Gen-

Fort F.A. Chardon / MONTANA eral Crook was headquartered at Big Horn. At the time, he needed to get urgent messages to his staggered forces to insure the safety of his command, including those in the field. Pvt. James Bell, Company E, 7th U.S. Infantry, risked his life by volunteering to successfully carry the documents through Indian terrain, keeping General Crook informed of the situations concerning the success of his campaign. Bell received the Medal of Honor for those actions. Also, on 9 July of the following year, once again Crook needed to get dispatches to his outstretched forces. Private William Evans, 7th U.S. Infantry, volunteered to get the messages through. He successfully evaded capture and death while traveling through treacherous Sioux territory. Evans became a recipient of the Medal of Honor for this most courageous mission. Fort Custer remained active until 1898. Some of the lumber of the fort was used in the construction of the town of Hardin. The fort was later reconstructed by the Bighorn County Historical Museum. See also Custer Battlefield National Monument. Fort Dauphin— Fort Dauphin was established during 1860 in the vicinity of the mouth of the Milk River and the Missouri River. It was founded by a trapper named Louis Dauphin. He was later, during 1865, killed by Sioux Indians. Fort Elizabeth Meagher— See Camp Ida Thoroughman. Fort Ellis— Fort Ellis was established in the vicinity of the Bozeman Trail in the Gallatin Valley during 1867 by a contingent of the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain R.S. LaMotte. The post, named after Colonel F. Augustus Ellis, who was killed during the fighting at Gettysburg (1863), was established to protect the settlers from Indian attacks. The fort remained active until 1889. During May 1876, the post was involved in a large operation which included other forts. General Terry and Lieutenant Colonel (Regular Army rank) Custer departed Fort Abraham Lincoln, Nebraska, heading for the Yellowstone River in search of the Sioux and Cheyenne camps. In addition, Colonel John Gibbon’s command advanced from Fort Ellis to rendezvous with the troops of Terry, and yet another column, commanded by General George Crook, which had departed Fort Fetterman, Wyoming Territory. The combined force was to assault and destroy the hostile encampments, but as the converging troops were advancing on their objective, obstacles interrupted the plan and the Indians scored a major victory. General Crook encountered a large enemy force at the Rosebud River on the 17th of June which halted his progress. The other two columns joined at the mouth of the Rosebud River and attempted to split their force and assault from two different directions with a synchronized attack. The attack plans went astray on the 25th of June when the annihilation of Custer’s 7th Cavalry occurred at the Little Big Horn. The U.S. 2nd Cavalry played a large part in the expansion of the West and was engaged in many skirmishes and battles. One such skirmish occurred on 7 May 1877 when a Sioux war party attacked a contingent of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry at Little Muddy Creek. The cavalry successfully repelled the assault. One man, Corporal Garland, badly wounded at an earlier battle, still fiercely directed his men until the Indians withdrew. Garland, because of his extraordinary courage during the fight, became a recipient of the Medal of Honor. Another trooper, Farrier William H. Jones of the 2nd Cavalry, also received the Medal of Honor for his gallantry during that battle. The site of the fort is now part of the Fort Ellis Experimental Station of Montana State University. Fort F.A. Chadron— See Fort F.A. Chardon.

Fort Custer, Montana —1870s Photograph L.A. Hoffman

Fort F.A. Chardon— Fort F.A. Chardon was established in about 1843 in the vicinity of Winifred, near the mouth of the Judith River. It was an operation of the American Fur Company. The post was abandoned during 1845 and during the following year, the trading post burned down.

MONTANA / Fort Fizzle Fort Fizzle— A contingent of the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel C.C. Rawn, while in pursuit of the Nez Perce Indians, established Fort Fizzle outside Lolo Canyon at Lolo Creek west of Lolo during July 1877. Fort Fizzle was meant only as a temporary obstacle to halt the Indians who were attempting to reach Canada to join the Sioux. The Indians were not stopped. Afterward, the fort was dubbed Fort Fizzle. Fort Floyd— Fort Floyd was established near the mouth of the Yellowstone River during 1828 by James Kipp, the father of Joseph Kipp and an employee of the American Fur Company. During the following year it was renamed Fort Union. See also Fort Union. Fort Fox and Livingston— The American Fur Company established Fort Fox and Livingston below Fort Benton during 1842. It was located along the east bank of Shonkin Creek. During 1844, the post was abandoned and relocated at Fort Lewis. Fort Galpin— Fort Galpin was established during 1862 by La Barge Harkness and Company. The post, located slightly more than 10 miles above the mouth of the Milk River, was constructed by Charles Larpenter and named after William and Charles Galpin (partners of the company). The post remained active until the following year. Fort Gilbert— Fort Gilbert, a trading post, was established during 1864 at a place along the Yellowstone River north of Sidney. The post was located on the fringes of the Fort Buford Reservation in the lower Yellowstone Valley. It was named after Colonel Gilbert, a commanding officer of Fort Buford. The fort remained active until 1867. Fort Harrison— See Fort William Henry Harrison. Fort Hawley— Fort Hawley was established by the Northwest Fur Company during 1866. The trading post, named after A.F. Hawley (partner in the company), was located along the south bank of the Missouri River below Fort Benton and above the Musselshell River. Fort Henry— Fort Henry was established at the convergence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers during 1822. It was named after Andrew Henry. The trading post was attacked and destroyed by Indians during the following year. Subsequently, during 1829, the American Fur Company would establish a post there (Fort Union). Fort Honore— See Fort Cotton. Fort Howes— Fort Howes was established near the Howes’ ranch during a period of turbulence in the region around Ashland during 1897. At the time, the citizens were concerned that there would be an uprising by the Cheyenne. The fort, a redoubt, consisted of a wall built of rocks and a roof.

246 Tongue River Encampment). Later, Fort Keogh was built about one mile west of the original site. During the latter part of December 1876, a force composed of nearly 450 troops of the U.S. 5th Regiment and elements of the 22nd Regiment under Colonel, later General, Miles marched from the Tongue River Encampment against the Sioux and Cheyenne and engaged them at Wolf Mountain (Battle Butte) on 8 January 1877. Miles’s column, guided by an army scout, Yellowstone Kelly, marched for 10 days and encountered the Indians during a blizzard. Undaunted by the weather, the troops encroached on the Indian camp near Birney which contained about 1,200 people, including warriors under Crazy Horse. The Indians launched an assault and gained the high ground, but Miles immediately ordered an attack to take the heights. The hill was seized and the Indians disengaged, due in part to having expended too much of their ammunition to continue the fight. The troops did not give pursuit due to the blizzard, permitting the Sioux to freely move along the Tongue River to escape. Two soldiers, Captain Edmund Butler and Captain James S. Casey, became recipients of the Medal of Honor for their extraordinary courage during the charge to seize the high ground during the Battle of Wolf Mountain. Also, John Baker, a musician attached to Company B, 5th Infantry Regiment, became a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his extraordinary valor during the battle and for other skirmishes during the Winter Campaign. The fort contained a garrison during the last days of the conflicts with the Indians and beyond until it was abandoned during 1908. During the 1940s, a reconstructed fort was built near the original site. It is located on Main Street in Mile and operated by the Range Riders Museum. Fort Kipp— Fort Kipp, named after James Kipp (son of Joseph Kipp), was established during 1860 in the vicinity of the mouth of the Big Muddy River. The post is sometimes referred to as Fort Stewart, which was established during 1854. Some older maps displayed a Fort Kipp at the identical location of Fort Stewart. See also Fort Stewart. Fort Kootenai— See Kootenai Post. Fort Labarge— Fort LaBarge was established by LaBarge Harkness and Company during 1862. The post was built along the Missouri River just north of Fort Benton. During the following year, the area sustained a natural crisis as the Missouri River at that time remained at an unusually shallow depth which impeded shipping. The trading post essentially went bankrupt once it was unable to provide supplies. By 1866, the post was sold by sheriff ’s sale.

Fort Jackson— Fort Jackson, named in honor of Andrew Jackson, was established during 1833. It was an American Fur Trading post built by F.A. Chardon in the vicinity of the mouth of the Poplar River. The post was abandoned during the following year. Fort Kaiser— Fort Kaiser, a trading post, was established along the north bank of the Missouri River in the vicinity of Fort Peck during 1865. Fort Keiser— See Fort Kaiser. Fort Keogh— Fort Keogh, named in honor of Captain Myles W. Keogh, was established during February 1877 outside Miles City at the convergence of the Tongue and Yellowstone Rivers. Captain Keogh, the commander of I Troop, was killed at the Little Big Horn with Colonel Custer. Following the defeat of Custer and the 7th Cavalry at the Little Big Horn during June 1876, General Nelson Miles established an encampment at the convergence of the Tongue and Yellowstone Rivers. The post was initially known as including New Post on the Yellowstone and the Tongue River Barracks (or

Fort Keough, Montana —1870s Photograph L.A. Hoffman

247 Fort Lewis— Fort Lewis, named in honor of Meriwether Lewis, was established near the mouth of the Marias River above Fort Benton. It was built at a place previously visited by the expeditionary force led by Lewis and Clark (1805–1806). It was established during 1845 by Alexander Culbertson for the American Fur Company. The post stood near present-day Fort Benton (Chouteau County). The American Fur Company, however, had earlier been acquired by Pierre Chouteau Jr. and Company in St. Louis. The old name was maintained by the new owners. Chouteau Jr. had assumed the western part of the American Fur Company from Pratt Chouteau and Company. During March 1847, the post was relocated to a different site and renamed Fort Clay. Later, during 1850, the fort was relocated on the opposite bank of the river and on Christmas Day it was renamed Fort Benton in honor of Senator Thomas Hart Benton, a vocal supporter of the fur-trading industry. Fort Lewis and Clark— The Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) visited the area near the Three Forks of the Missouri during 1805. See Fort at Three Forks. Fort Lisa— See Fort Manuel. Fort Logan— See Camp Baker. Fort Maginnis (Badger Creek)— Fort Maginnis, a trading post, was established by the T.C. Power Company near Badger Creek (Blackfeet Reservation) during 1875. Afterward, the post was relocated near Birch Creek. It remained active until about 1879. This Fort Maginnis is not to be confused with the U.S. Army’s Fort Maginnis (Lewistown). Fort Maginnis (Lewistown)— Fort Maginnis was established northeast of Lewistown in central Montana during 1880–1881 to become the final fort in a chain of five posts established in the region since the defeat of Custer’s 7th Cavalry during June 1876. Others included Forts Custer, Keogh, Missoula and Assinniboine. The post, named after Major Martin Maginnis, was established by a contingent of troops commanded by Captain Dangerfield Park. By the latter part of 1881, the garrison included two companies of cavalry. The post remained active until 1890. Not to be confused with Fort Maginnis (Badger Creek). Fort Manuel— Fort Manuel, known also as Fort Lisa, Lisa’s Fort, Fort Ramon and Fort Benton, was established during 1807 by Manuel Lisa. Manuel Lisa was born in Cuba, but he later arrived in Louisiana with his parents. His trading post (St. Louis Fur Company) fort was located in the vicinity of Custer and near the convergence of the Big Horn and Yellowstone Rivers. He was forced to depart the area during the War of 1812, due to problems with both the Indians there and their allies, the British. Subsequently, he constructed another fort, also known as Fort Lisa, in Nebraska during 1812. Fort McKenzie— Fort McKenzie was established near Loma during 1832 by the American Fur Company. As the fur trade moved west along the Missouri River in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, dozens of forts were established along the way. One of those was Fort McKenzie, located along the Missouri near its convergence with the Teton Rivers and slightly above the Marias River. The post was built by David D. Mitchell and named after Kenneth McKenzie. It remained active until 1844 when it was abandoned. In conjunction, during 1832, another American Fur Company trading post (Fort Piegan) was closed. The operation moved to Fort McKenzie. Fort Meagher— See Camp Ida Thoroughman. Fort Missoula— Fort Missoula was established by the U.S. Army during 1877. It was built by a contingent of troops under Captain C.C. Rawn. The army used the fort to hold Nez Perce Indians that were captured before they could enter Canada to join with the Sioux.

Fort Peck / MONTANA The post lived beyond many of the frontier forts and after it no longer was used to protect settlers from Indian attacks, it served as a twentieth century post. The fort was deactivated during 1915, but the army continued to use it, primarily for a mechanics school, until 1918. Subsequently, during 1921, the fort was reactivated. During World War II, it again held detainees in an internment camp there which was operated by the National Immigration Service. The fort was deactivated during 1946. The Fort Missoula Historical Museum is located at the fort site. Some buildings, including the powder magazine and the NCO quarters, have been preserved. In conjunction, during the Nez Perce War, troops from Fort Missoula also established Fort Fizzle. See also Fort Fizzle. Fort Mortimer— Fort Mortimer was established during 1842 at the site of former Fort William along the Missouri River near its convergence with the Yellowstone River. The trading post was established by Fox, Livingston and Company. Fort Musselshell— Fort Musselshell, a trading post, was established during 1860 near the mouth of the Musselshell River. The traders set up the operation to deal with the Crow and Gros Ventres. Fort Owen— Fort Owen was established during 1850 by Major John Owen, who acquired the St. Mary’s Mission in the Bitterroot Valley from the Jesuit missionaries. Father Pierre DeSmet founded the mission during 1841 amongst the Flathead Indians. Owen, who also became an Indian agent, constructed his fort with adobe and logs. It encompassed a perimeter of 250 feet by 125 feet and he bolstered it with walls that extended 15 feet high. The post stood on about two acres between Stevensville and Victor. It emerged as a prominent trading center and it became the initial permanent cattle ranch in Montana. The fort site, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is now part of Fort Owen State Park. A replica fort has been built there. The fort can be reached off Highway U.S. 93 at Stevensville Junction. From there, proceed a short distance of about one-half mile on East Secondary Highway 269. Fort Parker— Fort Parker (Crow Agency) was established during 1869 along the south bank of the Yellowstone River near its convergence with the Shields River. The fort was named after E. S. Parker, the commissioner of Indian affairs. The region was troubled with problems due to men from Benton’s Landing who sold whiskey, prompting the government to relocate the agency to the Stillwater Valley near the convergence of the East and West Rosebud Rivers during 1875. Subsequently, during 1883 the agency again moved to its present location. Fort Pease— Fort Pease, named after Fellows D. Pease, a trader, was established during 1875 below the mouth of the Big Horn River near the site where Fort Manuel stood during the early 1800s. During February 1876, the post was attacked by a band of Sioux who initiated a siege. Runners departed for Fort Ellis to request help from the U.S. Army. A detachment composed of four companies of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry and elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment under Major James Brisbin then headed for the beleaguered trading post. The force arrived there during early March. About 40 men held the fort without great risk of losing it, but they were confined within the walls until the help arrived. The siege was lifted. During the siege, some at the post were able to make it to a nearby settlement. Of those that remained in the fort, six were killed and eight wounded. Nineteen men were there when the troops arrived. The post was then abandoned and its supplies were transported to a settlement. The U.S. Army force returned to Fort Ellis and soon after participated in the 1876 Winter Campaign against the Sioux. Fort Peck— Fort Peck, a trading post, was established near the Missouri River and the mouth of the Milk River in the vicinity of

MONTANA / Fort Piegan present-day Fort Peck during 1867. It was established by Abel Farwell. The post remained active until 1879, trading with the Assinniboine and Sioux tribes. No remains of the fort exist. The fort site is under the water in the Fort Peck Reservoir. In conjunction, the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery) visited here during the early 1800s and discovered more than new territory. It was in the region near Fort Peck that the group encountered grizzly bears. Fort Piegan— Fort Piegan was established during October 1831 at the mouth of the Marias River by the American Fur Company. It was built by James Kipp near Loma. During the following year, the post was abandoned and the operation moved to nearby Fort McKenzie. Fort Poplar— Fort Poplar, a trading post, was established during 1860 along the Missouri River in the vicinity of Poplar by Charles Larpenter. Poplar is located at the present-day Fort Peck Reservation. The exact date that the post ceased operations is unavailable. Fort Ransome— See Fort C.F. Smith. Fort Raymond— See Fort Manuel. Fort Remon— See Fort Manuel. Fort Rock— Fort Rock was not a fort. It is a huge rock located at the Three Forks of the Missouri where the Lewis and Clark expedition visited during 1805 and Three Forks Post was later established. See also Fort at Three Forks. Fort Sarpy— Fort Sarpy, named after J.B. Sarpy, was established by Alexander Culbertson during 1850. Sarpy was a partner of the American Fur Company. The post, established in place of Fort Alexander, was located along the north bank of the Yellowstone River below the mouth of the Rosebud River. Subsequently, during 1857, the post was rebuilt and relocated at a point about 25 miles below the mouth of the Big Horn River. Fort Sarpy (2) was built by Robert Meldrum. It remained active until about 1859–1860. Fort Shaw— Fort Shaw, initially known as Camp Reynolds, was established during June 1867 to maintain passage along the road stretching from Fort Benton to Helena. The post, located about 25 miles from Great Falls, was constructed by elements of the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment at Camp Cooke. The garrison was also responsible for protecting the settlers in the Sun River Valley until it was abandoned during 1890. Several of the barracks have been preserved. Fort Sheridan— Fort Sheridan, a trading post, was established in about 1870 near the convergence of the Missouri and Musselshell Rivers. Another post, Fort Musselshell, had operated there between 1860 until about 1870. Fort Sherman— Fort Sherman, a trading post, was established in about 1873 in the vicinity of Lewistown ( Judith Basin). Fort Steward— See Fort Stewart. Fort Stewart— Fort Stewart was established several miles above Fort Union in about 1854 along the Missouri River near its convergence with Big Muddy Creek. The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Kipp. It remained active until about 1863. Fort Union— Fort Union, initially known as Fort Floyd, was established during 1828 at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers on the border line separating Montana from North Dakota. It was established by the American Fur Company and the construction was supervised by Kenneth McKenzie. The actual structures were within North Dakota, while the area where the livestock grazed was within Montana. The site selected for the establishment of Fort Union had been where earlier the Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps

248 of Discovery) had established a camp during April 1805. The post was established primarily to trade with the Assinniboine, but other tribes also inhabited the region. The Assinniboine lived north of the post. The Blackfeet inhabited the area above the fort along the Missouri, west of Fort Union, and the Crow were in the region of the upper Yellowstone, south of Fort Union. During 1837, tragedy struck the area when a steamboat, the St. Peter, arrived in the region while some of its crew had been infected with smallpox. The disease was then passed to some of the Assinniboine and Blackfeet who were trading at the post. Consequently, with no natural resistance to the disease, the Indians were soon after devastated. The Hidatsa and Mandan tribes sustained great losses and came close to annihilation. During the sweeping epidemic, warnings to the Indians to keep far from the fort were often ignored as the Indians apparently didn’t believe it was for their benefit; rather, they thought they were being kept away for some other reasons. Consequently, they continued to come and the disease was able to inflict more devastation. Subsequently, during 1857, yet another smallpox epidemic struck the tribes. Combined, the two major epidemics killed about one-half of the Blackfeet tribe. The trading post remained active; however, when the Civil War erupted, Fort Union’s importance as a trading post began to dissipate. By 1864, the post had become totally rundown. Union forces had arrived in the area to combat the Sioux during the latter part of the war and troops attached to the 30th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment garrisoned Fort Union to protect supplies there that were for use by General Sully’s operations. U.S. troops remained in the area and by 1866, additional forces arrived to begin to establish a military post. The post (Fort Union) was acquired by the Northwest Fur Company during 1866, but by that time, much had changed. Initially, beaver pelts were sought, but later the trade turned to buffalo hides; however, by the 1860s fur trading was vanishing in the area. By the following year, the post was sold to the U.S. Army. During 1867, the U.S. Army established Fort Buford several miles below Fort Union. The troops used some of the lumber from Fort Union for the construction of the new military post. In conjunction, when the Lewis and Clark expeditionary force departed their camp to move into the Blackfeet territory of what would become Montana, the Indians had been aware of the whites through contact with the British Canadians with whom the Indians had been trading for goods and acquiring weapons. During its period of operations, Fort Union, in addition to the previously mentioned tribes, traded with other visiting tribes, including the Arikira, Chippewa, Cree, Hidatsa, Mandan, Metis, Ojibway and Sioux. Subsequent to its abandonment, a group of Hidatsa Indians led by Chief Crow Flies High set up a village their and remained there from about 1864 through 1884. Later, during the early 1900s, a town known as Mondak emerged near the fort site, but by the 1920s it vanished. However, the old trading post, Fort Union, would not fall into obscurity so easily. During May 1925, a historical expedition arrived at the site of the old fort and afterward, workers of the Great Northern Railway, while there, raised the Stars and Stripes on a flagpole which stood in close proximity to the original staff. Stories composed of fact and legend continued after the demise of the fort by men who had served there and others who had traded there. Interest remained in the history of Fort Union. During the 1930s, the interest had been picked up by the National Park Service. Afterward, during 1941, Fort Union was revived when it was acquired by the State Historical Society of North Dakota. Subsequently, during 1966, the site became part of the National Park Service. By 1987, the Park Service had reconstructed Fort Union’s Bourgeois House. Shortly thereafter, during 1989, the fort’s walls and bastions had been reconstructed and within two additional years, the Indian Trade House was rebuilt. For more information: Fort Union Trading Post National Historical Site, Highway 1804 Williston, North Dakota 58801.

249 Fort Van Buren— Fort Van Buren was established during 1835 by Colonel W.H. Ashley along the Yellowstone River near the mouth of the Big Horn River in the vicinity of Rosebud. The post was located near the site of Fort Manuel, earlier established by Manuel Lisa. The trading post remained active until in operation until the early 1840s. The Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark expedition) also had explored the area while it was moving west to explore the recently acquired Louisiana Territory. The post was burned down during 1842 by Charles Larpenter before he established Fort Alexander to replace it. Fort William— Fort William, a trading post, was established at a spot near the convergence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers during August 1833. It was established by Robert Campbell and William Sublette. The post was abandoned during 1835 when William Sublette sold his business to the American Fur Company. In conjunction, another trading post, Fort Mortimer, was located here from 1841 through 1845. Fort William Henry Harrison— Fort William Henry Harrison, initially established in honor of President Benjamin Harrison, was established during 1892 by the U.S. Army. The fort remained active through the Spanish-American War and into the early 1900s. The fort was renamed in honor of President William Henry Harrison during 1906. It was abandoned during 1913; however, afterward, it was used by the Montana National Guard. Fort Yellowstone— Fort Yellowstone was established during 1891 in the vicinity of Monmouth Hot Springs to oversee Yellowstone Park. Congress later established the National Park Service and the fort was abandoned. However, some of the building remained in use by the new agency. Howe’s House— Howe’s House was established north of Lakehead Bay by the Hudson Bay Company during 1810. The trading post was built to compete with a trading post of the Northwest Fur Company which was located at Flathead Lake. I.G. Baker Company— See Fort Benton. Judith Landing Post— A trading post was established at Judith Landing sometime subsequent to 1876 and prior to 1881 when some structures from Fort Clagett were relocated to a point east of the river and set up near the convergence of the Judith and Missouri Rivers. The post, still known also as Fort Claggett, was acquired by Major Gilman R. Norris during 1883. Afterward, Norris accepted partners (T.C. Power and Brothers) and the company known as the Mercantile and Cattle Company was formed. During the mid–1880s, the post had the store, but in addition it contained a hotel, saloon, and warehouse, as well as a mail station and stables. It was built along what was known as the Claggett Trail. While it operated, steamboats often stopped there to acquire fuel (rotted stumps of trees). The trading post also operated a ferry at the Missouri. Juneaux’s Fort— See Juneaux’s Post. Juneaux’s Post— Juneaux’s Post was established along the Milk River in Judith Basin during 1872. Kipp’s Trading Post— Kipp’s Trading Post was established at Rocky Point (formerly Carroll) about 1880–1881 by Joseph Kipp. It was located near the former site of Fort Carroll. The post remained active until 1882.

Stanley’s Stockade / MONTANA New Post on the Yellowstone— See Fort Keogh. Polson-Flathead Post— A trading post was established in Polson during 1881. The trading post has been restored and it contains a museum. For more information: Polson-Flathead Historical Museum, P.O. Box 206 (708 Main Street), Polson, Montana 59860. Power-Norris Post— See Judith Landing Post. Reed’s Fort— Reed’s Fort was established by a Major Reed during 1873–1874. The trading post was located in the vicinity of Lewistown at a place where Reed decided he would prosper due to the old Carroll Road. The post remained active until 1888. Rocky Point— See Fort Carroll and Kipp’s Trading Post. Rocky Point Camp— See Rocky Point Cantonment. Rocky Point Cantonment— The U.S. Army established a temporary camp, known as Rocky Point Cantonment and Rocky Point Camp, during 1881. The camp was located in the vicinity of Lewistown and used by troops while Fort Maginnis was under construction. Saleesh House Trading Post— See David Thompson’s Post. Stanley’s Stockade— Stanley’s Stockade was a temporary post established by Colonel David Stanley at the mouth of Glendive Creek. The camp was built during 1873 at a time when the U.S. Army was protecting workers (surveyors) who were working on building a railroad that would run through the region. Stanley constructed the stockade for additional security for his force. An attempt was made to survey during the previous year without success. Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer was the second-highest ranking officer with the escort force and the relationship between him and Stanley was not cordial. Columns had departed Fort Rice and Fort Abraham Lincoln, both along the Missouri River, to form the complete escort, strong enough to deter Indian attacks. During August, the survey team was attacked and the troops were attacked several times during August along the north bank of the Yellowstone River between the Tongue and Big Horn Rivers. The railroad workers needed protection because the Indians refused permission to allow the rails to cross their lands. On 4 August, the Indians ignited a skirmish with a contingent of Custer’s command. The vanguard came under attack, but more warriors were concealed in ambush. Custer was not fooled. Afterward, the Indians, about 300 strong, showed themselves. The 7th Cavalry maneuvered to defensive positions near the Tongue River and awaited reinforcements. The fresh troops arrived and the Indians retired with the cavalry in pursuit. No major casualties occurred in the skirmish. Later, on 9 August, Custer’s scout, Bloody Knife, discovered a Sioux village, but the Sioux forded the Yellowstone and no exchange occurred. However, on 11 August the Indians launched an assault after recrossing the river. Custer ordered a charge in synchronization with the music of the “Gary Owen,” which had become the song of the 7th Cavalry. The Indians, under Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, stunned by the unexpected charge, retired across the river. Afterward, the survey project was terminated on 15 August. The troops then returned to Fort Lincoln and from there to their respective headquarters. Following that clash, the winter passed without any major encounters. During the fighting (Battle of Yellowstone), Custer was unharmed, but his horse had been shot from under him. He had not been riding his favorite horse, Dandy, that day.

Kootenai Post— Kootenai Post was established near Libby during 1808 by the Northwest Fur Company. The post was constructed by Finian McDonald. During 1811, the trading post was relocated to a place in the vicinity of Jennings.

Three Forks Post— See Fort at Three Forks.

Lewis and Clark Fort— See Fort at Three Forks.

Tongue River Barracks— See Fort Keogh.

Thompson’s Post— See David Thompson’s Post.

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MONTANA / Wolf Point Posts Tongue River Encampment— See Fort Keogh. Tullock’s Fort— See Fort Cass. Wolf Point Posts— Wolf Point, which received its name from the many sightings of wolves there during the 1840s, contained several trading posts that were established by the American Fur Company. Nonetheless, traces of a few have been found, but of those only one name was discovered, Fort Charles. It was located in the vicinity of

the Missouri River bridge. During the 1860s and 1870s, Wolf Point was frequented by steamboats, but by the 1880s, the railroad arrived to vanquish the steamboat business. Later, during 1912, the Fort Peck Indian Reservation was used for homesteaders, changing the area. The town of Wolf Point at that time was relocated about one mile north, close to the railroad. Wolf Point is known today more for its annual rodeo, known as the Wild Horse Stampede, which opens each year on the second weekend in July.

NEBRASKA Alkali Lake Station— Alkali Lake Station was operated as a Pony Express station. It is thought to have been located slightly southwest of Paxton (Keith County). The post was listed in the U.S. Mail contract during 1861; however, the station was unnamed in the contract. Beauvais Ranch Station— The Beauvais Ranch Station operated as a stopping place for the overland stage lines. It was located along the Oregon Trail at what was known as the Upper Crossing at the Platte River between Alkali Lake Station and Diamond Springs. It is also thought to have been a depot for the Pony Express, but some sources contest that the Pony Express operated there, unless it might have been a mail station (No. 20). Biddleman’s Station— See Garden Station. Big Sandy Station— Big Sandy Station, located several miles east of Alexandria, operated as a Pony Express station, but the overland stage lines also used it as a stopping place. During 1860, the station was operated by Dan Patterson, until it was acquired by the Lathams, Atha and John. In conjunction, the station was apparently in close proximity to the Daniel Ranch and the Ed Farrell Ranch, both of which seem to have been in some way connected with Big Sandy Station. A post office was also there. Black Snake Hills Post— Joseph Robidoux established a trading post at Black Snake Hills. The town of St. Joseph, Missouri, emerged there. Joseph (III), the son of Joseph Robidoux, was one of six brothers. The Robidoux family had been in the trapping business prior to the establishment of the post. The Lewis and Clark expeditionary force passed there during 1804, but the journals made no mention of a trading post. Robidoux later worked with Manuel Lisa and other traders and trappers to initiate other trading posts in the region between Council Bluffs and the mouth of the Platte River. One of those was Fort Robidoux (later Cabannes Trading Post). Bordeaux’s Post— See James Bordeaux Trading Post. Cabanne’s Trading Post— See Fort Robidoux. Camp Atkinson— See Camp(s) at Council Bluff and also Fort Atkinson. Camp at 1804 Little Nemaha— The Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark expedition) established a camp near the mouth of the Little Nemaha River on 15 July 1804. Within a few days, the party made camp near present-day Nebraska City. On 20 July, the expedition established another camp in Nebraska just north of Weeping Water Creek. Later, on 30 July, the camp was established at Council Bluff. See also Camp(s) at Council Bluff. Camp at Weeping Water Creek— See Camp(s) at Council Bluff.

Camp at Nebraska City— See Camp(s) at Council Bluff. Camp Red Willow— During 1872, the U.S. Army established a temporary camp near the mouth of the Red Willow Creek at presentday Camp Red Willow; however, it was not set up under normal circumstances. At the time, Alexis, the grand duke of Russia, was on a visit to the United States and the camp was established as part of a plan to entertain him. Grand Duke Alexis was at the North Platte to participate in a buffalo hunt. General Sheridan arranged to have local Indians participate in the entertainment. General Sherman dispatched Buffalo Bill to the village of Spotted Tail, who agreed to attend. Later, Spotted Tail was informed where the camp would be established. Sheridan also arranged for a contingent of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry to be on hand for the grand duke’s arrival, which occurred on 12 January. For the duke’s pleasure, the Indians put on a display of their horsemanship and their ability with the bow and arrow. A mock fight was also introduced for Alexis’ pleasure as well as a war dance for the finale. The party initiated the hunt on the following day. Buffalo Bill shadowed the grand duke during the hunt, which lasted for one week. Camp Robinson— See Fort Robinson. Camp(s) at Council Bluff— The Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark expedition) established a camp near the mouth of the Little Nemaha River on 15 July 1804. Within a few days, the party made camp near present-day Nebraska City. On 20 July, the expedition established another camp in Nebraska just north of Weeping Water Creek. Later, on 30 July, Camp Council Bluff was established in the vicinity of present-day Fort Calhoun. Within a few days after setting up the camp, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark held talks with the Oto and Missouri Indians. The party established the camp along the Missouri River. In conjunction, according to records from the expedition, the Pawnee tribe (Grand Pawnee and Republican Pawnee) inhabited the area near the Platte and Red Rivers and the tribe contained about 1,500 warriors. Subsequently, during 1819, the Yellowstone Expeditionary Force under General Henry Atkinson established a camp in the vicinity of where the Lewis and Clark expeditionary force established a camp (Council Bluff ) during 1804, near present-day Fort Calhoun along the Missouri River opposite Sioux City, Iowa. It was from that area that countless parties, including mountain men, fur traders and settlers as well as the military, advanced to the Rocky Mountains and to the far west. Atkinson’s force remained there through the winter, which took a high toll on the party. The harsh weather, combined with acute illness, cost the lives of more than 150 men in the uncharted territory, designated by some as destined to become part of the Great American Desert. During

251 the spring of 1820, the Missouri River flood caused more disaster and in its aftermath, the force relocated Camp Council Bluff, known also as Camp Atkinson, to a more dominant position above the river. See also Fort Atkinson. Camp Sheridan— Camp Sheridan was established in northwest Nebraska during the spring of 1874 to maintain order near the Spotted Tail Indian Agency, which had been established during the previous year. The Brule Sioux Indians, led by Spotted Tail, relocated to a new reservation at Beaver Creek near Hay Springs from their reservation near Fort Randall in the Dakota Territory. Initially, Camp Sheridan was composed of tents, but later, during 1875, the post was modified with the addition of about 30 frame and brick structures. The camp was abandoned during 1880 after the Brule tribe again relocated at the Rosebud agency in South Dakota. Camp Missouri— See Fort Atkinson. Camp Mitchell— See Post of Omaha. Not to be confused with Fort Mitchell. Camp Robinson— See Fort Robinson. Camp Shuman— See Fort Mitchell. Cantonment McKean— See Fort McPherson and Post of Omaha. Both were at one time named for General Thomas Jefferson McKean. Cantonment Missouri— See Fort Atkinson. Carter Canyon Trading Post— Joseph Robidoux established a trading post at Carter Canyon during 1851. Robidoux closed his post at Robidoux Pass and relocated at the canyon about one mile from the pass. It remained in operation until the following year. See also Robidoux Pass Trading Post. Chimney Rock Station— The Pony Express relay station known as Chimney Rock Station was located between Court House Rock Station and Ficklin’s Springs Station, but its exact location has never been determined. The station is thought to have been either in the vicinity of Facus Springs, northwest of Bridgeport, or at a place slightly west of Bayard. Cold Spring Station— Cold Spring Station, a Pony Express relay station, is thought to have been located in the vicinity of Box Elder Creek, slightly outside North Platte, in Lincoln County. The station was listed as a stop in the 1861 U.S. Mail contract. Another place, known as Jack Morrow’s Ranch, located about 12 miles from Cold Spring Station, is sometimes mixed up with Cold Spring. There is no supporting data, however, it is thought that Jack Morrow’s Ranch, known also as Junction House, which contained a store, might have been a stop for both the Overland Stage companies and the Pony Express. Cold Water Ranch-Midway Station— The Cold Water Ranch, known also as the Midway Station and other names, was located slightly south of Gothenburg. The station was apparently referred to as Midway Station due to its location, about midway between Atchison, Kansas, and Denver, Colorado. It was used by the stage coach companies and by the Pony Express. It has not been discovered whether it was a relay station or a home station. The station was along the Oregon Trail between Plum Creek Station and Cottonwood Station. The station was also referred to as Heavy Timber Station, Smith’s East Ranch and Pat Mullaly’s Home Station. The station operated until 1866 when it was attacked and destroyed by Indians. Like many other Pony Express stations and overland stage stations, Cold Water Station is still a subject of research. During the 1900s, supposedly an original structure of the Cold Water Ranch existed on a ranch outside Gothenburg and it was commemorated by

Ficklin’s Springs Station / NEBRASKA a plaque by the Oregon Trail Memorial Association. Questions, as posed by historians of the Oregon Trail, still surround the cabin as to how it survived the Indian attack of 1866 when the station was burned down. The possibility exists that the Coldwater Ranch might have been either an alternate name or an alternate station for the Coldwater-Midway station. The building designated as an original Pony Express station building remains on its original site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Cottonwood Springs Station— Cottonwood Springs Station, known also as McDonald’s Ranch, is thought to have been located at Cottonwood Creek between Machette’s Station and Cold Springs Station. The station was also a stop for the Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Company. A historical monument stood near the site; however, similarly as with some other Pony Express stations, records are incomplete and the exact site, along with the factual record of it being a relay station, remains arguable. It has been suggested that the two-story log cabin that stood as Cottonwood Station might instead have been the building removed from Williams Upper 96 Ranch (Matthew’s Station) and relocated at Gothenburg City Park. Also, this station is not to be confused with the Cottonwood Station in Kansas, the last stop prior to entering Nebraska. Nor is it to be confused with Cottonwood Station in Wyoming. Court House Rock Station— A Pony Express relay station known as Court House Rock Station was located southwest of the Court House Rock formation and slightly west of Bridgeport. The depot was located between Mud Springs Station and Chimney Rock Station. Craig-Shakespear Station— See Garden Station. Dansey’s Station— See O’Fallon’s Bluff-Dansey’s-Elkhorn Station. Diamond Springs Station— Diamond Springs Station, used by the Pony Express, was located slightly west of Brule (Keith County). Subsequent visits to the site during the 1900s concluded that the station was fortified with a stockade. The station was still in use following the termination of the Pony Express. Components used for the telegraph were also later discovered at the site. Ironically, it was the telegraph that led to the demise of the Pony Express. The station is sometimes thought to be the Beauvais Ranch Station, which was in close proximity to Diamond Springs. Elkhorn Camp— The Nebraska militia established a camp on the Elkhorn River outside Fremont during the summer of 1855 in response to an incident involving Pawnee Indians who were accused of stealing cattle. Talks were held between the Pawnee and representatives of Governor Izard. The talks were held with Chief Petalesharu. During the talks, the Pawnee informed the representatives, including John M. Thayer, that it had been Ponca Indians. Slightly afterward, Thayer was placed in command of the Nebraska militia. No trouble erupted and at the camp, the men spent most of their time fishing. The incident became known as the Catfish War. Elkhorn Station— See O’Fallon’s Bluff-Dansey’s-Elkhorn Station. Elm Creek Stockade— Elm Creek Stockade was built in the Republican Valley in Webster County during 1871. The southern border of the county stands at the state line shared with Kansas. It was built on the creek and was located between the stockades at Red Cloud and Guide Rock. Two other settlers forts had been built the previous year, Guide Rock Stockade and Red Cloud Stockade. The original stockade (Elm Creek) was later relocated. It is now part of Pioneer Village, P.O. Box 68, 138 East Highway 6, Minden, Nebraska 68959. Fairfield Station— See Sand Hill-Summit Station. Ficklin’s Springs Station— Ficklin’s Springs Station was operated as

NEBRASKA / Fontenelle’s Post a Pony Express relay station. It was located slightly west of Melberta. Initially, although the station was listed in the 1861 U.S. Mail contract, the station was unnamed. Later, it became Ficklin’s Station, named after Benjamin F. Ficklin. The station continued to operate following the demise of the Pony Express during the autumn of 1861. Subsequently, during 1865, a contingent of Nebraska cavalry was posted there. The property was acquired by Mark M. Coad during 1871 for use as a cattle ranch. A historical marker was erected along State Highway 92 in commemoration of the Pony Express. Fontenelle’s Post— Lucien Fontenelle, the owner of Fort Bellevue, sold his trading post (Fort Bellevue) to the U.S. government during 1832 for use by an Indian agency. Subsequent to selling his post, Fontenelle constructed a new house farther down the Missouri River and established a new trading post there. For the next eight years he ran the post and also engaged in expeditions to the Rockies for the American Fur Company. The expeditions included other mountain men and fur trappers, including Jim Bridger and Kit Carson. Fontenelle died during 1840. Fort Atkinson— During spring of 1820, the Missouri River floods caused much disaster to the force under General Henry Atkinson, who established a camp at Council Bluff during the previous year. The floods, combined with other problems such as illness, prompted Atkinson to move the fort. It was relocated to a more dominant position above the river. The fort was then renamed Fort Atkinson in honor of General Atkinson. It became the initial U.S. Army fort in territory west of the Missouri River. The Rifle Regiment and the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment were based there. The plan had been to establish a series of forts; however, the purse strings of Congress were tightened and the other proposed installations were canceled. Fort Atkinson remained active until 1827. The responsibility of the garrison, which usually stood at more than 1,000 troops, was monumental. The soldiers had to protect the region, including the settlers’ overland route through the Platte Valley, and oversee the Indians and the fur traders. Some Indians, including the Missouri, Omaha, Oto and the Poncas, were friendly. The Pawnee tribe was also friendly to the Americans, but they fought with other tribes. Western Nebraska was inhabited by tribes that resisted the settlers. They included the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche and the Sioux (Brule and Oglala) tribes. During 1823, troops from the fort had to rescue a party under General William H. Ashley. General Ashley led a party, including Jim Bridger and other mountain men and fur traders, into the territory at Yellowstone without major incident; however, during 1823, the situation changed. On 2 June, Ashley’s party was attacked by Indians while they were at an Arikara village. The trappers, including Bridger and Jedediah Smith, were able to extricate themselves and find shelter. The Arikara, related to the Pawnee, lived along the Missouri River in what is today South Dakota, but they dwelled in villages with fortified walls, unlike the other Plains Indians who roamed the land. The trappers had punished an Indian who stole some horses, igniting retaliation. Word of the attack reached Fort Atkinson, about 500 miles away, and immediately help was on the way. A relief force, including soldiers, other trappers and mountain men, sped toward the beleaguered party. More than 300 Sioux joined the column. Supplies, artillery and ammunition were placed aboard keelboats which accompanied the troops. The boats were pulled along the Missouri by the troops as the columns marched along the river and across the prairies of northern Nebraska. General Leavenworth commanded the column. The force arrived near the Arikara village of Chief Gray Eyes on 8 August. While the troops deployed the artillery, the Sioux prepared to attack. In synchronization with a bombardment from the artillery on a hill, the Arikara were struck by the Sioux, led by Chief White Bear. All the while, the troops stood at the ready. However, the Sioux inflicted a devastating blow, termi-

252 nating the fight. The Arikara relented and sued for peace. The agreement was reached and the column, with the trapped party, began the long march back to Fort Atkinson. The incident is remembered as the Arikara War of 1823. During the following year, 1824, yet another party left for the Rockies and when it returned, the team brought good and bad news for the trappers. The men had discovered that the area was full of beavers, but they also found that the lands were at the Continental Divide (upper Missouri) and on Crow territory. Fort Atkinson was also visited by Mexicans. During 1824, a group of Mexicans arrived from Santa Fe in an attempt to conclude a treaty with the Pawnee. Benjamin O’Fallon, the Indian agent at Fort Atkinson, arranged the talks and by the following year, O’Fallon persuaded the Pawnee to grant Atkinson free and unimpeded access to the Santa Fe Trail, which drove right through their lands along the Platte and Missouri Rivers. Fort Atkinson, since its initial establishment (1819) was known by several names, including Camp Atkinson, Camp Council Bluff, Camp Missouri and Cantonment Missouri. The post remained active until 1827. The town of Fort Calhoun emerged in the vicinity of the fort. The early settlers (mid1850s) used much of the ruins (bricks and stones) left behind by the army when the post was deserted in the building of their homesteads. The post is thought to have been destroyed by Indians after it was deserted. Even in these modern days, farmers when plowing their land still uncover ancient coins, primarily of Spanish origin, and they find military buttons and empty shells, usually with markings of the Rifle Regiment or the 6th Infantry. The United States acquired Nebraska as part of the Louisiana Purchase during 1803; however, prior to American control, the Europeans attempted to gain it. During 1541, a Spanish expeditionary force led by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado moved across the American Southwest into Kansas and claimed it for Spain. Nevertheless, Spain never anchored a settlement. Nearly 100 years later, during 1682, the French, under Rene Robert Cavalier La Salle, voyaged down the Mississippi River to its mouth and claimed all the territory which held rivers that flowed into the Mississippi and its tributaries. That massive body of land included Nebraska. By the early 1790s, the French ventured into the vast region known as Louisiana to initiate trapping and trading. The French in the region began to trouble the Spanish. During 1714, another French explorer, Etienne Veniard de Bourgmont, moved from the mouth of the Mississippi to the mouth of the Platte River. By 1720, the Spanish moved against the French in Nebraska, only to discover the rule of unintended consequences. The Spanish force, composed of slightly less than 50 troops commanded by Pedro de Villasur, failed to evict the French. They instead were attacked by the Pawnee along the Platte River (named during 1739 by French explorers) and sustained a severe defeat. Spain gained full claim to Nebraska during 1763 when the French lost the French and Indian War and relinquished all their territory east of the Mississippi River to the victors, the English. In addition, Spain was the recipient of the territory west of the Mississippi. The Spanish hold on the territory was short lived as during 1800 Napoleon acquired the territory from a reluctant Spain. Three years later, Nebraska came under the Stars and Stripes when Napoleon sold it to the U.S., which led to the establishment of Fort Atkinson. Subsequently, Fort Atkinson was reconstructed. For more information: Fort Atkinson State Park, South 7th Street, PO Box 240, Fort Calhoun, Nebraska 68023. Fort Bellevue— Fort Bellevue was established at Bellevue during the latter part of 1822 into early 1823 by the Missouri Fur Company under the supervision of Joshua Pilcher. Subsequently, about 1826, a man named Lucien Fontenelle was brought in as a partner and by 1828 he became the owner, only to later sell it during 1832. The post was acquired by the Office of Indian Affairs, which from there would work with the Missouri, Omaha, Oto and Pawnee tribes. Fort Bellevue

253 remained active until 1862. In conjunction, at about the same time the post was sold by Fontenelle or shortly thereafter, another trading post was established in the same vicinity by Colonel Peter A. Sarpy, who had previously worked with the American Fur Company beginning in 1842. Sarpy later developed a trading post of his own. The government named the county in which the posts were located after Peter A. Sarpy. While the post was in operation, the area was affected by Congress, which during 1846 proclaimed the lands west of the Missouri River off limits to settlers. The area was designated Indian Country. The post, however, survived as the law permitted access to those passing through and it permitted trappers and traders. During that same year, a large group of Mormons made temporary camp in the vicinity of the post after receiving permission from the Indians, specifically, Chief Big Elk of the Omaha tribe. The Mormons were en route to Utah. Also, Lucien Fontenelle was from New Orleans, but when he arrived in Nebraska as a young man, he married an Indian (Bright Sun). Their child, Logan, grew to become an Omaha chief. It was Logan and a group of other Indians who later, during 1854, journeyed to Washington, D.C., and while there concluded a treaty and ceded about four million acres to the U.S. government. Soon after the government purchased the land, Congress created the Nebraska Territory, carving it from Nebraska but also from Colorado, Dakota, Montana and Wyoming. In conjunction, from 1830 until 1854, the area known as Nebraska contained only two settlements, Fort Kearny at Kearney and Bellvue. During 1854, Nebraska became part of the Nebraska Territory (Kansas-Nebraska Act). See also Fontenelle’s Post. Fort Bernard— In about 1837, a trader affiliated with Pierre Chouteau Jr. and Company, named James Bordeaux, established a trading post in the vicinity of Chadron. It became known as Fort Bernard. The post, located in close proximity to Wyoming, remained active until 1872. Fort Cottonwood— See Fort McPherson. Fort Crook— During the latter part of the 1880s, the U.S. government acquired nearly 550 acres near Bellevue, just outside Omaha. Fort Bellevue had previously stood near the site of the new post. The post was established to replace Fort Omaha. On 3 March 1891, President Benjamin Harrison signed a bill which increased the amount of money to be used for the fort’s construction. The legislation also directed that the name was to be Fort Crook, in honor of General George Crook, rather than Fort Omaha (2). The construction of the fort was supervised by Major Charles F. Humphrey (subsequently quartermaster of the U.S. Army). Fort Crook contained a barracks that extended about 800 feet in length, officers’ quarters (three-story building), other regimental buildings and a building to house the mules. A hospital was also built on the post. At the time, two railroads, the Missouri Pacific and the Band M, were in the vicinity of Bellevue. During June 1896, the garrison troops arrived. It was expected that the 2nd Infantry Regiment at Fort Omaha would be transferred, but instead the regiment was moved to Montana to garrison several posts on the frontier there. Fort Crook was garrisoned by the U.S. 22nd Regiment. By the time Fort Crook was garrisoned, the conflicts with the Indians had for the most part vanished. The Battle of Wounded Knee, the final major battle between the Army and the Indians, occurred during December 1890 in South Dakota when the U.S. 7th Cavalry, which had been defeated at the Little Big Horn, devastated the Sioux at Wounded Knee. Fort Crook, similarly to every other frontier post in peacetime, was boring duty, the men being confined to tedious tasks and arduous training. That changed during 1898 when the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba on 25 January 1898 to ignite the Spanish-American War, known by many as the “Splendid Little War.” The 22nd Regiment was ordered to Cuba after first undergoing training in Mobile, Al-

Fort Grattan / NEBRASKA abama. The regiment landed on the southeastern coast of Cuba on 21 June. It became the unit to first plant the Stars and Stripes on the island. The regimental commander, Colonel Charles Wikoff, was soon after killed near San Juan Hill on 1 July. The war was quickly won and the Spanish lost control of Cuba, which they had controlled for about 350 years. The regiment arrived back at Fort Crook during September of the same year. In addition, the regiment afterwards was deployed in the Philippines, another territory lost by Spain during the war. The post was used as a training facility for the Signal Corps during World War I, and prior to the war, Fort Crook’s garrison also participated with General Pershing’s expedition against Pancho Villa along the Mexican border. Pancho Villa had invaded the U.S. by attacking New Mexico on 9 March 1916. The rebel resistance was broken, but Villa was never caught. Subsequent to the end of World War I, the post was transformed into an air base and when it was finished (airfield) during 1920, its complement of planes amounted to two aircraft. Troops from Fort Omaha were used to build the airfield’s hangar. During 1924, the landing field was named Jarvis Offutt Field, in honor of Jarvis Offutt. The fort was also used during the latter part of the 1920s as a reserve training center. During the Great Depression it was used as a state headquarters and regional camp for President Roosevelt’s Civilian Conservation Corps. During 1927, the army constructed a new rifle range northeast of Plattsmouth. The army authorized the dismantling of the hospital during 1941 to make room for the Glen Martin Bomber Assembly Plant, but the fort remained active. It added new entities, including an induction center for the draftees and the barracks were used to hold Italian POWs during 1945. During the following year, Fort Crook came to an end as it was taken over by the 2nd U.S. Air Force (not actually formed until 1947). Up until 1947, there was no separate branch of the services known as the Air Force. The Air Forces were the U.S. Army Air Corps and until the creation of the Air Force, there was no Air Force flag. The Air Force renamed the post, calling it Offutt Field, still in honor of the first airman from Omaha, lost during World War I. Soon after, during 1948, the Strategic Air Command relocated to the post, which was earlier renamed Offutt Air Force Base. The modern base retained some of the nineteenth century buildings for the post that moved from infantry and mules to World War I vintage aircraft and beyond to the modern unparalleled planes of the United States Air Force. Another link between today and the heritage of the base lies amidst the northeast fringes of the base where the original Fort Crook Cemetery is located. During 1992, the Strategic Air Command was deactivated. It was replaced by the Strategic Command, which continues to be headquartered at Offutt Air Base in Omaha. Fort Grattan— Fort Grattan was established in Nebraska near Ash Hollow during 1855, following a clash (Battle of Blue Water) between the U.S. troops and a force of Oglala and Brule Indians. On 5 September 1855, a contingent, composed of infantry and the 2nd Dragoons (later 2nd Cavalry), under Colonel William S. Harney moved from Fort Kearny to avenge the deaths of the 28 troops under Lt. John L. Grattan who were killed by the Sioux during the previous year (August 1854). The army came upon the Sioux at a Lakota village in the vicinity of Ash Hollow near Blue Creek. Once the force encroached upon the Indians (Oglala and Brule), it split up. The cavalry circled around to a concealed position while the infantry, led by Harney, approached the encampment of Chief Little Thunder. In the meantime, the Sioux were focused only on the appearance of several hundred infantry troops and totally unaware of the nearby dragoons. Following a short period of conversation, the army opened fire. Many of the Sioux broke for safer positions, but they headed straight toward the dragoons and the fight became lopsided. More than 80 Indians were killed and the village was destroyed.

NEBRASKA / Fort Hartsuff In addition, a large number of women and children were taken captive. Subsequent to the confrontation, Harney ordered the establishment of a supply depot near the point of battle. The fort was named Fort Grattan in honor of Lieutenant John Grattan, killed earlier by the Sioux. It remained active only until the spring of the following year. In conjunction, Colonel Harney, a veteran of the Mexican War, was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during 1858. General Harney, a Tennessean, was one of only four generals (Union) of the line when the Civil War erupted during 1861. Washington became suspicious of Harney after he made an agreement with Confederate general Sterling Price in Missouri offering to leave the Confederate Home Guard alone as long as they made no moves against the Union. He was relieved of command and later, during 1863, retired. Also, the site of Fort Grattan is located at Ash Hollow State Park in Lewellen. Fort Hartsuff— Fort Hartsuff was established in the vicinity of Burwell by the U.S. Army during 1874. The post was located on a tract of about 1,280 acres. Fort Hartsuff held responsibility for protecting settlers and providing equal protection for Indians friendly to the United States (Pawnee Indian Reservation). During 1852, Pit-a-leshar-u (Man Chief ) became chief of the Pawnees. Man Chief was in attendance in Washington during the ratification of the Treaty of 1858. He succumbed from what was reported to have been an accidental wound in the leg during 1874. However, there is some question as to whether his demise might have been intentional by a dissident Indian. The incident surrounding his death occurred when the Pawnees were being relocated in Oklahoma. Fort Hartsuff was initially named Post on the North Fork of the Loup River. Later, it was named in honor of Major General George Lucas Hartsuff, a West Point graduate, Class of 1852. Hartsuff commanded the XXIII Corps during 1863, but was relieved after being seriously wounded. Later, he commanded at Petersburg during the latter days of the war. He was retired during 1871, due to problems from previous wounds. After his death during 1874, it was determined that death was caused by an infection of a wound on his lung, sustained in Florida during the 1850s. Prior to the establishment of Fort Hartsuff, fighting occurred in the area. On 26 April 1872, a detachment of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry engaged hostile Indians at Loupe Fort (Fork) on the Platte River. Sergeant John Foley and Private William Strayer received the Medal of Honor for their bravery during the action. Subsequently, on 28 April 1876, a contingent of the U.S. 23rd Infantry clashed with hostile Indians near Fort Hartsuff. During the engagement, the Indians were well fortified in the hills. Lt. Charles H. Heyl, with the assistance of three other men, successfully dislodged the enemy, saving the army from suffering unnecessary casualties. The four-man detachment, in recognition of their extraordinary bravery, became recipients of the Medal of Honor. Fort Hartsuff remained active until 1881. Once abandoned, the buildings were acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad, but the project of using it as an immigrant center never came to fruition. The site for many years was a farm, but the State of Nebraska acquired it by donation during 1961. The post has been reconstructed. It is located at Fort Hartsuff State Historical Park (Holt County). The old post cemetery is located on private property. For more information: Hartsuff State Historical Park, RR 1 Box 37, Highway 11, Burwell, Nebraska 68823. Fort Independence— Fort Independence was established during 1864. It was established on the north side of the Platte River by the Germans who took up residence there. The area was inhabited by the Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux. Fort Independence stood in an area known as La Grande Ile (Grand Island), a prominent location near the Fort Kearny Road as well the Oregon Trail and the Mormon Trail. Grand Island was located between the channels (north and south) of the Platte River in Hall County. The area was also in the

254 vicinity of the Pony Express route during its short life span on the route from Independence, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, until the express was terminated with the invention of the telegraph (1861). Shortly after the close of hostilities (Civil War), the rails reached Grand Island and the Union Pacific Railroad established Grand Island Station. Grand Island ceased being an island during 1872 when engineers blocked the north channel to modify the water’s flow to end flooding. Also, the region was first settled by Americans during 1857, but the area received its name much earlier when the French arrived during the 1770s and named the island. Fort Jackson— Fort Jackson was established in the vicinity of St. James during 1864 at a time when there was great concern of an imminent attack by a force of Indians numbering more than 10,000 warriors. All of the settlements across the frontier were thought to be imperiled by the Sioux, Cheyenne and their allies. The settlers at St. James gathered and concluded that they would remain and fight. They constructed a fort about 100 feet square and bolstered it with a wall that stood nine feet in height. A contingent of the 7th Iowa Cavalry Regiment arrived to further reinforce the settlers there and at nearby St. Helena, where the settlers (about four families) also fortified their settlement. However, the attack never materialized. Nonetheless, the military kept a presence there until the following year. Fort John—See Robidoux Pass Trading Post. Fort Kearny 1— Fort Kearny was initially established as Camp Kearny during 1846 at present-day Nebraska City. The camp was established by Colonel Stephen Kearny who arrived there from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. It was to be garrisoned by volunteers. The establishment of the fort was in accord with instructions from Washington, D.C., that same year, when Congress concluded that the frontier needed a series of forts to protect the new area (Louisiana Purchase). Later that same year, during the Mexican War period, Kearny, who was promoted to brigadier general on 30 June, marched with a force of about 1,500 frontiersmen to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Santa Fe fell to the U.S. on 17 August. Just prior to its capture, Kearny’s force on 15 August seized Las Vegas. From Santa Fe, Kearny advanced westward to participate in the seizure of California. The post lasted only until the following year because it was determined that the site was inadequate. During 1847, the War Department authorized the fort’s relocation at the Platte River near Grand Island. Construction of the new fort began during 1848. Fort Kearny 2— During October 1847, a contingent of the U.S. Army under Captain Andrew Sublette arrived in the Platte Valley at the site of what became the location for the establishment of a new Fort Kearny. The location was near Grand Island at present-day Kearny. The officer who selected the site was Lieutenant Daniel Phineas Woodbury (West Point class of 1837), who also was involved with the later establishment of Fort Laramie. Woodbury later became a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War. Old Fort Kearny had been located at Table Creek, but the location was poor, prompting the War Department to order its relocation. The new adobe fort, initially called Fort Childs in honor of Woodbury’s father-in-law, Colonel Thomas Childs, was constructed during 1848. The fort contained two blockhouses, constructed of lumber. The post remained a dominant force in the region along the Oregon Trail as part of a strategy that called for a series of forts to maintain the U.S. Army’s presence between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. The distance from the old fort to its new location was just under 100 miles. The new post placed the U.S. military in close proximity to the Pawnee and Sioux, who were at odds with each other. In conjunction, Fort Childs, during that same year (1848), was renamed Fort Kearny in honor of General Stephen W. Kearny. The

255 fort’s garrison was responsible for the safety of the overland routes in the area, including the movement of wagon trains, stagecoaches and the Pony Express. The troops also protected the U.S. Mail and workers of the Union Pacific Railroad. During the Indian conflicts of 1864, the area became a primary post as the 1st Nebraska Cavalry arrived to bolster the defenses. Wagon trains were halted due to the great danger and prohibited from advancing west along the Oregon Trail until the train was built to at least 50 wagons. Later, during 1866, the fort came under attack by Oglala Sioux Indians, but the fort repulsed the assault. During August of that same year, two men, Gilchrist and Johnson, were captured by the Indians near Fort Kearny. Their bodies were later recovered. Both were tortured to death by slow fire. Their skulls and parts of their skeletons were recovered about one week after they were executed. Afterwards, by 1869, Chief Marpiya Luta (Red Cloud), leader of the Oglala, ceased hostilities and became friendly with the United States. Chief Red Cloud, who later became blind, visited the capital in Washington a total of 15 times. Red Cloud succumbed on 10 December 1909. Fort Kearny was abandoned on 17 May 1871. The post was later reconstructed. It is located in the Fort Kearny State Historical Park, Route 4, Kearney, Nebraska 68847. There is a visitor center at the fort which displays many artifacts from the original fort. The visitors’ center also presents a slide presentation on the history of Fort Kearny. Fort Kearny Station— The stage companies (L. and P.P. Express Co. and C.O.C. & P.P. Express Co.) Both stopped at Fort Kearny. In addition, the Pony Express is supposed to have used Fort Kearny as a depot; but some sources claimed because it was a military installation that it wasn’t an official Pony Express Station. Nonetheless, although the military did not usually permit private enterprises on its bases, the Pony Express might well have been an exception due to its handling of the U.S. Mail which, of course, included mail for the troops along the route from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento. Another possibility is that a town, Doby Town (later Kearney City), that emerged near Fort Kearny might have been used as the Pony Express depot. Fort Kiowa— See Kiowa Station. Fort Lisa— During 1812, Manuel Lisa, who had earlier established Fort Lisa (Fort Manuel) in Montana, established Fort Lisa on the Missouri River near Omaha. Lisa, a fur trader, operated the Missouri Fur Company (based in St. Louis, Missouri). Unlike some of the traders, Lisa is known to have treated the Indians especially well and he often acted as intermediary between the Indians and the U.S. government. He succumbed in St. Louis during August 1820 at the age of 48. Fort Lisa, however, remained active. The operation was taken over by John Pilcher, who ran it from Council Bluff. Fort McKean— See Fort McPherson. Fort McPherson— Fort McPherson, initially known as Cantonment McKean, was established along the Oregon Trail in Cottonwood Canyon during October 1863 under the direction of Major George M. O’Brien. Major O’Brien had selected the site for the fort during the previous month and at that time called the post Cantonment McKean, in honor of General Thomas Jefferson McKean, the military commander of the district. However, as construction began, the name was changed to Fort Cottonwood. McKean had graduated West Point during 1831 and at the outbreak of the Civil War, he was too old for duty in the field. The U.S. Army established the fort to plant a presence between Fort Laramie, Wyoming, and Fort Kearny, a stretch of more than 300 miles. The army relocated the post near the town of Maxwell. Duty at the frontier post was focused on protecting wagon trains, stagecoaches, the U.S. Mail and the telegraph lines that stretched across the prairies. During February 1866, the post was renamed Fort McPherson, in honor of General James Bird-

Fort Mitchell / NEBRASKA seye McPherson (West Point class of 1853). General McPherson was killed after he and one trooper departed General Sherman’s headquarters at Atlanta on 22 June 1864. During June 1867, Lieutenant Colonel Custer arrived at Fort McPherson from Fort Hays, Kansas, during June 1867. From there, Custer departed on a mission directed by General Sherman “To kill Indians.” On 24 June, Custer’s 7th Cavalry was attacked at their camp on the Republican River, but the Indians were repulsed. Later, that same day, another contingent of the 7th Cavalry was attacked and nearly trapped, but the commander, Captain Louis Hamilton, was able to lead the men to fight their way out of the ambush. On 7 July, Custer packed up at the river and departed from Fort Wallace. Meanwhile, a detachment under Lieutenant Kidder was dispatched by General Sherman to locate Custer, but it was ambushed and the troops were massacred. En route to Fort Wallace, the 7th Cavalry discovered the bodies of the detachment. All had been killed and their bodies mutilated. Two dead Indians were also located. At the time, the Indians dominated the plains as the troops had difficulty locating their hiding places and the Indians avoided direct attacks against the forts. Fort McPherson was visited by General Philip Sheridan, Buffalo Bill Cody and Russian Grand Duke Alexis during January 1872 when the duke was being taken on a buffalo hunt. Later, a national military cemetery was established there. The troops which had fallen at various posts along the frontiers were reinterred there. The frontier forts (including the Philippines) from which the remains of the soldiers were transferred are Fort Bridger, Wyoming; Fort Crawford, Colorado; Fort Farnam, Nebraska; Fort Fetterman, Wyoming; Fort Gothenburg, Nebraska; Fort Hall, Idaho; Fort Halleck, Wyoming; Fort Hartsuff, Nebraska; Fort Independence Rock, Wyoming; Fort Kearney, Nebraska; Fort La Bonte, Wyoming; Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Fort Lewis, Colorado; Fort McPherson, Nebraska; Fort Manila, Philippine Islands; Fort Saunders, Wyoming; Fort Sidney, Nebraska; Fort Steele, Wyoming ; and Fort White River Camp, Colorado. Seven hundred and 37 soldiers were transferred and of those, 361 are unknown. The graves include the detachment under Lieutenant Grattan discovered by Custer’s 7th Cavalry during 1867. Each of the graves is marked by a small white stone, capable of giving only a snapshot glimpse into the lives of those troops who fell while serving the nation on the wild frontiers. The Fort McPherson Military Cemetery is located along the south bank of the Platte River at Maxwell (Lincoln County), slightly more than five miles from the old post. The military cemetery was established during 1873. The exact date that Fort McPherson was abandoned is unclear, but according to sources at the national cemetery, it was thought to have been abandoned during the mid–1870s. Some sources claim it was abandoned during 1880 and others as late as 1891. In conjunction, it was during 1891, that the remains of the troops interred at Fort McPherson were reinterred at the cemetery, which might have contributed to the confusion regarding the dates. At the gates of the cemetery, a tribute to the fallen heroes can be seen. It reads: “On Fame’s eternal camping ground, Their silent tents are spread; While Glory guards with solemn round, The bivouac of the dead.” Fort Mitchell— Fort Mitchell was established by the U.S. Army in the vicinity of Scott’s Bluff near Mitchell Pass during 1864 to protect the overland route along the sector of the Oregon Trail. The post was a sister fort or outpost of Fort Laramie, Wyoming. The fort was constructed of adobe and sod, and it contained a barracks and other structures. A contingent of the 11th Ohio Cavalry, commanded by Captain J.S. Shuman, built the post. Fort Mitchell was initially known as Fort Shuman. The army felt the fort was necessary due to turbulence in the region caused by the Cheyenne and the Sioux. Fort Mitchell remained active until 1868. In conjunction, prior to the establishment of the post, during 1860, the Pony Express used

NEBRASKA / Fort Niobrara the trail there until it terminated operation during 1861. The Pony Express stations included one at Horse Creek, slightly less than 20 miles west of Mitchell Pass; the Scott’s Bluff Station; the Chimney Rock Station, slightly more than 20 miles east of Scott’s Bluff; and another at Ficklin Springs, just shy of 10 miles east of Scott’s Bluff Station. Although the Pony Express came to its demise due to the invention of the telegraph and the coming of the railroads, the owners of the company continued to operate. They acquired a contract from the Overland Mail Company and initiated service for mail and passengers along what was known as the Central Route, which ran along the Platte River. Indian problems there caused a modification in the route traveled. The operations moved farther south and operated along the Lodgepole Route. Subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War (1861), until Fort Mitchell was built, it had been difficult to guard the route. By about the time the fort was being phased out (1867–1868), the threat from Indian attacks had subsided. During 1868, the Indian lands in the Platte Valley in the northwest section of Nebraska were ceded to the U.S. by the Crows and other tribes that concurred, including the Blackfeet (Saskatchewan tribe), Minnetaree, Oglala, Santee, Teton and Yankton. Later, during 1875, their remaining lands were ceded to the U.S. These tribes were relocated in the Dakotas and Oklahoma. The Oregon Trail continued to be used until about 1869, when the railroad arrived in the region. Also, the Scotts Bluff National Monument, named for Hiram Scott, a fur trapper, is located near Mitchell Pass. Trappers had been using the route through the North Platte Valley since about 1812–1813. The Scott’s Bluff National Monument headquarters is located near Mitchell Pass. In addition, the Oregon Trail Museum is also located near the pass. Fort Niobrara— The U.S. Army established Fort Niobrara during 1879. The fort was located in the vicinity of the Rosebud Reservation where the Sioux resided. During 1872, Sentegaleska (Spotted Tail), a Brule Sioux had become chief of the Sioux Nation. He visited the capital in Washington, D.C. Subsequently, during 1876, he was given the title king of the Sioux by General George Crook. Later, on 5 August 1881, he was killed by another Sioux chief, Crow Dog, at the Rosebud Indian agency. At the time the fort was built, there was no major unrest in the region, but the troops were responsible for maintaining the safety of the settlers. The fort remained active until 1906 when it was abandoned, but during its period of existence, the fort was never threatened, nor was the garrison involved in any combat. After the army deactivated the post, it became a remount station for the U.S. Army’s horses. The post was totally abandoned during 1912. Its components, except for a barn, were dismantled. The fort site is now part of the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. When the U.S. Army first arrived on the plains, the buffalo roamed in countless numbers. Some were hunted by the trappers and others by the Indians who depended upon the buffalo for the food and for their hides. That combination, compounded by the campaign to eliminate the buffalo to deprive the Indians, nearly caused the buffalo to vanish from the world by the beginning of the twentieth century. During 1912, a small amount of scarce buffaloes was donated to the federal government. At the same time, some elk and deer were donated on what became the wildlife preserve. Decades later, the buffalo finally began to come back from their diminished numbers, which at one time were less than 1,000 buffaloes across the entire country. At the present time, there are more than 400 buffaloes on the preserve in Nebraska’s Sand Hills. Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge is located slightly east of Valentine. For more information: Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, Hidden Timber Route, HC 14, Box 67, Valentine, Nebraska 69201. The refuge is located off Highway 12. Fort Omaha— Fort Omaha was initially known as Sherman Barracks

256 when it was established by the U.S. Army during 1868 at Omaha. The post was named in honor of General William Tecumseh Sherman. Afterward, it was renamed Omaha Barracks, a name it retained until 1878 when the post was renamed Fort Omaha. The military decided to build the fort for two primary reasons: to defend against the Indians, and to protect the railroad workers who were pushing the Iron Horse westward. General George Crook maintained his headquarters (Army of the Platte) there during the period 1875 through 1882 and again during 1886–1888. Some Winnebago Indians served as soldiers (Fort Omaha Scouts, Company A, Nebraska Volunteers). Also, on 11 January 1875, a rebellion broke out in the state penitentiary near Lincoln. The prisoners managed to take some guards and the warden as hostages. A contingent of troops from Fort Omaha moved to Lincoln to support the citizens there and the riots soon ended. The incident is remembered as the “Great Rebellion in the Penitentiary.” The fort remained active until 1896, when Fort Crook was built in the vicinity of Bellevue on the Missouri River opposite Sioux City, Iowa. However, Fort Omaha was reactivated during the early 1900s to train troops in the Army’s Signal Corps. By 1913 it was again deactivated only to be reestablished during 1916. At that time it was used as a training base for troops in the use of weather balloons and later for the training of troops scheduled to depart for France during World War I. Fort Omaha was again used by the Army during World War II to house Italian prisoners of war. By 1947, it was transferred to the U.S. Navy for use by the Navy and Marine Corps as a reserve training center, and later it became a U.S. Naval Personnel Center. Many historic items of interest have been preserved for posterity. General Crook’s House has been preserved. The General Crook Museum House is located on the Fort Omaha campus of the Metropolitan Community College at 30th and Fort Streets, Fort Omaha, 68111 (Douglas County). See also Post of Omaha. Fort Robidoux— Fort Robidoux, known also as Cabanne’s Trading Post and the French Company, was established on the Missouri River above Omaha and below Fort Atkinson in about 1822 by Joseph Robidoux III, apparently for Berthold Chouteau and Pratte. He previously established a post at Black Snake Hills (St. Joseph, Missouri). Robidoux departed the post about 1826 and returned to St. Louis. Meanwhile, some of his brothers continued in the trapping-trading business and continued moving west. Robidoux returned to the Black Snake Hills area and established a permanent trading post there in about 1828, but it could have been as late as 1830–1831. During 1833, German Prince Maximilian (Maximilian, Prince von Wied) visited the post and referred to it at the time as “Mr. Cabanne’s trading post.” The post remained active until the 1840s. The town of St. Joseph became overcrowded following news of the gold strike on the American River in California during 1849. The post was subsequently placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Robinson— The U.S. Army established Fort Robinson in the vicinity of Crawford during 1874 to afford protection for the Red Cloud Indian Agency. It was initially known as Post at Red Cloud Indian Agency and also known as Camp Robinson. On 17 July 1876, the Battle of Warbonnet Creek occurred near the fort. The U.S. 5th Cavalry, led by Colonel Wesley Merritt, defeated a Cheyenne force. William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill) became a national hero because of his actions at the battle. During the remainder of the year, General Crook maintained pressure upon the Indians. A new agreement was reached during September 1876 which was signed by Red Cloud, Spotted Tail and some other chiefs in which the Indians relinquished the Black Hills. The Indians also relinquished their lands in Nebraska and to relocated in South Dakota. General Crook, in order to facilitate the relocation and prevent a new conflict, raided the camp of Red Cloud at Chadron Creek on 24 October. The Indians’ horses

257 were driven away to prevent any of Red Cloud’s warriors from moving to join with the remaining hostile bands. By March 1877, Red Cloud had evaded another major uprising and Spotted Tail moved to speak with the camp of the Sioux who remained hostile. Soon after, more than 2,000 Sioux arrived at the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies to surrender. During May of that same year, Crazy Horse surrendered his forces. During 1877, Chief Crazy Horse, aware that his wife was sick, attempted to leave the reservation with her. He was subsequently taken into custody as it was thought he was considering again taking up arms. While in custody and in the process of placing him in a guardhouse at the fort, he resisted. At that time he was killed by one of the troopers. On 27 October 1877, the Sioux began the move to South Dakota. Later, during September 1878, northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife escaped from the reservation in Oklahoma and attempted to return to their old lands in Montana. Troops from Fort Robinson joined in the pursuit as the Indians moved from Oklahoma through Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota and Wyoming. Very few Indians completed the trip. Most who did, including Dull Knife, were captured. During early January, Dull Knife escaped from prison and began a journey to Canada to join with the Sioux there. Another incident involving the garrison occurred during 1890–1891 during the campaign against the Brule Sioux after an uprising. A force from the fort participated in the mission. The Indians were defeated at Little Grass Creek on 1 January 1891 and the survivors were escorted back to the Pine River Indian Reservation. By the time the cavalry participated in the operation against the Sioux who escaped from the reservation, the conflict with the Indians on the frontier had essentially ended. The days of the cavalry were coming to an end. During 1919, the post ceased to be a cavalry post, but the fort remained active. Subsequent to the close of World War I, Fort Robinson became a quartermaster remount depot, which supplied horses for the U.S. Army. Subsequently, during 1942, the post was used to train war dogs to assist the troops in various theaters during World War II. In addition, the post was used between 1943 and 1946 to hold POWs. The fort was transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture during 1948 for use as a beef cattle research station. In 1971, title to Fort Robinson was granted to the State of Nebraska. For more information: Fort Robinson State Park, P.O. Box 392, Crawford, Nebraska 69339. The fort, which contains many restored buildings, is located near the Black Hills in the Pine Ridge area of Nebraska at Fort Robinson State Park. It is about three miles west of Crawford on U.S. Highway 20. Fort Sidney— During 1867, Colonel Christopher Columbus Augur (formerly brevet Union major general), the commander of the Department of the Platte, directed a fort be established in western Nebraska at Sidney. At that time, various tribes, the Arapaho, Cheyenne and Sioux, were opposing the intrusion of the Union Pacific Railroad. During December of 1867, a contingent of the 30th Infantry Regiment under Captain Bernard P. Mimmack arrived at the site and established Sidney Barracks, located at a place between North Platte and Cheyenne, Wyoming. The fort did not contain a stockade. Sidney Barracks was later renamed Fort Sidney. The region had been patrolled by units from Fort Sedgwick near Julesburg, Colorado, and Fort D.A. Russell at Cheyenne, Wyoming. The Union Pacific was moving through the Lodgepole Route, below Scott’s Bluff (Oregon Trail) in the Lodgepole Valley. The army constructed the fort in close proximity to the railroad depot to provide better protection and eliminate many of the problems caused by Indian raids. Railroad workers had been attacked with some being killed and often their animals were driven off. At Fort Sidney, the troops lived in tents; however, some structures were built. Later, during 1869, the fort was relocated to a position slightly southeast of its original position on Lodgepole Creek in what is present-day center city. By the

Freemont Springs Station / NEBRASKA following year, U.S. cavalry units began to arrive at the fort. The garrison held responsibility for protecting the railroad workers, but it also provided protection to the overland stage coaches and wagon trains. Nearby stage depots, including Lodgepole and Potter Stations, often received military guards while simultaneously running patrols in search of hostile Indians in both western Nebraska and northeastern Colorado. During 1871, Fort Sedgwick was abandoned and its garrison transferred to Fort Sidney. Barracks had earlier been constructed when the cavalry arrived, but with the added forces from Colorado, addition housing units, including quarters for the commanding officer, were constructed. Later, gold was discovered in the Black Hills, making Fort Sidney an overactive post between 1875 through 1880 as gold prospectors flooded the area near the post while they were en route to the gold fields. The garrison, in addition to managing the post as a major freight station for posts further north, still had to protect the overland route and the many wagon trains of supplies which began to move along the Sidney-Deadwood Trail during the gold rush period. Supplies moved north while gold shipments began to head southward. Simultaneously, units from the post participated in the campaigns against the Indians including the Yellowstone Expedition (3rd Cavalry) and the Powder River Expedition (23rd Infantry) during May and October 1876, respectively. During 1878, troops from the fort participated in pursuit of the Cheyenne Indians that fled the reservation in Oklahoma. Meanwhile, the strength of the garrison continued to multiply. Elements of the Pawnee Scouts (Winnebago Indians) were based at Fort Sidney during the winter of 1876–1877. During the 1880s, the fort at times held five companies including infantry and cavalry. The 21st Infantry Regiment made Fort Sidney its headquarters during 1884. By that time, much fighting continued in places such as Arizona and New Mexico against the Apaches, but Nebraska remained relatively quiet. Subsequently, in about November 1899, the Indians became convinced that their god would arrive to bring about victory. They began what is known as the Ghost Dance to recall the lost buffalo and the spirits of their departed ancestors. The Indians’ activity aroused much trepidation to the settlers living in the vicinity of Sioux reservations. Troops at Fort Sidney were called to the alert and some were dispatched to the Rosebud Agency in the event the enthusiasm transformed itself into an uprising. Nonetheless, no violence occurred there, despite the dreams of the Indians not being fulfilled. A major battle did occur at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. It has never been determined who fired the first shot, but when the fighting ended, the Sioux, under Big Foot, had been decimated by the U.S. 7th Cavalry on 29 December 1890. Afterward, Fort Sidney became dispensable. The post was abandoned during June 1894. Later, during 1899, the government buildings were sold at auction. Only a few of about 40 buildings have been preserved. They include the quarters of the commanding officer and two other buildings which had been officers’ quarters. The remaining officers’ quarters are operated by the Cheyenne County Historical Society. The restored officers’ quarters are located at 1153 6th and Jackson in Sidney. The commanding officer’s home is located at 1108 6th Avenue. Directional signs are posted along Highway 30 at Sidney. Freemont Springs Station— Freemont Springs Station operated as a stop for the Overland Stage companies and the Pony Express, the latter using it as a home station which included food and lodging. It is thought to have been located slightly south of Hershey. Nonetheless, some sources believe the station was located about five miles southeast of Sutherland in Lincoln County. Records from the days of the Pony Express and the overland stage companies are not copious and often the locations cannot be agreed upon. And just as frequently, it is difficult to pin down exactly when a station was established or terminated.

NEBRASKA / Garden Station

258

French Company Trading Post— See Fort Robidoux.

Jack Morrow’s Ranch— See Cold Spring Station.

Garden Station— Garden Station was a depot for the stage lines and the Pony Express. Its exact location is unknown and it has been referred to by several different names, including Biddleman’s Station, Platte Stage Station, Shakespear’s Station and Sydenham’s Ranche. The station, noted as Garden Station by the Overland Mail Company during 1861, has been listed in Phelps County, but at separate places between Craig-Shakespear Station and Seventeen Miles Station. It was listed about five or six miles southeast of Elm Creek and at a place about the same distance to the southwest of the creek. It is also possible that Craig’s Station and Garden Station are the identical station. The Pony Express used it as a relay station. During 1865, the station burned down.

James Bordeaux Trading Post— The James Bordeaux Trading Post was established during the winter of 1837–1838 in an area of Nebraska known as the northwest panhandle in the vicinity of Chadron. The trading post, operated by the American Fur Company until 1849, was a sister post of Fort John, Wyoming. The post was run by James Bordeaux until 1872. Afterward, the post was operated by Francis Boucher, a son-in-law of Chief Spotted Tail (Brule Sioux). During 1876, the post was abandoned when a troop of U.S. cavalry arrived to discover prohibited ammunition. The trading post was reconstructed during the 1990s. Junction House Station— See Cold Spring Station.

Gill’s Station-Sand Hill Station—This was a Pony Express station located in Keith County, south of Ogallala. The information on the station is scarce and although it was listed on the U.S. Mail contract of 1861 as Gill’s Station, it is sometimes referred to as Sand Hill Station.

Kiowa Station— The Kiowa Station was located along the Oregon Trail in Thayer County in the vicinity of Hebron. The depot, operated by Jim Douglas, was used by the Pony Express and by overland stage companies, the L. and P.P. Express and the C.O.C. and P.P. Express.

Gilman’s Station (Ranch)— Gilman’s Ranch was operated by the Pony Express as a relay station. The exact location of the station has not been determined, but it was named as a stop in the records of the U.S. Mail contract of 1861. The station is thought to have been the stop after Coldwater-Midway and prior to Machette’s Station. The station continued to service the overland stage companies subsequent to the termination of the Pony Express operations during 1861. During May 1865, a contingent of the Nebraska 1st Cavalry Regiment repelled an attack against Gilman’s Ranch on the 12th. Private Francis Lohnes became the recipient of the Medal of Honor for his extraordinary valor at that skirmish.

Liberty Farm Station— The Liberty Farm Station was located northeast of Deweese in Clay County. The station, along the north bank of the Little Blue River, was a Pony Express home depot; however, it also was used by the L. and P.P. Express Company and the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company for their stagecoaches. The depot was destroyed by Indians during 1864. After its destruction, the depot operations were transferred to Pawnee Ranch. The site was later marked by a historical marker identifying the site as being located along the Fort Riley Road.

Guide Rock Stockade— Settlers established a stockade fort at Guide Rock near Soap Creek during August 1870. Another stockade was built at Red Cloud. The Guide Rock settlement became known as the lower stockade. The Red Cloud Stockade became known as the upper stockade. Another nearby fort, Elm Creek Stockade, was built the following year. Half Way Station— See O’Fallon’s Bluff-Dansey’s-Elkhorn Station. Half way House Station— See O’Fallon’s Bluff-Dansey’s-Elkhorn Station. Helvas Canyon Trading Post— See Robidoux Pass Trading Post. Hook’s Kearney Valley Station— The Hook’s Kearney Valley Station is thought to have been located slightly northeast of Lowell (Kearney County). The Pony Express used it as a relay station in the sector known as Division Two, which covered the depots between the town of Fort Kearney and Horseshoe Creek. While in operation, the depot was managed by M.H. Hook. The station was known by several names, not an uncommon practice during the period of the Pony Express. The names included Dogtown, Hinshaw’s Ranch, Hook’s Ranch, Hook’s Station, Junction City, Kearney Station, Omaha Junction, Valley City and Valley Station. Horse Creek Station— The Pony Express operated a relay station at Horse Creek Station in Scott’s Bluff County. The depot was thought to have been slightly northeast of the town of Lyman and possibly where Joseph Robidoux III earlier operated a trading post. During 1862, the Sioux began an uprising in Minnesota. In the meantime, other Sioux and some of the other Plains Indians held councils. One of the largest councils was held during May 1863 at Horse Creek, near the border of Nebraska and Wyoming. It was decided at the council to drive the settlers from the Plains. The Indians began the uprising during August 1864 across Kansas and Nebraska. During the conflict, gold was discovered in Montana and the road leading to the area was the Oregon Trail.

Liberty Pole Camp— A large party of Mormons led by Brigham Young established a camp near the Platte River in the vicinity of Fremont during the spring of 1847. The Mormons, known as Latterday Saints, were moving westward from Missouri to Utah. The place became a staging area for other Mormons who followed. The Mormons erected a flagpole there and flew a white flag. The Mormons also flew the American flag, but it was beneath the white flag; the latter was flying as a symbol of peace. While there, the Mormons were concerned about attacks by Indians, but also from Protestants in the region. The Mormons had problems ever since their inception. The founder, Joseph Smith, claimed that he had divine visions instructing him not to join any Christian denomination because they were all corrupt. He referred to the Catholic Church as the Church of Satan. Smith claimed that he had been visited by God the Father, Jesus Christ and an angel named Moroni. Smith claimed that in the visions he was shown where golden tablets and two stones were buried near Palmyra, New York, and that he was to extricate them, translate them and rewrite the sacred scriptures (Book of Mormon). Smith’s claims were labeled as blasphemy. The Mormons had arrived in Nebraska after being driven out of Missouri. Smith had earlier been killed while in jail. Little Blue-Oak Grove Station— A stage station and Pony Express station is known to have been located in Nuckolls County, but, as is frequently the case with Pony Express–era stations, records are not always meticulous. Some believed the station to be Little Blue; however, others are convinced the anonymous station was Oak Grove Station (southeast of Oak) and that Little Blue Station appeared afterward and was located about four-five miles northwest of Oak Grove. Lone Tree Station— See Spring Ranch-Lone Tree Station. Machette’s Station— Machette’s Station was established as a trading post about 1854, and it was later used as a stop by the overland stage companies and the Pony Express. However, its exact location remains arguable as does its history of being a Pony Express station.

259 History handed down by the locals claimed the station was located on Williams’ Upper 96 Ranch in Lincoln County. The ranch was located less than five miles from Fort McPherson. During 1931, the people of Lincoln County built a monument in commemoration of the Pony Express and placed it near the site of the ranch. At that time, the blacksmith shop for the station remained at its original site. It read, “Erected by the people of Lincoln County, 1931, to commemorate the Pony Express riders.” The people claimed it as an original Pony Express station and a building standing nearby was listed as the shop used by the blacksmith. In the meantime, a local American Legion Post, that same year, relocated the original station building in Gothenburg City Park. The original building was composed of two stories, but the reassembled structure only contains one story. Signs are posted near the park leading to what is billed as an original Pony Express station. Some sources continue to doubt that the ranch ever served as a Pony Express station and concluded that it (Machette’s) might have been a stretched variation or corruption of McDonald’s. The doubters also believe it might have been known by other names, such as Dan Joe Bower’s Station, Broken Ranch or Trout’s Station. Nonetheless, it is agreed that a station did exist in the area stipulated as Machette’s Station. Midway Station— There is no factual identification to authenticate Midway Station, but it is thought to have been a Pony Express relay station, located between Pole Creek No. 3 Station and Mud Springs Station. The depot has been placed slightly west of Gurley, near the present-day State Highway 285 and U.S. Highway 385. Millersville-Thompson’s Station— The Millersville (or Thompson) Pony Express and Stage Station was located slightly north of Hebron. The depot, in Thayer County, was operated by George B. Thompson and named after him. A subsequent historical marker was placed near the site, southwest of Alexandria along a county road, during the early 1900s. It reads: “Thompson’s Stage Station, 125 rods West, 23 rods South.” Mud Springs Station— Mud Springs Station was a depot for the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company, but its exact location remains arguable without any documentation to pinpoint the site. The station also acted as a relay station for the Pony Express. The location of the station is thought to have been in Morrill County, slightly more than 10 miles southeast of Bridgeport. The station remained active after the cessation of Pony Express’ operation during October 1861. During the final months of the Civil War, a contingent of troops from Fort Laramie, Wyoming, engaged a band of Indians, while the troops were en route back to the fort after lifting a siege at Julesburg, Colorado. The clash, fought during February 1865, is known as the Battle of Mud Springs. The site of the station was acquired by the Nebraska State Historical Society during 1939. The society erected a plaque that read: “MUD SPRINGS STATION, A Station on the Pony Express Route —1860–61./A station on the First Transcontinental Telegraph Line./A station on the Overland Stage Route./Battle between Sioux Indians and U. S. Troops, Febr. 6th-7th, 1865....” Nine Mile Station— Nine Mile Station was a relay station for the Pony Express. Its exact location has not been determined, but it is thought to have been located just outside Chappel (Deuel County). O’Fallon’s Bluff-Dansey’s-Elkhorn Station— The Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Company began using a station near O’Fallon’s Bluff during 1859 as a stopping place for its stagecoaches. The station was designated O’Fallon’s Bluff Station. Afterward, the company was acquired and it became known as the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company, the latter initiating the Pony Express. The station was located several miles west of the bluffs, which had been named after an Indian agent, Benjamin O’Fallon. During 1861, when the Pony Express was in operation, the station was listed in the U.S.

Post of Omaha / NEBRASKA Mail contract as Dansey’s Station and it is thought that the name was a spelling variation for the name of the station keeper. Other names, including Halfway and Half Way House and Elkhorn, have been attributed to the station. Platte Station— See Garden Station. Plum Creek Station— Plum Creek Station was established in about 1859 at a place along the Oregon Trail thought to be southeast of Lexington. The station was used as a stopping place by the Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Company and it was a relay station for the Pony Express. Following the collapse of the Pony Express due to the invention of the telegraph, the station continued as a stage depot. The station was not destroyed by the Indians when some other stations were lost, however, it did come under attack and some lives were lost. Afterward, a contingent of U.S. troops were deployed there when the trouble erupted during 1864. Pole Creek No. 2 Station— Pole Creek Station No. 2 was a relay station for the Pony Express Company located between Nine Mile Station and Pole Creek No. 3 Station, but its exact location has never been determined. The station is thought to have been located outside the town of Lodgepole in the vicinity of Lodgepole Creek. Pole Creek No. 3 Station— Pole Creek Station No. 3 was a Pony Express relay station located in Cheyenne County just outside Sidney. The exact location of the depot has not been determined, but it is thought that it was built near Lodgepole Creek near where the creek crossed into the St. George Cattle Ranch. The area was in close proximity to where the Old California Trail intersected with the overland stage routes leading toward the North Platte River and Bridger Pass. Post at Black Snake Hills— See Black Snake Hills Post. Post at Red Cloud Indian Agency— See Fort Robinson. Post of Omaha— The War Department established the Department of Nebraska during November 1862. In conjunction, during that same year, the Winnebago tribe was relocated from Minnesota to Omaha, where they lived on a reservation. General James Craig was appointed military commander of the department. Craig’s force was first known as the Defense of the Overland Mail Route. He established his headquarters in Omaha, the territorial capital, at a hotel known as the Herndon House (intersection of Ninth and Farnam Streets). A contingent of the 2nd Nebraska Regiment was the initial unit based there. During the following year, Company D arrived to replace Company H. The task remained identical: protect the overland routes, the U.S. mail and the telegraph lines. In addition, during that period, settlers near the Platte River and the Little Blue River sought safety at the post during the Indian conflicts there during 1863–1864. However, space was at a minimum, compelling the army to establish a post for the regiment. Initially, it was quartered in the territorial government buildings. The territorial capitol building was located at 20th and Capitol Avenue. Also, during that same year, 1863, Omaha, which had become a supply depot, caused the army to provide full security for the depot. The post was officially established during August upon the arrival of the 7th Iowa Cavalry Regiment. It was constructed primarily by Company C. The units, including the 7th Iowa, set up camp along the western outskirts of Omaha and coined the names Camp McKean, after General Thomas Jefferson McKean, and Camp Mitchell, after General Robert Byington Mitchell, for their tent encampment. McKean and Mitchell had both served as successors of General Craig. Subsequently, during January 1864, fresh troops, elements of the 1st Battalion, Nebraska Cavalry, arrived at the post. Duty at the fort included patrols that extended along a stretch of highway of about 600 miles across the

NEBRASKA / Red Cloud Stockade prairies. A support post equipped to garrison one company was built at the military bridge that spanned the North Omaha Creek; it was known as the Post at Military Bridge. The area near the fort also had some problems with the Indians. During August 1864, the Overland Telegraph Company located west of Omaha came under attack. Following the incident, toward the latter part of the month, the post was built at the bridge on the western outskirts of Omaha. The Nebraska contingent remained until January 1865. Although it departed, a contingent remained throughout 1865, except for a temporary absence from July through early September. In the absence of the Nebraska contingent, the post was garrisoned by troops from the 12th Missouri Cavalry. In addition, elements of the 5th U.S. Volunteer Infantry and contingents of the 11th Ohio Cavalry arrived there during 1866. The army dealt with a major problem during 1866, the theft of military horses, but its normal responsibilities had to be carried out. During March 1866, at the urging of General William Tecumseh Sherman, the Department of Platte was established in conjunction with the arrival of the Union Pacific Railroad. General Phillip St. George was appointed commanding officer. He too established his headquarters in Omaha. St. George intended to establish a permanent building for his headquarters, but the idea was rejected by General Sherman. At the time, the westward movement was moving at a rapid pace and Omaha would have been, in Sherman’s opinion, too distant from where the help would be required. The post was abandoned sometime prior to 5 May 1866. Post on the North Fork of the Loup River— See Fort Hartsuff. Red Cloud Stockade— Governor Silas Garber established a settlement at Red Cloud during 1870. A stockade was also built there, along a stream on the property of Garber, to provide protection from Indian attacks. Red Cloud Stockade became known as the upper stockade due to its position in line with another settler’s fort at Guide Rock, which was called the lower stockade. The settlers built yet another stockade, Elm Creek Stockade, the following year. Robidoux Pass Trading Post— A trading post was established by Joseph Robidoux at what became known as Robidoux Pass in about 1849. The post was located near the Platte River, about nine miles from the National Monument at Scott’s Bluff. Robidoux’s post was along the Oregon Trail, along which pioneers and settlers moved to California, Oregon and Utah. Robidoux might have been the son of Joseph Robidoux III, but it is not certain, and he might have been a nephew of Joseph III, a son of Antoine Robidoux. The Robidoux family was spread far and wide. Antoine, a brother of Joseph III, separated from his brother’s trading business at St. Joseph, Missouri, and moved farther west. Antoine was also with General Kearny during the march to California (Mexican War). The trading post remained active until 1851, when Robidoux relocated his post at Carter Canyon about one mile from the original post. Pioneers had been using the route leading to the West Coast since about the 1820s. The OregonCalifornia Trail, which was located on the south side of the North Platte River, remained active until 1869. By that time, the Union Pacific Railroad was operating in the region. It passed through the Lodgepole Route, which was about 50 miles south of Scott’s Bluff. In conjunction, during 1851, the American Fur Company, subsequent to selling its post at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, to the U.S. government, established a trading post at Robidoux Pass, but it apparently did not become profitable. The operation soon ceased operations. After the post was closed, the American Fur Company established a new post (Fort John) at Helvas Canyon, which was located less than 10 miles from Scott’s Bluff. Rock House Station— The Rock House Station was established several miles northeast of Steele City ( Jefferson County), near what was known as the Oketo Cut. It accommodated stagecoaches and

260 travelers. When the Pony Express began operations during 1860, the company used the station as a depot. Other names that the station was known by included Caldwell Station and Otoe Station. The station was the initial depot that Pony Express riders encountered upon entering Nebraska. Rock-Turkey Creek Station— The Rock or Turkey Creek Station, primarily known as the Rock Creek Station, was also known by several other names, including Pawnee Station, Turkey Creek Station and Lodi Post Office. The exact location of the station has never been discovered. However, about 1859, a man named either David McCandles or McCanles constructed a log house at the creek and he erected a toll bridge on the east side of the creek. Later, when the Pony Express began its operations, the station was used as a relay station. Stagecoaches of the Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Company also paused at the station, or very close to it, as Rock Creek was designated as a stop for its stagecoaches. The station site is now part of the Rock Creek Station State Historical Park. A replica of the station was built there. It is operated by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. The park is located several miles northeast of Endicott, in Jefferson County. The old station is remembered also by two markers near the park, one designating the Oregon Trail and the other a Pony Express historical marker. St. Deroin Fort— Joseph Deroin established St. Deroin Fort, a trading post in the vicinity of where the Lewis and Clark expedition visited during 1804 en route to the West Coast. At that time they noted a small trading post in the region. Deroin’s post was above the mouth of the Big Nemaha River, about 15 miles outside of Brownsville. Deroin moved into the region during the early 1830s and afterward opened the post. The St. was later added to the name of Deroin Fort. During 1853, Deroin, a son of a Frenchman and an Otoe Indian, laid out a blueprint for the town which was named after him. Deroin later died after being shot on the property of someone who apparently owed him a small sum of money. The exact time the trading post ceased operations is unknown. The town of St. Deroin faded away by about 1920. The only trace of the town is an ancient cemetery (St. Deroin Cemetery). The trading post site is now part of Indian Cave State Park. A log cabin was built in the park as an example of life in the region during the 1850s. For more information: Indian Cave State Park, RR1, Box 30, Shubert, Nebraska 68437. Sand Hill-Summit Station— The Sand Hill or Summit Station is thought to have been a Pony Express depot and a stage station, but its exact location remains unknown. The station is also known by several other names, including Water Hole and Fairfield. The site of the relay station is thought to have been near Summit Springs. With regard to the name Fairfield, some sources believed a Fairfield Station was the first stop after Summit Station and one of the Pony Express riders, William Campbell, identified the station as being Sand Hill or Summit Station. The station was attacked and destroyed by Indians during 1864. Sarpy’s Post— Colonel Peter Sarpy arrived in Nebraska during the early 1820s to work with the American Fur Company’s post (Fort Bellevue). John P. Cabanne, his brother’s father-in-law, hired him. During the early 1830s, Sarpy and Cabanne were both compelled to leave Nebraska due to an incident involving some property of a competitive trading company. Subsequently, permission was granted by the Department of Indian Affairs in St. Louis for Sarpy to reenter Nebraska. During 1835, Sarpy replaced Pilcher at Council Bluffs. Later, during 1840, Sarpy moved to Lucien’s trading post at Bellevue. Sarpy later established a trading post, but it was on the Iowa side of the Missouri River at a place between Bellevue and St. Mary’s. In addition, Sarpy initiated a ferry service there at what he named Trader’s Post at a time when the gold prospectors were rushing to

261 cross the Missouri in search of their fortunes and the ferry was used during 1847 for the Mormons who were crossing the river at that time in large numbers. Colonel Sarpy, after having married an Omaha Indian (Ni-co-mi), received the name White Chief from the Omaha tribe. It was Sarpy who provided the blueprint for the town of Bellevue. During 1862, Sarpy relocated at Plattsmouth where he died during 1865. See also Fort Bellevue. Scott’s Bluff Station— Scott’s Bluff Station was used by the Pony Express as a depot along the Oregon Trail and located between Ficklin’s Station and Horse Creek Station. The depot was located in the vicinity of Fort Mitchell, most probably at a spot along or near the North Platte River a few miles northwest of the pass. Some sources believed the station was a depot that followed after Scott’s Bluff; however, other sources refer to it as one and the same. In addition, it has never been determined whether the station was a home station or a relay station. Subsequently, a historical marker commemorating the Pony Express station there was erected near the North Platte bridge by the Oregon Trail Memorial Association. Seventeen Mile Station— The Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Company established Seventeen Mile Station during 1859. It was the initial stop after leaving Fort Kearny. Subsequently, the company became the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company (Central Overland California & Pike’s Peak Express Company). It was the latter that initiated the Pony Express. Various records note the station’s existence, but some sources have pointed to it as Platt’s or Platte’s Station. Platte’s Station was located about five miles southeast of Odessa and might have been confused with Seventeen Mile Station due to records regarding the contract for the U.S. Mail. Included in the mail contract for 1861 was Platte’s Station, a subsequent stopping place for the Halloway Stage Line. It has also been thought by some that the two stations might have been the identical station. Shakespear Station— See Garden Station. Sherman Barracks— See Fort Omaha. Sidney Barracks— See Fort Sidney. Spring Ranch-Lone Tree Station— The Spring Ranch (or Lone Tree Station), which is thought to have been by some a Pony Express relay station and a stagecoach depot, may have been located in Clay

Big Smoky Valley / NEVADA County, but the question remains unsettled. The station would have been located between Liberty Farm Station and Thirty-Two Mile Station; however, it was not registered as a stop on the official list of mail stops during 1861. Nonetheless, the station was positioned at what would have been between two well-spaced other stations, making it a prime place for a relay stop. To further compound the question, some sources list Spring Ranch and Lone Tree Station as two separate places. The station was attacked and destroyed by Indians during August 1864. In conjunction, during the 1860s, a town known as Spring Ranch (separate from Spring Ranch Station) also existed. Subsequently, a historical marker was placed on the county road commemorating the station that was located along the Oregon Trail. Sydenham’s Station— See Garden Station. Thirty-Two Mile Creek Station— Thirty-Two Mile Creek Station is thought to have been located about five or six miles southeast of Hastings in Adams County. It was used by both the L. and P.P. Express Co. and the C.O.C. & P.P. Express Co. as a stage depot and it was also used during 1860–1861 by the Pony Express as a relay station. The station was operated by George A. Comstock. During a time of turbulence with the Indians, August 1864, the station was abandoned. Afterward, the Indians destroyed it. During the 1900s, a historical monument commemorated the site. It read: “Dinner Station, I.O.O.F.E., Pony Express.” The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Virginia City Station— Virginia City Station, a Pony Express depot, was known also as Grayson’s Station and Whiskey Run. It was located less than five miles north of Fairbury ( Jefferson County). Another station, known as Lone Tree, is thought to have been an alternate station as it was located in close proximity to the Virginia City Station. Willow Island-Willow Bend Station— The Willow Island Station, also known as Willow Bend Station, is thought to have been located slightly southeast of Cozad in Dawson County. The station was used by overland stagecoaches and the Pony Express used it as a relay station. The station was still operating during 1866. Subsequently, the station’s log cabin was acquired by an American Legion Post, which relocated the structure in a park at Cozad.

NEVADA Antelope Springs Station— Antelope Springs Station was established during 1859 by George Chorpenning as a stage stop. The station was attacked and destroyed by Indians during early June 1860 and later it was rebuilt. The Pony Express maintained a station there. Some original remains of the station existed into the twentieth century. During the 1970s, a log structure and a corral were on the site. It has not been determined whether the initial station was located at the corral or if it is the log cabin that survived. Asa Kenyon Trading Post— See Ragtown Station. Bate’s-Butte Station— George Chorpenning established one of his several stations in Nevada about 22 miles from Cherry Creek at a place between Egan Canyon and Mountain Springs during 1859.

The station is known as both Bate’s Station and Butte Station. During 1860, the Pony Express operated a relay station there, but it was destroyed by Indians shortly after it was established (spring). After the destructive attack, the station was reconstructed. It remained active as a stage stop until about 1862. Big Smoky Valley— The Big Smoky Valley, located in central Nevada (Nye County), was originally inhabited by Shoshone. About 1827, a mountain man, Jedediah Smith, became the first pioneer to cross the valley after arriving there from the west. Others followed, including John Frémont (later general) and Kit Carson when Frémont’s party arrived there during 1845. The valley is in close proximity to the Toiyobe and Toquima Mountain Ranges, both of which were hunting grounds for the Indians. By 1859, a military contingent

NEVADA / Bisby’s Station led by Captain James Simpson discovered the central route across the northern tip of the valley, opening the way for progress in expanding the West. An operation known as Chorpenning’s Jackass Mail was begun as George Chorpenning began establishing stations. Soon after, the Pony Express initiated its operations during 1860 and in a short while, the valley became a route for the Overland Mail and Stage Company as well as the Overland Telegraph. The Pony Express ceased operations during autumn 1861, but the valley continued to be an active route. During 1862, silver was discovered in the vicinity of Austin, which brought forth several camps, including Bunker Hill, Geneva, Kingston, Santa Fe, Ophin Canyon, Jefferson and others, as prospectors and mining entrepreneurs began to arrive. Also, another large strike occurred in Nye County in the Ione Valley during 1863 where the town of Ione emerged along present-day State Route 21. Bisby’s Station— Bisby’s Station was established during the summer of 1861 as a stop for stage lines. It is thought that it was also a relay station for the Pony Express during the last few months that the Pony Express operated. The station was along what was known as the Stillwater Dogleg Route between Old River and Nevada Stations. Black Hawk Station— See Buck Station. Buck Station— Buck Station was established as a stage stop along the Gilso (or Hill) Beachery Toll Road, about 50 miles west of Ely. The station was used by travelers and others, the latter heading to the White Pine Silver Mines. It was situated in close proximity to the Elko-Hamilton road, which ran north-south within view of the station. Other stations in the region included Black Hawk Station, Do Drop In (Inn), Pancake Station and Salty Williams’ Station.

262 Camp at Ophin Canyon— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp Bunker Hill— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp Eldorado— Camp Eldorado was established by the U.S. military during 1867 in the vicinity of Nelson near Eldorado Canyon and the Colorado River. Nonetheless, the military had previously been dispatched there during the Civil War. Eldorado lacked law and order and the ongoing conflict complicated the problem. Some men were pro-Union; however, others were pro-Confederacy and of those some were deserters from both sides, which quickly ignited tension, followed by violence. Union troops were sent into the area by steamboat to keep the peace. The fort, Camp Eldorado, built later, was to protect the miners and steamboats and to prevent the local Indians from instigating any trouble. Gold was discovered near the canyon during 1859, about one year after a steamboat first arrived at the mouth of the canyon. Steamboats transported the gold to Yuma, Arizona, from where it would be forwarded to various destinations by overland transportation. Subsequent to a railroad depot at Needles, California, the gold ore was unloaded there, rather than Yuma. Many mining operations were initiated and of those the largest was the Techatticup mine. Two other well-known mines were the Wall Street and the Savage mines. The military remained at the post for a few years until it was abandoned during 1869. The area had earlier been part of the Arizona Territory until 1867, when it was added to the state of Nevada (admitted to the Union during October 1864). Arizona did not become a state until 1912. In conjunction, many abandoned mines are in the region, but most are located on private property. Nevertheless, if visiting the area, be especially cautious. Shafts are often concealed and a misstep could prove tragic. Other dangers include abandoned mining tunnels.

Buckland Station— Buckland Station, established during 1859 by Samuel Buckland, was located in the Carson River Basin (Lyon County) north of Hooten Wells Station and slightly more than eight miles south of Silver Springs, near present-day U.S. Alternate Highway 95. The depot, along the Carson River at Weeks bridge, operated as a home station and as a trading post which serviced nearby Fort Churchill. The station became a Pony Express station during March 1860, just prior to the initial mail run from Missouri to Sacramento, California. After the outbreak of the conflict known as the Pyramid Lake War during the summer of 1860, the U.S. Army arrived in the region and established Fort Churchill in the vicinity of Buckland Station. Afterward, the Pony Express used the military to its advantage and relocated at Fort Churchill where it operated until its demise during October 1861. Buckland Station was acquired by the Nevada Parks System during the 1970s. It is now part of Fort Churchill State Park. In conjunction, when Fort Churchill was abandoned, Buckland was able to gain some of its building materials, which were later used to build a two-story house that was preserved. See also Fort Churchill.

Camp Elko— The first group to pass through the canyon along the Hastings Cutoff in the vicinity of Elko in the Humboldt Valley was the Bartleson-Bidwell Party, which moved across the route during 1841. The route (Hastings Cutoff ) ran southward through the canyon and onto the Fort Hall Route, which ran on both sides of the Humboldt River. By about 1806, the route, considered too dangerous, was abandoned. The Donner Party used the route prior to its ill-fated trek into the mountains where it got stranded and the pioneers resorted to cannibalism to survive. A camp was proposed for the area, but it never came to fruition.

Butte Station— See Bate’s-Butte Station.

Camp McGarry— See Fort McGarry.

C.W. Fuller’s Ferry— C.W. Fuller established a house with facilities for travelers to stay and he established a ferry during 1859 at what became Reno. The town was named by railroad officials in honor of General Jesse Reno, who was mortally wounded during fighting at Fox’s Gap, South Mountain, Maryland, on 14 September 1862. The site was located in the Truckee River Basin (Washoe County). The property was acquired by M.C. Lake during 1863, and the name was changed to Lake’s Crossing. After the arrival of the Central Pacific Railroad, the place was also known as End of the Track. In conjunction, the initial pioneer group to pass through the region, at the time inhabited by the Washo and Paiute Indians, was the Stevens-Murphy Party. The wagon train passed through to the West Coast via the Donner Pass during 1844.

Camp Nye— Camp Nye was established in the Carson River Basin outside Carson City during October 1864 by elements of the 1st Nevada Cavalry Regiment. The post, located on Kings Canyon Road, remained active until August 1865. The troops, which included Companies D and E, held responsibility for protecting the settlers from Indian attacks. Skirmishes included a clash at Table Mountain in the Tuscaroras on 20 May 1865. The cavalry sustained two deaths during the fight. Indian casualties are unavailable. No traces of the fort remain.

Camp Geneva— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp Halleck— See Fort Halleck. Camp Jefferson— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp Kingston— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp McDermit— See Fort McDermit. Camp McDermitt— See Fort McDermit.

Camp Ruby— See Fort Ruby. Camp Santa Fe— See Big Smoky Valley. Camp Shellbourne— See Fort Schellbourne.

263 Camp Station— Camp Station, known also as Grub’s or Grubb’s Station, was established in about July 1861. It was the first station along the Oregon Trail beyond Roberts Creek and the station prior to reaching Dry Creek Station. Apparently, it was established by the Overland Stage Company, but it is thought that it also was utilized for the final several months of the Pony Express’ operations. The site would have been at about the proper space for a relay station as otherwise there was about a 35 mile stretch between Roberts Creek and Dry Creek. There are no traces of the original station. Camp Tuscarora— Camp Tuscarora, a mining camp, was established at Tuscarora in the Snake River Basin (Elko County) along present-day State Highway 226. The camp came about following the discovery of placer gold in the area by John and Steve Beard during 1867. The camp was named after a Union gunboat, the Tuscarora, by a man, C.M. Bensen, who served aboard her during the Civil War. In conjunction, during 1871, another strike occurred when silver was discovered at Mount Blitzen by W.O. Weed. Mount Blitzen was located about two miles from the Beards’ claim. By the following year, the mining town was flooded with people, including several thousand Chinese who relocated there after the work on the Central Pacific Railroad dried up at Elko during 1869. The primary camp emerged at Mount Blitzen. Consequently, the camp at the Beards’ claim became known as Old Town to separate it from being confused with the one at Mount Blitzen. In conjunction, only one gold mine (Dexter) operated at Tuscarora, but there were numerous silver mines. They included Argenta, Belle Isle, Commonwealth, Grand Prize and the Navajo mines. Camp Winfield Scott— The U.S. Army established Camp Winfield Scott in the vicinity of Scottsdale (later Paradise City) in the Humboldt River Basin at Paradise Valley, Humboldt County, during 1866. The post was required in the region due to problems with the Indians against the settlers who had arrived there in about 1863, during the Civil War. The turbulence continued to intensify until the arrival of the troops. The region was initially visited by pioneers during 1828 when trappers of the Hudson Bay Company (Peter Skeen Ogden) passed through the valley during early November of that year. The military fort remained active until 1870–1871. Afterward, mining camps began to emerge in the mineral-rich area by about 1878. The mining camps included Queen City Camp, Spring City Camp and Gouge Eye Camp. Carson and Colorado Depot— The Carson and Colorado Depot was actually a railroad depot, rather than a stage or Pony Express depot. It was established at Hawthorne by the Carson and Colorado Railroad during 1881. From the desert town of Hawthorne, the railroad extended to the Owens Valley in California. The site was acquired by the local Elks Lodge during the 1940s. Carson City Station— A station was established in the Carson River Basin at Carson City on present-day Carson Street between Fourth and Fifth Streets during March of 1860. It was used as a Pony Express relay station, but the information regarding the station is scant. For awhile, the superintendent of the Pony Express, Bolivar Roberts, spent time there using it as his headquarters to bring riders aboard. Carson Sink (Sink of the Carson Station)— Carson Station, known also as Sink of Carson Station, was established during March 1860 by Bolivar Roberts and others. The station was made of adobe and within the adobe enclosure, it contained a house constructed of lumber. The station is thought to have been where George Chorpenning operated a mail stop during 1859. It was used as a Pony Express depot, and after the demise of the Pony Express during October 1861 the station continued to operate through the 1860s. Subsequently, the station became a ranch until it was abandoned toward the latter part of the nineteenth century.

Dayton Stations / NEVADA Carter’s Station—See Double Springs Station. Castle Rock Station— Castle Rock Station is thought to have been the first station west of Mount Airy (Airey), but there is no documentation to verify the fact. Nonetheless, it is listed as a Pony Express station by several sources, including the Pony Express Museum in St. Joseph, Missouri, and the National Park Service. Cave City Camp— See Hamilton Camp. Cherry Creek Camp— Cherry Creek, in White Pine County, slightly more than 50 miles north of Ely, emerged in about 1859 as a settlement off present-day Highway 93 at the termination of S.R. 489. It expanded as the Pony Express and the Overland Stage Company operated. Wells Fargo later had a station there. The camp at Cherry Creek became the biggest in the county. During the autumn of 1872, a silver strike occurred and afterward new strikes occurred between 1873 through 1875 and yet again during 1880 more discoveries were made. Mining continued there until about 1940 and at present, small mining operations continue. Chinatown— See Dayton Stations. Cold Springs Station— Cold Springs Station was established in the vicinity of Rock Creek during March 1860, just prior to the start of the Pony Express which initiated service between Missouri and California during April 1860. The station was built along present-day U.S. Highway 50 in the Edwards Creek Valley. It is thought that the depot was a home station which provided food and possibly lodging. The depot was built for the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company. The station came under attack by Indians during its first month of service. The station manager was killed and the horses were stolen. The Indians raided the station again within a few weeks after the first attack. Subsequently, during October, an English traveler visited the station and documented what he observed, similarly to many other stations along his journey. The station at the time of Sir Richard Burton’s visit noted that the station had no roof and the station house was partially constructed. The constant threat of Indian attacks compelled the Overland Mail Company to abandon the station from its stops in favor of a more tenable site. Remains of the station still exist and the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In conjunction, the National Park Service lists the station as Cold Springs-East Gate Station. From 1861 through 1866, John Butterfield’s Overland Stage Line operated there and from 1866 through 1869, the Wells Fargo Overland Mail and Stage Company operated at the station. By 1869, the transcontinental railroad was in operation, which brought about the end of the activity at Cold Springs Station. The Overland Telegraph–Pacific Telegraph Company’s Pioneer Transcontinental Line, which had operated between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California, also ceased operations at the station during August 1869. The telegraph there was replaced by a line that ran parallel to the Humboldt River to the north of the station. Crystal Springs Camp— Crystal Springs Camp was established as a mining camp during 1865. The camp was located at Crystal Springs in the Colorado River Basin (Lincoln County) at the junction of present-day State Route 318 and State Route 375. The camp came about in conjunction with a silver strike in the Pahranagat Valley. Politics entered into the region when Governor Henry G. Blasdel arrived at Crystal Springs from Carson City only to discover that the area lacked sufficient people registered to vote to organize a county. Consequently, during the following year, Hiko was established. The camp was situated along the alternate route of the Mormon Trail and was used by travelers as a stopping point for their temporary camps and for its source of water. Dayton Stations— By about 1859, Dayton (initially known as Chinatown, in Lyon County) was a flourishing town. In 1849, gold was

NEVADA / Desert Station discovered near the mouth of Gold Canyon in the Carson River Basin. During 1856, Chinese workers arrived to begin to build a ditch (Reese Ditch) which ran from the Carson River to Gold Canyon to be used for placer mining. However, many Chinese also began reworking the placers (abandoned by other miners) and acquiring money. The place became known as Chinatown until 1861. Other miners began expanding their operations farther west, which led to discoveries at Gold Hill and Virginia City during 1859. The Pony Express Company actually established two depots there, one known as Spafford Hall’s Station, which was established during 1851. During the initial months of operation, the Pony Express relocated the station to another site where the Union Hotel was later built. A gold strike occurred at Six Mile Canyon during 1859; however, the two miners (Pat McGloughlin and Peter O’Reilly) who made the discovery were not destined to become as famous as another man, Henry Comstock. The two prospectors were told by Comstock that their claim was on his property and they believed him. The lode (Comstock Lode) was named after Comstock. It was the gold strike and, afterward, the silver strike that made the region prosper. In addition, Virginia City emerged from the era as well as statehood. Inadvertently, the miners found other treasure. A bluish-gray colored mud caused problems with the shovels and equipment as it stuck to the tools. The substance turned out to be silver ore. An irony was that the color was blue and gray, the colors of the opposing armies in the Civil War. The Union took advantage of Nevada’s gold as much of it was acquired to help fund the war against the South. Another consequence of the gold and silver discoveries was that Nevada, despite being sparsely populated at the time, became a state during October 1864. In conjunction, Dayton, which remained the county seat of Lincoln County until 1911, was named (during 1861) after John Day (who later became surveyor general of Nevada). See also Hall’s Station. Desert Station— Desert Station, a Pony Express relay depot and overland stage stop, was located near Hooten Wells. The Pony Express operation there ceased during August 1861. At the time, the station was abandoned and the route was relocated northward, eliminating the need for the depot. Desert Station was listed on the U.S. Mail contract for 1861. While in operation, the station stood between Carson Sink Station and Fort Churchill. Subsequently, the station continued to be used by travelers along the old route during the 1860s, primarily because of its source for water. Desert Wells Station— Desert Wells Station (known later as Nelson’s Station) was established in the Carson River Basin (Lyon County) during the summer of 1861, but the exact location remains arguable. Some sources place it between Nevada Station and Dayton Station, but it is also thought by others to have been between Ragtown and Dayton Stations. The Pony Express used Desert Wells as a relay station during its final months of operations. In addition, the Overland Mail Station stopped there. Devil’s Gate— During June of 1850, a gold nugget was discovered by two men at what became known as Gold Canyon in the Carson River Basin (Lyon County). Afterward, placer mining began there in the vicinity of Silver City and continued for about 10 years. During spring of 1860, the Paiute War erupted, and the residents of Silver City erected a stone breastwork at Devil’s Gate, a slim gorge through which many miners traversed to get to the mines of Comstock Lode. Diamond Springs Station— The Diamond Springs Station, also referred to as the Drumong Springs Station, was a depot for the Pony Express, according to most sources, including the Pony Express Museum in St. Joseph, Missouri, and the National Park Service. During the operations of the Pony Express, the station is thought to have

264 been managed by William Cox. The station was located near the mouth of Telegraph Canyon in close proximity to Diamond Springs. A historical marker stands near the site. Dinner Station— Dinner Station, known originally as Weiland’s Station and later as Oldham’s Station, was established during the early 1870s in the Humboldt River Basin (Elko County). The station was established by William C. (Hill) Beachey. It was located at a point along present-day State Route 225, about 25 miles north of Elko. The station was used as a stop by the Tuscarora and Mountain City Stage Lines. Doo Drop In (Inn)— See Buck Station. Double Springs Station— Double Springs Station was established in about 1861 in the Carson River Basin slightly more than 10 miles south of Gardnerville (Douglas County) along present-day U.S. Highway 395. The station was also known as Round Tent Ranch (or Spragues). The station was in the vicinity of the Olds Toll Road along the route to the Esmearalda mining district. In conjunction, one of the owners of the station, James C. Dean, was also a justice of the peace in Douglas County. Subsequently, during 1866, the station became known as Carter’s Station. Drumong Springs— See Diamond Springs Station. Dry Creek Station— Dry Creek Station was built during spring of 1860 by Bolivar Roberts. Soon after, the station manager (Ralph Rosier) was killed by Indians when the Pony Express station was attacked during May of that same year. Another man there, John Applegate, Rosier’s partner, was wounded; however, at least two others escaped by fleeing to another station. The hostile Indians acted during a conflict known as the Pyramid Lake War. The station was one of the original Pony Express depots, but it was also used by the Overland Stage Company from about 1861 until 1869. Applegate later took his own life. Subsequently, during the 1960s, a monument commemorating the Pony Express was erected near the site. The depot might have been a home station that provided food and lodging. In conjunction, Pyramid Lake was discovered by John Frémont on 10 January 1844. The desert-lake is what remains of an ancient lake (Lake Lahontan) that existed and blanketed about 8,000 square miles during the Ice Age. A Nevada historical marker is located along State Highway 445 (Pyramid Lake Highway) between Reno and Sparks (Truckee River Basin, Washoe County). See also Fort Churchill. Dry Wells Station— A stage line station and Pony Express relay station was located at Dry Wells, but the exact time it was built remains unknown. There are no records indicating that it was in existence when the Pony Express began operating during autumn 1860 and no documentation or trace of the station exists to verify its specific location. However, it did exist, probably near Railroad Pass in the Shoshone Mountains at Dry Well Canyon. In addition to the Pony Express, the Overland Mail Company operated a depot there which remained active until about 1862–1863. Eagle Station— Frank and W.L. Hall, in apparent partnership with George Jollenshee, established a ranch and trading post (Eagle Station) in the Carson River Basin at what became Carson City during 1851. The station’s namesake could not have been overjoyed with the honor as the station was named after an eagle’s skin which hung from a wall in the post. Nevertheless, the post and the valley were named after the ill-fated eagle. By 1855, Mormons began arriving in the area, but by 1857, the settlers were recalled to Salt Lake City, Utah, the base of the Mormon Church. During 1858, Abraham Curry acquired Eagle Station and afterward founded Carson City. Subsequently the Pony Express and the Overland Mail Company operated depots there under both Butterfield Overland Stage and the

265 Wells Fargo Company. Also, the U.S. established a mint in Carson City during 1862, in accordance with legislation passed by Congress on 3 March of that same year. The mint began production during 1870 and later, during 1893, it ceased its coin operation there. See also Carson City Station. Edgewood Station— See Friday’s Station-Lakeside Station. Edwards Creek Station— Edwards Creek Station was a Pony Express station thought to have been located along the creek. Some ruins of what might have been the station were later discovered there. The station was listed in the 1861 U.S. Mail contract. Egan’s Canyon Station-Egan’s Station— Egan’s Canyon Station, known also as Egan’s Station, was established southwest of Cherry Creek in Egan Canyon, White Pine County, in about 1859 by Howard Egan for Chorpenning and Woodward’s California Mail Co. During 1860, it was used by the Pony Express as a relay station. The station came under an Indian attack during mid–July 1860. Two men, including the station manager, were seized by the Indians. Fortuitously, another rider, while approaching the station, spotted the ongoing attack. He sped for help and contacted a contingent of U.S. troops. The army arrived and rescued the two captives, while the Indians were still at the station. The Pony Express rider, noted by the National Park Service as William Dennis, saved the day. However, later, during October of that same year, the Indians returned to seek vengeance for the warriors they lost, estimated at about 17. The station was destroyed and those at the station were killed. Subsequently, the station was rebuilt and the Overland Mail Company continued to use it until 1869. About five miles north of Egan Canyon, at Cherry Creek, where gold and silver were discovered, mining operations were initiated, bringing prominence to the area. During 1864, a five stamp mill was built at Cherry Creek. Mining continued there until 1883 and afterward, about 1897, mining operations again began at Cherry Creek. Egan’s Station— See Egan’s Canyon-Egan’s Station. Ely Station— See Murray Creek Station. Emigrant-Donner Camp— The Emigrant Camp, known also as Donner Camp, was located at Donner Springs in the Truckee River Basin (Washoe County). The camp was near Rattlesnake Mountain and used by pioneers moving westward. Emigrants, after pausing at the camp, advanced through a most perilous part of the journey, through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. During October 1836, the Donner Party arrived at the camp and remained there for nearly one week before departing for California. The party then got caught by the treacherous winter in the mountains and disaster struck. The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism for survival. Fairview Station— Fairview Station was established during the summer of 1861 by the Overland Stage Company. It is thought that the Pony Express operated a relay station there during the final months of its existence. No documentation is available to verify the fact that it was a Pony Express Station. Also, the exact location of the station has never been determined, but it was located as the station following West Gate Station. Fort Baker— See Mormon Station. Fort Carlin— About 1828, toward the latter part of the year, a party from the Hudson Bay Company, under Peter Skene Ogden, arrived at what became known as Carlin Canyon in the Humboldt River Basin (Elko County) at Carlin. Later, during the early 1840s, the Bartleson-Bidwell party moved through the region. The canyon was located along what became the California Emigrant Trail. The canyon had also been known as Wall Defile and Fremont’s Canyon. During 1845, John Frémont dispatched a party through the canyon

Fort Churchill / NEVADA and later, during September 1846, the ill-fated Donner Party passed along this route. By December 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad (later Southern Pacific) went through the area. Afterward, the canyon became known as Carlin Canyon, named in honor of William Passmore Carlin, a Union Army officer. During 1874, a military reservation was established at Carlin; however, a fort was never constructed. During the 1870s and the early 1880s, Carlin was a stage stop along the trail. Subsequently, about 1888, the reservation was acquired by the U.S. Department of Interior. Fort Churchill— Fort Churchill was established during 1860 during a period of turbulence in the region near Silver Springs. On 12 May 1860, three settlers from Williams Station along the Carson River seized two Indian females. The Indians retaliated when the girls were not set free. The incident ended with the death of the three men. Word of the clash spread quickly and many of the settlers panicked. Consequently they planned retaliation, but planning was poor. Nevertheless, the region (Carson Valley) became involved in what became known as the Pyramid Lake War, initially fought between settlers and two tribes, the Bannocks and the Paiutes. The first engagement went badly for the settlers who lost about two-thirds of their force that numbered slightly more than 100 men. The Indians’ force was much larger and better prepared for the fight. Shortly after the devastating defeat, the settlers requested help from the U.S. Army. By June, a contingent of troops arrived from California (Carson River Expedition). A second battle occurred and the soldiers, supported by some settlers, overwhelmed the Indians. Two soldiers were killed. Indian casualties have never been accurately determined with figures ranging from a few to well more than 100. The Indians, however, were compelled to disengage and retreat. In conjunction, while in the region, the troops under Captain Joseph Stewart established Fort Churchill, named in honor of the secretary of the U.S. Army, Sylvester Churchill. Construction of the fort began during July 1860. It was built along the Carson River in the vicinity of Silver Springs, less than 50 miles east of Carson City. The buildings were made of adobe on stone foundations. The buildings were placed to face the parade ground. Fort Churchill became headquarters for the Military District of Nevada until just before it was abandoned during 1869. At that time, headquarters for the district was transferred to Fort Halleck. During the Civil War, the post continued to be garrisoned and served as a supply depot; however, it also held responsibility for protecting the overland routes in its sector. The soldiers who had been buried at the fort cemetery were reinterred at Carson City during 1884. The family (Bucklands) who operated Buckland’s Station and ranch near Fort Churchill were also buried in the cemetery. Their graves remained in place. After the fort was abandoned, the buildings were sold off for $750. The State of Nevada initially neglected to acquire the fort site until October 1932. Afterward, during 1934, the state transferred the land (about 200 acres and buildings) to the Nevada Sagebrush Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, with the condition it be held in trust for the state. The site became for a while a C.C.C. Camp and it was the C.C.C. that constructed the visitors’ center at the fort. Plans were in the works by the Nevada Park Service to restore the fort; however, the plan never came to fruition. Subsequently, on 12 February 1961, the state received the fort’s title. Later, during 1967, a bronze plaque was erected to commemorate the fort’s contribution to the history of the state. For more information: Fort Robinson Historical State Monument, Silver Springs, Nevada 89429. The museum, which depicts life at the fort during the 1860s, was built from the same materials used to construct the original Fort Churchill. In conjunction, Pyramid Lake was discovered by John Frémont on 10 January 1844. Frémont named the lake after seeing an island there that appeared to resemble a pyramid. During 1859, the Pyramid Lake Reservation was set aside for the Indians.

NEVADA / Fort Churchill Station Fort Churchill Station— Fort Churchill, established by the U.S. Army during the summer of 1860, was used by the Pony Express as a station. The military permitted the Pony Express to operate there due to the problems with the Indians in the region (Pyramid Lake War). The station was located on the Carson River, about 25 miles from Comstock. The site is now part of a Nevada State Park. Fort Genoa— See Mormon Station. Fort Genoa Stockade— See Mormon Station. Fort Halleck— Fort Halleck, initially Camp Halleck, was established in the Humboldt River Basin at Halleck (Elko County) during 1867. A contingent of the U.S. Army, led by Captain S.P. Smith, established the post after Fort Ruby was abandoned. At the time, protection was needed for pioneers moving along the California Emigrant Trail and to protect workers who were constructing the Central Pacific Railroad as it moved through the region. The garrison, composed usually of about two companies, participated in actions against the Modoc Indians in northern California during February 1873 and later, during 1877, troops from Fort Halleck participated in action against the Nez Perce after an uprising occurred in Idaho. Elements from the post also participated in operations in Oregon during the following year when trouble erupted there with the Bannocks. Subsequently, troops were dispatched from the post to assist in the operations against Apaches in Arizona during 1883. However, the post was not involved against the Indians in any local hostilities. The post, named in honor of Major General Henry W. Halleck (W.P. 1839), at the time the commanding officer of the Department of the Pacific, was located along present-day Interstate 80 east of Elko at the Halleck interchange. Fort Halleck also became the headquarters for the Military District of Nevada in place of Fort Churchill. The post officially became Fort Halleck during 1879. Fort Halleck was abandoned on 1 December 1886. No traces remain of the post, which stood upon nine square miles and contained about 20 structures. In conjunction, in addition to the normal hardships of frontier duty, the troops at Fort Halleck had to endure severe weather conditions as the temperature at times during the winter dived to 50 degrees below zero. Also, the Duck Valley Indian Reservation was established in Elko County (Snake River Basin) by President Rutherford B. Hayes during 1877; the reservation lands included territory in Nevada and Idaho on 400 acres. The reservation is governed by the Shoshone-Paiute Tribal Council Fort McDermit— Fort McDermit, initially named Quinn River Camp No. 33 and later named Camp McDermit, was established in McDermitt during 1865 by California Volunteer troops. The post was located along present-day U.S. Highway 95 in the region of the Black Rock Desert in Humboldt County. The camp was renamed Camp McDermit in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Charles McDermit, who had been slain by Indians, but the town’s name was an inadvertent variation of Charles McDermit’s name. The post garrison was responsible for protecting the Virginia City-Quinn River ValleyOregon Road. Troops from the fort were dispatched to participate in the conflict with the Modocs in northern California during 1873. During the following year, troops from the fort were dispatched to support operations against the Bannocks and Shoshones in Idaho. During 1879, the post was officially changed from Camp McDermit to Fort McDermit. During 1879, the post was abandoned and transformed into an Indian reservation school during 1889, ending the era of military posts in the state of Nevada. Fort McDermit was the last Army post on active duty in the state. Fort McGarry— Fort McGarry was originally established as Camp McGarry during 1865. The post was constructed in the Black Rock Desert region in Humboldt County at Soldier Meadow Ranch (Summit Lake) south of present-day State Highway 293, which at the time

266 was known as the Applegate Trail. The troops based at Fort McGarry held responsibility for protecting pioneers moving along the IdahoCalifornia Trail, but they also were ordered to guard the various stagecoach and mail routes along the trails in their sector, which included Nevada and some in the state of Oregon. The post, composed of 75 square miles, contained barracks, officers’ quarters and a mess hall, but the troops also constructed a stone barn, capable of holding about 100 horses. The stable was located slightly more than 10 miles south of the fort. Fort McGarry was abandoned during 1868. The garrison transferred to Camp Winfield Scott. Several years later, during 1871, the post became the Summit Lake Indian Reservation. Fort Ruby— Fort Ruby was established during September 1862 by the California Volunteer 3rd Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel (later General) Patrick E. Connor. The regiment under Connor had previously been responsible for protecting the mail route through the Utah Territory since the previous year. The territory at the time included Nevada. Subsequent to Texas falling into the control of the Confederates, the mail route was altered. Connor’s regiment was based at Fort Douglas, outside Salt Lake City, Utah. However, the regiment apparently departed Stockton, California (Camp Halleck), when it set out for Fort Ruby during July 1862. The site for the fort was selected earlier during 1860 when a contingent, Company B, of the U.S. 4th Artillery was dispatched from Fort Floyd, Utah, to find a dominant place from which the army could operate and keep the mail routes open to California and free of attack by the Paiute and Goshute Indians. The artillerymen selected a site which would place the post in the Ruby Valley with its northern perimeter on the present-day county line separating Elko and Pine Wood Counties. Fort Ruby was in close proximity to the southern edge of the Ruby Mountains and it was close to a spring to assure fresh water for the garrison. The distance between Carson City and Salt Lake City, where Fort Douglas stood, was about 600 miles. Fort Ruby was situated at about the halfway point between the two posts. The fort’s structures were constructed of stone and lumber acquired from the Ruby Mountains. The troops, immediately upon arrival, began to prepare for what would be a hard winter. In addition to the buildings within the fort for the troops, the men also constructed stables and warehouses of adobe, enclosed with a stockade to prevent the Indians from stealing the horses. During 1864, the two companies of the California regiment were replaced by elements of Company B, 1st Nevada Infantry, which decreased the manpower of the fort and greatly impeded the ability of the garrison to continue the same degree of protection along the routes in the sector. Subsequently, during December 1865, elements of the 9th U.S. Infantry relieved the 1st Nevada Infantry contingent and garrisoned the post until September 1867, when relieved by another unit of the regiment. At about that same time, the fort was renamed Camp Ruby as it was in the process of being phased out. Fort Ruby, designated at least by the garrison and also by the U.S. Army as the “Worst Post in the West,” remained active until 1869. At that time, the Transcontinental Railroad had arrived, making the fort dispensable. In conjunction, the final commanding officer at Camp (Fort) Ruby, Captain Timothy Connelly (1868–1869), was accused, tried by court-martial at Fort Halleck and convicted of embezzling government funds of the regiment. When the fort was abandoned, on 20 September 1869, the garrison (Company I, 9th U.S. Regiment) relocated at Fort Halleck. Many of the abandoned buildings at the fort were acquired by local ranchers. During 1961, the U.S. Department of the Interior recognized Fort Ruby, but only two buildings of the fort remained. They too, were lost during 1992 when both were destroyed by fire. The fort, although never officially designated a military reservation, had a cemetery and about 20 or more soldiers were interred there, but the exact location of the cemetery remains unknown. Some believe

267 the fort was north of the fort on the Old Narcissi Ranch, while others believe it was located west of the fort. The names of those interred are also in question, but it is thought that one of the commanding officers, Captain George Walker, might have been buried there after his unexpected death during March or April 1868. Fort Schellbourne— Fort Schellbourne, initially known as Camp Schellbourne, was established south of Cherry Creek in the vicinity of present-day Schellbourne (White Pine County) during 1859 to protect the mining operations in the area and the stagecoach line as well as the Pony Express, the latter during 1860–1861. The military post stood at the junction of U.S. Highway 93 and State Highway 2 slightly less than 40 miles north of Ely, along the foothills of the Schell Creek Mountain Range, a region inhabited by the Shoshone. A contingent of troops under Captain James Simpson established the post. Fort Schellbourne remained active until 1869 when the Union Pacific Railroad began operating there, essentially ending the need for the stagecoach routes. The post also provided protection for the stage line and Pony Express, which had a relay depot at the same place at Schellbourne. The site of Fort Schellbourne is on private property. Friday’s Station-Lakeside Station— Friday’s Station, known also as Lakeside Station, was established in the Carson River Basin during the early part of January 1860. It was located south of Genoa in close proximity to the Nevada-California border. The station was situated along what was known as the Kingsbury Grade (toll road), which passed through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The trail was earlier known as Daggett Pass Trail, named after C.D. Daggett, who acquired land there during 1854. The trail had also been known as Georgetown Trail. The trail cut travel time between Virginia City and Sacramento, California, by about one day or 15 miles. Records indicate that a toll for a wagon drawn by four horses completing a round trip from Shingle Springs, California, to what was known as Henry Van Sickles’ Station at the foot of the grade was $17.50.The Pony Express used the station and it was also a stop for the Humboldt and Salt Lake Telegraph Company. The Pony Express station was a home station that supplied food and lodging for the Pony Express riders and the overland stages that traveled the route. The station continued to operate after the demise of the Pony Express for at least a few years. Later, during 1871, the two partners split the property with James Small receiving the section that contained the station. Subsequently, during 1888, it was acquired by John Wales Averill. Afterward, the station was renamed Edgewood. Geiger Station— Geiger Station was established during the 1860s. It was located in the Truckee River Basin (Washoe County) at South Truckee Meadows. The station, known also as the Magnolia House, served traffic moving along what was known as the Geiger grade toll road, linking the Comstock Lode with the area around Truckee Meadows, which was a ranching region. By about 1872, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad advanced to Reno, prompting the station to become dispensable as a toll road. Genoa Station— A Pony Express station was established at Genoa, but there is some question as to its exact location. The station has been placed at the old Mormon Station that was established there and other sources believed it to be at the post office in Genoa. Gouge Eye Camp— See Camp Winfield Scott. Grub’s Station— See Camp Station. Grubb’s Station— See Camp Station. Hall’s Station— Hall’s Station was established in the Carson River Basin (Lyon County) by Spafford Hall during the early 1850s. The station, which was also a trading post, was located in the vicinity of

Joy Camp / NEVADA the present-day intersection of Main Street and Cemetery Road in Dayton. Emigrants traveling on the California Emigrant Trail used the station as a stopping place. For a short while, Hall’s Station was a relay station for the Pony Express, but the company relocated at another place in Dayton. Spafford Hall, essentially the initially settler in the area, sold the business during 1854 to James McMarlin, an employee of Hall Station. Subsequently, the station was acquired by Major William Ormsby at an undetermined time. Nonetheless, the station was recorded as being owned by Ormsby during 1860. During the conflict known as the Pyramid Lake War in the region that same year, Ormsby was killed. See also Dayton Stations. Hamilton Camp— A camp sprung up at Cave City (later Hamilton) during 1868 in White Pine County, about 45 miles west of Ely. The people who initially arrived there inhabited caves and dugouts rather than actually erecting structures. The camp burst open as prospectors flooded the area in search of gold and silver. In addition to having more than 20 lawyers, the camp-town contained slightly more than 100 saloons. The camp and later town of Hamilton became a stage stop, but it was phased out during the 1880s. The town followed suit and became a ghost town by the early 1920s. Henry Van Sickles’ Station— See Friday’s Station-Lakeside Station. Hiko Camp— A mining camp was established at Hiko in the Colorado River Basin (Lincoln County) during 1865. The camp was located along present-day State Route 318, slightly north of the camp at Crystal Springs. Hooten Wells Station— Hooten Wells Station was established sometime after October 1860. It is thought that Hooten Wells Station did operate as a Pony Express station during the final months of its operations. Some remains of the station are located slightly south of Buckland’s Station near U.S. Route 95. Subsequent to the demise of the Pony Express, overland stage lines used the station. Huffaker’s Station— Granville W. Huffaker established Huffaker’s Station (ranch) in the Truckee River Basin (Washoe County) at South Truckee Meadows in the vicinity of Reno during 1858. It became a stop for the Langton Stage Line. Subsequently, the area became involved in the lumber industry in about 1875. Humboldt Station— The Humboldt Station, known also as the Humboldt House, became a stage stop for the William (Hill) Beachey Railroad Stage Lines during September 1866. It was located in the Humboldt River Basin, Pershing County, along present-day I-80, slightly less than 40 miles west of Winnemucca. Later, during September 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad from California reached Humboldt Station. Hunter Camp— A camp emerged at Hunter during the 1870s. It was located about 20 miles west of Ely and about the same distance north of present-day U.S. Route 50. The camp was in close proximity of the Eagan Mountain Range where silver had been discovered. The mining operations continued until about 1885 and later, during 1905, operations again began, but within about four years the mining industry vanished. Jacob’s Spring Station— See Reese River Station. Jacob’s Well Station— Jacob’s Well Station was not in operation in Nevada when the Pony Express began its operations during the spring of 1860, but it was later established toward the latter part of the year. The station was used by the Pony Express as a relay station prior to reaching Diamond Springs. In addition, the station was a stop for the Overland Mail Company until about 1869. Joy Camp— Silver was discovered in the area between Bald Mountain and South Bald Mountain during 1869 and later a small camp

NEVADA / Lakeview Station emerged as prospectors searched for their fortunes. The mining camp in Pine County was not in a prosperous area and due to its isolation was dependent upon receiving supplies from either Elko or Halleck, both more than 75 miles north of the camp. The camp vanished during the early 1900s. Lake Honey Smith’s Station— See Williams Station. Lakeside Station— See Friday’s Station-Lakeside Station. Lakeview Station— By 1863, Lakeview, located in the Carson River Basin in the vicinity of Carson City, was active and contained two hotels, each containing nearby stables to accommodate travelers. During 1872, one of the hotels was changed into a station for the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, which ran between Carson City and Reno. The region became known for its lumber operations which supplied mining operations, including the Comstock mines from timber gathered in the Lake Tahoe Basin and warehoused in Lakeview. The lumber business was phased out by about 1896. Lamoille Valley Station— During 1865, John Walker and Thomas Waterman arrived in what the two men named Lamoille Valley, about 20 miles southeast of Elko (Humboldt River Basin). The place became known as the Crossroads. Walker established the Cottonwood Hotel. Travelers could also acquire supplies and the stop also contained a blacksmith’s shop. The route through the valley came about due to the travelers and emigrants looking for an alternate to the primary route, which was at the time the Fort Hall portion of the California Emigrant Trail, which was heavily traveled. Emigrants and travelers moving through the Lamoille Valley followed an old Shoshone route that moved near the East Humboldt and Ruby Mountains until the trail rejoined the Humboldt River. While moving through the valley, the animals had access to an abundance of grazing land. In contrast, the Fort Hall route had lost much of its grazing land due to the heavy use of the trail. Las Vegas Mormon Fort— See Mormon Station. Las Vegas Mormon Rancho— See Mormon Station. Las Vegas Mormon Station— See Mormon Station. Las Vegas Rancho— See Mormon Station. Leadville Camp— During the late 1880s, Leadville Camp emerged slightly northeast of Monte Cristo and about the same distance, less than five miles, west of Hamilton. Subsequently, the camp became known as Seligman Camp at Seligman. Wells Fargo operated an office there. Luther Canyon Station— A man named Ira M. Luther operated a sawmill in the vicinity of the Luther Canyon (also Fay Canyon) from about 1858 through 1865. Another ranch, just south of Luther’s, had operated a station along the Emigrant Trail for several years and the owners, John and Lute Olds, apparently enhanced their prosperity by rustling horses from the pioneers crossing the region and later selling them at Woodford’s Canyon to others pioneers. The canyon, due to the number of lost horses, became known (by about 1866) as Horse Thief Canyon. Magnolia House— See Geiger Station. Middle Gate Station— Middle Gate Station was located along the Oregon Trail between Sand Springs and Cold Springs. The Pony Express station was listed in the U.S. Mail contract of 1861; however, the exact location remains unknown. Miller’s Station-Reed’s Station— The C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company established a station along the California Emigrant Trail at the junction where the Overland Stage trail converged with the Pony Express trail. The station is thought by some sources as hav-

268 ing been a separate station from Reed’s Station, but other sources believe that both were one and the same. The station was established about 1849–1850. It continued in operation following the demise of the Pony Express during autumn 1861. About July 1861, the station was acquired by G.W. Reed; however, afterward it was still referred to by some as Miller’s Station. An English traveler, Sir Richard Burton, who visited the station during October 1860, referred to it in his writings as Miller’s Station. No remains of the station have been preserved at the site. Mineral City Camp— A mining camp emerged in the vicinity of Lane City (Pine County) during 1869. Mining operations there ceased about 1876. Monte Cristo Camp— Monte Cristo Camp sprung up in the vicinity of the western slope of Mount Hamilton in Pine County about 1865. The camp was located west of Ely. The camp vanished about 1885. Mormon Station— During 1849, a party of Mormon missionaries established Mormon Station, known also as Las Vegas Mormon Fort (or Rancho) and Fort Genoa in the Colorado River Basin (Clark County) at Genoa. The station was along the Old Spanish Trail, which had been in use since about 1829–1830. During May 1844, John Frémont established a camp there. The station remained active until about the early 1880s. The Mormons arrived at the site of the station during June and constructed their fort of adobe in the area inhabited by the Paiute Indians during the winter months. Afterward, the Paiute moved to the Charleston Mountains. The Mormons returned to Utah during 1858, but the station was acquired at that time by Octavius Decatur Gass, who changed the station to Las Vegas Rancho. During 1882, the property was acquired by a new owner (Mrs. Helen J. Stewart), who enlarged the farming operation there from about 800 acres to about 1,800 acres. Afterward, during 1903, the property was again transferred. It was purchased by the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. Soon after, by about 1905, the town of Las Vegas (earlier named the Meadows) emerged. In conjunction, the station was located at the present-day intersection of West Charleston Avenue and Valley View Road. One of the two original buildings still exists. In conjunction, other names for the station included Stockade at Genoa, Fort Genoa Stockade and Stockade at Las Vegas. In addition, during the Civil War, the Union troops referred to it as Fort Baker. Mount Airy (Airey) Station— Mount Airy Station is listed as a Pony Express station that was located between Smith’s Creek and Castle Rock. Castle Rock is thought to have been the first station west of Mount Airy, but no evidence supports it. Mountain Spring Station— The Mountain Spring (Mountain Springs) Station was established about or during July 1861 and afterward was used by the Pony Express until the operations ceased during October 1861. Subsequent to the demise of the Pony Express, the Overland Mail Company used the station as a stop until 1869. There are no traces of the station at the site, but it was listed on the U.S. Mail contract as a station during 1861. Mountain Well Station— Mountain Well Station was established along what was known as the Stillwater Dogleg Route by the Overland Mail Company. It is believed that the Pony Express used the station as a relay depot during the last months of its operations. The station remained active following the demise of the Pony Express and operated as a stage stop and a telegraph station for at least a few years. Some remains of the station still survive. Muncy Camp— Muncy Camp was established by miners in Pine County slightly more than 30 miles west of Ely. It was located near present-day Spring Valley Road south (about 13 miles) of the

269 intersection with State Highway 2. The mining operations there ceased during 1911. Murray Creek Station— Murray Creek Station was established in Pine County. Subsequently, it was renamed Ely Station. The exact time the station was established is unknown; however, it was initially named after Lieutenant Alexander Murray, who commanded a military contingent when Captain Simpson was in the region. Simpson established Fort Schellbourne during 1859. Nelson’s Station— See Desert Wells Station. Nevada Station— Nevada Station was established in about the summer of 1861, but its exact location has not been determined. Some sources place it between Bisby’s Station and Ragtown Station, but it has also been placed near Reed’s Station. The station was used by the Pony Express as a relay station and after it ceased operating during October 1861, the station remained active as a stage stop until about 1868. New Pass Station— A stage depot was established along presentday U.S. Highway 50 about 25 miles west of Austin during 1861 by the Overland Stage Company. It was located along the Central (also Simpson) Route in Churchill County between Genoa and Salt Lake City, Utah. Water resources there were poor; however, a ranch owned by Thomas Plain, a company division manager, was located nearby and it supplied the water. During 1866, Wells Fargo acquired the Overland Stage Company and continued operations on that route until 1869. Old River Station— Old River Station was established during the summer of 1861 as a stop for the Overland Mail Company. The depot, which is thought to have also been a relay station for the Pony Express, was located between Stillwater Station and Bisby’s Station. Oldham’s Station— See-Dinner Station. Ophin Canyon Camp— See Big Smoky Valley. Osceola Camp— A mining camp (town) known as Osceola emerged in White Pine County during 1872 near Sacramento Pass in the vicinity of the junction of U.S. Routes 6 and 50. Initially the strike discovered quartz containing gold and later, during 1877, placer gold, including a 25 pound nugget discovered at Dry Gulch, was discovered. Mining operations continued there until 1940. The major mines in the region, which was near the Spring and Snake Valleys, included also Crescent, Cumberland, Eagle, Guilded Age, Red Monster, Stem, Saturday Night and Winder. In addition to the gold strikes, silver, lead and tungsten were discovered in the region. Palmetto Camp— During 1866, a mining camp known as Palmetto Camp was built in Death Valley Basin (Esmeralda County). From the camp, located along present-day State Highway 266, the town of Palmetto emerged. It was less than 10 miles from the border with California. Pancake Station— See Buck Station. Pine Tree Camp— A mining camp emerged at Manhattan (Manhattan Mining District) known as the Pine Tree Camp during 1867. It was located in Nye County in the vicinity of State Highway 376 and 377. Later, during 1905, gold was discovered by John Humphrey near the route of the old stagecoach lines in the vicinity of what was called April Fool Hill. By the following year, the mining operations were greatly slowed following the massive earthquake in San Francisco which caused investments to stall. Nevertheless, mining did continue there. More than 10 mines were operating during 1909 including Litigation Hill Merger, Stray Dog, September Fraction and White Caps.

Reese River Station / NEVADA Pinto Creek Station— Pinto Creek Station was established in about 1868 in White Pine County in the vicinity of the Newark Valley road, about five miles north of its convergence with U.S. Route 50. Travelers moving between Austin and Hamilton used the station as a rest stop. Operations ceased at the station during the 1870s. Pogue’s Station— Pogue’s Station was established by Jim Pogue during the 1870s along State Route 20, about 15 miles south of its convergence with U.S. Route 50. The station accommodated travelers moving between Palisade and Piochet. In addition, Pritchard’s Fast Freight used the station as a stop. Operations at the station ceased about the turn of the century. Powell’s Camps— On 30 August 1869, a party led by Major John Wesley Powell arrived at the mouth of the Virgin River from Green River City in the Wyoming Territory. The voyage was the initial trip of a vessel through the Colorado River’s Grand Canyon. The party, while in the region, established some camp while carrying out a surveying and scientific mission at various caves from the area near Echo Bay and along the Green and Virgin Rivers. None of the camps was permanent and by the time the operation was near an end, after about three months, the party was nearly lost to the elements and starvation. Fortuitously, the Mormons at St. Thomas provided food and supplies to the beleaguered team. In conjunction, the settlement of St. Thomas and the place where the Virgin River converged with the Colorado River has been lost to progress. The area is now beneath Lake Mead. Prairie Gate Eight Mile Station— Prairie Gate Station was established about June 1861 as a Pony Express relay station. Its exact location remains unknown and it is sometime referred to as Eight Mile Station, but it did exist. The station was thought to have been utilized during the latter months of the Pony Express’ operation from about August through September. The site seems to have been either in or near the Goshute Indian Reservation or near Eight Mile Springs in the vicinity of Deep Creek. Queen City Camp— See Camp Winfield Scott. Quinn River Camp No. 33— See Fort McDermit. Ragsdale Station— The Ragsdale Station was a stage station located in the vicinity of Mineral City. The area was known for its copper mines. Mineral City (later Lane City) was established during 1869. Ragtown Station— Ragtown Station was established during the summer of 1861 along the Carson River (Carson River Basin, Churchill County) on present-day U.S. Highway 95 slightly east of its junction with U.S. Highway 50. It operated as an Overland Stage Company stop and it was a relay station for the Pony Express. The station was located along the Stillwater Dogleg Route in Nevada, the first water stop after emerging from the Forty-Mile Desert along the California Emigrant Trail. Once the rider or traveler departed the station, he faced the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The station remained in operation until 1868. In conjunction, during 1854, Asa Kenyon established a trading post in the vicinity of Ragtown when the region saw many trappers passing through. Reed’s Station— See Miller’s Station-Reed’s Station. Reese River Station— The station known as Reese River Station or Jacob’s Spring Station was established by George Washington Jacobs on the banks of the Reese River during 1859. The Reese River had earlier, during 1854, been discovered by a party led by John Reese. The route ran through Edwards Creek Valley, which was a shorter route than that running along the Humboldt Trail. George Jacobs also became the initial sheriff of Lander County. The station was located near the Reese River at what later became Jacobsville in the Humboldt River Basin, Lander County, along present-day U.S.

NEVADA / Roberts Creek Station Highway 50, slightly west of Austin. The station was a relay depot for the Pony Express. During the summer of 1860, it was destroyed by Indians but was rebuilt. The Pony Express ceased operations during October 1861; however, the station continued in use by overland stage lines. In conjunction, during May 1862, William Talcott departed Jacob’s Spring Station with a cargo of lumber from Pony Canyon when he discovered gold, igniting what became known as the “Rush to Reese.” Gold mining flourished in the area until the 1880s. Roberts Creek Station— The Roberts Creek Station was established during the spring of 1860 and became one of the initial Pony Express stations that would be used to speed the mail, non-stop, from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. It has not been determined by whom the station was built. It is thought it was either employees of Howard Egan or by Bolivar Roberts. Records referring to Pony Express stations and other overland companies are not meticulous. In the case of Roberts Creek Station, stories differ on whether or not it was destroyed during the spring of 1860 when many such stations were burned by Indians. A visitor from England who documented his travels along the Oregon Trail noted (during late 1860) that the station was partially rebuilt, indicating that the station had been destroyed. Roberts Creek was listed on the U.S. Mail contract of 1861. The Pony Express ended its operations during October of that same year. The Pony Express riders that departed Roberts Creek began what was known as Division Five, the final leg of the journey to California. The riders advanced over the Sierra Nevada Mountains toward Sacramento. From Sacramento, the mail was forwarded to San Francisco by both steamship and overland. Nonetheless, following the cessation of the Pony Express operations, the station continued in use as a stage depot for the Overland Stage Company. Round Tent Ranch— See Double Springs Station. Ruby Valley Station— The Ruby Valley Station was established in northeastern Nevada during 1859 in Ruby Valley, at a point about midway between the Carson Valley and Salt Lake City, Utah. The station was established by George Chorpenning. The station was used by the Pony Express and subsequent to the demise of the Pony Express the station was a stopping place for the Overland Mail Company until 1869. In the meantime, a conflict known as the Pyramid Lake War erupted in the Carson Valley. A contingent of the U.S. Army, Company B, 4th Artillery, arrived from Camp Floyd, following some urgent calls from the settlers. The troops and others remained in the region until the autumn of that same year. See also Fort Churchill. Sand Hill Station— Sand Hill Station was established as a Pony Express station. It stood at an unknown location between Sand Spring and Carson Sink. The depot was listed in the U.S. Mail contract of 1861. Sand Springs Station— Sand Springs Station was established during March 1860 for the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company. The station was located in the Carson River Basin (Churchill County) near present-day U.S. Route 50 about 20 miles east of Fallon. It served as a stage line stop and a Pony Express station. It stood near Sand Mountain less than one mile north of present-day Route 50. The station apparently caught the attention of Sir Richard Burton, who wrote copiously of his travels along the Pony Express route during October 1860. To borrow a quote from General George S. Patton, he was apparently impressed with its unimpressiveness. Burton noted its lack of a roof and its overabundance of filth and dust. The remains of the station were during the 1900s strengthened. Sand Springs Station was later placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

270 Schell Creek Station— Schell Creek Station, known also as Fort Schellbourne or Schellbourne, was established at present-day Fort Schellbourne by George Chorpenning and Howard Egan during 1859. The station also was used by the Pony Express as a relay station. The station was attacked by Indians on 8 June 1860. Stories about the incident vary, including the destruction of the site by the Indians. The station was rebuilt and it became known as Fort Schellbourne. The overland stage companies used the station and during 1863 it became headquarters for the Overland Mail Company (Utahcentral Nevada District Headquarters). Although it is accepted that the station was also used by the Pony Express, there is no documentation to support the belief. Seligman Camp— See Leadville Camp. Silver Peak Camp— Silver Peak Camp was a mining camp that came about in about 1863 in Esmeralda County. The camp was located near the present-day junction of U.S. Highway 95 and State Route 265. The town of Silver Peak also emerged, but by about 1917 the mining operations ceased. Simpson Park Station— Simpson Park Station, also known as Simpson’s Station, was established in the vicinity of Simpson Park Canyon during the spring of 1860. The station was built either by the Pony Express Company or the C.O.C. and P.P. Express Company. At the time of its establishment there was turbulence in the region due to Indian attacks (Pyramid Lake War). The depot came under attack on 20 May and was destroyed. On the following day, the Indians destroyed a nearby station at Dry Creek. At Simpson Park, like Dry Creek, there were casualties. The manager, James Alcott, was killed. Nevertheless, the depot was reconstructed and during the final months of its operations the Pony Express used it as a relay station. In addition, it remained a depot for the stage line (Overland Mail). The station remained active until the latter part of the 1860s. Smith’s Creek Station— Smith’s Creek Station was a depot for the Pony Express and the Overland Mail Company. The depot was a home station and contained two adobe structures and a corral. It was located in the vicinity of present-day Smith Creek Ranch. Spafford Hall’s Station— See Hall’s Station. Spring City Camp— See Camp Winfield Scott. Spring Valley Station—The Spring Valley Station, although not listed on the U.S. Mail contract of 1861, has been identified as a Pony Express Station from about July 1861 until the Pony Express ceased operations during October 1861. The Overland Stage Company also operated a stop in Spring Valley until about 1869. The exact location of the station has not been determined, but one of the places is thought to have been at the present-day Henroid Ranch, located along a route through the Antelope Mountains toward Antelope Springs Station. Stillwater Station— Stillwater Station was established in the Carson River Basin at the Lahontan Valley (Churchill County) in the vicinity of Stillwater in about July of 1861 by the Overland Stage Company Although it was a stage stop, it is thought to have also been used by the Pony Express as a relay station for the last few months of the Pony Express’ operations. Some stations were isolated, but Stillwater Station, about 15 miles from Fallon, was located in the vicinity of ranches which provided an abundance of the necessities of the frontier, such as beef and hay. The station was also a telegraph office. During 1865, Stillwater became the county seat; however, by 1868, it was relocated at Fallon. By 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad was taking over the mail and the telegraph operations at Stillwater. No remains of the station survived to the present day. The Stillwater Indian Reservation is in the vicinity of the National Wildlife Refuge, which was created during 1948.

271 Stockade at Genoa— See Mormon Station. Stockade at Las Vegas— See Mormon Station. Sulphur Springs Station— A stage station was established at Sulphur Springs in about July 1861. It was a stopping place along the route traveled by the Overland Mail Company. It is thought that the station was also utilized by the Pony Express during the final months of the company’s operations. The Pony Express ceased its operation during October 1861. Subsequently, some ruins, including a wall of logs and a stone foundation, were located, but it is not certain if the ruins are from the station. Tate’s Station— Tate’s Station was established by Thomas Tate during 1886 in Nye County in the vicinity of Ophir. Tate and his wife ran the station and it provided food and lodging. It was situated between Austin and Belmont. In addition to running the station, Tate also operated a subcontracted mail service in the central sector of Nevada for about 30 years. Tate’s Station was built along presentday State Route 376 in the Big Smokey Valley. Although the railroads made rapid progress in the region, stagecoaches and buggies continued in use and Tate was able to maintain the station until 1901. Twelve Mile House— Thomas Wheeler established a station (inn) about 12 miles from Genoa and also an equal distance from the Cradlebaugh bridge along present-day U.S. Highway 395 during 1860. The station was located in the Carson River Basin (Douglas County) at the junction of the Boyd Toll Road and the Cradlebaugh Toll Road, which led to Genoa and Carson City respectively. In conjunction, James Teasdale also established a station in the same vicinity. Also, the Cradlebaugh Bridge, which was constructed during 1861, cut the travel distance from Carson City to Aurora where the mining district (Esmeralda) was located. Desert Station was located along the road about five miles south of the bridge and beyond it was Twelve Mile House. Wabuska Station— Wabuska Station was established in the Walker River Basin in Lyon County during the early 1970s as a depot for the Central Pacific Railroad. It was located along the stage route in Wabuska along present-day U.S. Highway 95 near the northern tip of the Mason Valley. Mining camps in the area included Aurora, Belleville, Bodie, Candelaria and Columbia. By 1881, Wabuska had become the primary place for supplies in the region which by then was serviced by the Carson and Colorado Railroad (later acquired by the Southern Pacific Railroad). In conjunction, copper was also discovered in the valley which added to the region’s prominence dur-

Alstead Forts / NEW HAMPSHIRE ing the early 1900s when the Nevada Copper Belt Railroad was constructed during 1909–1911. The mining industry began to vanish there during the 1920s. Ward Camp— Ward Camp began as a mining camp in White Pine County about 20 miles south of Ely in about 1872. The camp was located outside of the town of Ward (now a ghost town). About 2,000 people lived and worked from this camp following a silver strike in the area near the Eagan Mountain Range. The camp was at an elevation of about 8,000 feet above sea level. Law and order was absent from the camp, which brought about much violence which was handled by vigilantes. Chinese who had lost work at other places when the railroad construction ceased relocated at the camp. Their arrival initiated a Chinatown. In addition, the silver boom brought about many ways to free a miner of his riches, including ladies of the night who set up their businesses about one mile from the camp at what was known as Reform Gulch (or Frogtown). The town of Ward emerged, but it later sustained a fire followed by yet another fire and the town was unable to recuperate. Weiland’s Station— See-Dinner Station. West Gate Station— West Gate Station, a Pony Express station and Overland Stage stop was located between Middle Gate Station and Sand Springs. The depot apparently operated between March and June of 1861 until a new route was added by the Overland Mail Company that ran northwest of the Pony Express trail. New stations were built to accommodate the riders and coaches along the new trail. They included Fairview, Mountain Well, Stillwater and others. It is not known if the Pony Express also used the new route, which converged with the older route at Miller’s (or Reed’s Station).West Gate Station is not listed in the list provided by the Pony Express Museum of St. Joseph, Missouri; however, it is listed among the stations listed by the National Park Service. The English traveler (Burton) who visited many of the Pony Express stations during October 1860 did not mention West Gate as a station. Nonetheless, Sir Richard Burton did note passing through West Gate. Williams Station— Williams Station, referred to also as Lake Honey Smith’s Station, has been identified by various sources as a Pony Express station, but its exact location near the Carson River has not been determined. In conjunction, three men living at the station seized two Indian women and refused to release them. The Indians retaliated and killed the three men and destroyed the station during May 1860. The incident occurred one month after the Pony Express initiated mail service from Missouri to California. See also Fort Churchill.

NEW HAMPSHIRE Abenaki Fort— See Fort at Ossipee.

Battery Alexander Hays— See Fort Stark.

Alstead Forts— During 1735, the English colonists established a fort in what became Alstead Township. The fort was one of a series of nine forts established to protect the southwestern sector of New Hampshire from attacks by Indians. Subsequently, during the 1770s, two other forts were built in the area. A blockhouse was established in the vicinity of Prentiss Hill and another was constructed at Cobb Hill in the vicinity of Alstead.

Battery Cumberland— See Fort Stark. Battery David Hunter— See Fort Stark. Battery Edward Kirk— See Fort Stark. Battery Farnsworth— See Fort Constitution. Battery Hackleman— See Fort Constitution.

NEW HAMPSHIRE / Benjamin Bellows Battery on Jerry’s Point (Battery Stark)— See Fort Stark. Battery Stark (Battery on Jerry’s Point)— See Fort Stark. Battery William Lytle— See Fort Stark. Benjamin Bellows Garrison House— About 1736, Great Falls (also known as Lunenburg) was settled, but it was not granted by New Hampshire until 1752. At that time the settlement became known as Bellowstown. Benjamin Bellows established a garrison house there in Township Number Three. Bellowstown was later (1761) named Walpole in honor of Sir Robert Walpole, the initial prime minister of England. In conjunction, Bellows Falls, Vermont, was also named in honor of Benjamin Bellows. Also, there is often a reference to Fort at Number Three, with regard to Township Number 3; however, no fort was established in Walpole at Township Number 3. Bridgman’s Fort— Bridgman’s Fort established during the 1740s at Hinsdale was attacked during autumn 1747. The settler’s fort was in the same vicinity as Fort Hinsdale and Fort at No. 4. At the time, England was at war with France. See also Stark’s Fort. Canterbury Garrison House— See Stark’s Fort. Castle (The)— In an effort to guard the harbor at Portsmouth, the English established a fort known as The Castle (later Fort William and Mary and Fort Constitution) at Fort Point on Great Island in Portsmouth during 1631. The original fort contained four guns and later, during 1666, it was further bolstered by a blockhouse. During 1692, the fort was modified to hold 19 guns and subsequently, more artillery was added during the French and Indian War period. The Castle was also at that time (1692) renamed Fort William and Mary in honor of the king and queen of England. The English bolstered the defenses due to the threat from the French during King William’s War and by 1705, the British further fortified the fort by constructing walls of stone. Nevertheless, the fort was never heavily garrisoned as usually there were less than 10 men posted there except during the summer months and during imminent periods of threatened attack. Following the termination of the French and Indian War, threats from the French vanished; however, the relations between the American colonists and England continued to deteriorate. On 14 December 1774, a contingent of colonists (Sons of Liberty) from Massachusetts and New Hampshire moved against Fort William and Mary (later Fort Constitution) on Great Island (later Newcastle) at Portsmouth Harbor, defended by only six troops. Word had quickly spread thanks to Paul Revere’s ride along the Old Boston Post Road from Boston to Portsmouth on the previous day. Revere confirmed the rumor that British ships were en route to Portsmouth with reinforcements to prevent the colonists from getting the munitions. As the men advanced more townspeople from Portsmouth and surrounding communities joined to form an insurmountable crowd that numbered more than 300, despite nasty weather and snow. Initially when the crowd reached the fort there was some fire, but no casualties occurred. British captain John Cochran, the commander, was unable to halt the troops from relieving the fort of its gunpowder. In conjunction, on the following day, Major (later General) John Sullivan arrived with more militia. They confiscated small arms and about 16 light cannon. The supplies and the powder were loaded post-haste onto boats and dispatched from Portsmouth Harbor to distribute the ammunition. The British warships HMS Canceaux and the 40-gun frigate HMS Scarborough, the latter transporting about 100 Royal Marines, arrived on 17 December and 19 December respectively. Subsequently, during February 1775, the British at Fort William and Mary transferred the guns to Boston and abandoned the fort, which was soon after occupied by American militia of New Hampshire. It is thought that the fort may have at that time been renamed to Fort Hancock in honor of John Hancock, a patriot

272 hero from Massachusetts and later a signer of the Declaration of Independence and, for awhile during 1775, the president of the Continental Congress. During the war, the forts saw only some sporadic action. By about 1778, the fort was dilapidated. Subsequent to the conflict, it was reestablished during 1802 and renamed Fort Constitution. See also Fort Constitution. Castle Fort— See Castle (The). Dover Garrison Houses— During the 1680s, many homes had been built as garrison houses to defend against Indian attacks. During the latter part of June 1689, on the 27th, Indians launched a heavy raid against the settlement. The section which was struck contained several fortified houses, the Heard Garrison, Otis Garrison and the Waldron Garrison. Indian women executed a ruse to gain entrance into the houses and afterward opened the gates to permit the warriors easy entrance. The Waldron Garrison at the Cochecho River was destroyed. Nearby, the Heard Garrison, between Waldron’s and Otis’ Garrisons, was spared, but the Otis Garrison also was destroyed. Nearly 30 settlers, including children, were seized as captives and driven toward Canada. The area remained dangerous, but the settlement continued to exist. Another of the Dover Garrisons was the William Damm Garrison, established during 1675. It was later relocated (1915), and still stands. Subsequently, during the 1690s, Indians again attacked Dover and other settlers were seized and taken to Canada. The Dover Meeting House, which was fortified during the 1660s, was in disrepair by about 1695. Later, during August 1724, Dover was again attacked during what was known as Lovewell’s War. In retaliation, troops from Massachusetts under John Lovewell moved against Norridgewock, Maine, on 23 August. The offensive, unlike a previous one, found the Indians and Father Rasles, who had been running a Jesuit Christian Indian village. Rasles was slain during the assault. His demise also terminated the French domination over the Indians in Maine. Dunstable Garrison Houses — During King William’s War, Indians attacked a settlement at Salmon Brook at Dunstable (later Nashua) during September 1691. The settlers lost many lives and after the attack most people deserted the area. The French and their Indian allies continued raids into New England and the entire frontier was threatened. Peace finally came during 1698, but the attacks inflicted about 600 deaths and an unknown number of captured that were dragged to Canada. Later, during 1702 (Queen Anne’s War), the English declared war against France and again the colonies in New England became engulfed in war. The settlements were under constant threat and those attacked included Dover, Durham, Exeter, Hampton Village and Oyster River. During July 1706, Dunstable, garrisoned by only about 20 militia troops, was caught offguard and about half the soldiers were lost. The conflict continued until the Treaty of Utrecht was agreed upon during October 1712. After the close of hostilities, many English captives were returned by the French; some no longer spoke their native tongue, making it difficult to reunite them with their families. The problems with the Indians and the French would again erupt and many garrison houses would be built in New England. About six years after the treaty was consummated, conflict (Lovewell’s War) again broke out when Indians, instigated by the French, again began raiding settlements in Maine during 1718. French aid for the Indians was initially clandestine because France and England were at peace; however, the Indians intended to annihilate the settlements and they knew the French agreed. By 1722, it was apparent that the French were behind the attacks, prompting the English colonists at Portsmouth to declare war on 25 July 1722. Dunstable was attacked during the autumn of 1724. A contingent of militia under Lieutenant Ebenezer French gave pursuit in an attempt to rescue two captives, but no contact was made

273 until the troops were ambushed. Only one man, Josiah Farwell, out of the party of 10 escaped. A monument was later placed at the spot to honor those who fell. The colonists took action to avenge the massacre. Captain John Lovewell of Dunstable set out to destroy the Indians at their village on the Kennebec River (Maine) at Norridgewoock and to seize the Jesuit priest, Father Rasles, who had been advising the Indians. The village was destroyed, the priest was killed and a few captives were rescued. The colonists had been so incensed by the actions of the Indians a price was offered for Indian scalps. See also Lovewell’s Fort and Stark’s Fort (not to be confused with Fort Stark). Durham Garrison Houses— The settlers at Durham established some garrison houses during the 1680s. Subsequently, during 1694 (King William’s War), a force of Indians, numbering more than 200 braves, commanded by a French soldier, de Villies, attacked the settlement, devastating it. The raid, known as the Oyster River Massacre, occurred on 18 July 1694. About 100 settlers were either killed or taken captive. Although the settlement lost the garrison houses and other homes and structure, Durham survived and more garrison houses would later be built. In conjunction, John Sullivan (later major general) was born in Durham during 1740. Sullivan had been a member of the Continental Congress until he departed to join with General George Washington at Cambridge. Following the close of the American Revolution, Sullivan again became a member of Congress and afterward he became the governor of New Hampshire (three terms). The John Sullivan House is listed as a National Historic Landmark and is located in Durham at 25 New Market Road. Ebenezer Eastman’s Garrison— Captain Ebenezer Eastman settled at Concord during 1731 to become its initial resident. Eastman later established his garrison house there following an Indian attack in the area that occurred during August 1746. Eastman succumbed during the following year before the garrison house was completed. Exeter Powder House— The colonists established a powder house at Duck Point, Exeter, during 1771. Following the American Revolution, the powder house remained active. During the War of 1812, it supplied gunpowder, flint and lead to the army. The powder house still stands in Exeter. Exeter Town House— The Exeter Town House, built in colonial times at Exeter, is remembered not as a garrison house, but rather as a historic house due to what occurred there during 1776. On 5 January 1776, the Provincial Congress convened at the house and adopted what became the initial state constitution of the 13 original colonies. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the New Hampshire state legislature met there. Later during 1793, the Town House was replaced by a new structure. The site of the Exeter Town House is at the intersection of Court Street and Front Street, routes 108 and 11, respectively, within the Front Street Historic District. Fort Anglesea— Fort Anglesea, a small settler’s fort, was established in about 1800 in Portsmouth by Edward Parry. The fort was located along South Mill Pond near Edward Street. Parry was not considered loyal to the American cause during the American Revolution by his peers as he had continued to acquire tea from the British even subsequent to the termination of the war. He built the fort to forestall problems with other Americans in the area. Fort Atkinson— Fort Atkinson was established by New Hampshire militia during 1746 at Little Bay (Sanbornton Township) in the vicinity of Winnisquam when Colonel Theodore Atkinson’s regiment was ordered to establish winter quarters along the Winnepesaukee River and remain there to protect the frontier against attacks by the Indians. The fort was located west of Union Bridge. The fort was constructed of stone and the stones were later used to build a dam

Fort at Number 4 / NEW HAMPSHIRE across the river. The fort was abandoned during October of the following year in conjunction with the abandonment of an intended operation into Canada known as the Canada Expedition. Atkinson’s regiment was at the same time also disbanded. Fort at Number 1 (Township 1-Chesterfield)— No actual fort was built at Chesterfield Township. Fort at Number 2 (Township 2-Westmoreland)— No actual fort was built here. However, Fort at Number 2 is sometimes thought of as being Fort Dummer, which is actually in Vermont. See also Fort Dummer, Vermont. Fort at Number 3 (Township 3-Walpole)— Fort at Number 3 is sometimes referred to as Great Meadows Fort, however, Great Meadows Fort was actually in Putney, Vermont. No fort was built in Township Number 3; however, a Benjamin Bellows established a garrison house there at Walpole. See also Benjamin Bellows Garrison House. Fort at Number 4 (Township 4-Charlestown)— A fort, essentially a fortified village, known as Fort at No. 4 (sometimes referred to as Fort Stephens) was established in New Hampshire along the Connecticut River during 1744. The fort was located at what would become Charlestown during the early 1750s. The fort was located about 30 miles from Fort Hinsdale and Fort Shattuck, both of which were located at Hinsdale. During April 1746, the village was attacked by Indians. A mill was destroyed and at least two captives were dragged to Canada. During the following month, again the settlers there came under attack when a party was ambushed, causing five men killed and four wounded along with one captured by the Indians. The raids continued through the summer. Prior to winter, the settlers abandoned the settlement and the majority of the people returned to Massachusetts. A garrison of less than 10 men remained to hold the fort, but at the approach of winter the fort was abandoned. The fort, however, was spared as the Indians also felt the wrath of winter and were corralled in Canada, unable to move into New Hampshire. By the spring of 1747, a contingent of about 30 men under Captain Phineas Stevens arrived at the deserted fort during the latter part of March. Two unusual but loyal sentinels had apparently made it through the winter and were there to greet the militia; one was a spaniel dog and the other a cat. Shortly after the arrival of the militia at the fort, a contingent of Frenchmen and Indians attacked the post on 7 April 1747 during what was known as King George’s War. The defenders sustained severe continuous fire for three days and in the meantime, the French tried to burn the fences and the structures. Nonetheless, Stevens’ command withstood the enfilade and held. On the third day, the French, under Jean Baptiste Boucher de Niverville, retired. Afterward, no other threat was made against the fort. However, during 1749, Indians did launch a raid against the settlement. The conflict, known in Europe as the War of Austrian Succession, ended during 1748. During the French and Indian War (Seven Years War in Europe), Charlestown became a shipping depot and staging for the British. Troops heading for Canada would deploy there and the British used the post to muster out troops who had fulfilled their terms of service. Following the close of the French and Indian War, little remained on the activity there, but by 1761, the fort had been in full disrepair. Nevertheless, it is not known when it was abandoned. Subsequently, the fort was used for awhile during the American Revolution. During 1777, the Americans utilized the fort as they moved to defend Bennington. A State Historical Marker stands along Charlestown’s Main Street in the Historic District. The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1987. In conjunction, during 1735, the General Court of Massachusetts authorized plantations along the Upper Connecticut River Valley (later Vermont and New Hampshire). The ground

NEW HAMPSHIRE / Fort at Ossipee was laid out in plots numbered 1 (Chesterfield); 2 (Westmoreland); 3 (Walpole) and 4 (Charlestown). Each of the four numbered plots was incorporated into New Hampshire. The No. 4 plot was somewhat complicated as it was not clear whether or not the land would be in Massachusetts or New Hampshire. One of the earliest settlers at No. 4 was Stephen Farnsworth and his two brothers (Samuel and David). On 2 July 1753, the settlement known as Fort at No. 2 was eliminated as it became Charlestown. A fort has been reconstructed in Charlestown. Also, Fort at Number 4 is sometimes referred to as Fort Stephens; however, the fort was never officially called Fort Stephens. Fort at Ossipee–During the mid–1600s, settlers established a fort at what later became Ossipee, an area inhabited at the time by the Abenaki tribe and others. The fort, according to the Ossipee Historical Society, was located near Lake Ossipee and it changed hands several times during its existence. During King Philip’s War, it was destroyed by English militia. Later, the settlers apparently rebuilt a blockhouse there which remained in existence until the early 1700s. The town of Ossipee was established during 1781. Also, the fort site is now on property owned by the Ossipee Historical Society. In conjunction, two devastating epidemics swept the region during the early days of its existence. No records of the fort exist. Fort Castle— See Castle (The). Fort Constitution— Fort Constitution was originally established as The Castle by the English during the 1600s and later renamed Fort William and Mary. The British abandoned the fort during 1775 and it was taken over by the Americans. A shipyard was also founded at Portsmouth and during the conflict the warships Ranger, Raleigh and America were built there under the supervision of John Langdon, who later became the president of New Hampshire (1785 and 1788) and afterward, during 1805, became the governor of New Hampshire (served six terms). John Langdon also served in the U.S. Senate. Following the conclusion of the American Revolution, the U.S. government acquired the fort from the State of New Hampshire during 1791. The post had fallen into disarray prior to its becoming a federal fort. The fort was garrisoned for a short while during the Quasi War with France (undeclared war fought entirely at sea). It was renamed Fort Constitution during 1802. The fort’s ground was expanded during 1807 when the federal government received about one and one-half additional acres from the state. Afterward, the fort was modified and it became what was known as a Second System fort. The fort’s walls had been made of stone, but a new outer wall was built and its height was about twice the size of the inner walls and the fort was improved to hold 36 guns. Other renovations included brick barracks (two), a bastion, two powder magazines and a shot furnace. Later, on 4 July 1809, an accidental explosion occurred at the fort during a celebration for Independence Day, causing some damage and the loss of several people killed. During the War of 1812, the defenses were further bolstered to meet the British threat by constructing a casemated tower (a Martello tower) which was known as the Walbach Tower (also known as Castle Walbach). The tower stood slightly west of the fort and contained a 32-pounder naval gun positioned on a strategic hill which dominated the channel passages to the east and south of the fort. The tower, named in honor of Colonel John de Barth Walbach, also contained three smaller casemated guns which provided protection against an enemy land approach from the west. Walbach was a German who had joined the U.S. Army during 1799, following prior service in the French army. Fort Constitution did not come under attack during the War of 1812. Following the war, the fort went through more improvements during 1840 when the outer walls were again bolstered by expanding their height and the old wooden gun platforms were replaced by

274 granite to make them permanent. By the 1850s, the fort garrison was composed of militia as the threat of a major attack against the seacoast there at Portsmouth had diminished. When the Civil War erupted, action was taken to revitalize the post which, for about the past nine years, had been used only as a training post which was dubbed Camp Constitution. Nevertheless, the fort still contained 25 guns, including a few Seacoast guns (32-pounders) and some Seacoast Parrott rifles. A small contingent of about 25 men was deployed at the fort to prepare it against possible attack by Confederate warships. The fort’s commander at the time was Josiah G. Hadley. Soon after the militia arrived there, a complement of more than 100 troops of the Home Guard and the Portsmouth Volunteer Corps joined to augment the force. In addition, a 42-pounder naval gun was acquired from the Portsmouth naval shipyard to add to the firepower. The fort for the duration of the war was defended by the Union troops and at times by the militia. The defenders included Battery A, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery, which was deployed there from July 1863 until May 1864, at which time the unit was dispatched to Washington, D.C., to support the defense of the capital. After a short time in Washington, the unit returned and redeployed at Fort Constitution during November 1864. In the meantime, the government had planned during 1863 to further modernize the fort and transform it into a Third System defensive post, but the introduction of more modern weaponry during the war made it clear that the invulnerability of masonry forts was passing into history as the newer shells easily penetrated the walls. The plan called for installing nearly 150 guns. The construction was suspended during 1867. The fort’s status remained dormant until the latter part of the nineteenth century when war erupted with Spain (1898) following the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. However, during 1872, the fort was to receive a V-shaped 14-gun battery, which would have given it similar defenses (Fourth System) as those which were constructed at Fort Foster and Fort Stark during 1874. Nevertheless, Congress did not authorize funds for the project. Some modifications were made during 1874 when two 15-inch Rodman guns were to be installed where the magazine (near the bastion) had been dismantled, but it is not known if the guns actually were put in place. New construction to bolster the fort did occur during 1897 when relations with Spain were worsening. Work began to place a two-gun concrete battery (Battery Farnsworth) in the hill under the Walbach Tower. The guns, 8-inch breach-loading rifles, were placed on disappearing carriages, but they were not armed until 1898 and the project was not finished until the following year. Battery Farnsworth was named in honor of Brigadier General Elon John Farnsworth (8th Illinois Cavalry), who was killed near Gettysburg during early July 1863 only several days after his promotion to brigadier general on 29 June. In conjunction, the elements caused constant dampness and that combined with other problems with the construction prevented the battery from ever being prepared to work electrically. Fort Constitution was never threatened during the War with Spain, nor was it in jeopardy during World War I. During the Spanish-American War period, the post’s garrison included elements of the 2nd U.S. Artillery. Fort Constitution remained active until after the close of World War II. Prior to World War I, another battery, Battery Hackleman, was established during 1904 which remained active until 1945. Fort Constitution was abandoned during 1948. See also Castle (The). Fort Contoocook— Fort Contoocook was established in the vicinity of Contoocook (later Boscawen) during 1739 to protect the settlement from Indian attacks. One such assault occurred on 4 May 1746. A contingent of militia under Captain John Goffe initiated pursuit but the Indians disappeared and made their way to Canada. Two men were killed during the attack and one other was taken to

275 Canada. Following the attack, small contingents were dispatched to Canterbury Garrison House and to Rochester to bolster the defenses at both places. Raids by the Indians continued across the frontier throughout the summer. The problems with the Indians during this period terminated during 1848 when a treaty was signed between the English and the French (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle). The fort was later expanded and remained active until the 1750s. Fort Hinsdale— Fort Hinsdale was established in about 1741 at present-day Hinsdale. Colonel Ebenezer Hinsdale established his trading post there. The fort was along the Connecticut River opposite Fort Dummer in Vermont. During June 1748, Fort Hinsdale was attacked. Three men were killed and seven others were taken as captives. On 16 June, the region was again attacked and soon after, on 14 July that same year, an ambush took the lives of two men, while about nine others were captured at a spot between Fort Hinsdale and Fort Dummer. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) terminated the conflict between France and England and essentially also ended the Indian attacks. Nevertheless, the hostilities between the French and English would again break out (French and Indian War) in the conflict which would finally decide whether England or France would dominate North America. During 1753, the settlement was named Hinsdale after Colonel Hinsdale, who had at one time been a chaplain at Fort Dummer. Another fort, known as Fort Shattuck, was established at Hinsdale at the same time as Fort Hinsdale and both were in support of Fort Dummer. Fort Keene— Fort Keene was established by the settlers at Upper Ashuelot (later Keene) during 1738. The fort, located on present-day Main Street, was subsequently destroyed by Indians during the 1740s; however, the settlement continued. During the American Revolution, patriots at Keene departed the Wyman Tavern en route for Lexington during April 1775 to resist the British. Fort Shattuck— Fort Shattuck was established during 1741 in conjunction with another settlers’ fort, Fort Hinsdale. Fort Shattuck was a support post of Fort Hinsdale and remained active until about 1748. Fort Star— Fort Star was established on Star Island (previously Gosport), part of the Isle of Shoals composed on nine islands divided between the colonies (later states) of Maine and New Hampshire. The fort was established during 1653 by the English. Some of the diminutive islands held unique names such as Smuttynose and Duck, both belonging to Maine, and Lunging, which is part of New Hampshire. Fort Star remained under British control until 1776. It was active frequently during various outbreaks of hostilities with the Indians, particularly during the wars in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Subsequently, the fort was again garrisoned during King George’s War. In conjunction, a monument to John Smith remains on the island. The fort was torn down by patriots during the American Revolution due to the perception that the residents there were loyal to England. Fort Stark— During 1746, the English fortified Great Island (later New Castle) with a fort known as Battery Cumberland (later Fort Stark). The post, which contained nine 32-pounder guns, was located on a 10-acre site at the southern tip ( Jerry’s Point, also Jaffrey’s Point) of the island that overlooked Portsmouth Harbor. In about 1774–1775, the fort was bolstered by the addition of barracks and other improvements, including rebuilt earthworks, after the patriots took control of the fort. By about 1778, the fort was expendable and it fell into disrepair. Later, during 1794, the fort was repaired and a heavy battery was installed. (Subsequently, remains of a circular redoubt made of stone was discovered in the vicinity of Battery David Hunter and Battery Edward Kirk, both of which were established during the early 1900s. These remains could be from the

Fort Stark / NEW HAMPSHIRE 1794 modifications and the remains of a stone wall were discovered near Battery Lytle, also established during the 1900s). In conjunction, the Americans had gained control of both Fort Stark and Fort William and Mary during the War for Independence. Battery Cumberland was renamed Fort Stark in honor of General John Stark, a hero at the Battle of Bennington (Vermont), which was actually fought in New York, not Vermont, during 1777. Fort William and Mary was renamed Fort Constitution. In addition to protecting the harbor, the responsibility for the fort increased following the establishment of a shipyard at Portsmouth during 1800. During the War of 1812, Fort Stark was garrisoned by a contingent of militia commanded by Captain William Marshall. At the time, the fort contained nine guns, including six-pounders and nine-pounders. Following the close of the war, the fort, sometimes known as the Old Redoubt, was abandoned. During 1861, plans were established to renovate the fort and construct a stone-and-earthwork fortification, but the project was never initiated. Later, during 1872, the U.S. government acquired Jerry’s Point and by the following year, the construction of a fort composed of stone and earthwork was started. The project included a 12-gun battery (Battery Stark or Battery on Jerry’s Point), but the project was scaled down and afterward, during 1876, the project was suddenly suspended. The modifications included gun positions 5, 6 and 7. Later, during 1879, the work was reinitiated, but again, soon after, the project was ended. Work later once again began (1885), but within one year the project was permanently terminated. At the site of the fort there was archeological evidence of an earthen fort there during the 1840s and later, evidence pointed to a stone fort from about the mid–1870s. Following the SpanishAmerican War (Endicott Period), new, more modern weapons were installed during 1899. Two 8-inch breach-loading rifles (Model 1888) were deployed at the post. The older Rodman carriages were modified to hold the rifles, but soon after, during 1900, the rifles were redeployed at Fort McKinley, on Great Island (Casco Bay), Maine. That same year, 1900, the fort was officially named Fort Stark in honor of General John Stark, who served during the Revolutionary War. During the following year, renovations began at the post to prepare it for the twentieth century by establishing four new batteries. Battery David Hunter, named in honor of General David Hunter (Civil War period), was installed by 1904. The battery included two 12-inch 35-caliber breach-loading rifles. Battery Edward Kirk, named in honor of Brigadier General Edward N. Kirk, who was slain during fighting in Tennessee during 1862, was established (1904) slightly north of Battery David Hunter. It contained two 6-inch rapid-fire guns; these were dismantled during 1917 for future use in Europe (World War I) by the American Expeditionary Force under General Pershing. Battery Alexander Hays, named in honor of Brevet Major General Alexander Hays, who was killed during fighting in Virginia during 1864, was also established during 1905. The fourth and final battery established was Battery William Lytle (1905), named in honor of Brigadier General William H. Lytle, who was killed in action in Georgia during 1863. That same year, 1905, Fort Stark was made a subpost of Fort Constitution. A contingent of the 124th Coast Artillery Company garrisoned the post until 1907, when it was relieved by elements of the 156th Coast Artillery Company (Mines). Other modernization projects included the construction of a mine observation station (M1) which was built to the rear of Battery Alexander Hays and completed by 1909. It was transferred to Fort Constitution during 1922. Shortly thereafter, the fort was placed in caretaker status, where it remained until the post was reactivated during 1942. At that time, the post was garrisoned by the 22nd Coast Artillery Regiment (Harbor Defense), a newly established unit. Subsequent to the revitalization of the post, modernization projects, including new barracks, were established. Also, during 1944, Battery Seaman, which contained two 16-inch guns, was established at

NEW HAMPSHIRE / Fort Washington Fort Dearborn in place of Battery David Hunter at Fort Stark, which was deactivated at that time. Battery Alexander Hays was deactivated during 1942. And Battery William Lytle was replaced during 1942 by New Battery William Lytle. In conjunction, the guns at Battery William Lytle were redeployed at Battery Hackleman at Fort Constitution. Also, the guns at Battery Hays were redeployed at New Battery William Lytle. By 1948, all the Harbor Defense Commands were deactivated. Fort Stark was declared surplus property by the federal government. At that time, the U.S. Navy acquired the post and soon after, navy vessels began arriving there. A U.S. Naval Reserve unit (later, Inshore Underwater Warfare [IUW] Unit) was established there during 1953. Training there continued until 1980. Meanwhile, the U.S. Marines assumed responsibility for the post during 1959. Later during 1983, the fort was opened to the public by the State of New Hampshire during 1983. The fort was reacquired by New Hampshire during 1978 and 1983 in two separate transactions. The Ordnance Machine Shop was preserved and is now a visitors center at the park. Fort Stark was one of seven forts throughout history that was built to guard Portsmouth. Of the seven, four were located in New Hampshire: Fort Stark, Fort William and Mary, Fort Washington and during World War II, Fort Dearborn. Three others, Forts Foster, McClary and Sullivan, were established in Maine. Fort Stark is located on SR 1B in New Castle. Fort Stephens— See Fort at Number 4. Fort Washington— The Americans established Fort Washington during 1775 on Peirce Island (also Pierce Island), later Isle of Washington at Portsmouth, as one of a series of forts to guard Portsmouth Harbor and Portsmouth. In addition, across the harbor, other forts in Maine protected the harbor. Fort Washington, on Pierce’s Island, like Fort Sullivan (established the same year) on Seavey’s Island, was designed to protect the Navy Yard in Portsmouth. In conjunction, Fort Sullivan, Maine, was established by New Hampshire militia and named in honor of General John Sullivan. It remained active until 1778, but later, during the War of 1812, it was again garrisoned until it was abandoned during 1815. Fort Wentworth— During 1755, the English established Fort Wentworth at a spot near the convergence of the Amonusoosuk and Connecticut Rivers. Based on conditions in the area and intelligence gathered about French intentions for the Connecticut valley, New Hampshire’s governor, Benning Wentworth, directed Captain (later Major) Robert Rogers of Rogers’ Rangers to establish a fort at Northumberland. The post was used by the patriots during the American Revolution until about 1778. The exact location of the fort has not been determined; however, it is thought that the fort was at a spot between the Potter House and a cemetery. Fort William and Mary— See Fort Constitution. Gilman Garrison House— The Gilman Garrison House was established at Exeter by John Gilman during 1690. Gilman built the fortified home to protect his interests, including sawmills and his water power sources. Subsequently, Gilman modified the home by building an additional wing. The home was restored to its original condition during the 1950s. The garrison house is located at 12 Water Street in Exeter. Several other houses there were also fortified. Goffe’s Garrison House— Captain John Goffe fortified his home at Cohas Brook in the vicinity of Amoskeag during the 1740s, but it was not large enough to provide protection to the settlers. Consequently, a new and larger fort, Stark’s Fort, was built nearby during 1746, following attacks against Rochester on 27 June 1746. Goffe’s Fort remained active until the close of hostilities with France during 1748. See also Stark’s Fort (not to be confused with Fort Stark). Great Meadows Fort (New Hampshire)— See Fort Putney, Vermont.

276 Irish Fort— Irish immigrants established a fort at the Pennacook (later Concord) settlement near Londonderry in about 1724. During 1725, a contingent of militia under Colonel Tyng paused there while in pursuit of Indians. Tyng mentioned the fort in his record of the mission and referred to it as the Irish Fort. By 1726, settlers from Essex County, Massachusetts, acting on a grant, assumed possession of the land, dismantled the fort and the Irish were afterward not permitted to settle at Pennacook. Subsequently, during 1741, the boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was defined. During June 1747, the Indians attacked Pennacook, but they were repelled. During the following month, a contingent of militia under Captain Ebenezer Eastman was directed to initiate a mission against hostile Indians, but no contact was made. Meanwhile, the Indians attacked near Epsom on 21 August 1847 and seized the wife of Charles McCoy while the family was trying to make it to a nearby garrison. Afterward, militia was dispatched to Epsom. McCoy’s wife, Isabella, was taken to Canada, sold to a French family and when the hostilities ended (1748) she returned to New Hampshire. The attack against the McCoys was the final Indian raid in the Merrimack Valley during the conflict, but other areas continued to come under assault. Those included Hinsdale. See also Stark’s Fort. John Sullivan House— See Dover Garrison Houses. Lovewell’s Fort— Lovewell’s Fort, known also as Lovell’s Fort, was established at Ossipee by Captain John Lovewell during 1722 (Lovewell’s War). The settlement there became known as Lovewell’s Town in honor of John Lovewell in gratitude for building the stockaded fort during the period of turbulence with the Indians. Later, during 1728, the settlement was renamed Suncook, but at the time of incorporation (1759) the name was changed to Pembroke to honor the ninth earl of Pembroke (Southern Wales), Henry Herbert. The fort remained active until 1725. Subsequently, during other periods of conflict, new forts (or garrison houses) would be built in the area. In conjunction, Captain John Lovewell of Dunstable had commanded one of the units that participated in the conflict. During 1725, Lovewell continued action against the Indians. En route to Ossipee, the militia encountered and killed a party of well-equipped Indians at a pond in Wakefield. Afterward, the pond became known as Lovewell’s Pond. Subsequently, Lovewell arrived at Ossipee. Less than 10 men and the surgeon were left at the fort, while slightly more than 20 troops under Lovewell advanced to the vicinity of Pequaket (later Frysburg), Maine, and established a night camp. Meanwhile, the Indians had found their positions. The Indians attacked and Lovewell and about eight other men were killed during the first volley. The troops had resisted fiercely despite the loss of Lovewell, and Chief Paugus was killed. Following the loss of Paugus, the Indians lost incentive and by nightfall they disengaged. Less than 10 of Lovewell’s command were unscathed and many of the wounded were unable to walk. The wounded were left behind as the able moved back to the fort at Ossipee only to find it deserted. The militia then moved to Dunstable. Fresh troops under Colonel Tyng moved to the scene of the battle at Frysburg. The command camped near Amoskeag on 18 May 1725 and on the 19th the advance continued until they reached the scene to recover the dead, 12 men including Captain Lovewell. Each was given a proper burial. While on the burial detail, the militia found the graves of several Indians, one of which was that of Chief Paugus, the nemesis of the settlement of Dunstable. See also Stark’s Fort. Madbury Garrison Houses— Madbury was initially part of Durham and of Dover; the latter was located in a section of the town which was known as Barbados. Barbados was coined through the frequent trading between the Caribbean island of Barbados and New Hampshire settlements. Large numbers of traders resided in Barbados (Dover) and they invested much time in constructing garrison houses. Madbury was incorporated as a town during 1768.

277 Monson Garrison House— See Stark’s Fort. Neale’s Garrison House— Neale’s Garrison House was established in Greenland during the 1660s along present-day Tidemill Road near Heard’s Neck at the mouth of the Winnicot River. Newington Garrison Houses— At Newington, like many other New England settlements, fortified homes were built. During the 1640s, a ferry (Trickery’s) operated between there and Hilton’s Point in Dover. A meetinghouse was built there during 1712 and the settlement became known as Newington. Nottingham Blockhouse— At Nottingham, during 1726, the settlers held a meeting and decided to construct a fort (blockhouse). By the following month, the residents of the settlement were able to meet at the new fort. The blockhouse was located near the North River. At a time between 1747 and 1753, most probably, during 1747, Indians attacked the region and murdered a women there near the fort. The blockhouse was unscathed, but during the raids, a Mrs. Elizabeth Patton Simpson, left the security of the blockhouse to retrieve some items from her home. Indians killed her there; however according to reports, she put up a terrific struggle as her home was wrecked in such a way as to show a struggle had occurred. Afterward, the Indians placed her body at the window and when a neighbor spotted her, he believed that because her eyes were closed she was in prayer. The neighbor moved on to the fort and on the following day, Elizabeth’s body was found. In conjunction, the blockhouse was built to a size of 60 feet × 30 feet × 10 feet high. Pelham Blockhouse— In about 1720, settlers from Londonderry erected a blockhouse on Monmouth Road about midway between Boston and Derry at Pelham. During the following year, a settlement was started there by two men, John Butler and David Hamblett, both from Woburn, Massachusetts. Others followed and later another fort was built to protect the settlement. On 5 July 1746, the town of Pelham was incorporated by Governor Benning Wentworth on behalf of King George II. The town, named in honor of Thomas Pelham Holles, the Duke of Newcastle, was formed primarily from Dracut, but also from Londonderry and Dunstable. Governor Wentworth also directed Zacheus Lovewell from Nottingham West (later Hudson) to initiate the official business of the town, including electing local officials. The town was not too threatened by Indians, like many others along the frontier. The residents from Pelham participated in the French and Indian War as well as the American Revolution, but in addition, Pelham makes extra mention of its residents being part of the 13th New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment, which was the initial Union regiment to enter Richmond. Also, during 1824, Pelham was annexed by Hillsboro County. Pennacook Fort— See Irish Fort and Stark’s Fort. Portsmouth Arsenal— A state arsenal was established in Portsmouth during 1808 in the vicinity of South Mill Pond. The arsenal was also known as the federal Gun House. The arsenal was located near the intersection of Jenkins Court and South School Street. While active, the arsenal was used to warehouse equipment, including artillery, for Fort Constitution. Portsmouth Plains Training and Muster Ground— See Portsmouth Powder House. Portsmouth Powder House— During 1811, a new powder house was built at Portsmouth to replace one which had been established earlier and had become obsolete. The facility was constructed at the Portsmouth Plains where various units, including some during the colonial period, had trained. During the initial days of the settlement there, Indians attacked it during June 1696. Fourteen settlers were killed and some others were seized and dragged away as captives.

Stark’s Fort / NEW HAMPSHIRE During the raid, five homes were destroyed. Afterward, state militia units used the Portsmouth Plains Training and Muster Ground through the end of the Civil War. The new powder house was located near the intersection of Essex Avenue and Islington Street and it still stands. The older powder house had stood near the presentday South Street Cemetery. In addition, a prominent tavern, the Plains Tavern, was established there during 1728. Portsmouth Rope Walks— The South Mill Ropewalk was built at Portsmouth. During the War of 1812, it was used for awhile (1814) as a barracks while the British were executing a blockade of the harbor. The U.S. again used the Ropewalk as a barracks during the Civil War. Another, the North Mill Ropewalk, was replaced by a train station during 1840 when the Boston and Maine Railroad Station was established there. Ropewalks for a long time were common in Portsmouth, but the mid-1820s, there were far fewer. Rye Garrison Houses— Settlers first arrived at Rye (Odiorne Point) during 1623. The place was fortified and a plantation was established. The settlement became the first European settlement in what became New Hampshire. The initial fort was in disarray by about 1627. Subsequently, during 1670, a garrison (Odiorne Garrison) was erected there during a time of turbulence. During the twentieth century, Fort Dearborn was established there. The site is now part of Odiorne State Park on Route 1A in Rye. Salisbury Fort— Settlers established a fort at Salisbury (formerly Stevenstown settlement). The exact time it was established has never been determined, but it was built sometime between 1746 and 1750. The fort was located on about eight acres of land. Indians attacked the Call house, which was located near the fort. When the attack began, Mrs. Call was at home with her daughter-in-law and the latter’s infant son, John. Mrs. Call’s husband, Philip, their son Stephen, and one other man, Timothy Cook, were working the crops. Once Mrs. Call opened the door, she was struck with powerful blows that killed her. Afterward, she was scalped. Unbeknownst to the Indians, Stephen’s wife and child remained concealed and were unscathed. However, the Indians then attacked the men. Both Philip and his son Stephen escaped harm, but Timothy Cook was slain as he tried to swim the across the Merrimack River to safety. Others attacked during the same raid included the Scribners and the Barbers. Samuel Scribner and Robert Barber were both captured. Barber, upon his later escape, related how the Indians showed him the head of a woman and inquired if he knew her. He did. It was the head of Mrs. Call. Upon his subsequent escape from Canada during September 1775 and his return to New Hampshire, Scribner constructed a twostory fortified house at Salisbury along North Road. During 1755, a contingent of troops under Colonel Joseph Blanchard from Dunstable was ordered to Salisbury by Governor Wentworth. Blanchard’s contingent arrived there in April 1755 (French and Indian War period). When Blanchard departed about six weeks later, several hundred new militia troops replaced the unit. The recruits remained in service for three months. Shaw’s Hill Fort— The colonists constructed an earthworks fort near Riverside in the northwestern sector of New Castle Island near Seavey Island during 1813, but it was never armed with artillery. The name of the fort was not officially listed and it is known by other names. It was abandoned at the end of the War of 1812. Other batteries had been located in the area, but none from earlier times, nor from the War of 1812 have survived. Souhegan Garrison House— See Stark’s Fort. Stark’s Fort— On 27 June 1746, Rochester was attacked by Indians. Five men were caught while toiling in a field. All raced for a deserted home to defend themselves; however, the Indians were able to break

278

NEW JERSEY / Bergen Neck Fort through the roof. Gersham Downs, Joseph Hurd, Joseph Richards and John Wentworth were killed. The survivor, John Richards, was seized as a captive. Other raids also occurred in the area that same day and all occurred within 20 miles of Portsmouth, where forces were gathered. Troops sped to various points, including Canterbury, but they made no contact with the Indians. Other militia moved to Exeter. On 11 August, a contingent of Captain Ladd’s unit was ambushed near Pennacook. On the previous day, the Indians aborted an attack due to the arrival of militia. The militia under attack was en route to Eastman’s Fort in Pennacook (later Concord). Five men were killed, and of those, two were stripped of their clothes and afterward mutilated. Two others were dragged away and never heard from again. One man, Daniel Gilman, was able to escape. The incident infuriated the settlers once the bodies were discovered about two hours after the fact. More troops were raised and more garrison

houses were built. Captain Goffe’s home at Cohas Brook in Amoskeag had already been fortified; however, Goffe’s house was not sufficient to protect enough people, compelling the settlers there to build a larger fort (Stark’s Fort or Garrison House) at Swagger’s Pond (or Fort Pond). It was located slightly south of Goffe’s Fort. Other garrison houses built during the period of turbulence were located at Dunstable (later Nashua), Monson (later Milford), Souhegan (later Bedford), Suncook (later Pembrooke), Pennacook (later Concord), Contoocook (later Boscawen) and Canterbury. Captain John Goffe commanded Stark’s Garrison, and the garrisons at Monson and Souhegan until peace was declared during 1748. Stephenstown Fort— See Salisbury Fort. Suncook Garrison House— See Stark’s Fort. William Damm Garrison House— See Dover Garrison Houses.

NEW JERSEY Abraham Van Campen’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Adam Dingman’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Allison’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Battery Alexander— See Fort Hancock. Battery Arrowsmith— See Fort Hancock. Battery (at) Sneden’s Fields— See Sneden’s Blockhouse. Battery Bloomfield— See Fort Hancock. Battery Engle— See Fort Hancock. Battery Granger— See Fort Hancock. Battery Gunnison (later renamed Battery Peck II)— See Fort Hancock. Battery Halleck— See Fort Hancock. Battery Kingman— See Fort Hancock. Battery McCook— See Fort Hancock. Battery Mills— See Fort Hancock. Battery Morris— See Fort Hancock. Battery New Peck— See Fort Hancock. Battery New Urmston— See Fort Hancock. Battery #7 and #8 (Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Batteries)— See Fort Hancock. Battery Peck— See Fort Hancock. Battery Potter— See Fort Hancock. Battery Reynolds— See Fort Hancock. Battery Richardson— See Fort Hancock. Battery Urmston— See Fort Hancock. Bergen Neck Fort— The Americans established a fort at Bergen Neck in the vicinity of Bayonne during 1776. The fort was intended to be an obstacle for the British when they attempted to advance

through Bergen Neck to seize New York City. The British, however, landed instead at Long Island and from there began the offensive to quash the rebellion. The fort was abandoned by the Americans and the British occupied it during 1777 and renamed it Fort Delancy (also Delancey). Following the surrender of the British under General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, the war for all intents and purposes was terminated. Nonetheless, skirmishing continued in some areas, including New Jersey where the British still controlled Fort Delancy. The fort was attacked by Americans (light infantry and militia) during February 1782, but the British repelled the assault. Two other minor skirmishes occurred near the fort on 13 February and again on 15 March. Subsequently, on 1 September 1782, the British, along with the loyalists, abandoned Fort Delancy after first destroying it. Blue Hills Post— The Americans established a post at Plainfield during 1776. The post later stood as sentinel to protect the troops in the Watchung Mountains. The site is located in Green Brook Park in Plainfield at the intersection of Plainfield Avenue and West Front Street. Also, George Washington established headquarters for a while in Plainsfield at Deacon Nathaniel Drake’s home. The Drake House is now operated by the Plainfield and North Plainfield Historical Society. Bull’s Ferry Fort— The British established a blockhouse at Bull’s Ferry along the Hudson River above Bergen during 1780. On 20 July 1780, an American force of Pennsylvanians under General Anthony Wayne unsuccessfully assaulted the fort. Burlington Barracks— The New Jersey Assembly authorized the establishment of Burlington Barracks during 1758 (French and Indian War period) to provide quarters for British soldiers. At the same time, barracks were also authorized to be built at New Brunswick, Princeton and Trenton. The barracks were seized by the Americans during 1776. The post was used until 1780. Camp at Hoboken— The 1st Battery (A) Light Artillery (Hexamer’s) was organized at Hoboken during August 1861. The unit departed for Washington, D.C., on 20 August of that same year. Camp Bayard— Camp Bayard was established in Trenton during

279 1861 as a Civil War training camp. The units that were deployed there included the 1st Regiment of Cavalry (16th Volunteers) which was formed there during August 1861 and was created as Halstead’s Cavalry. The 3rd Regiment (39th Volunteers) New Jersey Cavalry had also been formed there by separate companies during 1863–1864. Camp Cadwallader— The Union established Camp Cadwallader at Beverly, located between Burlington (north) and Philadelphia (south). One of the units organized there was the New Jersey 24th Volunteer Regiment Infantry. It was mustered into service on 16 September 1862 and it departed for Washington, D.C., on 30 September of that same year. Camp Delaware— Camp Delaware was established at Trenton during the 1860s as a Civil War training camp. One of the units organized there was the New Jersey 37th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was mustered into service on 23 June 1864. Camp Fair Oaks— The Union established Camp Fair Oaks in the vicinity of Flemington during the 1860s as a Civil War training camp. The post was located above Burlington and below Trenton. One of the units organized there was the New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 15th Regiment. The regiment was mustered into the service on 25 August 1862. The regiment, soon after, on 27 August, departed for Washington, D.C. Camp Frelinghuysen— The Union established Camp Frelinghuysen at Newark during the 1860s as a Civil War training camp. Units that were organized at the camp included the New Jersey 13th and 26th Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The 13th Regiment mustered into the service on 25 August 1862 and departed for Washington on 31 August. The 26th Regiment mustered into the service on 18 September 1862 and departed for Washington on 26 September. Camp Olden— Camp Olden was established by the Union in Trenton during 1861. The 2nd Battery (B) Light Artillery was mustered in there during September 1861. Shortly thereafter, on 22 October 1861, the unit departed for Washington, D.C. Also, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Volunteer Infantry Regiments were organized at Camp Olden. The first 10 regiments were mustered into the service during 1861. Camp Parker— Camp Parker was established in Trenton as a Civil War training camp. The 2nd Regiment Cavalry (32nd Volunteers) was organized there during August 1863. Shortly thereafter, during October of that same year, the unit moved to Washington, D.C. Camp Perrine— Camp Perrine was established by the Union during the 1860s at Trenton. One of the units organized there was the 11th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was authorized by Congress on 22 July 1861. The regiment was raised during May of 1862 at Camp Perrine and it was mustered into federal service during August 1862. Camp Stockton— The Union established Camp Stockton at Woodbury as a Civil War training camp during the 1860s. One of the units organized here was the New Jersey Volunteer 12th Infantry Regiment. It was mustered into federal service on 4 September 1862 and several days later it shipped out for Baltimore, Maryland. Camp Voorhees— Camp Voorhees was established as a SpanishAmerican War (1898) Camp at Sea Girt. The site had been used earlier as a training camp for state troops. Camp Voorhees was named in honor of the governor at the time, J. Foster McGowan Voorhees. The four regiments of New Jersey troops were formed there for service during the conflict. The National Guard units based there include the 254th Regiment. The base is the coordinating headquarters for Region A, which includes units from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont as

Fort at Paulus Hook / NEW JERSEY well as New Jersey. The 63rd Army Band is also based at Camp Voorhees. Camp Vredenburg— The Union established Camp Vredenburg at Freehold during the 1860s as a Civil War training camp. One of the units organized there was the New Jersey Volunteer 14th Infantry Regiment. The regiment was mustered into federal service on 26 August 1862 and it departed for Baltimore, Maryland, on 2 September 1862. Chestnut Neck Fort— The Americans established a fort at Chestnut Neck near the mouth of Little Egg Harbor River in South Jersey during 1776. The fort was close to the Batsto Iron Works. The fort was apparently built under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Elizah Clark and Major Thomas Wescoat. In addition to militia at the fort, privateers operated out of the area, which made the post a prime target for the British. Although the fort had gun emplacements and other gun emplacements were nearby, there is no evidence that it ever received any guns. The British launched a flotilla during late September 1778 to attack the fort and destroy the privateers’ vessels there. However, word of the attack was discovered by the Americans at Trenton and a warning was sped to the militia at Chestnut Neck. The patriots got some additional time to take action as a major storm struck the area and impeded the British warships which had embarked from New York. On 5 October 1778, the fleet transporting the 70th Regiment of Foot arrived and on the following day an attack was initiated. The fort and the settlement were destroyed as well as those privateers that were unable to get out before the British arrived. Other ships escaped either to open seas or by moving further north to the Forks. The British completed the destruction during the morning of the 7th, but again more bad weather arrived, which forced the British to abandon their attack upon the iron works at Batsto. While maneuvering to depart, the British had some ships which became grounded in the shallow water. In the meantime, the British ground troops under Colonel Patrick Ferguson raided the salt works in the area and inflicted much damage. By the following day, the British were able to get the stranded ship afloat and afterward they returned to New York. Other raids were planned against the patriots at Barnegat during the return trip, but the bad weather continued and the attack was aborted. Cochecton Post— Cochecton Post, known also as Upper Fort, was established in present-day Sullivan County, New York, near the Delaware River in the Minisink Valley; however, at the time it was established, during 1760, the land was part of New Jersey in an area claimed also by New York and Pennsylvania. At about the same time, Fort Delaware, also known as Lower Fort, was established in the area, but it was located on the Pennsylvania side of the river. The two forts worked together as sister forts. Often, Fort Cochecton is thought of as a New York state fort; however, it was even garrisoned by New Jersey militia. New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania each converged in this area (Delaware Water Gap). Ellison’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Finns Point National Cemetery— See Fort Mott. Ford Mansion— A mansion was constructed in Morristown during 1772–1774 by Jacob Ford, a prominent businessman of the period. During the winter of 1779–1780, the mansion was used as headquarters for General George Washington. The Ford Mansion is now a museum. See also Fort Nonsense. Fort at Paulus Hook— The Americans established a fort at Paulus Hook ( Jersey City) during 1776. The British captured Fort Washington, across the Hudson River, which compelled the Americans to abandon Fort Lee and, at about the same time, the post at Paulus Hook. On 18–19 August 1779, about 300 troops under American

NEW JERSEY / Fort Bergen general Henry Lee (father of Robert E. Lee) set out on the evening of the 18th to seize the British garrison at Paulus Hook, the last major British garrison in the state. The Yanks took the garrison by complete surprise and captured about 160 troops. The Americans, however, spent no time within the fort to either destroy its guns or the fortifications. Instead, they immediately considered their goal achieved and they retired rather than get trapped in the region. Afterward, the English reinforced the fort and maintained control of it. The Americans reoccupied the fort during 1781 and did some reconstruction work. The fort was abandoned during 1783. Fort Bergen— Fort Bergen was established by the Dutch at Pavonia ( Jersey City) about 1660. The fort was abandoned by 1664. Subsequently, during July 1667, the Treaty of Breda was concluded and through it, peace was established between England, France, Holland, and Denmark. In accordance with the agreement, New York, New Jersey, and the American colonies located west of the Delaware were ceded to England. New Amsterdam remained English. The treaty also affected others areas. Holland held Surinam (Dutch Guiana) on the northeast coast of South America and the English received Antigua, Montserrat and St. Kitts from the French. Acadia was given back to France; however, the royal grant of Nova Scotia given to Sir Thomas Temple was not affected. The Dutch began acquiring land in the region during 1630 when Godyn (Dutch West Indian Company) received a deed from the Indians for territory in Delaware. Godyn and Samuel Bloemart purchased the Indian title to the east coast of Delaware Bay (New Jersey). The tract was called Swanendael or Swansdale. At about the same time, Kiliaen van Rensselaer bought from the Indians a tract (24 miles long and 48 miles wide) between Fort Orange and the Mohawk River; this tract was called Rensselaerwyck (New York). And Michael Pauw bought Staten Island and Pavonia (the country around Hoboken and Jersey City N.J.). From their arrival, the Dutch continued to encounter problems with the Indians and the English. The Dutch traders who operated in Bergen (present day Jersey City, Hudson County) remained under constant threat by Indians. The Hackensack and Tappan (or Tappaen) tribes and the Sessekenicks inhabited the area. The conflict with the Hackensack tribe during 1642 is known as the Whiskey War. Also, during 1642, the Dutch engaged the Algonquins, which instigated a much larger conflict as the Indians then raided into Maryland and Virginia, which made the war continue for about four years. Subsequently, during February 1643, the Wappinger Indians arrived in Pavonia to seek the protection of the Dutch; however, the Dutch provided only temporary help and soon after conspired to entrap and kill the Indians (Pavonia Massacre). The Indians retaliated and afterward the Dutch, who were not sufficiently armed, sustained heavy losses, including women and children. The survivors headed for New Amsterdam. The conflict, which included the Wappinger and about 20 other tribes, is known as Governor Kieft’s War; it continued until 1645. Later, during 1655, the Indians (Manhattan rim) attacked New Amsterdam following the death of a Wappinger Indian by a Dutch farmer. The incident, known as the Peach War, caused fighting to spread to New Jersey in the vicinity of Pavonia and Hoboken. The Dutch lost about 50 killed and an equal number captured. The captives were later freed by Peter Stuyvesant, who paid a ransom. Fort Billings— On 5 July 1776, the Continental Congress purchased land in Paulsboro across the Delaware in close proximity to Philadelphia. Fort Billings was established there. The deed transfer involved the initial land acquired by the Continental Congress. During 1777, a force of Hessians from Philadelphia seized the fort, but subsequent to the departure of the British from Philadelphia, it was reoccupied. Fort Billings was abandoned during 1781. Fort Cole— See Sussex County Blockhouses.

280 Fort Delancey— See Bergen Neck Fort. Fort Delancy— See Bergen Neck Fort. Fort Elfsborg— Fort Elfsborg, named after a 13th century fortress in Sweden, was established during 1643 by Swedes led by Johan Prinz at Paulsboro. The fort was located along the east bank of the Delaware River between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware, near Salem. The land there was primarily swamps and it was inundated with mosquitoes. The fort was so plagued by the insects that the post was dubbed Fort Myggenborgh (Fort Mosquito). The intent of the fort was to attempt colonization in what the Dutch termed New Netherlands to begin trading with the Indians. The Swedes abandoned the fort, due primarily to the chronic problems caused by insects rather than by the Dutch. Nevertheless, the Dutch reacted angrily to the appearance of the Swedes, who were positioned to block passage up the Delaware River to Dutch-held Fort Nassau. Fort Hancock–Fort Hancock did not actually become Fort Hancock until 1899; however several other posts were located there following the American Revolution. A post was there during the War of 1812, possibly Fort Gates. Later, during 1857, a new post was established there. A new fort was built there during 1885, according to the records of the Army Corps of Engineers. It was later named Fort Hancock. Fort Hancock was completed during 1899 and included more than 30 buildings. The post also received modern weaponry, including Battery Potter, completed during 1893. It contained the country’s initial steam-lift gun battery, which as it turned out was also the nation’s only weapon of its kind. Several other batteries were completed during 1894 and each of those were built from concrete. Subsequent improvements included Nike missiles. The post remained active until 1974. The Sandy Hook Museum is located at the site in one of the preserved buildings. Another point of interest at Fort Hancock is the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, which has been in use there since the 1760s. In conjunction, the Sandy Hook Proving Grounds was located at Fort Hancock, but during 1920 it was relocated at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. Other batteries included: Battery McCook (1898–1923), Battery Reynolds (1898–1918), Battery Alexander (1899–1943), Battery Bloomfield (1899–1944), Battery Richardson (1904–1944), Battery Kingman (1922–1946), Battery Mills (1922–1946), Battery Halleck (1898–1944), Battery Granger (1898–1940s), Battery Arrowsmith (1909–1921), Battery Peck (1903–1946, relocated during 1943 to Battery Gunnison site), Battery Gunnison (1905–1943, renamed Battery Peck II during 1943), Battery New Peck (1943–1946), Battery Engle (1898–1917), Battery Urmston (1908–1946), Battery Morris (1908–1946), and Battery New Urmston (1942–1946). Also, two Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Batteries, #7 and 8, were established at Fort Hancock during 1942 and 1943 respectively. Both remained active until 1946. For more information: Fort Hancock Historic District New Jersey, National Park Service, Gateway National Recreation Area, Sandy Hook Unit, PO Box 530, Fort Hancock, New Jersey 07732. The Fort Hancock Fort Park is located off the Garden State Parkway at Exit 105 (Eatontown). From the parkway, head east on Route 36 to its terminus. Turn left there onto Ocean Avenue and proceed north to the park Fort Johns— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Lee— In an effort to protect the Hudson Valley and lower New York against the British, the Americans established Fort Lee during 1776 at a site near the present-day George Washington Bridge in present-day Fort Lee. Initially, when the construction began, the fort was called Fort Constitution, but it was later named in honor of General Henry Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee. Prior to the construction

281 of the fort, property nearby owned by Stephen Bourdette contained a stone house which was used by General George Washington as his headquarters while he operated in the region. On July 12, two British warships moved up the Hudson River and were met with fire from Fort Washington, but the ships passed effortlessly. Work at Fort Lee was intensified to offset British progress. Nevertheless, by August, more than 31,000 British troops, including regulars, Hessians and Loyalists, were in New York at Staten Island. The British seized Fort Washington on 16 November, and afterward General Washington concluded that Fort Lee, commanded by General Nathanael Greene, was no longer a strategic post. The British, however, had it in their sights and on 20 November a large force landed in the vicinity of the post, giving Washington little time to abandon it. The retreat was haphazard and in the process of escaping the clutches of the British, large amounts of supplies were left behind. However, Washington’s remnant forces moved from Newark to Brunswick and from there to Princeton to keep the British guessing about their positions. Soon after, Washington bolted across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, but they burned the remaining boats to prevent the British from giving pursuit. Some other troops, New Jersey Militia, were at Monmouth, but the troops were untested. Later, from Pennsylvania, Washington launched an offensive against Trenton on Christmas Eve 1776. In conjunction with the fall of Fort Lee, another fort at Paulus Hook ( Jersey City) was abandoned by the Americans. The English moved back into New York during June 1777, but they left a garrison at Paulus Hook to protect the western flank. In southern New Jersey also during 1776, the Americans established Fort Mercer to protect the Delaware River approaches to Philadelphia. It worked in conjunction with Fort Mifflin on the opposite bank of the river in Pennsylvania. These forts were also abandoned when the British seized Philadelphia. In conjunction, each of the states, except two, New Jersey and Delaware, had state navies. New Jersey, like Delaware, relied on privateers during the war. During the 1970s, Fort Lee was partially rebuilt and a visitors center was established there. The Fort Lee Museum and Monument Park are located at the site Fort Mercer— Fort Mercer was established by the Americans during 1776 in the vicinity of Redbank near Woodbury in Gloucester County. The fort was named in honor of General Hugh Mercer, who was killed during the fighting at Princeton during January 1777. On 7 October 1777, General Varnum’s brigade, the 1st and 2nd Rhode Island Regiments, received orders at Morristown to proceed to Fort Mercer, across the Delaware River from Philadelphia. Soon after, on 19 October that same year, British general William Howe directed that his forces at Germantown (now part of Philadelphia) move out and redeploy in the city of Philadelphia. In conjunction, Count Donop was ordered to attack the Americans at Redbank, just south of Camden. Two days later, on the 21st, a force standing between 1,200–1,400 Hessians under Donop crossed the Delaware River from Philadelphia to reduce Fort Mercer. Donop issued an ultimatum for the fort to surrender, but Colonel Greene of Rhode Island rejected it. Immediately following Greene’s response, the Hessians began their assault, but the defenders estimated to be between 400–500 troops, bolstered by several floating batteries on the river and some warships, dispensed some awesome firepower against the Hessians and repulsed the attack. The Hessians sustained heavy casualties, which included their commander, Donop, who was mortally wounded when captured. The Hessians, having lost their leader and also their second in command, were unable to penetrate the redoubt. They retired to Philadelphia. The emplacements at Forts Mercer and Mifflin were intended to keep Howe’s supplies from clearing the channel in the Delaware River to reach him in Philadelphia. In conjunction, British warships moved up the river to support the attack,

Fort Mott / NEW JERSEY but due to low tide, they encountered sandbars which impeded their progress. During the latter part of November, the British gained control of Fort Mercer and Fort Mifflin across the river near Philadelphia, giving the British domination of the Delaware River there. Subsequently, during June 1778, the British evacuated Philadelphia and the Americans reoccupied Fort Mercer in New Jersey and Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia. Fort Mercer was abandoned during 1781. The site of Fort Mercer is now part of the Red Bank Battlefield (public park by the river). It is located on a 20-acre site that includes the site of the old mansion (Whitall Mansion) where Count Donop was taken after he was fatally wounded on the field. Fort Mott— Fort Mott was established during 1872 at Pennsville, Salem County. The fort, along with two others in nearby Delaware, Fort Dupont and Fort Delaware, were sometimes referred to as the “Three Forts.” The three posts guard the Delaware River approaches to Philadelphia. The original plans for Fort Mott directed the construction of a fort of 20 guns and a mortar battery composed of six emplacements; however, when construction terminated during 1876, only two guns and two magazines of the mortar battery had been completed. Construction began during 1872. Subsequently, during 1875, Finns Point National Cemetery was established in Salem, Salem County, near Fort Mott. Union and Confederate troops, the latter having been imprisoned in nearby Fort Pea Patch, Delaware, were interred at the cemetery. The Confederates and Union troops were buried in a separate parts of the cemetery. Due to the input of the Virginia governor (1874–1877), James Lawson Kemper, a veteran of the Army of Northern Virginia, the cemetery received improvements. The project was completed by 1877. Kemper had been a captain of Virginia volunteers during the Mexican War and he served as a Confederate brigadier general and brigade commander under General George Pickett at Gettysburg during July 1863. Some of his fellow Virginians had been imprisoned at Fort Delaware. Union troops (135) who succumbed while on tour at Fort Delaware are interred in a sector to the front of the cemetery, but there are no individual grave markers; rather, they are noted by a plaque with the names of 105 troops and it lists another 30 as unknown. During 1910, the government allocated funds to construct an 85-foot-tall obelisk to honor the Confederates who were buried at Finns Point. The foundation of the obelisk contains bronze plates with the names of 2,436 Confederate prisoners of war who were known to have succumbed while incarcerated at Fort Delaware. Subsequently, the archivists at the Fort Delaware Society did further research and acquired the names of an additional 500 Confederate troops that died while held at the fort. The modified list includes the names of 2,925 Confederates, 109 Union troops and 39 civilian detainees; the names of 26 other Union troops are still undetermined. The list of names is available from the Fort Delaware Society for a nominal price. The cemetery remained operational until the conclusion of World War I for members of the Coastal Artillery Guard based at nearby Fort Mott. At the present time the cemetery is available for the burial of veterans from all wars, but only by cremation. For more information concerning Finns Point National Cemetery, contact the director, Beverly National Cemetery, Department of Veterans Affairs, Beverly, New Jersey 08010. Finns Point National Cemetery is open year round for visitation and can be reached by taking the first/last exit at the New Jersey end of the Delaware Memorial Bridge [I-295] and traveling east on New Jersey State Route 49 through Pennsville. A well-marked right-hand turn on Fort Mott Road takes you to Fort Mott and Finns Point National Cemetery. Also, prior to the establishment of the fort, an incident occurred at Penns Grove during the American Revolution. During February 1778, contingents of the Continental Army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, under General Anthony Wayne were dispatched into southern New Jersey to forage for

NEW JERSEY / Fort Nassau food. Shortly thereafter, a large force composed of more than 1,000 British troops departed Philadelphia to also seek provisions. The British under General Mawhood received some intelligence from loyalists and during the following month, based on the spies’ information, the British raided a house in Salem County during the middle of the night in anticipation of cornering the American troops. However, when they launched the surprise raid, no troops were there. Instead, the king’s judge, William Hancock, a Quaker, his wife and about nine others were caught while sleeping in the settlement known as Hancock’s Bridge at Fort Mott (Pennsgrove). All were bayoneted to death on 21 March. The attack force that struck was composed of about 300 men including loyalists under Major John Graves Simcoe. Following the massacre, Simcoe returned to Philadelphia, but it was the last of his visits to New Jersey. The house still stands and contains a museum. A plaque at the house is inscribed with the names William and Sarah Hancock and the date 1734. Fort Nassau— Cornelis (Cornelius) Jacobsen May, having embarked from Holland with two ships, arrived at Cape May during 1623. May constructed Fort Nassau on Timber Creek below Camden and claimed the country for the Dutch. The fort was later reestablished during 1639 by Governor Kieft. Subsequently, during 1651, the Dutch established Fort Casimir at present-day Newcastle, Delaware, and they destroyed Fort Nassau. At the time, England and Holland were at war, but the fort at Newcastle also ignited resentment of the Swedes who had also settled in the region and held a fort at Christina. Fort Namanock— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Nominac— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Nonsense— Fort Nonsense was established during 1777 in the vicinity of Morristown. On 11 February 1777, Captain John Doughty of Morristown replaced Alexander Hamilton as commander of the Artillery Company. Hamilton became aide-de-camp to Washington. (The 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, Fort Riley, Kansas, is the descendent of this company, the only Army unit dating back to the Continental Army.). On 28 May 1777, General Washington ordered his Army to Middlebrook, approximately eight miles from New Brunswick. Colonel Jeremiah Olney (2nd Rhode Island Continental Regiment) remained with the contingent left at Morristown to further strengthen the recently built fort. At the time, Washington realized General Howe was about to take the offensive, but there was no indication as to which direction the British would move. The Americans had forces in New Jersey to cut off the British if they advanced toward Philadelphia and other forces deployed at Ticonderoga and at Peekskill, New York, that could advance to attack Howe’s right flank. If Howe decided to move north toward Albany, the situation would reverse itself. The troops in New Jersey would attack from the rear, while those in New York would intercept the advancing forces. In addition, Washington had considered the possibility that the British would move down from Canada by sea to hook up with General Howe in New Jersey. If that plan unfolded, the Americans would combine their forces and intercept the British before they could seize Philadelphia, the soul of the new nation. Meanwhile, the real British intent was to draw Washington into a major battle by feigning an attack against Philadelphia, but General Washington did not take the bait. On 13 June, the British under Howe moved from New Brunswick toward Amboy, with the Americans in pursuit, but Washington then retired back to Middlebrook, foiling the plan to trap his force. Howe then evacuated New Jersey and returned to Staten Island, New York. Subsequently, on 28 June 1778, the Americans engaged the British at the Battle of Monmouth, which became the last major battle in the northern states. The battle had nearly been lost due to tepid actions by General Charles Lee, but the contributions of General Wayne and Lafayette, along with

282 the personal command of George Washington, saved the day. At a crucial point, Lafayette asked permission to attack the British rear, but General Charles Lee said: “Sir, you do not know British soldiers. We can not stand against them. We shall certainly be driven back at first and we must be cautious.” Lafayette, who earlier had to relinquish command to Lee retorted: “It may be so general, but British soldiers have been beaten and they may be again. At any rate, I am disposed to make the trial.” Lee gave no permission to strike the rear, but he granted some concession and directed Lafayette to strike the left flank. Soon after, confusion set in as the British moved. Lee ordered a retreat, and soon after, yet another retreat, to the consternation of Washington, who appeared shortly thereafter. In the meantime, a messenger arrived to inform Washington that the Americans were in full retreat and had not raised any opposition. Washington afterward sped forward and took personal command. He restored discipline and then advanced to the forward line to rally the troops there. George Washington, conspicuously mounted upon his horse, moved throughout the lines during the ongoing firestorm of shot and shell, oblivious to the peril. At that point he also reinstated General Lee in command when Lee agreed to stand and fight. Both sides battered each other, but at the end of the day, the British finally disengage and retired to the Carr House in the heights. While the Americans attempted to treat their wounded and get some rest, the British prepared to depart the area. At about midnight (28th–29th), British general Clinton abandoned his positions and headed for Sandy Hook without being discovered by the Americans. The Americans and British had fought to a stand-off at Monmouth, according to the results, which brought about no clear winner; however, considering the circumstances and the disengagement by Clinton, it is fair to say that the English had indeed been bested on the field. The British continued their withdrawal toward New York. In conjunction, this is the battle where Mary Hays, the wife of a wounded artilleryman, continued to load and fire the cannon and risk additional danger by carrying water to the exhausted troops. Mary is remembered as “Molly Pitcher.” Subsequently, General Charles Lee, at his request, received a court-martial on charges of disobedience of orders for not attacking the enemy on the 28th of June and for misbehavior in front of the enemy on the identical day. He was also charged with a third offense, disrespect to his commander-in-chief in two separate letters. General Lord Stirling presided as president of the trial. Lee was found guilty of the first offense and sentenced to a one-year suspension from serving in the army. However, Lee departed the army and never rejoined. In conjunction, on 17 October 1779, the Continental Army established winter quarters at Morristown. Washington’s force advanced from West Point, New York, and arrived at Morristown on 1 December after moving through a terrible blizzard to join with the troops already there. Washington used the house of Jacob Ford for his quarters. Junior officers made camp at Jockey Hollow, just south of Morristown. The same problems as those experienced at Valley Forge the previous year plagued the men throughout the bitter winter. The weather was intolerable, morale was bad and mutineers instigated trouble. On 25 May 1780, the First Connecticut Brigade attempted mutiny and demanded full pay and full rations. Two of the leaders were hanged after the rebellion was suppressed by Pennsylvania Regiments. Excruciating suffering from the severity of the winter had caused the malcontent. Fort Normanock— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Rawnsley— Fort Rawnsley was actually a hotel in Trenton. During the Mexican War period, the hotel was used a recruiting station. It was located at the intersection of Warren and Lamberton Streets. Fort Redding— Fort Redding, a blockhouse, was established at

283 Belvidere as one of a series of forts built in the Upper Valley (Minisink) during the French and Indian War period (1756). At the time, the settlers in the valley had to deal also with the Delaware tribe, which had remained disgruntled since they relinquished their lands in New Jersey through a transaction known as the Walking Purchase. In New Jersey, the governor, John Belcher, established the Home Guard (also known as Frontier Guard) to defend what was known as Sussex County. In addition, other New Jersey troops of the Provincial Regiment ( Jersey Blues) moved into New York to participate with other units there who defended against the French threats at places such as Lake George, Oswego and Ticonderoga. The forts that were built to defend the valley extended from Fort Redding to the area beyond Port Jervis at Fort Gardiner (New York). The militia at the time operated in small numbers and no uniforms were issued. The fort was abandoned at an undetermined time subsequent to the close of the French and Indian War (1760). In conjunction, the Jersey Blues, composed of about 350 troops led by Colonel Peter Parker, were struck hard on 24 July 1775 when they were advancing to intercept the French near Fort William Henry in New York. The vanguard of the force, aboard three barges, was ambushed and forced to surrender. Trailing barges were also snagged by the obstacles in the water and the lurking Indians as they were unaware of the fate of the troops in the lead. The main body then fell into an identical trap. Of about 20 barges, only the troops aboard two of them escaped. Slaughter followed each incident. Some survived the initial fire, but of those some drowned and others were captured. The captives soon after met more punishment. The Indians discovered the troops’ rations (rum). After celebrating, some of the captives were killed, cooked and served as a meal. The survivors were kept as slaves. See also Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Shapnack— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Shipeconk— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Fort Walpack— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Headquarters Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Knox’s Artillery Park— See Middlebrook Encampment. McMurtie’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. McMurty’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Middlebrook Encampment— During the latter part of May 1777, George Washington, while trying to outmaneuver the British and preserve the Continental Army which was in New Jersey, directed his forces to move to Middlebrook. A contingent had been left behind near Morristown to continue work on a recently constructed fort (Fort Nonsense). See also Fort Nonsense. Subsequently, during 1778, the Americans established winter quarters (1778–1779) at Middlebrook. The units included troops from Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania. The Marylanders established their lines east of the gap. The Pennsylvanians were deployed in the vicinity of Weston (later Manville) and the Virginians were at Chimney Rock. In conjunction, General Knox established his headquarters (Knox Artillery Park) northwest of the others near Pluckemin at the Watchung Mountains. General Washington established his headquarters at Raritan (later Somerville) and General Nathanael Greene made his headquarters at the Van Veghten House (later the home of the Somerset County Historical Society). In conjunction, Middlebrook was later incorporated into Bound Brook. Middletown Blockhouse— The English settlers established a blockhouse about 1675–1680 at Middletown to provide defense against Indian attacks. Subsequently, during 1746, a church (Christ Church) was built on the site. Later, during the American Revolution, the

Picatinny Arsenal / NEW JERSEY British used the church as a hospital to treat the wounded from the Battle of Monmouth. In conjunction, the rector of the church during the American Revolutionary War period was Reverend Samuel Cook. He was a Tory and prior to the outbreak of war, he departed the colonies and returned to England. New Brunswick Barracks— The British established the New Brunswick Barracks during 1758 (French and Indian War period). The post was authorized by the state assembly to provide quarters for the British troops. Other barracks were established at the same time in Burlington, Perth Amboy, Princeton and Trenton. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, British and Hessian troops under General Howe were headquartered at New Brunswick, but they were also deployed from Hackensack to Bordentown. While the British were working to entrap George Washington (November–December 1776), Howe’s main headquarters was at New Brunswick. Washington called for militia units from New Jersey, but the enthusiasm was absent as many in New Jersey sympathized with the British. The Americans, unable to raise sufficient strength, continued to retreat. Washington ordered a bridge that spanned the Raritan River destroyed while the main body moved to Trenton. The British were held up there (New Brunswick) for about five days, giving Washington time. By the time the British arrived at Trenton, the Americans had made it safely to Pennsylvania. With Washington across the Delaware, the British abandoned the chase for the winter. General Howe returned to New York, but some British troops and Hessian units remained. About 14,000 British troops were deployed at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy during mid-January, following the loss of Trenton on 26 December 1776 and the loss at Princeton on 3 January 1777. See also Trenton Barracks. Meanwhile, Washington avoided New Brunswick and made camp in the Loantaka Valley near Morristown on 7 January. The area gave Washington a strategic vantage point (Watchung Mountains) which dominated the whole Raritan River Valley. By spring 1777, American troops strength grew substantially, but still, Washington was not willing to get outmaneuvered by the British. General Howe unsuccessfully attempted to pull the Continental Army into a major battle, but George Washington refused to take the bait. Consequently, Howe departed New Brunswick and returned to Staten Island (New York), from where the British would be transported to the Chesapeake Bay to move against Philadelphia from the south. Following the Battle of Monmouth, during June 1778, the Americans entered New Brunswick and while there they held a grand celebration on 4 July. Later, the Americans established winter quarters (1778–1779) at Middlebrook. See also Fort Nonsense. Perth Amboy Barracks— The New Jersey Assembly authorized the establishment of Perth Amboy Barracks during 1758 (French and Indian War period) to provide quarters for British soldiers. At the same time, barracks were also authorized to be built at Burlington, New Brunswick, Princeton and Trenton. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, Hessian troops were posted there (1776). Picatinny Arsenal— The Picatinny Arsenal, initially known as the Dover Powder Depot, was established by the U.S. War Department in Picatinny during 1880 on 6 September. Soon after, on 10 September, the name was modified to become the Picatinny Powder Depot, which it retained until 1907. At that time, it was renamed Picatinny Arsenal. In addition to manufacturing munitions, the post began (1911) to instruct officers in the science of weaponry as the U.S. Army progressed during the early part of the twentieth century. At the arsenal, research and development programs multiplied as the country moved through World War I and beyond; however, later, the eruption of World War II brought about a suspension of major research and development projects. Subsequent to the termination of hostilities, the arsenal again focused on research and development

NEW JERSEY / Princeton Barracks and it played a large part in improving the weaponry of the GIs in Korea and later during the Vietnam Conflict (War). During 1977, the Armament Research and Development Command (later Armament Research) was headquartered at Picatinny and directed to focus on small arms munitions and weapons. The facility is still active. Princeton Barracks— The New Jersey Assembly authorized the establishment of Princeton Barracks during 1758. The post was built to provide quarters for British troops during the French and Indian War. The assembly also authorized barracks for Burlington, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy and Trenton. British and Hessian troops were based at Princeton during the American Revolution. Following the conclusion of the war, the Confederation Congress met in Princeton from June through November 1783 at Nassau Hall. The meeting was held in Princeton because the Congress was compelled to flee Philadelphia to escape from an ongoing mutiny among disgruntled troops. See also Fort Nonsense. Sneden’s Blockhouse— Sneden’s Blockhouse (Sneden’s Landing) was established in Rockleigh Borough near Tappan during 1770. The post was also known as Tappan Encampment and Washington Troop Encampment and the Battery at Sneden’s Fields. The Continental Army encamped there during 1781. Washington moved from there toward Philadelphia from where he would be transported to Virginia to confront General Cornwallis. Sussex County Blockhouses— The government (English colonials) of New Jersey authorized the establishment of four blockhouses for the protection of Sussex County during the French and Indian War during 1755 and by 1757 six blockhouses had been authorized, but even more settlers’ forts were built and the number actually increased to more than 12 forts in northwestern New Jersey. Fort Redding (also Reading) was established in the vicinity of Phillipsburg and another was built slightly more than 10 miles farther south along Old Copper Mine Road (known also as King’s Highway and the Great Road) in close proximity to Van Campen’s House (Abraham Van Campen’s Fort). The Van Campen House was also used as an inn, but not a regular commercial tavern. At the time, it was mandated by the government that some houses be designated as a place where travelers could stop and Colonel Van Campen’s home was one that had been selected. Subsequently, during December 1776, patriots led by General Horatio Gates traversed the Mine Road during a blinding blizzard and arrived at Van Campen’s Fort prior to advancing to join with George Washington prior to the attack against Trenton on Christmas Day that same year. Later, American forces under Count Pulaski moved through the valley and established winter quarters in the area during 1778. The Van Campen House was used by Pulaski as officers’ quarters. The other forts established during 1755 through 1757 included Fort Cole (present-day Port Jervis, New York). At the time Cole’s Fort was established, it was in New Jersey and in addition to New York, Pennsylvania also claimed the territory (Minisink Valley). Cole’s Fort was erected on the property of Wilhemus Cole. Other forts included Fort Johns (also known as Headquarters Fort) near the terminus of the Military Road; Fort Nominac (also Nominack and Normanack), Fort Shipeconk and Fort Walpack at Walpack Bend, which was about seven miles south of Van Campen’s Fort. Other fortified houses in the region during that same period included Adam Dingman’s Fort (Walpack Township) and Fort Shapanack at Shapanack Flats (Walpack Township). Other blockhouse forts in the region included Ellison’s Fort (also Allison’s Fort) and McMurtie’s (McMurty’s) Fort in the vicinity of Delaware and Belvidere (and Phillipsburg) respectively. In conjunction, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania also established a string of forts in the Minisink Valley. Pennsylvania actually established 12 forts during 1755 that extended from the Upper Delaware Valley to the region

284 near Stroudsburg. The forts were to protect an area where three future states converged, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Like Cole’s Fort, Fort Neversink (known also as Fort Minisink) was established in the Minisink Valley (present-day Orange County) in the contested area. To further complicate the region, regarding names of forts, Fort Jersey was also established there at Mohochamack at Port Jervis (Orange County) along the Delaware River. In conjunction, at this time, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York each claimed the valley. From Fort Johns, the Pocono Plateau of Pennsylvania was just beyond the Delaware River, about one mile away. In the midst of the area also stood Walpack Mountain, which towers above Shapanack Flats and nearly nudges against Thunder Mountain. In conjunction, at about the time the forts were constructed, a military road (trail) was also carved through the region through the efforts of Captain Jonathan Hampton (surveyor). The road stretched about 60 miles from Elizabeth Town (later Elizabeth) to Fort Johns. Most of the old trail has been lost, but about one mile was preserved and is located in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. The military trail is extremely hazardous and contains steep declines. It is open only to hikers. No cars or bicycles are permitted on the trail. The Walpack Historical Society on occasion provides tours of the Van Campen Inn during the summer months. The Van Campen Inn underwent an overhaul by the National Park Service during the 1980s. Tappan Encampment— See Sneden’s Blockhouse. Trenton Barracks— Trenton Barracks was established in Trenton during 1758 after the authorization of the state assembly. Other barracks were established at the same time in Burlington, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy and Princeton to provide quarters for British troops during the French and Indian War. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, it housed the Hessians, who were supporting the British against the Americans. At 1400, on Christmas Day 1776, an American force under George Washington crossed the Delaware River and at dawn on the following day they successfully attacked Trenton and captured the garrison (about 918 men seized). Another 400 or so escaped to Bordentown. The Americans sustained only four dead and four others wounded. The Hessian commander at Trenton, Colonel Rahl (Rall), was fatally wounded. He was cordially visited by both General Washington and General Sullivan before he succumbed. Later on the same day, the 26th, Washington moved back into Pennsylvania. Later, on 29 December, the Americans reoccupied Trenton. On 2 January 1777, the British attempted to retake Trenton, but General Washington foiled their plan. Washington directed his force to redeploy at Assumpink Creek to give him the advantage of high ground. He also deployed a detachment of sharpshooters, which promptly deterred the British from advancing farther. British Lord (General) Charles Cornwallis advised that a major assault be launched, but instead he was convinced by his officers to await the following day before striking the entrenchments. The Americans realized that to hold and wait for the assault could be disastrous and to recross the Delaware would cause even more jeopardy. Washington chose yet another bold move. During this exaggerated show of strength by Washington, his main body, subsequent to darkness, withdrew and redeployed behind the British lines at Princeton. Troops were designated to deceive the British by maintaining their positions and lighting camp fires to give the illusion of a full encampment. At about midnight (2nd–3rd), the main body moved out by circuitous route to Princeton, prepared to spring their assault on the morning of the 3rd. Shortly after the march commenced, some troops become convinced that Divine Providence had again come to their aid. The weather, which had been unseasonably warm, wet and foggy, had kept the roads in terrible condition which caused a disadvantage for the English. Suddenly, the temperature

285 dropped dramatically. The frost transformed the soggy roads into rock solid highways. At the same time that the deep chill arrived, the Americans began to advance with enthusiasm and confidence. On 3 January, Washington attacked and the Americans prevailed. The British retired toward New Brunswick. Meanwhile, General Hugh Mercer sustained a mortal wound. The Trenton Barracks, known as the Old Barracks, is now a museum. It is located on South Willow Street, Trenton, NJ 08608. The museum contains a collection of firearms and uniforms. There is also a diorama of the Battle of Trenton. Upper Fort— See Cochecton Post. Van Campen’s Fort— See Sussex County Blockhouses. Verhulsten Island Fort— During 1623, a group of French Walloons

Bent’s Trading Posts / NEW MEXICO arrived in New Jersey aboard a Dutch vessel, the New Netherlands. Other Walloon emigrants were debarked en route and sent to present-day Albany and yet others settled in Connecticut. The Walloons who landed in New Jersey were settled on Verhulsten Island near Gloucester. The Dutch constructed a stockade, but soon after, Fort Nassau was built. Washington Troop Encampment— See Sneden’s Blockhouse. Westbrook’s Fort— Johannes Westbrook, an early settler in the vicinity of Montague, had donated some of his land to the settlers of Minisink during 1731. The purpose of giving away the land was to provide a place for a school and a cemetery. Afterwards, Westbrook’s home was fortified. It became one of a series of forts along the Delaware River during the 1750s.

NEW MEXICO Abiquiu Post— The U.S. Army established a series of posts throughout the New Mexican Territory during the late 1840s following the Mexican War. Abiquiu Post was established by elements of the 4th U.S. Infantry during 1849. The post was manned by about one company of infantry. It was abandoned during 1851. In conjunction, the Spanish arrived in New Mexico during the latter part of the 1590s. Subsequently, during the 1680s, the Indians drove them out of the territory, but Spain reconquered it during the 1690s. Later, during the early 1700s, after the Spanish became firmly entrenched in New Mexico, the Apaches and Comanches initiated attacks to drive them from the region. The Spanish moved to the offensive, but the Indian raids were not eliminated. Abiquiu came under attack during 1747, about one year after the Spanish gained it from the Utes. The Apaches succeeded in compelling the Spanish to abandon the settlement; however, during 1748, the Spaniards regained it. In conjunction, during 1752, the Spanish and the Utes began to have talks to bring about the end of hostilities, and at the same time the Utes were in conflict with the Navajo. By 1754, the Navajo had been vanquished by the Utes, and at about the same time the Utes formed an alliance with the Apaches ( Jicarilla). In the meantime, the Spanish were not received cordially by the Comanches either, and by 1778 the Spanish in New Mexico moved into Colorado to eliminate the threat. Subsequent to the death of Chief Cuerno Verde at Rye, Colorado, the Comanches made peace with the Spanish. The Spanish and the Utes finally agreed to a peace during 1789, but the agreement called for the Spanish to side with the Utes against the Comanches. Subsequently, during 1840, the Utes initiated attacks against other New Mexican settlements, including Taos. Abo Pass Post— The U.S. established an outpost station at Abo Pass in Torrance County in southwest New Mexico during 1861; however, with the outbreak of the Civil War, many troops along the entire frontier were pulled back to the East to meet the Confederate threat. The post was composed of tents. It was known also as Abo Station and was located east of Bernardo. Earlier, the Spanish, under Juan de Onate, visited here about 1598 and later, during 1629, the Spanish established the San Gregorio Mission. Padre Francisco de Acevedo established the mission and a church. Some remains are still visible. Subsequently, during 1680, the Pueblo Indians rebelled against the Spanish and afterward, due in great part to attacks by Apache war

parties, Abo was abandoned. During 1939, the site was declared a national monument: Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, Abo. The ruins of three mission churches (Abo, Quarai and Gran Quivara) are visible. Acoma Pueblo— Acoma (Sky City) in Cibola County, slightly more than 50 miles west of Albuquerque, was first visited by the Spaniards during 1540 when Coronado arrived in New Mexico. Subsequently, during January 1599, a Spanish contingent defeated the Acoma Indians there. Many of the Indians leaped to their deaths rather than capitulate to the Spaniards. Later, during 1629, the Spanish established the St. Stephen Mission (San Esteban del Rey Mission) at Acoma. During 1682, an Indian revolt drove the Spanish from New Mexico; however, during 1692, the Spaniards regained the territory. During the rebellion, the Franciscan mission, established by Padre Juan Ramirez, was destroyed. Albuquerque Post— See The Post. Algodones Quartermaster Depot— The Algodones Quartermaster Depot was established as a temporary post in the vicinity of Bernalillo during 1851. Baldwin’s Stage Stop— Baldwin’s Stage Stop was located in Catron County. A U.S. Army post was established there during 1884. During 1886, the U.S. Post Office there changed the name to Datil. See also Camp Datil. Barclay’s Fort— Alexander Barclay established Barclay’s Fort, known also as Fort Barclay, in the vicinity of Watrous during 1849. It remained active until about 1854. Barclay attempted to sell his property to the U.S. for a fort, but the Army built its own post about eight miles from Barclay’s Fort. Barney’s Stand Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Bent’s Trading Posts— Charles Bent, who was appointed territorial governor of New Mexico by General Stephen Kearny during 1846, operated trading posts in Taos and in Santa Fe. He also owned and operated wagon trains. During January 1847, Governor Bent and several others were killed by New Mexicans who opposed American rule. The incident sparked a revolt (Revolt of 1847) which brought about swift reaction by the U.S. Army. The insurrection was short

NEW MEXICO / Berino Station lived as the U.S. troops moved against the rebels. The New Mexicans were struck at Embudo and at Santa Cruz de La Canada before the end of January. Afterward, the rebels deployed near the Mission San Geronimo at Taos. However, the American forces pounded the positions beginning on 3 February, and by the following day the rebellion was totally quashed. Some of the prisoners were tried and convicted of treason and afterward hanged. Governor Bent’s brother William and another man, Ceran St. Vrain, established Bent’s Fort, a trading post in Colorado. Governor Bent’s home is now a museum. The Governor Bent Museum is located about one block from the Plaza in Taos at 117 Bent Street. Berino Station— A stage station was established in the vicinity of Berlino (Dona Ana County) during the 1850s. The station, located about 20 miles from Las Cruces, was between Las Cruces and El Paso, Texas. The town, located near I-10, is along present-day State Highway 226 slightly east of State Highway 478. The stage station was thought to have initially been on the property of the Cottonwoods Ranch. Butterfield Stage Stations— During June 1857, the Butterfield Stage Lines (Butterfield Overland Mail Company) won the bid to carry U.S. Mail from St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California, a journey of about 2,800 miles. The contract was signed by John Butterfield on behalf of himself and his partners to gain a six-year contract. The stage line had two routes to California, one through Oklahoma (Indian Territory) and beyond to Texas and New Mexico and another through Kansas, Colorado and Utah heading toward California. The stagecoaches that crossed into New Mexico initially entered for a short distance, then diverted into Texas and from a point just above El Paso, Texas, the coaches reentered New Mexico in the vicinity of Fort Fillmore, and from there the coaches advanced to Fort Yuma in California, from where the rugged journey continued toward the terminus at San Francisco. The New Mexican stage stations included Cornudas Stage Station near Thorne’s (Thorn’s) Wells at the Cornudas Mountains. After departing Cornudas Station, the coaches apparently moved into El Paso, Texas, and then reentered New Mexico. Afterward, the stops included Picacho Station, Rough and Ready Station, Goodsight Station, Cooke’s Spring Station and Mimbres Station. The Mimbres Station was above Fort Cummings. Yet other stage line stops were Ojo de la Vaca (Cows’ Spring), followed by Soldiers Farewell Station. After departing Soldiers Farewell Station, the coaches advanced to a depot known as Barney’s Stand, which was the next to last station in New Mexico. The last station in the territory was Stein’s Peak Station. The Civil War interrupted the operations. Later, during 1866, the company, which had been acquired by John Holladay, was sold to Wells Fargo during 1866. In conjunction, another stage stop located in New Mexico was Starvation Peak Station, known also as Bernal Hill Station, located near Tecolote. Camp at Anton Chico— Anton Chico, a settlement in New Mexico about 85 miles southeast of Santa Fe, was protected during the Civil War at times by New Mexican volunteers. Anton Chico is now a ghost town of New Mexico. Camp at Canada Alamosa— A contingent of troops under Captain John H. Minks arrived in the vicinity of Canada Alamosa from Fort Craig during September 1861 and established a post there. Shortly thereafter, on 26 September, Confederates arrived there from Camp Robledo and attacked, but most of Minks’ command was able to get away before dawn. In addition, some had earlier absconded without permission. Minks had only about 10 soldiers with him when the skirmish began. Meanwhile, the Confederates blocked the road, preventing the Union from speeding back to Fort Craig; but most had gotten away before the roadblock. The superior Confederate force

286 (about 114 men according to Minks) compelled surrender within about one hour, but initially Mink pretended to have a larger force by firing artillery and executing verbal commands at a loud tone. One teamster was wounded during the exchange, according to Minks’ official report; however, the Confederates reported four Union killed and six wounded. Minks mentioned the Confederate report and reiterated that after checking, he could find none killed or wounded except the teamster. Meanwhile, reinforcements were soon en route from Fort Craig. The Confederate force included Captain Coopwood’s Spy Company and a contingent of Captain Pyron’s Company and elements of the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles, bolstered by other troops, and had actually occupied the town of Canada Alamosa prior to the fight. The Union reinforcements included several companies (including G and K) of Mounted Riflemen Regiment, the 2nd New Mexican Volunteer Regiment and Captain Hubbell’s Company. The relief force intercepted the Confederates near Fort Thorne and rescued Minks’ command while sustaining six men wounded. The Confederates sustained two killed and two badly wounded and six suffered minor wounds. Confederate captain Bethel Coopwood reported on 29 September that his force captured Minks’ command on the 25th–26th, and afterward paroled 22 troops, but he reported that he retained Captain Minks and Lieutenant Metiaze Medina. The report is in conflict with Minks’ report which listed only 10 men in his command at the time of the attack. Also, Coopwood’s report on the skirmish near Fort Thorne differed also, claiming the Union sustained “12 or 13 killed.” Both reports (Coopwood and Minks) were filed and dispatched to their respective commanders on 29 September 1861. In conjunction, during 1856, General Thornton, while visiting various posts in the region, spent time there during November. Thornton was housed overnight in the missionary priest’s house at the mission. Camp (at) Cloverdale— During 1882, the U.S. Army established a post at Cloverdale which was in close proximity to the border with Mexico and it was nudged into the southwest tip of Hidalgo County. At the time, there was much activity against the Apaches, who were operating often from Mexico. The camp remained active until 1886, when the final hostilities with the Apaches were winding down. Camp at Gallina— See Camp Sierra. Camp at Laguna— A contingent of troops from Camp Cebolleta established a post at Laguna during 1851. It remained active only until the following year. The camp at Cebolleta was abandoned when the post at Laguna was established. Camp at Pigeon Ranch— Union forces under Chivington established a temporary post at Pigeon Ranch during March 1862. On 28 March, the Union clashed with the Confederates under General Sibley. The Confederates lost their supplies to Chivington’s cavalry and the defeat compelled them to abandon New Mexico and return to Texas. Camp Bear Spring— Camp Bear Spring was established as a temporary post in the vicinity of Gila during 1858. Camp Boyd— Camp Boyd, initially known as Camp Hillsboro, was established in about 1877 in Sierra County along present-day State Highway 90, slightly more than 15 miles west of Interstate Highway 25. Three mining camps sprung up there in the vicinity of the southern tip of the Black Mountain Range during 1877. Initially, the camp at Hillsboro emerged when gold was discovered near the Mimbres Mountains near Percha Creek. It was followed by another at Kingston and yet another mining camp at Lake Valley. Camp Carson— Camp Carson was established by New Mexican Union militia troops during 1862 at an unknown location thought to have been in Socorro County near Fort Craig.

287 Camp Ceboleta— See Camp Cebolleta. Camp Cebolleta— The American presence in the area (present-day Fort Wingate) began during 1846 at the time when General Stephen Kearny seized possession of New Mexico during the Mexican War. Kearny dispatched several companies of troops to Cebolleta in an attempt to quell the Indian raids by a huge show of force. Nonetheless, the Indians and the New Mexicans continued the conflict. During autumn of that same year, Colonel Alexander Doniphan arrived at Cebolleta to attempt to bring about peace between the Indians (Navajos) and the New Mexicans. A treaty was agreed upon; however, the hostilities continued to rage. Camp Cebolleta (or Seboyetta) was established north of Laguna in the vicinity of Ceboletta during 1849–1850. It remained active until 1851. During 1851, a contingent of troops was dispatched from Cebolleta to establish a post at Laguna and the post at Cebolleta was abandoned. Subsequently, Fort Wingate was established at Cebolleta during 1860. However, initially, the new fort established at Cebolleta near Bear Springs was named Fort Fauntleroy. The post was named in honor of General Thomas Turner Fauntleroy. Later, Fauntleroy resigned from the army to join the Confederacy. Afterward, the fort was renamed Fort Lyon in honor of General Nathaniel Lyon, who was killed during August 1861 at Wilson’s Creek, Missouri. By December 1861, the Confederate threat to dominate the Southwest was intensifying. The garrison at Fort Lyon was dispatched to Fort Craig to bolster it and prepare to engage the Confederates under General Sibley. The garrison participated in the Battle of Valverde during February 1862. During 1862, the post at Cebolleta (Fort Lyon) was abandoned. And General Carleton, during the autumn of 1862, established a new post built near El Gallo (Gallop) and named it Fort Wingate. During 1866, the post (Fort Wingate) at El Gallo was abandoned. A new Fort Wingate was then built at Cebolleta near the site of Fort Lyon. See also Fort Wingate. Camp Chuska Valley— Camp Chuska Valley, (also Chusco) was established as a temporary post by the U.S. Army during 1858 in the vicinity of Mexican Springs (McKinley County). The post, established by a contingent under Lieutenant Colonel Dixon Miles, was located about 25 miles north of Gallup and north of Fort Defiance, the latter located on the Arizona border. Camp Comfort— Camp Comfort was established during 1858, a period of some turbulence in an area inhabited by the Mescalero Apaches in the vicinity of White Sands (Otero County). The post, which remained active until the following year, was established and garrisoned by elements of the 8th Infantry Regiment. Camp Connelly— Camp Connelly was located at Governor Connelly’s Residence at Peralta. Union volunteer troops fortified the area during the period when the Confederates were threatening to seize the Southwest. During April 1862, Confederate troops, the Texas 5th Mounted Volunteers, established a camp near the house on 14 April. Union artillery had also been deployed east and north of the house in preparation for an attack. The two sides clashed on 15 April. In a flanking move, General Edward Richard Sprigg Canby dispatched two separate columns under Colonels Paul and Chivington to the north and west of Peralta, respectively, to intercept any Confederate reinforcements which might have arrived. Nature intervened by about 1500, and the two sides were compelled to halt as a nasty dust storm swept through the area. Other Confederate units that participated in the battle included the 2nd and 7th Texas Mounted Volunteer Regiments, bolstered by Battery B, 1st Texas Artillery. Camp Cottonwood— See Camp Johnson. Camp Datil— The U.S. Army established Camp Datil at Datil Creek during 1884 at about the same time a settlement emerged

Camp Lewis / NEW MEXICO there in Catron County. Datil had been known as Baldwin’s, a stagecoach stop, until a post office renamed it after the nearby Datil Mountains during 1886. The post was located near what was known as the Beefsteak Trail, along which livestock was driven from Arizona to Magdalena, slightly more than 30 miles from Datil. The garrison’s primary responsibility was protecting the settlers from raids by the Apaches. The post was abandoned during 1886. Camp Garland— See Fort Stanton. Not to be confused with Cantonment Garland. Camp Hachita— The U.S. Army established Camp Hachita (heliographic station) during 1886. The U.S. Army used the heliographs, a signaling telescopic device which had rotating mirrors that reflected sunlight and enabled messages to be sent. Heliographic stations were established throughout Arizona and New Mexico, stretching along the border with Mexico during the campaigns against Geronimo. Just under 30 heliograph stations were established. In addition to military installations, the stations were located atop mountains and amidst the various mining camps in the region encompassing Tubac, Arizona, to Hillsboro, New Mexico, the former near Nogales and the latter in the vicinity of Truth or Consequences. Camp Hay— See Fort Conrad. Camp Henely— Camp Henely was established as a heliographic post in the vicinity of Lordsburg during 1886. It is thought that the post might have been named in honor of Lieutenant Austin Henely, 6th U.S. Cavalry, who died by drowning while engaged against Indians. Units deployed there included elements of the U.S. 6th Cavalry and the 13th Infantry Regiment. Camp Henley— See Camp Boyd. Camp Hillsboro— See Camp Boyd. Camp (in) Canon Largo— New Mexican volunteers established a temporary encampment at Canon Largo less than 25 miles from Fort Union during 1863. At the time, Union forces in the region were operating against Comanche Indians. Camp Johnson— The Confederates established a temporary camp at Johnson’s Ranch near Apache Canyon during March 1862. Several days later, the Confederates were defeated and forced to return to Texas. In conjunction, the temporary post along the Rio Grande was also referred to as the Detachment at Cottonwoods and also as Camp Cottonwood. Camp Lewis— Camp Lewis was established as a temporary post by the Union during 1862 in the vicinity of present-day Pecos. During 1861–1862, the Union attempted to retain the Southwest while the Confederates also worked to dominate there and evict the Union. During March (26th–28th), a Confederate force under General Henry Hopkins Sibley moved toward Fort Union. Troops moved from Fort Lewis to engage Sibley’s force. A contingent under Colonel John Chivington intercepted a small part of Sibley’s command at Glorietta Pass and afterward the Union forces (General Edward R. Canby’s command) held the high ground at Apache Pass (Santa Fe Trail) outside Sante Fe. The Confederates under Sibley were devastated and compelled to retire to Glorietta Pass. No pursuit was initiated as the Confederates abandoned the campaign to take the Southwest. Sibley moved toward Texas and arrived there during May of 1862. The 7th Texas (Confederate) Cavalry participated with General Sibley during this campaign in which they expected to hold the Indian Territory. Confederate colonel William Steele (West Point, 1840), commanding the 7th Texas Cavalry Regiment, was promoted to brigadier general during September of that year. The Union sustained 32 killed, 75 wounded and 35 missing. The Confederates suffered 36 killed, 60 wounded and about 93 missing. In

NEW MEXICO / Camp Los Lunas conjunction, the Union moved back to a place known as Pigeon’s Ranch. For more information: Pecos National Historic Park P. O. Box 418, Pecos, New Mexico 87552. Tours of the pass and the trail are available, but only by National Park Service rangers. Camp Los Lunas— The U.S. Army established a post at Los Lunas during 1852 to provide protection for the settlers against Indian raids. During 1856, elements of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry arrived to bolster the fort during a period of turbulence with the Indians. The post, which worked in connection with Camp Tome, was abandoned permanently during 1862. Camp Maddox— Camp Maddox was established in the vicinity of Alma in about 1885–1886. During 1886, while the army was engaged in the campaign against Geronimo, a heliographic station was established there. The post was abandoned during 1886. In conjunction, General Nelson Miles, who succeeded General George Crook, directed that a series of heliographic stations be set up to assist against the Apaches. Sergeant Alvarado M. Fuller (later lieutenant), 2nd Cavalry, was in charge of establishing the stations in Arizona and Lieutenant E. Dravo was responsible for the stations in New Mexico. The individual stations were manned by about eight men and the chain of stations was linked by Stein’s Pass. Other stations in New Mexico included Deming, Fort Bayard, Fort Cummings, Hachita Mining Camp, Hillsboro, Laice Valley, Lockhart’s Well, Lycia Springs (Mule Springs), Pinos Altos, Siggen Ranch and White House. Camp Mimbres— Camp Mimbres, known also as Camp on the Rio Mimbres, was established by the Union in the vicinity of Dwyer during 1863. The post was abandoned during the following year. Elements of the California 5th Infantry Regiment were among the units operating from there. Camp Ojo Caliente— The U.S. Army established an outpost at Ojo Caliente during 1859. It was abandoned during 1861, but later it was again garrisoned during the campaigns against the Apaches during the 1870s. The post was located near the Alamosa River northwest of Monticello and slightly more than 50 miles north of Santa Fe. The post was also in close proximity to the Warm Springs Apache Reservation. During 1872, the Indians in the area were sent to Fort Tularosa where they remained until 1874 when Fort Tularosa was abandoned. At that time, the Indians were sent back to Ojo Caliente. The post at Ojo Caliente was abandoned during 1882. Camp Pinos Altos—See Fort Santa Rita del Cobre. Camp Plummer— See Fort Lowell. Camp Robledo— The name Robledo dates back to the year 1598 when a Spanish party was initiating the settlement of New Mexico. During May of that year, Pedro Robledo died and afterward the camp there by the Rio Grande River, as well as a nearby mountain, was named in his honor. Subsequently, during 1861, a military camp was established there. The Union and the Confederates each had a post there. When the Confederates gained control, they had to also contend with the Indians. A short campaign was initiated by the Confederate 2nd Texas Cavalry on 30 September 1861 and lasted until 7 October. Soon after, on 11 October, another offensive was launched. It lasted until 16 October. By the spring of the following year, the Confederates relinquished the territory and returned to Texas. Camp Robledo was abandoned by the Union during 1863. Other camps in the region (lower Rio Grande) included Dona Ana and Post of Los Cruces. During 1865, Fort Selden was established there. See also Fort Selden. For more information: Dam State Park, P. O. Box 6, Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054 Camp Roswell— Camp Roswell was established by the army as a

288 temporary post during 1878. It was built during a period of turbulence in the region known as the Lincoln County War, which was a conflict between a powerful land and business owner, Lawrence G. Murphy. He controlled the area and even the jobs in the region. The opposing side received backing from two other prominent men of the time, Alexander A. McSween and John S. Chisum. The post was abandoned during 1879; however, the trouble lasted until 1881. During September 1878, former Union general Lew Wallace was appointed governor of New Mexico by President Rutherford B. Hayes in place of Governor Axtell, whom was removed from office. In an attempt to bring peace to the area, Wallace offered amnesty to some participants, and of those Billy the Kid was eligible. An Englishman, John Henry Tunstall, had been killed during 1878, and during the following year, Huston Chapman, an attorney, was killed. Billy the Kid (William Bonney) was to appear in court to testify against the suspects, but they escaped from jail. Bonney afterward had his problems with the law. Bonney was accused of killing Sheriff Brady. In April 1881, he escaped and killed two guards while breaking out of the Lincoln County Courthouse. Later, during July 1881, Billy the Kid was killed by Pat Garrett (sheriff ), which essentially terminated the conflict. Although that conflict ended, the absence of law and order in the New Mexican Territory made it a gathering place for bandits and gangs which operated there well into the 1890s. These gangs included Las Gorras Blancas (White Caps), who operated in San Miguel County, and the Vincente Silva Gang, which also operated in San Miguel County. Camp San Pedro— Camp San Pedro was established at Pinos Altos (ghost town) in Santa Fe County by the U.S. Army about 1869. The post was located about 30 miles north of Albuquerque. Settlers and prospectors who first arrived at San Pedro called the place Birchville after a miner named Birch who discovered some gold there during 1860. The Apaches kept the settlement under threat and often the Indians attacked, particularly after a truce was agreed upon. Apparently, the settlers persuaded some Apaches to come to the camp, but after their arrival and lacking arms, the Apaches were attacked and some were killed. The conflict between the settlers and the Indians continued unabated until the U.S. Army established the post there. The army abandoned the post at an undetermined time. Camp Sherman— Camp Sherman was established as a temporary post at Camp Sherman (Catron County) during 1879. The post was located in the vicinity of Gila Hot Springs. Camp Sierra— Camp Sierra was a temporary camp established during 1858 in Arriba County, outside Gallina. The camp was sometimes referred to as the Camp at Gallina or Camp Gallina. It is possible that Confederate forces used the camp for a short while during the early days of the Civil War, but there seems to be no documentation to support it. Camp Tecolate— See Camp Tecolote. Camp Tecolote— An American party, a vanguard of General Kearny, arrived in Santa Fe during August 1846. One member of the party, James Magoffin, known as the ambassador, was there to convince Spanish governor Armijo to permit an unopposed arrival of Kearny’s forces at Apache Pass. Armijo agreed, but his second in command, Archuleta, was not receptive to the idea; however, he too was persuaded to accept the arrival of the Americans. Meanwhile, the columns under Colonel Kearny had departed Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on 27 June with a force of about 2,700 troops and three days later Kearny was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. The U.S. Army arrived at Tecolote on 15 August and, as he had recently done in Las Vegas, Kearny gave a speech informing the citizens that they no longer were required to give their allegiance to Governor Armijo. Also, Kearny on that same day proclaimed the annexation

289 of New Mexico by the United States. In conjunction, war was declared against Mexico by the United States on 13 May 1846. Kearny arrived in Santa Fe on 17 August and prior to the capture, the columns moved through Apache Pass, where only one Mexican, a peasant, was spotted. He informed Kearny: “Armijo and his troops have gone to Hell and the canyon is all clear.” Santa Fe was seized without incident. Subsequently, the army used the area around Tecolote for foraging. Also, a stage depot, Starvation Peak Station, known also as Bernal Hill Station, operated outside Tecolote at an undetermined time. Camp Tome— Camp Tome was established by the U.S. Army during 1846. From about 1852 through 1862, the post held responsibility, along with another post at Los Lunas, for providing protection of the settlers in the region from Indian raids. Camp Tuni-Cha— The U.S. Army established Camp Tuni-Cha in the vicinity of Sheep Springs during 1853 to prevent hostilities with the Navajo tribe. The post remained active until 1858. Camp Vincent— Camp Vincent was established as a temporary post in the Gila region (Catron County) during 1879. It was located in the vicinity of Gila Hot Springs near Beaver and Taylor Creeks. Some other posts in the region included Burro Mountain Camp, Camp Datil, Camp Henley Camp Sherman, Camp at Pinos Altos (Albuquerque), Fort Floyd, Fort McLane, Fort Tularosa, Fort Webster, Gila Depot and the Post of Ojo Caliente. Cantonment Burgwin— See Fort Burgwin. Cantonment Garland— See Fort Thorne. Not to be confused with Camp Garland. Ceboletta Post— See Camp Cebolleta. Cebolleta Post— See Camp Cebolleta. Cebolletta Post— See Camp Cebolleta. Chimayo— The Spanish, subsequent to the reconquest of New Mexico, established Chimayo (east of Espanola) in Rio Arriba County near the Sangre de Christo Mountains north of Santa Fe during 1692. Later, about 1740, the Spanish built the Plaza of San Buenaventura (St. Bonaventure), later known as the Plaza del Cerro. During 1813, the Spanish, who still controlled New Mexico, established the El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Esquipulas Shrine during 1813. The Spanish lost New Mexico during 1821, when Mexico won its independence. Later, during 1846, the Americans gained the territory. Nevertheless, the Spanish shrine there continues to draw armies of Christians. At the site of the shrine, prior to its existence, during 1813, a farmer, Don Bernardo Abeita, according to the story as handed down, received a vision instructing him to dig a hole at a specified spot where he would come across dirt that contained healing power. Upon following his instruction, Abeita discovered a cross (Chimayo Crucifix) and fragments of cloth. The items had apparently been the property of two priests who had earlier been martyred by the Indians. Soon after, a chapel was built in honor of Our Lord of Esquipulas and afterward the citizens placed a statue of the Santo Nino de Atocha. Although the story is a legend, the cures at the shrine continue and it has become known as the “Lourdes of America.” Even during the twentieth century, the shrine continued to become more recognized. Many of the troops sent to the Philippines during the World War II era originated in New Mexico as they could speak English and Spanish. Of those, some who got caught up in the Japanese invasion and were compelled to make the Bataan Death March made a vow to make a pilgrimage from Albuquerque to the shrine at Chimayo if they survived the ordeal. Visitors arrive on a steady basis, but during Holy Week the crowds grow into the tens of thousands.

Dona Ana Post / NEW MEXICO Cloverdale Camp— See Camp at Cloverdale. Cochiti Pueblo— The Cochiti Pueblo is located along present-day I-25, slightly more than 20 miles south of Santa Fe. The Spanish established a mission there during 1628. Columbus— The settlement at Columbus began well after the trouble with the Indians had vanished. Columbus, located in close proximity to the Mexican border and only several miles from Palomas, Mexico, was established during 1891. At present, it is a legitimate border crossing; however, during March of 1916, the border was violated by a force of guerrillas under Pancho Villa and the town of Columbus was attacked. It is the only American town ever attacked by foreign troops since the end of the War of 1812. Troops were rushed to the border and a campaign led by General Pershing was initiated to capture Villa. However, Pancho Villa was never caught. With the situation in Europe deteriorating at the time, the chase was terminated and Pershing prepared to move to France to lead the American Expeditionary Force (World War I). Nearly 20 people (civilians and soldiers) were killed during the raid. The incident actually brought about a new type of retaliation as the American campaign was the initial time the U.S. Army used aircraft and motor vehicles against an enemy. Cooke’s Spring Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Cornudas Stage Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Crozier Post— A trading post was established at Crozier (San Juan County) during 1887 by Joseph R. Wilkin and Henry P. Noel. The partners named the post in honor of Captain Tom Crozier, who led a contingent of troops against the Indians near the Chuska Mountains during 1858. Crozier was later renamed Two Gray Hills. Cubero Post— See Post at Cubero. Detachment at Cottonwoods— See Camp Johnson. Dona Ana Post— The U.S. Army established a post at Dona Ana, about five miles north of Los Cruces, during 1849. The post was abandoned in about 1856; however, subsequent to the opening of hostilities (Civil War), for awhile, the Confederates controlled the region and used the post during 1861, while the forces under General Sibley were unsuccessfully attempting to dominate the Southwest. A settlement began at Dona Ana during 1839 and it became the county seat of Dona Ana County until 1853. In conjunction, a commemorative monument was erected in Dona Ana during 1851 to signify the boundary line between Mexico and the United States which had been determined to be: “32 degrees 22 minutes north latitude on the Rio Grande River as the initial point for the official survey on the U.S. Mexico boundary.” Subsequently, following the Gadsden Purchase (1852), the boundary was moved farther south. In conjunction, following the close of the Mexican War, in accordance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 1848), the U.S. gained Texas and most of present-day New Mexico. In addition, the U.S. gained Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah and Nevada. Later, it was determined that the most pragmatic route for a railroad was through what at the time was still Mexican territory. James Gadsden, the minister to Mexico had been authorized by President Franklin Pierce (1853–1857). The Gadsden Purchase (December 1853) acquired a tract of land in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Santa Anna. The territory was south of the Gila River and about 45,535 square miles. Gadsden and other had seen the wasteland as a means to push a railroad through to the West Coast, although at the time the land was inhabited by Indians who were not enthused about white settlers or the Iron Horse. Gadsden acquired the land for $10,000, less than 35 cents per acre. President Pierce signed the treaty during 1854: “In witness whereof I have

NEW MEXICO / Fort Bascom hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this thirtieth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and of the Independence of the United States the seventy-eighth (year). BY THE PRESIDENT, FRANKLIN PIERCE, W.L. MARCY, Secretary of State.” Fort Barclay— During 1848, a trading post known as Fort Barclay was established along the Santa Fe Trail at present-day Las Vegas. The post continued to operate until 1854. In conjunction, Fort Union was established about 20 miles from there at Waltrous during 1851. Fort Bascom— Fort Bascom was established by the Union during 1863. The post was located on the Canadian River, slightly less than 10 miles north of Tucumcari. The troops garrisoned there were often engaged with comancheros, Mexicans and Americans who traveled in bands as unscrupulous traders in the Southwest. The comancheros maintained elusive trading posts that dealt with stolen livestock, weapons and even women and children (those captured by Comanche Indians). The comancheros provided weapons and liquor to the Indians. The post, located southeast of Santa Fe, was abandoned during 1874. At that time the garrison relocated at nearby Fort Union. Other posts in the northeast sector of New Mexico (Cimarron Region) included the Post at Albuquerque and the Post at Santa Fe. Fort Bayard— Fort Bayard, named in honor of General George D. Bayard (West Point class of 1856 Cadet # 1721), was established during 1866 by a contingent of Company B, 125th U.S. Colored Infantry, commanded by Lt. James Kerr. The fort was established in the Gila Region near the Mimbres River to protect settlers and the mining operations at Pinos Altos and Silver City, two frequent targets of the Apache raiding parties. During the fort’s operations in New Mexico, the troops engaged Indians, including those led by Mangas Coloradas, the father-in-law of Cochise; Victorio (remembered for Victorio’s War); and Geronimo. The Apaches were formidable opponents and masters of the terrain. Frequently, incidents would occur and the troops from Fort Bayard, including the 9th Cavalry, known as “Buffalo Soldiers,” would give chase, but only rarely did they discover their prey. During January 1877, elements of the 9th U.S. Colored Cavalry departed the post to attempt to intercept a band of Apaches that had been reported en route to New Mexico after leaving a reservation. The seven-man contingent, supported by several Navajo scouts, located the Indians in the vicinity of the Florida Mountains. The soldiers failed to convince the Apaches to surrender peacefully and return to the reservation. Suddenly, the troops were encircled and forced to fight for survival. The heroic efforts of Corporal Clinton Greaves enabled the entire contingent to escape, despite the overwhelming odds. Greaves became a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his courage in the face of the enemy. Subsequently, during August 1881, Apaches under Nana, who succeeded Victorio after the latter’s demise during October of the previous year, skirmished frequently with the troops from Fort Bayard. During this period, the 9th Cavalry lost Lt. George W. Smith and four troopers at the Gavalan Canyon near the Mimbres River. In conjunction, General Bayard had served along the frontier from Kansas to Colorado as a lieutenant and was wounded during a skirmish with Indians during 1860. During the Civil War, General Bayard, commanding the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, was promoted to chief commander of the III Corps Cavalry during 1862. Later that same year he was mortally wounded at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Fort Bayard was scheduled for deactivation during 1899; however, the Army’s surgeon fortuitously came to the conclusion that the climate in the region was suited for the troops who had come down with tuberculosis while serving in such places as Cuba and Puerto Rico during

290 the Spanish-American War. The post received a reprieve. It was transformed into a U.S. Army hospital. Subsequently, during 1922, it became part of the Veterans Administration. Later, during 1966, it was transferred to the State of New Mexico which turned the old post into a nursing home. In conjunction, a cemetery which was established at the post was later transformed into a national cemetery just off the parade grounds. Other frontier posts located in the Gila Region included Burro Mountain, Camp Datil, Camp Henley, Camp at Pinos Altos, Camp Sherman, Camp Vincent, Canada Alamosa, Fort Cummings, Fort Floyd, Fort McLane, Fort Tularoso, Fort Webster, Fort West, Gila Depot and Post of Ojo Caliente. Fort Burgwin— Fort Burgwin (Cantonment Burgwin), named in honor of Captain John Henry K. Burgwin (West Point class of 1830 Cadet #614), was established during August 1852 by a contingent of the U.S. 1st Dragoons. The post was located south of Ranchos de Taos at Taos in the vicinity of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The fort remained active until 1860 in an area where Comanche and Apache bands roamed. The fort’s garrison held responsibility for guarding the settlers near the fort and maintaining passage along the 75-mile route stretching between Taos and Santa Fe, the capital of the New Mexico Territory. Prior to the area being gained by the U.S., during 1840, the New Mexicans in Taos came under attack by the Ute Indians. The garrison at Fort Burgwin worked in conjunction with the troops at Fort Marcy (established at Santa Fe during 1846) and Fort Union (constructed in the vicinity of Waltrous), the latter being about 85 miles from Santa Fe. At the time the fort was abandoned, the garrison relocated at Fort Union. A reconstructed fort and a museum are located at the fort site. The fort (Fort Burgwin Research Center) is located off Rte 64 on State Highway 3 in Taos. Fort Burgwin is sometimes referred to as Fort Fernando de Taos because at Taos there was also a settlement known as Don Fernando de Taos, which was the initial Spanish settlement there. Yet another settlement at Taos was known as Pueblo de Taos. The Spanish established the Mission San Geronimo de Taos there during 1598. It was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt during 1680. Later, during 1705, the mission was restored, but during 1847, the mission was again destroyed, this time by U.S. soldiers engaged in quelling a rebellion. In addition, the Spanish also established the Mission of San Lorenzo at the Picuris Pueblo. The mission was founded during 1692 when the Spanish returned to the region and regained New Mexico. A museum is located at the Picuris Pueblo site (built between 1250 and 1300) off State Highway 75, slightly more than five miles northwest of Penasco. Also, Kit Carson State Park, where Christopher “Kit” Carson was interred, is located at Taos. Fort Canby— See Fort Defiance. Fort Cobre— See Fort Santa Rita del Cobre. Fort Conrad— Fort Conrad was established by elements of the 2nd Dragoons under Major Marshall S. Howe in the vicinity of San Marcial, Socorro County, during 1851. The post, located near the Rio Grande, was responsible for protecting settlers in the region and to guard a sector of the Camino Trail. The post was named in honor of the secretary of war (at the time), Charles M. Conrad. A settlement known as La Mesa de San Marcial, named in honor of Saint Martial of France, sprung up near the post during 1854. Until the post was abandoned that same year, the settlers raised crops and sold them to the U.S. Army. The old post became known as Camp Hay. In conjunction, during 1854, Fort Craig was established at San Marcial in place of Fort Conrad. The settlement of La Mesa de San Marcial was wiped out by the Rio Grande when it flooded during 1866. Subsequently, a new settlement with the same name grew nearby. However, during 1929, the Rio Grande again flooded the community, but it did not rise again. Instead, Lake Marcial was created.

291 Some ruins of the post remain visible and a cemetery from the era also survived. See also Fort Craig. Fort Craig— Fort Craig was initially established during 1851 by Colonel (later General) Edmund Vose Sumner to provide protection for settlers and travelers in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Later, the fort was relocated south of its original position to a spot on the west side of the Rio Grande, about 35 miles south of Socorro. The new Fort Craig, composed of 22 buildings (adobe and stone) and an adobe wall, was established during 1854. The post, named in honor of Captain Louis Craig, killed earlier in California by deserters during the Mexican War, was located north of the Jornada del Muerto, about 125 miles north of Las Cruces near present-day San Marcial. When the post was constructed, it was bolstered by adding a ditch that was dug outside the walls around the perimeter. The fort replaced Fort Conrad, also in the vicinity of San Marcial. The fort’s garrison was assigned the duty to protect settlers from the Apache and Navajo Indians along a part of the route known as the Camino Trail, extending from the El Paso, Texas-Juarez, Mexico, area to Taos. Fort Craig remained operational until 1885. In conjunction, subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War, Fort Craig remained under Union control and it was garrisoned by regular troops. The units at the post included Minks’ Independent Cavalry Company, which was organized at Santa Fe during 20 July 1861 and based at Fort Craig until October 1861. Minks’ command participated at the skirmish at Canada Alamosa during September 1861, and at Alamosa near Fort Craig on 4 October 1861. The unit was mustered out of the service during the latter part of October. Other units based there included Graydon’s Independent Cavalry Company, which was reorganized at Fort Craig during February 1862 and based there until April 1862 when the unit was mustered out. Other units at Fort Craig during 1861 included Haspell’s Independent Cavalry Company and Vidal’s Independent Cavalry Company, the latter organized at Santa Fe ( July 1861) and afterward based at Fort Craig until mustered out of the service during October 1861. Gonzales’ Independent Militia Company also was organized at Fort Craig during November 1861. The company was mustered out during February 1862. And Tafolla’s Independent Militia Company was yet another unit that was organized at Fort Craig. It served from November 1861 through February 1862. The garrison from Fort Craig participated in actions during 1862 against Confederates under General Henry Hopkins Sibley. General Sibley, a former U.S. Army officer who graduated from West Point in the class of 1838, resigned from the U.S. Army while stationed in New Mexico at Fort Union. The 2nd New Mexican Volunteer Infantry Regiment, organized at Santa Fe during the summer of 1861, was afterward based at Fort Craig until February 1862. At that time, the regiment participated against the Confederates under General Sibley at Valverde on 21 February and at Peralta on 15 April and yet in another skirmish at Socorro on 25 April. By the latter part of May 1862, the regiment was joined with the 1st New Mexican Infantry Regiment and the combined units officially became the 1st New Mexican Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. By February 1862, the fort, originally built to accommodate two full companies, was bulging with troops. About 1,200 regulars and militia defended the fort against an anticipated assault, and these numbers grew much larger when Kit Carson arrived with the New Mexican Cavalry and other militia units. The defenders numbered about 3,000–4,000 troops. Many soldiers were crammed into the fort, but still many others were encamped outside the post at temporary fortified earthen positions. On 21 February 1862, Confederates attacked Union forces under Colonel (later General) Richard Canby, near Fort Craig. The Union sustained 62 killed, 140 wounded. Captain George Nicholas Bascom (West Point class of 1858) and Captain Benjamin Wingate were among the killed. The Confederates sus-

Fort Cummings / NEW MEXICO tained about 150 wounded and about 32 killed. The 1st New Mexico Cavalry, 2nd Colorado Cavalry, contingents of the 2nd and 5th New Mexico Regiments, and the 5th, 7th and 10th U.S. Infantry Regiments participated in the battle. In addition Hall’s and MacRae’s Batteries supported the infantry and cavalry. The Union attacked Sibley’s forces when they encroached upon the post and prepared to attack from the opposite bank of the Rio Grande. Canby was unable to defeat the Rebels, however, the Confederates were unsuccessful in seizing their objective, Fort Craig. In addition, the Union did manage to destroy a large amount of Sibley’s supplies. The march from Texas to Fort Craig was tedious as the Confederates had to maneuver through a blizzard and with the loss of supplies, the Confederates were greatly impeded. Shortly thereafter, during March 1862, Sibley would sustain a heavy defeat at Glorietta Pass and lose the remainder of his supplies, compelling the Confederates to abort the campaign to gain the Southwest. Also, the Confederate 5th Texas Cavalry, led by Colonel (later General) Thomas Green, participated at this action. Green was later, during April 1864, killed at Blair’s Landing, Louisiana. General Sibley, following the unsuccessful campaign, eventually reached El Paso, Texas, and from there, San Antonio, but his field duty afterward was inconsequential. After the war concluded, Sibley traveled to Egypt and was appointed a general of artillery in the Egyptian army. Fort Craig, following the termination of the Civil War, reverted to its previous duties of protecting settlers and keeping the trails clear. The post was abandoned during 1885. Some ruins of the fort remain visible. The fort site is located about five miles from Exit 116 on I-25. Fort Cummings— Fort Cummings was established on 2 October 1863 by a contingent of the California 1st New Mexico Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Captain Valentine Dresher. The troops arrived in the vicinity of Cooke’s Peak, northeast of Deming, from Fort West and when they reached Cooke’s Spring, Dresher selected it as the site for the post. A stage stop along the Butterfield Trail had operated there from about 1858 through 1861. Cooke’s Peak stood just under 10 miles north of the post. The post was named in honor of Colonel (later General) Philip St. George Cooke ( J.E.B. Stuart’s father-in-law). Cooke’s Peak and Cooke’s Spring were also named in his honor. During the Mexican War, Cooke, a Virginian, graduated from West Point during 1827. The outbreak of the Civil War divided his family. Two of his daughters and one son sided with the Confederates, while he and his other daughter remained with the Union. After the fort was established, the garrison continued to fortify it. The fort’s walls were built of adobe and the post contained barracks and a hospital by the 1870s. The fort was deactivated during 1873, but later, during the period of turbulence with the Apaches in the 1880s, it was again used as a post. In conjunction, Doctor William Thornton Parker was based at the post during 1867–1868. Doctor Parker subsequently wrote a book, The Annals of Old Fort Cummings, during 1915, and in it he described some incidents that are rarely brought out in the movies about the Old West. Although most people realize that there was no indoor plumbing, few think about other annoyances in a home or barracks during that period. Doctor Parker describes the inside of the fort and its lack of windows. In addition, he explained how the bedposts were set in large tin cans that were full to the brim with water to halt the invasion of red “fire” ants from gaining access to the bunks. He also described how the barracks used rubber blankets to forestall invasion of the bunks by other pests, like scorpions, tarantulas and centipedes. The blankets were nailed to the ceiling and they caused the pests to fall off, hopefully before they got over the bunk. One other adversary was more difficult to handle. Rattlesnakes were able to gain access to the building where they would conceal themselves amongst the clothing and the blankets as well as any open container. Also, a

NEW MEXICO / Fort Defiance mutiny by some men of the U.S. 38th Colored Infantry occurred at Fort Cummings during December 1867. The circumstances remain debatable; however, records in the National Archives seem to point to only one man being convicted following court-martials which were held at Fort Bayard and Fort Selden. Fort Defiance— During 1851, Colonel (later General) Edwin Vose Sumner was appointed commander at Fort Marcy in Santa Fe. After he assumed command, the tension that existed between the settlers and the Navajo Indians was greatly reduced. He ordered the construction of a fort (Fort Defiance, later Fort Canby) at a site in the Chuska Mountains known as Tsehootsooi. Fort Defiance was actually located in Arizona, about 25 miles northwest of Gallup, New Mexico, near the Canyon Bonito (Apache County). The fort was used to bring about nonhostile relations with the Indians by providing assistance, including supplies and food for them. The area received more support when Henry Linn Dodge arrived during 1853 to assume the duty of Indian agent. Dodge preferred to live outside Fort Defiance among the Navajos. Subsequently, the fort was renamed Fort Canby. By 1855, the straightforward initiatives on behalf of the Navajos by Colonel Henry Dodge brought the hostilities to nearly a complete halt. Dodge became so well liked by the Navajo that they began to call him “Redshirt.” The leaders of the Navajo worked with Dodge to ensure the peace between the Navajos and New Mexicans and Arizonians continued. However, during the following year, Henry Dodge was killed in an ambush by Apaches. Subsequently, during 1860, the Navajo had grown weary of the various treaties that constrained their movement and confined them to small areas of territory. A Navajo leader named Manuelito led an attack against Fort Defiance during 1860, igniting a new conflict. After the attack, General Carleton dispatched a force under Kit Carson to Fort Defiance, which was then renamed Fort Canby. Carson’s campaign against the Navajo was relentless. By January 1864, the final Indian stronghold, Canyon de Chelly, was attacked, but the Indians were unable to offer any strong resistance. Shortages of food had drained their strength. Most of the Navajos were corralled, but some under Manuelito escaped capture and another band of Navajo under Hoskinnini also evaded capture. Manuelito continued to resist for about two years and Hoskinnini was able to remain at large in the area west of Monument Valley for about four years. The Navajo were compelled to walk more than 300 miles to the Bosque Redondo Reservation near Fort Sumner. In conjunction, following the death of President Zachary Taylor during 1850, Congress began to take steps to control the problems along the frontier in the Southwest. During September of that same year, California (9 September) was admitted to the Union as the 31st state. In addition, the Utah and New Mexican Territories were established. See also Fort Sumner. Fort Fauntleroy— See Fort Wingate. Fort Fernando de Taos— See Fort Burgwin. Fort Fillmore— Fort Fillmore, named in honor of President Millard Fillmore, was established slightly south of Las Cruces at Mesilla by the U.S. Army during 1851. The area around Fort Fillmore had begun to spring up as a permanent settlement during 1848, following the conclusion of the Mexican War. The surrounding region existed in the midst of Apache territory, ensuring frequent clashes between the Indians and the settlers on that part of the frontier. It was that turbulence that compelled the U.S. to construct Fort Fillmore. At the time of the establishment of the fort, both Mexico and the U.S. claimed the immediate area. The town of Mesilla was inhabited by both Americans and Mexicans. Subsequently, during 1854, the quarrel was settled in conjunction with the Gadsden Purchase. The Stars and Stripes was officially hoisted over Mesilla on 16 November 1854.

292 During 1856, difficulties with the Indians increased. The crisis prompted the army to dispatch additional forces into the New Mexico region, which at the time included Arizona. The U.S. 3rd Cavalry was dispatched to bolster the forces already in the area. Once in the area near Fort Fillmore, the cavalry established positions. Soon after, orders arrived at Camp Crawford (in the vicinity of Fort Fillmore) instructing the units to proceed to various posts. In addition to some units at Fort Fillmore, other 3rd Cavalry units moved to augment Forts Burgwin, Craig, Las Lunas, Marcy Stanton, and Thorn in New Mexico. Some of the troops were dispatched to Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas. By 1858, the Butterfield Overland Mail and Stage Line used the town of Mesilla as its regional headquarters. The fort remained active until 1862; however, during 1861, it came under temporary Confederate control. On 25 July 1861, Union major Isaac Lynde abandoned the post. The garrison surrendered to Confederate lieutenant colonel John Robert Baylor at San Augustine Pass on 27 July. During the following year, Union troops (California volunteers) regained the fort. The post remained active until 1862. There are no remains of the fort and no historical markers to commemorate it. The fort site is on private property and is now a tract of pecan trees. Fort Lowell— Fort Lowell, known initially as Camp Plummer, was established by the U.S. Army during 1866 in the Cimarron Region of New Mexico in the vicinity of Tierra Amarilla. The post remained active until 1869. At that time, the post and another fort in New Mexico, Fort Sumner, were abandoned ( July). The artillery at both installations was transferred to the Fort Union Arsenal in Colorado. Subsequently, the post was turned into an Indian agency (Ute and Apache tribes) and later, during 1878, the agency merged with the Pueblo Indian Agency. Fort Marcy— Fort Marcy (Post at Santa Fe) was established during 1846 at Santa Fe, the territorial capital of New Mexico at the site of the Spaniards’ Palace of the Governors (Santa Fe Presidio). It was the initial fort constructed by the U.S. Army in New Mexico. The Governor’s Palace was used as headquarters for the District of New Mexico. Fort Marcy was the terminus of the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Leavenworth, established during 1827 at the Missouri River in Kansas, was the beginning of the trail. Prior to the establishment of Fort Marcy, Santa Fe had some defenses as the chapel within San Miguel Mission (founded during 1610 by the Spanish) had been built as a fort during 1710. After gaining control of the New Mexican Territory (1846), General Stephen W. Kearny initiated reconnaissance patrols to display the presence of the U.S. Army to the Navajos in an attempt to terminate the ongoing raids. In addition, the Indians and the Mexicans in the area continued the ongoing sporadic hostilities, whereby both parties attacked and each took prisoners to be used as slaves. The military presence had no lasting effect on the problem; however, a treaty was negotiated by the U.S. And by it, the Navajos agreed to halt their raids in New Mexico. The pact, overseen by Colonel Alexander Doniphan, was consummated during a meeting between the warring factions at Bear Springs, in the vicinity of the Zuni Mountains. Nonetheless, nothing changed and the friction continued. Other treaties were later signed and all produced no genuine results. Subsequently, during 1849, the U.S. signed a treaty with the Utes at Abiquiu. Twenty-nine Ute chiefs, including Chief Capote, signed the agreement. By the late 1850s, many troops from the fort’s garrison were transferred to Fort Union at Waltrous. On 11 June 1861, Colonel (later General) Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (West Point class of 1839) assumed command of the U.S. Military Department of New Mexico. During the previous month, Canby had been appointed commander of the U.S. 19th Infantry Regiment. During August 1861, the New Mexican Volunteer 2nd Infantry Regiment was organized at Santa Fe. And after

293 being mustered into the service, the unit moved to Fort Craig where it remained until February 1862. Afterward, it participated in the pursuit of the Confederates under General Sibley. During May of 1862, the regiment was merged with the New Mexican Volunteer 1st Cavalry Regiment. Another unit that was organized at Santa Fe was Alarid’s Independent Militia Company (10 December 1861). The company was mustered out of the service during February 1862. Fort Marcy remained operational until about 1867, with interruptions, including abandonment, during early March 1862 when Confederates temporarily held it. Afterward, during the Civil War, the fort was held by volunteers (New Mexican) for the duration. The fort was abandoned during the late 1860s. Later, during the mid-1870s, it was reestablished. The post was permanently abandoned in about 1894. The bodies of those interred at the post cemetery were removed and reinterred at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, during 1886, upon orders from President Ulysses S. Grant. During the latter part of the 1990s, the water level at the reservoir became extremely low and the ruins of the fort were again visible. Fort Mason— See Mason’s Fort. Fort McClane— A fort was established south of the town of Hurley during September 1860. The post, located in the Gila region, was built by a contingent, including elements of the 7th U.S. Infantry led by Major Isaac Lynde. During October, the fort was named Fort McClane in honor of Captain George McLane, 1st U.S. Mounted Rifles, who was killed during a skirmish with the Navajo Indians on 13 October 1860. Fort McLane was near a mining center known as the Saint Rita Copper Mines at Apache Tejo. By July of the following year, the garrison abandoned the post and relocated at Fort Fillmore to bolster it against the Confederate campaign to seize control of the Southwest. Subsequently, the post was again garrisoned during 1862 by California Volunteers while the army mounted campaigns against the Apaches (1862–1864). During September 1862, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Rodman West succeeded Colonel Carleton to become colonel of the 1st California Cavalry. By the following month, West was appointed brigadier general. West initiated an offensive to seize Mangas Coloradas, the father-in-law of Cochise. A party of Indian leaders, including Coloradas, were invited to parley with the soldiers at Pinos Altos. They were taken prisoner. General West informed two sentries who were guarding Coloradas: “Men, that old murderer has got away from every soldier command and has left a trail of blood 500 miles on the old stage line. I want him dead tomorrow morning. Do you understand? I want him dead.” That night (17 January 1863), Mangas Coloradas was killed. Afterward, the Apaches sought retaliation by raiding settlements. Fort McRae— Fort McRae was established in Sierra County near the Rio Grande by the U.S. Army during 1863. The post was established in the vicinity of Elephant Butte, about 10 miles east of Truth or Consequences. Fort McRae was named after Captain Alexander McRae, a North Carolinian who remained loyal to the Union and was killed during the fighting against the Confederates under General Sibley at Valverde during February 1862. The post was located at the Champagne Hills in McRae Canyon in the vicinity of the present-day White Sands Missile Range area. The garrison, of about 80 troops, held responsibility for protecting settlers and travelers including wagon trains moving across the Camino Real through the Jornado Del Muerte and subject to attack by Indians. One incident that occurred during the initial year of the fort’s existence, on 20 June 1863, was the ambush of Captain Albert Pfeiffer, who was traveling with only his wife, two young women servants and a small contingent of two troops. While at Truth or Consequences at the Hot Springs there, a band of Apaches suddenly attacked. Most of the party, including Pfeiffer’s wife, were slain. Pfeiffer was able to escape

Fort Santa Rita del Cobre / NEW MEXICO death. He was, however, severely wounded. Nonetheless, he got back to Fort McRae. By about 1865, the troops began constructing more solid quarters of adobe. The buildings included barracks, officers’ quarters, and a hospital. Although life on the frontier was often mundane, the post in the wilderness also contained a parade field. Following the close of the Civil War, the fort remained active and for awhile, focused on any potential action by remnant forces of the Confederacy. The post remained active until 1876. Also, a post cemetery was established there during April 1863. Later, those interred at the cemetery were reinterred at various other cemeteries. Afterward, the fort was sporadically used by travelers. The post was later lost when Elephant Butte Lake was created. In conjunction, the remains of Captain McRae, initially interred at Fort Craig, were later transferred to West Point, where he was reinterred at the U.S. Military Academy during June 1867. Fort Santa Rita del Cobre— Santa Rita del Cobre Fort and Trading Post (later Fort Webster) was established at Pinos Altos (initially known as Birchville) (Grant County) by the Spanish during 1804. At the time, miners in the area as well as settlers were under threat of attacks by the Apaches. The post was located in the vicinity of the Continental Divide, about five miles north of Silver City by the Pinos Altos Mountains. Mexico won its independence from Spain during 1821, but the hostilities with the Apaches continued. Apaches raided the entire region and northern Mexico, where a garrison was posted at Janos. During 1836, the Mexican garrison at Janos relocated at Fort Cobre and troops from another garrison moved to Janos. By December 1836, the mining operation at Fort Cobre was terminated. New Mexico came under American control during 1846. Later, about 1851, Pinos Altos was again occupied by Americans and their post was named Cantonment Dawson. During the following year, it was renamed Fort Webster; Fort Webster established the Stars and Stripes in what had been Mexican territory. The post provided protection for the miners and the settlements until 1853. Subsequently, during 1859 and 1860, gold was discovered at Bear Creek by Americans. During the spring of 1860, some miners at Pinos Altos seized Mangus Coloradas, a Chiricahua Apache chief and the father-in-law of Cochise. They whipped him with lashes and ignited retaliation by the Indians. Coloradas had anticipated a friendly encounter. By February of the following year, 1861, seven southern states had already seceded from the Union and one new state, Kansas, came into the Union. The Apaches attacked Pinos Altos on 27 September 1861. The settlement was bolstered by the arrival of volunteers from Arizona led by Captain Thomas Marston, but the conflict continued. During June 1862, California volunteers under General Carleton arrived in New Mexico and once informed of the siege of Pinos Altos by Apaches, he dispatched supplies and food as well as troops to rescue the town. Meanwhile, the Confederates had temporarily gained control of Pinos Altos during February 1862, but prior to the end of the following month, they were in retreat towards Texas. Subsequent to lifting the siege, General Carlton concluded that a military presence was required to protect Pinos Altos, particularly because of its mines. General West was ordered by Carleton to establish a post in the vicinity of the Gila River. During January 1863, Fort West was established slightly south of Cliff. In conjunction, Captain Marston had owned a share in the Pacific Mine at Pinos Altos, but he sold it to his brother Virgil during 1861. Virgil and some others maintained the mining operations in the area and by 1866 Virgil established the Pinos Altos Mining Company and he was able to develop the Pacific lode, which contained an abundance of copper, gold, silver, and lead and zinc. The Pacific lode crossed the Continental Divide. Also, during 1866, Birchville was renamed Pinos Altos, the original Mexican name of the settlement. In conjunction, a scaled-down replica of the original post was erected at Pinos Altos.

NEW MEXICO / Fort Selden Fort Selden— Fort Selden was established near Leasburg in the Rio Grande Valley at Radium Springs, Dona Ana County, near the Selden Mountains during 1865. During the spring of 1865, troops at Albuquerque were dispatched to establish the fort, which was built of adobe, and planned to hold both infantry and cavalry units. The post was in the vicinity of where Camp Robledo stood during the 1850s. The garrison held responsibility of providing protection of the area from Indian attacks. The post was abandoned during 1877 and later, during 1881, it was again garrisoned. By the early 1880s, Fort Selden was becoming less of a strategic post as in nearby Texas, Fort Bliss in El Paso was quickly growing into a primary fort. General Arthur MacArthur, the father of General Douglas MacArthur, was the post commander during 1884. By 1888, the post no longer garrisoned a full company of troops. Later, during 1890, the Department of the Interior assumed responsibility for the post. Soon after, a small contingent from Fort Bayard manned the post, but during January 1891, the post was abandoned. The final report from the fort was filed at that time by Lieutenant James E. Brett. While in operation, the troops were actively engaged against hostile Indians. During July 1873 (8th–11th), the U.S. Cavalry skirmished near the post with Indians. During that series of skirmishes, Sergeant Leonidas S. Lytle of the 8th Cavalry and John Sheerin, a blacksmith, also of the 8th Cavalry, became recipients of the Medal of Honor for their extraordinary courage. The post also established outposts with small contingents to bolster the region (Mesilla Valley). One was at Aleman Station, a stage stop along the Jornado del Muerto and another between Los Cruces and White Sands, at San Augustine Pass in the San Andres Mountains. Other units or elements thereof that were posted at the fort included: U.S. 3rd Cavalry, 1866–1870; U.S. 4th Cavalry, 1883; U.S. 8th Cavalry, 1870–1874; U.S. Colored 9th Cavalry, 1876–1877 and 1881; U.S. 10th Infantry, 1886–1888; U.S. 13th Infantry, 1881–1886; U.S. 15th Infantry, 1870,1873–1876 and 1881; U.S. 24th Infantry, 1888–1891; U.S. Colored 38th Infantry, 1867–1869; and the U.S. Colored 125th Infantry, 1865–1866. Some ruins remain. A museum is at the site. For more information: Fort Selden State Monument, P.O. Box 58, Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054. The site is slightly north of Las Cruces off I-25 where it intersects with U.S. Highway 85. See also Camp Robledo. Fort Stanton— Fort Stanton, initially known as Camp Garland, was established along the Rio Bonito near Lincoln at present-day Stanton on 19 March 1855 by elements of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel John Garland. The post was named in honor of Captain Henry Whiting (West Point class of 1842 Cadet #1155) of the U.S. 1st Dragoons, who was killed on 20 January 1855, while engaged in a skirmish with Apaches near the site of the fort. The post remained operational until 1896. However, there were some interruptions, including in 1861, when the garrison abandoned the fort to the Confederates. A plan by the troops to torch the fort failed as a rainstorm extinguished the flames. Upon the departure of the troops from Fort Stanton, some worthwhile items were left behind and taken by the settlers as well as some Indians and Mexicans. The fort was reoccupied by the Union during 1862, but the Confederates burned it prior to departing. Volunteers led by Christopher “Kit” Carson arrived to reconstruct the post and deal with the Indians who had been operating effortlessly while the Confederates were controlling the area. During August 1896, the post was abandoned and transferred to the Department of the Interior. The post was later (1899) turned into a hospital for U.S. Marines. During 1953, it was transferred for use as a state hospital. The fort site is reachable from U.S. 380 (west of Roswell) to State Highway 214, a trip of slightly more than 60 miles. At Route 214, proceed south for about five miles to Fort Stanton. Fort Sumner— Fort Sumner, named in honor of General Edmund

294 Vose Sumner, was established near the Pecos River during 1862 at present-day Fort Sumner (initially known as Sunnyside). The fort was built in the vicinity of the Bosque Redondo Reservation. Fort Sumner was abandoned during 1869. The post was an experiment in an attempt to educate the Indian children in schools and to feed the Apache and Navajo Indians that were sent there during the 1860s; however, the plan failed due to a series of problems, including crop failures and disease. The region also sustained flooding. The Navajo Indians were able to leave the area during 1868, but many of the Apaches there abandoned the area during November 1865 by sneaking away without being noticed by the army. The Navajo Indians were compelled to move to Bosque Redondo during March 1864. About 8,000 began the march (known as the Long Walk), but many died en route. Once there, the Navajo were also threatened by some Plains Indians (Comanche and Kiowa). The plan was totally unsuccessful. By 1868, the Navajo were finally permitted to return to their lands. In the meantime, General Carleton was succeeded (1866) by General George Washington Getty, the commanding officer of the U.S. 38th Colored Infantry. General Getty also selected the site of Fort Lyon (also Fauntleroy and Wingate) as the place for a new fort (1868), which was also named Fort Wingate. In conjunction, when Fort Sumner was abandoned, Lucien B. Maxwell, who earlier had owned the property where the army built the Reyado Post, acquired Fort Union and moved into it. He later died (1875) and was buried there. The Old New Mexico Museum is near Fort Sumner and a museum relating to Billy the Kid is also in the vicinity. Billy the Kid was killed by Pat Garrett at Fort Sumner during July 1881. The Fort Sumner State Monument is located in the vicinity of the convergence of U.S. Highway 60 and U.S. Highway 84, several miles east of Fort Sumner. Fort Thorn— See Fort Thorne. Fort Thorne— The 3rd U.S. Infantry, commanded by Captain Israel Richardson, established Fort Thorne along the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Hatch and near Santa Barbara on Christmas Eve 1853. The fort was named in honor of Lt. Herman Thorne, an officer with the 2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment who succumbed by drowning in the Colorado River. The post was plagued by disease and was abandoned during 1859. A post office there also closed when the fort was abandoned. The fort was later temporarily occupied during 1861 by the Confederates, led by General Henry Hopkins Sibley. On 17 June 1862, the post was reoccupied by the Union when elements of the 1st California Cavalry arrived there on 17 June 1862. The Californians were en route to recapture other posts in Arizona and New Mexico. The post was afterward abandoned. Fort Thorne was sometimes referred to as Cantonment Garland. Fort Tularosa— The U.S. Army established Fort Tularosa southwest of Aragon (Catron County) during 1872. An Apache Indian Agency was located there from 1872 through 1874. During that time, the Indians were relocated there from Ojo Caliente and later returned to Ojo Caliente. Fort Tularosa was abandoned during 1874. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Union— Fort Union was established along the Santa Fe Trail at Waltrous by General Carleton during 1851. A contingent of troops from Reyado Post was dispatched to participate in the construction of the post. A new fort, shaped in the form of an eight-pointed star, was erected during 1861 in an attempt to prevent a Confederate thrust along the trail. The Confederates did seize parts of New Mexico for a temporary time, but no attack was launched against Fort Union. In conjunction, during August-October 1861, the 3rd Regiment (Mounted) Infantry was formed at Fort Union and at Albuquerque. The regiment remained at Fort Union until February 1862 and at that time participated in the action to evict the Confederates from

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Hatch’s Ranch Post / NEW MEXICO

Fort Union, Watrous, New Mexico — Department Interior NPS

New Mexico. The New Mexican Volunteer 4th Infantry Regiment was also established at Fort Union (September 1861). The 4th Infantry Regiment also participated in the campaign against the Confederates during 1862 and following its conclusion, the regiment mustered out during May 1862. On 4 March 1862 the Union force which had abandoned Santa Fe arrived at Fort Union. At about the same time, Governor Connelly moved the territorial capital from Santa Fe to Las Vegas. Shortly thereafter, on 11 March, a Colorado regiment, under the command of Colonel John Slough, reached Fort Union after a forced march from Denver. The Union abandoned the post during 1862, but the evacuation occurred subsequent to the elimination of the Confederate threat. Later, during 1863, a third fort was built at the site. At that time, Fort Union became an anchor fort along the trail and the primary supply depot for the Department of New Mexico. While the post was active, the troops were engaged against several adversaries, including the Apaches, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, Kiowas and Navajos. Fort Union became obsolete after the termination of Indian hostilities in that area during the spring of 1875 and the coming of the Sante Fe Railroad during 1879. Fort Union was permanently abandoned during 1891. A museum is located at the Fort Union National Monument at Watrous, New Mexico, 87753. The museum gives a detailed account of how the fort affected the Santa Fe Trail and displays the history of how the land changed from Spanish control to Mexican and then finally to that of the United States. Fort Union is located less than 10 miles north of I-25 at the end of State Highway 477. Fort Webster— See Fort Santa Rita del Cobre. Fort West— During 1862, following action by General Carlton that lifted a siege at Pinos Altos during June 1862, Carleton concluded that more military presence was required in the area. General West was ordered to establish a new fort in the vicinity of the Gila River. Fort West was then established slightly south of Cliff during January 1863. It remained active until the following year. Fort Wingate— The history of Fort Wingate, which was established in the vicinity of the Continental Divide near present-day U.S. Route 66, began in about 1850 when a fort was established at Cebolleta. The fort, built under the direction of the War Department, remained active there until 1862. During the autumn of 1862, the post was relocated at El Gallo (Gallop) to become the new and second Fort Wingate The new post, established by General James H. Carleton, was near both San Rafael and Grant. The post was named in honor of Captain Benjamin Wingate, who was killed during the fighting at Valverde during February 1862. The fort contained quarters large enough to contain six companies of troops, but only about two companies formed the initial garrison. Later, as the Civil War dragged on, additional troops arrived during 1863. The wartime garrison was composed of two companies of New Mexican Volunteers and one of

California Volunteers. Following the campaign of Kit Carson against the Navajos during 1863, the fort was abandoned. Subsequently, during 1868, the fort was again relocated near its original location in the vicinity of Cebolleta (Bear Springs or Ojo del Oso), near where Fort Fauntleroy (afterward, Fort Lyon) was established during 1860. When the new post was established there (1868), it was renamed Fort Wingate. The post remained active as a frontier post until the 1880s, but as the region ceased to have trouble with Indians, it was not abandoned. It remained a military depot until 1910. Many of the buildings burned down during 1896. Later, during 1914, during a period of turbulence in Mexico, the post was used to quarter Mexican troops and their families that were compelled to flee Mexico into Texas at Eagle Pass during an uprising. From Texas they moved into New Mexico. During 1918, following the close of World War I, the Army Ordnance Department established a munitions depot (Wingate Ordnance Department) at the post. By 1925, steps were taken subsequent to action by Congress to provide a school for Navajo and Zuni Indians at the post. By 1936, about 5,000 acres of the 64,000-acre post were utilized by the Ordnance Department. During 1960, the post was renamed Fort Wingate Ordnance Depot and two years later it was again renamed to become Fort Wingate Army Depot. The post was deactivated during the 1990s. See also Camp Cebolleta. Gila Depot— Gila Depot was established in about 1857 in the vicinity of Gila (Grant County), less than 10 miles from where Fort West was established during 1863. The post was used during an expedition against the Apaches led by Colonel Benjamin L.F. Bonneville. Other frontier posts located in the Gila Region included Burro Mountain, Camp Datil, Camp Henley, Camp at Pinos Altos, Camp Sherman, Camp Vincent, Fort Bayard, Canada Alamosa. Fort Cummings, Fort Floyd, Fort McLane, Fort Tularoso, Fort Webster, and Post at Ojo Caliente. Gila Depot was abandoned during 1863. Goodsight Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Hatch’s Ranch Post— The U.S. Army established a post at Hatch’s Ranch, located south of Las Vegas near the Gallinas River, during the 1850s. On 3 November 1856, General Thornton and Colonel Bonneville, accompanied by a small party composed of four infantry troops and seven cavalrymen, visited and inspected the post. On that same day, General Thornton visited Fort Union and Fort Burgwin. Thorn documented how a snowstorm impeded travel. The party later spent the night at Canada Alamosa. The U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment arrived in the region during the autumn of 1860. The regiment was directed to place elements at Fort Fauntleroy (Wingate), Fort Stanton, Hatch’s Ranch and Fort Defiance (actually in Arizona). After the eruption of the Civil War, during May-June 1861, most of the regiment was used to bolster Fort Union and the Post at Albuquerque. Later, the regiment posted troops at Fort Craig and

NEW MEXICO / Jemez Post

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those based there participated in the Battle of Valverde during February 1862, when the Confederates under General Sibley intensified the effort to gain the Southwest. The post remained active until about 1864. The ruins of the post are now part of Park Springs Ranch (private property).

Martinez, a prominent and outspoken priest of the period. The hacienda, located at the end of the Camino Real, the “royal highway” that linked northern New Mexico to Mexico City, Mexico, was used as a trading post along the Santa Fe Trail. The hacienda is now a museum. It is located at 708 Hacienda Road in Taos.

Jemez Post— The U.S. Army established a temporary post at Jemez during 1849 while operations were ongoing against the Navajo Indians in the region. It was strategically located near the Canon de San Diego and the Jemez Mountain Trail, less than 30 miles northwest of Bernalillo. In conjunction, the post was located near site of a Spanish mission that was established about 1621 by Franciscan missionary priests. Some traces of the San Jose de los Jemez Mission remain off Highway 4, slightly more than 10 miles north of Jemez. There is a visitors center and museum at Jemez.

Mason’s Fort— Mason’s Fort, sometimes referred to as Fort Mason, was a stage stop in the vicinity of Las Cruces. During 1945, the U.S. Army Air Corps established an airfield near the site to support the main base in the region at Deming. The base was also used to train B-25 crews. During 1955, the site was abandoned by the U.S. Air Force (established 1947) and the government transferred the West Mesa site to the City of Las Cruces.

Kearny Gap Station— Kearny Gap Station was established at an undetermined time at a pass located about two miles south of Las Vegas. Subsequent to the Mexican War, this part of the Santa Fe Trail seemed to get its most frequent use and the investigations of the area and the deep ruts left there point to use by heavy-laden freight wagons. The area of Kearny Gap was also known as Puertico (or Puerto) de la Piedra Lumbre. This pass was used very little by the Santa Fe Trail prior to the Mexican War. In conjunction, during November 1821, a small party from Missouri, composed of William Becknell and five others, passed there and was intercepted by a large force of New Mexican militia and Pueblo Indians. The encounter was friendly and the Becknell Party was escorted to Santa Fe. Laguna Post— See Camp at Laguna. Las Cruces Post— During 1849, at the request of the mayor of Dona Ana, a contingent of troops which had arrived from Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, planned the town of Las Cruces. Nearby Dona Ana continued to become more overcrowded after the end of the Mexican War. The 1st Dragoons under Lieutenant Sackett had been in the region (Mesilla Valley) since the previous summer to provide protection to the settlers. When the U.S. assumed control of that part of New Mexico, including Dona Ana, the region was flooded by people attempting to gain land. Some New Mexicans moved across the river and established a new settlement under Mexican control. However, soon after, by 1854, that area, too, came under U.S. control in conjunction with the Gadsden Purchase. Subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union began pushing troops into the town of Las Cruces and the numbers continued to grow. Fort Selden and Fort Fillmore were also located in the vicinity of Las Cruces. By 1880, the railroad reached Las Cruces. In conjunction, while the town of Las Cruces was being established, the Army remained in the surrounding area including San Ysidro (or Isadoro) which was slightly outside Las Cruces. Not to be confused with San Ysidro in the vicinity of Albuquerque in northern New Mexico. Las Vegas Post— Las Vegas, along the Santa Fe Trail in San Miguel County, was seized by the Americans under General Stephen Kearny during August 1846. Las Vegas was originally named Nuestra Senora de los Dolores de Las Vegas Grandes (Our Lady of Sorrows of the Great Meadows) when it was established by the Spanish during 1835. Las Vegas became the headquarters for the U.S. military until 1851 when the U.S. Army established Fort Union. Subsequently, during 1862, when the Confederates threatened Santa Fe, the governor relocated the government at Las Vegas. Martinez Hacienda— The Martinez Hacienda was built at Taos by Severino Martin (late Martinez) during 1804. The home, composed of 21 rooms, was fortified with adobe walls and resembled a fort. Severino and his wife (Maria del Carmel Santistevan Martinez) raised six children at the hacienda and of those one was Padre Antonio

Mesilla Post— After the Americans gained control of New Mexico during 1846 and established the Stars and Stripes at Las Cruces, some inhabitants there chose to move across the river and establish a new settlement at Mesilla. Nevertheless, the Americans, after the Gadsdsen Purchase, also acquired Mesilla. During 1861, the Confederates occupied Mesilla and established the capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona there. At the time of the Confederate occupation, Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor issued a proclamation taking possession of the Territory of New Mexico in the name of the Confederate States of America. He made Mesilla the seat of his government. After the Confederates were driven from the territory, Mesilla was, for a short time in 1863, the headquarters of the District of Arizona under the command of General Joseph R. West, but this headquarters was transferred to El Paso and Mesilla’s days of military importance ended. Mimbres Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Mission San José de los Jemez— The Spanish established San José de los Jemez Mission in the vicinity of Jemez. The Spanish, like the French, usually had troops accompany the missionaries. The village in which the mission was located was known as Giusewa in the San Diego Canyon. The mission was founded by a Franciscan priest, Father Geronimo Zarate Salmeron, during the winter of 1621–22. Only ruins of the mission remain. Father Salmeron also established another mission (San Diego de la Congregación) at Jemez Pueblo. For more information: Jemez Department of Tourism, Walatowa Visitor Center, P.O. Box 100, Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico 87024. Ojo de la Vaca— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Picacho Station— Picacho Station was located in Dona Ana County at Picacho Village, located slightly more than five miles northwest of Las Cruces in the vicinity of Picacho Mountain. A settlement initially known as Picacho de los Nevarez had begun there about 1855 when some people from Socorro relocated there. See also Butterfield Stage Stations. Post at Albuquerque— See The Post. Post at Cimarron— The U.S. Army established a post along the Santa Fe Trail on the Cimarron River (Colfax County) in the vicinity of Cimarron during 1851. During the previous year, the Post at Reyado was built, slightly south of Cimarron. The U.S. Army also established Fort Union during 1861 after deciding that, in addition to the Post at Reyado, more military presence would be required in the region. During the latter part of 1858, Lucien B. Maxwell, who had owned the property where the Post at Reyado was built, moved to Cimarron and became the Indian agent there as well as the postmaster. Maxwell also established the Aztec Mill at Cimarron and the flour from there was sold to the army at Fort Union. The Aztec Mill is now the Old Mill Museum. Cimarron, located on the Taos branch of the Santa Fe Trail, became a prominent town in northern New Mexico, but in addition to the attraction of settlers and miners as

297 well as countless numbers of travelers passing through, the town also attracted what was known as the Wild West outlaws. Cimarron was dubbed the “Cowboy Capital of Northern New Mexico.” Post at Cubero— The Union established a temporary post west of Albuquerque near Acoma (Santa Domingo Pueblo) at Cubero (Cimarron Region) during 1862. The Confederates seized it during early March 1862 and confiscated arms, supplies and about 10,000 rounds of ammunition there. The post was protected by only a small contingent of New Mexican Volunteers. Shortly thereafter, toward the latter part of March, the Confederates under General Sibley were defeated and most of their supplies were destroyed, which compelled them to retire from New Mexico toward Texas. Post at LaJoya— The Post at LaJoya was a temporary U.S. Army post in the vicinity of LaJoya in the Cimarron region. Other posts in the region included Abiquiu and Fort Lowell (Camp Plummer). Post at Ojo Caliente— See Camp Ojo Caliente. Post at Paraje— A small Union garrison was posted at Paraje during 1862. During the Confederate retreat toward Texas following the failed campaign, a contingent of the 7th Texas Cavalry moved across the Jornada del Muerte ( Journey of Death) against the town to get fresh horses. On 18 May, the Confederates issued an ultimatum to surrender, but the Union ignored it. Afterward, a short exchange occurred, but the Confederates aborted the fight and returned across the desert. The Confederate regiment under Colonel William Steel had sustained hardships from the elements and some had become sick after drinking bad water at a contaminated well. After departing Paraje, the column faced more problems due to Indians and shortages of water. Post at Santa Fe— See Fort Marcy. Post of Taos— Post of Taos was known also as Camp at Fernando de Taos. See Fort Burgwin. Presidio of Santa Fe— Santa Fe was established by the Spanish during 1609. Earlier, two Franciscan priests, Fathers Espejio and Ruyz, had begun to spend much time in that area of New Mexico, leading to the founding of the settlement. The Spanish established the San Miguel Mission during 1610 in close proximity to the Plaza. The Ute Indians inhabited the area near Santa Fe. Later, during 1637–1641, the Spanish, under Governor Luis de Rosas, seized more than 50 Ute Indians and pressed them into forced labor at Santa Fe. Subsequently, during 1670, the Spanish and the Utes agreed to a treaty, but the hostilities continued and by 1680 the Indians revolted (Pueblo Revolt). Other Indians, including the Apaches and Comanches, joined the Ute fight against the Spanish. By 1682, the Spanish were driven from the area; however, during 1692, the region was reconquered by the Spaniards. The presidio at Santa Fe was named Presidio de Exaltación de la Cruz del Nuevo Mexico. Santa Fe was the capital of the province of New Mexico. The Palace of the Governors became the center of the presidio. On 17 February 1776, in California, a Spanish expeditionary force under Lt. Colonel Juan Bautista Anza departed the San Gabriel Mission to reinitiate its journey to the San Francisco Bay area. Following the expedition, Anza returned to the presidio at Arizona and afterward was appointed governor of New Mexico. Subsequent to the seizure of New Mexico by the Americans during 1846, the Plaza de Armas, outside the palace, became part of Fort Marcy. In conjunction, the San Miguel Mission, founded when the Spanish arrived in the area, was later made stronger as the Spanish fortified the mission chapel. The mission lost its records when a rebellion broke out during 1680; however, the mission itself came out of the turbulence unscathed and it still stands. During the early part of the nineteenth century, the Spanish at Santa Fe received a bell from Old Spain that had been cast during the 1350s. Prior to being

San Miguel del Vado / NEW MEXICO brought to the San Miguel Mission, the bell had been used in Spain and in Mexico. Rayado Post— The U.S. Army established a post along the Santa Fe Trail in the vicinity of present-day Rayado during 1850. During April of the previous year, Lucien B. Maxwell and Kit Carson moved to Rayado and both constructed homes within the same complex. Carson and Maxwell selected Rayado and both were convinced it would be a good site for a fort along the Santa Fe Trail. During 1850, the post was constructed at Rayado and the government compensated Maxwell for supplying quarters and food for the troops. The U.S. decided by the following year to construct another post at Cimarron slightly north of Rayado, and in addition it was decided to construct Fort Union at the Mora River, about 30 miles south of Rayado. A contingent of troops at Rayado moved out of the post to construct Fort Union. In conjunction, when another post, Fort Sumner, was later abandoned, Maxwell acquired the property. Rayado was one of a series of posts inspected by Lieutenant Colonel George A. McCall. During December 1850, Lieutenant Colonel (later General) McCall, 3rd U.S. Infantry, under instructions from the War Department ( June 1850), had conducted a study of the New Mexican situation and forwarded the results to his superiors. McCall, formerly attached to the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment, had recently returned from Europe and was appointed as one of two inspector generals with the rank of colonel. His study included determining the number of settlers killed during the previous 12 to 18 months, the amount of property damaged and the estimated strength required to subdue the Indians. The territory covered included the northern frontier from Abiquiu to Las Vegas. McCall found that about 53 people had been killed by Indians between September 1849 and September 1850; however, he was of the opinion that others, too, were killed and unaccounted for in the same period. A number of shepherds, about 10 or 12, had also been killed prior to the previous September. The Jicarilla Apaches inflicted the most harm, but the Navajos and the Utes also participated in the attacks. In addition, in the lower region, stretching from Santa Fe to El Paso, Texas, an additional 20 people were killed by the Apaches (White Mountain and Sacramento Mountain Apaches) and the Navajo tribe. Many people were also captured and taken by the Indians, but McCall’s report accounted for only 13 captives. McCall’s report also indicated the troop strength needed to maintain the safety of the people in New Mexico. The posts included: Albuquerque, one company of infantry; Cibolletta, one company of dragoons and one company of infantry; Dona Ana, one company of dragoons and one company of infantry; Las Vegas, one company of infantry; Rayado, two companies of dragoons; Santa Fe, one company of infantry; Socorro, one company of dragoons; and at Taos, one company of infantry. McCall also determined that four companies of dragoons and one artillery company (with battery) was to be deployed in Navajo country. In addition, McCall reported that one company of infantry should be posted in Texas at El Paso or San Elizario and others areas of the Apache country along the Gila River. Rough and Ready Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Salinas Pueblo Missions—(National Monument)— See Abo Pass Post. San Isidoro Post— See Las Cruces Post. San Miguel del Vado (Bado)— The Spanish established San Miguel during 1794 along what later became the Santa Fe Trail. The Spanish, however, did not establish a mission church there until the early 1800s. San Miguel was a primary settlement at the Pecos River and a customs house stood there to collect fees (custom taxes) for the Mexican government from those who entered New Mexico. The Americans, under General Stephen Kearny, captured San Miguel on 16 August 1846, one day before Santa Fe was taken. San Miguel remained

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NEW MEXICO / Socorro Post a prominent location even after it came under American control; however, when the railroad arrived during the 1880s, San Miguel fell behind Las Vegas. Sebolletta Post— See Camp Cebolleta. Seyboyeta Post— See Camp Cebolleta. Socorro Post— The U.S. Army established a post in the Rio Grande Valley at Socorro, in Socorro County, during 1849. It was one of a series of posts to bolster the American presence in New Mexico following the closure of the Mexican War during the previous year. The Spanish established a Catholic church there along the Rio Grande during 1627 and subsequently, during 1819, while Spain still controlled New Mexico, the San Miguel Mission was established there upon the ruins of the original church. Within two years, the Mexicans won their independence from Spain and New Mexico was under Mexican domination until 1846, when the U.S. Army and the Stars and Stripes arrived in New Mexico and claimed it for the U.S. The post was inspected by Colonel (later General) George A. McCall during 1850 and afterward it was suggested by McCall that one company of dragoons be based there. The post was abandoned during 1851; however, later, during 1862, the Confederates temporarily occupied Socorro, on 23 February. Later, the Union re-occupied it and the New Mexican Volunteer 2nd Infantry Regiment was involved in a skirmish near the post on 25 April 1862 while the Confederates were in retreat following their failed campaign to gain the Southwest. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1870s, U.S. troops were again at Socorro. The railroad reached Socorro during

the 1880s and with the entrance of the Iron Horse, mining operations began there, but by the 1890s, the mining industry at Socorro vanished. Not to be confused with Socorro, Texas, on the outskirts of El Paso, Texas. Soldiers Farewell Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. Starvation Peak Station— A stage station existed along the Santa Fe Trail in the vicinity of Tecolate. The station was known as Starvation Peak Station and as Bernal Hill Station. Stein’s Peak Station— See Butterfield Stage Stations. The Post— The U.S. Army established a military supply depot, known as The Post at Albuquerque during 1846. The Spanish had earlier established a presidio there during the early 1700s and after the Mexicans won independence from Spain during 1821, they too established a military presence there. Subsequently, on 2 March 1862, the Confederates seized the post and soon after abandoned it. The Union destroyed the depot prior to evacuating the area. Later, the Union re-occupied it and maintained it as an active supply depot until 1867. In conjunction, Haspell’s Independent Cavalry Company was formed at Albuquerque during July 1861 and later, during October 1861, the unit was mustered out of the service. Also, the New Mexican Volunteer 5th Infantry Regiment was organized at Albuquerque during November 1861. The regiment remained at Albuquerque until February 1862 and afterward participated in the campaign against the Confederates under General Sibley. The regiment was mustered out of the service during May 1862.

NEW YORK Amboy Ferry Post— The British established a post known as Amboy Ferry on Staten Island during 1777 across from New Jersey. The British retained control of the post until 1783. In conjunction, the Dutch acquired Staten Island during 1630 when Michael Pauw purchased Staten Island and Pavonia (an area of Hoboken, New Jersey) from the Indians. At about the same time, 1630, the Dutch established a blockhouse (Amersfort) in the Flatlands (Brooklyn). American River Fortifications— During 1777, Colonel Thaddeus Kosciuszko oversaw the construction of the American River Fortifications (Hudson River). The fortifications were designed to halt any British advance into the Hudson Valley and divert the British attack toward the more heavily fortified positions at Bemis Heights (Nielson Farm). The fort was not challenged during the battles at Saratoga. In conjunction, Kosciuzko, an engineer, also oversaw (along with General Benedict Arnold) the fortifications at Bemis Heights. See also Saratoga Revolutionary War Forts and Redoubts, New York. Amersfort Blockhouse— The Dutch established a blockhouse in the Flatlands (Brooklyn), Kings County, during 1630. The Dutch retained control of the area until 1664 when it was relinquished to the British. At about the same time, 1630–1631, the Dutch West Indies Company was also establishing forts and settlements in Delaware and New Jersey. Arnot Barracks (Camp Number 2)— The Union established Arnot Barracks, an army post, during the 1860s. The camp was located just

north of Elmira in Chemung County. Like nearby Camp Rathburn, the post was protected on three sides by a fence of less than five feet high; however, the remaining side faced a road, rather than a stream. Quarters for the troops were built (10 buildings) and were comparable in size to those at Camp Rathburn, capable of holding up to about 150 men each. Arnot Barracks contained only one guardhouse and it was built to the size of 34 feet by 17 feet and lacked a cell. Officers’ quarters were constructed to the rear of the barracks and in addition the post contained a mess hall capable of seating 1,000 men. Aurania Stockade— Aurania, a stockaded settlement, was established in the vicinity of Rensselaer in Rensselaer County by a group of French Protestants during 1624. Not to be confused with Fort Aurania, which was a term used by the English for Dutch Fort Orange at Albany. Badlam’s Redoubt— The Americans established a redoubt (Badlam’s) during the spring of 1776 at Rutger’s Hill in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of Market and Madison Streets in New York City. Subsequent to the abandonment of New York by the Continental Army, the fortification was refortified by the people there and renamed Citizen’s Redoubt. Balcarres Redoubt (Freeman’s Farm)— At Saratoga, during 1777, a British column, part of a three-column force, advanced to Freeman’s Farm and established a redoubt there prior to the First Battle of Saratoga. While the force under British General Hamilton deployed at Freeman’s Farm, another force under General Frazer established

299 positions slightly west of Hamilton on some heights. The remaining contingent, under General Riedesel, remained with Burgoyne’s wagons along the west bank of the Hudson River. The British positions were formed prior to the initial Battle of Saratoga. Once the battle erupted, American riflemen under General Morgan had positioned themselves in concealed positions in close proximity to the British troops and were able to pour heavy effective fire upon the British while they were grouping for the fight. During the First Battle of Saratoga, the British also came under fire from the brigade (troops from New York and Vermont) under General Enoch Poor. The British prevailed at the First Battle of Saratoga (19 September). Afterward, the British augmented their positions, primarily the Balcarras Redoubt, Breyman’s Redoubt and a position known as the Great Redoubt. In the meantime, British troops were making progress near Philadelphia. Congress evacuated the capital on the day before the battle at Saratoga. On 4 October 1777, the British whipped the Americans at Philadelphia at the Battle of Germantown, making Saratoga a key in the campaign to halt the British thrust in the east. By 7 October, the British were pushed from Balcarras Redoubt and Breyman’s Redoubt. They regrouped at the Great Redoubt to halt the American thrust. The Great Redoubt held the hospital and a large artillery concentration and became their final defense line. On the following day, General Frazer, who had been killed during the fighting, was buried and the British withdrew further (Old Saratoga). On 17 October, after a devastating defeat at the Second Battle of Saratoga (Bemis Heights), nearly 6,000 troops under Burgoyne capitulated. The British were marched to Boston and from there, subsequent to taking an oath not to raise arms against America, they were sent back to England. The American victory proved to be a powerful blow to the British, who had believed their bettertrained forces would prevail against the Continental Army, but others now became more interested in the conflict. The French, who had given tentative support to the American cause, soon broke out with public support. In conjunction, Benedict Arnold was wounded during the fighting. Subsequently, he recuperated in Philadelphia and while there he began his association with some prominent loyalists. Later, he betrayed George Washington and the nation by plotting to surrender West Point to the British. His plot failed. Barber Wheatfield— The British moved against the Americans at Barber Wheatfield, in the vicinity of the Chatfield Farm, where the Americans had established an outpost to sound the alarm once the British advanced. The Americans, under Generals Learned and Poor, initiated an assault and, aided by the element of surprise, overwhelmed the British reconnaissance force following a heated battle that lasted about one hour and ignited the Second Battle of Saratoga. See also Saratoga Revolutionary War Forts and Redoubts.

Barrier Gate / NEW YORK Battery Bacon— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Baker— See Fort Totten. Battery Barlow— See Fort H.G. Wright. Battery Barry— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Burnes (Burns)— See Fort Totten. Battery Bradford— See Fort Terry. Battery Butterfield— See Fort H.G. Wright. Battery Campbell— See Fort Terry. Battery Catlin— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Chain— See West Point. Battery Clinton— See Fort H.G. Wright. Battery D— See Fort Slocum. Battery Dalliba— See Fort Terry. Battery Dimick— See Fort Terry. Battery Dix— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Duane— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Dudley— See Dudley’s Battery and Buffalo Batteries. Battery Eldridge— See Fort Terry. Battery Floyd— See Fort Terry. Battery Frazer— See Fort Slocum. Battery Gibson— See Buffalo Batteries. Battery Gookins— See Buffalo Batteries. Battery Graham— See Fort Totten. Battery Grand— See Battery Park. Battery Greble— See Fort Terry. Battery Green— See West Point. Battery Grenadier— See Grenadier’s Battery (not to be confused with Grenadier’s Redoubt at Fort Crown Point). Battery Hagner— See Fort Terry. Battery Hamilton— See Fort H.G. Wright. Battery Haskin— See Fort Slocum. Battery Hill— See New York City Forts, Fort Number 8.

Barrier Gate— During 1779, the British fortified their positions in New York City and the surrounding area. A fortified defensive line known as the Barrier Gate was established to guard against an invasion by the Continental Army, which had proved to be far more formidable than the British had anticipated. The line of redoubts stretched westward between Fort George (Laurel Hill) and Fort Tryon.

Battery Hoffman— See Fort H.G. Wright.

Bath Beach Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812).

Battery Jersey— See Jersey Battery.

Battery (at) Corlaer’s Hook— See Corlaer’s Hook Fort. Battery (at) Crown Point— See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Battery (at) Horn’s Hook— See Horn’s Hook Battery. Battery (at) Mount Hope— See Fort Mount Hope. Battery Ayres— See Fort Wadsworth.

Battery Hoppock— See Fort H.G. Wright. Battery Hudson— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery (in) City— See Castle Clinton. Battery Independent— See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Battery Kelly— See Fort Terry. Battery King— See Fort Totten. Battery Kinney— See Fort Slocum. Battery Knox— See West Point. Battery Lanthorn— See West Point. Battery Lawrence— See Fort Lawrence.

NEW YORK / Battery Old Sow

300

Battery Machin— See Machin’s Battery.

Battery Waterbury— See Waterbury’s Battery.

Battery Mahan— See Fort Totten.

Battery Webb— See Fort Webb.

Battery Marcy— See Fort H.G. Wright.

Battery Weed— See Fort Richmond (Richmondtown).

Battery McDougall— See Oyster Battery.

Battery West— See Castle Clinton.

Battery Meigs— See Fort Meigs.

Battery Whitehall— See Whitehall Battery.

Battery Mills— See Fort Wadsworth.

Battery Wyllys— See Fort Wyllys.

Battery Morgan— See Buffalo Batteries.

Battlefield Blockhouse— See Stillwater Blockhouse.

Battery Morton— See Fort Morton.

Bayard Hill Redoubt— During 1776, General George Washington directed that New York City be fortified. The New York 1st Independent Battalion afterward established Bayard Hill Redoubt slightly west of the Bowery. The fortification was also known as Independent Battery and it was sometimes referred to as Fort Bunker Hill. The line of defenses stretched from a post known as Jones Hill Fort, also known as Crown Point Battery (or Fort Pitt), to an unnamed post in the vicinity of present-day Thompson and Spring Streets. Other fortifications in New York City included Fort George. The British, following the evacuation of Boston, began arriving in New York during the latter part of June 1776. By 14 August, the largest fleet ever assembled in American waters, under British Admiral Richard Lord Howe, stood off Staten Island. The ground forces being transported were commanded by his brother, General Sir William Howe. The British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Long Island on 27–29 August; however, the Americans retained Manhattan for a while. On 16 September, the British were defeated at the Battle of Harlem Heights, but within two days the Americans abandoned New York for New Jersey. The British then continued to bolster the defenses. British control of New York continued until 1783.

Battery North (North Battery)— See Red Fort. Battery NY 15— See Fort Slocum. Battery Old Sow–During the War of 1812, the Americans established a one-gun battery (Battery Old Sow) in Buffalo (Erie County) during 1812. The post was located between Gookin’s Battery and Fort Tompkins to the south and north, respectively. The battery remained active until 1814. Battery Overton— See Fort Slocum. Battery Park— During the American Revolution, the area where Castle Clinton and support batteries were later constructed was known as Grand Battery. The fortifications there were below Fort George (New York City). The British seized New York during 1776 and held it until 1783. On 25 November 1783, the British evacuated New York and the day was afterward known as “Evacuation Day.” In celebration of their departure, the army was reviewed at the Battery by General Washington. During the occupation of New York, large numbers of American troops were imprisoned aboard ships on Wallabout Bay and other places. During 1908, the victims of the prison ships were commemorated by the Martyrs’ Monument, which was erected at Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn. The Battery was again fortified during the War of 1812 period. A fortification known as South Battery was established there during 1810 at the foot of Bridge Street as one of the defensive posts to protect the harbor. South Battery at the Battery in New York City is not to be confused with South Redoubt at West Point or South Battery at Governors Island.

Benson’s Point Redoubt— During the War of 1812, the Americans established Benson’s Point Redoubt in New York City during 1814. The post was located in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of 2nd and 106th Streets. Black Rock Navy Yard— See Fort Black Rock.

Battery Sailor— See Buffalo Batteries.

Blazing Star Post (Old)— The British established a post at Blazing Star, formerly known as Smoky Point, Richmondtown, Long Island, during 1776, subsequent to seizing control of Staten Island. The post was garrisoned by Hessian troops. The post was actually an inn along the banks of the Fresh Kills.

Battery Shipyard— See Shipyard Battery.

Breyman’s Redoubt— See Balcarres Redoubt.

Battery South (Battery Park)— See Battery Park.

Brooklyn Navy Yard— The Brooklyn Navy Yard was established during 1801 along Wallabout Bay in the vicinity of American fortifications from the War for Independence. During the American Revolution, while the British held New York, they kept American POWs aboard ships in the vicinity of where the navy yard was constructed. The Brooklyn Navy Yard remained active through the Civil War and into the twentieth century to serve the nation during both World Wars and the Korean War. It was closed during 1966.

Battery Richmond— Not to be confused with Fort Richmond. See Fort Wadsworth.

Battery South (Governors Island)— See Governors Island. Battery Southwest— See Castle Clinton. Battery Steele— See Fort Terry. Battery Stoneman— See Fort Terry. Battery Stuart— See Fort Totten. Battery Sumner— See Fort Totten. Battery Swift— See Buffalo Batteries. Battery Terrace— See Buffalo Batteries. Battery Thompson— See Horn’s Hook Battery. Battery Turnbull— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Upton— See Fort Wadsworth. Battery Walters— See West Point. Battery Water (Water Battery)— See Fort Richmond (Signal Hill).

Buffalo Barracks— During October 1839, due to an increase in tension (Patriots War) between the U.S. and Canada, the Buffalo Barracks was established at Buffalo (Erie County). In conjunction, the post was also known as Poinsett Barracks (for the secretary of war at the time, Joel Poinsett). Troops were quartered there for awhile, but by 1841, a new installation, Fort Porter, was established, essentially making Buffalo Barracks obsolete. The post was deactivated during 1845. In conjunction, several structures were built there to house officers and that complex is known as the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site. One of the buildings still remains standing within the perimeter of present-day Main, Allen, Delaware and North Streets.

301 Buffalo Batteries— The Americans established a chain of forts in Erie County in the vicinity of Buffalo during the period 1812–1814. The fortifications were stretched from the Front (Niagara River Front) to Conjaquadie’s Creek. The posts included Dudley’s Battery; Fort Tompkins (3), Gibson’s Battery (3 guns), Gookins Battery (1 24pounder), Old Sow Battery (8-inch mortar), Sailor’s Battery (held three 32-pounders and was located north of Swift’s Battery, along the south bank of Conjaquadie Creek near the mouth of the Niagara River), Swift’s Battery (north of Dudley’s Battery) and Terrace Battery (south of Fort Porter). Also, during the Battle of Black Rock, Morgan’s Battery and North of the Creek, Black Rock Blockhouse were established. Other fortifications included Tonawanda Blockhouse, several miles outside Buffalo. Burnett’s Field Blockhouses— See Fort Herkimer. Bushwick Blockhouses— The Dutch established two blockhouses in the settlement of Bushwick about 1662; however, by 1664, the English gained control of New York. Subsequently, during 1854, the towns of Bushwick and the city of Williamsburgh (later Williamsburg) were annexed by Brooklyn. At that time, Brooklyn (Kings County) contained one city and five towns: Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend, New Lots and New Utrecht. Camp Arthur— The Union established Camp Arthur, a Civil War training camp, on Staten Island during 1862. Camp Black— See Camp Winfield Scott. Camp Buckner— The U.S. Army established Camp Buckner at West Point (Orange County) during 1821. The post was in the vicinity of the West Point Military Academy and the site of Fort Arnold (later Fort Clinton). The post remained active until 1942, when it was relocated at Lake Popolopen and renamed Camp Popolopen. Subsequently, during 1945, the post was renamed and it reverted to Camp Clinton. The camp is still utilized by the military academy for training. Camp Church— Camp Church was established as a Civil War recruiting camp in Lockport, near Buffalo. The 19th Independent Battery (Stahl’s Battery), Light Artillery, New York Volunteers, departed the camp during October 1862 for Elmira, from where it would move to Washington, D.C., and deploy at Camp Barry for artillery training. Camp Creedmore— See Camp Fisher’s Island. Camp Duchess— The New York 150th Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Dutchess County Regiment) was established at Poughkeepsie and mustered into the federal service at Camp Duchess on 10 October 1862. The regiment afterward, on 10th October of that same year, departed for Baltimore, Maryland. Camp Fishers Island— The U.S. Army, during 1879, established a post at Fishers Island (Suffolk County), located off the northeastern end of Long Island and in close proximity to New London, Connecticut. The camp on Fishers Island was known by many names as the various units that used what was a temporary training camp gave it a new name. The other names included Camp Creedmore, Camp at Fishers Island, Camp R.N. Scott and Camp Stephen B. Luce. The camp was abandoned during 1888; however, later, during the 1900s, the U.S. Coast Guard established headquarters (Long Island Headquarters) there. Subsequently, during World War II, in the 1940s, the post was renamed Fort Wright and it became a coastal defense installation. Camp Hardin— The U.S. Army established Camp Hardin in the vicinity of Sand Lake (Rensselaer County) as a Civil War training camp during 1860, primarily to train recruits from the area around

Camp Townsend / NEW YORK Troy. The camp remained active for the duration of the war. Subsequently, during the Spanish-American War period, Camp Hardin was used as a temporary camp for the 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The regiment was there after returning from the battlefields during August-September 1898. Camp Hennepin— See Fort Hennepin. Camp Joseph W. Plume— The U.S. Army established Camp Joseph W. Plume during 1898 (Spanish-American War era) at Buffalo (Erie County). The camp was used by the New York Volunteer 202nd Regiment during July-August 1898, prior to shipping out. The regiment served in the U.S. and afterward was transported to Cuba. The unit was later, during April 1899, mustered out of the service at Savannah, Georgia. Camp McClellan— See Camp Tompkinsville. Camp Popolopen— See Camp Buckner. Camp R.N. Scott— See Camp Fishers Island. Camp Rathburn— Camp Rathburn was established in Chemung County on the western outskirts of Elmira during the 1860s. The post’s perimeter was about 500 yards by 300 yards and was partially surrounded by a short fence of less than five feet in heigh. The remaining side was facing a stream about 25 feet in width. The post contained barracks and each held about 100 troops; however, the buildings were capable of each holding about 50 additional men. The 20 buildings for the men could accommodate several thousand troops. The fort also contained two large mess halls (within one structure and separated by the kitchen), each capable of holding 1,000 troops. In addition, the post had two large guardhouses, each built to the size of 48 feet by 16 feet and each with a cell room. Other buildings included a building for the staff and one for the sutler. Camp Robinson Barracks— Camp Robinson Barracks was established in Chemung County subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War. The post was located less than two miles southwest of Elmira. The fort’s perimeter was nearly square at about 400 by 360 yards and its water supply was excellent, unlike some of the camps near Elmira. The post was essentially unprotected. It had one side (west) bounded by a fence of less than five feet high. Twenty buildings were erected for the troops and like other posts in the area, each accommodated up to 150 men. Two guardhouses were also constructed and another building was built as officers’ quarters. The post had two mess halls, capable of seating 1,000 men each, and both were within the same structure, separated by the kitchen. Camp Smith— Camp Smith, initially known as Camp Townsend, was renamed Camp Smith during 1913. The post, located in Peekskill, remains active. See also Camp Townsend. Camp Stephen B. Luce— See Camp Fisher’s Island. Camp Tompkinsville— Camp Tompkinsville, known initially as Camp McClellan, was established as a temporary training camp on Staten Island by the Union subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War. Camp Townsend— A militia camp was established at Peekskill in Westchester County subsequent to the acquisition of land there about 1885. By 1898, during the Spanish-American War, the state militia post was known as Camp Townsend, named in honor of Major General Frederick Townsend. The New York Volunteer 8th and 12th Infantry Regiments were mustered into U.S. service there during May 1898. Subsequently, during 1913, the camp was renamed Camp Smith, in honor of Governor Al Smith. The post remains active.

NEW YORK / Camp Washington Camp Washington— The Union established Camp Washington in the vicinity of Salem (Washington County) during 1861. The units that were formed there included elements of the New York Volunteer 2nd Cavalry Regiment. The camp remained active until the following year when it was relocated in the vicinity of the Washington County Fairgrounds. Camp Wikoff— The U.S. Army established Camp Wikoff, named in honor of Colonel Charles Wikoff (22nd Infantry), who was killed during the fighting against the Spanish at El Caney, Santiago Cuba. The post, located at Montauk Point (Suffolk County), Long Island, was established during the summer of 1898 to receive troops coming back from the war zones. Most of the American casualties during the Spanish-American War were caused by diseases and it was thought that Montauk Point was isolated enough to impede spreading the diseases. Subsequently, during the 1920s, the post was used by the U.S. Coast Guard for training purposes. Camp Winfield Scott— Camp Winfield Scott (later Camp Black) was established at Hempstead Plains, Long Island (present-day 11th Avenue west of Washington Street, Garden City, where Nassau County Court is located), during 1860. The area where the camp was established had been used frequently in the past as a training area for New York troops during the early days of the nation, beginning during the French and Indian War. The area was originally settled by the Dutch, but later by the English. The plains (Long Island Prairie or Salisbury Plains) were used by colonial troops during the early days of the American Revolution and afterward, when New York was gained by the British, they too used Hempstead Plains and deployed the 17th Light Dragoons there. Subsequently, during other conflicts, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican War, troops again utilized the plains on Long Island. Camp Winfield Scott was renamed Camp Black during 1898 while the U.S. was at war with Spain. Later, during World War I, the General Supply Depot and Concentration Camp was established (1917) there as a distribution depot for the several airfields that were in close proximity to the depot. The airfields included the Hempstead Plains Aviation Field (later Hazelhurst Field and afterward Roosevelt Field, the latter named after Quentin Roosevelt, the son of President Theodore Roosevelt) which was transformed into a military airfield. During the following year, 1918, the post known as Camp Winfield Scott became Mitchel Field, and another post, Camp Mills, was established nearby. Mitchel Field became a major post of the Army Air Corps during World War II. During 1942, the U.S. Navy assumed responsibility for searching for enemy submarines that encroached on U.S. shores along the coast in the region, relieving the Army Air Corps of the responsibility. The post was also used to detain German POWs during 1943–1944. By the latter part of 1944, the military was phasing out its operations at the post. The post was declared military surplus during 1961. Canaseraga Blockhouse— During 1756, a British force under Sir William Johnson established a blockhouse at Sullivan Hamlet east of the village of Chittenango (Madison County). The fort was built to provide security for the friendly Tuscarora Indians in that region. The fort, located in the vicinity of Lake Onondaga, was apparently abandoned at an undetermined time following the termination of the French and Indian War. The British also established a fortification, known as Kanadesaga, near Rochester for the Senecas who became allies of the English following recent hostilities between the Indians and the French. Also, the British established Ganaghsaraga Fort near Syracuse in Onondaga County to provide security for the Onondaga tribe. Castle Bogardus— Castle Bogardus was established during 1813 in Queens, in the vicinity of Hallet’s Point.

302 Castle Clinton— Southwest Battery, initially known as West Battery, was established in the harbor on the tip of Manhattan Island between 1807 and 1811. The battery, sometimes referred to as City Battery, was linked to the mainland by a causeway. The post, Castle Clinton, is now part of the mainland through subsequent landfill operations. It became one of more than 10 forts designed to protect the harbor of New York City. Later, during 1817, the installation was renamed Castle Clinton in honor of New York’s mayor, De Witt Clinton. The fort, which was deactivated during 1821, had not been engaged in any action against the British. In conjunction, Castle Clinton is separate from Fort Clinton (Saratoga County, Schuylerville, 1746), Fort Clinton (Orange County, Fort Montgomery, 1777), Fort Clinton (West Point, Orange County) and Fort Clinton (New York City in Central Park). The post was transferred to the City of New York during 1823. Subsequently, a commercial venture (Castle Garden) opened there during the 1840s and later, during 1855, the Castle Garden became a receiving center for immigrants until 1890. Later, during 1896, the New York City Aquarium opened there and it remained an attraction until it closed operations during 1941. The Castle Garden site is now a National Park Service National Monument, located at what is known as Battery Park, 26 Wall Street. Castle Williams— See Governors Island. Chatfield Farm— The Americans established an outpost on Chatfield Farm at Saratoga during 1777. From the position there, the Continental Army was able to maintain observance of the British and ascertain when they were about to advance toward American positions near the Barber Wheatfield (Second Battle of Saratoga). See also Barber’s Wheatfield, Balcarras Redoubt, and Saratoga Revolutionary War Forts and Redoubts. Charles Redoubt— See Fort Prince Charles. Cheshire’s Blockhouse— The British established a blockhouse at Kane’s Falls (Washington County) in the vicinity of Fort Anne during 1776. The post, known as Cheshire’s Blockhouse, afforded security to a recently established sawmill. Citizen’s Redoubt— See Badlam’s Redoubt. City Battery— See Castle Clinton. Cochecton Post— A blockhouse was established in Sullivan County at Cocheton during 1760 as one of a series of posts built in the region where the future states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania converged (Minisink Valley-Minisink Forts). The fort at Cochecton (Upper Fort) was at the time on the Jersey side of the Delaware River (now New York) and the Lower Fort was Fort Delaware in Pennsylvania. At the time, all three colonies were attempting to claim the region. Cole’s Fort— Cole’s Fort, containing two blockhouses, was established in central New York during 1755. It was located near the Delaware River at Port Jervis (Orange County), which at that time was New Jersey. The region (Minisink Valley) was also claimed by Pennsylvania. The fort was erected on the property of Wilhemus Cole. In conjunction, it is thought that the fort again became active after the French and Indian War, during the War for Independence (1778). Fort Augusta was established near here at about the same time. Continental Village— The Americans established a supply depot at Continental Village in Putnam County. The post was large enough that its barracks were capable of housing about 1,500 troops. The British attacked and destroyed the depot during 1777; however, the Americans had abandoned it after the fall of Forts Clinton and Montgomery. The village was reoccupied by the Americans during 1781.

303 Corlaer’s Hook Fort— The Americans established a battery at Corlaer’s Hook on the Lower East Side of Manhattan during 1812. The fort was not challenged. During earlier times, Corlaer’s Hook was one of the places the Algonquins gathered following the February 1643 massacre inflicted by the Mohawks. The Algonquins sought protection by the Dutch, but instead they were attacked by the Dutch on 24–25 February 1643. The incident ignited Governor Kieft’s War. Corlear’s Fort— Corlear’s Fort was established by the English at Schenectady about 1735 in the vicinity of where a stockade had earlier been built during 1672 to protect a settlement there. Subsequently, during 1754, it became known as Fort Cosby. Later, during 1776, it became known as Fort Schenectady. See also Fort Schenectady. Crown Point Battery— See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Decatur Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812). Decker’s Ferry Fort— The British established a post, known as Decker’s Ferry Fort, on Staten Island during 1779. The post was actually a loyalist’s home that had earlier been burned down. British troops and Tories manned the post, which was at Port Richmond, across from Bayonne, New Jersey. Defiance Hill— See Fort Ticonderoga. Denyses Heights Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812). Dobb’s Ferry Fort— The Americans established a post in Westchester County outside New York City at Dobbs Ferry during 1776. The fortification was constructed along the east bank of the Hudson across from Tallman Mountain State Park (Bear Mountain). Once the British gained New York City, the Americans concluded that Dobbs Ferry was untenable. The forces there relocated in the vicinity of Stony Point and Verplanck Point, closer to West Point. The British moved to Dobbs Ferry during October 1776, but by January 1777, the British had abandoned it and the Americans later reoccupied the post. During January 1780, American forces reoccupied Dobbs Ferry. They modified the defenses and constructed a blockhouse, known as Dobbs Ferry Blockhouse. Dolson Blockhouse— During 1735, the English established a log blockhouse (Dolson Blockhouse) in central New York in the vicinity of Middleton (Orange County). Subsequently, during the French and Indian War (1750s), the fortification was bolstered by the construction of a blockhouse and a stone house. Dudley’s Battery— Dudley’s Battery was established during 1812 in Erie County at Buffalo as one of a series of fortifications constructed in the vicinity of Buffalo. The post was located slightly north of Ferry Street and was positioned between Batteries Gibson and Swift to the south and north respectively. See also Buffalo Batteries. Dutch Church Fort— The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church at Port Richmond, Staten Island, was initially built during 1714. The church was later turned into a fort during the 1770s. On 14 January 1780, General Washington broke tradition (fighting in the dead of winter) and dispatched a force across the frozen sound (Kill Van Kull) on sleighs to attack Staten Island. Major General Lord Stirling, leading a force of about 2,500 troops, launched the assault; however, the British anticipated such a possibility and were prepared. The Americans were quickly spotted and the word was spread to New York City for reinforcements. A few skirmishes occurred without results and the Americans, having lost the element of surprise and fearful of the arrival of reinforcements, retreated. The

Forest Hill Redoubt / NEW YORK Dutch Church Fort, however, was destroyed during the raid. The British later retaliated by initiating several raids on American positions at Newark and Elizabethtown, New Jersey, during June of that same year. A new church, the third one established there during 1845, stands at the site at 54 Richmond Avenue. The original license issued to the church and signed by Governor Robert Hunter is held at the church. Ellis Island— See Fort Gibson. Essex Blockhouse— A blockhouse that predated 1799 at Essex in Clinton County was transformed into a courthouse during 1799, when Essex County was carved from Clinton County. The blockhouse, which had been established by settlers, was erected to defend the settlement against Indian attacks and had been known as Willborough Blockhouse. The blockhouse court was used until 1807 when the county seat was relocated at Elizabethtown. Fishkill Village —The Americans established a supply base at Fishkill Village north of Peekskill during 1776. The troops also fortified nearby Wiccopee Pass (also known as Fishkill Cove) to impede British progress. The pass, located south of the village, was protected by several companies to keep the supplies from the English. The troops constructed separate fortifications along a line that formed a triangle along the heights at the pass. In addition, the Americans established an outpost at a high point southwest of the pass from which the sentinels could forward messages to Newburgh while General George Washington had his headquarters there. Following Washington’s evacuation of Long Island, the beleaguered Continental Army was scattered about the area along present-day U.S. Route 9 where they deployed and dug their defenses. Flagstaff Fort— The Americans established Flagstaff Fort on Signal Hill, Staten Island, during June 1776. The fort was seized by the British later that year and they retained it until 1783. While under British control, subsequently, during 1812, the Americans established Fort Tompkins there. See also Fort Tompkins (Staten Island). Not to be confused with Fort Tompkins (Buffalo) or Fort Tompkins (Sacketts Harbor). Flatts Stockade— Richard Ryckert, a Dutchman, arrived in America during June 1664 as administrator for the Vianen estate (Breerode family). While in the colonies, Ryckert built a residence slightly north of Albany at what was known as the Flatts (later Schuylersville) along the west bank of the Hudson River in Saratoga County at what became Schuylersville. Subsequently, during 1672, Ryckert sold the property to Philip Pieterse Schuyler. The fortified home was built of brick. During 1754, it was destroyed by the French. Peter Schuyler, the son of Philip, became the initial mayor of Schuylersville, which at the time was known also as Schuyler’s Bouwerie (Bowery) and as Schuyler Flatts; the latter is still in use. Flint Hill Camp— Flint Hill Camp was established during the War of 1812 period in present-day Parkside (Buffalo). The installation was utilized as a camp as well as a hospital. In conjunction, several hundred soldiers who served during the War of 1812 were interred at a cemetery there. Forest Hill Redoubt— Forest Hill Redoubt was an outpost in the heights above Inwood Village. The post, located north of Fort Washington, was established by the Americans during 1776 along the Hudson River in Manhattan in the vicinity of Washington Heights. The post was positioned between Fort Washington and Fort Cock Hill. On 16 November 1776, the English attacked Fort Washington and its supporting posts. At Forest Hill Redoubt, the defenders included troops from Fort Washington near West Point. Among those was an assistant gunner, John Corbin (1st Pennsylvania Artillery).

NEW YORK / Fort Alden During the attack, Corbin sustained a mortal wound, but his wife, Molly, assumed his position and kept the gun in action. Soon after, the fort was taken and in the process, Molly was seriously wounded. She later became known as a hero and was granted a pension by General George Washington. Molly, the hero, was apparently quite cantankerous and it is reported that she was difficult to deal with. Nonetheless, her injuries might well have caused her personality flaws as one of her arms was shattered and she sustained severe damage to her breasts. In addition, when Molly was a child in Pennsylvania, both of her parents were murdered during an Indian raid. In conjunction, when the British captured the fort, they soon after released Molly (Margaret) Corbin. She was then transported to Philadelphia for treatment of her wounds. After the British took possession of the fort, they established Fort Tryon (1778–1779). The fort site is now part of Fort Tryon Park. Molly succumbed during 1800. Subsequently, due to the efforts of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Molly’s remains were transferred to West Point (Military Academy) and interred there (1926). Fort Adams— See Fort Tompkins (Sacketts Harbor). Fort Alden— During 1778, the Americans established Fort Alden, named in honor of Colonel Ichabod Alden, the initial commanding officer. It was constructed in the Cherry Valley (Otsego County). The post replaced Fort Campbell, which had been established during the previous year. On 11 November 1778, the combined forces of Mohawk chief Joseph Brant and Major Walter Butler’s Loyalist force, which included many Indians and half-breeds, raided Cherry Valley, New York. The garrison, at Fort Alden, commanded by Colonel Alden had apparently taken no precautions. About 40 settlers and militia were slain during the attack. One of the women, Jane Wells, was seized by an Indian and a Tory attempted to spare her life, but the Indian ignored his plea and killed her with his tomahawk. The fort was attacked again during spring 1780 and destroyed. A historic monument commemorating the fort stands at Cherry Valley Cemetery. Fort Amherst (Crown Point, Essex County)— See Fort Crown Point. Not to be confused with Fort Amherst at Queensbury in Warren County. Fort Amherst (Warren County)— The English established SevenMile post (also known as Halfway Brook Post) at Queensbury (Warren County) during 1755. The post was protected by a stockade. The fort stood at about the midpoint between Fort Edward (initially Fort Lyman) and Fort George, each of which was established that same year near Lake George. Subsequently, during 1757, the post was transformed into a fortified camp which initially became Fort Miller and afterward Fort Amherst during 1759. During the American Revolution, the post was garrisoned by Americans; however, it was occupied by the British during General Burgoyne’s 1777 campaign. During 1780, a British force which included Tories and Indians, under Sir Guy Carleton, destroyed the post. Not to be confused with Fort Amherst (Fort Crown Point) at Crown Point in Essex County. Fort Amsterdam— On 4 May 1626, Peter Minuit arrived at Manhattan and assumed the duties of director-general of New Netherlands. Manhattan Island was purchased from the Indians by the Dutch for a sum of 60 gilders, equivalent to about $24. At the southernmost point of the island, the Dutch constructed Fort Amsterdam. The Indians also sold Staten Island to the Dutch. During May 1641, the Dutch, supported by Swedes, attacked the English colony at New Amsterdam. The English were forced to pay ransom and compelled to swear allegiance to Sweden. The British in Connecticut protested, but took no retaliatory action. Subsequently, during 1664,

304 on 5 September, a British fleet arrived at New Amsterdam and an ultimatum for surrender was issued. Initially, Peter Stuyvesant resisted; however, the British force was too large to repel. The fort and New Amsterdam capitulated without a fight. New Amsterdam was renamed New York by the English in honor of James, the Duke of York. Dutch-held Fort Amsterdam was renamed Fort James. Also, settlers on Long Island at Hempstead claimed title to the Matinecock lands, but they could not provide proof. Subsequently, the Indians still lost their land by selling what was not yet taken for some wampum during 1676. The settlers gained the area bounded on the south by the Hempstead Plains on the north by the sound and on the east and west by Oyster Bay Bounds and Muscito Cove (Glen Cove) respectively. Afterward, large numbers of the remaining Mantinecocks joined with the Montauks, Poosepatucks and Shinnecocks. During the summer of 1673, a Dutch fleet under Cornelis Evertsz and Jacob Benckes arrived at New York. British colonel Manning, in command of the sparsely defended fort during the absence of Governor Lovelace, capitulated without raising any resistance. The Dutch renamed Albany and Fort Albany to Willemstad and Fort Nassau, respectively. In addition, New York City became New Orange, and Fort James was renamed Fort Willem Hendrick. Also, Kingston became Swanenburgh. Subsequently, Manning received a court-martial and was found guilty of cowardice and treachery. Meanwhile, New York remained under Dutch rule and it had a Dutch governor, but by the following year, in response to the Treaty of Westminster, all conquered territory by mutual agreement was restored. The British renamed the post Fort William Henry (not to be confused with Fort William Henry at Lake George) during 1691. Later, during 1703, the post was renamed Fort Anne (or Queen’s Fort, not to be confused with Fort Anne at Fort Ann) and later, during 1714, it was again renamed, to become Fort George. The British post was seized by the Americans during August 1775 and partially destroyed by them during early 1776, prior to the occupation of the city by the British. The fort was torn down during 1790. The site of the fort is at the foot of Broadway where the Old Custom House is located. Fort Anne (Fort Ann)— The English established Fort Schuyler, named in honor of Colonel Peter Schuyler, during 1709. Colonel Nicholson’s troops, the vanguard of Schuyler’s command, constructed the fort in Washington County at St. Ann’s village near Lake Champlain. The English at the time were on the offensive against the French, but sickness plagued the command and it was forced to abort the operation. The fort, located at the northern end of the Great Carrying Route, stretching about 11 miles from the Hudson River (south) to Fort Schuyler, was destroyed that same year before Nicholson moved back toward Albany. The fort was reconstructed during 1711 and named the Queen’s Fort, then renamed Fort Anne. The fort was later, during 1757, further bolstered by the construction of an arsenal and a magazine, both constructed of stone. During late October 1780, British major general Sir Guy Carleton led successful raids against Forts Anne and George and seized both. In conjunction, Carleton’s force included British, Hessians, Indians and loyalists. In conjunction, this Fort Schuyler (Fort Ann, Washington County) is separate from Fort Schuyler established in Oneida County at Utica (1775) and separate from Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) in Oneida County at Rome (1776) and also different from Fort Schuyler established in the Bronx (1833–1839). Also, not to be confused with Fort Anne (New York City). Fort Anne (New York City)— See Fort George (New York City). Not to be confused with Fort Anne (Fort Ann). Fort Arnold— Fort Arnold (later Fort Clinton), named in honor of Benedict Arnold, was established during 1778 at West Point (Orange

305 County) on the Hudson River across from Fort Constitution. Subsequent to the treasonous acts of Benedict Arnold, the fort’s name, during 1780, was changed to Fort Clinton. The Americans also established Fortress West Point and within it, Fort Putnam became the principal defensive position to intercept an assault by British ground forces. British attempts to seize West Point failed. Fort Clinton (West Point) is separate from Fort Clinton (Saratoga County, Schuylerville, 1746), Castle Clinton (Manhattan, 1817), Fort Clinton (Orange County, Fort Montgomery, 1777) and Fort Clinton (New York City in Central Park, 1814). Fort at Albany— See Fort Frederick. Fort Au Fer— American colonists fortified a stone house at Point Au Fer on Lake Champlain during 1775. The post was in Clinton County just south of Rouses’ Point across the lake (about 10 miles by land) from Alburg, Vermont (Grand Isle County). The post received a barracks and it was augmented by a stockade. The British, under General Burgoyne, occupied the post during 1777. It was garrisoned by British troops and Tories. During British occupation, following prisoner exchanges, troops would sometimes be sent there to await orders. British Fort St. Johns (Canada) was about 25 miles north of the post. The British held the post until 1796 before relinquishing it to the United States. The structure was destroyed by fire during the early 1800s, but some remains are still visible. In conjunction, during the French and Indian War, Rogers’ Rangers defeated a superior French force at Point Au Fer during August 1760, prior to the French surrender at Montreal during September of that same year. The Rangers were disbanded during November 1760, but later reactivated during the conflict with the Cherokees and Pontiac’s War. Fort Augusta— Fort Augusta was established in the Minisink Valley (Orange County) at Port Jervis during 1755 during the French and Indian War period. Fort Balls Town— See Fort Ballston. Fort Ballston— During 1775, the Americans established Fort Ballston (Fort Balls Town and Balston) by transforming a church (Reverend Ball’s Log Church) near Ballston Lake (Saratoga County) into a defensive installation. The fort remained active until 1783; however, apparently during 1780, it also became a gathering place and became known also as the Red Meeting House. Fort Bender— Due to the threat of an invasion of Rochester by an English fleet that had arrived near the mouth of the Genessee River, the Americans established Fort Bender at Rochester in Monroe County during 1814. Fort Black Rock— Fort Black Rock was established in the vicinity of Buffalo during 1807. The post was near Black Rock Creek. A navy yard was also established in the same area. During 8–9 October 1812, an American naval force under the command of Lieutenant Jesse D. Elliott, assisted by Captain Nathan Towson (U.S. Army), departed Black Rock Navy Yard and captured the HMS Detroit and Caledonia. The Caledonia was then used by the U.S. Navy, but the grounded Detroit was burned. Subsequently, during July 1813, a contingent of Americans under General Peter B. Porter, bolstered by some Seneca Indians, repelled a British attack in the vicinity of the foot of West Ferry. Later that year, during December, the British destroyed the fort. British troops also burned the city of Buffalo and the Black Rock Navy Yard. Later, during 1814, the British again moved to seize Fort Erie (Pennsylvania) and were repulsed at Black Rock. Fort Blunder— See Fort Montgomery (Rouse’s Point). Fort Box— George Washington, during 1776, fortified Brooklyn Heights (Kings County) by establishing a trio of fortifications there

Fort Bull / NEW YORK including Fort Box, an outpost named in honor of Major Daniel Box, and Fort Putnam. However, the majority of troops were positioned along the Heights of Guan (later Crown Heights, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill and Ridgewood). The British arrived at Staten Island during August 1776 and soon after, on 27 August, the British were able to move thousands of troops through Jamaica Pass, which was apparently unknown to the Americans. Once through the pass, the British dominated Jamaica Road. The British thrashed the Americans (Battle of Long Island). The Americans retreated to Manhattan after the battle. General Sullivan was captured during the fighting and General William Alexander (Lord Stirling) was also captured by the British and afterward exchanged. The British sustained high casualties and 23 men captured. The American losses were much higher with about 500 killed and more than 1,100 captured. The American captives were held aboard prison ships and many died while in captivity. During 1780, the British established Fort Brooklyn in Brooklyn Heights. Fort Bradstreet— See Oswego Falls Palisade. Fort Brewerton— In Western New York, during 1759, the English established Fort Brewerton near the Oneida River at Hastings by Oneida Lake (Oswego County). Fort Brewerton apparently saw little action, but later, during the War for Independence, the fort (condition questionable) still existed and records indicate that the British paused there without incident during August 1777 during the English withdrawal from Fort Stanwix. Fort Brooklyn— During 1780, the British established Fort Brooklyn in Brooklyn Heights in the vicinity of Fort Stirling near the present-day intersection of Pierrepont and Henry Streets. Fort Brooklyn contained barracks and two magazines. It was demolished during the 1820s. Fort Brown— During the summer of 1814, the Americans established several forts in the vicinity of Plattsburgh, Clinton County, for added protection of the town against a British attack originating on Lake Champlain. Fort Brown, positioned to thwart an assault from the Saranac River; Fort Moreau, positioned between the other two to protect from an attack from Plattsburgh; and Fort Scott, atop a high cliff that dominated Lake Champlain and the American right flank, were each established. In conjunction, the guns of Fort Scott were turned from the bay toward the British ground forces. Fort Bull— During May 1755, the British established two posts, Fort Williams and Wood Creek Fort (Fort Bull), on the Oneida Carry between Schenectady and Oswego to support Oswego, which was strung out too close to French territory. Fort Williams, on the Mohawk side of the Carry, was completed during November 1755. The construction of Fort Bull (Wood Creek Fort), built in the shape of a star, began during October and was completed during the winter (1755–1756). It was located at the western terminus of the carry near Rome along the upper landing of Wood Creek. Soon after, during 24–27 March 1756, a French force, bolstered by Indians and led by Lt. Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Lery, arrived in the vicinity of Fort Williams and Fort Bull, the latter containing the ammunition for both posts. During the early morning hours of the 27th, the French deployed between the two forts. Afterward, two English soldiers just outside Fort Bull were captured. The prisoners informed the French of the conditions at both posts. Before noon, another contingent of troops moving between the two posts was captured, but one man escaped to Fort Williams to signal the alarm. All the while, Fort Bull, near Rome, was unaware of the danger and it was attacked. The surprise attack caught some of the troops outside the gates, which were slammed closed, leaving the stragglers to the enemy, including the Indians. Fort Bull had no rifle holes along the

NEW YORK / Fort Campbell

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walls, giving the French more of an advantage. The French crashed through the gates. Reinforcements sped from Fort Williams, but they were intercepted and either killed or captured. Lt. Bull, in command at Fort Bull, was among the many defenders and civilians that were killed. Only about 30 survived and they were dragged to Canada. Subsequently, the fort was rebuilt, but it was located in close proximity to the destroyed post. Construction of the new Fort Wood Creek (Fort Bull) was completed by August of 1756. Fort Bunker Hill— See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Fort Burnett— See Fort Oswego. Fort Campbell— Fort Campbell, named after Major Samuel Campbell, was established in Cherry Valley (Otsego County) during 1777. The post was built of logs and earthworks which encircled Major Campbell’s home. By the following year, the fort was replaced by Fort Alden. See also Fort Alden. Fort Canajoharie— See Fort Hendrick. Fort Canastaginone— The English, during 1691, established a fort at Fort’s Ferry near Mill Creek, less than 15 miles from Albany along the Mohawk River’s south bank. The fort was known by several names — Fort Canastaginone (Canastagone), Fort Niskayuna and Fort Nistigone. By 1704, the post had fallen into disrepair and was abandoned. Fort Carillon— The French, under Michel Chartier (Marquis de Lotbiniere), established Fort Vaudreuil (later Fort Carillon) during October 1750. The post was constructed at the narrows between Lake Champlain and Lake George at Ticonderoga (Essex County). During 1755, Fort Carillon was established there. The British, under General James Abercrombie, unsuccessfully attacked the fort on 8 July 1758. Initially, the British gained some progress, but the French breastworks stood nine feet high and about 5,000 troops were defending the position. British casualties were high. On the following day, Abercrombie returned to Fort William Henry. Soon after, Abercrombie, by then dubbed Mrs. Nabbycrombie, returned to England. The English commanders declined advice from their American counterparts. Major Rogers (Rogers’ Rangers) offered to initiate reconnaissance of the French positions, but the offer was ignored. General Lord Jeffrey Amherst succeeded Abercrombie as commander in chief of the British troops in the colonies. In conjunction, Lord Howe was killed during the battle. The English sustained about 2,000 killed or wounded at Fort Carillon. Subsequently, during 1759, the French lost Fort Niagara, which compelled them to abandon Fort Carillon and Fort St. Frederick (established 1734). The British occupied both posts and renamed them. Fort Carillon became Fort Ticonderoga and Fort St. Frederick became Crown Point. See also Fort Ticonderoga. Fort Carleton— During 1766, in western New York, the English established Fort Carleton, named in honor of General Guy Carleton, on Buck Island on the St. Lawrence River in close proximity to Cape Vincent. Subsequently, during 1778, the fort was renamed Fort Haldimand, in honor of General Frederick Haldimand, the governor of Ontario at that time. The construction project remained incomplete at the end of the War for Independence. In conjunction, according to the treaty terminating the war with England, the fort reverted to the U.S., but it and other posts in the region were not relinquished by the British. During the initial stages of the War of 1812, the Americans seized the fort and destroyed it during June 1812. Fort Caughnawaga— No records are available to validate the existence of a blockhouse possibly built in Montgomery County in the vicinity of the village of Fonda about 1779. The village was attacked during the spring of the following year. Fort Chauncey— See Sacketts Harbor Forts.

Fort Carleton Remains, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Fort Chouaguen— See Fort Oswego. Fort Clinton (Schuylersville)— During 1746, the English established Fort Clinton at the site where Fort Saratoga had stood during 1702 (later, during 1721, rebuilt by Philip Livingston). Fort Clinton was constructed at Schuylerville along the Hudson River, slightly south of present-day Schuylerville and the Fish Kill. It was destroyed during the following year, 1747, by the French and their Indian allies. In conjunction, a new English fort (Fort Hardy) was established in the region during 1755. Also, Fort Clinton (Saratoga County, Schuylerville, 1746) is separate from Castle Clinton (Manhattan, 1817), Fort Clinton (Orange County, Fort Montgomery, 1777), Fort Clinton (initially Fort Arnold in Orange County, West Point) and Fort Clinton (New York City in Central Park). Fort Clinton (Fort Montgomery)— Fort Clinton was established during January 1777 near Bear Mountain Bridge which links Connecticut to New York in Orange County at present-day Fort Montgomery below West Point. Fort Clinton was located south of the Popolopen Creek and worked in coordination with Fort Montgomery, located nearby north of the creek. On 6 October 1777, a British force under General Clinton advanced from Stony Point to Forts Clinton and Montgomery without opposition. The Americans had been preparing for an attack against Fort Independence on the opposite bank of the Hudson. Fort Montgomery fell effortlessly, but Fort Clinton resisted fiercely. The defenders at Fort Montgomery were able to escape; however, at Fort Clinton, nearly the entire garrison was either killed or captured. During the struggle for the forts, the Americans lost about 300 and the British sustained about 150 casualties. In addition, the U.S. warships in the area were trapped. They were destroyed to prevent them from falling into British possession. Fort Clinton was renamed Fort Vaughn by the British before they destroyed it later in the month. The site of Fort Clinton is at the intersection of U.S. Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 9 (Bear Mountain State Park). Also, Fort Clinton at Fort Montgomery (Orange County) is separate from Fort Clinton (Saratoga County, Schuylerville, 1746), Castle Clinton (Manhattan, 1817), Fort Clinton (initially Fort Arnold in Orange County, West Point) and Fort Clinton (New York City in Central Park). Fort Clinton (Orange County, West Point)— Fort Clinton, established during 1778, was renamed Fort Arnold during 1780. See Fort Arnold.

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Fort Covington / NEW YORK stitution and Fort Independence were also in the area. General Putnam was deployed near Fort Independence with about 2,000 troops with responsibility for guarding the highway from Kingsbridge to Albany. On 7 October 1777, Forts Clinton and Montgomery fell. Consequently, Fort Constitution was abandoned, but the troops demolished part of the post before they retired. Shortly thereafter, by the end of the month, the British landed and completed the destruction of the fort. Later, during 1778, the Americans began to reconstruct a section of the post which was afterward known as Fort 7, part of a series of numbered forts in New York. It remained active until 1782.

Fort Clinton, New York, at McGowans Pass — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Fort Clinton (New York City)— Fort Clinton was established during 1814 in New York City at a site known as McGown’s Pass (present-day Central Park at about 5th Avenue and 107th Street). Earlier, during the American Revolution, the British constructed fortifications at the pass after taking possession of New York City during 1776. The British retained it until 1783. Fort Clinton (New York City in Central Park) is separate from Fort Clinton (Saratoga County, Schuylerville, 1746), Castle Clinton (Manhattan, 1817), Fort Clinton (Orange County, Fort Montgomery, 1777), and Fort Clinton, formerly Fort Arnold (Orange County, West Point, 1778).

Fort Conti— Fort Conti (later Fort Niagara) was established in Niagara County during January 1679 by the French at Youngstown, near the mouth of the Niagara River. The post was in close proximity to French Fort Frontenac on the opposite side of Lake Ontario at Kingston, Ontario. Fort Conti, composed of two linked blockhouses, was named in honor of the prince of Conti, Louis Armand de Bourbon. La Salle’s party had earlier (1678) established a camp (Fort Hennepin) slightly more than five miles from Fort Conti, but with the establishment of Fort Conti, the other fort became unnecessary. Later, during November 1679, Indians attacked and destroyed Fort Conti. In conjunction, earlier, during 1669, Fort La Salle had been established there as a temporary winter post. Later, during 1689, Fort de Nonville was established there by the French. See also Fort de Nonville and Fort Niagara.

Fort Clyde— Fort Clyde, named in honor of Colonel Samuel Clyde, was established during 1777 in Montgomery County at the settlement of Geisenberg (later Minden). The fort was in close proximity to Fort Plain (Fort Rensselaer). The fort remained active until about 1785. During one of the Indian raids in the area, one family, the Lintners, escaped captivity or worse. George Lintner had been at Fort Plain when Indians struck the area, but his family (his wife and five children) was at home near Fort Clyde. The raiders moved close to the Litner home and burned a nearby gristmill. Despite having no protection, the Litners found a concealed hiding place and scarcely escaped capture or death. The Indians burned the house, but the Litners made it safely to Fort Clyde.

Fort Corkscrew— The Americans established a post known as Fort Corkscrew in Kings County, Brooklyn, during 1776 in preparation of defending against a British attack. General Washington had ordered a series of defenses to be built in Brooklyn. Another chain of forts was constructed in Brooklyn Heights. Fort Corkscrew was known by several names, including Fort Cobble Hill and Spiral Fort. Fort Corkscrew was located in the vicinity of the area bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Court Street, Pacific Street and Clinton Street. The British gained the region by September, following the American defeat at the Battle of Long Island, and held the post until 1781. Subsequently, Fort Swift was built there during the War of 1812. Excavations toward the latter part of the century discovered, according to an article in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle (12 April 1885) that some skeletons were discovered near the site of the old fort, where a courthouse was to be built. Residents of the area informed the reporter that there had been a cemetery in the vicinity of the fort. The residents placed the fort (Fort Swift) at the intersection of Boerum Street and Atlantic Avenue.

Fort Cobble Hill— See Fort Corkscrew.

Fort Cosby— See Fort Schenectady.

Fort Cock Hill— Fort Cock Hill, sometimes known as Fort Cox, was established by the Americans in New York City (Inwood Park) during 1776. The post, a five-sided earthworks fortification, was near Fort Washington and Forest Hill Redoubt. A British force of regulars and Hessians attacked the area on 16 November 1776 and seized it. The Americans evacuated New York and the British retained control of the fort for the duration.

Fort Covington— Fort Covington, named in honor of Brigadier General Leonard Covington, was established during 1813 by the Americans in Franklin County at French Mills (later Fort Covington). Construction of the fort was completed during the spring of the following year. General Covington was killed while engaged against the British at the Battle of Chrysler’s Field (Chrysler’s Farm) in Upper Canada on 11 November 1813. General Covington was carried from the field and taken back across the St. Lawrence River and from there up the Big Salmon River to French Mills, where he succumbed after several days. He was buried there, and later reinterred at Sacketts Harbor, but the location of his gravesite remains unknown. In conjunction, General Zebulon Pike, the only other American general killed in action during the War of 1812, was also buried at an unknown location. Fort Covington remained active until 1832. Bricks from the fort were then transported to Maryland, coincidentally from where General Covington had come, and they were used as part of the seawall for Fort McHenry.

Fort Columbus— See Governors Island. Fort Constitution— The Americans established Fort Constitution on Martlaer’s Rock (later Constitution Island), Putnam County. The fort was built along the Hudson River at West Point for the purpose of intercepting any British advance on the river, but by the early part of the following year, construction was suspended and the fort’s weapons were transferred to Fort Montgomery in Orange County. During early October 1777, the British moved against Forts Clinton and Montgomery, located along the west bank of the Hudson River in the Highlands about 50 miles above New York City. Fort Con-

Fort Cox— See Fort Cock Hill.

NEW YORK / Fort Crailo Fort Crailo— During 1642, the English established Fort Crailo, a fortified stone house, at Rensselaer (Rensselaer County) near the site of a former French Huguenot village (Aurania Stockade) which had been established during 1624. Fort Craven— The English established Fort Craven, sometimes referred to as Fort Pentagon, during June 1756 at Rome (Oneida County) near recently constructed Fort Williams, which was soon after dismantled. The post was to contain five bastions and be built in the shape of a pentagon; however, only about three bastions had been completed when the British themselves destroyed it on 20 August of that same year after the French seized Oswego. The French pressure caused Rome, along the Oneida Carry, to be abandoned. Fort Crown Point— The English, subsequent to gaining Frenchheld Fort Ste. Frederick during 1759, established Fort Crown Point. The main post, built in the shape of a huge pentagon along Lake Champlain at Crown Point, covered about seven acres, but supporting installations, including General Gage’s Redoubt and Light Infantry Redoubt, were also constructed, expanding the complex greatly. It became the largest British post in the colonies. The barracks and officers’ quarters were built of stone. The British installed more than 100 pieces of artillery there. The post was established following the French and Indian War, a period which remained tranquil until the American Revolution. During 1773, an accidental fire occurred when a chimney caught fire and did some damage to the barracks, but the fire spread and continued to burn out of control for several days. The garrison was compelled to find quarters off the main post. During the following year, 1774, it was determined that the fort at Crown Point was beyond repair. Engineers concluded that the Grenadier Redoubt, off the main post, should be expanded instead of rebuilding the fort. However, by 1775, the British plans were disrupted. An American force under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen seized Fort Ticonderoga on 10 May. By the following day, another American contingent, led by Seth Warner, seized Crown Point. Once under American control, the colonists transported much of the artillery to Massachusetts for the Continental Army there, which was opposed by the British under General Howe in Boston. By September, the Americans were preparing to attack Canada. The campaign failed by December and General Richard Montgomery was killed at the battle for Quebec on 30 December 1775. The survivors returned to Crown Point. By July 1776, most of the troops at Crown Point were redeployed at Mount Independence, but a small force remained at Crown Point. A Pennsylvania unit, the 6th Battalion, garrisoned Crown Point. Later, during August, a naval contest erupted off Valcour Island, less than 50 miles north of Crown Point. The British prevailed, jeopardizing Crown Point and the other forts in the region. The British arrived at Crown Point on 14 October and occupied it without incident as the Americans evacuated it just prior to the arrival of the British. During the following year, British general Burgoyne sustained a devastating defeat at Saratoga and the British that capitulated were transported back to England; however, Crown Point was retained by the English until 1784. During the early 1800s, two colleges, Union College and Columbia College, were awarded the garrison grounds by the New York legislature. Subsequently, during 1828, the property was acquired by Major Sylvester Churchill, a veteran of the War of 1812. The property again changed hands several times. During 1910, the State of New York acquired the property. Crown Point was added to the National Register Historical Places during 1968. The site of the fort’s ruins is in the vicinity of the Lake Champlain bridge and State Highway 8. Fort Cummings (Ontario County)— During the first half of September 1779, in western New York, colonial troops under General John Sullivan drove northwest and devastated more than 40 Seneca

308 and Cayuga Indian villages in reprisal for the Indians’ slaughtering of American settlers on the western frontier. Fort Cummings, named in honor of Captain John Cummings, was established at the village of Honeoye (Ontario County). The fort served during the expedition against the Senecas near Victor at a village known as Genesee Castle. Fort Cummings, a temporary post, was abandoned after the conclusion of the campaign. Not to be confused with Fort Cummings (Kings County). Fort Cummings (Kings County)— The Americans established Fort Cummings in Kings County, Brooklyn, during 1814 at the site of a former Revolutionary War post known as Oblong Redoubt, which was, during the American Revolution, part of a defensive line that included Forts Box, Greene, Putnam, and Stirling. Fort Cummings was located in Brooklyn Heights. See also Oblong Redoubt. Not to be confused with Fort Cummings (Ontario County). Fort d’ Anormee Berge— During January 1540, Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval (Robertval), lord of Robertval in Picardy, was made viceroy of New France. About the same time, French traders erected a fortified trading house called le Fort d’ Anormee Berge on an island in a small fresh water lake on Manhattan Island. In conjunction, the Frenchmen also partially erected a castle on Castle Island (now Van Rensselaer’s Island), in the Grand River (Hudson), near Albany. The fresh water lake on Manhattan Island, which covered what is now present day Franklin, Elm, Duane, and Baxter Streets, emptied into the Hudson River at Canal Street. During 1796, John Fitch navigated his steamboat on this lake, known as Collect Pond, later the site of a prison known as the Tombs. In conjunction, Verazzano had visited the area during 1524. Afterward, French traders followed. The river was named Hudson, after Henry Hudson who arrived there about 50 years later. Fort Dayton— Fort Dayton was established during 1776 at Herkimer (Herkimer County) near West Canada Creek on the north side of the Mohawk River. It was constructed at near the site of Old Fort Herkimer, a short distance from Herkimer Church Fort which was destroyed during 1756. Fort Dayton was abandoned following the close of the American Revolution. Fort de Nonville— By 1687, the French and the Iroquois were no longer on friendly terms. De Nonville, the governor of New France, moved against the Iroquois in western New York to the dismay of New York’s governor Dongan. The French advanced to the region near Rochester where they succeeded in destroying Seneca villages ( July 1687), but apparently they failed to encounter many braves. While en route back to Canada, the force halted at Youngstown, the former site of Fort Conti. The French, while there, constructed a fort (Fort de Nonville, later Fort Niagara). A contingent of about 100 men under Captain Pierre de Troyes remained to garrison the post while the main body returned to Montreal. Although the fortification was well built, the troops faced an enemy worse than the Senecas who encircled the garrison. Lacking supplies, medical assistance, food and sufficient wood for fire, the winter devastated the troops. Some died of starvation and sickness and a few succumbed to wolves while they were outside the fort attempting to gather firewood. When reinforcements arrived during the spring of the following year on Good Friday, they discovered only 12 men, and they were barely alive. Father Pierre Millet, a Jesuit who accompanied the fresh troops, celebrated mass for the survivors after constructing a cross in the middle of the fort. By September 1688, the French, who concluded that the post was indefensible due to its distance from Montreal, acquiesced to the Seneca pressure and abandoned the fort. The French dismantled the post prior to departing. The abandonment of the region caused the French to relinquish the Indian territory south of Lake Ontario. Nearly 40 years passed before the French returned.

309 Fort de Pieux (New York)— See Chimney Point Fort, Vermont. Fort Defiance (Brooklyn)— Fort Defiance was established by the Americans at Red Hook in Brooklyn (Kings County) during spring 1776 as a temporary fortification to obstruct British progress at New York Harbor. The post was located near Buttermilk Channel, which is near Upper New York Bay, and the Gowanus Bay at Red Hook in South Brooklyn A historical sign at the foot of Coffey Street incorrectly places the fort there. The post was destroyed during the spring of 1776, while the Americans were clashing with the English at Long Island and Brooklyn. In conjunction, Red Hook (Roode Hook), was colonized initially by the Dutch during the 1600s. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Middle Fort) in Schoharie County. Fort Defiance—(Schoharie County). See Middle Fort. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Brooklyn). Fort Delaware— See Fort Delaware (Lower Fort), Pennsylvania. Fort Des Sables— Fort Des Sables, a trading post, was established by the French near the mouth of the Genessee River during 1717. The post, located in Monroe County northeast of Rochester in the vicinity of Irondequoit, was established by Joncaire, a French emissary to the Seneca tribe. No traces remain as the site was overrun during the construction of an expressway (Route 590). Fort Desolation— See Fort Schuyler (Utica). Fort Devens— Fort Devens, a blockhouse, was established in central New York by the English during the French and Indian War (1757). The blockhouse was in the vicinity of Wurtsboro. Fort DeWitt— Fort DeWitt was established by the Ulster County Militia at the village of Deerpark in Orange County during the French and Indian War. The fort worked in conjunction with other posts, including Fort Gumaer, which were spread throughout Orange and Ulster Counties. Fort Deyo’s Hill— The English established a blockhouse known as Fort Deyo’s Hill in Ulster County during the French and Indian War. The post, located outside Kerhomkson near present-day U.S. Route 209, was built during 1757 as one of a group of blockhouses built in Orange and Ulster Counties. Fort Diamond— See Fort Lafayette (New York City). Fort du Portage— See Fort Little Niagara. Fort DuBois— Fort DuBois was established by Daniel DuBois during 1705 at New Paltz, a Huguenot settlement in Ulster County. Initially, the DuBois family had resided in Wiltwyck (later Kingston); however, soon after arriving there during 1663, the Esopus War erupted, prompting the family to later relocate at New Paltz. Daniel was the grandson of Louis DuBois, who was considered a leader of the Huguenots that settled there during Dutch rule. The land grant insisted that the Huguenots establish a fortification there, but apparently the initial effort was only half-hearted. However, when the English assumed control of the area (1664), they too insisted upon a fortification being built at New Paltz. The Huguenots were concerned that a fort would intimidate the Indians. The DuBois home is now operated by the Huguenot Historical Society. Not to be confused with Fort DuBois at Cobbleskill (Schoharie County). For more information: Huguenot Historical Society, PO Box 339, 18 Broached Avenue, New Paltz, New York 12561. Fort DuBois— The Americans established Fort DuBois, a blockhouse in central New York at Cobleskill (Schoharie County) during April 1779. The fort was destroyed during the following month when Onondagas, allied with the British, raided the village. The fort and the town were destroyed. This fort DuBois is not to be confused with

Fort Ehle / NEW YORK the Fort DuBois established by Huguenots at New Paltz in Ulster County. Fort Edward— During 1755, the English established Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward) at Fort Edward (Washington County). The post was constructed at the southern end of the route (Great Carrying Place) that extended for about 11 miles from the Hudson River to Fort Anne near the forks of Wood Creek and Lake Champlain. Earlier English fortifications had also been established here. They included Fort Nicholson (1709) and Fort Lydius (1732–1745). During the following year, 1756, the fort was heavily damaged by a fire. Subsequent to the disaster, the fort was reconstructed, further fortified and at that time renamed Fort Edward. In an effort to bolster the defenses, the English built fortifications, including the Royal Blockhouse, on nearby Rogers Island to safeguard the channel to its west. In addition, the English established a blockhouse with palisades (east side of the Hudson) at a position (Moses Kill) just south of Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward) in Washington County. The post, known as Fort Misery, remained active until 1764; however, subsequent to the outbreak of war between America and England, the colonial militia occupied it to protect the route to Fort Edward. Another nearby outpost was Four Mile Post, located north of Fort Edward in the vicinity of Glens Falls along the road to Fort George. Also, during late August 1755, a Colonial-English force led by General William Johnson arrived at the southern end of Lake George en route to take Crown Point (French-held Fort Carillon). Meanwhile, about 2,000 French reinforcements under Baron Dieskau arrived at Southbay (Whitehall) and were preparing to move against Fort Edward. The two sides clashed on 8 September at the Battle of Lake George. A British column under Colonel Ephraim Williams (General William Johnson’s command) was ambushed on the Potage Road by the French just after the column rounded a curve. The columns were shredded and both Colonel Williams and Hendrick, a prominent Mohawk chief, were killed. The survivors made a rapid retreat and regrouped with the main body. The French were then struck by a tumultuous barrage which compelled them to retreat after the discipline broke when the Indians fled. The French and Indians took high losses and many of the killed and wounded fell or rolled into a nearby pond, which became known as Bloody Pond. The French commander, Dieskau, had been wounded in the leg during the day and was unable to escape from the initial clash. A British soldier encountered him and when Dieskau made an attempt to reach for something (thought to be his watch), the soldier shot him in the hip. Dieskau was then taken to Albany and from there to New York from where he eventually returned to France where he later succumbed to his wounds. Although the battle unfolded in the vicinity of Fort Lyman (subsequently Fort Edward) the original objective had been Crown Point at Lake Champlain. The Americans controlled Fort Edward during the American Revolution, but upon the pressure of the British it was abandoned following the fall of Fort Ticonderoga during 1777. Subsequent to the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga, the Americans reoccupied Fort Edward and retained it until after the cessation of hostilities. Fort Ehle— Reverend John Ehle, in about 1723, built a one-story home in the vicinity of Canajoharie (Montgomery County), New York. Later, during 1729, a new home, still one story, was built in its place, but during 1752, a second story was added to the house by his son. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the second floor was modified to include loopholes to permit defenders to protect the property and a stockade was constructed; however, no records indicate that the home ever came under attack. The most probable site of the old fortified home is off Route 92 (Mapletown Road), slightly south of the Van Alstyne House (Fort Rennselaer), also in Canajoharie.

NEW YORK / Fort Failing Fort Esopus— See Fort Wiltwyck. Fort Failing— In central New York, during 1776, the Americans established Fort Failing (Failing House) on the south side of the Mohawk River in the vicinity of Canajoharie (Montgomery County). The post was located in close proximity to Fort Rensselaer (Fort Plain) and Fort Clyde. The fort, a fortified stone house, was destroyed by fire during 1833. Fort Fireman— A fortification known as Fort Fireman was established in Kings County at Brooklyn during 1812, but the exact location remains unknown. However, it is thought that it might have been built on the site of Fort Box, which was established by the Americans at Brooklyn Heights during 1776. Fort Fish— Fort Fish, named after the chairman of the New York City Committee of Defense, was established by volunteers during 1814 (War of 1812). The post was located in Central Park in the vicinity of the Harlem Meer and East 107th Street. The conflict was terminated during December 1814 and the fort was never involved in any action; however, it was heavily fortified. No remains of the fort exist; however, the fort site is accessible. Fort Fox— Fort Fox was established in about 1776 near Caroga Creek in the vicinity of Palatine Church (Montgomery County). It was a stone home owned by Philip Fox and is also known as the Christopher Fox home. Christopher Fox also resided there. The fort was in close proximity to Fort Wagner and Fort Klock. Fort Franklin— The British established Fort Franklin at Huntington, Lloyd Neck (originally known as Caumsett and also known as Horse Neck), in Oyster Bay, Kings County (later Huntington, Suffolk County), Long Island, during 1777. The fort was named after William Franklin, a Tory and the son of Benjamin Franklin. It was located in an area of the Neck now known as Fort Hill at a spot overlooking Cold Spring Harbor. The fort was abandoned during 1780. The site of Fort Franklin is located in Caumsett State Park. The family that had previously dominated the area was the Lloyd family, which acquired the land (Lloyd Neck) during 1676. At that time, James Lloyd, a prominent merchant, changed the name from Horse Neck to Manor of Queen’s Village. Later, the residence built there became the Henry Lloyd Manor House. During 1766, Joseph Lloyd, the son of Henry, built another mansion nearby. When the Americans initiated the fight for independence, Joseph joined the patriot cause, but other members of the family sided with England. In conjunction, during 1885, New York’s state legislature made the manor

Fort Fish, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

310 a part of Huntington in Suffolk County. For more information regarding the Joseph Lloyd Manor House: Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, 161 Main Street, P.O. Box 148, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724. For more information regarding the Henry Lloyd Manor House: Lloyd Harbor Historical Society, 41 Lloyd Harbor Road, Lloyd Harbor, New York 11743. Both manor homes are open to the public. Fort Frederick— The English established Fort Frederick in Albany during 1676 to replace Fort Orange. The new fort was initially a stockade, but later, during 1702, the fort was reconstructed and built of stone. The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Albany, but the historical marker notes that Fort Frederick was built in 1676 and that it was “Burgoyne’s goal to split the colonies.” The fort remained operational until 1789 when it was demolished. In conjunction, the fort being sometimes identified as Fort Albany might have arisen from the fact that in the story Drums Along the Mohawk, the term Fort Albany was used. Fort French— During 1696, in western New York, while engaged in a campaign against the Onondaga Indians in the vicinity of Syracuse, the French established Fort French. The post was established as a temporary fortification, intended to last only until the termination of the campaign. In conjunction, subsequently, during 1756, the British established Ganaghsaraga Fort near Syracuse in Onondaga County to provide security for the Onondaga tribe. The British post was in the vicinity of where Fort French had previously stood. Fort Frey— Fort Frey, initially the home of Hendrick Frey, was built in the Mohawk Valley in about 1689 at Palatine Bridge in Montgomery County. Later, during 1702, it was fortified by the British, who utilized the post during Queen Anne’s War until 1813. Subsequently, during 1739, the home was rebuilt of stone and fortified by Hendrick, Jr., who had several sons. One son, Henry, sided with the British during the American Revolution while another son, John, fought with the colonists against the British as a member of the Tryon County militia. The fort was located on the north bank of the Mohawk River across from Canajoharie and it still exists on private property off State Route 5, slightly west of State Highway Route 10 at Palatine Bridge. Also, two other fortified homes built of stone that still exist include Fort Klock, built during 1750, and Fort Wagner, built during 1750. Fort Gage— Fort Gage, named in honor of British general Thomas Gage, was established during 1758. It was built for the purpose of supporting Fort William Henry and protecting the military highway that stretched between Fort Edward on the Hudson to Fort William Henry and beyond to Fort George at the southern tip of Lake George. Plans to build an outpost for Fort Edward were outlined by British captain John Montresor (chief engineer) during 1756, but the project did not proceed at that time. Earlier, during 1755, and again during 1757, the French, under Dieskau and Montcalm, respectively, held the high ground where Fort Gage was built. Initially, the post was constructed by volunteers from Massachusetts, subsequent to the British defeat at Fort Ticonderoga, but the temporary post was abandoned by September of that same year. During the following year, General Gage arrived at Element Hill during June and established Fort Gage. Gage’s force was reinforced by several units of Rogers’ Rangers. The post was located in Warren County, slightly south of the village of Lake George. By 1775, General Gage had become commander in chief of the British forces in the American colonies. British forces retained the fort until early 1777, but during Burgoyne’s campaign, the fort was regained by

311 the British during July 1777. By October of that same year, the British and their Canadian and loyalist allies abandoned Fort Gage. Afterward, British forces drove down from Canada and seized Fort Gage and Fort George. The fort site was scheduled to become a National Historic Site during the 1960s, but instead it was subsequently lost to modern construction. No visible traces of the fort exist. Fort Gage Park is located nearby; however, the legendary fort is apparently under hotels that now stand there along Route 9. Fort Gaines— The Americans established a series of forts at Plattsburg during the War of 1812. Fort Moreau was the anchor post with Fort Brown and Fort Scott in support on the right and left, respectively. Fort Brown was on Lake Champlain and Fort Scott was on the Saranac River. During 1814, subsequent to the Battle of Plattsburgh, Fort Gaines was established in Clinton County south of Fort Moreau. The fortifications were built under the direction of Major (later General) Joseph G. Totten. General Macomb determined that Forts Brown and Fort Scott were not accessible on their respective sides that faced the water due to the high banks; however, he directed that a new redoubt be established. Macomb selected a site in front of the others and on the south bank of the Saranac River. Fort Gaines, like the others, was well fortified and had a sufficient amount of artillery. Also, Fort Tompkins was established at Plattsburgh during 1814. Fort Gansevoort— Fort Gansevoort was established in New York City (Grenwich Village) during the 1800s, prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812. The fort, known also as the White Fort, was located at the foot of present-day Gansevoort Street at the Hudson River. Fort Gansevoort was fortified with more than 20 pieces of artillery. Another fort in New York City near Bridewell, the west side of City Hall, was known as the Red Fort. Fort Gansevoort was abandoned and torn down by about 1850. Fort Gardiner— Fort Gardiner was established during 1756 in central New York at Gardinersville (Orange County) by a contingent of the Frontier Guard led by Captain Richard Gardiner. Also, Fort Neversink (also known as Fort Minisink) was established in the Minisink Valley at Port Jervis (Orange County) along the Delaware River. In conjunction, at the time, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York each claimed the valley. Fort George (New York County)— See Fort Amsterdam. Not to be confused with Fort George (Oswego), Fort George (Lake George), Fort George (Staten Island), Fort George (Fort Clinton) (New York City) or Fort St. George at Mastic, Long Island. Fort George (Oswego)— During the 1750s, at Oswego, in an effort to bolster the defenses at Lake Ontario, the British established two additional forts to augment Fort Oswego (Fort Pepperrell). Fort George was established during September 1755. Fort George was also known as Fort Rascal and as West Fort and at times it was referred to as New Fort Oswego. In addition, Fort Ontario (also known as Fort of the Six Nations) was established there at Oswego. Subsequently, during the following year, the French attacked the region and destroyed Fort George during August 1756. In conjunction, Forts Oswego and Ontario were also destroyed during the attack. Fort George is not to be confused with Fort George (Fort Amsterdam) (New York County), Fort George (Lake George), Fort George (Staten Island), Fort George (Fort Clinton) (New York City) or Fort St. George at Mastic, Long Island. Of the three forts there at Oswego, only Fort Ontario was rebuilt (1759). Fort George was located at present-day Montcalm Park. Fort George (Lake George)— The English, during 1755, following the Battle of Lake George, established Fort George in Warren County in the vicinity of the village of Lake George. The post was located southeast of Fort William Henry, which was also established during

Fort Gibson / NEW YORK 1755. Toward the latter part of the French and Indian War, the English further fortified the post. Later, during May 1775, colonial troops under Colonel Bernard Romans seized the British-held Fort George and retained it until 1777. The Americans were compelled to abandon it upon the approach of the British under General Burgoyne. Subsequent to the Battle of Saratoga, the Americans reclaimed the fort, but later, during 1780, the fort was again taken by the English. On 11 October 1780, an American force under Captain John Sill was defeated near Fort George by a British force composed of regulars, Tories and Indians at Lake George. The fort was then surrendered to the British. In conjunction, the battle occurred near the spot of the earlier battle between the English and French at Bloody Pond during 1755. Subsequently, the fort again came under the U.S. flag and militia maintained a garrison until about 1787. Of the three forts there at Oswego, only Fort Ontario was rebuilt (1759). Fort George (Lake George) is not to be confused with Fort George (Fort Amsterdam) (New York County), Fort George (Staten Island), Fort George (Fort Clinton) (New York City), Fort St. George at Mastic, Long Island, or Fort George (Oswego). Nor is it to be confused with Fort George (on the Niagara River) in Upper Canada, captured by the Americans on 27 May 1813. Fort George (Staten Island)— The British established a post in the St. George section of Staten Island in 1777. The British retained the fort until Staten Island was relinquished to the Americans during 1783. Fort George (Staten Island) is not to be confused with Fort George (Fort Amsterdam) (New York County), Fort George (Oswego), Fort George (Lake George), Fort George (Fort Clinton) (New York City) or Fort St. George at Mastic, Long Island. Fort George (New York City)— Fort George was established in New York City by the Americans following the Battle of Brooklyn during 1776. The post was the final fort in Manhattan to be gained by the British, but while it defended against the British, Washington’s main body was able to evacuate the area. The defenders at Fort George were members of a Pennsylvania militia unit from Bucks County, led by Colonel William Baxter. The British, after seizing Fort George, fortified it and established other redoubts on Manhattan. Fort George was later linked to Fort Tryon. The British retained Manhattan until 1783. Fort George (New York City) is not to be confused with Fort George (Staten Island), Fort George (Fort Amsterdam) (New York County), Fort George (Oswego), Fort George (Lake George), Fort George (Fort Clinton) (New York City) or Fort St. George at Mastic, Long Island. Fort Gibson— The State of New York acquired Fort Gibson during 1874. Earlier, the owner of the island, Samuel Ellis, unsuccessfully attempted to sell the land, which was called Oyster Island by Dutch colonists during the 1620s. The island had also been known as Gibbet Island during the 1760s. By the following year, the site was being fortified as a military post; however, a dispute over the property emerged. Nevertheless, during 1807, the land was taken by condemnation. During the following year, 1808, it was acquired by the federal government. Ellis Island afterward became the site of Fort Gibson, which was active during the War of 1812, but it was never challenged. The post contained 20 guns, barracks and a magazine. Some British POWs were held there during the conflict. During 1847, Ellis Island was to become an entrance point for emigrants from Ireland, but instead, the U.S. selected Castle Garden, also in New York. By the time the Civil War erupted during 1861, the post was demolished, but naval defenses were installed there to protect the harbor and it was used to warehouse munitions. The island during 1890 was selected as an immigrant admission point by the federal government in place of Castle Gardens. The immigrant station on Ellis Island began accepting people on 1 January 1892.

NEW YORK / Fort Golgotha

312

Subsequently, the Coast Guard also operated out of Ellis Island during the World War II period until 1946.

tion and renamed Fort Greene during the War of 1812. See also Fort Putnam (Brooklyn).

Fort Golgotha— The British occupied Huntington, Long Island, on 1 September 1776 and held it until March 1783. During 1782, a Tory officer in the British Army, Colonel Benjamin Thomson (also known as Count Rumford), used wood from a Presbyterian church at Huntington (Suffolk County, Long Island) to construct a fort known as Fort Golgotha. The fort was built in a cemetery with total disregard to those who had been interred on the grounds atop a hill named Burying Hill (also known as Ancient Burying Ground and Old Burial Ground). Tombstones which had been in the cemetery were removed and the British used them for various purposes in the construction of the fort. The post was located to the rear of the present-day Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building along Main Street in Huntington. The British while there saw no action. The post was abandoned during March 1783. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the Americans demolished the fort and returned the cemetery to its pre-war condition. According to records, the cemetery was established about 1653.

Fort Gumaer— A fort known as Fort Gumaer was established during 1777 in central New York in the vicinity of Deerpark. The area was known as Peenpack (Orange County), which extended to Cuddlebackville in Ulster County, a distance of less than five miles. The settlement was fortified to defend against Indian raids. During the American Revolution, the settlers there also established two other forts, Fort DeWitt, the home of Jacob Rutsen DeWitt, and Fort De Puy, the home of Benjamin De Puy, an attorney. When the conflict erupted, the Indians in the region sided with the British. The region was attacked during 1777 and again during the following year. During the latter attack, some in the Brooks family were killed and others were seized. At the time of the attack, most of the militia troops were at Fort Montgomery when it was captured by the British. The colonists at Deerpark sought refuge at the forts when the hostilities erupted. The actual raid occurred on 13 October 1778. The alarm was sounded by the sounds of gunfire. Fort De Puy was abandoned, but the other two prepared for the assault as the villagers were speeding to the safety of the forts. Both forts survived, but the settlement was burned. Reinforcements arrived on the following day, but the Indians had moved along.

Fort Gray— The English established Fort Gray during the French and Indian War period near Niagara Falls at Lewiston (Niagara County) across from Queenstown (Toronto). During Pontiac’s War, the Senecas ambushed a contingent of troops near Fort Gray on 14 September 1763 in the vicinity of what became known as Devil’s Hole Ravine along the American side of the Niagara River Gorge. The column, including wagons, was suddenly struck while under the guidance of John Steadman as it advanced southward along the military road (Niagara Portage). In a flash, the wagons were afire from flaming arrows and the Senecas pounced upon the unit. Pandemonium erupted. The sounds of Senecas, during the attack, reverberated far enough that the war cries were heard by the people at a nearby village. Reinforcements arrived from Fort Gray, but they too were ambushed and all were killed. In the meantime, John Steadman and one youngster escaped the massacre. Steadman made it to Fort Schlosser, but too late to save the command. Subsequently, a relief force arrived at the scene of the ambush only to find the bodies of 80 dead soldiers, each with their scalps removed. The Seneca tribe intended to drive the British from the area, but the massacre at Devil’s Hole galvanized the British. By 1764, the British acquired a tract of land from the Indians that was about four miles in width and stretched between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and some additional land (islands) north of Niagara Falls was also ceded by the Indians to the British. Fort Gray was also active during the War of 1812. The garrison participated in the Battle of Queenstown Heights. The fort came under attack during December 1813, when it was destroyed. In conjunction, the French had also established positions in the region and they too used Senecas to haul freight on the military road, but when the English gained control of the region and introduced the covered wagons, the Senecas became upset due to the wagons being capable of replacing the Indians. Fort Greene— Fort Greene, known also as Fort Masonic, a starshaped fort, was established during the summer of 1776 in Brooklyn at Boerum Hill, south of Fort Putnam. Like Fort Putnam, the post was one of a series of forts that stretched from Fort Box to Fort Green and from there to Oblong Redoubt to Fort Putnam and beyond to what was known as Left Redoubt at Wallabout Bay. Fort Greene fell to the British following the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn. Upon British possession of the fort, it was renamed Fort Sutherland. The Americans reoccupied Brooklyn after New York was abandoned by the British. Fort Greene was reactivated during the War of 1812. In conjunction, this Fort Greene is separate from Fort Greene which was Fort Putnam during the American Revolu-

Fort H.G. Wright— Fort H.G. Wright was established during 1879 off the eastern edge of Long Island on Fishers Island. The post was constructed on the western tip of Fishers Island. During the SpanishAmerican War period, 1898, the post was more heavily fortified to augment the Long Island Sound defenses. Batteries at Fort Wright included: Battery Barlow (two 10-inch disappearing guns), Battery Butterfield (two 12-inch disappearing guns), Battery Clinton (four 12-inch mortars), Battery Hamilton (two 6-inch pedestal guns), Battery Hoffman (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Hoppock two 3inch pedestal guns) and Battery Marcy (two 6-inch pedestal guns). During World War II, Fort Wright was bolstered by Fort Terry and Fort Michie, both of which acted as support posts, along with another, Camp Hero. See also Camp Fisher’s Island. Fort Haldimand— See Fort Carleton. Fort Half-Moon— See Fort Stirling. Not to be confused with Fort Half-Moon (Saratoga). Fort Half-Moon (Saratoga)— The English, during 1691, established a fort (Fort Half-Moon) for the Schagticoke Indians along the west bank of the Hudson River at Waterford (Saratoga County). It was located on or near the site of a previous fort constructed for the same purpose during 1669. The fort became dilapidated by the early 1700s and it was again partially reconstructed. Subsequently, during 1757, the fort was relocated nearby and constructed on pilings at a place close to the convergence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. The fort was inactive by the War for Independence. Fort Half-Moon was near Haver’s (Pebble) Island, where the colonials established positions during 1777. Fort Hamilton— Fort Hamilton, named after Alexander Hamilton, was established in Brooklyn (Kings County) by the U.S. Army during 1825 while the nation was at peace; however, the site where Fort Hamilton was established (near the Verrazano Bridge) had been since the 1600s a strategic point for defending New York’s harbor. Permanent British control of the area occurred during 1664, ending the quest of the Dutch. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the Americans initially controlled Brooklyn and had established a redoubt there (Narrows Fort) in the vicinity of Denyse Point on the Narrows, but following the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn, the British seized Brooklyn and held it until 1783. During the War of 1812, the Americans established Fort Lewis, which preceded Fort

313 Hamilton, and nearby they had established Fort Diamond (later Fort Lafayette), which was located on a small island reef in the Narrows. During the Civil War period, the post was used as a training center. Confederate POWs were not held there; however, some were detained at nearby Fort Lafayette. An irony is that Confederate general Robert E. Lee was involved with the construction projects of Fort Hamilton while he was in the United States Army. His son (second), also a Confederate general, William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, was captured during 1863 at Brandy Station and held at Fort Hamilton until he was exchanged during 1864. The post was never challenged. It remains active. Fort Hardy— Fort Hardy, named in honor of the governor at the time, Sir Charles Hardy, was established by the English during August 1755 in the vicinity of Schuylerville in Saratoga County. The post was established as a supply depot by General Phineas Lyman. During the American Revolution, the British under General John Burgoyne surrendered at Fort Hardy on 17 October 1777. Fort Hardy Park is located on Ferry Street (Route 29) in Schuylerville. Fort Hendrick— The English, during 1754, established Fort Hendrick (also known as Upper Castle), named in honor of Mohawk chief Hendrick, at the site of a former fort (Canajoharie) built by the English for the Indians during 1747. Fort Hendrick was constructed at a place south of the Mohawk River and east of Nowada Creek in the vicinity of Danube (Herkimer County). The building project was completed by August 1755. Fort Hendrick remained operational until 1760. In conjunction, the fort’s namesake, Chief Hendrick, was killed during 1755, shortly after the fort was finished, while he was fighting alongside the English against the French at Lake George. Not to be confused with Fort Willem Hendrick (Fort Amsterdam). Fort Hennepin— The French established a camp known as Fort Hennepin during the latter part of 1678 in the vicinity of Lewiston (Niagara County). The post, composed of a wood cabin and a stockade, was built by a contingent of La Salle’s party. During the following year, Fort Conti was established, which rendered Fort Hennepin unnecessary. Fort Herkimer— Fort Herkimer (Old), known also as Fort Kaouri (or Kouard) was established during 1740 near the town of Mohawk by the English in Herkimer County across from West Canada Creek on the south bank of the Mohawk River on property that belonged to Johann, the father of General Nicholas Herkimer. Johann had been operating the house as a trading post. In a not-so-unusual practice during these times of turbulence, the fort was reconstructed during 1756, but at a nearby site. It was built around the Dutch Reformed Church there, which was constructed of stone and renamed Herkimer Church Fort. On 12 November 1757, the settlers at German Flatts (Herkimer) along the Mohawk River, opposite the fort in the Mohawk Valley, came under attack by a large force composed of French troops, Canadians and their Indian allies. Five blockhouses were constructed there on a tract known as Burnett’s Field. The settlers received no assistance from Herkimer Church Fort, which was manned by only about 200 troops. Consequently, casualties at German Flatts were high and the settlement was ravaged with all the blockhouses being destroyed. The Indians killed and scalped about 50 people and they dragged about 150 others away as prisoners. Nevertheless, there were survivors, but the Frenchmen and their allies also destroyed the settlers’ livestock and torched the homes and barns. Also, on 30 April 1758, Herkimer Church Fort repelled an assault by a force composed of French and Indians. Later, during the War for Independence, the Herkimer Church Fort was bolstered with a blockhouse. Subsequently, during the War of 1812 period, the Herkimer Dutch Reformed Church was refurbished and it was ex-

Fort Independence / NEW YORK panded in size. In conjunction, the fortified blockhouse and the earthworks of the first Fort Herkimer were destroyed during 1818 while the construction of the Erie Canal was in progress. The earthworks of Herkimer Church Fort were demolished during 1918. Also, during 1776, Fort Dayton was established at Herkimer (Herkimer County) near the West Canada Creek and on the north side of the Mohawk River. It was constructed at the site of Old Fort Herkimer, which was destroyed during 1756. However, it was positioned only a short distance from Herkimer Church Fort, which was established during 1756. See also Fort Dayton. Fort Hess— Fort Hess (also known as Abraham Smith’s home) was established during 1776. It was the fortified home of John Hess and it was located in the vicinity of Palatine Church (Montgomery County). The fortification was in close proximity to Fort Klock and Fort Fox. Fort Hickory— Fort Hickory, a blockhouse, was established in about 1812 in the vicinity of present-day Larkville at the village of Chateugay (Franklin County). Fort Hill— Fort Hill at West Point was also known as North Redoubt. See West Point and North Redoubt. Fort House— A home owned by Christian House (Haus) was fortified during 1750. It was located on the western fringes of St. Johnsville on property owned by George Klock. In conjunction, Fort Klock was also established during 1750. Fort Hunter— Fort Hunter, named in honor of Governor Hunter, was established during 1711 at present-day Fort Hunter (Montgomery County). The governor ordered it to be built for the protection of the Mohawk tribe of the village known as Lower Castle (also Ti-ononto-gen or I-can-de-ro-ga). The fort’s interior included four blockhouses, one for each corner, but it also contained a stone chapel (St. Anne’s Chapel) which was constructed in the center of the fort. English troops garrisoned the fort and other English soldiers were stationed at the Indian Castle. In conjunction, the fort was severely damaged by fire during 1773. Subsequently, the Americans used a nearby structure known as the Parsonage during the War for Independence. The fort was abandoned and destroyed during 1820. Fort Independence (Bronx)— The Americans established Fort Independence in the Bronx (New York City) during June 1776, but with the arrival of the British the post, along with others in that part of New York, was abandoned during October 1776. During January 1777, while the Continental Army was under tremendous pressure in New Jersey, General Washington ordered General William Heath, who was in West Chester, to attack Fort Independence in the Bronx. The British repelled the assault and held the fort until September 1779, when the Hessians and Tories based there destroyed it prior to abandoning it. Not to be confused with Fort Independence (Westchester County). Fort Independence (Westchester County)— Fort Independence was established by the Americans in Westchester County along the Hudson River at present-day Camp Smith during 1776. The fort was abandoned during the following year under pressure from the British. On 5 October 1777, British general Henry Clinton landed at Verplank’s Point below Fort Independence. The arrival of the British misled General Putnam, who believed Clinton intended to strike Fort Independence and then move against Albany from there. He regrouped his force and deployed it to the rear in the heights, but no efforts were taken to reinforce Forts Clinton and Montgomery, both of which were on the opposite bank of the river. Both forts were seized. Fort Independence was abandoned. Not to be confused with Fort Independence (Bronx).

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NEW YORK / Fort Ingoldsby Fort Ingoldsby— Fort Ingoldsby was established by the English during 1709 in Saratoga County at Stillwater. The post was constructed on the Hudson River at a strategic point to guard the landing against French attack. The post was built by forces led by Peter Schuyler. Fort Ingoldsby was replaced during 1756 when Fort Winslow was established. See also Fort Winslow. Fort Izard (Cumberland Head)— Fort Izard was established by General George Izard during 1814. The post was to be built at Rouse’s Point to guard the Richielieu River entrance into Lake Champlain, but Izard concluded that the British at Isle Aux Noix would neutralize it. Fort Izard was instead erected on Cumberland Head. Nevertheless, the post was soon after abandoned, as it was of no value in the defense of Plattsburgh. Not to be confused with Fort Izard (also known as Fort Richmond) on Staten Island. Fort Izard (Staten Island)— See Fort Richmond (Signal Hill). Not to be confused with Fort Izard (Cumberland Head). Fort James— See Fort Amsterdam. Fort Jay— See Governors Island. Fort Jersey— Fort Jersey was established in the Minisink Valley at Mohochamack Fork near Port Jervis on the Delaware River. The fort was in close proximity to the forts there known as the Minisink Forts. Fort Johnson— During 1749, Sir William Johnson established Fort Johnson along the Mohawk River outside of Amsterdam. This was the second stone home constructed by Johnson. He earlier resided, about 1739, in the vicinity of Amsterdam at a place known as Mount Johnson. The post was active during the French and Indian War. In conjunction, this fort is separate from Fort Sir William Johnson, which was established during 1763 at Johnson Hall at Johnstown. Fort Johnson is now operated by the Montgomery County Historical Society. Fort Johnstown— The Americans, in about 1772, began construction of Fort Johnstown at Johnstown (Fulton County). By 1776, the structure, composed of stone, was further fortified with a stockade. The fort was partially demolished during 1783, but a building initially used as a jail, prior to it being a fort, was spared. Fort Joncaire— See Joncaire’s Blockhouse. Fort Kaouri (or Kouard)— See Fort Herkimer. Fort Kentucky— Fort Kentucky, also referred to as Fort Mud, was established as one of a series of post that were built during the War of 1812 (1812–1815) to defend Sacketts Harbor. Others included Fort Tompkins, Fort Chauncey, Fort Stark and Fort Virginia. The chain of fortifications was linked to a primary installation, Fort Pike (later Madison Barracks), built along the bay. Also, Fort Volunteer was established at Sacketts Harbor to defend the approaches leading to the northeast entrance route. In conjunction, Fort Mud (Fort Kentucky) is not to be confused with Mud Fort at Needhamville Fort Keyser— Fort Keyser, the stone home of Johannes Keyser, was established during 1750. It was fortified during 1776 and by the following year it was no longer in use as a fort due to the construction of Fort Paris. The fort was located in Stone Arabia (Montgomery County).

Fort Kimber— During 1759, Fort Kimber, a settler’s fort, was established in central New York at Uniondale in Orange County by George Kimber. Fort Klock— During 1750, the English colonists established Fort Klock, a fortified house in central New York (Montgomery County) at St. Johnsville near Utica. It was built by Johannes Klock. In conjunction, a battle (Battle of Klock’s Field) was later fought there during October 1780 during the American Revolution. The Americans at Fort Klock along the Mohawk River came under attack by the English on 19 October. The battle erupted slightly east of the fort and the American battalion commanded by Colonel Brown was defeated. Fort Knyphausen (New York City)— British-held Fort Knyphausen, located in New York City, was initially American Fort Washington, renamed after the British gained New York following the victory at the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn during 1776. The fort was regained by the Americans subsequent to the abandonment of New York City by the British. See also Fort Washington. Not to be confused with Fort Knyphausen (Staten Island). Fort Knyphausen (Staten Island)— Fort Knyphausen was established by the British at St. George on Staten Island during 1777. An attack by the Americans was launched against it and other British locations on Staten Island during January 1780, but the fort held. Not to be confused with Fort Knyphausen (New York City), which was Fort Washington, renamed by the British after they gained control of New York. Fort La Presentation— During 1748–1749, in western New York, the French established Fort La Presentation at present-day Ogdensburg near the rapids of the St. Lawrence River at a point close to the convergence of the St. Lawrence and Oswegatchie Rivers. On 21 November 1748, Abbe Francis Piquet, a Sulpician missionary, arrived in what later became Ogdensburg and established the mission-fort which also acted as a trading post, which he named Fort La Presentation in honor of the feast day of the Presentation of the Blessed Mother. Abbe Piquet celebrated the first mass at the fort, which also became the first mass celebrated in northern New York, on 1 June 1749. During the autumn of 1749, the Mohawk Indians launched a raid and destroyed the fort, but it was rebuilt and the French retained it until 1760, when it was seized by the British toward the end of the French and Indian War. The fort was renamed Fort Oswegatchie by the British. In conjunction, on 5 July 1759, the French at Fort La Presentation launched an unsuccessful attack against the English at Oswego. The English colors continued to fly over the fort until beyond the conclusion of the American War for Independence until

Fort Oswegatchie, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

315 1796. At that time, Fort Oswegatchie was transferred to the U.S. Later, during the War of 1812, the British attacked Ogdensburg and inflicted severe damage on 22 February 1813. See also Fort Levis, a support fort of Fort Oswegatchie. Fort Lafayette (New York City)— Fort Lafayette, initially known as Fort Diamond, was established in close proximity to Fort Hamilton in New York Harbor during 1812. The post was located on a small island (Hendrick’s Reef ) near the Brooklyn shoreline and it held more than 70 cannon; however, it was not challenged during the War of 1812. Later, during 1825, the post’s name was changed to Fort Lafayette, in honor of Lafayette, the American Revolutionary War hero. The fort remained active during the Civil War and was used to hold Confederate POWs. The U.S. Navy assumed responsibility for the post during 1898 (Spanish-American War period) for the purpose of warehousing ammunition and other equipment and supplies there. The fort was phased out subsequent to the close of World War II. The Marine Barracks there was relocated at New York City during 1948. The site of the fort is now part of the foundation of the Verrazano bridge. Not to be confused with Fort Lafayette (Verplanck Point). Fort Lafayette (Verplanck Point)— Fort Lafayette was established during 1777 at Verplanck Point south of Peekskill, near West Point. On 1 June 1779, a British attack force of 6,000 men under General Clinton attempted to capture West Point. The British managed to capture the blockhouse at Stony Point and Fort Lafayette at Verplanck Point, but they were prevented from advancing against the original objective, West Point. The defenses at Stony Point would have been much more formidable, but the construction had not been completed, and once it was reduced, Fort Lafayette at Verplanck Point could not hold. Following the capture, Clinton returned to New York City and prepared to strike in Connecticut. The Americans regained Fort Lafayette when the British abandoned it during the autumn of 1779. Not to be confused with Fort Lafayette (New York City) at the harbor near Fort Hamilton that was established during 1812. Fort Laight— Fort Laight was established in New York City during 1814 (War of 1812 period) in the vicinity of Riverside Park (Grant’s Tomb). The post was named in honor of a New York militia officer, Edward Laight. Fort La Salle— Fort La Salle was a temporary winter post established during 1669 by La Salle at Youngstown. See also Fort Conti and Fort Niagara. Fort Lawrence— During 1814 (War of 1812 period), an artillery battery referred to as Fort Lawrence was established in Brooklyn in the vicinity of Gowanus Creek. Fort Levis— Fort Levis was established during 1759 on the St. Lawrence River at Isle Royal (Chimney Island, St. Lawrence County) in the vicinity of Ogdensburg. The post was constructed to bolster nearby Fort La Presentation. During August of the following year, subsequent to a three-day siege, the French garrison (survivors) capitulated to the English. The fort was rebuilt by the forces of General Jeffrey Amherst and the English colors were hoisted over the new fort, which was renamed Fort William Augustus. The exact date that Fort William Augustus was deactivated remains unknown. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the British captured Ogdensburg and at that time (1814) they established a blockhouse (Chimney Blockhouse) and an artillery battery at the northern tip of the island. No traces of the fortifications or the island remain. The island was eradicated during the St. Lawrence Seaway Project of the 1950s. Fort Lewis— See Fort Hamilton.

Fort Miller / NEW YORK Fort Little Niagara— Fort Little Niagara, known also as Fort du Portage, was established in Niagara County by a Frenchman, Daniel de Joncaire (Sieur de Chabert et de Clausonne) during 1750 in the vicinity of Niagara Falls. It was in close proximity to where a diminutive blockhouse had been built at Frenchman’s Landing during 1745. The French post was destroyed during July 1759 rather than allow it to come under English control. Afterward, the post was abandoned. The English then established Fort Schlosser in its place. Fort Lookout— Fort Lookout, a small outpost, was established by the Americans during 1776. The post was located near a point known as Galloway Hill between Peekskill and Canopus Creek. It was located south of Continental Village and east of Fort Independence, below where the main command of General Israel Putnam was deployed northwest of the post. The fort was abandoned during October 1777, during the British campaign to seize West Point. The British destroyed the fort. Fort Lydius— See Fort Edward. Fort Lyman— See Fort Edward. Fort Martinus Decker— Fort Martinus Decker was established in the Minisink Valley during 1779 in the vicinity of Port Jervis (Orange County). The fort was a fortified farm near the Delaware River where New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York converge. On 20 July 1779, a band of Indians under Chief Joseph Brant raided the valley. At that time, the fort was severely damaged. Fort Masonic— See Fort Greene. Fort Meigs— Fort Meigs, a battery, was established at West Point during April 1778 under the direction of Colonel Kosciuszko. It was one of a series of three batteries built at that time. The others were Fort Webb and Fort Wyllys, each named after the commander of the militia unit that formed the garrison. Construction of all of the batteries was completed by August of that same year. Fort Meigs was primarily built of earth and wood; however, its ramparts were constructed of stone. Some ruins of the ramparts remain at West Point. Fort Miller (Saratoga County)— Fort Miller was established by the English during 1755 in Saratoga County at a site (Northumberland) south of Fort Edward and north of Fort Hardey on the Hudson River across from the town of Fort Miller. According to reports, it is thought that the initial Fort Miller had been constructed during Queen Anne’s War along the “west side portage of the Upper Falls” by troops under Colonel Schuyler while the Nicholson expedition was underway. At the opposing banks of the river, there are two markers; one notes that Fort Miller was built during the French and Indian War by Colonel Miller and on the other bank the marker reads that Fort Miller was built during the French and Indian War on the opposite side of the river. It is not known when the fort was deactivated, but it was used during the War for Independence by the colonial troops. Also, Fort Hardy, named in honor of Sir Charles Hardy, royal governor of New York, was established (August 1755) by General Phineas Lyman at Schuylerville in Saratoga County. The fort stood at a strategic point where the Fishkill and Hudson Rivers converge and was used against the French by General William Johnson during the campaign against Carillon (Crown Point). In conjunction, the British had earlier fortified this area and the posts included a supply depot known as Flatts Stockade, established about 1715. The post consisted of a loopholed structure with a stockade fence that stood atop a high cliff south of Fish Creek. Not to be confused with Fort Miller (Fort Amherst) (Warren County). Fort Miller (Warren County)— See Fort Amherst (Warren County). Not to be confused with Fort Miller (Saratoga County).

NEW YORK / Fort Misery Fort Minisink— See Fort New Jersey. Fort Misery— The English established a blockhouse with palisades (east side of the Hudson) at a position (Moses Kill) just south of Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward) in Washington County. The post, known as Fort Misery, remained active until 1764; however, subsequent to the outbreak of war between America and England, the colonial militia occupied it to protect the route to Fort Edward. Fort Montgomery (Rouse’s Point)— Fort Montgomery was established at Rouse’s Point along Lake Champlain during 1816, but it was later discovered that at the time the location was partly in Canada, giving it another unofficial name, Fort Blunder. The Americans and Canadians continued negotiating border disputes into the 1840s. A new Fort Montgomery, built of granite, was begun there during 1844, but by 1870 the project was not fully completed. Nevertheless, the fort was abandoned during that same year. It did, however, remain in caretaker status. During the early 1900s, the guns were dismantled. Fort Montgomery was above Fort Au Fer and across the lake from Alburg, Vermont. The fort site and ruins are now on private property. Fort Montgomery (Rouse’s Point) is not to be confused with Fort Montgomery (West Point). Fort Montgomery (West Point)— Fort Montgomery was established near Bear Mountain Bridge, outside of West Point on the west bank of the Hudson River during 1777. The post worked in conjunction with Fort Clinton (also established during 1777) and the other defensive works that were built to prevent the British from seizing West Point. Fort Montgomery contained barracks and a magazine and it was bolstered by platforms for the guns. Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton were seized by the British on 6 October 1777. Shortly afterward, the British abandoned the forts. Fort Clinton had been renamed Fort Vaughn while they held it. Subsequently, on 15 July 1779, General Anthony Wayne’s troops began their march from Fort Montgomery, moving in two columns, and recaptured Stony Point from the British. Within three days, the post was abandoned as General Washington realized he could not defend it against the British warships. Afterwards, the British returned and rebuilt the fort, but they again abandoned it during October of that same year. The American victory at Stony Point was the last major battle in the north, and it greatly boosted American morale. Not to be confused with Fort Montgomery (Rouse’s Point). Fort Moreau— During the summer of 1814, the Americans established several forts in the vicinity of Plattsburgh for added protection of the town against a British attack. Fort Brown, positioned to thwart an assault from the Saranac River; Fort Moreau, positioned between the other two to protect from an attack from Plattsburgh; and Fort Scott, the latter atop a high cliff that dominated Lake Champlain and the American right flank, were built. Fort Morton— Fort Morton was actually a battery established in the vicinity of Fort Richmond during the War of 1812 period in about 1811. Subsequently, during the Civil War, it was proposed by James St. C. Morton that to bolster the defenses of New York, Fort Richmond and Batteries Hudson and Morton should be bolstered with additional guns. Morton suggested that the area, including the new fort at the site of Fort Tompkins and including Sandy Hook, should contain a total of 876, guns including 675 heavy pieces of artillery. The forts were never challenged during the Civil War. Fort Mount Hope— Fort Mount Hope, a battery, was established during 1776 by the Americans at Mount Hope in the vicinity of Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. The post was constructed to protect the La Chute falls that supplied power for sawmills in the area, but the garrison was also responsible for guarding the portage road there that stretched from Lake George to Lake Champlain. Fort

316 Mount Hope is now open as part of the Fort Ticonderoga historical site. The British gained the fort during September 1777 after it was abandoned by the Americans upon pressure by General Burgoyne’s army. The post was comparatively small, but it did contain a guardhouse and magazine as well as a blockhouse on its site composed of less than five acres. See also Fort Ticonderoga. Fort Mud— See Fort Kentucky. Not to be confused with Mud Fort at Needhamville. Fort Nassau— During 1614, the Dutch States-General granted a four-year monopoly of trade in America to adventurers, including Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christianson. They constructed Fort Nassau (later Fort Orange) on Castle Island in the vicinity of Albany. One of these men, Adriaen Block, navigated the East River which runs through Hellegat (Hell’s Gate). Block traveled along the shores of Long Island, discovering that it was an island, and from there he sailed up the Connecticut coast to Cape Cod. Block Island was named in honor of Adriaen Block. He then returned to Amsterdam while Christianson remained as governor. Upon his return to Holland during October, the Dutch became invigorated by the possibilities of the new land. They began to focus upon launching more ambitious colonies in America. At the time, the settlement was in an area inhabited by more than 1,000 Mahican Indians. Within a year (1615), Captain Thomas Derner became the first Englishman to arrive at Manhattan to meet the Dutch traders and sail through Long Island Sound. In conjunction, Block was a cartographer and of the maps he created, one was that of Manhattan, which he detailed accurately as being separate from Long Island. Fort Nassau, a fort and trading post, was eventually, by 1618, wiped out by floods. Fort Orange was built in its place during 1624. Fort Neck— Fort Neck was actually a place on Long Island inhabited by the Massapequa (also Marsapague) Indians. The Indians had two primary fortifications there that were described as forts by the Dutch when they arrived there during the 1600s. The forts were located in present-day Harbour Green. Later, during the 1650s, thought to be 1653 by many historians, the English initiated a campaign against the Indians and defeated them in what is remembered as the Battle of Fort Neck. The battle and the date remain arguable as some historians claim that the battle known as the only battle on Long Island between the Indians and the settlers never occurred. During the time the battle is supposed to have occurred, the English and French were at war (between 1652 and 1654) in Europe, and in the colonies Long Island was controlled by the Dutch; however, English settlers were at Hempstead. Subsequently, during the 1930s, the remains of more than 20 Indians were discovered in close proximity to where the old fort was located. Some said the bodies were of those Indians killed by the troops led by John Underhill and others still claimed the battle was never fought. Nevertheless, by the 1950s, the site of the old fort and its secrets were buried under a new development, Harbour Green. Fort Neilson— Fort Neilson was established during 1777 by the Americans in the vicinity of Bemis Heights at Saratoga on the property of John Neilson to meet the British threat of General Burgoyne’s army, which had come down from Canada. The post, a fortified barn, was augmented with a trench and palisades to bolster the batteries. See also Fort Ingoldsby and Nielson’s Farm. Fort Nellis— Fort Nellis was established by the Americans in central New York at St. Johnsville (Montgomery County). The fort was actually a farmhouse owned by Christian Nellis which had been built about 1723 and fortified during the American Revolution. Other forts established at about the same time in the region included Fort Dayton, Fort Failing, Fort Walrath and Fort Zimmerman.

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Niagara / NEW YORK

Fort Neversink— See Fort New Jersey. Fort New Jersey— Fort New Jersey, known also as Fort Minisink and Fort Neversink, was established in Orange County in the vicinity of Port Jervis during 1756 (French and Indian War period). The fort, located along the Delaware River, was one of a number of forts established in the region. At the time the forts were established, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York claimed the Minisink Valley. Fort Newport— Fort Newport was established by the English along the Oneida Carry/Portage in the vicinity of Rome during August 1756, but shortly thereafter, the French and their Indian allies seized Oneida. The British then destroyed the structure (20 August) before it could be taken by the French. The fort was located near Stoney Creek between Fort Wood Creek and Fort Williams. The site of Fort Newport is located along Calvert Street in Rome. Fort Niagara, New York, interior view — Benson J. Lossing Illustration Fort Niagara (Old)— During June 1726, French troops from Fort Frontenac crossed Lake Ontario to attack Pittsburg (Pittsburgh) and instead, departed Fort Machault begin construction of a fort on the site of the trading post, Magazin to support Pouchot at Niagara. Meanwhile, the Indians, due in great Royale, but the French decided instead to build it on the site of forpart to their disappointment in the French having built Fort Niamer Fort De Nonville. The Iroquois had given permission for a tradgara, had recently (latter part of 1758) agreed to side with the Ening post, not a military fort. The fort’s outward appearance resemglish, opening the way for the British offensive. However, on 19 July bled a trading post; however, the building confined inside the 1759, the English commander, General John Prideaux, died (accistockade was constructed of stone to provide protection from either dentally when he stepped in the path of an outgoing mortar). GenIndians or the English and artillery was placed on the second tier. eral Sir William Johnson succeeded Prideaux. The French garrison The stone structure became known as the French Castle, thought to of about 600 troops, capitulated on 25 July 1759. Although the be the oldest building in Fort Niagara. The structure, for the purBritish main body was at Fort Niagara, a force remained at Oswego pose of dealing with the Indians, was referred to as a “House of to rebuild the forts there that had been destroyed by the French. The Peace.” Ironically, for awhile it did serve as a peacemaker, as the EnBritish retained the stronghold until 1796, but upon terms of a treaty glish could not attack because of the Iroquois and the French un( Jay’s Treaty) the United States received it. Later, during the War of willingness to launch assaults against the British in New York. The 1812, Fort Niagara was regained by the British during the night of fort (Fort Niagara) on the east bank of the Niagara River was again 18–19 December 1813. The British were able to gain entrance and affortified during 1755. Meanwhile, with its completion by 1726, the terward they encountered fierce resistance, but the fort fell once the French dominated all of the Great Lakes. The fort remained in redoubts were reduced. The American commanding officer was not French control until 1759. On 7 July 1759, a British force under at the base the night of the assault. The British retained Fort NiaGeneral Prideaux, composed of about 2,000 troops and 1,500 Ingara until 1815, when it again reverted to the United States. During dian allies, arrived at Fort Niagara. On the following day, the Enthe 1840s, it was reconstructed and became known as New Fort Niglish demanded the surrender of the fort, but the French comagara. Subsequently, during 1861, more modernization took place as mander, Captain Pouchot, with apparent disdain for the English the post received a moat and brick walls were constructed. The post and a strong belief that reinforcements were en route, declined the remained in use until after the close of World War II. Earlier, durultimatum, saying that he “did not understand English.” While the ing 1669, La Salle had constructed a blockhouse there, known as Fort English and their Indian allies (Five Nations, then Six Nations) laid La Salle. Afterward, Fort Conti was built there during 1679 and then siege to the fort, an urgent request was dispatched to Francois Marie Fort De Nonville during 1687. Old Fort Niagara is located at de Lemarchand Lignery. A force under Lignery aborted its plan to Youngstown in Niagara County. During the twentieth century, Fort Niagara was used as a training center for troops beginning during 1903 and later, by 1917, it also served as an officers training camp. The post was also used by the New York ROTC. Between the wars, from 1922 through 1940, the U.S. 28th Infantry Regiment was headquartered at Fort Niagara. The post remained active during World War II and served several purposes, including an inducEntrance Niagara River, Fort Niagara left and Fort George (also known as Fort Mississagua), Canada, tion center for draftees, a POW camp and a separation camp for far right — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

NEW YORK / Fort Nicholson

318 located near the western end of Canoe Carry that ran east from there to the Delaware River.

Fort Ontario— The English, in an effort to increase their defenses near Lake Ontario, constructed two additional forts during 1755 to complement Fort Oswego (Fort Pepperrell), which had been established at the mouth of the Oswego River during 1722. Fort George and Fort Ontario (also known as Fort of the Six Nations) were established to the west and east of it, respectively. During the following year, the French launched an offensive against the entire series of forts and all of them were destroyed. Later, during 1759, a British force arrived at Oswego and from there attacked French-held Fort Niagara. A smaller force was left at Oswego to attempt to rebuild the defenses which had been destroyed. Fort Ontario was reconstructed and built on a larger scale in the shape of a pentagon (fiveView of Fort Niagara from Fort George — Benson J. Lossing Illustration sided), but Forts George and Oswego were not rebuilt. Fort Ontario was abandoned by the those returning home from the war. The post was deactivated durBritish during 1777, following the failed campaign of Barry St. Leger ing 1945. Subsequently, during the 1950s, the post was used as a to seize Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler). On 22 August, St. Leger hurNIKE missile site, operated by the 2nd Antiaircraft Group The Nike riedly abandoned the siege of Fort Stanwix, leaving supplies and arsite was deactivated during 1963. Fort Niagara was also a BOMARC tillery on the field. The Americans then held the post until 1778 missile site that remained active from 1961 through 1969. The BOwhen it was evacuated after being partially destroyed. British troops MARC was a surface-to-air cruise missile that had a range of 440 again took possession of the fort during 1782 and did not relinquish miles. The Niagara Falls Air National Guard Base was constructed it until 1796. During the War of 1812, the U.S. again fortified Fort there at the former BOMARC site during 1969. For more informaOntario, but it was seized by the British during 1814. The fort was tion: Old Fort Niagara, P.O. Box 169, Youngstown, New York 14174. rebuilt of stone during 1839 and the construction project continued Built initially by the French during the early 1700’s, the Fort still until 1844. Later, during the Civil War period and continuing into stands. There are six original buildings including “The Castle.” 1868, the fort was further improved. Fort Ontario remained active into the twentieth century. During the early 1900s, the post was utiFort Nicholson— During 1709, the English established Fort Nichollized as a training camp. The post was also used for training during son (later the site of Fort Edward) near present-day Fort Edward World War II until it was deactivated during 1944. For more infor(Washington County), slightly more than 10 miles from the Hudmation: Fort Ontario, One East Fourth Street, Oswego, New York son River and Fort Anne along Lake Champlain. The fort stood at 13126. the southern end of the route known as the Great Carrying Place. In conjunction, this is separate from Fort Anne established in New Fort Orange— During 1624, the Dutch West India Company estabYork City during 1703. During 1732, another fort, Fort Lydius, was lished a trading post, Fort Orange, along the west bank of the Hudestablished there, followed by Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward) durson River slightly below present-day Albany. The fort remained ing 1755. under French control until 1664. On 24 September 1664, Fort Orange (Williamstadt) near Beverwyck surrendered to the English. The Fort Nielson— See Nielson’s Farm, Saratoga Revolutionary Forts and British became uncomfortable with the location of the fort because Redoubts. it was susceptible to flooding. A new fortification was constructed Fort 9 (Fort Number 9)— See Fort Prince Charles. (Fort Orange) on higher ground in a dominant position overlooking the Hudson. The fort was renamed Fort Orange (sometimes reFort Niskayuna— See Fort Canastaginone. ferred to as Fort Albany). In conjunction, the settlement of BeverFort Nistigone— See Fort Canastaginone. wyck, established in 1652, was at that time renamed Albany. Also, after gaining control, the English met in Albany with the Indian Fort Nonsense— Fort Nonsense was established by the Americans chiefs of the Five Nations and consummated a treaty of peace. Subduring 1813 along Port Jefferson Harbor at Poquott. The British, sequently, during 1676, the post was replaced by Fort Frederick. See that same year, dispatched two warships that entered the harbor and also Fort Frederick. captured seven merchant ships. The garrison contained only one gun. During the operation, one of the merchant vessels ran aground. Fort Oswegatchie— See Fort La Presentation. The British set it afire before departing. Fort Oswego— On 22 September 1722, in western New York, the Fort of Six Nations— See Fort Ontario. British established Fort Oswego at the mouth of the Oswego River near Lake Ontario at Oswego. The initial purpose of building the Fort Oghwaga (Oquaga)— Fort Oghwaga was established in Brome post was to place a trading post in the region. During 1724, the post County along the Susquehanna River by the English during 1757. was bolstered to counteract the French post, Joncaire’s Blockhouse, The post was located at present-day East Windsor (or Ououquaga). on the Niagara River near Niagara. Later, during 1727, the English During the American Revolution, the post was occupied by loyalconstructed a formidable stone house at the fort. The post became ists and Indians. During October 1778, Americans under Lt. Coloknown by different names. Some referred to it as Fort Burnett, named nel William Butler, operating out of Middle Fort (Fort Defiance in for the governor at this time, William Burnett. It was his directive Schoharie County), assaulted and captured and destroyed the post,

319

Fort Porter / NEW YORK

Fort at Oswego, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

that mandated the construction of the stone building. Afterward, during the early 1740s, the English further fortified the installation by constructing a stone wall around the perimeter. The British anticipated hostilities with the French. Subsequently, the post also became known as Fort Pepperrell and the French referred to the post as Fort Chouaguen. During August 1756, a force of about 5,000 French and Indians led by Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm (successor to Baron Dieskau) closed on British positions at Fort Oswego and Fort Ontario on 10 August; by 12 August, French batteries were pounding Fort Ontario from a distance of less than 100 yards. The garrison, holding untenable positions, evacuated the fort and moved to Fort Oswego at about 1600 hours. Another fort, Fort George, had not yet been completed and that too was indefensible. The French, meanwhile, continued to bombard Fort Oswego on the opposite bank. Colonel James Mercer, the commanding officer, had been killed and his successor, Lt. Colonel Littlehaleson, signaled surrender on 14 August. The English were guaranteed fair treatment; however, again the Indians, subsequent to the surrender, rushed into the fort and began their killing spree, whacking the troops, including the wounded, with their tomahawks while scalping others. The French commander, Montcalm, did not restrain the Indians immediately and consequently more than 25 Englishmen were massacred. The victory gave the French access to Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Six Nations territory. In addition, more than 1,000 British troops were seized and about 135 cannon were gained. The French success also interrupted British plans to attack Canada by the seizure of hundreds of boats. The troops that were able to escape capture made it to Albany. Of the three forts, Fort Ontario, Fort Oswego and Fort George, only Fort Ontario was rebuilt. It was reconstructed during 1756. However, the British would subsequently rebuild Fort Oswego. The British held Fort Oswego until it reverted to the U.S. during the 1790s. Later, during the War of 1812, the British arrived at Fort Oswego on 6 May 1814. At that time, a fleet under British commodore Yeo arrived. The post was destroyed and its supplies were confiscated. Afterward, the town was burned, prior to the British departure for Sacketts Harbor. Fort Ox— During July 1756, the English established Fort Ox in Oswego County at a place near the convergence of the Onnadaga (Oswego) River and Ox Creek. The installation was built only as a temporary post during operations by General John Bradstreet against French forces in the region. Fort Paris— Fort Paris was established at the settlement of Stone Arabia during 1777 on the property of Isaac Paris. The fort was a fortified farmhouse which was originally built during the latter part of the 1730s. Fort Paris replaced Fort Keyser, which had been estab-

lished during 1750. The site of the fort is located in Montgomery County at Stone Arabia, slightly east of Route 10. Fort Pentagon— See Fort Craven. Fort Pepperrell— See Fort Oswego. Fort Pike— Fort Pike, later Madison Barracks, was established by the Americans at Sacketts Harbor during the War of 1812. The post was established in close proximity to Fort Volunteer, which was rushed to completion due to the British threat during 1812. Fort Pike, composed of a blockhouse and earthen works, also contained a barracks. It was completed by 1813 and named in honor of General Zebulon Pike. The post became the anchor of the defensive line of posts at Sacketts Harbor. Other forts established in the vicinity during the conflict included Fort Tompkins, Fort Chauncey, Fort Kentucky, Fort Stark and Fort Virginia. This series of fortifications was linked to the primary installation, Fort Pike, built along the bay. Fort Pitt— See Jones Hill Fort and Bayard Hill Redoubt. Fort Plain— Fort Plain, initially known as Fort Rensselaer, was established in Montgomery County during 1776 by a contingent of Americans under Colonel Elias Dayton. The post was built on the south side of the Mohawk River in the vicinity of present-day Fort Plain. The fort was modified during 1780 to include more room and a larger blockhouse. Subsequent to the abandonment of Fort Schuyler (Stanwix), the Americans depended upon Fort Plain to become a strategic headquarters for the U.S. Army. During the English attacks (1780), Fort Plain was threatened, but no attack was launched. After the close of hostilities, the fort’s importance lessened and several years later it was abandoned and leveled. Also, during 1777, the Americans established Fort Plank (not to be confused with Fort Plain) at Fort Plain. Fort Plank— The Americans established Fort Plank (this is a separate fort from Fort Plain) at Fort Plain (Montgomery County) on property owned by Frederick Plank. The fort was located less than three miles northeast of Fort Plain (Fort Rensselaer). Although it came under attack on several occasions by Indians and Tories, the fort did not fall. Fort Plum Point— See Machin’s Battery. Fort Porter— Fort Porter, named in honor of General Peter D. Porter, was established during 1841 in Erie County at Buffalo in close proximity to the Erie Barge Canal. The fort remained active for several years, but after 1844 it became obscure until the outbreak of the Civil War. At that time, Fort Porter was garrisoned by New York National Guard contingents. The post became headquarters for the

NEW YORK / Fort Prince Charles 74th New York Regiment. Subsequent to the Civil War, again the fort remained dormant until about the time of the SpanishAmerican War in the latter part of the nineteenth century when the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment was based there. In a continuing pattern, the fort later was used sporadically during and immediately after World War I. Finally, during 1926, the land holding the fort was sold. Afterward, the post was replaced with bridge approaches (Peace Bridge). The bridge near the mouth of the Niagara River links Buffalo with Fort Erie (Toronto), Canada. In conjunction, the fort had been located in the vicinity of Gookin’s Blockhouse, which was established as part of the defenses of Buffalo during the War of 1812. Fort Prince Charles— The Americans established a large number of forts in Manhattan that were designated by numbers; rather than names. Fort Number 9 was established in a peculiar part of Manhattan during 1776. However, during September 1776, New York City was abandoned by the Americans, who retreated to New Jersey and West Chester. Fort Number 9 was located at Marble Hill, which is now located on the mainland, not Manhattan Island, but still New York County. The fort located at Marble Hill near Kingston Avenue and Fort Charles Place was seized by the British and garrisoned by Hessian troops until 1779. The post was renamed Fort Prince Charles (also Fort Charles or Fort Charles Redoubt). Marble Hill during the American Revolution was surrounded by the Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek. At present, Marble Hill is bordered by the Bronx on three sides and the fourth side is at the Harlem River on its south side. During 1895, when the Harlem River Ship Canal was constructed, Marble Hill became a separate island and later during 1917, the canal was filled, essentially making Marble Hill part of the mainland. In conjunction, the British also established Fort Cock Hill at Marble Hill. The British built two pontoon bridges that stretched to the mainland, one near Fort George and the other near the Hudson River. Fort Putnam (Brooklyn)— Fort Putnam, named in honor of General Israel Putnam, was established by the Americans in Brooklyn during 1776. The post was built in the shape of a pentagon (fivesided) and was a key part of the line of defenses that extended across Brooklyn from Fort Box at Gowanus Bay to the Left Redoubt at Wallabout Bay. Fort Putnam, like the other fortifications previously mentioned and including Oblong Redoubt and Fort Green, had a defensive ditch around the perimeter, and each had its ditch fortified with stakes and sally ports. Following the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of Brooklyn, the Continental Army under George Washington retreated from Brooklyn, but Fort Putnam defenders held the line to allow the escape of the army before the fort was abandoned. Afterward, the British seized Brooklyn. Subsequent to the British evacuation of New York, the Americans regained Brooklyn. Later, during 1812, Fort Putnam was again occupied and bolstered in preparation for attacks by the British; however, no attack was launched against the fort, which had been renamed Fort Greene in honor of General Nathanael Greene, a Revolutionary War hero. General Greene also directed the construction of Fort Putnam. Fort Putnam, later Fort Greene, is now part of Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn. Fort Greene at Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn is not to be confused with Fort Green which had been established in Brooklyn during the American Revolution and named Fort Masonic during the War of 1812. Also, Fort Putnam, later Fort Green at Brooklyn is not to be confused with Fort Putnam (West Point), established during the American Revolution. Fort Putnam (West Point)— Fort Putnam was established at West Point during 1778 by the 5th Massachusetts Regiment, commanded by Colonel (later General) Rufus Putnam. The post was the key po-

320 sition within the series of fortifications that protected West Point. It was strategically located to allow observation of the Plain and the Great Chain and provide a warning if an enemy fleet approached. Initially, the post was constructed of earthworks and lumber; however, later major improvements were made and Fort Putnam became a post constructed of stone at Fortress West Point. The fort, which overlooks the military academy, was subsequently restored and is sometimes open (limited times) to the public during the months of May through September. Not to be confused with Fort Putnam (Brooklyn). Fort Rascal— See Fort George (Oswego). Fort Reed— Fort Reed (Read or Reid) was established in the vicinity of Elmira (Chemung County) as a temporary post by General Sullivan during 1779 while his force was on a campaign against the Iroquois. On 29 August of that same year, General John Sullivan defeated a force of British and Iroquois at the Battle of Newtown, outside Elmira. Fort Reed was located near the convergence of the Chemung River (Tioga River) and Newtown Creek. The fort was abandoned following the victory. The battle is commemorated at Newtown Battlefield Park. Fort Rensselaer (Canajoharie)— Fort Rensselaer was established by the English during 1750. The fort had been the home of Marte Janse Van Alstyne and it is sometimes referred to as Fort Van Alystyne. Reports on times vary, but initially Van Alstyne and a partner, Hendrick Schrembling, purchased more than 700 acres at Canajoharie and in about 1750, Van Alystyne bought out Schrembling. Not to be confused with Fort Rensselaer (Fort Plain). Fort Rensselaer (Fort Plain)— Fort Rensselaer, known also as Fort Plain, was established in Montgomery County at present-day Fort Plain during the American Revolution. See also Fort Plain. Not to be confused with Fort Rensselaer (Canajoharie), also known as Fort Van Alystyne, which was established during 1750 in Montgomery County. Fort Richmond (Richmondtown)— The British established Fort Richmond on Staten Island at Richmondtown (Richmond Hill) during July 1776. While there in control of the area, the British established several redoubts prior to abandoning Staten Island during 1782. Not to be confused with Fort Richmond (Signal Hill) on Staten Island. Fort Richmond (Signal Hill)— Fort Richmond was established as a blockhouse during 1663 (later, Flagstaff Fort) on Staten Island at Signal Hill (1776). It was seized by the British later that same year after the Americans abandoned Staten Island. The post then became known as Fort Richmond. It was retained by the British until 1783 when they abandoned New York. Subsequently, during 1807, the fort was reconstructed of stone for the purpose of bolstering the defenses of New York Harbor and for awhile it was known as the Water Battery. Subsequently, the fort was further modified and transformed into a three-tiered structure during the Civil War period. Ironically, the suggestion to modify the post was made during 1840 by Captain Robert E. Lee, future Confederate general. During the Civil War, the post was overseen by Fort Tompkins. Fort Richmond was in close proximity to Batteries Hudson and Morton. The fort was later named Battery Weed in honor of General Stephen Hinsdale Weed, who was killed at Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg on 2 July 1863. General Weed was shot in the arm, but the bullet passed through his arm into his chest. He was interred at the Moravian Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island. The fort subsequently became part of Fort Wadsworth. Fort Richmond is not to be confused with Fort Richmond (Richmondtown), also established on Staten Island by the British during July 1776.

321 Fort Rickey— The English established Fort Rickey, an outpost of Fort Stanwix (later Fort Schuyler), at Rome during 1759. The outpost was constructed at the convergence of West Canada Creek and Wood Creek in Oneida County, but it soon fell into poor condition. By the start of the War for Independence, the outpost was too dilapidated for use. Fort St. Croix— At about 1620, the Dutch established Fort St. Croix in the vicinity of North Hoosick on the northeast bank of the Hoosick River (Rensselaer County). Subsequently, the fort was destroyed (time unknown), but later, during the French and Indian War, the Dutch again constructed a stockade (Fort St. Croix) there to defend the settlers during the conflict. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the famed Battle of Bennington (Vermont) was actually fought in New York, near this New York town. Fort St. Frederick— On 22 September 1731, the governor general of Canada, Marquis de Beauharnois, ordered the construction of Fort St. Frederick at Point a la Chevelure (Crown Point on Lake Champlain (Essex County). The fort was constructed by 1734 and altered during 1736 to make it more formidable and by 1742, following more construction, it became second in importance, following the French post at Quebec. The fort was used to launch offensive operations as well as being a sturdy defensive post. The British advanced toward the French positions during 1759. During July 1759, the fortunes of the French continued to deteriorate. With the loss of Niagara, the defenses at Fort Carillon and Fort St. Frederick, under pressure by General Amherst, were abandoned. Fort St. Frederick, initially fortified by the French during 1734, had grown to be the sturdiest French stronghold after Quebec. The captured forts were renamed: Fort Carillon became Fort Ticonderoga and Fort St. Frederick became Crown Point. In conjunction, Fort Crown Point is sometimes referred to as Fort Amherst, probably because Fort Crown Point was constructed under the direction of General Jeffrey Amherst, but it was not referred to in any records as Fort Amherst. See also Fort Crown Point. Fort St. George— The English established a supply depot (Fort St. George) on Smith’s Point in Suffolk County, Mastic, Long Island. The base came under assault by the Americans during November 1780. The post was seized and destroyed. Fort Ste. Marie DeGannentaha— In western New York, during 1656, the French established Fort Ste. Marie in the vicinity of Syracuse near Onondaga Lake. The fort had a garrison; however, it was also a mission fort as Jesuits were housed there to work amongst the Indians for conversions to Christianity. The post was abandoned after about two years due to the hostility of the Indians. The area, however, later developed rapidly due in great part to the salt deposits located in the region, which earlier, during the 1570s, was the capital of the Iroquois Confederacy. The city of Syracuse was incorporated during 1805. Fort Salem— Two men relocated from Massachusetts to Salem (known as Osoma by the Indians) during 1762, about one year after first visiting the area. In addition to building homes, the settlers established a church, the First Presbyterian. The church was located near White Creek at Salem in Washington County. During 1777, the church was not yet completed. At that time, the British were driving through the region (Burgoyne’s Campaign). American militia moved to fortify the church, and to further bolster its defenses a stockade was built and barracks were constructed within the walls. The church, turned fort, became known by several names, including Fort Salem, White Creek Fort and Fort William. The fort was destroyed by fire during the summer of 1777, and the fire was thought to have been intentionally set by a Tory. The church was rebuilt during the 1800s, subsequent to 1820, but again, during 1840, the church

Fort Schlosser / NEW YORK was destroyed by fire. During the 1880s, the church was rebuilt for a third time. At present, the church is the Fort Salem Theater. Fort Saraghtoga— Fort Saraghtoga was established during 1704 at Easton in present-day Washington County. The compound, located on the east bank of the Hudson River, was in close proximity to Fort Saratoga. The post was capable of holding more than 400 troops. It was abandoned during 1713. See also Fort Saratoga. Fort Saratoga— Fort Saratoga was established during 1702 by Colonel Schuyler at Schuylerville (Saratoga County) on the Hudson River below Fish Kill Creek. The structure was constructed where a blockhouse known as Fort Vrooman was built during the Winthrop Expedition (1689). The fort was reconstructed during 1721. Later, during November 1745, the fort was destroyed by a force of French and Indians as the French were driving toward the capital, Albany. Peter Schuyler held title (Saratoga Patent 1684) to most of the land in the area and others acquired it from him. When the French attacked, the settlement was not heavily defended as many colonists had moved to Albany for the winter. In addition to destroying the settlement, many of the residents were killed and others captured and dragged away. Subsequently, during 1746, a third fort, Fort Clinton, was established there. In conjunction, during March 1772, Saratoga County was separated into two districts, Half-Moon and Saratoga (Saraghtoga), but at the time, no towns were organized. The District of Saratoga at the time included Easton, which later became part of Washington County. During 1755, the District of Ballston was removed from the District of Saratoga, making three districts. When the American Revolution erupted, the region contained loyalists and patriots who remained against each other for the duration. Also, during 1704, Fort Saraghtoga was established near Fort Saratoga during 1704. See also Fort Saraghtoga. Fort Schenectady— The settlement at Schenectady was established through a patent during the 1670s. The colonists later built a stockade and the colony became known as Fort Schenectady. The complex contained two entrance gates at the north and south ends of the village at Church Street and Albany Road respectively, and within the stockade, a fort was constructed. Subsequently on 8 February 1690, the Schenectady Massacre occurred. Count Louis Frontenac, governor of Canada, decided to attack the English provinces. A force composed of Frenchmen and Indians, including D’Iberville, attacked Fort Schenectady, composed of about 80 houses, the fort and about 300–400 people. More than 50 residents were killed and slightly more than 25 were reported captured. Following the devastating attack, a new stockade was constructed around the settlement. Subsequently, during 1704–1705, the English constructed Queen’s Fort (also known as Royal Fort) there in the same vicinity at the intersection of present-day Ferry, Front and Green Streets. Queen’s Fort (later Fort Cosby) was reconstructed with stone during 1735. By 1754, Corlear’s Fort was known as Fort Cosby and by 1776 it became known as Fort Schenectady. The American Continental Army established barracks there. The last fort there was dismantled in about 1783. During the period of activity at Schenactady, three separate stockades were built there. Subsequently, during 1918, the Schenectady Army Depot was established in Rotterdam in Schenectady County. It remained active until after the close of World War II and then it became known as the Army Depot. It stayed active for several years after the Korean War. In conjunction, this Queen’s Fort at Schenectady is separate from Queen’s Fort established at St. Ann’s (Washington County) during 1709. Fort Schlosser— During 1760, the English established Fort Schlosser in Niagara Falls near a place where the French had earlier constructed Little Fort Niagara (also known as Fort du Portage) which was destroyed during 1659 to keep it from falling into the hands of the En-

NEW YORK / Fort Schroppel glish. The new post was only about four blocks distant from the older fort. Barracks were constructed at a spot between the forts and the chimney, a survivor of the old fort that was used at the barracks. The troops stationed at Fort Schlosser, in addition to regular duty, also held responsibility for guarding a shipyard that was constructed by the English on an island in the river known as Navy Island. Troops from Fort Schlosser, New York — Benson J. Fort Schlosser were disLossing Illustration patched to aid the troops under attack near Fort Gray during 1763 in what was known as the Devil’s Hole Massacre. The British retained the fort throughout the American Revolution and finally relinquished it to the U.S. during 1796. The U.S. held the fort from that time, but during the War of 1812, the British destroyed it during December 1813. Again the chimney survived. It is located at Porter Park. Fort Schroeppel— Fort Schroeppel was established in the vicinity of Schroeppel in Oswego County during 1758. The post was bolstered with a stockade and remained active until the following year. The post, which contained several warehouses, was apparently used primarily as a supply depot. Fort Schuyler (Bronx)— Fort Schuyler, built of granite in the shape of a pentagon, was established in the Bronx during 1833 on property acquired by the federal government during 1826. Fort Schuyler contained three bastions at the salients on the waterfront and it had other partial bastions on the land approaches as well as a draw bridge that led into a tunnel. It was built at the easternmost tip of the Bronx. The fort, named in honor of General Philip Schuyler, a Revolutionary War hero, was completed by 1851, but the garrison was not a full complement until the outbreak of the Civil War. The post was used to train the New York Volunteer 22nd Infantry Regiment. The masonry work was done primarily by Irish workers and many of the taverns that sprung up in the vicinity of the post were also operated by Irishmen. The post was strategically placed with its more than 400 guns to approaches to New York Harbor by way of the Sound at Throgs Neck. The guns were deployed on two tiers. Initially, Fort Schuyler was established to work in conjunction with Fort Totten, which was located across the Sound from Fort Schuyler. The post was never challenged. During the Civil War, the post was used to hold Confederate POWs. Later, during October 1870, the fort was deactivated, but several years later, a modernization project was initiated to enlarge the fortification to enable the post to handle 15-inch guns, but the project was cancelled during 1875. Toward the latter part of the 1890s, about 1896, the post was modernized for twentieth century warfare. During the Spanish-American War and during World War I, the post was used as a training base. During 1931, the post became the Maritime Marine Academy. At present, the post is part of the New York Maritime College. Fort Schuyler (Oneida County at Rome)— See Fort Stanwix. Fort Schuyler (St. Ann)— Fort Schuyler was established in Washington County at the village of St. Ann during 1709 by the English.

322 The post was built by troops under Colonel Nicholson and named in honor of Colonel Peter Schuyler. The post was active during an expedition against the French, but during Colonel Nicholson’s retreat toward Albany, the fort was destroyed. Subsequently, during 1711, a new post, Queen’s Fort, later Fort Anne was established there. See also Fort Anne, at St. Ann Village, New York. Not to be confused with Queen’s Fort (New York City) or Queen’s Fort (Schenectady). Fort Schuyler (Utica)— Fort Schuyler was established in Oneida County at Fort Schuyler (present-day Utica) during 1768, but it was not active for very long before it was abandoned. Subsequently, about 1773, a new settlement was established there, but the British and their Indian allies destroyed it during 1776. Following the conclusion of the American Revolution, a new settlement emerged there. The area became known as Utica during 1798. Fort Schuyler (Utica) is separate from Fort Schuyler established in Washington County near St. Ann’s village (1709), Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) established in Oneida County at Rome (1776) and it is also separate from Fort Schuyler established in the Bronx (1833–1839). Fort Scott— During the summer of 1814, the Americans established several forts in the vicinity of Plattsburgh for added protection of the town against a British attack against the American right flank. Fort Scott was positioned atop a high cliff that dominated Lake Champlain. The other two posts were Fort Brown and Fort Moreau. The guns of Fort Scott were turned from the bay and pointed toward where British ground forces would approach. See also Plattsburgh Forts. Fort Setauket— The British, while in control of Long Island, established a post known as Fort Setauket in Suffolk County at Setauket during 1777. The post was actually a Presbyterian church which was fortified and garrisoned by Tories. An attack was launched against the post by Americans during August 1777; however, word arrived that British reinforcements were en route aboard ships that departed Huntington, prompting a retreat. Although the British fortified a Presbyterian church, an Anglican church was close by, just across the field. It was named Caroline Church after the wife of King George II. Later, during 1778, the post was abandoned. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the Presbyterian church was destroyed by an accidental fire, caused by a lightning strike. Fort Setauket was located about 10 miles from another British post, Fort Slonga. Fort Sir William Johnson— Fort Sir William Johnson was established during 1763 at Johnson Hall in Johnstown. Johnson, who had also been an Indian commissioner, had earlier established Fort Johnson during 1749 in the vicinity of Amsterdam, and prior to that he had a residence that was built about 1739 at Mount Johnson. The settlement known as Johnstown was established by Johnson during 1759. He moved there during 1762, after Johnson Hall was completed. Subsequently, during 1774, Johnson succumbed and the estate was inherited by his son who had the title, Sir John Johnson. Apparently, Johnson lived the life of a monarch in the Mohawk Valley. By the time the American Revolution, many of the colonists that had been residing in Johnstown sided with England. The Americans confiscated the estate during the war. Fort Skenesborough— During 1759, the English established a fort (Fort Wilkens) at Skenesborough (Washington County) in the vicinity of Whitehall and less than 10 miles from Ticonderoga. The fort, which consisted of a blockhouse and a nearby barracks, was in close proximity of Wood Creek. The English retained the fort until 1775 when it was taken by the Americans and renamed Fort Skenesborough. Later, during July 1777, the fort was seized by the British during their advance toward Ticonderoga, but the British abandoned the

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Fort Stanwix / NEW YORK

post after several weeks when the troops there joined Burgoyne’s main body for the attack against Ticonderoga. The fort remained active until 1783. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the fort was again activated to bolster the defenses in the vicinity of Lake Champlain. The Americans constructed a blockhouse on the site to protect the shipyards at the harbor. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the shipyard was used by General Benedict Arnold’s fleet on Lake Champlain, prior to his treachery. Fort Slocum— Fort Slocum was established on Davids’ Island in the vicinity of Rye on land acquired by lease from Thaddeus Davids by the U.S. government during 1862. A hospital (De Camp Hospital) was established on the island to care for wounded Confederate POWs that were transported there from Gettysburg during 1865. During 1867, the government purchased the acreage for the purpose of establishing a military installation on the island as part of the defenses of New York Harbor. Fort Slocum was named in honor of a Civil War hero, General Henry W. Slocum, who was born at Delphi and later graduated from West Point during 1852. Following the Civil War, among other things, Slocum became a U.S. congressman (1869 through 1873 and 1883 through 1885). Later, during April 1894, he succumbed in Brooklyn. During the Spanish-American War, the New York 22nd New York Infantry Regiment was mustered into service at Hempstead, Long Island, during May 1898 and most of its time in service was spent at Fort Slocum, where it was mustered out during November 1898. The post remained active into the twentieth century. Batteries at the post included Battery Frazer (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Haskin (two 12-inch mortars), Battery Kinney (2 3-inch pedestal guns) and Battery Overton (two 12inch mortars). The post was never challenged. During the 1950s, the post was also a missile site, which had to be spread out in the Long Island Sound on two islands, Davids’ and Hart’s. The island known as Hart’s Island also contains a New York Potter’s Field, which was created by the government of New York City in about 1868. Hart’s Island also held a U.S. Navy barracks for disciplinary reasons during World War II. The Nike base was deactivated during 1960, after about five years service as part of the U.S. Coastal Defense System under the command of the United States Army Air Defense Command (ARADCOM). Nearly 20 separate Nike sites were established to defend the New York City region during the Cold War, while Communist USSR remained a threat to the United States. The Nike battery was initially known as Battery D, operated by the U.S. 66th Anti Aircraft Missile Battalion (U.S. Army). The battalion was headquartered at Fort Totten (Queens). Later, the battery became Nike Missile Battery NY 15. In conjunction, Fort Slocum, for a while, was also utilized as a training center for chaplains. Fort Slonga— Fort Slonga (also Salonga and Slongo) was established by the British in Suffolk County, Long Island, in the vicinity of Treadwell during 1776. An American contingent attacked the post during October 1781 and destroyed it, but most of the garrison was able to escape. Fort Stanwix—During August 1758, in Oneida County, the construction of Fort Stanwix (Rome) began as part of General Abercrombie’s plan to retake the Oneida Carry, which had previously (1756) been ordered destroyed by General Webb. General Stanwix directed Lieutenant Williams to manage the engineering, and in addition, Stanwix placed Horatio Gates (with the appointed rank of major) in charge of the administrative duties. The fort remained active for the duration of the ongoing French and Indian War, but following the conclusion of hostilities, the post fell into total decay. In conjunction, several forts had earlier been established along this route near Rome during 1756 and were quickly destroyed to prevent the French from gaining them. However, Fort Stanwix’s short life was not

Fort Stanwix, Rome, New York — Department Interior NPS

threatened by the enemy. On 5 November 1768, the colonists and the Six Nations concluded a treaty at Fort Stanwix. Negotiations for the colonists were handled by Sir William Johnson, whom the royal government had selected for the task. The colonies received for a price of £10,460 the land that stretched between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. Nonetheless, during the War for Independence, a new bastion was built there and renamed Fort Schuyler. The fort, like its predecessor, Fort Stanwix, was built to protect the Oneida Carry/ Portage, the route that traveled from the Great Lakes to the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers and from there to the Atlantic Ocean. The British attacked Fort Schuyler on 3–6 August 1777 (Siege of Fort Stanwix-Fort Schuyler). On 4 August 1777, General Horatio Gates replaced General Philip Schuyler as commander of the Continental Army of the North. Schuyler was accused of negligence of duty, but he was later exonerated by a court-martial. General Nicholas Herkimer departed Fort Dayton with a force of 900 men of the Tryon County Militia to reinforce Gansevoort’s defense of Fort Stanwix, some 50 miles away. The British demanded surrender, but American forces, under Colonel Peter Gansevoort, rejected the ultimatum. Gansevoort responded, saying he would defend the fort to the last man. In the meantime, word of the siege spread and reinforcements under General Herkimer rushed to aid Gansevoort. On the 6th, a scout from Herkimer’s command managed to sneak through the British lines and enter the fort to inform Gansevoort that reinforcements were less than 10 miles away. However, those reinforcements were bushwhacked by the British (Battle of Oriskany). Herkimer’s force was struck by Brant’s Indians and Johnson’s Greens. The militia was stung by a hurricane of fire and soon after, the Indians bolted from their concealed positions yelling their war cries and swinging their Tomahawks. The struggle was at close quarters and neither side was able to properly use their rifles, causing the struggle to be especially bloody as knives become the weapon of the moment. During the melee, some of the militia broke ranks and retreated at the first signs of the Indians’ tomahawks, but others attempted to hold. About 100 of them were able to pull back to positions on the high ground and forestall defeat. Despite his own predicament, Gansevoort dispatched a contingent of troops at Fort Stanwix to support Herkimer. The contingent, commanded by Colonel Marinus Willet, arrived safely to bolster Herkimer. The combined force compelled the British and the Indians to retire. Willet returned to the fort, his command having sustained no casualties. However, the militia and the British each sustained heavy casualties. The British withdrew at nightfall. Herkimer was mortally wounded, dying of his wounds on 16 August 1777. In the meantime, British colonel St. Leger again demanded the surrender of Fort Stanwix, but Gansevoort ignored the threat. He dispatched Colonel Willet and Lieutenant Stockwell to seek help from General Schuyler, who stood about 50 miles distant. In conjunction,

NEW YORK / Fort Stark

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General Benedict Arnold volunteered to lead the reinforcements to lift the siege. Arnold pulled off a ruse by using a captured Tory, Yost Cuyler, in exchange for his life, to speed ahead and inform the British that a large force was advancing and that he had just escaped from the battle. The Indians, who had accompanied the mission for scalps and plunder, had already become disillusioned because they had not gotten any booty because the fort refused to fall. The Indians abandoned the campaign, leaving St. Leger. Soon after this report of Cuyler, other Indians had arrived to report the rout of Burgoyne, causing even more alarm within the ranks of the Redcoats. On the 22nd of August, St. Leger hurriedly abandoned the siege of Fort Stanwix, leaving its supplies and artillery on the field. While St. Leger’s force was retreating, the Indians who had been their allies waited along the highway and relieved the British officers of their baggage and confiscated the supplies and provisions of the command. However, the Indians then decided to take further steps. They confiscated the weapons and began to kill off the troops, using the English bayonets. Those Redcoats who were unable to keep up with the fast pace of the retreat were slain. The reinforcements under Arnold arrived on the 24th, but with the threat gone, he returned to his headquarters. Fort Stanwix remained active until 1781 but no further actions occurred at the fort. The continuing tale about the Stars and Stripes being flown for the first time at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) at the battle is merely legend. The Stars and Stripes was mandated by Congress on 14 June 1777 and it was not possible for word to have reached Fort Schuyler. The legend persists, but historians at Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) caution about the story being only legend. Subsequently, during 1781, the fort was destroyed by fire, but it was rebuilt and renamed Fort Stanwix. In the meantime, Fort Dayton became the westernmost post. During October 1784, the Iroquois met with United States representatives to sign the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, which set the terms with the Indians after the Revolution. The Iroquois Confederacy (excluding the Oneida and Tuscarora, who were allied to the Americans) ceded a large majority of their tribal lands to the United States. By 1812 and the eruption of the War of 1812, the fort again was falling into disrepair. Nonetheless, a blockhouse was established there. By the latter part of the 1820s, the fort was phased out and demolished. Later, the fort was reconstructed by the National Park Service. For more information: Fort Stanwix (National Historic Site), National Park Service, 112 E. Park Street, Rome, New York 13440. The fort is situated in a 15-acre park. It has been reconstructed as the eighteenth century Fort Stanwix.

vicinity of Hell Gate, and Fort Stevens was built at Hallett’s Point, near the East River. In conjunction, earlier, during the American Revolution, the patriots had apparently established fortifications here on both sides of the East River.

Fort Stark— Fort Stark was one of a series of fortifications established during the War of 1812 (1812–1815) in Jefferson County to defend Sacketts Harbor. The others included Fort Chauncey, Fort Kentucky and Fort Virginia. These smaller forts were anchored around Fort Pike (later Madison Barracks), established during 1813. See also Sacketts Harbor Forts.

Fort Sullivan— See Fort Sullivan, Pennsylvania.

Fort Stevens— During 1814 (War of 1812), the Americans established defenses at Queens, including a blockhouse on Mill Rock in the

Fort Stevens, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Mills Rock near Fort Stevens, New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Fort Stirling— Fort Stirling, known also as Fort Half-Moon, named in honor of Lord Stirling (American general William Alexander), was established in about March 1776 at Brooklyn Heights (in the vicinity of present-day Columbia Street between Clark and Orange Streets). The fort was seized by the British during August 1776. On 27 August 1776, the British inflicted a severe defeat upon the Continental Army at the Battle of Brooklyn, giving them a strategic post near the East River. Washington retired across the river to Manhattan on 29 August. The troops, horses and artillery were transported by boats, but Washington’s heavy artillery pieces were abandoned due to the treacherous crossing. British forces arrived at about 0800 on 30 August, but the Americans had safely evacuated their positions. Some of the trailing units were fired upon, but no injuries were sustained and no damage was done to the boats. Fort Stirling was in close proximity to Fort Brooklyn, built by the British during 1780. During 1783, the fort was abandoned. In conjunction, General William Alexander claimed the title Lord Stirling as earl of Stirling, but his claim was denied by the British. Nevertheless, he retained the title. General Alexander, the commander of the New York City militia, was captured by the British at the Battle of Long Island and later released. Fort Sutherland— See Fort Greene. Fort Swartwout— See New York City Forts, Fort Number 2. Fort Swift— Fort Swift was established in Brooklyn during 1812 by troops under General Joseph G. Swift. The post was located where Fort Corkscrew had been established during the American Revolution. See also Fort Corkscrew. Fort Terry— During 1897, the federal government acquired about 130–150 acres on Plum Island (Plumme Island) at Long Island off North Fork to established another fortification (Fort Terry) to bolster the defenses of the Long Island coast. The land was purchased from Abraham Hewitt. The island was called Manittuwand by the Indians. The government had previously purchased land on the island during 1826 to construct a lighthouse there and soon after the 1897 purchase, the remainder of the island was acquired during 1901. Other posts in the area were Fort Michie on Great Gull Island, Fort Tyler at Gardiner’s Point and Fort Wright on Fishers Island. None

325 of the posts was ever challenged. Fort Terry remained active until after World War II. During the postwar years, a military research facility was placed there during 1946, following an outbreak of footand-mouth disease in Mexico during World War II; however, the facility remained in operation until the base was abandoned by the army during 1948. Afterward, the facility was reactivated for scientific research, but the work was primarily carried out in secret between the U.S. Army and the U.S. Agricultural Department. By 1953, the Agricultural Department received some portions of the island to use for animal research in regard to disease. The fort’s batteries included: Battery Bradford (two 6-inch disappearing guns), Battery Campbell (two 3-inch pedestal AA, and two 3-inch guns), Battery Dalliba (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Dimick (two 6inch disappearing guns), Battery Eldridge (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Floyd (two 6-inch disappearing guns), Battery Greble (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Hagner (two 3-inch pedestal guns), Battery Kelly (two 5-inch pedestal guns), Battery Steele (two 10-inch disappearing guns) and Battery Stoneman (four 12-inch mortars). Also, during the American Revolution period, the British held positions on the island. During 1775, an American force under General David Wooster crossed Plum Gut, which separated Plum Island from Orient Point, and landed at the island in the vicinity of the lighthouse to terminate raids by the British who were launching raids to confiscate livestock from the patriots. The British, however, were able to easily drive the Americans away. The contingent returned to Oyster Ponds (later Orient Point). Fort Ticonderoga— During July 1759, in New York, the fortunes of the French continued to deteriorate. With the loss of Fort Niagara, the defenses at Fort Carillon and Fort St. Frederick, under pressure by General Jeffrey Amherst, were abandoned. Fort St. Frederick, initially fortified by the French during 1734, had grown to be the sturdiest French stronghold after Quebec. The captured forts were renamed: Fort Carillon became Fort Ticonderoga and Fort St. Frederick became Crown Point. Later, on 10 May 1775, the fort was captured by the Americans. The confiscated military stores were then sent to General Washington at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Colonel Ethan Allen had demanded the surrender of the garrison with these words: “Surrender in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.” On 15 October 1776, a British force under Carleton arrived off Crown Point. The Americans torched the houses there to prevent the British from using them and then the patriots retired toward Fort Ticonderoga. The British gave pursuit, but Sir Guy Carleton, after inspecting the formidable defenses at Ticonderoga, chose to cancel further attacks and establish winter quarters at Sorel. Nonetheless, the British regained the fort during 1777. During 2–5 July 1777, the British, under General Burgoyne, reached the vicinity of Fort Ticonderoga. Many of the defenders had departed Ticonderoga to join with General Washington. The fort was defended by about 2,000 troops; however, its full complement of about 10,000 would have had to have been there to properly meet the British threat due to the size of the complex. Fort Ticonderoga was linked with Mount Independence (formerly Rattlesnake Hill), Vermont, upon which the Americans had deployed artillery and the Americans had also planted obstacles in Lake Champlain by linking logs by chains. The series of defenses was further bolstered by the fortifications on Sugar Hill, which dominated Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. General Authur St. Clair chose not to deploy his forces at Sugar Hill. Meanwhile, the British issued an ultimatum to the populace to submit to the king and he promised protection to those who rejected the rebel cause. The British also occupied Sugar Hill and renamed it Defiance Hill (or Mount Defiance). Other forces with the British, under German general Riedesel occupied the eastern bank of the channel near Mount Independence, and yet other

Fort Tompkins / NEW YORK British troops overcame an American contingent and seized Mount Hope, just south of Fort Ticonderoga. By the evening of the 5th, the Americans were nearly totally isolated, leaving them only the options of being trapped or attempting to take the lone escape route which ran between a stream that flowed from Mount Independence and the South River. Fort Ticonderoga was evacuated on the night of 5–6 July 1777. The wounded and sick were placed upon boats that escaped up the South River. The main body marched toward Vermont via Skeenesborough. The withdrawal was accomplished without incident, but toward the end of the operation, a fire erupted at Mount Independence and soon after, the British attacked it, only to find it abandoned. The British attempted to intercept the retiring American force, but it moved too quickly and passed the Falls of Skeenesborough and sped to Fort Ann (New York). The Americans regained Fort Ticonderoga following the devastating British defeat at Saratoga. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the fort was demolished. Fort Tompkins (Buffalo)— Fort Tompkins, also known as Fort Adams, was established along the Niagara River at Buffalo (Erie County) during 1812. The British attacked the fort during July 1813, at the same time Buffalo was burned along with Black Rock Arsenal. Not to be confused with Fort Tompkins (Staten Island), Fort Tompkins (Sacketts Harbor) or Fort Tompkins (Plattsburg). Fort Tompkins (Plattsburg)— On 6 September 1814, a British force, composed of about 11,000 troops under Sir George Prevost, arrived at Plattsburg. The American forces there were commanded by General Alexander Macomb, but about 4,500 had departed for Fort Erie during the latter part of August, leaving only about 4,000 troops to defend the positions. Following the American victory, Fort Tompkins was established in Clinton County at Plattsburg during 1814 by the Americans subsequent to the victory over the British at the Battle of Plattsburg. Another fortification, Fort Gaines, was established at about the same time. In conjunction, Fort Tompkins was named in honor of Governor Daniel Tompkins and Fort Gaines was named in honor of General Edmund Gaines. The new forts augmented several others already there. Fort Tompkins was built southwest of Fort Brown and Fort Gaines was positioned south of Fort Scott between Lake Champlain and Fort Tompkins. In conjunction, the British headquarters during that period were near the mouth of the Saranac River on the property of the Kent-de Lord House. Fort Tompkins (Sacketts Harbor)— Fort Tompkins was established during the War of 1812 period at Sacketts Harbor in Jefferson County. Fort Tompkins, named in honor of Governor Daniel Tompkins, was established as a redoubt to support a chain of larger forts constructed to defend the area. Fort Tompkins was positioned to help guard the land approaches to Sacketts Harbor. The other fortifications included Fort Chauncey, Fort Kentucky, Fort Stark and Fort Virginia. The series of posts was anchored to Fort Pike (later Madison Barracks), which was established during 1813. On 11 January 1814, Marines and sailors bolstered the positions at Fort Tompkins at Sacketts Harbor to prepare for an anticipated assault by the British. Shipbuilding had been continuing through the bitter winter that had taken a severe toll on equipment and men. Henry Eckford, supervisor of the shipbuilding, and naval Master Commandant William Crane checked the planking of the nearly finished brigantine Jefferson. Two other vessels, the Jones and Superior were also under construction. The British plan to attack was aborted and the construction of the vessels was completed. The Jefferson and Jones were finished by early April. The frigate Superior joined the other two on the lakes during the summer. Not to be confused with Fort Tompkins (Staten Island), Fort Tompkins (Buffalo) or Fort Tompkins (Plattsburg).

NEW YORK / Fort Tompkins Fort Tompkins (Staten Island)— Fort Tompkins, named for Governor Daniel Tompkins, was established on Staten Island during 1860. The fort’s history dates back as far as the 1660s when it had been used by the colonists as a blockhouse and afterward by the Americans (Flagstaff Fort) and then the British during the War for Independence. It was also active during the War of 1812 after being reconstructed of stone. In conjunction, the new fort, built during 1860, was the idea of a U.S. Army captain from Virginia who proposed the reconstruction project during the 1840s. That captain had since been raised in rank and was in Texas when construction began. He never visited the fort due to circumstances. His name was Robert E. Lee. Also, other forts connected with Fort Tompkins were Fort Hudson, Fort Morton and Fort Richmond (Water Battery, afterward Battery Weed). Eventually Fort Tompkins became part of Fort Wadsworth. See also Fort Wadsworth. Not to be confused with Fort Tompkins (Sacketts Harbor), Fort Tompkins (Buffalo) or Fort Tompkins (Plattsburg). Fort Totten— Fort Totten, initially known as Fort Willets (also Fort at Willet’s Point), was established in New York at northern Bayside, Queens, in about 1857, but construction did not begin until 1862. The property was originally owned by Charles Willets, who acquired it during 1823. The post was designed as another defensive fortification (Third System fortification) to protect New York Harbor. It worked in conjunction with Fort Schuyler — the latter stood across Long Island Sound at Throg’s Neck — to monitor the rear (eastern) approaches from the East River. The complex was laid out over nearly 150 acres and it contained a structure known as The Castle, which was where the Corps of Engineers established headquarters during 1865; however, the fort was never completely constructed. Fort Willets was subsequently, during the latter part of the nineteenth century, about 1898, renamed Fort Totten, in honor of General Joseph Gilbert Totten, graduate of West Point (1805). Totten’s graduating class was composed of three cadets; he was the tenth officer to graduate at West Point. Totten, of New Haven, Connecticut, succumbed in Washington, D.C., during April 1864 while serving as a brevet major general in the Union Army. The post was modernized for the twentieth century when new types of weaponry began to get installed in about 1900. The batteries included: Battery Baker, Battery Burnes (Burns), Battery Graham, Battery King, Battery Mahan, Battery Stuart and Battery Sumner. During the early part of the twentieth century, the post contained the Electric Mines and Army School of Submarine Defense, which was deactivated during 1907. Later, during the 1920s, an anti-aircraft installation was established at Fort Totten and by the start of World War II, the post became the headquarters for the Artillery Command, Eastern Defense Command. In addition, during 1944, the North Atlantic Wing of the Air Transportation Command was headquartered at Fort Totten and afterward, during 1949, during the postwar years, it was the headquarters for the New York-New Jersey Sub-Area Command and later as the Cold War progressed, Fort Totten became a Nike site (1st Region ARADCOM) during 1954 as one of nearly 20 such missile sites constructed to defend New York. The post also became a U.S. Army Reserve Center (77th Regional Support Command) during 1968 and a base for the U.S. Coast Guard during the following year. The military retained parts of Fort Totten, but by the 1970s, some civilian entities were acquiring access, including the New York City Fire Department, as the facility was being transferred to the City of New York Fort Tryon— Fort Tryon was established at the northern tip of Washington Heights (Manhattan) by the British at the American fortification known as Forest Hill Redoubt, which was established during 1776 as an outpost for Fort Washington. The British seized the post during November 1776. Forest Redoubt was subsequently

326 reconstructed and renamed Fort Tryon. The post was held until the British abandoned New York during 1783. Fort Tryon is now part of Fort Tryon Park. See also Forest Hill Redoubt. Fort Tyler— Fort Tyler was established as a Spanish-American War camp during 1898 on Gardiner’s Island at Gardiner’s Bay. The post remained active until the latter part of the 1920s. Later, during World War II, the area was used as a bombing practice range. Fort Van Alystyne— See Fort Rensselaer (Canajoharie). Fort Van Auken— Fort Van Auken (also Van Auken’s Fort) was a fortified house that was established near Port Jervis at Deer Park in Orange County during 1777 when forts were being constructed throughout the Minisink Valley. On 22 July 1779, the day prior to a major confrontation known as the Battle of Minisink, Indians raided the area near Fort Van Auken. The Indians were led by Joseph Brant. During the attack, one of the Van Aukens, James, was killed. On that same day, Indians had also attacked a party that was returning from a funeral. According to the handed-down stories, some of the children were spared while they were at a school where yet another man, Jerimiah Van Auken, the teacher, was killed. The young girls were, according to the story, spared by other Indians after Joseph Brant painted a sign on their clothing which signaled to the other braves that they were not to be harmed. On the following day, 20 July 1779, a major battle erupted. A militia force attempted to mount a surprise attack to rescue the captives. The Indians, however, received a warning when a shot was accidentally fired. The engagement occurred near the mouth of the Lackawaxen on the Delaware River. Some of the militia fled, but the force that remained, under Colonel Benjamin Tusten, less than 50 men, was encircled and liquidated after the troops expended their supply of ammunition. The militia had been in pursuit of the Indians following the attack on the previous day, in which captives were taken. Fort Vaudreuil— See Fort Carillon. Fort Virginia— Fort Virginia was established during the War of 1812 as one of a series of fortifications at Sacketts Harbor in Jefferson County. The others posts included Fort Chauncey, Fort Kentucky and Fort Stark. Fort Virginia, a redoubt, contained about 16 guns. The chain of small forts was linked to Fort Pike (later Madison Barracks), which was established during 1813. Also, Fort Volunteer was established at Sacketts Harbor. Its purpose was to defend the approaches leading to the northeast entrance route. Fort Volunteer— Fort Volunteer was established during the initial days of the War of 1812 at Sacketts Harbor. The fort was positioned to protect the northeastern approaches to the town, but it was solidly built. By the following year, Fort Pike was constructed there and it became the anchor fort of a chain of posts established during the conflict. The other posts included Fort Chauncey, Fort Kentucky, Fort Stark and Fort Virginia. Fort Vrooman— Settlers first arrived in what became Saratoga County during 1688. Bartel Vroman (Vrooman) was among the initial settlers. During 1689, Fort Vrooman, a blockhouse, was established there in the vicinity of Coveville along the Hudson River near Fish Creek (Schuylerville). Subsequently, during 1702, Johannes Schuyler took up residence there. Fort Saratoga was established there during 1702. See also Fort Saratoga. Fort Wadsworth— Fort Wadsworth was established on Staten Island by the U.S. Army during 1900. The fort was constructed at a point which had been a military post since the 1600s when a blockhouse was built there. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the patriots established Flagstaff Fort there during 1776. The post was rebuilt of stone during the War of 1812 period. Later, during the Civil

327 War period, Fort Tompkins was established there. Other forts connected with Fort Tompkins were Fort Hudson, Fort Morton and Fort Richmond (Water Battery, afterward Battery Weed). By 1900, the complex became Fort Wadsworth, named in honor of Union brigadier general James Samuel Wadsworth from Genesee. General Wadsworth was shot while he was riding his horse during the fighting in the Wilderness on 6 May 1864. The bullet lodged in his brain. He was taken to a Confederate field hospital where he succumbed on 8 May 1864. Also, the modern batteries at Fort Wadsworth included: Battery Ayres (two 12-inch disappearing guns), Battery Bacon, Battery Barry (unknown guns), Battery Catlin, Battery Dix (two 12-inch disappearing guns), Battery Duane (guns unknown), Battery Hudson (two 12-inch disappearing guns), Battery Mills, Battery Richmond (two 12-inch disappearing guns), Battery Turnbull (Turnbill) and Battery Upton (two 10-inch disappearing guns). Following World War I, the post was modified as the coast artillery guns were redeployed at Fort Tilden. Fort Wadsworth was a Nike missile site during 1950 (Cold War). Subsequently, the post was also used for the U.S. Army Chaplain School and as headquarters for Naval Station New York. The facility was deactivated during 1994. Fort Wagner— During 1750, in central New York, Fort Wagner (a two-story fortified farmhouse) in the vicinity of Nelliston (Montgomery County) was established. The fort was built by Johann Peter Wagner and his father, known as Peter Wagner, after they moved into Montgomery County. The Wagners were Germans (Palatines) who arrived in the colonies at New York during 1710. Johann, born during 1722 in the colonies, became a lieutenant colonel in the militia. The fort was attacked by the British, including Tories and Indians, during 1780, but it did not fall. It was deactivated after the war. Johann was a participant in many of the clashes that occurred in the Mohawk Valley during the American War for Independence. He succumbed during 1813 and was interred at a nearby cemetery, but later he was reinterred in the Fort Plain Cemetery at Fort Plain. Fort Wagner still stands. Fort Walrath— Fort Walrath, a blockhouse, was established along the Mohawk River at St. Johnsville on the property of Henry Walrath during 1776. Walrath was in close proximity to Fort Klock, established there during 1750. During October 1780, Fort Walrath was destroyed by the British. Other forts in the area included Fort Dayton, Fort Failing, Fort Nellis and Fort Zimmerman. Fort Washington— Fort Washington was established during September 1776 by the Continental Army in Manhattan in the vicinity of present-day Fort Washington Avenue and 183rd Streets. The area was known as Washington Heights. The fortification was hurried to meet the English threat, but its five bastions protected by earthen walls lacked the sturdiness to hold steadfastly. The fort was built atop a hill giving the Americans the advantage of high ground and a strategic place for observing an enemy approach. On 23 October 1776, General Washington gave orders to again withdraw, leaving Manhattan for White Plains; however, the Continental Army retained a garrison, commanded by Colonel Robert Magaw, at Fort Washington. On 28 October (Battle of White Plains), the British prevailed, but still the primary defenses held at Fort Washington. By 15 November 1776, the British prepared to seize Fort Washington. General Washington, across the river at Hackensack, New Jersey, began to cross the Hudson to inspect the fort, but he encountered Generals Putnam and Greene. They informed him that Fort Washington formed a heavy defense, but they also informed Washington that it was too late to evacuate the post. The commander at Fort Washington had declined an ultimatum to surrender. On 16 November 1776, the British attacked with a force of about 13,000 troops. Initially, the defenders seemed to be faring well as observed by the

Fort William Henry / NEW YORK Americans across the river; however, the British were able to finally overwhelm the fort. At one point during the struggle, Washington observed a unit under General Cadwalader holding well against superior numbers, but the view became grim as he soon after saw his troops being stabbed to death by the Hessians’ bayonets, even as they conspicuously pled for their lives. The British lost 455 men, but the fort fell and Colonel Magaw was compelled to surrender about 2,500 troops. In conjunction, following this loss, Fort Lee in New Jersey became untenable. It was abandoned. The British renamed the post Fort Knyphausen in honor of General Wilhelm, Baron von Knyphausen, and retained control of it until relinquished during 1783. The site of the fort is now part of Fort Washington Park. Fort Webb— Fort Webb, a battery, was established at West Point during April 1778 under the direction of Colonel Kosciuszko. It was one of a series of three batteries built at that time. The others were Fort Meigs and Fort Wyllys, each named after the commander of the militia unit that formed the garrison. Construction of all of the batteries was completed by August of that same year, but Fort Webb was completed during July. Fort Webb was primarily built of earth and wood; however, its ramparts were constructed of stone. Fort Webb was the largest of the three batteries and had a perimeter of about 134 yards, double the size of Forts Meigs and Wyllys. Its artillery dominated the ground to the front of Crown Hill, the ridge near Fort Wyllys, and two other guns protected the southeast tip of the plain from where a British land assault would be initiated after a landing on the Hudson River there. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Wilkens— See Fort Skenesborough. Fort Wilkins— Same as Fort Wilkens. Fort Willem Hendrick— See Fort Amsterdam. Fort Willets (Queens)— See Fort Totten. Fort Willets in Queens is not to be confused with Fort Willett at St. Johnsville. Fort Willett–The Americans established Fort Willett at St. Johnsville (Montgomery County) about five miles below Fort Plain (originally called Fort Rensselaer) at Fort Plain. The fort was established subsequent to the British attacks in the region near St. Johnsville during October of 1780. Fort Willett had the capacity to hold large numbers of troops. Subsequent to the close of the war, the fort was torn down. Fort Willett is not to be confused with Fort Willets at Queens. Fort William— See Fort Salem. Fort William Augustus— See Fort Levis. Fort William Hendrick— See Fort Willem Hendrick. Fort William Henry (New York City)— See Fort George (New York City). Fort William Henry (New York City) is not to be confused with Fort William Henry (Lake George). Fort William Henry (Lake George)— Fort William Henry was established by the British under General William Johnson in Warren County at Lake George during September 1755. Lake George, until about that time, was known as Lac Du St. Sacrement by the French who named it. General Williams named the place Lake George just prior to his defeat of the French (Battle of Lake George) during that same year. The lake acted as a barrier of just more than 25 miles between the French at Fort Carillon, north of it, and Fort Edward, which was located southeast of the lake and at the time the furthest north the English had advanced from the Hudson River. The primary reason Fort William Henry was established was to guard a highway that ran from the lake to Fort Edward and secondly it was positioned from where the British could utilize it as a supply base and jump-off point to launch raids against the French during the

NEW YORK / Fort Williams ongoing hostilities (French and Indian War period). The site of the post and the layout of the fort was selected by General Johnson and Captain William Eyre. For about the next two years, the French on occasion attempted to eliminate the newest threat, but they failed to reduce Fort William Henry. During July 1757, the French were preparing to move against the British post with a large force, bolstered by Indians. On 23 July, a contingent composed of slightly more than 350 men, commanded by Colonel Peter Parker ( Jersey Blues), embarked aboard barges to intercept an advancing French force. The vanguard was struck by an ambush on the following morning, compelling the troops aboard the first three barges to surrender. Trailing closely behind, but unaware of the fate of the leading barges, several more fell prey to ambush. Still, the troops in the remaining barges advanced without knowledge of the presence of the Indians. Soon after, they too were bushwhacked. The English attempted to retire, but the Indians gave pursuit. Of the more than 20 barges which initiated the operation, only two escaped. The Indians passed the retiring barges and set up blockages to prevent passage and when the barges reached the barriers, the Indians boarded them to initiate a slaughter. Some attempted escape and of those some drowned and others were seized. The Indians also stumbled upon the troops’ rum and indulged. Several of the captives were then killed, cooked and eaten by the Indians. Later, on 4 August, the French struck the fort, defended by about 2,500 troops under Colonel Monro. The fort was attacked and surrounded, but the defenders continued to resist and await reinforcements. By afternoon, the French, unable to topple the post, attempted to convince the British to surrender or face the wrath of the Indians. Monro declined General Montcalm’s ultimatum. A siege continued until the 7th, but still the British defied the overwhelming force of more than 10,000 and the relentless bombardment. During the afternoon, the English spotted the emergence of a flag of truce within the French lines. Shortly thereafter, Monro was shown an authentic captured letter from General Daniel Webb at nearby Fort Edward, informing Monro that no reinforcements were being sent and that Monro should surrender. At the time, Webb had about 3,000–4,000 troops, but he retained them at Fort Edward. Still Monro refused to capitulate. By 9 August, it became apparent that further resistance was fruitless. Monro sought terms for surrender and received them; however, the French did not control the Indians. At noon on the 9th, as agreed upon by Montcalm and Colonel Monro, the French assumed responsibility for the fort as the English, numbering just less than 500, marched out, heading to a nearby encampment east of the fort where more than 1,700 other Englishmen held positions. In the meantime, the Indians pillaged the fort and by the latter part of the day, they passed through the French guards to massacre the sick and wounded that were in the medical tents. One survivor of the horror scene, Israel Putnam (later General Putnam during the War for Independence) described what he observed: “The fires were still burning. The smoke and stench offensive and suffocating. Innumerable fragments, human skulls, and bones, and carcasses, half consumed, were still frying and broiling in the decaying fires....” Continuing, Putnam described the scene of the women: “More than 100 women, butchered and shockingly mangled, lay upon the ground still weltering in their gore....” On the following morning, the English moved out under French protection. Within a short while, the Indians initiated another slaughter, bludgeoning women and children as well as the troops. The French attempted to intervene, but to no avail. Even the desperate appearance of Montcalm failed to halt the savage brutality. The English, unable to properly defend themselves pushed forward, with the Indians in pursuit. Eventually, a force of about 500 English troops advanced from Fort Edward to provide protection for the survivors for the final four miles of the nightmarish trek. In the meantime, the French demolished Fort William

328 Henry. The sturdy fort was not completely destroyed until the 13th. Montcalm, having failed to protect the English as promised, rushed a message to the English at Fort Edward (Fort Lydius) on the 14th, explaining the debacle and informing them that he was in the process of getting any English still alive and held by the Indians released. He succeeded in saving about 400 additional captives and after buying their freedom, they were finally reunited on the 15th, with an English escort that met them and their French protectors at a midway point between Fort William Henry and Fort Edward. In conjunction, the French at the time of surrender of the fort, in recognition of the gallant defense, permitted the English to retain one piece of artillery. When the final contingent of captives reached the English forces that advanced to guide them back to Fort Edward, they still retained that cannon. Montcalm, following the victory, chose not to continue the offensive and instead returned to Canada. Nevertheless, Massachusetts gathered about 20,000 militia troops to meet the potential threat as the French by then controlled Lake Champlain and Lake George and they gained a direct line of communication between Canada and the mouth of the Mississippi region. In conjunction, the Indians that had participated in the massacres took something else back to their villages. Several of them came down with smallpox and carried the pernicious disease back to their tribes’ villages. Consequently, there would be few Indians from the region aligned with the French following the winter of 1757–1758. Fort Williams (Lake George)— Fort Williams was established by the English during 1759 near Lake George at a spot along the route stretching between Fort George and Fort Edward. The post was located in the vicinity of where the French and English had earlier clashed at Bloody Pond. Fort Williams near Lake George is not to be confused with Fort Williams (Rome) or Fort Williams (Salem). Fort Williams (Rome)— During May 1755, the English initiated construction of two forts, to be known as Fort Williams and Wood Creek Fort (Fort Bull), on the Oneida Carry between Schenectady and Oswego to support Oswego which was strung out too close to French territory. Fort Williams, on the Mohawk side of the Carry was completed during November 1755; Wood Creek Fort, on the upper landing of Wood Creek, upon which construction began begun during October, was completed before the end of winter (1755–1756). On 20 August 1756, Fort Williams was destroyed to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French who had seized Oswego. Subsequently, Fort Stanwix was built in the vicinity of the site of Fort Williams. Fort Williams (Rome) is not to be confused with Fort Rome near Lake George, nor Fort Williams (Salem). Fort Williams (Salem)— Fort Williams was established in Washington County at Salem. In conjunction, a fort there, Fort Salem (fortified church), was burned down during the previous year, but the site still contained logs that had not been used on the picket around the fort. The spared logs were used to construct a blockhouse, which was apparently in honor of General John Williams. See also Fort Salem. Fort Williams (Salem) is not to be confused with Fort Williams (Lake George) or Fort Williams (Rome). Fort Wiltwyck— Fort Wiltwyck, known also as Fort Esopus, was established in about 1658 at Esopus (also Wiltwyck), which later became Kingston (Ulster County). The fort remained active until about 1677. During 1663, the Esopus Indians attempted to evict the Dutch from the region (Second Esopus War). The Dutch were supported by the Massapequa Indians, but the participating warriors numbered less than 50. On 7 June, about 200 Indians attacked the Dutch settlements at Esopus (Kingston) and a new settlement (New Dorp). The new village was devastated and afterward the Indians already in Esopus (Kingston) ravaged it, but only about 12 houses were destroyed. In the meantime, many of the men who were working in

329 the fields rushed back to the area. Slightly more than 20, including four women and two children, were killed with the demise of some of the women and children coming from being burned to death. The Indians also seized more than 40 women and children and one man as captives. During early September, a contingent of Dutch from Fort Wiltwyck attacked the Indians at their positions and rescued about 30 prisoners. Fort Windecker— Fort Windecker, a fortified house with a stockade, was established on the property of John Windecker by the Americans during 1777 at Minden in the vicinity of St. Johnsville. The post was located along the Mohawk River northwest of Fort Plain (Fort Rensselaer) and only about two miles from Fort Willett. During the summer of 1780, a contingent of Captain Putman’s Rangers paused at Fort Windecker while en route from Fort Plain to Fort Herkimer. Although the fort was not large, about six families lived there during the American Revolution. One family was that of George Van Slyke, who was also a soldier in the militia. After a battle at Klocksfield on 19 October 1780, some loyalists were captured and taken to Fort Windecker. The fort was deactivated and returned to a farm after the close of hostilities. Fort Winslow— During 1756, the English established a blockhouse, Fort Winslow, named in honor of General John Winslow, at Stillwater (Saratoga County) on the site of a former post, Fort Ingoldsby, constructed there during 1709. The post was located along the route between Albany and Fort William Henry at Lake George. In conjunction, Fort Winslow, during 1758, became Montressor’s Blockhouse (Montressor’s Barracks), which was bolstered by the addition of barracks. Subsequently, during 1777, General Philip Schuyler established a supply depot (Schuyler’s Supply Depot) at Stillwater. The depot was part of the strategy to support the plan to halt the British advance. Nearby at Bemis Heights (Saratoga), at about the same time that the supply depot was established, Fort Neilson was also established. It too was part of the master plan to intercept the British advance and bring it to a halt. The British were stopped at Saratoga. General Burgoyne surrendered his army at Fort Hardy during October 1777. Fort Wintermoot— See Wintermoot’s Fort, Pennsylvania. Fort Wood— Fort Wood, known also as Star Fort, was established during 1808 on Bedloe Island, the future home of the Statue of Liberty. Construction of the stone fort, which was formed into the shape of an 11-point star and contained 30 guns (24-pounders), was completed during 1811. Its granite walls were 20 feet thick at the base and they reached a height of 24 feet. The post also contained a brick arsenal and a stone magazine. The post was named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Elenzer Wood. Fort Wood was one of many fortifications designed to protect the harbor at New York, but it was never challenged during the War of 1812. During the Civil War, some Confederate POWs were held there until they were later transferred to Fort Warren in Boston, Massachusetts. While the post was in active service, modifications were made during 1844, and again during 1886 (for accepting the Statue of Liberty) and subsequently, during the 1930s, more modifications occurred. Ground preparations for housing the Statue of Liberty were completed by spring 1886. By 1933, the National Park Service assumed responsibility for a small part of the island, about two acres, but by 1937, the Park Service held responsibility for the whole island. In conjunction, the U.S. Army began to close the military post there. It was completely abandoned by the military during 1944; however, the structures of the fort were not demolished until 1948, with the project being completed during 1950. At present, Fort Wood is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Also, subsequently, New Jersey and New York both claimed the island and a court finally settled the issue, siding with New York.

Governors Island / NEW YORK Fort Wood Creek— See Fort Bull. Fort Wyllys— Fort Wyllys, a battery, was established at West Point during April 1778 under the direction of Colonel Kosciuszko. It was one of a series of three batteries built at that time. Fort Wyllys was a five-sided fort (earthworks and lumber) with a perimeter of about 186 yards. The others were Fort Meigs and Fort Webb, each named after the commander of the militia unit that formed the garrison. Construction of all of the batteries was completed by August of that same year. According to the research at West Point Military Academy, Fort Wyllys, unlike Forts Webb and Meigs, was primarily an infantry post, built to provide a point from which infantry could hold the ridge line and intercept a British advance toward the artillery of Forts Meigs and Webb. There are ruins of the post. Fort Wyoming— See Fort Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Fort Zimmerman— During 1776, the Americans established Fort Zimmerman on property owned by Conrad and David Zimmerman at St. Johnsville (Montgomery County) along the Mohawk River in close proximity to several other forts built in or near the village. In conjunction, the fort, about one mile from Fort Nellis, came under fire during the War for Independence on a couple of occasions by Indians and Tories, but it did not fall. Fort Zimmerman was deactivated during 1783 after the conclusion of the conflict. Fortress West Point— See West Point. Foundry Redoubt— See Grenadier’s Battery. Four Mile Post— The British established a post in the vicinity of Glen Falls (Warren County) during the French and Indian War period in about 1755. The post, known as Four Mile Post, was located about four miles north of Fort Edward along the route between Fort Edward and Fort George at Lake George. Freeman’s Farm— See Balcarras Redoubt. Ganaghsaraga Fort— During 1756, the British established Ganaghsaraga Fort near Syracuse in Onondaga County to provide security for the Onondaga tribe. The fort, constructed by Sir William Johnson, was built near or in the same area where a French fort, known as Fort French, previously stood where the French earlier executed a campaign against the Onondagas during 1696. Other forts established at about the same time to protect the Senecas and Tuscarora Indians were Fort Kanadesaga and Canaseraga Blockhouse outside of Rochester and Sullivan Hamlet near Chittenango, respectively. General Gage’s Redoubt— See Fort Crown Point. Gibson’s Battery— See Buffalo Batteries. Gookin’s Blockhouse— See Buffalo Batteries and Fort Porter. Governors Island— Governors Island is located near the mouth of the East River and in close proximity to the river’s convergence with the Hudson River off both the Upper New York Harbor and the Brooklyn shoreline. Officially, it is located in Brooklyn (Kings County). Governors Island was called Pagganck by the Indians. It was called Nutton (or Nooton) Island or Nooten Eylandt by the Dutch when they controlled the region during the 1600s; however, it is thought that the island was first spotted by the explorer Giovanni De Verrazano, who was born in Italy but later moved to France. He discovered New York Harbor during 1525. The Verrazano Narrows were named after him. Verrazano was later eaten by cannibals. The island was acquired by purchase from the Indians during 1635 by the director general of New Netherlands, Wouter Van Twiller. The legend of the purchase is that Van Twiller bought the island from two Indians for the price of two axes, some nails and a string of beads. Subsequently, during 1638, the Dutch government called Van

NEW YORK / Greenbush Cantonment

330

Castle Williams (Governors Island), New York — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Twiller back to Holland and his purchase of the island was invalidated. The Dutch permanently lost control of their lands in the region to the British during 1664. The island known as Governors Island was also referred to by the English as Smiling Garden of the Sovereign of the Province. During the early 1700s, about 1708, a mansion, the Governor’s House, was constructed and much later, during the 1840s, another prominent home was constructed to quarter the commanding officer of the post. When the island was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard during the 1900s, the structure became known as the Admiral’s House. The British stationed troops on the island during the French and Indian War period, but it wasn’t until the 1790s that a fort was built there. A unit known as the Royal Americans, commanded by Major General Sir William Pepperrell (an American) was deployed there for training. Americans were also deployed there during 1776 and included forces under General Putnam and Colonel John Stark. Nonetheless, the defenses built there were gained by the British by September of that same year. The British retained control of the island until 1783. During 1794, the Americans established a fortification there known initially as Fort Jay, then renamed Fort Columbus and afterward it reverted back to Fort Jay (named in honor of John Jay). The land upon which the fort was built apparently belonged to Columbia College, but it was taken back by the State of New York after the Americans gained it following the American Revolution. Subsequently, during February 1800, it was ceded to the federal government. During the early 1800s, another post, Castle Williams, named in honor of Jonathan Williams, was established. The fort was completed during 1811. South Battery was established there during 1812 to guard the Buttermilk Channel where it passed between Governors Island and Brooklyn. Fort Jay was established during 1806. The post, which contained four barracks (constructed during the 1830s), was built in the shape of a star and it had a dry moat. Castle Williams was designed by Williams, a nephew of Benjamin Franklin. The castle was three tiered and circular, and it had a protective wall that extended to a height of 40 feet and a depth of eight feet. Castle Williams was the initial casemated fort constructed in America. Both Castle Williams and Fort Jay were active during the War of 1812 and were built as coastal defense (First and Second American Systems of Coastal Fortifications) forts. The two posts were also operational during the Civil War. During the Civil War, Confederate POWs were held at Castle Williams. As the nation moved into the twentieth century, the military remained on Governors Island. The U.S. Army and the U.S. Coast Guard deployed there during both World Wars. The Coast Guard assumed responsibility for the base on 30 June 1966. A change of command ceremony was held as the U.S. Army abandoned the post. Following the ceremony, an artillery salute welcomed the arrival of Admiral I.J. Stephen, whose flag was hoisted over Fort Jay.

The Coast Guard closed the post during September 1996. In conjunction, Governors Island is now part of the National Parks Service (Governors Island National Monument) and is composed of slightly more than 20 acres. Two structures previously mentioned, the Governor’s House and the Admiral’s House, still exist. Also, Fort Jay was constructed similarly to a nearby post, Fort Wood in the vicinity of the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island. In addition, Castle Williams, built to hold about 100 guns, was built similarly to Castle Clinton at nearby Battery Park. Castle Williams was armed with French cannon (27 35-pounders on the lower tier and 39 20-pounders scattered about the second tier).

Grand Battery— See Battery Park. Great Redoubt— See Balcarras Redoubt. Greenbush Cantonment— The army, which had recently purchased (September 1813) about 400 acres in present-day Greenbush (Renssalaer County), established headquarters for the U.S. Army’s Northern Division. The facility, known as Greenbush Cantonment, provided training for troops during the War of 1812. The post also had a general hospital and a commissary. In conjunction, the site was near a former Dutch fort that had been constructed there during 1663. The facility remained active until 1819. Initially, the complex had eight barracks. The officers’ quarters still stands; however, the former fort site is now on private property. Grenadier’s Battery— Grenadier’s Battery (Grenadiers Battery) was established in New York on the Hudson River in the vicinity of Harrison and Washington Streets. The redoubt was part of a line of defenses there that included nearby Lispenard’s Redoubt (later Star Redoubt) at Lispenard’s Hill. Subsequently, the British seized New York City following the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn. Later, during 1780, the British reconstructed the post and renamed it Foundry Redoubt. The British retained it until they evacuated New York. Grenadier’s Battery is not to be confused with Grenadier’s Redoubt at Crown Point, New York. Grenadier’s Redoubt— See Fort Crown Point. Half way Brook Post— See Fort Amherst (Warren County). Harrison Blockhouse— During 1736, the English established a blockhouse (wooden) on the northern side of the Hudson River at St. Johnsville near Caroga Creek. The blockhouse, known as Harrison, remained in service through 1750. Hart Island— Hart Island was not actually a fortified military fort; however, during 1865, the federal government used a facility there to house Confederate POWs. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, the City of New York acquired the island by purchase from the Hunter family. By 1869, the island was used by the city as a cemetery (Potter’s Field). Subsequently, the island was used for various purposes by the city including an insane asylum, a hospital for women and also a jail. Convicts were used to dig the graves. By the outbreak of World War II, the federal government used the island and established a disciplinary barracks there to hold prisoners who were U.S. servicemen. In conjunction, several German sailors were captured after they surfaced in a submarine off the coast of Long Island during the war. The Germans, for a while, were detained at Hart Island. After the war, the island reverted back to the City of New York; however, some troops were based there in conjunction with a nearby Nike missile site at Fort Slocum.

331 Haver Island— Haver Island, known also as Peobles Island (Peebles Island), Goat Island and Second Island, is located in Albany County at the convergence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers in the vicinity of Waterford. Initially it was inhabited by the Mohawks and later, during the early 1700s, it was probably fortified. Later, during the American Revolution period, the patriots used the island as a camp and as a supply base. Several batteries were established there during 1777. The island was also used during a conflict between New York and Vermont during 1782. The island was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1973. Hendrick Frey House— During 1739, in central New York, the English reconstructed the Hendrick Frey House, which had been fortified earlier, during 1702. It was garrisoned by the English from 1701–1713 (during Queen Anne’s War). The new fort, constructed of stone, stood on the north side of the Mohawk River across from Canajoharie (Montgomery County). The fort was active during the French and Indian War. Herkimer Church Fort— See Fort Herkimer. Horn’s Hook Battery— The patriots established a battery known as Horn’s Hook Battery (sometimes referred to as Thompson’s Battery) during 1776 as part of the defenses of New York City. The British at Queens bombarded it during September 1776 and soon after seized it. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the fort site at East End Avenue and 88th Streets was acquired by Archibald Gracie. He constructed the Gracie Mansion there. The mansion survived to become the home of the respective mayors of New York City. In conjunction, earlier, during the 1690s, the property belonged to Jacob Waltman, who constructed a home there. It was that house on Walton’s farm, with a view of Hell Gate, that was selected by George Washington as the site of the defensive post. Hurley Blockhouse— A settlement was established by the Walloons in Dutch New Netherlands at New Village (later Hurley) in Ulster County in about 1660. The settlement was in close proximity to Wiltwyck. At New Village, the colonists built a palisade around their fortified homes which accommodated about 15 families in the complex to provide protection from attacks by the Esopus Indians. Peace between the Indians and the Dutch came about during July 1660. The Indians were not pleased with the new settlement, but the first year of the settlement was tranquil; however, shortly thereafter, the Indians went on the attack. During June 1661, Wiltwyck and New Village (Hurley) came under attack. New Village was devastated while most of the adult males and some of the women were away working the crops. Several men who sped to the settlement to defend the women and children were slain. Most in the fields made it to Wiltwyck or the fortifications at Esopus Creek. More than 25 children and slightly less than 10 women were dragged away as captives. At the other settlement, the Indians did not achieve the same success; however, some of the homes were destroyed and the palisade had also been burned down. Nevertheless, men in the fields made it back in time and the Indians were eventually driven back. In the meantime, the survivors from New Village were arriving and they too toiled to rebuild the defenses. The attack took the lives of just under 25 colonists at Wiltwyck and nearly 50 women and children were seized and taken as captives. The massacres infuriated the Dutch. Subsequently, a contingent of Dutch and English soldiers arrived from Fort Orange and pursuit of the Indians was undertaken to seek revenge and rescue the captives. The force departed on 26 July en route to the Indian encampment, but when the troops arrived, the Indian fortification was vacant. The Indians moved into the Shawungunk Mountains to evade the soldiers. Nonetheless, the pursuit continued and the force under Captain Krygier discovered the Indians’ positions thanks to information from Indians friendly

Jones Hill Fort / NEW YORK to the colonists. The attack was launched with surprise and the raid was successful. About 23 captives were rescued. The defeat eliminated further trouble with the Esopus Indians. Later, some of the settlers left Wiltwyck and established themselves in the lands (Wallkill Valley by the Shawungunk Mountains) previously held by the Esopus Indians. They named their settlement New Paltz (also known as Palatinat). The Walloons from Germany had settled in the colonies under the Dutch, but by 1664, the territory had passed from the Dutch to the English. Hyde Bay Camp (Fort)— During 1779, in central New York, the Americans established a temporary camp and fort in the vicinity of Springfield at Otsego Lake (Otsego County) known as Hyde Bay Fort (or Camp). Troops from Massachusetts (4th Massachusetts Regiment) maintained it. Independent Battery— See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Irondequoit Fort— On 10 July 1687, a French force composed of more than 1,500 troops, nearly 1,000 allied Indians and at least several hundred French colonists arrived at Irondequoit Bay. The force was commanded by General De Nonville who established Irondequoit Fort at the village of Irondequoit in the vicinity of Lake Ontario. While the fort was under construction, the main body advanced to the town of Victor, where a battle ensued. About 400 remained behind to build and maintain the fort. The main body advanced to a Seneca Indian village at Gannagaro in the vicinity of Victor. The Seneca village was also known as the Genesee Castle. It was located about 15–17 miles from Rochester. En route, the French devastated villages and destroyed many crops. The French attacked the Senecas and inflicted a severe defeat upon them. However, the victory at Victor only prompted the Seneca to push themselves toward a close alliance with France’s nemesis, England. During the following year, the Iroquois retaliated. An attack was launched from Irondequoit Bay. The Indians moved to Montreal to extract vengeance for the De Nonville Raid. Jamaica Bay Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812). Jersey Battery— The Americans established Jersey Battery, a pentagon-shaped fortification, as one of a series of Manhattan posts built to meet the British threat. The post, established during early 1776, was located near the Hudson River in downtown Manhattan in close proximity to Grenadier Battery. Subsequent to the abandonment of New York by the Americans following the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn, the British occupied the post and refortified it. The British retained Jersey Battery until they evacuated New York. Not to be confused with Fort Jersey. Joncaire’s Blockhouse— At about 1719, in western New York, Daniel Joncaire (Sieur de Chabert et de Clausonne) established a blockhouse-trading post in the vicinity of Lewiston near Niagara Falls (Niagara County). Later during 1721, he established a trading post known as Magazin Royal. It is thought that the post was near the location of a former French fort known as Fort Hennepin (most likely named after Father Hennepin). Subsequently, Joncaire established another fort during 1750, known as Fort Little Niagara (also Fort Du Portage) in the vicinity of Buffalo Creek. Jones Hill Fort— The Americans established Jones Hill Fort, also known as Fort Pitt and Crown Point Battery, at Corlear’s Point in New York City during 1776 as part of the city’s defenses. The post was positioned on the city’s east side in the vicinity of the presentday intersection of Grand and Pitt Streets and stood as the American left flank. The defensive line extended eastward from Bayard Redoubt (known also as Independent Battery and Fort Bunker Hill)

NEW YORK / Kanadesaga beyond an unnamed redoubt in the vicinity of Thompson and Spring Street to Jones Hill Fort. Upon the American evacuation of New York, following the defeats at the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn, the British seized Jones Hill Fort and afterward refortified the position and in addition, the British constructed a couple of additional batteries near Jones Hill Fort and the Bowery. The British retained the positions until they evacuated New York during November 1783. See Bayard Hill Redoubt. Kanadesaga— During 1756, in western New York, the British established a fortification known as Kanadesaga for the Senecas in Ontario County. The Senecas became allies of the English following recent hostilities between the Indians and the French. Kanadesaga, located near the Genesee River outside of Rochester, was fortified with a palisade and two blockhouses. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the Indian village was destroyed by an American force during an expedition in 1779. In conjunction, at about the same time, 1756, the British also established Ganaghsaraga Fort near Syracuse in Onondaga County to provide security for the Onondaga tribe. The fort, constructed by Sir William Johnson, was placed near or in the same area where a French fort, known as Fort French, previously stood while the French executed a campaign against the Onondagas (1696). Sir William Johnson’s forces also established a blockhouse (Canaseraga Blockhouse) at Sullivan Hamlet east of the village of Chittenango (Madison County). The fort is built to provide security for the friendly Tuscarora Indians in that region. In conjunction, the fort in the vicinity of Lake Onondaga was apparently abandoned at an undetermined time following the French and Indian War. King’s Bridge Redoubt— King’s Bridge Redoubt was established by the Americans during 1775 at a point near the King’s Bridge which linked New York City to the Bronx via the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The post was located near Broadway and 230th Street. During November 1776, Hessian troops crossed the bridge and seized the fortification. From there, troops under General von Knyphausen participated in the seizure of Fort Washington. Other Hessian officers included Colonel Rall, who later defended Trenton during the following month. In conjunction, the British improved the works by establishing a half-moon fort there.

332 Lower Mohawk Castle— See Fort Hunter. Machin’s Battery— Machin’s Battery, known also as Fort Plum Point, was established in the vicinity of New Windsor at Murder’s Creek in Orange County during 1777. Captain Thomas Machin had arrived in the colonies during 1772. He resided at that time in New York, but afterward, he participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill, where he was wounded. Machin was later authorized to fortify the Hudson River defenses. His instructions from General George Washington in part: “Sir, you are without delay to proceed to Fort Montgomery, or Constitution, in the Highlands, on the Hudson’s River, and put yourself under command of Colonel George Clinton, or the commanding officer there,— to act as Engineer in contemplating such works as are already laid out,— and such others as you, with the advice of Colonel Clinton, may think necessary....” The battery, which was several miles above West Point and in close proximity to the Fishkill Barracks, contained 14 pieces of artillery. In conjunction, Machin was also involved with the fortifications at Boston, due to his knowledge of engineering. General Ward ordered Machin, a lieutenant at the time, to construct Boston’s defenses during April of 1766. Madison Barracks— Madison Barracks was established at Fort Pike during 1816, following the War of 1812. The barracks, named in honor of President James Madison, which was formed from Fort Pike, remained active until 1945. The post was garrisoned sporadically until the conclusion of the Civil War, but still it was not abandoned. Toward the latter part of the 1800s, about 1893, the post was expanded. During World War I, Madison Barracks was used primarily as a hospital, and during World War II, the post became a training center until it was deactivated during 1945. The post was later placed on the National Register of Places Historic. Magazin Royale— During 1720, a Frenchman, Louis Thomas Chabert de Joncaire, persuaded the Iroquois to permit him to establish a trading post in New York on the Niagara Portage. The post, named Magazin Royale, boasted the French king’s colors, which infuriated the British. Subsequent efforts brought permission from the Iroquois to construct a French trading post (Fort Little Niagara) on the Niagara River. See also Joncaire’s Blockhouse.

King’s Ferry Forts— King’s Ferry was located at Stony Point along the west bank of the Hudson River outside West Point. The ferry linked Fort Lafayette at Stony Point with Verplank’s Point.

Mayfield Fort— See Sacandaga Blockhouse.

King’s Redoubt— The British, after crossing into New York City during 1776, established King’s Redoubt as one of the initial defensive positions. Troops at the post participated in the attack against Fort Washington. King’s Redoubt was located near Fort Number 7. It remained active until about 1779. Not to be confused with King’s Bridge Redoubt established by the Patriots during 1775 in New York City.

McDugall’s Battery— See Oyster Battery.

Left Redoubt— See Fort Putnam (Brooklyn). Light Infantry Redoubt— See Fort Crown Point. Lispenard’s Redoubt— During 1776, the Americans established a redoubt on Lispenard’s Hill to serve as the westernmost anchor along the defensive line that was spread across Manhattan. The redoubt worked in conjunction with its battery (Grenadier’s Battery). The British seized Lispenard’s Redoubt that same year and later (1780) bolstered the fortification by constructing a star-shaped fort which they named Star Redoubt. It was located in the vicinity of Laight and Varick Streets. See also Grenadier’s Battery (not to be confused with Grenadiers Redoubt at Crown Point). Lower Fort— See Stone Fort (Old). Not to be confused with Stone Fort Church at St. Anne’s village.

McDougall’s Battery— See Oyster Battery. McGown’s Pass— See Fort Clinton (New York City). Middle Fort— Middle Fort, known also as Fort Defiance, was one of three forts established in the Schoharie valley (Schoharie Valley Forts) during 1777. It was located slightly north of Middleburgh. The other two forts were Upper Fort and Lower Fort (Stone Fort). The fort included blockhouses, and also within the complex, the Becker House was used partially for a magazine (in the cellar) and the fortification also included a barracks. A force of British and Indians, after bypassing Upper Fort, attacked Middle Fort and then continued their advance. Two days later, the British clashed with patriots at the Battle of Klocks Field. The Americans under Colonel John Brown were defeated at the battle. Minisink Forts— See Fort Decker, Fort Martinus, Fort Van Auken, and Fort New Jersey, also known as Fort Neversink and Fort Van Auken. Montresor’s Blockhouse— See Fort Winslow. Montresor’s Island–During 1772, an Englishman, Colonel John Montresor, acquired an island (Montresor’s Island) in the East River off Manhattan. The island later became Randall’s Island. Prior to the

333 landing of the British, the Americans used the island to quarantine troops who had received a vaccine injection against smallpox. During early September 1776, the British seized the island and used it to launch further attacks. Toward the latter part of September, an American force under General Heath raided the British positions there, but the assault failed. The British retained the island for the duration of the war. In conjunction, British Colonel Montresor participated in several battles until he resigned from the British Army during 1778. He returned to England, where he succumbed the following year. Montresor, an engineer, prior to the outbreak of the war, had helped design Fort Mifflin in Pennsylvania. New York City acquired the island during 1835. Montressor’s Blockhouse— See Fort Winslow. Mount Defiance— See Fort Ticonderoga. Mount Hope Battery— The Americans established a battery at Mount Hope as one of a series of fortifications designed to encircle and bolster Fort Ticonderoga. The battery dominated the portage road coming down from Lake George. The post was abandoned by the Americans during 1777 (Burgoyne’s Campaign). Mount Hope Fort— See Mount Hope Battery. Mud Fort— During 1769, the English established a fortification known as Mud Fort at Needhamville in the vicinity of Fort Anne (Washington County) near Lake Champlain. The installation was used by the forces of General Philip Schuyler during 1777; however, similarly to other American-held forts in the region, the garrison abandoned it after destroying it. Subsequent to the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga, the post was rebuilt; however, during 1780, the fort’s garrison capitulated and the fort was again destroyed. Not to be confused with Fort Mud (also Fort Kentucky). Narrows Fort— See Fort Hamilton. New Petersburg Fort— See Peterboro Fort. New Village Blockhouse— See Hurley Blockhouse. New Windsor Cantonment— During 1782, the Americans established New Windsor Cantonment at Vails Gate (Orange County) as a primary supply depot and also as a division of the American Army’s Medical Department. The installation remained operational until the following year. The post became headquarters for a large portion of the Colonial Army. While there, General Washington created a badge of merit for several troops who performed above and beyond. That medal, known as the Purple Heart, was the forerunner of the Medal of Honor, which came about during the Civil War as a means of instilling confidence in the troops in recognition of their bravery on the field. A similar meritorious acknowledgment had been introduced during the Mexican War; however, the award was a certificate and could not be worn on the uniform. The encampment, the final one of the American Revolution, was abandoned during 1783. You can visit the site where the Colonial Army made its last winter encampment. There is a varied assortment of events, including military shows and displays. They also have original buildings built by Colonial soldiers as well as reconstructed buildings of the times. For more information: New Windsor Cantonment (State Historical Site), Temple Hill Rd., P.O. Box 207, Vails Gate, New York 12584. New York City Blockhouses (War of 1812 period)— During 1814, four blockhouses were established in New York City to bolster the defenses of the city, but the posts were not designated by names. Instead they were numbered, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Blockhouse 1 was located in Central Park. The others were located between 114th and 123rd Streets. Blockhouse 2 was located in the vicinity of 114th Street and Morningside Avenue. Blockhouse 3 was located near 121st Street and

Nielson’s Farm / NEW YORK Morningside Avenue. Blockhouse 4 was located in the vicinity of 10th Avenue and 123rd Street. None of the blockhouses were ever challenged by the British. See also New York Harbor Blockhouses. New York City Forts— known by numbers rather than by names: Forts Number 1, 2 and 3— The Americans established Forts Number 1, 2 and 3 in New York City in the vicinity of Spuyten Duyvil Hill during 1776. Following the battles of Long Island and Brooklyn, the fortifications were seized by the British during OctoberNovember 1776. Fort Number 4— Fort Number 4 was established in New York City during 1776 by the Americans in the vicinity of the Jerome Park Reservoir near Sedgwick Avenue. It too was seized by the British; however, the garrison raised some resistance. Forts Number 5 and 6— Fort Number 5 was established by the British in the city of New York during 1776 to protect the Dykman Bridge that spanned the Harlem River there. The forts were abandoned and destroyed during 1779. Subsequently, a U.S. Veterans Hospital was built at the site of the old redoubt. Fort Number 7— Fort Number 7 was established in New York City by the British during 1776. The post was located in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of Fordham Road and Sedgwick Avenue. At the time of its construction it was part of the campaign to seize Fort Washington. During the following year, the British augmented the post by reconstructing it and by 1778 the British added a nearby barracks. The post was in close proximity to King’s Redoubt. The British abandoned and dismantled the post during 1779. Fort Number 8— Fort Number 8 was established by the British in New York City (Fordam Heights, Bronx) during 1776 at Battery Hill. The British used the post during the campaign to seize Fort Washington. The post, located along the east bank of the Harlem River near present-day University Heights, was a 4-pointed starshaped fortification. The British abandoned the post after destroying it during 1782. Fort Number 9— See Fort Prince Charles. New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812 era)— During the War of 1812, the Americans established more than 10 forts to protect the harbor at New York City. Of these, Southwest Battery (later Castle Clinton) was established earlier, between 1808–1811, while relations between the U.S. and England were deteriorating. Southwest Battery was built just off Manhattan Island. After the war ended, during 1817, the battery was renamed Castle Clinton in honor of the mayor of New York at the time, De Witt Clinton. Others posts included a series of blockhouses ordered built by General Joseph Smith, the U.S. Army chief of engineers, to bolster the defenses of the harbor against a threat by British fleets. During 1814–1815, the blockhouses established included Bath Beach (Kings County), Decatur (Kings County, Rockaway peninsula), Denyse’s Heights (Kings County, Brooklyn) at Denyse Ferry on Jamaica Bay, Princess Bay (Richmond County, Staten Island) and Utrecht Bay (Kings County). Although the establishment of the posts was authorized, there is no validation that all of the blockhouses were actually constructed. Nielson’s Farm— The Americans established positions at Bemis Heights in the vicinity of Saratoga during 1777 to meet the threat of the British under General John Burgoyne. The fortifications were built under the direction of General Benedict Arnold (prior to his treason) and Colonel Thaddeus Kosciuszko. The fortifications at Nielson Farm (sometimes referred to as Fort Nielson) were built on the property of Jotham Bemis. The defenses were designed to meet the threat of the British under General Burgoyne. The lines at Bemis Heights worked in conjunction with the American River fortifica-

NEW YORK / North Redoubt tions which had been established along the Hudson. Neither Nielson Farm nor the fortifications on the river were attacked during the two battles fought at Saratoga. Nooten Eylandt— See Governors Island. North Battery— See Red Fort. North Redoubt— North Redoubt, known also as Fort Hill, was one of two fortifications built in the heights in the vicinity of West Point at the town of Garrison near Continental Village. The other post was South Redoubt. The heights upon which the two redoubts were established became known as Fort Hill. See also West Point. Oblong Redoubt— During September 1776, while the Americans were attempting to fortify the New York area against a British onslaught, a fortification known as Oblong Redoubt was established in Brooklyn. It was part of a defensive line that included Fort Greene to the north and Fort Putnam to the southwest. Soon after it was established, the British seized Brooklyn following the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn. Other forts along the defensive line included Forts Ball, Greene, Putnam and Stirling. In conjunction, other American fortifications had been established behind the line and they included Fort Defiance and Fort Cobble Hill. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, Fort Cummings was established at the site of Oblong Redoubt. Oneida Carry Forts— See Fort Bull (also known as Fort Wood Creek), Fort Craven (also known as Fort Pentagon), Fort Newport, Fort Williams (Rome) and Fort Stanwix. Oneida Castle— Oneida Castle, which in no way resembled a castle, was actually a stockade that was built by the English during 1756 (French and Indian War period) to protect the Oneida tribe. The fortification also contained two blockhouses. Oswego Falls Palisade— At about 1758–1759, in western New York, the English established the Oswego Falls Palisade, also known as Fort Bradstreet, in the vicinity of Fulton (Oswego County) near the falls of the Onnadaga (later Oswego) River. The fort remained unscathed during the American Revolution; however, it was not used by the military. Also, the English, at about the same time the Oswego Falls Palisade was built, established Schroeppel Fort in the village of Schroeppel near Three Rivers (Oswego County). Oyster Battery— Oyster Battery, sometimes referred to as McDougall’s Battery, was established by the Americans in New York City during 1776. The post was located in some heights to the rear of Trinity Church in the vicinity of Greenwich and Morris Streets. The post was also in close proximity to Jersey Battery, which was slightly north of the post and positioned to protect the right flank. Not to be confused with the British fortifications at Oyster Bay on Long Island. Oyster Bay— Subsequent to the Battle of Long Island during August 1776, the British established fortifications at the town of Oyster Bay on Long Island (Nassau County). The home of an American patriot, Samuel Townsend, was used as headquarters by the British. Townsend’s residence was known as Raynham Hall. He was captured during the initial stages of the conflict; however, Townsend’s children, Robert and Sally, were able to remain free. They played clandestine parts in the war and as spies were able to collect information helpful to the patriots’ cause. One item of particular importance was connected to Benedict Arnold’s plot to betray George Washington and permit the British seizure of West Point. The plot failed. The British held Oyster Bay without incident until they evacuated Long Island. Not to be confused with Oyster Battery in New York City. In conjunction, Oyster Bay, which was initially settled by the Dutch during the 1600s, remained in obscu-

334 rity after the departure of the British; however, during the twentieth century it was rediscovered by the public after President Theodore Roosevelt used the town for his summer White House (1902–1908), known as Sagamore Hill. Roosevelt ascended to the presidency following the assassination of President McKinley. The Sagamore Hill mansion, a national shrine, is open to the public. The Townsend Home is now a museum. For more information: Raynham Hall Museum, 20 West Main Street, Oyster Bay, New York 11771. Peterboro Fort— During 1764, Peter Hasenclever established a new settlement known as New Peterboro (sometimes referred to as New Petersburg) for Germans at present-day East Schuyler in Herkimer County. The settlement, on the north side of the Mohawk River, was located in close proximity to Fort Dayton. The settlement was composed of log cabins and a blockhouse. By the time the American Revolution erupted, the settlement was abandoned; however, subsequent to the conclusion of the conflict, the settlement was reestablished. Plattsburgh Arsenal— A state arsenal, bolstered by a barracks, was established along the Saranac River in the vicinity of Fredenburg Falls at Plattsburgh during 1810. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the British initiated an attack on 29 July 1813. At that time, the British force, composed of nearly 1,500 troops, departed Isle aux Noix under Lieutenant Colonel John Murray and advanced up the Richelieu River en route to Plattsburgh. The militia at Plattsburgh received the warning of the imminent attack and urgent messages were dispatched in search of reinforcements. Nevertheless, the alarm was not able to bring about any additional forces to augment the diminutive garrison under General John Moore at Plattsburgh. The appeal to General Wade Hampton (father of Confederate general Wade Hampton) on the 29th bore no fruit. No troops were sent from Burlington. Consequently, Moore, after taking as many supplies as possible, abandoned Plattsburgh. On 30 July, the British arrived at Chazy Landing and occupied Plattsburgh. By the following day, the British destroyed the arsenal, blockhouse, hospital and many warehouses. The British also destroyed some private residences. On 1 August, the British, who arrived with a large flotilla, including some captured American vessels, departed with a few additional American vessels that were seized during the raid. However, the British were not yet returning to Canada; rather, after splitting his force, Murray continued the mission. One contingent, under Murray, moved northward toward Vermont, on the opposite side of Lake Champlain, while the other, under Captain Thomas Everard, advanced southward against Burlington where General Wade Hampton held the terrain. In conjunction, Murray moved into Vermont near Swanton and executed a successful raid before moving to Champlain. Afterward, he returned to Canada. Everards’ force arrived near Burlington during midday of 2 August. A small, battered naval squadron under Thomas MacDonough was unable to meet the threat due to the condition of the ships and the lack of sufficient crewmen. Nonetheless, after the British failed to tempt the American warships to engage, a bombardment of Burlington was initiated. Artillery returned fire, but the British aborted any landing and instead turned back toward Canada. During the following year, the British returned to Plattsburgh (Battle of Plattsburgh), but they were received by a reinforced U.S. Army and Navy. The British were defeated at sea by MacDonough. By the time of the attack, Plattsburgh had additional posts, Moreau, Scott and Tompkins, bolstered by blockhouses. Following the American victory (September 1814), Fort Brown and Fort Gaines were established at Plattsburgh. The expanded military complex later became Plattsburgh Barracks. Plattsburgh Barracks— The Plattsburgh Barracks were established subsequent to the War of 1812, when a series of forts there were

335 combined. The posts that became the Barracks were Fort Brown, Fort Gaines, Fort Moreau, Fort Scott and Fort Tompkins (Plattsburgh). The post was strategically located between the Saranac River and Lake Champlain. After the new post was established, about 40 barracks were built of logs; however, later, several stone barracks were added at a nearby installation south of the post. The installation remained active into the twentieth century. During World War I, it was a training base for officers, known as Plattsburgh Military Camp. During 1953, the U.S. Air Force established a base there when the military complex was greatly expanded. In addition, it was an Atlas missile site during the 1960s (Cold War). The Strategic Air Command was based there until the base hit the cutting block during 1993. See also Plattsburgh Arsenal. Plattsburgh Forts (War of 1812 period)— See Fort Brown, Fort Moreau, Fort Scott, Fort Tompkins (Plattsburgh), Fort Gaines and Plattsburgh Barracks. Poinsett Barracks— See Buffalo Barracks. Post Barracks— Post Barracks was established by the Union subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War. The post’s perimeter was about 400 yards by 200 yards. It was located in Chemung County slightly west of Elmira. Unlike other nearby bases in the vicinity of Elmira, the water near the fort was too poor to drink, which mandated that water be transported to the post. The post was not palisaded, but it did have a low fence (less than five feet) on only two sides (north and west). The post contained 20 buildings for the troops. The barracks were comparable in size to Camp Rathburn and Arnott Barracks, each capable of housing about 150 troops. Two guardhouses were also constructed on the post, but neither contained a cell for prisoners. In addition, the post contained another building for the staff officers and yet another large building was constructed as a mess hall, capable of seating 1,000 men and, if necessary, 2,000 men. Princess Bay Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812). Queen’s Fort (Fort Ann, Washington County)— See Fort Schuyler (St. Ann). Not to be confused with Queen’s Fort (New York City) or Queen’s Fort (Schenectady). Queen’s Fort (New York City)— See Fort George, New York City. Not to be confused with Queen’s Fort (Fort Ann, Washington County) or Queen’s Fort (Schenectady). Queen’s Fort (Schenectady)— Queen’s Fort (later Fort Cosby)— See Fort Schenectady. Not to be confused with Queen’s Fort in New York City or Queen’s Fort at Fort Ann. Red Fort— Red Fort, initially known as North Battery, was established in New York City in about 1807–1808. The post was located at the foot of Hubert Street at a point about 200 feet from the river bank of the Hudson. A wide drawbridge (about 30 feet wide) stretched from the river bank to the fort. The artillery at North Battery (Red Fort) worked in conjunction with the guns of Southwest Battery (Castle Clinton) to dominate the Hudson there with crossfire if threatened by an enemy vessel. The fort was never challenged. Another fort, located at the foot of Gansevoort Street, was known as the White Fort. When the War of 1812 erupted, the Veteran Corps of Artillery, composed primarily of veterans of the American Revolution, rallied to the colors. They gathered at the arsenal on Hubert Street and afterward formed the garrison at North Battery (Red Fort). In conjunction, the crisis caused other militia units to quickly form. The New York City units included infantry, several regiments of artillery, a squadron of cavalry and one company of flying artillery, bringing the total to several thousand militia. Red Fort remained active until the early 1830s.

Sacketts Harbor Forts / NEW YORK Red Hook Barracks— The Americans established a post in Duchess County along the Hudson River at Red Hook during 1776. The post was built to provide protection for a nearby powder mill and to guard the river there near Rhinebeck to prevent a British crossing. The post was about 25 miles above Poughkeepsie. The post was abandoned during 1782. Rheimensnyder’s Fort— Rheimensnyder’s Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established in Herkimer County during 1776. A force of British and Tories attacked the area during the spring of 1780, but the fort survived. One of the patriots captured during the offensive by the British was John, the son of Frederick Windecker. The fort was located at what was called Rhemensnyder’s Bush until later when it became Dolgeville (Mannheim). At the cemetery at Mannheim, more than 50 veterans of the American Revolution were buried. In conjunction, during 1791, Herkimer County was formed from Montgomery County. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, Rheimensnyder’s Fort was destroyed by fire. Robinson Barracks— See Camp Robinson Barracks. Rome Arsenal— The federal government acquired land in Rome during 1813 and by the following year, a U.S. Arsenal was established there in the vicinity of 514 West Dominick Street. The arsenal was located near the site of a former French and Indian War post, Fort Newport. During 1812, American officers used the site as officers’ quarters. The Rome Arsenal, subordinate to the Watervliet Arsenal, remained active until 1873. While in service, it also doubled as a supply depot. The Commandant’s House has been preserved. In conjunction, a state arsenal had earlier, prior to 1810, been established in Rome at the present location of St. Peter’s Church. The state arsenal burned down during 1822. Royal Blockhouse (Rogers Island)— See Fort Edward. Not to be confused with Verona Royal Blockhouse (Sylvan Beach) or with Magazin Royale at Lewiston area. Royal Blockhouse (Verona Sylvan Beach)— See Verona Royal Blockhouse. Royal Fort (Schenectady)— See Fort Schenectady. Sacandaga Blockhouse— Sir William Johnson established the Sacandaga Blockhouse (also known as Mayfield Fort) at Mayfield in present-day Fulton County during 1778. In conjunction, a New York State historical marker notes that the fort was destroyed by Indians during the American Revolution, and that later the blockhouse was rebuilt by the Montgomery County Militia under Colonel Abraham Romeyn. However, the precise circumstances remain unclear as to whether the fort was attacked and destroyed during June (1778) or later unsuccessfully attacked (April 1780). Sacketts Harbor Forts (War of 1812 period)— During the War of 1812 era, between 1812–1815, in western New York, Fort Tompkins, named in honor of Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, was established at Sacketts Harbor ( Jefferson County) as a defensive line to prevent a ground attack against the town. Other forts established in conjunction with the land defense of Sackett’s Harbor included Fort Chauncey (named in honor of Commodore Isaac Chauncey), Fort Kentucky, Fort Stark and Fort Virginia. This series of fortifications was later linked to a primary installation, Fort Pike (later Madison Barracks), built along the bay. Also, Fort Volunteer was established at Sacketts Harbor during 1812. Its purpose was to defend the approaches leading to the northeast entrance route. By the following year, a bigger and more formidable fort named Fort Pike was built in its place. In conjunction, Fort Tompkins is not to be confused with Fort Tompkins (known also as Fort Adams) at Buffalo or Fort Tompkins at Staten Island. For more information: Sacketts Harbor

NEW YORK / Sag Harbor Fort

Blockhouse Sacketts Harbor, New York, 1812 era — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Battlefield, Sacketts Harbor, New York 13685. The battlefield is easily accessible, being located one mile from Route 3, and approximately 8 miles from exit 45 off 1–81 Sag Harbor Fort— Sag Harbor, a strategic post at Long Island in close proximity to New York City, was held only for a while during 1776. Subsequent to the British arrival in New York and the victories at the Battles of Long Island and Brooklyn, Sag Harbor (Suffolk County) became a primary base for the British. During 23–25 May 1777, an American force of about 170 men under Colonel Jonathan Meigs prepared to depart Guilford, Connecticut, in whaleboats and after landing at Southhold, Long Island, on the 24th, they concealed themselves in the woods until 0200 on the morning of the 25th. By using the element of surprise, the Americans stunned the British and overwhelmed the garrison. About 90 troops were captured. In addition, prior to embarking from Guilford, the Americans destroyed 12 brigs and sloops and they confiscated a large quantity of supplies. There were no casualties sustained by the Americans. Subsequently, during the War of 1812, the British attacked the American positions at Sag Harbor. A British fleet anchored in Gardiner’s Bay and debarked about 100 troops who moved ashore aboard a launch and some barges. The British attempted to duplicate the patriots’ raid against them during the American Revolution by striking with surprise under cover of darkness. However, the Americans were alerted to the arrival of the fleet and were totally prepared. It was the British force which was greeted with great surprise. Devastating fire from the artillery prevented British progress and saved the fort and nearby vessels from damage or destruction. One sloop was set afire during the attack, but the vessel was saved. Sailor’s Creek Battery— See Buffalo Batteries. Salem Blockhouse— See Fort Williams (Salem). Salt Point Blockhouse— Settlers began to arrive at Salt Springs in about 1789 in conjunction with the discovery of salt and a colony, Salina (Syracuse), emerged at Salt Springs. Still, by 1793, there were less than 10 residences built there. The early settler families included the Danforths, Tylers and Van Flecks. The colonists were not threatened by the Indians there; however, due to the marshy terrain they were faced with an enemy, malaria, which brought much sickness.

336 Although the Indians in the area were friendly and often assisted the colonists, word arrived, supposedly from Baron von Steuben, during 1794 that an attack was imminent. The colonists constructed a blockhouse and palisade in the vicinity of the Oswego Canal near present-day Route 81 and Hiawatha Boulevard. No attack came. The blockhouse was operational until the close of the War of 1812. Saratoga Revolutionary War Forts and Redoubts— Saratoga National Historical Park, 648 Rt. 32, Stillwater, New York 12170. This was the scene of two decisive American victories during the Revolution. See also Balcarras Redoubt. Schenectady Stockade— See Fort Schenectady. Schuyler’s Supply Depot— General Phillip Schuyler established a supply depot at Stillwater during 1777 in an attempt to meet the threat of the British under General Burgoyne. See also Fort Winslow. Seven-Mile Post— See Fort Amherst (Warren County). Shipyard Battery— The Americans, during 1776, established a small battery, known as Shipyard Battery, in New York City in the vicinity of Waterman’s Battery, the latter located near the foot of Catherine Street. The post was abandoned when the British occupied New York. It is not known whether or not any British forces ever manned the post. South Battery (Governors Island)— See Governors Island, Kings County, Brooklyn. Not to be confused with South Battery (New York City). South Battery (New York City)— South Battery was established in New York City (Battery Park) during 1810 in the vicinity of the foot of Bridge Street in close proximity to Castle Clinton as one of a chain of defenses designed to protect New York Harbor. Not to be confused with South Redoubt (West Point) or South Battery (Governors Island). South Battery (West Point)— See West Point. South Redoubt (West Point)— South Redoubt was one of two fortifications built in the heights in the vicinity of West Point at the town of Garrison near Continental Village. The other post was North Redoubt. The heights upon which the two redoubts were established became known as Fort Hill. See also West Point. Not to be confused with South Battery (New York City) or South Battery (West Point). Southampton Fort— The British established a fort in Southampton (Suffolk County), Long Island after they seized it during 1776. The fort was established in about 1777. The fort site is at a park on Windmill Lane. Southwest Battery —See Castle Clinton (Castle Clinton which was also known as Southwest Battery). Speed Blockhouse— A blockhouse known as Speed Blockhouse was established during 1806 at Caroline by John James Speed. The fortified house was located along State Highway 79. During 1806, a U.S. Post Office was established there as Speedsville Post Office. Star Fort—See Fort Wood. Star Redoubt—See Lispenard’s Redoubt. Stillwater Blockhouse— The Stillwater Blockhouse, also known as the Battlefield Blockhouse, was not an authentic Revolutionary War fortification; however, it was constructed of lumber from structures of the period and built during 1927 on the Saratoga Battlefield. Subsequently, the blockhouse was used as a museum. During 1975, the blockhouse was transferred by the National Parks Service to the City of Stillwater and relocated at a park along the Hudson River. Stone Fort (Old)— In about 1777, a church (Dutch Reformed) at Schoharie, which was established during 1772, was transformed into

337 a fortification known as Stone Church. Apparently those who initially built the church remained loyal to England after the outbreak of the American Revolution. The patriots eradicated their names from the stones upon which they had been carved. Later, during October 1780, a force of loyalists and their Indian allies, led by Joseph Brant, attacked Schoharie and the fort as they passed through en route to other points in the Mohawk Valley. The fort withstood the attack, which was not sustained. After the close of hostilities, during 1785, the stockade was dismantled. The church remained open to the congregation until 1844 when a new church was built in the town. The old fort-church was used during the Civil War period as an armory. Subsequently, during 1875, the dormant fort was acquired by the county. In conjunction, sometimes the old Stone Fort was referred to as Lower Fort. It is now operated by the Schoharie Historical Society. Not to be confused with Stone Fort Church at St. Ann’s village. For more information Schoharie Historical Society, 145 Fort Road, Schoharie, New York 12157. Stone Fort Church (Old)— The English established a settlement (St. Ann’s village) in Washington County near Lake Champlain. In conjunction, the area was subsequently used by the military during 1692 (King William’s War) when a fort (Old Stone Fort) was constructed by fortifying a church. English and colonial troops participating in an invasion of Canada moved through the village and shortly afterward, during another campaign about two years later, the fort was again used by the English. However, Queen’s Fort (Fort Schuyler) was not established here until 1709. See also Fort Schuyler. Old Stone Fort Church is not to be confused with Stone Fort at Schoharie. Stony Point— The Americans had established a blockhouse in Rockland County at Stony Point outside West Point during the initial days of the American Revolution. Nearby was Fort Lafayette at Verplanck Point. During May 1779, Stony Point and Verplanck Point were seized by the British; but they were unable to capture the main target, West Point. The British immediately bolstered the defenses at Stony Point and afterward concluded that it was invulnerable. The fortification worked in conjunction with the captured Fort Lafayette at Verplanck’s Point and devised a system whereby a rocket would be launched if a position came under attack. The rocket sounded the alarm for reinforcements. Nevertheless, during July of that same year, George Washington ordered an assault against what the British referred to as the “Gibraltar of the Hudson.” On 15–16 July, about 2,400 light infantry troops under General Anthony Wayne advanced to Stony Point under orders of strict silence. After pushing forward about 14 miles, one trooper disobeyed the order not to load his musket, for fear that even one shot could risk the entire force. After being warned a second time to stop loading his weapon without effect, an officer eliminated the problem by running his sword through the soldier. No others attempted to load their weapons. The Americans reached the objective by about 2300 on the 15th. Soon after, a vanguard of about 100 men under Major Stuart and another, composed of 150 men led by Lt. Colonel Fleury (French officer), on the left and right respectively, held the lead, but there was another small force of 20 troops on the point that was to eliminate a particular obstacle. Slightly before 1230 on the morning of the 16th, the attack was launched amidst a thunderclap of fire. The troops charged at full throttle and by coincidence, both columns struck the defenses simultaneously. The swiftness, aligned with the terrific hurricane of fire stunned the British. Colonel Fleury, leading the left wing, was the first to burst into the fort, but the remainder of the command was on his heels. Fleury stripped the British standard and at about the same time, Major Posey bellowed: “The fort’s our own.” The British capitulated but they had inflicted casualties while the Americans were storming the fortifications. General Wayne received a superfi-

Upper Fort / NEW YORK cial wound to the head, but still he was given medical attention by his aides before he remounted his horse and rode into the fort. The Americans captured nearly 550 Redcoats and about 100 more were either killed or wounded. The commanding officer, Colonel Henry Johnston, was among the captured. The Americans suffered 15 dead and 83 wounded. In conjunction, of the 20 volunteers under Lieutenants Knox and Gibbons, 17 were either killed or wounded; this detachment was known as “forlorn hope.” George Washington reported to Congress and explained the heroism involved with the operation and he informed Congress that the victors had claimed the colors of the garrison and of the British 17th Regiment. Congress expressed its gratitude by presenting General Wayne with a gold medal and silver medals were awarded to Colonel Fleury and Major Stuart. Also, the attack against Stony Point was to have been coordinated with an assault against Fort Lafayette. However, the two brigades under General M’Dougal had not advanced to the designated positions. Consequently, the troops were unable to respond to the expected signal that Stony Point had fallen. Meanwhile, the British at Fort Lafayette under Colonel Webster received sufficient time to bolster their positions. On 16 July, at Stony Point, General Anthony Wayne repositioned the captured guns and commenced firing on the British warships in the Hudson River, compelling them to withdraw to safer positions. The Americans then fired upon Verplanck’s Point, across the river, but the endeavor was unproductive as the distance was too great. In conjunction, the plans regarding Fort Lafayette were modified. Troops under General M’Dougal were transferred to General Robert Howe. An attack was prepared, but before it jumped off, word arrived that British reinforcements had arrived. It was decided that Stony Point was no longer a strategic post and that it could not be defended against a large British force. A retreat was ordered. The Americans demolished the fort and abandoned it. Subsequently, the British arrived and restored it, but the plan to draw George Washington out of the Highlands and into a major confrontation failed. Consequently, Clinton abandoned Stony Point during October 1779 and returned to New York City. For more information: Stony Point State Historical Site, Stony Point, New York 10980. The museum has an exhibit on the battle and there are original artifacts, including captured British weaponry, on display. Swart’s Fort— Swart’s Fort was a settler’s palisaded blockhouse (brick) established by Teunis Swart in the vicinity of Schenectady during 1776. Militia was based there as early as January. The post was located outside of the town of Scotia in Schenectady County. Swift’s Battery— See Buffalo Batteries. Thompson’s Battery— See Horn’s Hook Battery. Tonawanda Blockhouse–The Americans established a blockhouse during the War of 1812 period at a location near Tonawanda Creek. The fortification was not attacked during 1812, although it was threatened. During the following year, a force composed of British and Indians attacked during December. The blockhouse was destroyed. In addition, the towns of Lewistown and Tuscarora were also destroyed by Indians. In conjunction, the area (Tonawanda) was later divided as part of two counties, Tonawanda in Erie County and North Tonawanda (Niagara County). In related activity, Fort Gray at Buffalo was attacked and destroyed and Fort Niagara was destroyed. At Fort Niagara, hundreds of American troops were seized by a force under British colonel Murray. Upper Castle— See Fort Hendrick. Upper Fort (Schoharie County)— Upper Fort was established as one of a trio of forts (Schoharie Valley Forts) constructed in Schoharie

NEW YORK / Verona Royal Blockhouse County during 1777. The fort was located along the west side of the Schoharie River in the vicinity of Middleburgh on property owned by Johannes Feeck. The earthworks fort was protected on one side by a picket and the other three sides were protected by breastworks that stood about eight-10 feet high. Two blockhouses were built within the walls. The fort was never attacked. During August 1777, on the 10th, the Battle of Flockie occurred near the fort. A contingent of troops (patriots) under Captain John McDonald clashed with a force of British and Tories, and afterward, McDonald returned to Upper Fort. The British advanced toward Oswego. Upper Fort was positioned to dominate an Indian trail near Summit Lake that moved from Middleburgh to the Charlotte River and beyond to the Susquehanna River. During 1828, the town of Fulton was carved from Middleburgh. The site of Upper Fort is now in Fulton. Subsequently, during October, a large British-Tory-Indian force commanded by Colonel John Johnson and Joseph Brant approached Upper Fort; however, it was thought to be too strongly defended. Instead, the British moved against Middle Fort (Fort Defiance). At the time, Upper Fort was defended by a force of about 100 troops under Captain Jacob Hager. In conjunction, the other two forts in the valley were Lower Fort (Stone Fort) and Middle Fort (Fort Defiance). Upper Fort (Sullivan County)— See Cocheton Post. Not to be confused with Upper Fort (Schoharie County). Upper Mohawk Castle— See Fort Hendrick. Utrecht Bay Blockhouse— See New York Harbor Blockhouses (War of 1812). Verona Royal Blockhouse (Sylvan Beach)— The English established a blockhouse known as Verona Royal Blockhouse at Verona (Sylvan Beach) in Oneida County. Some sources list the blockhouse as being established during 1759; however, an article in the 1860 Gazeteer (State of New York) penned by J.H. French and published by R. Pearsall Smith, Syracuse, suggests the blockhouse was established about 1722. The post was located at the eastern tip of Lake Oneida. The post was abandoned subsequent to the conclusion of the French and Indian War about 1764. Washington’s Headquarters (Newburgh)— General George Washington established headquarters at Newburgh during April 1782. The post was located along the Hudson River on the property of Jonathan Hasbrouck. The camp remained there until August 1783. For more information: Washington Headquarters (State Historic Site), 84 Liberty Street, Newburgh, New York 12550. The site is open to the public and displays an assortment of Revolutionary War exhibits. Water Battery— See Fort Richmond (Signal Hill). Waterbury’s Battery— The Americans established a battery known as Waterbury’s Battery in New York City near the foot of Catherine Street during 1776. It was abandoned during the British offensive to seize New York later that same year. The post was located near the approaches to the present-day Williamsburg Bridge. Watering Place Redoubts— The Americans at Staten Island, during 1776, fortified a redoubt that had been constructed earlier at Tompkinsville. During July 1776, the British seized the post. Afterward, the British established several redoubts there (later Pavillion Hill) known as Watering Place Redoubts. During the winter of 1779–1780, the garrison at Watering Place Redoubt included a force of loyalists, a contingent of the New Jersey Volunteer Battalion, led by Captain Samuel Ryerson. At the time, a severe winter caused New York Harbor to freeze over and the Hudson was a huge slice of ice stretching down to Sandy Hook. The British resupplied Staten Island by using sleighs that traveled between there and New York City.

338 The British had been forewarned of an American attack, prompting the 4th Battalion to abandon their positions and regroup at Watering Place and at Flagstaff Forts. Meanwhile, the Americans, under General Lord Stirling, mounted the assault by moving across from New Jersey. Nevertheless, the elements were so terrible that by the following morning the attack was cancelled after hundreds of troops sustained frostbite. Watervliet Arsenal–The U.S. Army established an arsenal (Watervliet Arsenal) during 1813 at Watervliet, slightly outside Albany. The arsenal was required to meet the threat from England (War of 1812); however, long after the conflict came to a close, the arsenal continued to play a strategic part in the nation’s defense. By 1887, the arsenal became known as the Cannon Factory. At present, the facility remains active and produces an array of cannon weaponry, including the gun tube used in the M1 Abrams Tank. West Battery— See Castle Clinton. West Fort— See Fort George (Oswego). West Point— On 6 October 1777, in New York, the British, under General Clinton, advanced from Stony Point en route to Forts Clinton and Montgomery. The Americans had been preparing for an attack against Fort Independence on the opposite bank and no unit had been deployed to hinder the British. Soon after, both forts were simultaneously struck and seized. Fort Independence (Fort Independence is separate from Mount Independence across the river in Vermont) was also lost. Fortress West Point and Fort Putnam were established during the following year to make up for the losses of the forts. On 27 June 1778, the Continental Army and the British fought to a stand-off at the Battle of Monmouth. British general Clinton disengaged his army and continued his retreat to New York, while General Washington advanced to West Point, where he set up headquarters on July 8th. Also during 1778, Fort Arnold, named in honor of Benedict Arnold, had been established at West Point (Orange County) on the Hudson River across from Fort Constitution. The Americans established Fortress West Point, and within it Fort Putnam became the principal defensive position to intercept an assault by British ground forces, and its dominating position above the Hudson River stood as a conspicuous hazard to any approaching British vessels. Subsequently, the British advanced against Fortress West Point, but failed to seize it. During the latter part of November 1778, General George Washington was preparing for winter quarters. His army deployed on both sides of the Hudson River in the vicinity of West Point, New York, and Danbury, Connecticut. Other units made camp farther south in the areas of Maryland and Virginia. Washington placed his artillery in Pluckemin, New Jersey. Although British troops had recently departed New York for a campaign in the southern states, the British still maintained troops there. In conjunction, the campaign in the northern and middle states had concluded. On 1 June 1779, a British attack force of about 6,000 men, under British general Clinton, attempted to capture West Point. The blockhouse at Stony Point and Fort Lafayette at Verplanck Point fell to the British, but West Point held. Following the capture of the American positions, Clinton returned to New York City and prepared to strike Connecticut. Both forts captured by the British were later reoccupied by the Americans. On 1 December 1779, Washington’s army marched from West Point to Morristown, New Jersey, arriving there during a tremendous blizzard to join troops already there. Washington used the house of Jacob Ford for his quarters. Junior officers made camp at Jockey Hollow, just south of Morristown. On 3 August 1780, George Washington, unaware of Benedict Arnold’s secret conspiracy with the British, appointed him commander of West Point. Arnold had been secretly conspiring with the British to surrender West Point. General Arnold had arrived at

339 West Point during early August. On 21 September 1780, George Washington and the French commanders met at Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss an attack against General Clinton at New York. At this time, only about 30 miles separated the two opposing forces. Meanwhile, Benedict Arnold, in the absence of Washington, prepared to betray West Point. The HMS Vulture, transporting British major Andre, moved up the Hudson and anchored at Haverstraw Bay, slightly more than five miles below King’s Ferry. Andre debarked at about midnight (21st-22nd) and met with Arnold to discuss the consummation of their conspiratorial plan. By the 24th, the plot was uncovered as Andre was captured near Tarrytown. Andre was taken to the nearest military installation, North Castle. The commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jameson, unexplainedly decided to deliver the prisoner to Arnold at West Point. Simultaneously he sped a message to General Washington to inform him of the betrayal of Arnold. General Arnold escaped and made it to the HMS Vulture. Arnold was then appointed a brigadier general in the British Army. On 26 September 1780, the militia arrived at the Robinsons’ House outside of West Point with their prisoner, British major Andre. He was transferred to Stony Point on the 28th. On the following day he received a court-martial, with General Nathanael Green presiding and Generals Lafayette, Stuben and various others convening as the board. He was convicted of being a spy and sentenced to death. Initially he was to be executed at 1700 on October 1st, but due to some negotiations between Washington and General Clinton, it was postponed until the following day, October 2nd, at 1200. On 24 September 1783, Congress directed Washington to decrease the Army “As he shall deem proper and expedient.” Washington retained a force of 600 men to guard West Point and other posts, but discharged the remainder of the Continental Army (1 infantry regiment and 1 artillery battalion remained active). At that time, England still had massive amounts of troops on American soil and all was not necessarily well, as many in England felt as if they had been sold out by the treaty and in the United States, many others, especially those in New England, were not satisfied with the treaty item that covered fishing rights in the North Atlantic. Later, on 2 June 1784, Congress disbanded the United States Army with the statement

Averasboro Earthworks / NORTH CAROLINA that in time of peace it is “inconsistent with the principles of republican government.” All that were retained included 80 artillerymen guarding the stores at West Point and Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania. The short time that followed the directive was the only time that the U.S. Army had no infantry. Fortress West Point included Fort Clinton (previously Fort Arnold), Fort Putnam, Battery Chain, Battery Green, Battery Knox, Battery Lanthorn, Battery Walters and South Battery. The complex also included Sherburne’s Redoubt, Fort Meigs, Fort Webb and Fort Wyllys. The complex also included numbered redoubts ranging from Redoubt Number 1 through Redoubt Number 7, established during 1778–1779. Fort Putnam was east of Redoubts 1 through 4 and Redoubts 5, 6 and 7 were built on Constitution Island. In addition, two other redoubts, known as North and South, were established as part of the extended defenses during 1778. They were located on the east side of the Hudson River at the town of Garrison, slightly outside of Continental Village and less than three miles southeast of Constitution Island. The heights upon which North and South Redoubts were constructed became known as Fort Hill. Subsequently, the U.S. Military Academy was established at West Point on 16 March 1802. The first graduate was Joseph Gardner (1802). He was the superintendent from 1812–1817. Gardner achieved the rank of brevet brigadier general. He succumbed during 1865. By the start of the Civil War, the military academy had 1966 graduates. Cadet Number 1966 was Lieutenant (later General) George Armstrong Custer. White Creek Fort— See Fort Salem. White Fort— See Fort Gansevoort. Whitehall Battery— The Americans established Whitehall Battery in New York City in close proximity to the Grand Battery (later Battery Park). It was located at Whitehall Dock along the tip of Manhattan and to the rear of where George Washington maintained his headquarters during the early part of 1776. Willborough Blockhouse— See Essex Blockhouse. Wood Creek Fort— See Fort Bull.

NORTH CAROLINA Asheville— The Confederates fortified Asheville during 1861and they established a series of camps including Camp Clingman (near Philip Street and French Broad Avenue), Camp Jeter (Battery Porter, later Battery Park Hill) on what was known as Beaucatch or Beaucatcher Peak (later Beaumont), Camp Patton, Camp Vance and Camp Woodfin. The Confederates also established a small arsenal at Asheville. The town was held until April 1865, when Union forces arrived and destroyed it.

Bald Head Point— See Fort Holmes (Smith Island).

Averasboro Earthworks— The Confederates established an earthworks fortification in the vicinity of Averasboro during 1865. On 15–16 March, Union general William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces clashed with the Confederates slightly outside Averasboro at Smith’s Farm during the final days of the Civil War. The Union sustained about 77 killed and 477 wounded. The Confederates sustained about 108 killed, 508 wounded and 217 missing. See also Wilmington.

Battery Number 6— See Washington.

Ballast Point Battery— See Roanoke Island. Battery Number 1— See Washington. Battery Number 2— See Washington. Battery Number 3— See Washington. Battery Number 5— See Washington. Battery Number 7— See Washington. Battery Number 8— See Washington. Battery Number 9— See Washington. Battery Anderson— Same as Flag Pond Battery. See Fort Fisher.

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340

Battery Andrew— See Wilmington.

Battery McRee— See Wilmington.

Battery (at) Ballast Point— See Roanoke Island.

Battery Meade— Same as Meade Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery (at) Flag Pond— See Fort Fisher.

Battery Meares— See Wilmington.

Battery (at) Rodman’s Point— See Rodman’s Point Battery.

Battery Miller— See Wilmington.

Battery (at) South Mills Battery— See South Mills Battery.

Battery New McDonough— See Fort Caswell.

Battery (at) Zeke’s Island— See Fort Fisher.

Battery New Madison— See Fort Caswell.

Battery Atlantic Beach— See Fort Macon.

Battery (on) Ocracoke Island— See Fort Ocracoke.

Battery Bagley— See Fort Caswell.

Battery Park Hill— See Asheville.

Battery Bellamy— See Wilmington.

Battery Parsley— See Wilmington.

Battery Bolles— Same as Bolles Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery Porter— See Asheville.

Battery Buchanan— See Fort Fisher.

Battery Purdie— Same as Purdie Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery Campbell (Oak Island)— See Fort Campbell. Not to be confused with Battery Campbell at Wilmington.

Battery Redan (Redan Battery, Northeast Bastion)— See Fort Fisher.

Battery Campbell (Wilmington)— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Fort Campbell.

Battery Roland— Same as Roland Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery Columbiad— Same as Columbiad Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery Shaw— Battery Shaw was established during 1862. It was located slightly west of Fort Caswell at Oak Island near Fort Fisher on the Cape Fear River. Battery Shaw, along with Fort Campbell and Fort Caswell, remained in Confederate hands until 1865. The Confederates destroyed Battery Shaw to keep it from being used by the Union. See also Fort Caswell.

Battery Cumberland— See Fort Fisher.

Battery Shephard— Same as Battery Shepherd.

Battery Davis— See Wilmington.

Battery Shepherd— Same as Shepherd Battery. See Fort Fisher.

Battery Dawson— Wilmington.

Battery Shipp— See Fort Caswell.

Battery Edenton Bell— See Edenton Bell Battery.

Battery Smith— See Wilmington.

Battery Gatlin— Battery Gatlin was established by the Confederates as part of the forward defenses of Wilmington and Fort Fisher during 1862. It was located at Carolina Beach between Myrtle Sound and the Atlantic Ocean and north of Battery Anderson, which was located north of Camp Wyatt. The Confederates retained the fort until January 1865.

Battery Stokes— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Stokes.

Battery Green— See Wilmington.

Bear Island Fort— The English on Bear Island during 1747 were attacked by Spanish forces twice. In addition, Spanish warships often hunted English merchant vessels in the area. The English, in response to the raids, constructed the fort. The fort was operational for an indeterminable time and its precise location remains unknown. The island at Bear Inlet, in close proximity to the U.S. Marine base Camp Lejeune, is now part of the Hammocks Beach State Park and is accessible only by boat. By about 1750, the island was part of the Starkey Plantation. For more information regarding the park and ferry service: Hammocks Beach State Park, 1572 Hammocks Beach Road, Swansboro, North Carolina 28584.

Battery Cape Lookout— See Fort Macon. Battery Caswell— See Fort Caswell.

Battery Greene— Same as Battery Green. Battery Hedrick— See Fort Fisher. Battery Hobson— See Wilmington. Battery Holland— See Fort Fisher. Battery Lamb (Sunny Point)— Battery Lamb was established in the vicinity of Reeve’s Point (Sunny Point) by the Confederates as part of the defenses of Wilmington and Fort Fisher during 1862. The fortification was part of a series of forward defenses of the city. The Confederates held the post until January 1865. Not to be confused with Battery Lamb (Fort Fisher). Battery Lamb (Fort Fisher)— Same as Mound Battery. See Fort Fisher. Not to be confused with Battery Lamb (Sunny Point). Battery Lee— See Wilmington. Battery Lenoir— Same as Lenoir Battery. See Fort Fisher. Battery Macon (Bogue Point)— See Fort Macon. Battery Madison— See Fort Caswell. Battery McDonough— See Fort Caswell. Battery McKavett— See Fort Caswell. Battery McRae— See Wilmington.

Battery Tirza—See Wilmington. Battery Swift— See Fort Caswell. Battery Worth— See Plymouth.

Beaufort Inlet Posts— See Fort Dobbs (Bogue Point). Not to be confused with Fort Dobbs (Statesville). Bentonville— Bentonville stood in the path of General Sherman’s columns that were advancing toward Goldsboro, about 20 miles distant. On 18 March, the weather continued to be terrible, giving the Union columns great difficulty, but other obstacles were approaching. General Joseph Johnston’s Confederates, acting on the belief that Sherman had overextended his lines, prepared to launch an attack at Bentonville in an effort to halt the Union advance. Reinforcements under General Roswell S. Ripley arrived to join Johnston. The battle began on 19 March and terminated on the 21st. The Confederates clashed against the 14th and 20th Corps on the left wing and the 15th and 17th Corps on the right wing, bolstered by Kilpatrick’s Cavalry. Hampton’s Cavalry engaged elements of the 14th

341 Corps under General J.C. Davis at a point about eight miles outside Bentonville. Davis was compelled to fall back, but in the meantime Slocum’s force moved up and took the offensive. Both sides battered each other throughout the day. The fighting subsided only when darkness overtook the area. During the night, Sherman sped reinforcements to the front. Generals Howard, Logan and Kilpatrick each sent forces from Sherman’s left wing. Simultaneously, Sherman directed the 15th Corps at Goldsboro to drive down to strike Johnston’s flank. On the 20th, by noon, Mower’s troops found a weak link in the Confederate lines. From their positions on Sherman’s far right, Mower’s troops got to Johnston’s rear. They were met by Wheeler’s cavalry and by infantry under General Lowry (Cheatham’s Division). All the while, General Howard remained unaware of Mower’s situation. Suddenly, after he heard the ruckus, Howard directed General Blair to advance his 17th Corps to the right. Afterward, Howard ordered General Logan to strike General Bragg’s front, but General Sherman, fearful of losing men unnecessarily in the swamps, canceled Logan’s attack. Sherman paused, waiting for Johnston to withdraw to regroup and he calculated that the new positions would be on open ground near the Neuse. Coincidentally, General Alfred H. Terry’s force was advancing toward the identical spot. The Confederates retired during the night of the 21st. Consequently, Sherman reinitiated his advance on the 22nd. The Rebel forces numbered about 15,000, but the cavalry of Butler and Wheeler did not arrive, and another 2,000 troops under General Cheatham failed to make it in time. The Union suffered 191 dead, 1,168 wounded, 287 missing. The Confederates suffered 267 dead, 1,200 wounded, 1,625 missing. Union corporal George Clute, 14th Michigan, captured the flag of the 40th North Carolina Regiment. Confederate brigadier general Daniel Harris Reynolds was wounded in the battle and lost one leg. Confederate brigadier general Stephen Elliott, Jr. was also wounded. See also Goldsboro. Berry’s Mill Pond— The Confederates established a training camp at Berry’s Mill Pond near the end of the Western North Carolina Railroad, slightly more than five miles below Morgantown. The camp was seized by the Union during June 1864. More than 100 recruits were captured at Berry’s Mill Pond. Bethabara Forts— During 1753, the Moravians (German-speaking Protestants) established Bethabara at Winston-Salem. The village was expanded to include forts for protection from the Cherokee Indians (allied with the French) during the French and Indian War. The settlement site is now part of a city park which contains a reconstructed Moravian settlement. Blowing Rock Fort— During Major General Stoneman’s raid into the area from Tennessee, a contingent of Union troops under Colonel Kirk, which included Confederate deserters, established a post at Blowing Rock. The troops there were to protect the pass. The post was located near Boone and Grandfather Mountain. See also Deep Gap Fort. Boone Court House Fort— See Deep Gap Fort. Boone’s Mill— The Confederates established earthworks in the vicinity of Boone’s Mill at Jackson. During July 1863, a contingent of Union cavalry clashed with Confederates there on the 28th. The Union was halted. Afterward, the Confederates (24th North Carolina Regiment) moved to Garysburg.

Camp Bryan Grimes / NORTH CAROLINA of the former Alamance Battlefield of the Revolutionary War period. The camp remained active until 1865. Camp Amory— See New Bern. Camp Anderson (Garysburg)— See Garysburg. Not to be confused with Camp Anderson (Wilmington). Camp Anderson (Wilmington)— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Anderson (Garysburg). Camp Andrews— Camp Andrews was established slightly outside New Bern by the Union. The camp had previously been a Confederate camp that was located on the fairgrounds. A Union soldier that wrote home while stationed there during March 1862, he noted that the “Rebels” built all of their chimneys of pine sticks and clay, built in cob house fashion. Although the Union had secured New Bern, no one was permitted to leave Camp Andrews and it took 100 troops to stand guard, despite having burned all the nearby bridges, to eliminate any surprise raid. Camp Argyle— See Morehead City. Camp Ashe— See Topsail Inlet. Camp Badger— See Raleigh. Camp Baker— The Confederates established defenses (Camp Baker) at Greenville during the early stages of the Civil War. On 25 November 1863, the camp was attacked by a Union force including elements of the 12th New York Cavalry, 1st North Carolina Volunteers, and the 24th New York Battery, commanded by Captain Graham. About 50 Confederates were captured and about 100 guns were seized. Subsequently, during March 1865, in conjunction with the Battle of Bennington (19–21 March 1865), the Confederates abandoned Greenville. In the battle, the Union sustained about 91 killed, 1,168 wounded and 287 missing. The Confederates sustained 267 killed, 1,200 wounded and 1,625 missing. Camp Beauregard— The Confederates established Camp Beauregard at Ridgeway (Warren County) during 1861. The Confederate 9th Regiment Volunteers, 1st Cavalry (known also as 9th Regiment North Carolina State Troopers), was the first cavalry regiment formed in the state. The regiment was formed there during August 1861 from men of various counties, including Ashe, Macon, Mecklenburg and Northampton. Camp Beech Grove— See Camp Palmer. Camp Belvidere— Camp Belvidere was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Wilmington, slightly north of Fort Anderson. See also Fort Anderson (Brunswick). Camp Berry Mill Pond— See Berry’s Mill Pond. Camp Blackjack— See Kinston. Camp Boylan— See Raleigh. Camp Branch— Subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War, the Confederates established a camp at Winton. On 20 February 1862, a Union naval squadron of several gunboats arrived and initiated a bombardment of the town; however, after discovering it to be lightly defended, a party landed and destroyed the town. Only a few buildings, including a church, were spared.

Boyle’s Mill Fort— See Plymouth.

Camp Branch— The Confederates established Camp Branch slightly outside New Bern. It was located in close proximity to Fort Ellis.

Camp Alamance— The Confederates established Camp Alamance at Alamance. The units that formed there included the Cedar Fork Rifles Regiment, which arrived there on 1 June 1861. The post was located in a field along the North Carolina Railroad in the vicinity

Camp Bryan Grimes— Camp Bryan Grimes was established at Raleigh as a Spanish-American War training camp during 1898. The post was named in honor of Colonel Bryan Grimes, the commander of the 4th North Carolina Regiment during the Civil War. The 1st

NORTH CAROLINA / Camp Caldwell

342

North Carolina Regiment was mustered into federal service at the post during May 1898.

Camp Hill (High Point)— See Camp Fisher. Not to be confused with Camp Hill (Garysburg).

Camp Burgwyn— See Morehead City.

Camp Hilton— See Kinston.

Camp Burgyn— Same as Camp Burgwyn.

Camp Hoffman— The Union, following the capture of New Bern, established Camp Hoffman northwest of the city near the railroad. The camp remained active for the duration.

Camp Caldwell— The U.S. Army established a camp in Robeson County during the 1870s to support the mission to eliminate a band of renegades who had resisted “white rule” during the Civil War and continuing afterward. Units from Fort Johnston operated from the outpost. Indians (Lumbee) in western North Carolina were compelled to labor for the Confederacy in the vicinity of Wilmington. One of the more prominent leaders of those who fought the government was Henry Berry Lowry. During March 1865, Lowry lost his father and brother, Allena and William respectively, when they were killed. The incident sparked what became known as the “Lowry War.” The governing bodies in Robeson County became prime targets by the gangs that included Indians, Negroes and whites. By 1872, the whereabouts of Henry B. Lowry became unknown, but no link to his death was discovered. The hostilities ended by 1874. Camp Campbell— See Kinston. Camp Canal— See Morehead City. Camp Clarendon— See Garysburg. Camp Clingman— See Asheville. Camp Crabtree— See Raleigh. Camp Davis— See Fort Fisher.

Camp Hoke— See Kinston. Camp Holmes— See Raleigh. Not to be confused with Camp Holmes at Weldon or Camp Holmes at Wilmington. Camp Holmes— See Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps. Not to be confused with Camp Holmes at Raleigh or Camp Holmes at Wilmington. Camp Holmes— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Holmes at Raleigh or Camp Holmes at Weldon. Camp Irwin— The Confederates established Irwin in the vicinity of Rutherfordton at an undetermined time during the Civil War. Elements of the 6th North Carolina Cavalry were based there during the summer of 1863 through December of that same year. The 6th Cavalry Regiment was formed by joining the 5th and 7th North Carolina Cavalry Battalions. Camp Jackson— See Wilmington. Camp Jeter— See Asheville. Camp Johnston— See Kinston.

Camp Ellis— See Raleigh.

Camp Jourdan— See Roanoke Island.

Camp Ferebee— See Garysburg. Not to be confused with Camp Ferebee at Snow Hill.

Camp Lamb— See Wilmington.

Camp Ferebee— See Snow Hill Civil War Camps. Not to be confused with Camp Ferebee at Garysburg. Camp Fisher— Camp Fisher (sometimes known as Camp Hill) was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of High Point during 1861. The camp was used as a training base during 1861 and 1862. Subsequently, during 1990, the Sons of the Confederate Veterans established a monument along North Main Street to commemorate the camp. Not to be confused with Fort Fisher at Kure Island.

Camp Leventhorpe— See Garysburg. Not to be confused with Camp Leventhorpe at Wilmington. Camp Leventhorpe— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Leventhorpe at Garysburg. Camp Long— See Garysburg.

Camp French— See Wilmington.

Camp Macon— The Confederates established Camp Macon during 1861 in the vicinity of Warrenton. The North Carolina 8th Regiment was formed there during September 1861. The regiment was later dispatched to Roanoke Island, where most of the unit was captured (later exchanged) at the Battle of Roanoke Island on 7–8 February 1862.

Camp Gaston— See New Bern.

Camp Magnum— See Raleigh.

Camp Gatlin— See New Bern.

Camp Martin— See Kinston.

Camp Georgia— See Roanoke Island.

Camp Mason— The Confederates established Camp Mason in the vicinity of Graham, Alamance County, during 1861. The 7th North Carolina Regiment was formed there during August 1861. Shortly thereafter, the unit moved to Fort Burgwyn and from there to Shepherdsville, where the regiment established winter quarters.

Camp Floyd— See Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps.

Camp Glenn— See Morehead City. Camp Graham— The Confederates established a camp in the vicinity of Newport during 1861. It remained active until the following year. The post was located in close proximity to Fort Benjamin, which was later established by the Union.

Camp Massachusetts— See New Bern.

Camp Hamilton— See Kinston.

Camp Mast— The Confederates established Camp Mast during 1863 at Sugar Grove (Watauga County) in an area known as Cove Creek. The camp was located on the property of Colonel Joseph Harrison Mast, who succumbed during 1915. The camp was seized by the Union during 1865.

Camp Heath— See Wilmington.

Camp Nethercutt— See Kinston.

Camp Hill— See Garysburg. Not to be confused with Camp Hill (High Point).

Camp Palmer— Camp Palmer was established in the vicinity of New Bern by the Union during 1863. The post was established by the 14th New York Cavalry. It was located west of New Bern, near

Camp Gordon— The Confederates established Camp Gordon during September 1862 in the vicinity of Simpson, slightly more than five miles east of Greenville.

343

Camp Whiting / NORTH CAROLINA

Bachelor’s Creek, where a large confrontation occurred (Beech Grove, Bachelor’s Creek) on 1–3 February 1864 and included Newport Barracks. Other clashes occurred near the creek during November 1862 and March 1863. The camp is sometimes referred to as Grove Camp and Camp Beech Grove.

was subsequently placed along Battleground Avenue to commemorate the camp. Not to be confused with Camp Stokes (Charlotte).

Camp Patterson— See Wilmington.

Camp Vance (Goldsboro)— See Goldsboro.

Camp Patton— See Asheville.

Camp Vance (Hamilton)— See Fort Branch (Hamilton).

Camp Pendleton— See New Bern.

Camp Vance (Kittrell)— The Confederates established Camp Vance at Kittrell during 1862. A unit, Zebulon Vance’s Legion, was to be raised, but the effort was unsuccessful. Company H, composed of men from Caldwell County was formed at Kittrell, but later it was assigned to the 26th North Carolina Regiment at Johnson City, Tennessee. In conjunction, Zebulon Vance was governor of North Carolina during the Civil War and subsequent to the conflict, he served three terms in the U.S. Senate. His brother was Confederate general Robert Brank Vance.

Camp Pettigrew— See Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps. Not to be confused with Camp Pettigrew at Wilmington. Camp Pettigrew— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Pettigrew at Weldon. Camp Pierce— See New Bern. Camp Pool— See Kinston. Camp Radcliff— The Confederates established Camp Radcliff in the vicinity of Smithville during 1861. It remained in Confederate hands until 1865. During 1862, a yellow fever epidemic hit the region and the Confederate garrison (40th Regiment) at Smithville moved to Camp Radcliff. The city of Wilmington was ravaged by the epidemic. During October of that year, several soldiers deserted at Fort Caswell, moved aboard U.S. warships, and afterward detailed the defenses of Fort Fisher to the Union officers. Camp Raleigh— See Roanoke Island. Camp Ransom— See Kinston. Camp Ransom— See Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps. Camp Reno— See New Bern. Not to be confused with Camp Reno at Roanoke Island. Camp Reno— See Roanoke Island. Not to be confused with Camp Reno at New Bern. Camp Rescue— The Confederates established Camp Rescue on Roanoke Island during September 1861. Elements of the 3rd Georgia had been en route to reinforce Hatteras, but it had fallen prior to their arrival. The troops were diverted to Roanoke Island. The camp was established in the northern sector of the island, but shortly thereafter, the Confederates, including other new arrivals (7th North Carolina Regiment), worked to fortify the remainder of the island. They established Fort Bartow at Pork Point and Fort Huger at Weir’s Point. And south of Weir Point, they established Fort Blanchard. The officer in charge was Colonel Ambrose Wright; however, an engineer, Charles H. Dimmock, also arrived on the island and he supervised the construction. Camp Robertson— See Snow Hill. Camp Robinson— See Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps. Camp Sloan— The Confederates established Camp Sloan at Charlotte in the vicinity of where the North Carolina Military Institute had been located. In addition, another camp, known as Camp Stokes, was established at Charlotte. The units that were at Charlotte included Beatie’s Ford Rifles (Captain Houston) and the Gaston Guards. Camp Stokes (Charlotte) is not to be confused with Camp Stokes (Greensboro). Camp Stokes (Charlotte)— See Camp Sloan. Not to be confused with Camp Stokes (Greensboro). Camp Stokes (Greensboro)— The Confederates established Camp Stokes in Greensboro during the 1860s. The camp was used for purposes of training and it was utilized to hold deserters. A monument

Camp Vance (Asheville)— See Asheville. Camp Vance (Garysburg)— See Garysburg.

Camp Vance (Morehead City)— See Morehead City. Camp Vance (Morgantown)— The Confederates established Camp Vance in the vicinity of Morgantown (later Drexel) during 1861. The camp post was retained by the Confederates until 1864 during a time when it was lightly defended, particularly due to a high rate of deserters. The area was held by troops that were only about 16 years old. A large Union force effortlessly seized the camp and the defenders under Colonel George Walton during June 1864. Camp Vance— See Raleigh. Camp Washington— The Confederates established Camp Washington at Portsmouth during 1861. During September 1861, a Union contingent landed and secured the area, but the camp was abandoned as the troops had been dispatched earlier to defend Hatteras. The Union contingent, led by Lieutenant Eastman, discovered and destroyed three 8-inch guns on the beach, but no battery had been erected. Only a few residents of the island were there when the troops landed. The landing was in coordination with the seizure of Fort Ocracoke. Camp Watauga— North Carolina’s frontier near the border with Tennessee and Virginia became insufficiently defended once General Longstreet departed to join the Army of Northern Virginia during the Battle of the Wilderness. About two companies under Major Harvey Bingham held camp at Watauga. Nearby, a small contingent of troops was based in Ashe County. Combined, the units protected the routes into North Carolina from East Tennessee. That region (western North Carolina) was under the command of General Robert Brank Vance; however, he was captured on 14 January 1864 at Crosby Creek while on a raid into eastern Tennessee. Vance was released from Fort Delaware during a prisoner exchange in March 1865. General Vance was succeeded by Colonel (later General) Joseph Benjamin Palmer. Camp Whiting (Holden Beach)— The Confederates established Camp Whiting in the vicinity of Lockwood Folly Inlet near Holden Beach during 1864. The Brunswick Guard (militia) was included in the units that was based there. Not to be confused with Camp Whiting at Wilmington. Camp Whiting— See Wilmington. Not to be confused with Camp Whiting (Holden Beach). Camp Wilkes— See Morehead City. Camp Williams— See Snow Hill. Camp Winfield— See Fort Clark.

NORTH CAROLINA / Camp Wyatt Camp Winslow (Garysburg)— See Garysburg. Not to be confused with Camp Winslow (Raleigh). Camp Winslow (Raleigh)— See Raleigh. Not to be confused with Camp Winslow (Garysburg). Camp Woodfin— See Asheville. Camp Wool— See Fort Clark. Camp Wyatt— The Confederates established Camp Wyatt in the vicinity of Carolina Beach during 1861. The North Carolina 18th Infantry Regiment (formerly 8th Volunteers) was formed there during July 1861. Recruits arrived from the city of Wilmington and from other counties, including Bladen, Columbus, New Hanover and Richmond. Camp Wyatt— See Raleigh. Carolina City Camp— The Confederates established Carolina City Camp at Morehead City during 1861. The post was included in a line of defenses near Wilmington that also included Fort Caswell, Fort Macon and Fort Johnson. On about 28 April 1861, it was decided to deploy 600 troops at Carolina City Camp and Morehead. Another 1,000 were to be deployed at New Bern, and 1,200 were to be deployed at Wilmington and Fort Johnson in anticipation of a Union attack to regain Wilmington. New Bern was particularly vulnerable to attack from the sea and it was strategically important as it held the key to the Atlantic Railroad, which supplied Fort Macon. Fortifications (batteries) were established at Ocracoke Inlet and Hatteras Inlet to bolster Cape Fear to protect the approaches to Wilmington, but the defenses at both of those points were immediately in jeopardy and in need of strong forces because neither could be reinforced and abandonment would not be possible due to the isolated positioning of the posts. The Union captured Morehead City during 1862. Other Confederate camps located in the area included Camp Argyle, Camp Burgwyn (vicinity of Atlantic Beach), Camp Canal (Morehead City), Camp Vance (slightly west of Morehead City) and Camp Wilkes (slightly outside Fort Macon). Subsequently, during the 1900s, a National Guard post, known as Camp Glenn, was established there and during World War I (1918), the U.S. Navy established a temporary base there that remained active until 1921. During World War II, the U.S. Navy reestablished a base there. The site of Carolina City Camp is located in present-day Morehead City Park. See also Fort Macon. Cathey’s Fort— Cathey’s Fort was established by William Cathey in the vicinity of Woodlawn (McDowell County) during the 1770s. The settler’s fort was to provide protection against the Cherokee Indians. Subsequently, during 1782, the fort was acquired by William Wofford and it became known as Wofford’s Fort. Later, during 1791, the fort (fortified home) was sold to John Mitchell Greenlee. Cobb’s Point Garrison— See Fort Cobb. Conaby’s Redoubt— See Plymouth. Confederate Point— See Fort Fisher. Davidson’s Fort— Davidson’s Fort, known also as Fort Rutherford and as Upper Fort, was established in present-day McDowell County during the 1700s at Old Fort in western North Carolina in the vicinity of the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the mouth of the Catawba River. Samuel Davidson purchased the tract, which included Old Fort, in about 1770. A stockade had been built around at least part of the property, but it is not known when it was erected or by whom. At least two separate theories exist: the first is that it was built to protect settlers from the Cherokee Indians by Davidson and the other is that it was constructed by militia under Captain Hugh Waddell during the campaign against the Cherokee tribe.

344 During 1774, Davidson trekked across the Blue Ridge Mountains and built a home there at Azalea, located at the time where the English had promised by agreement with the Cherokee during 1763 to not settle (beyond the summit of the Blue Ridge Mountains). Shortly thereafter, Davidson was killed by the Indians, but his wife and baby, along with a servant, were able to evade capture. They returned to Davidson’s Fort. Afterward, a search party departed and retrieved Davidson’s body. Also, earlier, during the 1560s, a party of Spanish under Juan Pardo ventured into the region from South Carolina and while there, during 1566, they established a fort along the Catawba. However, by the following year, the expedition’s expectations to acquire territory for Spain became ill-fated. A portion of the party advanced from their fort towards Franklin, and from there they moved back toward South Carolina. The expedition team vanished. It never reached South Carolina and the fort at the Catawba was never located. In conjunction, during 1842, McDowell County was carved from Burke and Rutherford Counties Deep Gap Fort— The Union established a fortification at Deep Gap in the vicinity of the Blue Ridge Parkway during General Stoneman’s Raid (March 1865). One division of Stoneman’s force, led by General Davis Tillson, had been directed to protect the rear and as part of the directive, the 2nd North Carolina Mounted Infantry Regiment under Colonel Kirk established positions at Deep Gap and at Watauga Gap. Kirk was ordered to also guard Meat Camp Road which led through State Gap and another road that stretched through Sampson Gap which was between Deep and Watauga Gaps. The Union posted elements of the 2nd Mounted Infantry at Deep Gap and a contingent of the 3rd Mounted Infantry deployed at Watauga Gap. The main force remained at Boone with Colonel Kirk, who established headquarters there at the residence of the Councill family. In conjunction, the courthouse at Boone was transformed into a fort. By 19 April, General Stoneman had returned to Tennessee, but troops were held in North Carolina to deter renegades from raiding the region. By 6 May, the 2nd and 3rd Mounted Infantry Regiments deployed at Asheville, following the surrender of the Confederate troops in western North Carolina, commanded by General J.G. Martin. The surrender was accepted by Lieutenant Colonel William Bartlett. Edenton Bell Battery— The Edenton Bell Battery was not a fortification. The battery was established by the Confederates at Edenton during the Civil War. The cannons were made from bells donated by the churches in the town. A visitors’ center is located at 108 Broad Street. Tours of the historic area are available. The Edenton Bell Battery remained active for the duration of the conflict. One of the cannon is on display in front of the Barker House. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the majority of the ablebodied males joined the American cause, which left the town undefended. At one point, the British were expected to attack, but it did not occur and the town was spared. Edenton Bell Battery was organized in 1862 by Captain William Badham and was engaged in many battles throughout the war, until it surrendered to General Sherman’s forces during 1865. Fayetteville Arsenal— The Confederates seized the federal arsenal at Fayetteville during September 1861. The Confederates retained Fayetteville until March 1865. On 22 February 1862, the Union gained Wilmington. Two days earlier, while that contest was ongoing, General Sherman’s forces departed Columbia, South Carolina, for Winnsboro and from there to Fayetteville, the first obstacle in North Carolina standing between Sherman and Goldsboro. Sherman had also sent a diversionary force toward Charlotte to fool General Beauregard. Forces under General Joseph Johnston attempted to halt Sherman’s advance, but the Union eventually overwhelmed the Confederates.

345 Sherman seized Fayetteville following the Battle of Monroe Crossroads (10 March) and destroyed the arsenal. On 15–16 March, the Confederates clashed with Sherman’s force, near Averasboro, in the vicinity of Dunn, but the Union prevailed and continued toward Goldsboro. The arsenal, which had initially been established at Fayetteville during the 1830s, was not restored after the war. The ruins are now part of the North Carolina Arsenal Museum of the Cape Fear Historical Complex at 801 Arsenal Avenue. Other Confederate defenses at Fayetteville were hastily put in place during 1865, but the encampment played no part in the fall of Fayetteville. Also, a museum is located near the Averasboro Battlefield. For more information: Averasboro Battlefield Commission Inc., PO Box 1811, Dunn, North Carolina 28335. Fayetteville Earthworks— See Fayetteville Arsenal. Federal Point— See Fort Fisher. Flag Pond Battery— See Fort Fisher. Fort Amory— See New Bern. Fort Anderson (Brunswick)— During 1726, Brunswick was established by the English along the Cape Fear River. The settlement was founded by Maurice Moore and named after Brunswick, Germany, where England’s King George I was born. The settlement was attacked by the Spanish during 1748. By the outbreak of the American Revolution, the patriots controlled Brunswick. Soon after, during 1776, the British landed and destroyed most of the town and its fortifications. Subsequently, during 1861, the Confederates established Fort Anderson, initially known as Fort St. Philip’s (named after St. Philip’s Church), at Brunswick (Brunswick Town) as part of the defensive lines to defend Wilmington. The Confederates used Wilmington both as a strategic port for the Confederate blockade runners and as a primary shipping point (rail) to supply the Confederate forces at Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia. The fortifications included two batteries. The fort was held by the Confederates until February 1865. Fort Fisher fell during 13–15 January 1865, shattering the lines at Wilmington. On 22 February 1865, following an offensive that began on 18 February, Fort Anderson fell. At Wilmington, the Union celebrated George Washington’s birthday with an artillery salute. See also Wilmington. In conjunction, the North Carolina 1st Heavy Artillery Battalion was organized at Wilmington during the late spring of 1863 with four companies. It surrendered with the Army of Tennessee. Throughout the war the battalion served in North Carolina and saw action at Fort Fisher and Fort Anderson. In March 1865, the few remaining men were assigned to Hagood’s Brigade as infantry. The fort site is part of the Brunswick Town State Historic Site, which contains a visitors center and a museum. For more information: Brunswick Town, 8884 St. Philip’s Rd. SE, Winnabow, North Carolina 28479. Fort Anderson— Fort Anderson was established by the Union during 1862, subsequent to the seizure of New Bern. The post was located in the vicinity of Fort Dutton and across the Cape Fear River from Confederate Fort Anderson. During March 1863, the Confederates attacked New Bern. The garrison at Fort Anderson came under assault on 14–15 March; however, the Union, with the support of gunboats that arrived, was able to hold the post. The Confederates, unable to seize Fort Anderson, or New Bern, moved against the Union positions at Washington. See also Washington. Fort at Cape Lookout-Beaufort— During 1713, in the vicinity of Beaufort, the colonists became concerned about the Core Indians that inhabited the area. The governor, Thomas Pollock, established a garrison, sometimes referred to as Fort Pollock, in the region at an undetermined location near Core Sound. The Core Indians and the Machapung Indians were nearly wiped out during the Tuscarora

Fort Branch / NORTH CAROLINA War. Governor Pollock was born in Glasgow, Scotland, during 1654 and after arriving in the colonies, he took up residence in North Carolina (Virginia). Pollock became governor four days after the demise of Governor Edward Hyde during September 1712. In conjunction, Pollard had supported Governor Hyde during the Carey Rebellion of 1711. Pollock remained as governor during the Tuscarora War and until 1714, upon the arrival of Governor Charles Eden. Eden held the title, “Charles Eden Esquire, Governor, Captain General, and Admiral.” Upon Eden’s death during 1722, Pollock again became governor, but shortly thereafter, during August 1722, Thomas Pollock succumbed. Fort Barnwell— Fort Barnwell was established in the vicinity of New Bern along the Cotechney Creek during 1712. The fort was erected by South Carolina militia under Colonel John Barnwell during the Tuscarora War. The force under Barnwell included only about 30 colonists and about 500 Yemassee Indians. The Tuscarora were vanquished and many of their warriors were women who fought without surrendering. The clash occurred at a Tuscarora fortification along the Neuse River. During the following month, militia from North Carolina bolstered Barnwell’s forces and afterward, the Carolinians and the Yemassee Indians attacked the Tuscarora at Fort Hancock along Catechna Creek to once again prevail. The fort, known also as Hancock’s Fort, contained nearly nine smaller forts within the perimeter. The Indians agreed to a treaty of peace. During the conflict, by October 1711, the colonists established about nine forts (garrisons) in the vicinity of Bath County, where the attacks had occurred. The forts included Fort Reading (Lionel-Reading Plantation and Fort Hyde, the latter named after Governor Hyde). The plantation forts were in the Pamlico and Neuse regions. Most plantations were abandoned. Many of the colonists sought safety at the settlement of Bath on the Bath peninsula. Many widows and orphaned children fled there. The town was not attacked, but it did have fortifications. The fort which was extended to the farthest point west was Fort Reading on the Lionel Reading plantation near the mouth of the Chocowinity Bay. Other sectors that contained forts included the Core Sound area and along the Neuse River. Also, during 1712, the colonists in North Carolina were struck by a yellow fever epidemic. On 8 September 1712, Governor Hyde succumbed to the fever. Fort Bartow— Fort Bartow was established by the Confederates shortly after their arrival at Roanoke Island during September 1861. The Confederates had also established Camp Rescue opposite the island on the mainland. The 3rd Georgia had been en route to reinforce Hatteras, but it had fallen prior to their arrival, prompting the unit to divert to Roanoke Island. Fort Bartow was constructed at Pork Point. The Union seized it during March 1862, renovated it and renamed it Fort Foster. In addition, the Confederates also established Fort Huger and Fort Blanchard to further bolster the island. And they also fortified a position known as Suple’s Hill. The 3rd and 8th North Carolina Regiments garrisoned the island and other units joined them from Fort Oregon at Oregon Point, which had been destroyed upon the Union attacks at Hatteras. See also Roanoke Island. Fort Blanchard— See Roanoke Island. Fort Branch (Hamilton)— The Confederates established Fort Branch in Martin County along the Roanoke River in the vicinity of Hamilton during 1862. The post was located below the Confederate shipyards at Halifax and Edward’s Ferry (above Scotland Neck). The Confederates retained the fort for the duration of the conflict. The post was attacked during July 1862, but the assault was unsuccessful. Subsequent to the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, the defenders of the fort tossed the 12 pieces of artillery into the river before abandoning the

NORTH CAROLINA / Fort Butler

346

fort. Later, several of the guns were retrieved by the Union, but the remainder stayed submerged until several more were discovered during the 1970s by a salvage operation. The State of North Carolina then claimed the guns, preventing them from being retained outside the state. The battle for Fort Branch is now reenacted each year during November. The site of the fort, however, is on private property. In conjunction, other Confederate fortifications in the vicinity of Hamilton included Camp Penders and Camp Vance. For more information: Fort Branch Battlefield Commission, PO Box 355, Hamilton, North Carolina 27840. Not to be confused with Fort Branch at Smithville.

meet the challenges of the twentieth century that might threaten the coastal region. The batteries included: Battery Bagley (1903–1925, eight 12-inch M, 1 gun replaced 1912), Battery Caswell (1899–1925, two 12-inch BC), Battery McDonough (1902–1905, one 5-inch BP, when deactivated, guns transferred to Battery Shipp), Battery McKavett (1903–1920, two 3-inch MP), Battery Madison (1899–1904, one 4.7-inch A, transferred to Fort Screven during 1904), Battery New McDonough (1904–1925, two 3-inch P), Battery New Madison (1905–1917, two 6-inch DC), Battery Shipp (1901–1919, two 5inch BP) and Battery Swift (1898–1920, four 8-inch DC, two guns removed 1917).

Fort Branch (Smithville, later Southport)— See Fort Johnston. Not to be confused with Fort Branch (Hamilton).

Fort Chase— The Union established Fort Chase along the Neuse River opposite New Bern during 1862.

Fort Brunswick— See Fort Anderson.

Fort Clark— Union warships had arrived off the coast of North Carolina in the vicinity of Confederate-held Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark on 27 August 1861. On the following day, at 0500, Flag Officer Stringham ordered the ships to open fire against the shore batteries. The steam frigates Minnesota and Wabash, supported by the sloops Cumberland and Susquehanna, bombarded the positions until 0900. Meanwhile, the ships’ Marine detachments joined with the Army force for the assault against the forts. Many of the troops under General Benjamin Butler got stranded on a sandbar while landing, but Confederate Fort Clark hauled down its colors. Fort Clark was abandoned and a contingent of Coastguardsmen and other troops under Colonel Weber occupied it. Meanwhile the USS Monticello advanced onward toward Fort Hatteras, reaching a point about 600 yards from the objective when she came under severe fire from the Confederate batteries. The artillery barrage inflicted some damage to the vessel. Rather than risk further harm or possible destruction of the ship, the Monticello pulled back, permitting the USS Minnesota, Pawnee and Susquehanna to ease up and provide a substantial amount of firepower to silence the guns on shore. Throughout the day, the naval guns bombarded Fort Hatteras while the southerners traded fire with the vessels and simultaneously poured fire into Union-held Fort Clark. By nightfall, exhaustion overwhelmed both sides. The incessant daylong barrages inflicted a high toll on the Rebels within Fort Hatteras. The commander, Confederate colonel William Martin, too tired to even stand, passed command to flag officer Samuel Barron, the naval officer in command of the Confederate ships in the area of Pamlico Sound. During the night of the 28th-29th, reinforcements arrive to bolster the beleaguered garrison. Back at Fort Clark, the Union troops abandoned their positions to seek safer positions out of the range of the Confederate artillery, but they also redeployed a three-gun battery, which on the morning of the 29th, deterred additional reinforcements from debarking Confederate vessels. At 1030, the Confederates hoisted a white flag above the fort. Shortly thereafter, the garrison proposed to surrender the fort if afforded full honors of war, but Stringham and Butler declined the offer. Having no genuine options, the beleaguered Confederates at Fort Hatteras capitulated. Captain Samuel Barron, CSN (previously served in the U.S. Navy), boarded the USS Minnesota and surrendered the fort. Confederate brigadier general Richard C. Gatlin (West Point, 1832), commanding officer, Department of North Carolina, received the blame for the loss and also for that of New Bern during March of 1862. Union losses: 1 killed, 2 wounded. Confederate losses: 5 killed, 51 wounded, 715 captured. U.S. Navy seaman Benjamin Swearer, stationed on the USS Pawnee, was the first man to raise the Stars and Stripes over captured Fort Clark. Swearer, for his extraordinary heroism under fire in the face of the enemy, became a recipient of the Medal of Honor. The Union intended to destroy the forts, but instead, it was decided that both forts be held. In conjunction, Confederate Camp Winfield had been located in the vicinity of the lighthouse at Hatteras Inlet. Also, the Union, during

Fort Buchanan— See Fort Fisher. Fort Buffalo— See Wingfield Plantation. Fort Burnside— See Roanoke Island. Fort Butler— Fort Butler, named in honor of Benjamin Franklin Butler (secretary of war, later Union general), was established during the period 1836–1838 along the Hiwassee River opposite the town of present-day Murphy. The post was located in Macon County (later Cherokee County) and was used during the period known as the Cherokee Removal (Great Removal) when the Cherokee Indians were compelled to leave their lands in the march known as the Trail of Tears. The U.S. Army units under General Winfield Scott established a total of six forts in the western tip of North Carolina. Many other forts were established during the same period in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee while the Cherokee were being detained prior to relocating in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during 1839. Other forts included Fort Delaney at Andrews, Cherokee County; Fort Embree at Hayesville, Clay County; Fort Lindsay in the vicinity of Almond; and Fort Montgomery at Robbinsville, Graham County. Fort Campbell— Fort Campbell was established during 1862 by the Confederates as a support post of Fort Caswell, Oak Island. The post, which contained nearly 20 guns, was located in the vicinity of modern-day Battery Shipp at Fort Caswell. Fort Campbell and Battery Shaw were both abandoned and destroyed by the Confederates during January 1865 when the Union seized Fort Fisher. See also Wilmington. Fort Caswell (New Bern)— Fort Caswell was established by the Americans during 1775 in the vicinity of New Bern at present-day Fort Point. The fort was seized by the Confederates during 1861 and renamed Fort Lane. See also Fort Lane. Not to be confused with Fort Caswell (Oak Island). Fort Caswell (Oak Island)— Fort Caswell was established on Oak Island at the Cape Fear River in North Carolina by the U.S. during 1826. The post was built to protect Wilmington. The construction of the masonry fort was not completed until 1833. Subsequently, on 16 April 1861, the installation was seized by the Confederates, who held the fortification until 1865. The garrison abandoned the post after Fort Fisher fell to the Union during January 1865. Other nearby batteries that were destroyed and abandoned by the Confederates during 1865 included Battery Shaw and Fort Campbell. Fort Caswell, after being regained by the Union, remained active following the conclusion of the Civil War and played a part during the Spanish-American War (1898), World War I and World War II, before it was deactivated during 1946. The fort site is now on the property of the North Carolina Baptist Assembly. During the latter part of the fort’s active service, more modern batteries were installed to

347 1862, established Camp Wool at a position slightly west of Fort Clark. Fort Cobb— The Confederates fortified Cobb’s Point at Elizabeth City during 1862. The post was known as Fort Cobb and Cobb’s Point Garrison. The post was guarded by elements of the 1st Brigade, North Carolina, a contingent of Confederate sailors, elements of Wise’s Legion (artillery) and the 3rd Georgia Regiment and other units. The fort was seized by a naval force under Captain Stephen C. Rowan. The Union warships included the USS Commodore Perry and the USS Ceres. Fort Comfort— See Plymouth. Fort Conpher— See Plymouth. Fort Davis— See Wilmington.

thereafter, continued to charge, with war whoops and yells accompanying the advance. The troops waited until the Indians got within short range, then delivered a hurricane of fire to terminate the attack. However, during the attack, the militia lost two men wounded, one of whom was also scalped and near death. The Indians also killed one young boy who was caught outside the fort. Reports filed with the North Carolina assembly estimated the Indian deaths at about 10–12. This was the only major attack launched against the fort. During the following year, the fort was abandoned, but it was used sporadically during the American Revolutionary War period. In conjunction, the frontier at that time, following the defeat of the Cherokee Indians, began to expand. The Fort Dobbs site is now a State Historic Site. Not to be confused with Fort Dobbs (Bogue Banks). Fort Dutton— See New Bern.

Fort Defiance— In about 1776, General William Lenoir (North Carolina militia) had built Fort Defiance in the Yadkin Valley at Lenoir. The fort was located near Boone off the present-day Blue Ridge Parkway near Grandfather’s Mountain and in close proximity to where the future states of Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina converge. Subsequent to the War for Independence, General Lenoir built his house at Lenoir at the place where the fort had stood. He named his home Fort Defiance. During the American Revolution, North Carolina militia manned the fort. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance at Roanoke Island. Fort Defiance— See Roanoke Island. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance at Lenoir. Fort Delaney— Fort Delaney was one of a group of forts established by the U.S. Army during 1836–1838 in North Carolina (Cherokee Removal Period). The post was located in the vicinity of Andrews in Cherokee County. See also Fort Butler. Fort Dillard— See Wingfield Plantation. Fort Dobbs (Bogue Banks)— During 1756, Fort Dobbs, named in honor of the royal governor, Arthur Dobbs, was established by the English at Bogue Banks (Carteret County). The fortification was built in preparation for hostilities with France. The post, erected to defend Beaufort Inlet, was never totally completed and was afterward abandoned. The area lacked defenses throughout the American Revolution. Later, in about 1809, Fort Hampton was constructed there, followed by Fort Macon, which was established during 1834. See also Fort Macon. Not to be confused with Fort Dobbs (Statesville). Fort Dobbs (Statesville)— The North Carolina legislature provided authorization of a second Fort Dobbs during 1755, separate from Fort Dobbs at Bogue Banks. The other Fort Dobbs, which contained three-story blockhouses, was also named for Governor Arthur Dobbs. It was established during 1756 at Statesville on North Carolina’s western frontier. The post was located in Iredell County in the Piedmont section of the state, close to the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. At the time, it was the sole frontier fort in North Carolina. On 27 February 1760, a Cherokee war party composed of more than 50 braves raided Fort Dobbs on the frontier. The defenders, including Waddell’s Rangers, were prepared. Initially, the Cherokees fired, and immediately

Fort Fisher / NORTH CAROLINA

Fort Ellis— The Confederates established Fort Ellis as part of the defenses of New Bern. The post and another fort, Fort Lane, were seized by the Union during March 1862. Not to be confused with Fort Ellis (Roanoke). Fort Ellis (Roanoke)— See Roanoke. Not to be confused with Fort Ellis at New Bern. Fort Embree— Fort Embree was one of the forts established by the U.S. Army during 1836–1838 in North Carolina during the time known as the Cherokee Removal Period. The post was located in the vicinity of Hayesville. See also Fort Butler. Fort Fisher— The Confederates established Fort Fisher, initially known as Battery Bolles, at Kure Beach near the mouth of the Cape Fear River for the purpose of defending Wilmington, a strategic port and rail center of the Confederacy. The post was actually a combination of batteries protected by sand and the combined firepower included only slightly more than 20 guns until the following year, when Colonel William Lamb arrived at the fort. Upon Lamb’s arrival, the expansion of the fort began and he used a fortress (Malakoff Tower) used by the Russians during the Crimean War at Sebastpol as his model. The construction project continued into 1865. Although the Confederate troops were engaged in the project, Negroes (slaves

Fort Fisher, North Carolina — Photograph, A. Gardiner, 1865

NORTH CAROLINA / Fort Forrest

348 Pennypacker participated at the battle, and General Alfred H. Terry gave Pennypacker credit for the victory. Pennypacker was seriously wounded and hospitalized for nearly one year. Colonel Pennypacker, no stranger to danger, was previously wounded four times during the ongoing siege of Petersburg. He was breveted brigadier general to rank from February 1865 and he received the brevet of major general effective March 13th. Major General Pennypacker celebrated his twenty-first birthday on 1 June 1865. For more information: Fort Fisher State Historic Site, Highway 421 South, Kure Beach, North Carolina or P.O. Box 68, Kure Beach, NC 28449. The museum there displays many Civil War relics. Also, during World War II, Camp Davis was established at Kure Beach by the U.S. Army. Coastal artillery was deployed there to defend the port. The post was deactivated during 1944 and the Army Air Corps used it as a recuperation hospital. In conjunction, there was no U.S. Air Force during World War II. The Air Corps was part of the U.S. Army until 1947, when the Air Force was established.

Fort Fisher, North Carolina, captured by Union January 1865.

and freemen) were also used to build the fortress. The palisaded defenses (Land Face) stretched from the Wilmington Road (River Road Sally Port) to the Northeast Bastion. The positions in addition to Bolles Battery included Columbiad Battery, Cumberland Battery, Hedrick Battery, Holland Battery, Lenoir Battery, Meade Battery, Purdie Battery, Roland Battery, Shepherd Battery, Mound Battery (known also as Lamb Battery) and Northeast Bastion (Redan Battery). Other Confederate fortifications nearby included Camp Wyatt, slightly north of the post, and also, north along the coast, was Battery Anderson (also known as Flag Pond Battery), and yet another was Battery Buchanan (also known as Fort Buchanan) at Confederate Point (Federal Point). Zeke’s Island Battery was south of Fort Fisher. A Union naval force bombarded Fort Fisher on 23 August 1863, but no major assault was launched until late 1864. On 23 December 1864, the forces of General Butler and Admiral Porter arrived at Wilmington to seize the fort, commanded by General William Henry C. Whiting. By the 25th, Christmas Day, the naval guns supported a major landing against Fort Fisher. A Confederate position, Flag Pond Battery (Pond Hill Battery), was seized, but Butler received word from captives that reinforcements were en route, prompting him to cancel the assault. Butler returned to Fortress Monroe with only a brigade under General Newton Curtis remaining. Meanwhile, General Grant informed Porter to hold until more troops could be sent. Grant sent the identical force with a new commander, General Alfred H. Terry. On 6 January 1865, about 8,000 troops under Terry embarked from Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, and arrived at Beaufort on 8 January. On the 15th, following a three-day bombardment, the army struck from the land while the navy and Marines hit the beach, carrying only revolvers. By 2200 hours, the fort was under Union control. The cessation of the fighting was due mainly to the Rebels running out of ammunition and also because reinforcements under General Hoke did not arrive. Hoke’s Division had been a short distance away, a mere two miles, but the naval guns had kept them at bay. The Confederates that were able made it to the inside of the fort and from there they escaped. Union losses: 184 killed, 749 wounded. Confederates: 400 killed or wounded, 2,083 captured. Union brigadier general Newton M. Curtis, wounded four times, was the first man to pass through the gates of Fort Fisher. Confederate general William H.C. Whiting was badly wounded and was captured. Whiting succumbed due to complications from his wounds during March 1865. The heavy Confederate artillery that had withstood the Union since the first attack during 1864 was commanded by General Louis Hebert (West Point, 1845). Union colonel Galusha

Fort Forrest— The Confederates established a haphazard position known as Fort Forrest at Redstone Point on the mainland opposite the sound from Roanoke Island. The troops maneuvered two barges into the mud along the bank near Manns Harbor (Outer Banks) and deployed four artillery pieces on the barges. By 21 September 1861, the 8th North Carolina Regiment (state troops) under Colonel Henry M. Shaw arrived on Roanoke Island and began to fortify it. Fort Forrest was located across from Fort Huger. It was destroyed during February 1862 when the Union seized Roanoke Island. Fort Foster— See Fort Bartow and Roanoke Island. Fort French— See Wilmington. Fort Gaston— See New Bern. Fort Granville— During 1749, Fort Granville was established at Ocracoke Inlet. The fort was established as a defense against possible incursions by the Spanish, but no attacks occurred and the fort was later abandoned (1760s). Subsequently, during the American War for Independence, the post was reestablished by the Americans. In conjunction, during 1748, the North Carolina legislature authorized the construction of four forts along the shore; however, only two of those were built. In about 1748, Fort Johnston was established, followed by Fort Granville. Fort Gray— See Plymouth. Fort Hall— The Confederates established Fort Hall in Hyde County near the Pungo River during 1861. The exact location was never determined. Fort Hamby— Fort Hamby was actually a fortified house used during 1865 by guerrillas led by a Union deserter. The bandits’ fort had previously been a house of ill repute, located in Wilkes County on some heights above the Yadkin River. The fort, after several attempts, was seized by residents during May 1865. The guerrillas had been raiding the region and at the time, during the final days of the Civil War, the town was lacking large numbers of men capable of eliminating the problem. Nevertheless, it was taken. Fort Hamilton— See Fort Macon. Fort Hancock (Cape Lookout)— During 1778, a fort named Fort Hancock, in honor of John Hancock, was established at Cape Lookout Bight by French volunteers. The Frenchmen received some support from the governing leaders of North Carolina in the establishment of the post. The harbor there had long been known as a strategic location along the Outer Banks. During the 1740s, Spanish privateers often used the harbor to conceal their presence in the region. From about 1755, the area was used primarily by whalers, but

349 nearby at Diamond City at Shackleford Banks, many whalers resided. The French manned the fort until 1780. No traces of the post remain. A lighthouse was erected there during 1812. Subsequently, after the Union controlled the area at Cape Lookout Bight, the Confederates twice attempted to attack and destroy the lighthouse, but both attacks failed to eliminate the target. However, the light was temporarily knocked out of operation. Not to be confused with Fort Hancock (Neuse River). Fort Hancock (Neuse River)— See Fort Barnwell. Not to be confused with Fort Hancock (Cape Lookout). Fort Hatteras— Fort Hatteras was established by the Confederates during 1861 at Hatteras Inlet. The post was constructed to guard the inlet that led into Pamlico Sound. Fort Hatteras, which held slightly more than 10 guns, was captured along with Fort Clark, located less than one mile to the west. The sturdy post contained walls that were about 25 feet thick and reached a height of about six feet. The fort surrendered during August 1861. See also Fort Clark. On 4 October 1861, Confederate troops launched an unsuccessful attack against the Hatteras forts. Federal troops were near the recently captured Hatteras forts in North Carolina. Colonel Brown’s 20th Indiana Regiment, lacking supplies that were aboard the Fanny, captured on the 1st of October, engaged a Confederate force composed of about 2,500 troops from Roanoke Island. Following darkness, the Yanks retreated toward Hatteras Lighthouse, arriving there after dawn on the following morning and fortuitously, they encountered a friendly force of about 500 men under Colonel Hawkins, which had been en route to reinforce Brown. Together, they headed north to engage the Confederates, believed to be in pursuit of the 20th Regiment. The vessels Monticello and Susquehanna cruised offshore, shadowing the advance. Soon, after about 15 miles north of the lighthouse, the Confederates were spotted. The naval guns propelled shells into their ranks, compelling the Confederates to scatter. The Rebels dispersed into the woods and broke for the vessels that were awaiting them, but the Union gunboats continued to pour fire upon the infantry while they simultaneously challenged the Confederate vessels. The Rebels continued to come under fire until dusk. Following the cessation of the bombardment, the Monticello headed back for Hatteras to protect the Union lines there. On 10 November 1861, Union general Thomas Williams was attempting to fortify the captured forts at Cape Hatteras in eastern North Carolina, but nature had taken her toll. The storms coming in off the Atlantic scattered the defenses, but the Confederates had pulled back from the area. There was growing concern that thousands of Rebels were massing on the other side of the Pamlico with intentions of recapturing Fort Hatteras. On 5 December 1861, Confederate gunboats moved toward the forts at Hatteras to exchange fire with Union gunboats on Pamlico Sound. The Union craft did not venture out beyond the range of the shore batteries to engage the CSS Fanny and the other vessels. Fort Hill (Washington)— The Confederates established Fort Hill, named in honor of Confederate general D.H. Hill, during March 1863 at a spot along the Pamlico River less than 10 miles from Washington. The Confederates were planning an attack against Union positions at Washington, based on intelligence that the Union supplies had been greatly diminished. The fort was not heavily armed, making it incapable of inflicting damage upon the Union warships that continually bombarded Fort Hill at Hill’s Point. The Confederates fired upon Union ground targets, but no return fire was opened against the naval vessels. Some skirmishing occurred between the Confederates and contingents from Washington, including an exchange at Blount’s Mill on 9 April, but the Rebels were unable to take the city. The fort was abandoned on 15 April 1863. Fort Hill (Wilmington)— See Wilmington.

Fort Lane / NORTH CAROLINA Fort Holmes (Wilmington)— Fort Holmes was established on Bald Head Point on Smith Island during 1863 as part of the Cape Fear River defenses of Confederate-held Fort Fisher. It guarded the Old Inlet. The post had a perimeter that spread along the south and southwest portions of the island for more than one mile. The construction began during September 1863, but it became an ongoing project until it was abandoned and destroyed during early 1865 in conjunction with the loss of Fort Fisher. Fort Holmes at times was manned by about 1,000 troops and it contained between 15–20 artillery pieces, the latter spread between the main post and four batteries designated by numbers, 1, 2, 3 and 4. The island also contained a lighthouse (Old Baldy) that was initially erected during 1818. Not to be confused with Fort Holmes at New Bern. Fort Holmes— See New Bern. Not to be confused with Fort Holmes (Wilmington). Fort Huger— See Roanoke Island. Fort Huntington— Fort Huntington was one of a series of forts established in the western sector of North Carolina between 1836–1838 during the Cherokee Removal Period. See also Fort Butler. Fort Hyde— See Fort Barnwell. Fort Johnston— Fort Johnston was established during 1748 when the North Carolina legislature authorized the construction of four forts along the shore; however, only two of those were built. After Fort Johnston was established, the colonists established Fort Granville. Fort Johnston was located at the mouth of the Cape Fear River at Smithville, named in honor of Benjamin Smith, a governor of North Carolina. Later, the town was renamed Southport. The fort was to provide protection for the colonists that settled further up the river. Subsequently, during 1754 (French and Indian War period), the fort was reconstructed in the shape of a star, and composed of some stone. Later, during June 1775, Josiah Martin, the royal governor of North Carolina moved to Fort Johnston to escape the colonial patriots. The fort was later destroyed by the Americans by burning it to the ground. During 1778, it was reconstructed by the Americans. The British seized it during 1781, but shortly thereafter it was abandoned. After the close of the war, the Americans reestablished the fort during 1794. Later, during 1810, the Garrison House (still exists) was erected there. The post was seized by the Confederates during the Civil War and it played a major part in the defenses of Wilmington. Initially, local citizens commandeered the post and later, during April, state troops took control on the 16th. The Confederates garrisoned the fort during the Civil War and renamed it Fort Branch during 1863, then later, during 1864, again it was renamed, becoming Fort Pender. The Union seized it during the campaign to capture Fort Fisher during January 1865. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the fort remained active. Fort Johnston was improved during the 1870s and by 1881, it was deactivated. Other Confederate forts that were in the region during the Civil War included Fort Anderson and Fort Caswell. The Fort Johnston site is located at Davis and Bay Streets in Southport, along what is known as the Southport Trail. Some of the original buildings are now on the present-day Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal. Fort Jones— See Plymouth. Fort Landing Stockade— See Stockade at Fort Landing. Fort Lane— Fort Lane was initially established during 1775 as Fort Caswell at New Bern. During 1861, the Confederates took control of the post and renamed it Fort Lane. On 14 March 1862, Union troops, including U.S. Marines and sailors, under General Burnside attacked Confederates commanded by General Lawrence Branch at New Berne. The battle lasted throughout the day, until eventually

NORTH CAROLINA / Fort Lindsay the Union was able to penetrate the defenses and force the Confederates to retire. The Union seized Fort Lane and Fort Ellis, while capturing more than 400 men, but the victory was costly. The Union lost nearly 100 killed and hundreds wounded. The Confederates evacuated the area. The Union also seized two steamboats. With the loss of New Bern and the earlier loss of Fort Hatteras, Brigadier General Richard C. Gatlin was sacked within a week. Nevertheless, he remained in the Confederate service until September of 1862. Confederate losses were approximately 170 killed or wounded. Fort Lee— Same as Battery Lee. See Wilmington. Fort Lindsay— Fort Lindsay was one of a group of forts established by the U.S. Army during 1836–1838 in North Carolina (Cherokee Removal Period). The post was located in the vicinity of Almond. See also Fort Butler. Fort Macon— Fort Macon was established at Atlantic Beach (Carteret County) where Fort Dobbs and Fort Hamilton had earlier stood near Bogue Point during 1826. The fort stood guard at Beaufort Inlet, once during earlier times a route of pirates such as Blackbeard. More than 100 years prior to the establishment of Fort Macon, the Spanish attacked and captured Beaufort during 1747. Later, during the American Revolution, when the area was essentially lacking a garrison, the British seized Beaufort during 1782. Subsequently, the Americans regained Beaufort and in about 1809, a new post, Fort Hamilton, was constructed of masonry, but shortly after the termination of the War of 1812, the post was abandoned. The inlet swallowed the fort by 1826, prompting the U.S. Army to establish Fort Macon as a primary sentinel of the inlet. The post, shaped in the form of a pentagon, was part of the U.S. Coastal Defenses of North Carolina and was designed to hold sufficient manpower to defend the harbor, the only deep-water ocean port in the state of North Carolina. Fort Macon was constructed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and designed by General Simon Bernard. Although the construction project was initiated during 1826, it was not manned with a garrison until 1834. By 1836, the fort was without a garrison until 1842. The U.S. Army maintained it until 1846, and at that time, it was again abandoned until 1848. By the following year, the post was yet again abandoned. In conjunction, when in a state of abandonment, the post was manned by a small party or at least one caretaker. During April 1861, the Confederates (state troops) seized the post. The Confederate defenses included 54 artillery pieces. Nonetheless, by the following year, a Union force under General Parke, part of General Burnside’s command, seized the post on 26 April. The Confederates repulsed the initial attack on the previous day, which had been carried out by artillery and naval guns, but the onslaught of more modern rifled cannon fire overwhelmed the fort and compelled the garrison, under Colonel Moses White, to capitulate. The federal government held the fort after the war and garrisoned it until 1877. During 1867, it became a federal prison which remained operational until 1876. Fort Macon was also active during the SpanishAmerican War. By 1903, the post was deactivated. Subsequently, during 1923, the State of North Carolina acquired the fort and transformed it into a state park; however, during World War II, the federal government regained control of the fort and maintained it as a coast artillery post, manned by the U.S. Army. The post was active from December 1941 until November 1944. During October 1946, the State of North Carolina reacquired the site. Batteries at Fort Macon during World War II as part of the defenses of Beaufort Inlet included Battery Atlantic Beach, Battery Cape Lookout, and Battery Macon (Bogue Point). For more information: Fort Macon State Park, P.O. Box 127, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina 28512 Fort McFadden— Fort McFadden was established during the 1760s in Tryon County near Rutherfordton. The fort was located near

350 Mountain Creek. Tryon County was carved from Mecklenburg during 1768 and the county was created officially during April 1769. Subsequently, during 1771, Governor Tryon, in an effort to suppress a group known as the Regulators, called out the militia. During that period of turbulence, the colonists had been at peace with the Indians; however, between 1763 and 1776, there were some raids initiated by the Cherokees and at times by the Shawnee. The settlers had also constructed other fortifications to provide protection against such attacks. The other forts included Fort McGaughey and Pott’s Fort near Montford’s Cove (later McDowell County). At about the time the Americans proclaimed their Declaration of Independence, the Cherokees, instigated by the British, attacked Tryon County during July 1776. The raids brought quick retaliation by the colonists, patriots and loyalists. Troops led by General Griffith Rutherford advanced against the Cherokee territory across the Blue Ridge Mountains and inflicted severe damage that essentially ended the large-scale Cherokee raids. Nevertheless, some attacks continued to be launched. The colonists remained at the ready and garrisoned the forts until the threat was totally eliminated. In conjunction, during 1779, Tryon County was eliminated and replaced by two counties, Lincoln and Rutherford. Fort McGaughey— See Fort McFadden. Fort Meares— Same as Battery Meares. See Wilmington. Fort Monteil— See Roanoke Island. Fort Montgomery— Fort Montgomery was one of a group of forts established by the U.S. Army during 1836–1838 in North Carolina (Cherokee Removal Period). The post was located in the vicinity of Robbinsville. See also Fort Butler. Fort Morgan— Fort Morgan was established by the Union on Ocracoke Island (Outer Banks) after the island was seized during September 1861. Fort Morgan was built subsequent to the destruction of Confederate Fort Ocracoke. The post, constructed in the shape of an octagon, contained 12 guns and was used as a prison. The fort site was later overwhelmed by the sea. See also Fort Ocracoke. Fort Ocracoke— The Confederates established Fort Ocracoke, an earthworks fortification, on Ocracoke Island (Outer Banks) during 1861. On 16 September 1861, a Union naval force transported a contingent of troops from Hatteras to spring an assault against the fort at Ocracoke Inlet, a strategic entrance to Pamlico Sound. The expeditionary force, commanded by Lt. James Y. Maxwell, transported 67 men (naval brigade) under Lieutenants Rowe and Tillottson aboard the tug Fanny. An additional 28 troops and one howitzer in tow aboard a launch of the gunboat Pawnee accompanied the mission. Two other vessels, the Susquehanna and the Tempest, began the journey, however, they returned to Hatteras. The objective was reached at 1100 and the troops landed to assault, only to discover the fort abandoned and partially destroyed. The mission’s purpose was to destroy, rather than occupy the fort. The landing force completed the destruction of the fort. Afterward, on the following day, the Union force returned to Fort Hatteras. Later, Fort Morgan was established there. With Forts Clark and Hatteras in hand and the elimination of Fort Ocracoke, the Confederates still held two other primary targets, Loggerhead (New) Inlet and Oregon Inlet. In conjunction, to meet the assaults against Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark, some defenders at Fort Ocracoke were sent to bolster the forces at Hatteras. Commander Rowan’s naval force disabled or destroyed 14 long-range coastal guns (32-pounders) and four 8-inch guns. In addition, some other guns were located at Portsmouth and they too were destroyed. Also, Union-held Fort Morgan was a 12-gun post, built in the shape of an octagon. It served also as a prison. The fort site was later overwhelmed by the sea. In conjunction, Ocracoke Island had earlier

351 been fortified. During the late 1740s, the Spanish were seen as a threat by the English. By 1750, it was decided to fortify the island with a fort. At the time, the region around Ocracoke Inlet and Portsmouth as well as Castle Island was heavy in shipping and the settlers were concerned about the enemy ships and Spanish forces. By 1757, a post was established in the vicinity of Beacon Island, which was located in close proximity to Ocracoke and Portsmouth. The diminutive fort was bolstered by two small vessels, but neither was of much value. One was never given arms and the other never became seaworthy. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, a battery was constructed there and afterward, during the War of 1812, it was fortified. Nonetheless, a full-scale fort was not established there until the Civil War period. Fort Ocracoke was just one of a series of Confederate fortifications in that region of the North Carolina coast. At about the same time, the Confederates also established Fort Clark and Fort Hatteras. Fort Ocracoke was built similarly to another fort in the area at Roanoke Island: Fort Oregon at the Oregon Inlet. Fort Oregon— The Confederates established Fort Oregon at Oregon Inlet (Outer Banks) on Pea Island during 1861, but early Union pressure against Hatteras compelled the Confederates to abandon the post. The engineer who oversaw the construction project was Charles H. Dimmock. The defenders removed the artillery and redeployed it at Roanoke Island. There are no remains of the fort, which was later overwhelmed by the sea. Elements of the 7th North Carolina Regiment had been defending the fort and, after abandoning the post, it too became part of the defending force on Roanoke Island. The Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge is located on the northern tip of Hatteras Island. Also, a U.S. Coast Guard station operates at the island. Fort Parke— See Roanoke Island. Fort Patrick Henry (North Carolina)— Fort Patrick Henry was established by Virginians during 1776. The troops who constructed the fort on what was known as Long Island on the Holston River were commanded by Captain William Russell. The fort was used during the Cherokee War and for awhile, Captain Joseph Martin maintained his headquarters there. However, it was determined that the fort was actually in North Carolina, rather than in Virginia. Fort Pearson— See New Bern. Fort Pender— See Fort Johnston. Fort Pollock— See Fort at Cape Lookout-Beaufort. Fort Raleigh— During April 1585, a British fleet, composed of seven ships transporting 108 colonists, embarked from Plymouth, England, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, who was acting for Sir Walter Raleigh. The fleet sailed via the West Indies and sighted Florida on 20 June. The flotilla then continued to sail along the coast, but while rounding treacherous Cape Fear, the vessels encountered difficulty and barely escaped shipwreck. The journey ended at Wococon on 26 June. A landing party, accompanied by the Indian Mantel, debarked and soon after, hostilities erupted due to a rather trivial incident. One Indian, entrusted with a silver cup which had been in need of repair, decided to keep the cup. The colonists inflicted severe punishment for the minor offense. They destroyed the Indians’ crop (corn) and torched the village, which scattered the tribe. After a stay of short duration, Grenville embarked for England; however, at Roanoke, Ralph Lane, who would subsequently be knighted by the queen for his courage while governor, was left in charge. Lane, more qualified as an aggressive soldier than a benevolent governor, seemed to quickly raise the level of tension and hostility within the colony. In conjunction, Fort Raleigh (known as New Forte in Virginia at this time) was established, but it was soon

Fort Raleigh / NORTH CAROLINA after destroyed by Indians. By the following year, the Indians who had initially befriended the English established plans to totally eliminate them. During 1586, Sir Francis Drake led a successful military expedition to the West Indies to engage the Spanish. Subsequent to the victory, he sailed to America and reached Roanoke during June. His fleet was laden with the newly captured Spanish goods. At Roanoke, tension had been steadily building between the Indians and colonists since the arrival of Grenville’s expedition of the previous year. During that spring, based on intentional erroneous information supplied by an Indian chief, the colonists initiated an expedition to explore along the Roanoke River in search of minerals and pearls. The endeavor failed miserably and the Indians, who had set a trap, attacked them at a time when their supplies had become exhausted. On Easter Saturday, they encounter a tremendous storm which prevented them from crossing the sound. On the following day, the discouraged colonists finally made their way back to Roanoke, but they had little to celebrate. In the meantime, the Indians conspired to rid the land of the colonists and had chosen to eliminate their crops, believing famine would occur and compel the English to abandon the area. The governor, Ralph Lane, faced with the probability of a failed colony and convinced of the Indians_ intent to destroy the colonists, established a meeting with a key chieftain, Wingina, to forestall disaster. But instead of a parley for peace, the colonists, using treachery, struck with surprise and killed many of the Indians. Still, the colonists continued to despair, and they expected no armada from home; however, during June, to their surprise, Drake’s fleet arrived, carrying with it an abundance of fresh supplies. Nevertheless, the colonists received no additional fortuitous luck. The area was hit by another severe storm and the supply-laden vessel given to them by Drake capsized and was lost. Once struck by that disaster, the governor pleaded with Drake to permit the colonists to return with the fleet to England. Drake agreed and before the end of June he embarked for Plymouth, England, leaving the settlement abandoned. Unbeknownst to the departing English, within several additional days, yet another ship, dispatched by Raleigh to resupply the colony, arrived off Roanoke. Finding the colony deserted, it immediately returned home. Within about two additional weeks, three other ships, commanded by Richard Grenville, arrived at Roanoke. Shortly thereafter, Grenville returned to England, but at Roanoke, 15 colonists remained, supplied with sufficient provisions to sustain them for about two years. This slimly numbered group was later overwhelmed by the Indians who sought revenge for the deeds of the earlier colonists. During April 1587, having received a charter from the crown authorizing the founding of the city of Raleigh, Sir John Raleigh dispatched a fleet, commanded by John White, to America. It arrived off Roanoke on 22 July. Once the men went ashore, a party searched in vain for the 15 colonists that had arrived there the previous year. White, who had been appointed governor, established another colony at Raleigh. He ordered the construction of a fort there and 108 people remained to form the colony. Upon their arrival, Mantel greeted them enthusiastically, but most of the Indians remained hostile. Actually, Mantel, although not usually noted by history, was converted to Christianity. Usually, Pocahontas, during 1613, is credited with being the first Indian to convert to Christianity. Again, as with previous settlements, the English sustained hard times. Repeatedly, the colonists pleaded with White to return to England to acquire more supplies and to bring reinforcements to ensure success against the Indians. Just prior to his embarkation to England, White’s daughter, Mrs. Eleanor Dare, gave birth to her child, who was named Virginia Dare. Virginia became the first child of English colonists to be born in the colonies. At the time White sailed for England, the colony totaled 89 men, 17 women and 11 children. By the time he arrived back in England, the impassioned winds of war had overtaken the British

NORTH CAROLINA / Fort Reading Isles. It was thought at that time that Spain’s King Philip II, was preparing to launch his “invincible armada” to invade and conquer England, which complicated Raleigh’s mission of acquiring men and supplies to reinforce and resupply the colony. Despite the threat of invasion, Raleigh desperately sought a solution to bolster the colonists in Raleigh, North Carolina. One step taken was to establish Fort Raleigh to replace the temporary fort earlier destroyed by the Indians. During April of the following year, 1588, he dispatched a small two-vessel flotilla to America; however, en route the plan was changed and instead of reinforcing and resupplying the colony, the ships sought Spanish prizes. The British were defeated by the Spanish and compelled to return to port. Meanwhile, the colony was jeopardized. Consequently, the colony, having been abandoned, was lost. It is remembered as the “Lost Colony.” There is no accounting of how the colonists vanished and no trace of them has ever been discovered. A reconstructed Fort Raleigh is located at Mantel on Roanoke Island. For more information: Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, National Park Service, 1401 National Park Drive, Mantel, North Carolina 27954. Fort Reading—Fort Reading was established by the English during a period of turbulence with the Tuscarora Indians. The post, built about 1711, was the westernmost of a series of defenses. See also Fort Barnwell. Fort Reno— See Roanoke Island. Fort Rowan— See New Bern. Fort Russell— See Roanoke Island. Fort Rutherford— See Davidson’s Fort. Fort San Juan de Xualla— During 1566, about 40 years after Hernan DeSoto’s expedition arrived, another Spanish expeditionary force established a fort (blockhouse) known as Fort San Juan de Xualla at what was called Xualla in the vicinity of present-day Tryon. The area was inhabited by the Chewaw Indians, known by the Spanish by various names: Joara, Juada, and Xuala (Xualla). The exact location of the fortification remains unknown. The expedition was under the command of Joao Pardo, a Portuguese employed by the Spanish. Fort Scott— Fort Scott was one a group of forts established by the U.S. Army during 1836–1838 during a time known as the Cherokee Removal Period. The post was located in the vicinity of Aquone. See also Fort Butler. Fort Spinola— See New Bern. Fort Stephenson— See New Bern. Fort Strong— The Confederates established Fort Strong, a line of fortifications, several miles south of Wilmington during the 1860s. The Confederates held the fort until after the fall of Fort Fisher ( January 1865). Nevertheless, the Confederates rallied to try to hold the city by also bolstering Fort Anderson and Sugar Loaf Hill. On 18–19 February, Fort Anderson was abandoned. The garrison moved to Fort Strong. The Confederates, having already lost Fort Fisher, were unable to hold the lines. The Union seized Wilmington on 22 February 1865. See also Wilmington. Fort Sullivan— See Roanoke Island. Fort Thompson— The Confederates established Fort Thompson during 1861 in the vicinity of New Bern. The post, located slightly more than five miles south of New Bern, was seized by the Union during 1862. New Bern, commanded by Confederate general Lawrence O’Bryan Branch, included Fort Lane and Fort Ellis as well as some batteries. The Union, after securing the area, operated from Fort Thompson. The rosin works, the railway bridge and the naval stores in the area were also destroyed.

352 Fort Totten— Fort Totten was established by the Union at New Bern during 1862. The post was established on a site that was composed of more than five acres at the southern end of what was considered the western line of the city’s defenses. The Union deployed just under 30 guns there. See also New Bern. Fort Union— See New Bern. Fort Warren— See Plymouth. Fort Washington— See Washington. Fort Wessels— See Plymouth. Fort Williams— See Plymouth. Fort Wingfield— See Wingfield Plantation. French Broad River Blockhouses— During 1793, it was decided that a series of blockhouses would be necessary to protect a route used by colonists and travelers that stretched from Paint Rock to present-day Hot Springs. The route moved along an old Indian trail that paralleled the French Broad River. At the time the fortifications were established, the Americans were engaged against the Cherokee and Creek tribes. The blockhouses included Paint Rock and Warm Springs Blockhouses. Others were also located along other stretches of the road. Garrison House— See Fort Johnston. Garysburg Civil War Camps— The Confederates established a series of training camps at Garysburg during the Civil War. They included Camp Anderson, Camp Clarendon, Camp Ferebee, Camp Hill, Camp Leventhorpe, Camp Long, Camp Vance and Camp Winslow. The various units that were trained or formed there included the 13th North Carolina Regiment (formerly 3rd North Carolina Volunteers) which was formed there during May 1861. The 14th North Carolina Infantry Regiment (formerly the 4th North Carolina Volunteers) was organized there during June 1861. Another regiment mustered into the Confederate service at Garysburg was the 4th North Carolina Regiment. Also, during May 1861, the Milton Blues unit was formed along with other units into the 3rd Regiment North Carolina Volunteers. After joining state service during May 1861, the Franklin Rifles were dispatched as Company L, 15th North Carolina Regiment, to Garysburg for training. Subsequently, during 1862, the 24th North Carolina Regiment arrived at Garysburg from Murfreesboro, Tennessee, during May, but remained there only a short time before moving to Camp McCulloch on the Roanoke River outside of Jackson. Garysburg remained a primary training center for the Confederacy. Still other units there included the 5th North Carolina Regiment which included the Chatham Rifles and the 23rd North Carolina Volunteers Regiment (formerly 13th North Carolina Regiment). Goldsboro— The Confederates established a group of camps at Goldsboro during the Civil War. The fortifications included Camp Clingman, Camp Collier, Camp Mason and Camp Vance. Goldsboro was held by the Confederates until 1865. On 8 March 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman, while in Laurel Hill, sent two identical messages by separate couriers to Union forces at Wilmington: “We are marching for Fayetteville, will be there Saturday, Sunday and Monday, and will then march for Goldsboro.” On 12 March, troops under Sherman at Fayetteville became ecstatic when an approaching vessel was spotted as a U.S. warship. The earlier messages sent by Sherman had reached Wilmington and General Alfred Terry. The ship that arrived had been sent by Terry. It was laden with supplies. On that same day, 12 March, Sherman also sent a dispatch to General Grant regarding the seizure of Fayetteville and the unfolding events. The letter read in part: “If I can now add Goldsboro

353 without too much cost, I will be in a position to aid you materially in the spring campaign.” Soon after, on 13 March, Sherman’s forces began to cross the Cape Fear River, heading toward Goldsboro and its 32,000 defenders under General Joseph E. Johnston. The crossing took three days. In an effort to divert attention from the main objective, Goldsboro, Sherman dispatched a diversionary force toward Raleigh. Confederate forces were sent to intercept that force. Meanwhile, by the 18th of March, Sherman was only about 20 miles from his objective. He dispatched his left wing toward Raleigh as a diversion to confuse the Rebels and keep them from gaining a proper perspective on his movement. General Joseph Johnston, concerned about Raleigh, raised a force at Smithfield and Hardee headed from Fayetteville to Raleigh to meet the threat. The two sides clashed at Bentonville (19–20 March). On 21 March, Union troops under General Schofield (General Sherman’s command) occupied Goldsboro. On the 23rd, Sherman’s forces occupied Goldsboro. The units under General Schofield were there to greet the columns. Sherman’s troops culminated a 50-day march in which the columns advanced 425 miles. In conjunction, Sherman arrived at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, on 27 March to meet with President Lincoln and General Grant. The conference was held off City Point aboard the steamer River Queen. On 30 March, General Sherman arrived at Goldsboro. Governor Tryon’s Camp— On 16 May 1771, Governor Tryon led a contingent of militia to Alamance to eliminate the Regulators, an organization of disgruntled colonists. Tryon’s force established a camp near Big Alamance Creek prior to the clash known as the Battle of Alamance. Guilford Court House— The Americans at Guilford Court House clashed with the British under General Cornwallis. About 4,300 Americans, under Generals Nathanael Greene and Daniel Morgan, were encamped in the woods west of the courthouse on 15 March 1781. About 1330, the British moved with sight of the Americans and were met with fire from two cannon. The British were able to drive the Americans back, but at high cost. General Cornwallis’ force sustained casualties amounting to about 25 percent. The British were compelled to withdraw to Wilmington (See also Snow Camp). The Americans, although losing on the field, had gained the objective, to prevent a British invasion of North Carolina. The Americans moved to Troublesome Creek. The battlefield is located approximately six miles north of Greensboro off US Highway 220. For more information: Guilford Court House National Military Park, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408. Gun Swamp Fort— See Kinston. Hancock’s Fort— See Fort Barnwell. Not to be confused with Fort Hancock (Cape Lookout). Hill’s Bridge— See Potecasi Creek Fort. Huggins Island Fort— The Confederates established a fort on Huggins Island near the mouth of Bogue Inlet during 1861. Huggins Island was in close proximity to Bear Island. The post, which contained six guns, was seized by the Union during 1862. See also Bear Island Fort. For more information: Hammocks Beach State Park, 1572 Hammocks Beach Road, Swansboro, North Carolina 28584. Kings Mountain— On 7 October 1780, American colonel Isaac Shelby, in conjunction with Colonel William Campbell, led a 900man force in battle at Kings Mountain (at the North Carolina-South Carolina state line) against a 1,100-man loyalist force commanded by Major Patrick Ferguson. The Americans initiated the attack by climbing the slope against a terrific wave of fire that descended upon them. British steel pushed them back down the slope, but soon after, they moved back toward the summit. They gained the crest and during the struggle, Ferguson was slain. The British loyalists then ca-

Moore’s Creek Bridge / NORTH CAROLINA pitulated. This American victory prevented General Cornwallis from invading North Carolina. The loyalists sustained 225 killed and 163 wounded. In addition, 716 were captured. The Americans sustained 28 killed and 62 wounded. On 8 October, the patriots marched the prisoners to Hillsboro. En route, many of the captives were beaten. Others were convicted by an unauthorized court that was opened. Thirty-six loyalists were convicted of crimes against America and at about dusk, nine of them were hanged. The remaining prisoners arrived at Hillsboro within about one week. In conjunction, following the victory, the American army under Shelby disbanded. For more information: Kings Mountain National Military Park, P.O. Box 31, Kings Mountain, North Carolina 28086. Kinston— The Confederates established a large number of camps in and around Kinston during the Civil War. They included Camp Blackjack, Camp Campbell, Camp Hamilton, Camp Hilton, Camp Hoke, Camp Johnston, Camp Martin, Camp Nethercutt, Camp Pool, Camp Ransom, Sandy Ridge Fort and Gun Swamp Fort. On 14 December 1862, a Union force under General Henry Walton Wessels defeated a Confederate (General Foster’s command) force at Kinston and the Confederates retired to Goldsboro. The Confederates were led by General Nathan George Evans. The Union sustained 40 killed and 120 wounded. The Confederates suffered 50 killed, 75 wounded and 400 captured. The Confederates later reestablished positions at Kinston. On 5 January 1863, the two sides again clashed at Kinston; however, the engagement was not a major confrontation. The Confederates held Kinston until 14 March 1865, when a Union force under General William Tecumseh Sherman occupied the city en route to Goldsboro. Lamb Battery (Fort Fisher)— Same as Battery Lamb. See Fort Fisher. Not to be confused with Lamb Battery (Sunny Point). Lamb Battery (Sunny Point)— Same as Battery Lamb, Sunny Point. See Battery Lamb (Sunny Point). Not to be confused with Battery Lamb (Fort Fisher). Logger Head Inlet— During 1861, the Union (20th Indiana Regiment) established a camp at Logger Head Inlet on the northern part of Hatteras Island (Chicamacomico) as a forward post. On 1 October, the Confederates captured a Union vessel, the Fanny, which was en route to the post to deliver supplies. The lack of supplies endangered the outpost. Afterward, on 4 October, the Confederates decided to seize the post. While moving toward the objective, the boats transporting elements of the 3rd Georgia Regiment arrived without mishap and initiated an attack; however, another contingent, the 8th North Carolina, which had been expected to land at another spot and trap the Union forces, experienced difficulty. Meanwhile, the Union abandoned the camp, with the Confederates giving chase. The Union troops finally arrived at the lighthouse at Cape Hatteras in the vicinity of midnight (4–5). The North Carolina troops got stranded on sandbars and were unable to execute their plan. By the following morning, Union reinforcements (Hawkins’ Zouaves) from Hatteras Inlet arrived to neutralize the Confederates and push them back. In addition, a Union gunboat, the Monticello arrived to bolster the Zouaves. The Confederates were picked up by naval vessels and safely returned to Roanoke. The incident is remembered as the “Chicamacomico Races.” Lost Colony— See Fort Raleigh. Malakoff Tower— See Fort Fisher. Moore’s Creek Bridge— A large force of loyalists was overwhelmed by a patriot force at the Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge on 27 February 1776. The battle occurred outside Wilmington. The loyalists broke from the field and fled; however, about 900 were seized. Patriot reinforcements arrived (militia regiment under Colonel Christopher

NORTH CAROLINA / Morehead City Beekman), but too late to aid the victory. Beekman’s troops, however, did continue to operate in the region to eliminate the remaining Tory opposition. The defeat prevented the loyalists from continuing their march to the sea to join with an anticipated British force that was en route. For more information: Moore’s Creek Bridge Battlefield, National Historic Site, P.O. Box 69, Currie, North Carolina 28435. Morehead City— Morehead City was fortified by the Confederates during 1861. The camps included Camp Argyle, Camp Burgwyn, Camp Canal, Camp Vance and Camp Wilkes. In conjunction, Fort Macon at Atlantic Beach was located less than three miles from Camp Wilkes. Morehead City was seized by the Union during 1862. Subsequently, during the twentieth century, Morehead City was the location of Camp Glenn, a National Guard camp. The U.S. Navy established a base there during 1918–1920 and afterward it became a U.S. Coast Guard air station from 1920 through 1921. Also, during 1941, the U.S. Navy again established a base there. Mound Battery— See Fort Fisher. New Bern— The Confederates fortified New Bern during 1861. During February 1862, a Union force under General Burnside departed Roanoke Island en route to New Bern and arrived in the area on 11 March. Burnside’s force, in cooperation with a naval force under Commander Stephen C. Rowan, afterward embarked from Hatteras Inlet on 13 March and moved up the Neuse River to the first obstacle, Fort Thompson. The ground forces debarked in the vicinity of Fort Thompson on the 13th, supported by Rowan’s vessels. On the following day, the Confederates, under General Lawrence Branch, were struck with full force from separate directions. One contingent, under General Foster, pounded the lines on the right and another, under General Reno, drove toward the center of the defenses at the Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad. Reno’s force made some progress, but the Confederates got reinforced and halted progress. Nevertheless, another contingent, under General John G. Parke, struck the center and the Confederates were unable to hold the line. While the Union poured into New Bern, the Confederates were retiring across the Trent River, moving toward Kinston. The Union seized nine separate fortifications and more than 40 guns on that day, 14 March. During April 1863, elements of the 5th Rhode Island Regiment, led by Colonel McChesney and Lieutenant Colonel Hoffman, departed New Bern aboard the USS Escort en route for Washington, North Carolina, to deliver supplies and lift the siege there. On 23 May 1863, Sergeant Andrew A. Bryant, 46th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, held a bridge at New Bern to repulse a Confederate attack. Sgt. Bryant and his 16-man contingent saved the city from being captured. On that same day, elements of the 58th Pennsylvania and the 46th Massachusetts Regiments skirmished near New Bern at Bachelor’s Creek. Subsequently, during early February 1864, Confederates under General Pickett defeated a Union force at Bachelor’s Creek, Newport Barracks and New Bern. The Union abandoned Newport Barracks on 2 February and Washington, North Carolina, was abandoned on 26 April. The forces at Washington and surrounding areas bolstered New Bern, which had been ordered held by General Grant. On 5 May 1864, the Confederates attacked New Bern, but the Union held. Confederate fortifications at New Bern included Fort Brown, Fort Holmes and Camp Gatlin. Union fortifications included Fort Totten, Fort Rowan, Fort Dutton (also known as Fort Union), Fort Stevenson, Fort Amory, Camp Amory, Camp Branch, Camp Pendleton, Fort Spinola, Camp Massachusetts, Fort Gaston, Camp Gaston (a previous Confederate camp with an identical name), Camp Pierce, Fort Anderson, Fort Chase, Fort Pearson, and Camp Reno. Newport Barracks— The Confederates established a post at Shep-

354 ardstown (later Newport) known as Newport Barracks near New Bern during 1861. The Union seized the fortification during 1862 and used it as a key post to oversee the defenses that stood between New Bern and Morehead City. Subsequently, during early February 1864, Confederates under General Pickett defeated a Union force at Bachelor’s Creek, Newport Barracks and New Bern. The Union abandoned Newport Barracks on 2 February and Washington, North Carolina, was abandoned on 26 April. The forces at Washington and surrounding areas bolstered New Bern, which had been ordered held by General Grant. See also New Bern. Northeast Bastion— See Fort Fisher. Old Fort (McDowell County)— See Davidson’s Fort. Orton Plantation— The Orton Plantation, located in Southport, was used by the Union Army as a hospital subsequent to the seizure of Fort Fisher during January 1865. The plantation site is located in Southport off State Highway 133. The plantation had been established during 1725 by Roger Moore, known as “King,” the man who founded Brunswick Town, later Brunswick. Pea Island— See Fort Oregon. Pettigrew Hospital— The Confederates established a military hospital (later named Pettigrew Hospital) in the vicinity of Raleigh during 1861. The installation was located on the fairgrounds. The Edgecombe Guards arrived at Raleigh during April 1861 and established camp on the fairgrounds. The troops used horse stalls as barracks. Some in the unit were suffering from measles and other ailments and received treatment at the hospital. See also Raleigh. Plymouth— The Confederates fortified Plymouth, located along the Atlantic Coast (Albemarle Sound) during 1861, but just as quickly it became a target of the Union. Plymouth was protected somewhat by natural barriers, the Outer Banks. During the summer of 1861, the Union launched an invasion against the fortifications on the southern end of Hatteras. The dual attack, by land and sea, captured the fortification during August. Afterward, during February 1862, the Union moved against and captured Roanoke Island, taking yet another strategic location from the Confederates and further jeopardizing their positions along the coastal positions of eastern North Carolina. Also, during February 1862, a U.S. naval squadron moved to Plymouth and was greeted by Confederate guns. Commander Rowan ordered the warships to return fire, and the bombardment devastated the town. Later, on 2 September 1862, the Confederate positions there were attacked by a Union contingent including Company F, 9th New York, and the Union 1st North Carolina Volunteer Regiment skirmished with Confederates commanded by Colonel Garrett at Plymouth. The estimated Confederate casualties were 30 killed and about 40 captured. By March, Union general Burnside, who had taken Hatteras, then controlled positions from which he could jump and seize New Bern, yet another strategic position, tightening domination over the sounds and the coastal rivers. New Bern was taken on 14 March 1862. By the latter part of April, Fort Macon was seized, opening the way to Beaufort. Soon after, Union troops occupied New Bern, Washington and Plymouth. At Plymouth, like the other newly won positions, the Union fortified its positions; however, once entrenched, the Union launched no major assaults. Meanwhile, the Confederates were able to hold Wilmington. Subsequently, on 17–20 April 1864, the Union positions at Plymouth came under siege by a large Confederate force, commanded by Brigadier General Robert F. Hoke. The Rebels pounded the Union defenders, which compelled their commander, General Henry W. Wessells (West Point, 1833), to capitulate, despite the support of two steamers, the USS Miami and Southfield. General Wessells was held as a prisoner for four months, then exchanged. General Hoke

355 was rewarded with the rank of major general for the victory, which had been entirely unexpected by General Grant. Union losses at Plymouth, including those at Battery Worth, Fort Gray, Fort Wessells and Fort Williams, amounted to 20 killed. The Confederates had set up a battery above and within short range of Fort Gray. The bombardment was extremely heavy and succeeded in shooting down the flagstaff. The missing and wounded exceeded 1,500 men with some estimates placing the loss as high as several thousand. The Confederates sustained losses in the area of 500 killed, wounded or missing. In conjunction, the 85th New York, 103rd Pennsylvania and the 16th Connecticut Regiments participated in the action with the support of the vessels Miami and Southfield. Also, General Hoke, promoted to the rank of major general, effective date of 20 April 1864, was moved to Virginia; however, later, he was transferred back to North Carolina at Fort Fisher. On 31 October 1864, U.S. gunboats, including the Commodore Hull, Shamrock and Tacony, attacked and recaptured Confederate-held Plymouth. During the battle, a U.S. sailor, Henry Brutsche, landed and spiked a 9-inch Confederate gun while under heavy enemy fire, greatly aiding the success of the mission at tremendous risk to his life. Because of his heroism, Brutsche became a recipient of the Medal of Honor. Also, Plymouth Union fortifications during 1862 included Boyle’s Mill Fort and another fortification nearby at Warren’s Neck. Others earthworks included Fort Comfort, Fort Conpher (temporarily renamed Fort Jones by Confederates when seized during April 1864), and Conaby’s Redoubt. Pond Hill Battery— See Fort Fisher. Potecasi Creek Fort— The Confederates established fortifications at Hill’s Bridge along the Potecasi Creek in an attempt to halt a Union advance against Winton. The position was defended by the 12th North Carolina Cavalry Battalion (Home Guards). The town of Winton had been devastated the previous year, but the Union was unable to seize it. During July 1863, the Union moved to destroy the bridge at Weldon that spanned the Roanoke River. Earlier attempts by the U.S. Navy failed to destroy the bridge. On 26 July, a squadron of Union vessels moved along the Chowan River from New Bern toward Winton. The ground troops being transported, under General John G. Foster, numbered several thousand. Foster’s first order of business was to secure Hill’s Bridge, which spanned the Potecasi Creek about four miles out of Winton on the Murfreesboro road. The Confederates, under Major S.J. Wheeler, held the Murfreesboro side of the bridge and although an attack was anticipated, the size of the Union force had not been expected. Consequently, the defenders intended to hold the position rather than to destroy the bridge. The Confederates, unable to hold against the overwhelming Union force, abandoned the positions. The bridge was taken without incident and the Union continued the advance toward Weldon. Pott’s Fort— See Fort McFadden. Raleigh— The Confederates established a series of fortifications at Raleigh during the Civil War. Camps were established during the initial days of the conflict and the defenders established a hospital (later named Pettigrew Hospital) there. In addition, earthworks were constructed at various positions on the outskirts of Raleigh. The Confederates held the city until 1865. Camps established in and around the city included Camp Badger, Camp Boylan, Camp Crabtree, Camp Ellis, Camp Holmes, Camp Mangum, Camp Vance and Camp Wyatt. The Union began to encroach upon Raleigh during March 1865. On 15 March, Union general Kilpatrick’s cavalry engaged Confederates acting as rear guards at Taylor’s Hole Creek. Confederate colonel Albert Rhett, the former commander of Fort Sumter, was captured by Kilpatrick’s force. Rhett expressed disgust at having been captured without a fight. Sherman’s force was advanc-

Roanoke Island / NORTH CAROLINA ing toward Goldsboro. He dispatched his left wing toward Raleigh as a diversion to confuse the Rebels. General Joseph Johnston, concerned about Raleigh, raised a force at Smithfield and General Hardee headed from Fayetteville to Raleigh to meet the threat. On 16 March, General Hardee’s force, en route to Raleigh, encountered Sherman’s forces. Union troops under General Nathaniel J. Jackson (XX Corps), bolstered by the commands of Generals Ward and Kilpatrick, clashed with Hardee at Smith’s Farm, Averysboro. A fierce exchange was ignited. The Confederates fought hard but were pushed back. General Taliaferro’s troops held firmly for several hours, but the Union pressure forced a retreat. With the support of General McLaws, the Confederate line held there. Nonetheless, the flank was extremely weak. The Rebels were compelled to withdraw during the night to Smithfield. The Union sustained 77 killed and 477 wounded. The Confederates suffered 108 killed, 540 wounded and many captured, including about 217 men from Colonel Rhett’s brigade. Hardee withdrew on the 17th. Subsequent to the battle, Union general J.A. Mower resumed permanent command of the XX Corps and General Nathaniel Jackson was relieved of his temporary command of the 1st Division, being replaced by A.S. Williams. On 13 April 1865, General Sherman entered Raleigh. Sherman also dispatched troops to Asheville, Salisbury and Charlotte. In the interim, Confederate general Joseph Johnston dispatched General Wade Hampton to Sherman, requesting surrender negotiations to end further bloodshed. Sherman responded in the affirmative and agreed to meet with Johnston on the 17th. On 28 April 1865, Sherman summoned all his commanders to the Governor’s Mansion at Raleigh. Generals Schofield, Terry and Kilpatrick were ordered to march toward Richmond to await Sherman’s arrival. In conjunction, many units were formed and trained at Raleigh, which the Confederates retained until 1865. Of those, one outfit was the Ellis Light Artillery. Stephen Dodson Ramseur (West Point class of 1860) resigned his commission in the U.S. Army during April 1861 and joined the Confederacy. Initially, Ramseur became a captain in Ellis’ Light Artillery. Subsequently, Ramseur became colonel (later major general), 49th North Carolina Regiment. Prior to participating at Cedar Creek, Virginia, Ramseur had been wounded three times. On 19 October 1864, he was again wounded, but it was mortal. At the age of 27 and on the day before his wife gave birth to a baby, General Ramseur succumbed at General Sheridan’s headquarters in the company of some men who had been his classmates at West Point. Raleigh Arsenal— See Raleigh. Redan Battery— See Fort Fisher. Redstone Point— See Fort Forrest. Roanoke Island— The Confederates fortified Roanoke Island during 1861. The three primary forts were Fort Huger at Weir Point (later Fort Reno), Fort Blanchard (later Fort Parke) and Fort Bartow (later Fort Foster) at Pork Point. Other defenses included Ballast Point Battery (known also as Fort Ellis). Upon capture by the Union, Ballast Point Battery was renamed Fort Monteil. The Confederates also established Fort Russell, which was also known as Fort Defiance near Ashbee Harbor. Roanoke Island was also the location of Fort Sullivan as well as a Camp Georgia and Camp Raleigh. The Union also added to the fortifications on the island by establishing Fort Burnside, Camp Jourdan and Camp Reno. The Union moved to capture Roanoke Island on 7 February 1862. At about 1000 on the 7th, a signal was given by flagship officer Louis M. Goldsborough. As the message was hoisted, the gunboats, arranged in three columns, led by the Stars and Stripes, Louisiana and Hetzel respectively. The first objective was Fort Bartow, defended by nine guns, located off Pork Point. Meanwhile, the transports were maneuvering to debark the ground forces at Ashby’s Harbor. By about 1100, Fort Bartow came

NORTH CAROLINA / Rodman’s Point Battery under attack from the fleet. A Confederate naval force under W.F. Lynch attempted to intercept the Union fleet, but Lynch was compelled to withdraw. The CSS Curlew was so heavily damaged that it was forced to beach near Fort Forrest on the mainland. Once the fleet dispatched the Confederate ships, Fort Bartow was bombarded. By 1300, it was reduced to wreckage, its flagstaff severed, its buildings afire and its guns silent. In the meantime, at Ashby’s Harbor, a force of about 2,000 Confederates was prepared to intercept the Union attack force, but naval gunfire forced the Rebels to withdraw. Despite the lack of resistance, the landing was not a smooth operation. The water was too shallow to permit most of the small boats to reach shore. Consequently, while the area was being blanketed with a rainstorm, most of the troops were forced to abandon their boats and trek through more than 100 feet of thick mud, about knee high, to reach shore. The troops continued to land throughout the day and by about 2300, at least 11,000 men were ashore. At 0700 on the following day, three columns moved out, advancing toward the Confederate entrenchments located in the interior of the island between Fort Bartow and Shallowbag Bay, the latter on Roanoke Sound, the Atlantic Ocean side of the island. The brigades, under Generals John G. Foster, Jesse L. Reno and John Grubb Parke, moved forward, trudging through terrible terrain; notably, their route was primarily through swampland. All the while, the Confederates dispatched troops to intercept the Union, but they too encounter identical elements. To add additional complications, while the troops established a night perimeter, another rainstorm saturated the ground and the troops, guaranteeing an uncomfortable night. During the early morning hours of 9 February, the Union reinitiated the advance and within a short while the two sides clashed. Once contact was made, the Union guns of Midshipman B.F. Porter commenced firing in support of the charging 23rd and 25th Massachusetts, both of which began to sustain casualties under the ringing fire of Rebel sharpshooters who held concealed positions. At about the same time, troops of the 24th Massachusetts Regiment bolted forward to drive the Confederates from their entrenchments. Meanwhile, the Second and Third Brigades under Generals Jesse Reno and John G. Parke respectively, were moving up from the rear to bolster General Foster’s assault. The 10th Connecticut and the 26th Massachusetts Regiments moved to the front and both regiments came under severe fire from the Rebels, who refused to budge from their earthworks. Equally undaunted, the Union pressed ahead as the Second Brigade under Reno advanced to the right of Foster’s lines and immediately barged into Wise’s Legion, igniting a heated skirmish that drew casualties from both sides; however, the Union eventually plunged forward, driving the defenders back. The Confederate commander, Captain O. Jennings Wise, sustained a wound. The artillery of each side continued to pound the opposition, causing more confusion on the field as each attempted to hammer the other into extinction. In the process, ammunition supplies first become scarce and then fully expended. Considering the options, it was decided by the Union to launch a bayonet attack. Major E.A. Kimball of Colonel Hawkins’ New York Zouaves, volunteered to lead the charge. The Union bugler sounded cease fire, and the signal to charge was blared. The New York Zouaves (9th New York), positioned in the center, sprinted forward yelling “Zou Zou Zou,” the peculiar battle cry itself sending unwelcome signals to the defenders. The Zouaves, trailed closely by the 10th Connecticut, were also flanked by Parke’s Third Brigade facing the Confederate’s right. Reno’s Second Brigade moved toward the Rebels’ left. With the unfolding momentum of the charge, striking against the Confederates from two sides, the Rebels found themselves holding untenable positions and withdrew. Union troops climbed the parapets of a 3-gun battery and discovered that the defenders had so hurriedly departed that the guns had not been spiked. All the while other Union troops were spreading

356 across the island. At the parapet, troops of the 21st Massachusetts and the 51st New York, the first to reach the position, unfurled Old Glory. Spontaneously, the jubilant troops raised a cheer and contributed some enthusiastic clapping to celebrate this, their first victory. Following the slight pause, they pursued the Rebels who were heading toward the river to escape to Nag’s Head across Roanoke Sound. To the north, General Foster encountered troops under Colonel Henry M. Shaw, accompanied by a white flag of truce, to request terms. Foster responded: “Unconditional.” More than 2,000 troops capitulated there. In General Reno’s sector, the troops under Colonel Jordan also surrendered. The Union still had one more obstacle. Fort Bartow had been reoccupied and its defenders resumed firing against the fleet. In a short while, Union troops moved into the fort and silenced the guns. Shortly thereafter a signal was sent to the Fleet: “The fort is ours.” Fort Bartow was renamed Fort Foster. Fort Blanchard and Fort Huger in the northern part of the island were renamed Forts Parke and Reno respectively. Many of the prisoners were placed in makeshift stockades to the rear of Fort Reno (Fort Huger). Other units that participated in the action in the battle for Roanoke Island included the 1st Regiment New York Zouaves; 21st, 23rd, 24th, 25th & 27th Massachusetts; the 10th Connecticut; the 9th, 51st, and 53rd New York; the 9th New Jersey; the 51st Pennsylvania; and the 4th & 5th Rhode Island. The Union suffered 35 dead, 200 wounded; the Union fleet sustained a loss of six killed and 19 wounded. The Confederates sustained 16 dead, 39 wounded, 2,527 captured. The Union forces were under the command of General Ambrose C. Burnside (West Point, 1847). The Confederate commander, General Henry A. Wise, was able to escape by boat to Nag’s Head. His son, Captain O. Jennings Wise, wounded four times during the siege, was captured but his wounds were mortal. Also, the Confederate fleet under Lt. W.F. Lynch moved up Albemarle Sound to Elizabeth City; prior to departing the Rebels set fire to the Barracks at Red Point and they also torched the vessel Curlew, which had earlier been damaged by naval fire. In conjunction, the Union vessels Commodore Barney Brinker, Ceres, Chasseur, Delaware, Granite, Hetzel, Hunchback, Hussar, Lockwood, Louisiana, Morse, Commodore Perry, Picket, Pioneer, Putnam, J.N. Seymour, Shawseen, Southfield, Stars and Stripes, Underwriter, Valley City, Vidette and Whitehead participated in the capture of Roanoke Island. Rodman’s Point Battery— The Confederates established positions at Rodman’s Point during their attack against Washington, North Carolina (April 1864). See also Washington. Salisbury Prison— The Confederates established a stockaded prison for Union POWs at Salisbury during 1861. The facility was only capable of handling about 1,000 prisoners. Nevertheless, during 1864, when Richmond, Virginia, was threatened by General Grant, Union prisoners were transported farther south. About 10,000 prisoners arrived from Richmond. Conditions went from poor to worse and by the time the Union arrived during Stoneman’s Raid (1865), several thousand POWs had succumbed. Sandy Ridge Camp— See Kinston. Snow Camp— The British established Snow Camp at present-day Snow Camp. General Cornwallis moved there following the Battle of Guilford Court House on 15 March 1781. The Americans had suffered a defeat at the battle; however, the British sustained casualties amounting to about 25 percent of their 4,300-man force. Cornwallis ordered his artillery to fire upon American cavalry, with the knowledge that the artillery would also strike British troops. Cornwallis would afterward depart Snow Camp for Wilmington. The Americans established positions at Troublesome Creek. Legends vary regarding the naming of Snow Camp. Some believe it was named by Cornwallis due to the harsh weather at the time the British encamped

357 there and others think it may have been named much earlier, during the 1740s, by mountain men who paused there. While at Snow Camp, Cornwallis commandeered the home of Simon Dixon, a Quaker who had relocated there from Pennsylvania and established a settlement at Cane Creek (later Snow Camp). In conjunction, the graves of some British troops still remain at Snow Camp. Snow Hill Civil War Camps— Confederate Civil War camps in the vicinity of Snow Hill included Camp Ferebee and Camp Robertson. South Mills Battery— The Confederates established a battery at South Mills, about 12 miles from Camden, during 1862. A skirmish occurred there on 19 April 1862. A Union force, composed of the 6th New Hampshire, 9th and 89th New York, 21st Massachusetts and the 51st Pennsylvania Regiments, commanded by General Jesse Reno, departed Beaufort and moved on gunboats up the Pasquotank River to intercept a contingent of Confederates, commanded by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ambrose Ransom Wright (Commander 3rd Georgia Infantry Regiment) before they departed for Norfolk. Reno’s force was hoping to strike with surprise, but the Rebels hade learned of the movement. Suddenly, when the Union reached a point about one and one-half miles from South Mills, the woods on the opposing banks came alive as Confederates, firing from concealed positions, bludgeoned the Yanks with a blanket of grapeshot and canister shot. The Union, following the initial shock of the ambush, reacted, and with the support of one of the transports, the Rebels were driven away. Nonetheless, the mission was aborted. The Union losses were 12 killed and about 99 wounded. North Carolina militia under Colonel Ferebee participated at the skirmish. The Confederate losses are unavailable. In other activity in North Carolina, while Reno had been on his mission, General Parke set out on a reconnaissance mission to gather intelligence at Bogue Spit. Once there, with the quick work of the 4th and 5th Rhode Island Regiments, the Confederate pickets were driven back toward Fort Macon. Stockade at Fort Landing— Settlers established a fort at Fort Landing in present-day Tyrell County in about 1700. The colonists had traveled the Alligator River and established the settlement near Alligator Creek as protection from Indian attacks. Later, the colonists moved farther up the Alligator River and began settlements known as East Lake (1750s) and Gun Neck (1750s). Sugar Loaf Hill— The Confederates established defensive positions at Sugar Loaf Hill in close proximity to Fort Anderson during 1865. Troops from Fort Anderson, after abandoning the fort, regrouped at Sugar Loaf. Union pressure compelled them to also abandon their positions and move to Fort Strong, which was located only several miles south of Wilmington. Wilmington was seized on 22 February 1865. Suple’s Hill— The Confederates (3rd Georgia Regiment) fortified Suple’s Hill to protect the rear approaches to Fort Bartow on Roanoke Island. The earthworks fortification was located along the north-south road on the island. See also Roanoke Island. Topsail Inlet— The Confederates fortified Topsail Inlet during the Civil War. Topsail Island apparently received its name from the inlet’s use by pirates along the Outer Banks of North Carolina. While moored there, only the topsails were visible. Topsail Island is located slightly north of Wilmington and Fort Fisher. In place of the pirates, the Confederate blockade runners made full use of the inlet and the other waterways in the region to evade the Union blockade. Confederate temporary camps in the region included Camp Ashe, Camp Florida and Camp Pettigrew. Units that were at Topsail included Company D, 13th Battalion, North Carolina (NovemberDecember 1863). The 8th North Carolina Regiment was also there for a while during 1863. The North Carolina 31st Regiment paused

Wilcox’s Bridge / NORTH CAROLINA there during May 1863. The Confederates retained the area until 1865. Troublesome Creek— See Guilford Court House. Upper Fort— See Davidson’s Fort. Washington— The Union seized New Bern on 14 March 1862 and afterward moved to Washington and Plymouth. By March, Union general Burnside, who had taken Hatteras, then controlled positions from which he could jump and seize New Bern, yet another strategic position, tightening domination over the sounds and the coastal rivers. By the latter part of April, Fort Macon was seized, opening the way to Beaufort. Soon after, Union troops occupied New Bern, Washington and Plymouth. Subsequently, on 30 March 1863, Confederate general Daniel Harvey Hill issued a surrender ultimatum to General Foster at Washington. Foster had recently departed New Bern, leaving General Innis Palmer in charge, while he established positions in Washington to check a threat by the Confederates. General Foster rejected the demand. Meanwhile, the Confederates isolated the town and placed obstacles in the Pamlico River to prevent Union warships from reinforcing the defenders. On 3 April, the gunboat USS Ceres, commanded by Captain McDermott, braved heavy fire during the darkened hours to deliver supplies and ammunition to the defenders. On the following day, the Union attacked a Confederate battery at Rodman’s Point. Later, on 13 April, more supplies and reinforcements arrived to bolster General Foster. When the vessel departed on the night of 14 April, Foster was taken aboard to raise a force to lift the siege, but before he returned, the Confederates unexpectedly lifted the siege and returned to Suffolk. A Union force under General Palmer initiated pursuit. During the following year, the town of Washington was destroyed by fire on 30 April when the Union torched Haven’s Wharf to keep the supplies from falling into the hands of the Confederates. The fire spread rapidly across Main Street and began jumping from building to building, expanding to the structures on Van Norden Street and beyond. Washington was evacuated by the Union after the fall of Plymouth. On 26 April, General Grant had ordered Washington abandoned with the understanding that New Bern had to be held. The primary fortification at Washington was Fort Washington, but the city was encircled with a line of blockhouses and batteries. Subsequently, during May 1865, the Confederate 8th (also known as 13th) Tennessee Cavalry surrendered to the 4th Iowa Cavalry at Washington. In conjunction, Brigadier General George Gibbs Dibrell, who had led the 8th Cavalry, had been promoted during the early part of 1865 and transferred to Richmond. Dibrell was placed in charge of the government archives when the Confederate government abandoned Richmond. Other Plymouth fortifications included Batteries 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 on Castle Island. Weldon Civil War Confederate Camps— The Confederates established training camps at Weldon during the Civil War. The units that were formed there included the North Carolina 24th Infantry Regiment (previously 14th North Carolina Volunteers) during July 1861 and the 1st Regiment Junior Reserves Battalion during July 1864. The latter was composed of men between the ages of 15 and 18. The camps included Camp Floyd, Camp Holmes, Camp Pettigrew, Camp Ransom and Camp Robinson. Wilcox’s Bridge— A Union force encountered and clashed with Confederates at Wilcox’s Bridge, Wise’s Fork, on 8 March 1865. Confederates led by Colonel Upham (General Bragg’s command) attacked Union forces under General Jacob D. Cox at Wilcox’s Bridge. The skirmishes continued, but the Union received reinforcements, forcing Bragg to break off and retire toward Kinston on 10 March. The Union suffered 80 dead, 421 wounded, 600 missing. The Confederates

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NORTH CAROLINA / Wilmington sustained about 1,500 killed, wounded or missing. In conjunction, the 1st and 2nd Divisions of the District of Beaufort, and the 1st Division, 23rd Corps, Army of the Ohio, participated. Wilmington— Wilmington was fortified by the Confederates during 1861–1865. The city was heavily fortified and the troops constructed a solid ring around it, but other defenses were established outside the ring. These included four river batteries that were placed on a high cliff several miles below Wilmington. The batteries, established to guard the river approaches, were known as Battery Davis, Battery Lee, Battery Campbell and Battery Meares (also known as Fort Hill), stretching north to south respectively. Batteries protecting Wilmington included Battery Andrew, Battery Bellamy, Battery Dawson, Battery Green (also Battery Greene), Battery Hobson, Battery McRae, Battery McRee, Battery Miller, Battery Parsley, Battery Smith and Battery Stokes (also known as Battery Tirza). Other batteries were also planted along the riverfront. In addition to the batteries, the Confederates placed obstacles in the channel to impede any encroachment by Union vessels. Another fortification was Fort Anderson (formerly Fort St. Philip), which was located south of Wilmington at Brunswick (formerly Brunswick Town), established during 1862. It was positioned where it could protect the land approaches from the west. Further south at Southport (formerly Smithville), the Confederates established Fort Pender to protect the harbor there. Yet other defenses were on Smith’s Island at Bald Point where Fort Holmes protected Old Inlet (known also as Western Bar). Fort Holmes, along the southwestern sector of the island, was established during 1863. Also, Battery Buchanan was established slightly east of the Cape Fear River at Federal Point to protect the rear of Fort Fisher and New Inlet. The defenses at Oak Island, south of Wilmington, were anchored by Fort Caswell and Fort Campbell, and they were bolstered by a support post, Battery Shaw, located between them. Fort Caswell was an old masonry structure built between 1826 and 1838 by U.S. Army engineers. Forts Caswell and Johnston were seized from Federal authorities at the outbreak of the war. As they had with Fort Johnston, Confederate troops strengthened Fort Caswell and brought in more heavy seacoast artillery pieces. Other Confederate fortifications included Fort French (later Fort Lee) and Fort Meares (formerly Fort Hill). Camp French was

also in the area in close proximity to Fort French. The Confederates also established a large number of camps in the vicinity of Wilmington. They included Camp Anderson, Camp Belvidere, Camp Burgyn (Burgwyn), Camp Davis, Camp Heath, Camp Holmes, Camp Jackson, Camp Lamb, Camp Leventhorpe, Camp Patterson, Camp Pettigrew and Camp Whiting. The Union seizure of Fort Fisher during January 1865 sealed the fate of Wilmington and its port. Nevertheless, the Confederates rallied to try to hold the city by bolstering Fort Anderson and Sugar Loaf. Meanwhile, additional Union forces were gathering in the region. All the positions at the mouth of the river were abandoned by General Bragg. On 16 February, a large Union force under General Schofield was transported by ferry to Smithfield (later Southport) in conjunction with another operation under Admiral Porter. Fort Anderson came under bombardment by Porter’s fleet. The relentless pounding eliminated the fort’s guns, but the garrison held out until the night of 18–19 February. The defenders at Fort Anderson then moved to Fort Strong. Meanwhile, as the Confederates continued to pull back and regroup, the Union continued to press ahead. New Confederate positions at Town Creek had to be abandoned on the 19th. On the following day, Union forces were encroaching on Wilmington and had reached positions from which artillery could shell the city. By the 21st, Union pressure became insurmountable. By dusk, the Confederates were beginning to evacuate the city; however, prior to departing, the defenders destroyed supplies and large quantities of cotton and tobacco to keep it from falling into Union hands. While Schofield’s forces were pounding the forces of Generals Bragg and Hoke, they were also under attack from forces under General Alfred H. Terry. Terry’s forces entered Wilmington on 22 February 1865. Wingfield Plantation— Fort Buffalo was established at Edenton by Union sympathizers, referred to as Buffaloes, during 1862. The fortification was located on the Wingfield Plantation, owned by Richard Dillard. The fortification, destroyed by Confederates during 1864, was known also as Fort Dillard and as Fort Wingfield. Wise’s Fork— See Wilcox’s Bridge. Wofford’s Fort— See Cathey’s Fort.

NORTH DAKOTA Big Mound— On 24 July 1863, elements of the 1st Minnesota Cavalry (Mounted Rangers), the 6th, 7th and 10th Minnesota Volunteer Regiments, bolstered by the 3rd Minnesota Battery, engaged a band of Sioux Indians at Big Mound, Dakota Territory (North Dakota, Kidder County). The force, commanded by General Henry Hastings Sibley, had moved from Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, in pursuit of the Santee Sioux who participated in an uprising during August of the previous year in the Minnesota River Valley. However, these Sioux had joined with another tribe, the Teton Sioux. At about 1300 hours, a group of Sioux approached the lines of Sibley’s Scouts, who were near the main camp. The Sioux gave the impression they were seeking only to talk, but shortly thereafter, a shot rang out. It killed Josiah S. Weiser, surgeon of the Mounted Rangers. The shooting incident was followed by the sudden appearance of many concealed In-

dians who commenced firing on the Scouts. Sibley’s main force entered the fight and the artillery began to pound the ridges. The effective fire of the artillery compelled the Indians under Chief Inkpaduta to break from their positions in disarray. The cavalry gave chase, initiating a running fight that continued until darkness. In conjunction, the army and the Sioux clashed again on the 26th at Dead Buffalo Lake. The Sioux struck, primarily against Sibley’s left flank, but the attack was repulsed. Two days later, on the 28th, a large band of Sioux attempted to attack Sibley’s force near Stony Lake, but apparently fearing the column too strong, no major assault was launched. Instead, the Sioux again retired. General Henry Hastings Sibley was the cousin of Confederate general Henry Hopkins Sibley, who commanded the Confederates during the unsuccessful campaign (1862) to gain the Southwest for the Confederacy.

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Camp Sully / NORTH DAKOTA did find three sides of Fort Henry still standing. In one of those coincidences that historians enjoy, William Ashley and his fur brigade came down the Yellowstone River with 100 packs of beaver just in time to accompany General Atkinson’s command back to St. Louis.

Confederate general Sibley lacked a command during the final months of the war. Subsequent to the close of hostilities he departed the United States and joined the Egyptian Army during 1869. Union general Henry Hastings Sibley was mustered out of the U.S. service during April 1866. The scene of the Battle of Big Mound is now a state historical site. In conjunction, the Sibley Expedition against the Sioux is commemorated by the state of North Dakota at various points that were used as encampments for the force while it was in North Dakota. The sites included: Camp Arnold (slightly north of Oriska) at Pickett Lake, where Sibley established camp on 14 August; Camp Atchison (vicinity of junction of State Highway 1 and State Highway 65); Camp Banks (2 August 1863), slightly north of Driscoll; Camp Buell (3–4 July), in vicinity of State Highway 13 and County Highway 1), now a state historic site located one-half mile southwest of the junction of those highways; Camp Corning (16–17 July), slightly northeast of Dazey; Camp Grant (23 July, vicinity of Pingree); Camp Kimball (vicinity of Carrington); Camp Sheartown (vicinity of Valley City); Camp Weiser (vicinity of Kathryn) and Camp Whitney (vicinity of Tappen).

Camp Briggs— Camp Briggs, named in honor of Governor Frank A. Briggs of the North Dakota Territory was established as a SpanishAmerican War Camp during 1898. Governor Briggs succumbed at Bismarck on 9 August 1898. The 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry Regiment began to arrive at the post, located in the southern sector of Fargo, during early May. The campgrounds were located at the end of Eighth Street near Seventeenth and Eighteenth Avenues. The camp’s drill field was located on the east side of Eighth Street and the campground was on the west side. The camp was abandoned by the latter part of the month.

Camp Arnold— See Big Mound.

Camp Grant— See Big Mound.

Camp at Lake Jessie— During 1838, John Charles Frémont received an appointment with the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. During the following year, Frémont, who later became a Union major general, led an expedition into North Dakota and Montana. A scientist, J.N. Nicollet, was with the party (FrémontNicollet Expedition). The expedition established a camp in the vicinity of Lake Jessie during the mission. Subsequently, during 1853, Lieutenant (later Union general) Isaac I. Stevens resigned from the army to accept the governorship of the Washington Territory. While en route to Washington, he undertook a private endeavor for the Northern Pacific Railroad, to survey a route for the railroad. Stevens’ party also established a camp where Frémont’s camp had been located. The camp site, slightly west of the town of Jessie, is now a state historical site. As the frontier stretched west, the vicinity of Lake Jessie also became a stopping point for wagon trains.

Camp Greeley— See Camp Hancock.

Camp Buell— See Big Mound. Camp Corning— See Big Mound. Camp Fremont— See Camp at Lake Jessie.

Camp Atchison— See Big Mound.

Camp Hancock— The U.S. Army established a camp initially known as Camp Greeley at Bismarck during 1872. The post was established to provide protection for the workers that were constructing the Northern Pacific Railroad. The post was renamed Camp Hancock during 1873. The State of North Dakota has preserved a portion of the military camp known as Camp Hancock. The Northern Pacific Railroad was chartered during the 1860s. The rails were established to run from Duluth, Minnesota, to the Puget Sound in Washington State at Seattle. By 1873, the worldwide financial crisis created problems throughout the nation. The Stampede Panic of 1873 devastated the Northern Pacific Railroad, making its bonds valueless. The railroad was compelled to use its land grant holdings for paying stockholders. Nevertheless, the railroad was eventually completed and in the process many immigrants from the Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Denmark) arrived in the Dakotas. Land was inexpensive, but few were aware of the Dakota winter season when they arrived. During 1873, Bismarck became the name of a settlement along the Missouri River. The railroad arrived at Bismarck during 1873, but no bridges were constructed across the river. During the summer months, the trains were ferried across the river. During the winter, the river was frozen solid and trains ran across it along temporary tracks. The Northern Pacific Railroad project was completed during 1883. In conjunction, the railroad reached Fargo during 1872. By the early 1900s, the Northern Pacific was dominated by the Northern Securities firm, owned by J.P. Morgan and J.D. Rockefeller. A refurbished building operates as a museum. For more information: Camp Hancock Historic Site, 101 West Main Street, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501.

Camp Banks— See Big Mound.

Camp Kimball— See Big Mound.

Camp at Lake Johnson— During 1863, while executing a campaign (Sibley Campaign) against the Sioux in North Dakota, a temporary camp was located in the vicinity of Lake Johnson, which was slightly more than five miles southwest of Cooperstown. In conjunction, Henry Hastings Sibley, a cousin of Confederate general Henry Hopkins Sibley, was governor of the Minnesota Territory and also a Union brigadier general. A Sioux uprising occurred in Minnesota during 1862 and the hostilities continued in 1863. Units at Camp Johnson included elements of the Illinois 3rd Cavalry Regiment. One soldier, George T. Johnson, drowned in the lake during the expedition. The site is now a state historical site. Camp Atcheson— Same as Camp Atchison.

Camp Barbour— Camp Barbour was established by the AtkinsonO’Fallon Expedition at Buford during 1825. The expedition established the temporary camp in the vicinity of the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. Camp Barbour was established near the site of former Fort Henry. It was also in close proximity to where the Lewis and Clark Expedition established a camp during 1805 and later, during the following year, a new camp was established there. The expedition entered the area to initiate treaties with the various Indians that inhabited the land along the Missouri River. The expedition was led by the peace commissioners, General Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O’Fallon; the latter was an Indian agent. The force sought out the Assinniboine. They found no Indians, but they

Camp Sheardown— See Big Mound. Camp Sully— Camp Sully, known also as Sully’s Heart River Corral, was established slightly less than 15 miles southeast of Richardson during 1864. The camp was established by General Alfred Sully, a Philadelphian and a graduate of West Point (Class of 1841). Sully had commanded a brigade in the East, but following the Battle of Chancellorsville, he was appointed commanding officer of the District of Dakota. At the camp, Sully’s troops dug defensive trenches, but the camp was actually improvised by circling the wagons and encircling them with the rifle pits. The camp was not attacked by the Sioux. Another name for the camp is Sully Base Camp. The site is

NORTH DAKOTA / Camp Sykes now a state historical site. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, Sully reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (later colonel) and assumed command of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment, and afterward he became the commanding officer of the U.S. 21st Infantry Regiment. Camp Sykes— A contingent of the U.S. 20th Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain John Bates established Camp Sykes during May 1872. The post was named in honor of Colonel George Sykes (West Point class of 1842, Cadet # 1149), commander of the regiment. Sykes had been a Union general during the Civil War and afterward his rank reverted to colonel. Soon after, during September of 1872, the post was renamed Fort Cross. Later, during 1873, again it was renamed to become Fort Seward in honor of the former secretary of war, William H. Seward. Secretary Seward succumbed during October 1872. The post, constructed along the James River near present-day Jamestown, remained active until September 1877. The garrison was responsible for protecting pioneer travelers and workers and the property of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Camp Weiser— See Big Mound. Camp Whitney— See Big Mound. Cannonball Stage Station— The Cannonball Stage Station was located along the Black Hills Trail slightly more than 10 miles southeast of Carson. The station operated from about 1877 through 1880. In conjunction, the Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route ran between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Deadwood, South Dakota. The stage operations continued from 1876 through 1887. The trail was also used by cattlemen to drive their herds into the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming. Eventually, railroads emerged to make the trail obsolete. The Cannonball Stage Station site is now a state historic site. Cantonment at Little Missouri Crossing— See Cantonment Bad Lands. Cantonment Bad Lands— The U.S. Army established Cantonment Bad Lands, known also as Cantonment at Little Missouri Crossing, during 1879. The post was established to protect the workers and property of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The post was located along the Little Missouri River. Confluence Camp— Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, subsequent to abandoning the winter quarters (1804–1805) at Fort Mandan, reinitiated the exploration expedition toward the Pacific. The party (Corps of Discovery) moved up the Missouri River toward the Yellowstone. During the latter part of April 1805, the party established a camp near the convergence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. The Yellowstone River was referred to as La Roche Jaune (Yellow Rock) by the French, and the Indians that resided in the region called it the Elk River. The party reached the area near the confluence of the rivers by 25 April and afterward established a camp known as Confluence Camp. On the following day, the group held a little celebration prior to moving ahead into Montana. During the return trip from the West Coast during 1806, the expedition again passed through the area. Subsequently, during 1822, a group of fur traders (mountain men), arrived near the site and established Fort Henry. See also Fort Henry. Fort Abercrombie— During 1858, in the Dakota Territory, a contingent of U.S. Army troops (2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment) commanded by Lieutenant Colonel (later Union general) John Joseph Abercrombie (West Point class of 1822), established Fort Abercrombie. The post was located along the left side (right bank) of the Red River in the vicinity of Graham’s Point, Abercrombie. The fort was abandoned during 1859 due to its untenable positioning making it susceptible to floods. Soon after the fort was moved to a nearby

360 (present) location. The garrison’s primary responsibility was to protect the pioneers moving through the region, which was inhabited by the Dakota (Sioux) Indians. On 10 May 1862, the 5th Minnesota Volunteer Regiment departed Minnesota for Mississippi; however, some of its units did not move with the regiment. Company D moved to Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory, and Company B and C moved to Fort Ridgeley, Minnesota. On 20 June 1862, Union contingents, including Company D, 5th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, skirmished with Confederates at Fort Abercrombie. On 20 August 1862, the Sioux prepared to assault Fort Abercrombie, commanded by Captain John Vanderhack; however, the activity outside the fort didn’t materialize for awhile, buying time for the garrison to bolster the defenses. Nevertheless, the fort was encircled. On 3 September, at about 0500, the fort was rocked by an assault, just as the sun was slipping over the horizon. The troops were prepared and returned fire, including artillery. The heated exchange lasted for about six hours, but for the Indians, including Dakota and Ojibwes, it had been at great cost, about several hundred casualties. Despite the whirlwind attack, the force within the garrison sustained only one man killed, Private Edward D. Steel, and another man wounded. Despite grievous losses, the Indians did not retire, rather, they maintained a siege. For a couple of days, there was a steady stream of incoming fire from the opposite bank of the river, but by 6 September, the fort was again struck by a powerful assault. Again, the Indians launched the strike at about dawn. Initially there was some enemy penetration, but it was short lived. Nevertheless, the fort remained under incessant assault until about 1500, when the Indians disengaged. The extremely effective fire from the fort again inflicted high casualties upon the Indians, essentially terminating any further attacks. However, some long-distance skirmishing continued. Later, the fort played a primary role during the Sioux uprisings during 1863–1865. In conjunction, during the Civil War, the regular troops had been pulled out and the garrison was held by Minnesota Volunteers. The post was also part of the military mail system that originated from Fort Stevenson. The fort was deactivated during 1877 and totally abandoned by the following year. The military reservation was transferred to the Interior Department on 14 July 1880. Fort Abercrombie was part of the chain of forts that stretched from Minnesota through North Dakota into Montana along what was known as the Totten Trail, a route used to transport the mail and supplies to the military posts and to the gold-mining areas of Montana. In conjunction, Lt. Colonel Abercrombie was the son-in-law of General Robert Patterson, who had served during the Mexican War and for a short time during the Civil War. Abercrombie was also the brother-in-law of Union general Francis Engle Patterson. The fort site is now a state historic site. One of the initial structures has been preserved and others have been reconstructed. For more information: Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site, P.O. Box 148, Abercrombie, North Dakota 58001. Fort Abraham Lincoln— The U.S. Army established Fort Abraham Lincoln (initially called Fort McKean) on 14 June 1872 for the purpose of providing protection for the workers and property of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The post was constructed several miles south of Mandan near the mouth of the Heart River by elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment. The fort, which had been named in honor of Colonel Henry Boyd McKean (slain at Cold Harbor, Virginia, 3 June 1864) was renamed for President Lincoln during November 1872. Although General Custer did not arrive at the post until 1873, his deployment there apparently began during January 1872. At that time, General Philip Sheridan directed Custer to report for special duty to escort the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia on a hunting expedition on the Plains while the duke was visiting the United States. General Custer became such a success with the royal

361 visitor that Sheridan permitted Custer to remain with the duke for the balance of his tour. Subsequently, during February 1873, Custer received orders to regroup the 7th Cavalry and take the regiment to Fort Abraham Lincoln, outside of Bismarck. The Army anticipated trouble with the Sioux who resided in the area where the Northern Pacific Railroad was about to penetrate. The Sioux were not expecting the arrival of either white men or the Iron Horse because of the treaty of 1868. During 1876, while the nation was preparing for its centennial, General Custer and the 7th Cavalry departed Fort Abraham Lincoln to participate in the pursuit of the Sioux. On 25 June 1876, the Sioux defeated Custer’s 7th Cavalry at the Little Big Horn (Montana). The post was abandoned on 22 July 1891. During October of that same year, the fort was transferred to the Interior Department. The Custer House has been reconstructed. While in command at Fort Abraham Lincoln, his residence also acted as a command post. Not to be confused with modern-day Fort Lincoln, established (completed) during 1903 in the vicinity of Bismarck. The area is now a North Dakota State Park. Fort Atkinson— Fort Atkinson was established as a trading post at Like-a-Fishhook Village by a group of traders which included Henry Boller in about 1845. It was fortified in about 1858–1859. The post, located along the Missouri River near Lake Sakakawea, was established as competition to the American Fur Company. Later, during 1862, the trading post was acquired by the American Fur Company. During December of that same year, Sioux Indians attacked the area and destroyed the post by fire. The post was rebuilt and renamed Fort Berthold. In conjunction, the Hidatsa Indians, who suffered severely from a smallpox epidemic, relocated near the lake from their territory at the Knife River area in about 1837–1838. Afterward, the Hidatsa were joined by the Mandans, who also sustained many deaths from the epidemic. By 1870, the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was established there. See also Fort Berthold. Fort Berthold— Fort Berthold was actually former Fort Atkinson, rebuilt at Like-a-Fishhook village near Lake Sakakawea during 1862. The post was near the Yellowstone River. The Hidatsa and Mandan tribes had been in the area since the 1830s. During 1862, they were joined by the Arikara Indians and the combined tribes were known as the Three Affiliated Tribes. By 1863, the post was garrisoned by Union troops (Volunteers). General Sully’s forces arrived at the post during August 1864 (Sully Campaign) and a contingent was deployed there to garrison the post. Later, during 1865, Fort Union was abandoned by the military, making Fort Berthold the garrison for the Upper Missouri until Fort Buford was established during 1866. Fort Berthold remained active until 1867. The fort was abandoned at that time. It was replaced by Fort Stevenson (sometimes referred to as New Fort Berthold. In conjunction, Fort Berthold, subsequent to its abandonment by the military, was used as an Indian agency (1868–1874), and a trading post continued to operate there. The site of Fort Berthold is now under water. See also Fort Atkinson. By the time the fort was abandoned, the American Fur Company, which had originally established Fort Berthold, was essentially out of the trading business. The trading post was run by the Northwest Company from 1867. Another post was operated in the area by competitors (E.F. Gerard and Peter Beauchamp), but by the latter part of the 1860s, the fur trade was vanishing. Fort Buford— Fort Buford was established outside Williston (Williams County) along the Missouri River near its convergence with the Yellowstone River outside Williston (Williams County). On 15 June 1866, a U.S. Army contingent (31st Infantry Regiment) commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William G. Rankin established the post, named in honor of Major General John Buford. The fort, composed of adobe and log structures, was bolstered by a stockade.

Fort Clark / NORTH DAKOTA The post, a 360-foot square, was completed by the latter part of November of that same year. It was located in close proximity to where Fort Union stood. By the following month, the Sioux attacked a work party near the post and other raids occurred during the winter of 1866–1867. Fort Buford was constructed to hold a garrison of one company of troops; however, circumstances in the region warranted modifications of the plan. By early 1867, Colonel Rankin was informed that the one-company post would be enlarged to hold five companies and that the additional garrison troops would arrive at the post during spring of 1867. The post was modified, but it was done hurriedly and because of the haste, some improper components were used (poor adobe bricks and green lumber). The troops also used some of the materials from Fort Union, which was dismantled, and some from Fort Mortimer. The post was again reconstructed during 1871–1872. All the while, the garrison was responsible for protecting the region and the route running westward toward Montana while the Sioux opposed the fort and the pioneers. Nevertheless, the post was expanded to handle six companies. The intent was to modify the post to hold 10 companies, but it was changed to six. The additional troops became necessary due to the hostility of the Sioux, who also resented the appearance of the Iron Horse. The Northern Pacific Railway engineers reinitiated a survey of the region during 1871 and 1873 to the dismay of the Sioux and the Black Hills Expedition of 1874 was opposed, particularly because it was in violation of a treaty between the U.S. and the Indians that had been signed during 1868. Fort Buford was one of a long chain of forts that stretched across the Great Plains from Minnesota to Montana. By 1876, it was open warfare on the Plains against the Sioux until 1879. The Indians scored their great victory over General Custer at the Little Big Horn (Montana) during June 1876, but the victory was the beginning of the demise of the Sioux. Up until the defeat of Custer, the frontiers had essentially been neglected by Washington. However, afterward, the frontier became a priority. Chief Joseph surrendered at Fort Buford during 1877. Later, during July 1881, Sitting Bull returned from Canada and surrendered at Fort Buford. The commander of Fort Buford at the time of Sitting Bull’s surrender was David Hammett Brotherton (West Point class of 1854). After the major hostilities with the Sioux were terminated, the post remained active and focused on protecting the Great Northern Railroad from Indian attacks. The post was located slightly more than 20 miles southwest of Williston. Several of the original structures, including the magazine and the officers’ quarters, still stand. The officers’ quarters are now a museum. For more information: Buford State Historic Site, 15349 39th Lane NW, Williston, North Dakota 58801. By 1895, the condition at Fort Buford had become too poor to undertake a refurbishing project and it was decided that the original threats which brought about the presence of the fort had diminished, making the fort unnecessary. Fort Buford was abandoned on 1 October 1895. The troops were relocated in Montana at Fort Assinniboine. A small party remained at the post until the following month to complete the military closure. The Interior Department assumed responsibility for the post on 31 October 1895. Subsequent to the abandonment of Fort Buford, the military personnel that were interred at the post cemetery were re-interred at the Little Big Horn National Cemetery. Also, Major General John Buford, for whom the fort was named, had been a hero at Gettysburg on 1 July 1863 when he ordered his brigade to dismount to meet an advance by Confederate general A.P. Hill. John Buford was the halfbrother of Union general Napoleon Buford, and he was the cousin of Confederate general Abraham Buford. John Buford succumbed of typhoid fever on 16 December 1863 in Washington. He received his promotion to major general on his deathbed. Fort Clark— Fort Clark was established during the period of

NORTH DAKOTA / Fort Daer 1830–1831 by the American Fur Company slightly outside presentday Fort Clark. The trading post was established less than 10 miles southeast of Stanton after it determined that Fort Union, established during 1828, was too distant from the Three Affiliated Tribes. Fort Clark was located near the site of former Fort Mandan, established by the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the early 1800s. The trading post was constructed by James Kipp and D.D. Mitchell. The post was abandoned during 1845. The American Fur Company then relocated at Fort James (later Fort Berthold). Upon the abandonment of Fort Clark, the Arikara Indians moved into the area and soon after urged the American Fur Company to maintain a post near them. The company eventually agreed. During the 1850s, another trading post, Primeau’s Post, was established on the site. For more information: State Historical Society of North Dakota, 612 E. Boulevard Ave., Bismarck, North Dakota 58505 Fort Daer— During 1812, a group of Scotsmen, acting on the authority of a grant from the Hudson Bay Company, established a settlement in North Dakota which they named Kildonan. The grant was received by Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of Selkirk. Some from the party later relocated further south and established a settlement known as Fort Daer (present-day Pembrina) near the mouth of the Pembrina River. At the time of the establishment of the settlement at Pembrina, the Dakotas were part of the U.S.; however, the Scottish Islands believed they were in British territory. A trading post was established there and it was in competition with a post established in the same area by the Northwest Fur Company. Fort Daer was named in honor of Lord Selkirk (Baron Daer). Subsequently, during 1823, the Long Expedition, led by Major Stephen Long, arrived at Fort Daer. Long was moving westward toward Colorado, tracing the earlier Pike Expedition. At the time of Long’s visit to Fort Daer, the inhabitants, more than 500, were primarily half-breeds. Only a small number of Scotsmen still inhabited the area. Fort Dilts— Fort Dilts was not a planned post; rather, it was erected in southwest North Dakota by pioneers traveling from Minnesota to Montana with a military escort. The train, led by James Fisk was composed of more than 75 wagons and more than 150 settlers escorted by a contingent of cavalry. The train also carried some troops who were unable to move out of Fort Rice when General Sully (Sully’s Campaign) moved out to engage the Sioux. The Sioux attacked the wagon train outside present-day Rhame during September 1864. A sod fort was hurriedly erected. The wagon train party was able to hold out for about two weeks until a relief force from Fort Rice arrived to lift the siege. During the fighting, Sitting Bull was wounded and removed from the field. The wagon train sustained between nine and 12 killed, including civilians. The Sioux casualties (killed) were estimated at about 60. Following the siege, the wagon train reinitiated the trek to the gold fields in Montana. Some traces of the ancient sod fort remain along the prairie there. The deceased were interred at the site. The site is now a state historical site. Fort Floyd— Fort Floyd was established during 1828 near the convergence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers by the American Fur Company. Later, during 1830, the trading post was renamed Fort Union. The trading post’s location was too far removed from the Three Affiliated Tribes to make it a successful venture. Consequently, the company established another post, Fort Clark, near the site of the camp (Fort Mandan) established by the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the early 1800s. Fort Hays— See Post on Devils Lake. Fort Henry— Fort Henry was established during 1822 in the vicinity of where the Lewis and Clark Expedition had established a camp (Confluence Camp) during 1805. The trading post was built by Andrew Henry and his party, which included Jim Bridger, Jedediah S.

362 Smith, William L. Sublette and William Ashley. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company was established by Ashley and Henry. Fort Henry, however, lasted only about one year. Nevertheless, the men who built Fort Henry, for the most part, became legends of the period. Fort James— The American Fur Company abandoned Fort Clark during 1845 and afterward established Fort James at Like-a-Fishhook Village. Friendly Hidatsa Indians were the first tribe to arrive there. They assisted in the construction of the stockade for the post. During the following year, the trading post was renamed Fort Berthold. The post was named after Bartholomew Berthold, one of the principals of the fur company. Mandan Indians began move into the area near the post. However, the Arikara Indians moved to the area near the abandoned post and demanded that a trading post be also near their village. The traders agreed to operate a post for them at Fort Clark. Fort Kipp— About 1823–1825, Fort Kipp, known also as Kip’s Fort, Kip’s Post and Tilton’s Post, was established near White Earth Creek in the vicinity of Stanton by the American Fur Company. The trading post was established by James Kipp and a Mr. Tilton of Tilton and Company. It was located along the Knife River near the site of Fort Clark. In conjunction, during 1827, the American Fur Company merged with the Columbia Fur Company during 1827. By 1830, Kipp was directed to close the post and establish another post, Fort Clark. See also Fort Clark. Fort Mandan— During 1804, the Lewis and Clark expeditionary force halted its journey to the West Coast in the northwestern portion of the country in the vicinity of present-day Bismarck. The party arrived there during early November and decided to establish its winter camp (1804–1805) near the Missouri River. A post, Fort Mandan, was constructed (triangular shape) near Washburn. While encamped, the Americans encountered the Mandan, an Indian tribe of Siouan heritage that spoke the Siouan language. The Mandan tribe later became extinct. The Hidatsa tribe was also encountered. Lewis and Clark established their camp some distance from the Indian villages. On Christmas Day 1804, the men celebrated and they raised the Stars and Stripes. The expeditionary force departed the area during spring 1805 and advanced into Montana during the latter part of May. Subsequently, during the following winter, the fort burned down. The site of Fort Mandan is at the present-day Overlook State Historic Site, located slightly more than 10 miles from Washburn. A reconstructed fort and a museum are located along State Highway 17. The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center is located at Washburn. In conjunction, earlier, the Northwest Company had established a trading post among the Mandan Indians during 1794. The post was operated by a French Canadian, Rene Jesseaume. The post was taken over by the Spanish (Missouri Company) during September 1796. The Missouri Company was based in St. Louis. John Evans, who established the post, arrived and evicted the Canadians. Evans hoisted a Spanish flag at the post. Fort Manuel Lisa— Fort Manuel Lisa was established during 1808–1809 along the Missouri River near the border of modern-day South and North Dakota (Corson County, South Dakota) in the vicinity of Pick City by the Missouri Fur Company. The company, owned by Manuel Lisa, operated out of St. Louis. Lisa also established a post along the Big Horn River. The trading post was also known as Fort Lisa, Fort Manuel and Fort Lewis. The post remained active until 1812. Subsequently, during 1822, the long-abandoned post was taken over by Joshua Pilcher. At that time the post was renamed Fort Vanderburgh. It remained active until the following year. In conjunction, during the spring of 1809, an expedition that moved up the Missouri River, initiated by the Missouri Fur Company, included Pierre Chouteau (military commander) and Andrew

363 Henry (field commander). The expedition also had the task of returning Mandan chief Shahaka to his land in Dakota in the vicinity of present-day Bismarck. Shahaka had come to St. Louis with the Lewis and Clark expedition when it returned from the Pacific. In conjunction, the expedition force was composed of Americans and Frenchmen, a combustible combination. Fort Lisa, a trading post, was constructed, but it was the French that held it, with the Americans nearby. At one point the Americans lost their arms and ammunition to the French, but before the episode erupted into extended hostilities, the situation calmed down. The expedition party eventually made it to the mouth of the Big Horn River and established themselves at Fort Raymond on the Yellowstone River for the winter (1809–1810). Fort McKean— See Fort Abraham Lincoln. Fort Mortimer— Fort Mortimer, a trading post, was established during 1842 by the Union Fur Company (known also as Fox, Livingston and Company). The trading post was built at the ruins of former Fort William. Fort Mortimer was also called Fort William. During 1843, the post was jeopardized by the Yellowstone River, which collapsed the ground to the immediate front of the post. Through some quick action, the front walls were saved and buildings near the riverbank were also salvaged and moved to the rear. The post was established to provide competition for Fort Union; however, like Fort William, it was unable to compete too long. By 1845, the Union Fur Company sold its holdings to Pierre Chouteau, Jr. and Company. Subsequently, during 1858, a new trading post was built there and it, too, was named Fort William. See also Fort William. Fort Pambian— Fort Pambian, a trading post, was established at the settlement of Pembina during 1797. The fort, known also as Chaboillez Post, was located along the west bank of the Red River near its convergence with the Pembina River at the northeastern tip of North Dakota. The post was established by Charles Baptiste Chaboillez for the Northwest Fur Company. Subsequently, during 1812, a group of Scottish Highlanders established Fort Daer at the site of former Fort Pambian. Also, the Hudson Bay Company established a post at Pembina during 1803. Fort Pembina— See Fort Thomas. Fort Ransom— During June 1867, Fort Ransom was established by a contingent of the U.S. 10th Infantry Regiment led by Captain George H. Crosman. The post, fortified with a high palisade, was bolstered by a dry moat. The fort was located along the southwest outskirts of Ransom and was named in honor of General Thomas Edward Greenfield Ransom. Ransom had succumbed of natural causes on 29 October 1864 while in command of the XVII Corps during the Georgia-Alabama campaign. The site for Fort Ransom, near the Sheyenne River, was selected by General Alfred H. Terry. It remained active until abandoned during July 1872. During its period of active service, the garrison held the responsibility of protecting settlers from the Sioux. Pioneers moving westward toward Montana from Minnesota passed through the region protected by Fort Ransom. The post was deactivated in conjunction with the establishment of Fort Seward. The facility came under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior during 1884. Only slight traces of the post remain. For more information: Fort Ransom State Park, R.R. 1, Box 20A, Fort Ransom, North Dakota 58033. Fort Rice— On 30 June 1864, a force under Union General Alfred Sully rendezvoused with a column of troops from Minnesota (dispatched by General Pope) at the mouth of Burdache Creek on the upper Missouri River. The combined force under Sully advanced to intercept and engage the Sioux. By 7 September, Fort Rice was es-

Fort Stevenson / NORTH DAKOTA tablished at the mouth of the Cannonball River. It was from there that the army advanced toward the Little Missouri River, about 200 miles distant. General Sully had ordered the construction of Fort Rice during July. The fort, built of adobe and logs, was established by a contingent of the 30th Wisconsin Infantry commanded by Colonel Daniel J. Dills. The post was named in honor of Brigadier General James C. Rice, a hero at Gettysburg who later succumbed on 10 May 1864 at Spotsylvania after his thigh was crushed by a shell and he did not recover from the operation. Fort Rice, later, during 1868, was altered and bolstered, but it remained at its original location outside present-day Fort Rice. The post was located across from the mouth of Long Lake Creek on a dominant position along the right side of the Missouri River. The fort remained operational until November 1878. It was abandoned in conjunction with the establishment of Fort Yates. While operational, the garrison maintained a watch over and protected the pioneers moving west from Minnesota toward Montana. The troops also maintained a vigilant watch on the river traffic flowing along the Missouri there. The final complement of troops departed Fort Rice on 6 February 1879. Subsequently, during 1884, the property came under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. The site of Fort Rice is now a state historic site. Fort Seward— During May 1872, a contingent of the U.S. 20th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain John Bates, established Camp Sykes, named in honor of Colonel George Sykes (West Point class of 1842, Cadet # 1149), the commander of the regiment. Sykes had been a Union general during the Civil War and afterward his rank reverted to colonel. During September 1872, the post was renamed Fort Cross. Later, during 1873, again the post was renamed. It became Fort Seward in honor of the former secretary of war, William H. Seward, who succumbed during October 1872. The post, constructed along the James River near present-day Jamestown, remained active until September 1877. The fort was responsible for protecting the workers building the Northern Pacific Railroad and to protect railroad property from Indian attacks. During the 1920s, the Northern Pacific Railroad donated the land upon which Fort Seward stood for use as a public park. Fort Stevenson— During June 1867, a contingent of the U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment, attached to Fort Berthold and led by Major Joseph N.G. Whistler, established Fort Stevenson. The site was selected by Colonel Alfred Sully. Colonel Sully had been breveted major general of volunteers and brigadier general of the U.S. Army. When the conflict ended his rank reverted to major and later, during 1873, he became colonel of the 21st Infantry Regiment. Fort Stevenson was named for General Thomas Greely Stevenson, who was killed by a sharpshooter’s bullet on 10 May 1864 during the fighting at Spotsylvania, Virginia. The fort was constructed along the Missouri River near the mouth of Douglas Creek and in close proximity to the mouth of the Knife River. Fort Stevenson replaced Fort Berthold, which was located less than 15 miles away. Fort Stevenson was a link in the security chain of military installations stretching along the frontier between Minnesota and Montana. Like its counterparts, the garrison’s responsibilities included security for the river passages and protection of the settlers, as well as the friendly Indians at the Berthold Reservation. However, Fort Stevens also became an important supply depot in conjunction with Fort Totten. A road stretched between Fort Stevenson and Fort Totten, and along the route a station was located at Palmer’s Spring, slightly more than 10 miles southeast of Esmond. The fort was abandoned during July 1883. At that time, the garrison relocated at Fort Buford. A small contingent remained at Fort Stevenson until the following month. After its deactivation, the Berthold Indian Agency assumed control of the facility until 1895, when it came under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. No traces of the fort remain.

NORTH DAKOTA / Fort Thomas Fort Thomas— During July 1870, a contingent of the U.S. 20th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain Lloyd Wheaton, established Fort Thomas, named in honor of General George H. Thomas, the “Rock of Chickamauga.” General Thomas succumbed during March 1870. The establishment of military presence in this region along the Red River had begun previously, due to concerns from many, including the legislature in the nearby state of Minnesota. The construction of a fort in the area was also recommended by General Winfield Scott Hancock during the latter part of 1869. The area was a frequent place of passage for smugglers moving between Canada and the U.S. and it remained a probable target for many of the Sioux who had been pushed into Canada. Fort Thomas, located along the Red River on the southern outskirts of Pembina, was renamed Fort Pembina during September of 1870. The post remained active until 1895. It was abandoned shortly after a devastating accidental fire that occurred during May 1895. By December of 1895, the fort was transferred to the Department of the Interior. Fort Totten— During July 1867, Fort Totten was established by a contingent of the U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain Samuel Wainwright. The post was another link in the security chain established by the U.S. Army between Minnesota and Montana. It was constructed at present-day Fort Totten at Devils Lake, known as Minnewaukan by the Indians. The fort, named in honor of the U.S. Army’s chief engineer, General Joseph G. Totten, remained active until 1890. Initially, the fort was composed of logs, but later brick structures replaced the original buildings. In conjunction, during 1870, the Fort Totten Indian Reservation (Devils Lake Dakota Sioux Indian Reservation) was established there. The troops held responsibility for providing protection for pioneers moving from Minnesota toward Montana. The troops were also in the region to contain the Sioux. A museum is located at the Fort Totten site, now a state historic site. For more information: Fort Totten State Historic Site, P.O. Box 224, Fort Totten, North Dakota 58335. Fort Union— The American Fur Company of John Astor established Fort Union, a trading post (known initially as Fort Floyd) at Buford during 1828. The trading post, which had a stockade and two blockhouses, was located in the vicinity of the convergence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. The region was inhabited by several tribes, including the Assinniboine, who inhabited the area north of the post, and the Blackfeet along the Missouri. The Crows lived near the Missouri River below the lands of the Blackfeet. In conjunction, the trading post remained operable until 1864 when it was abandoned; however, the Union Army occupied it as a temporary post until construction at Fort Buford was completed during 1866. Also, during 1833, another trading post, known as Fort William, was established by a separate trading firm. It stood less than three miles away from Fort Union. Later, in about 1836, Fort William was moved to a spot less than 200 yards from Fort Union. For more information: Fort Union National Historical Site, Buford Route, Williston, North Dakota 58801. The National Park Service maintains Fort Union. A reconstructed fort and museum are at the site.

364 Fort William— Fort William was established during 1833 along the Yellowstone River in the vicinity of Buford by a company known as Campbell and Sublette, which was based in St. Louis. The post was unable to compete with nearby Fort Union in the trade with the Assinniboine Indians. By the following year, the post was sold to the American Fur Company. Later, during 1836, the post was moved closer to Fort Union and used for purposes of storage and livestock. The fort was apparently demolished during the 1840s. In conjunction, during 1843, another post, Fort Mortimer, was built at the ruins of the initial Fort William, but although it was officially called Fort Mortimer, it was also referred to as Fort William. Subsequently, during 1858, a new post was built at the site of Fort Mortimer and it was again named Fort William. See also Fort Mortimer. The fort site is now within the Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site. Fort Yates–Fort Yates was established at present-day Fort Yates during 1874. The post, which was constructed to replace Fort Rice, was later replaced by Fort Lincoln, which was completed during 1903. Initially, the post was known as Post at Standing Rock Agency and during 1878 it was renamed Fort Yates. After the post was abandoned by the military, Fort Yates continued to operate as headquarters for the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Chief Sitting Bull was interred at the fort’s military cemetery. Gingras Trading Post— A fur trader, Antoine B. Gingras, a Metis (French Canadian and Indian), established a trading post slightly northeast of Walhalla during the 1840s. The old post, restored and preserved, is now a state historic site. For more information: Gingras Trading Post State Historic Site, 12882 129 Ave NE, Walhalla, North Dakota 58282. Grand Forks Post— A trading post was established by John Cameron in about 1801 in the vicinity of Grand Forks. Cameron established the post for the Northwest Fur Company, but later the company merged with the Hudson Bay Company. Kittson’s Trading Post— Norman Kittson established a trading post at Walhalla (initially known as St. Joseph) during 1851. The site of the trading post is commemorated by a state historical marker. Lake Jessie Camps— Camp at Lake Jessie. Palmer’s Spring Station— See Fort Stevenson. Park River Post— In about 1800, Alexander Henry, Jr. established a trading post along the Park River. During the following year, he relocated and built a new trading post at Pembina, slightly less than 50 miles distant. Pembina Post— The Hudson Bay Company established a trading post in the Red River Valley at Pembina during 1803. Like Fort Panbian, a post of the Northwest Fur Company, it was located along the west bank of the Red River at its convergence with the Pembina River. The Hudson Bay Company operated the post there until 1823. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Minnesota Volunteer contingents occupied the post during the Sioux Uprisings. In conjunction, a settlement was initiated there about 1812; however, later, during 1818, a border was established between Canada and the U.S. and by 1823 it was determined that Pembina was within the perimeter of the United States. Many of the settlers, after the border confirmation, relocated back in Canada. In conjunction, during 1797, Chaboillez, a French trader, also established a trading post at Pembina.

Fort Union, North Dakota, ruins — Department Interior, 1937 photograph NPS

Post on Devils Lake— During the Civil War (Sibley Campaign), General Henry Hastings Sibley initiated a campaign against the Sioux following an uprising in

365 Minnesota during 1862. During 1863, Sibley’s forces established a camp in the vicinity of Fort Totten, which was initially called Post on Devils Lake and later Fort Hays. See also Big Mound. Primeau’s Post— See Fort Clark. Sully Base Camp— See Camp Sully. Sully’s Heart River Corral— See Camp Sully. Tilton’s Post— See Fort Kipp. White Stone Hill Battlefield— On 3 September 1863, in the Dakota Territory at White Stone Hill, a force of Union troops clashed with a force of Sioux and Blackfeet Indians. Contingents of the 2nd Nebraska, 6th Iowa and Company I, 7th Iowa Cavalry, commanded by General F. Sully, engaged a force of Sioux Indians led by Chief Inkpaduta. The battle followed another clash which had occurred the previous month when the Sioux were defeated by troops under General Henry Hastings Sibley. The Sioux and Blackfeet camp was discovered at about 1500 hours by a contingent of the 6th Iowa Cav-

Bellefontaine Blockhouses / OHIO alry. A runner was dispatched to the main body while the cavalry established positions from which to launch an attack. General Sully arrived about one hour later. Meanwhile, the Sioux, had discovered the presence of the troops and attempted to hurriedly depart. A clash erupted and the Indians mounted a counterattack, but the army prevailed. The cavalry initiated pursuit until dusk, then on the following morning pursuit was reinitiated. The skirmishing continued for several days. On 5 September, a small detachment, composed of less than 30 troops, was attacked by a large war party. The unit attempted to return fire while retiring toward the main body, which was camped nearly 15 miles away. The army, during the confrontation, lost about 20 soldiers killed and 30 wounded; however, some estimates placed the number at about 70–72 total casualties. The Indians lost about 300 killed and about the same number captured, with some estimates set at about 750 total casualties. The force under General Alfred Sully established winter quarters along the Missouri River. For more information: State Historical Society of North Dakota, 612 E. Boulevard Ave., Bismarck, North Dakota 58505

OHIO Abram Covalt’s Station— During 1790, while the military was bolstering its positions, Fort Washington was established at Cincinnati. Settlers were also establishing blockhouses to protect themselves from Indian attacks. Covalt’s Station, known also as Bethany Town, was established in Hamilton County (Terrace Park) as a settlers’ fort at Mercersburgh (Newtown) in about January 1789. Some troops from Fort Washington were posted there. Another settler’s post established then was Gerard’s Station, and Dunlap’s Station (Fort Coleraine) was established at Dunlap. Columbia Station was established by Benjamin Stites, just prior to the establishment of Covalt’s Station. Covalt’s party of just under 50 people departed Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 1 January 1789. The fort established by Covalt was a large structure, composed of about 40,000 square feet which contained a blockhouse at each corner. The fort had only one entrance, which faced Mill Run, later Red Bird Creek. In conjunction, during 1796, a road was cut from Covalt’s Station to White’s Station on Mill Creek. Some of the settlers at Covalt’s Station established a separate fort known as Round Bottom Station at the other end of present-day Miami Avenue; however, often, both posts were referred to as one. Adler’s Post— Adler’s Post, a fortified blockhouse, was established near Mill Creek in the vicinity of Marysville during 1813. During 1812–1813, many blockhouses were established throughout the state to provide protection during the War of 1812. The blockhouse was demolished subsequent to the close of hostilities about 1819. Forts that were established during 1813 included Fort Amanda, Fort Ball, Fort Barbee, Fort Huntington, Fort Meigs and Fort Seneca. Alexander McKee’s Post— A Tory, Alexander McKee, established an outpost (trading post, British-Indian) at McKee’s Town (Logan County) near Bellefontaine during 1778. The post was destroyed by the forces of General Benjamin Logan during 1786. At the time, while Logan was moving through Shawnee territory, another American force, under George Rogers Clark, was preparing to advance

against the Miamis under Little Turtle. The structure was rebuilt and used as a trading post. A commemorative sign in memory of the post stands on the outskirts of Bellefontaine. Alum Creek Blockhouse— See Fort Cheshire. Andrew Norftsinger’s Blockhouse— Andrew Norftsinger’s Blockhouse was established in Darke County in about 1810 as one of several blockhouses that were constructed in the region during a time when relations with England were again on the decline. Others included Cephas Carey’s Blockhouse in the vicinity of Hardin (Turtle Creek Township) and Manary’s Blockhouse in the vicinity of Bellefontaine. Also, the U.S. Army also established Fort Feree along the upper Sandusky River at the site of a former French trading post. In conjunction, Elizabeth Norftsinger, Andrew’s daughter, married James Cloyd, who served in the military during the War of 1812. Battery (at) Mount Adams— See Mount Adams Battery. Beall’s Camp— Beall’s Camp was established at Canton during 1812. The post was used as a training installation for recruits prior to sending them into the field to defend the various positions (blockhouses) in the region. Beam’s Blockhouse— See Mansfield Blockhouses. Bedle’s Blockhouse–During 1795, subsequent to the consummation of the Treaty of Green Ville, during August, Bedle’s (Bedell’s) Blockhouse, also known as Bedle’s Station, was established in Montgomery County. The settlement was named after William Bedle, who was originally from New Jersey. Bellefontaine Blockhouses— During the War of 1812 period, settlers in the vicinity of Bellefontaine established blockhouses. They included Captain James Manary’s Blockhouse, which was located several miles north of Bellefontaine, and James McPherson’s Blockhouse, which was at Bellefontaine.

OHIO / Bellville Post Bellville Post— Bellville Post was established at Bellville during 1812, subsequent to the defeat of General Hull during August 1812. Berlin Blockhouse— A blockhouse (Berlin) was established in the vicinity of Cheshire during 1812. Big Bottom Fort— Settlers erected a blockhouse known as Big Bottom Fort at Stockton during 1790. During 1791, on 2 January, the fort was attacked and destroyed by Indians (Delaware and Wyandot). Thirty-six people inhabited the fort and of those, 29 were killed and two others escaped to sound the alarm to the other settlements. Five others were seized. The incident is remembered as the Big Bottom Massacre. One of the captives succumbed while in captivity, but the other four were later freed. The massacre ignited open warfare across the Ohio frontier. The hostilities were later terminated in accordance with the military successes of General Anthony Wayne and the subsequent Treaty of Green Ville. The site is now a state historical site. The Blockhouse— See Fort Cheshire. Buchanan’s Blockhouse— Same as Fort Buchanan. See Fort Rowdy. Cadiz Fort— During 1812, the town of Cadiz in Harrison County established defenses known as Cadiz Fort. During the Civil War, a contingent of Confederates under General John Hunt Morgan moved into Ohio during July 1863. The troops moved through Harrison County while attempting to get across the Ohio River before being captured. Also, Cadiz is known for being the hometown of Clark Gable, the star of the classic Civil War film Gone with the Wind. Camp Anderson— Camp Anderson, sometimes referred to as Camp Fairgrounds, was established on the county fairgrounds in Lancaster during 1861. The camp was located in close proximity to the city, making it accessible to an abundance of food. The Ohio 17th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during April 1861. Subsequent to receiving a full complement of more than 1,000 troops the regiment moved out to western Virginia (later, West Virginia). Elements (Company A) of the regiment became personal bodyguards of General George McClellan. Camp Andrews— Camp Andrews was a Union training camp established during 1861. Units that trained there included the Ohio 43rd Infantry Regiment. It was organized at the camp during September 1861. During February of the following year, the regiment departed for Missouri. Camp at Bellaire— The Ohio 170th Infantry Regiment was organized during May 1864 at Bellaire and several days later, the regiment departed for Washington, D.C. Camp at Mansfield— The Ohio 102nd Infantry Regiment was organized at its camp in Mansfield during August 1862. By September of that same year the regiment departed for duty in Kentucky. Camp Avery— Camp Avery was established in the vicinity of Avery, Milan Township, during 1812. In conjunction, word spread throughout the township that a British force was landing. The settlers fled the area, with most moving toward Mansfield. The troops, however, were Americans who had been with General Hull when Detroit capitulated. They had returned to Ohio after being released. By the following day, a company of militia was formed with Joseph Quigley as captain and David Barrett as lieutenant. Other men arrived to bolster the force. Afterward, General Perkins established Camp Avery along the east bank of the Huron River on the property of Ebenezer Merry. The post was garrisoned until the following winter. Fort Avery, a blockhouse, was established near the Huron River in the vicinity of Avery during 1812. During the conflict, a regiment of Ohio troops, commanded by Colonel Richard Hayes, was raised in Trumbull County. For a while, elements of the regiment were at

366 Fort Avery. In addition, American Rangers were nearby at a blockhouse on the property of Charles Parker. The post never came under a major attack; however, the region and the settlers were under constant threat by the Indians and often small actions, particularly ambushes, occurred in the area. Also, General Wadsworth maintained headquarters at Camp Avery. During the panic when it was thought the British were coming, General Wadsworth directed General Beall, at Camp Council, to march his forces to Camp Avery. Beall refused on the grounds that it would leave the frontier undefended. Beall was later taken to Camp Avery by General Perkins where a court-martial was held. Perkins also led Beall’s brigade to Cleveland. Beall received a court-martial and was acquitted. General Wadsworth had served admirably during the American Revolution; however, by the time of the outbreak of the War of 1812, his years had taken a toll. Beall’s decision to defend the frontier rather than abandon it and move to Cleveland turned out to be a solid decision, particularly due to the Indian attacks in the region. If Beall had submitted to the order issued by Wadsworth, the British might have easily advanced to the Ohio River and seized control of the state. By the time Beall had been summoned to Camp Avery, much time had passed since the devastating defeat of General Hull at Detroit (August 1812). After Beall was acquitted, he moved to the Raisin River to bolster the forces of General Winchester. Beall reached the Lower Sandusky at Fremont, but at that point orders arrived calling him back to Camp Avery. The brigade returned to Camp Avery, where the force was disbanded when its enlistment term had expired. In conjunction, Camp Avery is also known as Fort Avery. Other names used to identify Camp Avery were Fort Huron and Camp Huron. And due to the blockhouse at Captain Charles Parker’s property, the camp is also sometimes referred to as Parker’s Fort. Camp Bartley— Camp Bartley was established in Richmond County by the Union during 1861. The 15th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during summer of 1861. The 32nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment was also formed there during 1861. Camp Brough— See Gallipolis. Camp Brown— Camp Brown was established at Cleveland by the Union during 1861. The post was a training camp for troops heading into the field. During September 1861, Major Charles Ankele informed the assistant adjutant general, Rodney Mason, that some men had accepted commissions with the Ohio 37th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. These included Louis Von Blessing, who accepted a commission as captain, and Henry Goeke, who accepted his commission as 1st lieutenant. At the time, the 37th Regiment was based at Camp Brown. Camp Buckingham— Camp Buckingham was established near Mansfield during 1861 as a Civil War training camp. The Ohio 65th Volunteer Regiment was formed there during early October, 1861. The regiment entered federal service during December 1861 and from Camp Buckingham, the unit moved to Kentucky. Also, the 6th Independent Battery, Light Artillery, was organized at Camp Buckingham during November 1861. The battery was mustered into federal service during December and afterward, it too moved to Kentucky. Camp Bull— Camp Bull was established during 1813 at Chillicothe. The camp was named after John Bull (an American reference for Englishmen). A stockade was built at the blockhouse and following the victory of Commodore Oliver Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie, several hundred captured British sailors were taken to Camp Bull and held there until they were released during July 1814. The camp remained active until 1815. Camp Bushnell— Camp Bushnell was established during 1898 (Spanish-American War period) in the vicinity of Columbus. Dur-

367

Camp Delaware / OHIO

ing the crisis, all Ohio National Guard units were ordered to report to Columbus. The post was located at Bullit Park, which was renamed Camp Bushnell. The units that gathered there included the 4th, 8th and 14th Ohio National Guard Regiments. Four Companies of the 4th Regiment were at Columbus when the order was delivered in response to a plea from President McKinley for volunteers. The 14th Regiment, the initial regiment to arrive at Camp Bushnell, entered the camp during the latter part of April. Shortly thereafter, the units were mustered into federal service.

Camp Cleveland— The Union established Camp Cleveland as a Civil War training camp. Units that were formed there included the Ohio 12th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was formed there during December 1863; the Ohio 166th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during May 1864; and during October 1864, the Ohio 2nd Battery Light Artillery (National Guard) was formed there. Also, the 5th, 6th and 7th Independent Sharpshooters Companies were formed there during February 1863, December 1862 and January 1863, respectively.

Camp Carrington— See Gallipolis.

Camp Colerain— Camp Colerain was established as a training camp by the Union during 1861. The post was located outside Cincinnati. The units that formed at Camp Colerain included elements of the 39th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which were formed there during July-August 1861. Other units of the regiment mustered in at Camp Dennison at the same time. In conjunction, during the 1790s, Fort Coleraine was established at Colerain.

Camp Charlotte— Camp Charlotte was established in during 1774 (Dunmore’s War) by Lord Dunmore. The post was located in the vicinity of Leistville. Dunmore also ordered the establishment of another post, Camp Lewis, in the vicinity of Kingston to bolster Camp Charlotte. During the conflict, Virginian forces under Colonel Andrew Lewis engaged and defeated the Indians (Delaware, Shawnee and other tribes), led by Chief Cornstalk on 10 October 1774. The battle occurred along the Ohio River where the settlement of Point Pleasant, Virginia (later, West Virginia), emerged. In conjunction, Colonel Lewis had anticipated the arrival of Dunmore’s forces, but they did not arrive. The conflict terminated with the Treaty of Camp Charlotte. Terms of the treaty set the Ohio River as the boundary for Virginia. In addition, the Indians agreed to permit passage of shipping and travelers on the Ohio. For more information: Memorial Hall, 165 E. Main St., Circleville, Ohio 43113. Camp Chase— Camp Chase was established by the Union during 1861 on the outskirts of Columbus. Initially it was established as a training camp; however, it became a Union prison. The post was named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, a former governor of Ohio and the secretary of the treasury during 1861. Also, the regiments that were organized there included the Ohio 45th Infantry Regiment, which was formed there during August 1862. Cotter’s Independent Battery Light Artillery was organized at Cleveland and from there moved to Camp Chase where it was mustered into federal service during April 1861. Williams’ Independent Battery Light Artillery was organized at Canton during June 1861, and mustered in at Camp Chase that same month. Another unit mustered in at the post was Battery “A,” 1st Regiment Light Artillery (September 1861). In conjunction, more than 2,000 Confederates succumbed while interred at the camp. The Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery is located at 2900 Sullivant Ave. in Columbus (Franklin County). Camp Christmas— See Wooster Blockhouse. Camp Circleville— Camp Circleville was established by the Union as a training camp during 1861. The post, located at Circleville, trained units, including the Ohio 114th Volunteer Regiment. The regiment was mustered into federal service on 11 September 1862. Afterward, it was ordered to Marietta. Camp Clark— The Union established Camp Clark, a training camp, at Springfield during 1861. The Ohio 44th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during September 1861. During the following October, the regiment departed for Camp Platt, Virginia (later West Virginia). Camp Clay— Camp Clay was established as a Civil War training camp by the Union at Cincinnati during 1861. The Kentucky 1st and 2nd Volunteer Regiments were formed there. The post was located opposite Newport, Kentucky. In conjunction, many men from Ohio were part of the two Kentucky regiments formed at Camp Clay. At the time the regiments were being organized in Ohio, Kentucky was a neutral state.

Camp Corwin— Camp Corwin was established by the Union during 1861 at Dayton. The units that were formed at Camp Corwin included the 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was organized there during August 1861. Colonel (later General) Alexander McDowell McCook commanded the regiment. McCook was the brother of Union generals Daniel McCook and Robert Latimer McCook. He was also the first cousin of Union general Edward Moody McCook. Units that were formed at Camp Corwin included the Ohio 1st Infantry Regiment (August-October 1861). The regiment, after training, moved to Kentucky during early November of that same year. Not to be confused with Camp Dick Corwine at Cincinnati. Camp Council— Camp Council was established in the vicinity of Shenandoah by General Beall subsequent to the defeat of General Hull during August 1812. Beall was in the process of bolstering the blockhouses along the frontier and establishing new blockhouses. At the same time, Beall was attempting to remain out of reach of the British. By the time Camp Council was established, morale was in poor condition, particularly due to the shortage of rations and supplies. Beall’s forces were on the brink of abandoning the cause. Camp Council was established when Beall arrived in the area after spending about a week at Camp Whetstone. While at Camp Council, Beall was in the process of conferring with various leaders of the state. However, one unexpected visitor arrived at the camp and was halted by the sentry for not knowing the countersign to the password. For a few moments, the encounter was dangerous as the sentry threatened to shoot the man. A sergeant arrived and recognized the visitor as General William Henry Harrison, the commander in chief of the Northwestern Army, ending the problem. Harrison arrived to calm down the mutineers and he succeeded. The group of men preparing to depart for home, after hearing Harrison, aborted the plan and remained to help defend against the British. Harrison reminded them of the British insult against the flag and the country and he implied that the soldiers’ wives as well as their neighbors would reject them for their desertion of the cause. Camp Dave Tod (Troy)— Camp Dave Tod was established as a Civil War training camp by the Union during 1861. The post was located in two separate places, Troy, Ohio, and Paducah, Kentucky. The 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regimental was organized there during September 1861-January 1862. Not to be confused with Camp Tod at Cleveland. Camp Delaware— Camp Delaware was established by the Union at Delaware during 1862. The units that formed at Camp Delaware included the 121st Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which was formed there during September 1862. Afterward, the regiment moved to Camp

OHIO / Camp Dennison Dennison. The camp, located near the Olentangy River, was along South Sandusky Street, at the intersection of English Terrace and Olentangy Avenue. Subsequent to the establishment of the camp, it was divided into two separate training camps on opposite sides of the Olentangy River. One camp was utilized for the white troops (west bank) and the other (left bank) was used for the U.S. Colored Regiments. The units that trained at Camp Delaware, in addition to the 121st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, included the 96th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 127th Ohio Volunteer Regiment (later, U.S. 5th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops). The U.S. 5th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops was established during 1863. Camp Dennison— Camp Dennison, named in honor of Governor William Dennison, was established during the spring of 1861 by Captain (later brigadier general of volunteers) Jacob Ammen, a Virginian who was raised in Ohio. Ammen graduated from West Point in the class of 1831 (Cadet # 640) and later, during 1837, he resigned. Upon the outbreak of war, he rejoined the service as captain of the 12th Ohio Regiment, and soon after became colonel of the 24th Ohio, with which he served during the campaign in western Virginia. Camp Dennison soon expanded and became one of the largest training camps in use by the Union. It was located at Indian Hills (vicinity of Cincinnati) on about 500 acres of ground which was leased by the government. According to the archives of the local historical society, the camp was used by more than 50 infantry regiments, nearly 10 cavalry regiments and just under 20 artillery batteries. The base also contained a hospital capable of handling more than 2,000 patients at a time. In conjunction, Colonel Ammen was promoted to brigadier general during July 1862. He resigned due to poor health during January 1865. Units that were formed at Camp Dennison included the Ohio 47th Volunteer infantry Regiment (August 1861) and the Ohio 166th Volunteer Infantry Regiment (May 1864). For more information: Indian Hill Historical Society, 8100 Given Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45243. Camp Dick Corwine— The Union established Camp Dick Corwine at Cincinnati during 1861. The Ohio 2nd Cavalry began to organize during August 1861, but it was changed to the 5th Ohio Cavalry by Governor William Dennison. The regiment remained at Camp Dick Corwine until November 1861. Afterward, the regiment moved to Camp Dennison. Camp Dick Corwine was a training camp; however, it was also a defensive post to protect Cincinnati. A battery was established near the post atop Mount Adams. Not to be confused with Camp Corwin at Dayton. See also Mount Adams Battery. Camp Fairgrounds— See Camp Anderson. Camp Giddings— Camp Giddings was established by the Union during 1861 in the vicinity of the county fairgrounds at Jefferson. The 29th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed at Camp Giddings during August 1861. Camp Goddard— Camp Goddard was established by the Union during 1861 at Zanesville in the vicinity of the county fairgrounds. Another training camp, Camp Zanesville, was also located in Zanesville. Camp Gurley— Camp Gurley was established in Hamilton County at Cumminsville during 1861. The Ohio 4th Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was partially organized at Camp Gurley. Some contingents were formed at Camp Dennison. The regiment was organized during November 1861. However, troops were arriving there prior to November. One soldier, A.J. Hopping, had written a letter to a friend during October and mentioned that some in the camp were ill and he mentioned that the regimental flag, purchased by Colonel Kennett, cost $60.

368 Camp Hamilton— The Union established Camp Hamilton at Hamilton during 1861 for the purpose of training troops. The camp remained active until 1865. Units that were at Camp Hamilton included the Ohio 35th Volunteer Regiment, which was organized during September 1861, and the 167th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was organized there during May 1864. Camp Harrison— Camp Harrison was established in the vicinity of Cincinnati during 1861. The units that were formed at the post included the Ohio 5th Infantry Regiment, which was organized for a three-month period during April 1861. Later, the regiment moved to Camp Dennison and reorganized for a three-year period. The Ohio 6th Infantry Regiment (“Guthrie’s Grays”) was formed there during the latter part of April 1861 for a three-month period, and it, too, moved to Camp Dennison where it later reorganized for a three-year period. Yet another regiment, the 9th Infantry, was also formed during April 1861, prior to moving to Camp Dennison, where it also reorganized for a three-year period. Camp Hobson’s Choice— Camp Hobson’s Choice was established by James O’Hara, who carried the rank of lieutenant colonel as Army quartermaster general during 1793. At the time, following the defeat of General Arthur St. Clair, General Wayne was near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at his camp (Legionville) preparing for a campaign against the Indians in Ohio. General Wilkinson, his second in command, was at Fort Washington (Cincinnati). During 1793, a large force was moved from Legionville to a point outside Fort Washington which was called Hobson’s Choice. Shortly afterward, during October, General Wayne moved his main body from there to a point slightly more than five miles from Fort Jefferson, where Fort Green Ville was established. Camp Huron— See Camp Avery. Camp Hutchins— Camp Hutchins was established as a training camp at Warren during 1861. The Ohio 6th Cavalry Regiment was formed there during October 1861. Camp Jackson— Camp Jackson was established at Columbus during 1861. The units that were formed there included the Ohio 3rd and 4th Infantry Regiments, which were formed there for a threemonth enlistment. The regiments later transferred to Camp Dennison and were re-formed to serve for three years. In addition, the Ohio 12th Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Jackson for a threemonth period, but it later moved to Camp Dennison and reorganized for three years. Camp John McLean— The Union established Camp John McLean, named after U.S. Supreme Court justice John McLean, at Wyoming, slightly outside Cincinnati, during 1861. The Ohio 75th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during December 1861. The regiment departed for Grafton in West Virginia during January 1862. Subsequently, a part of the site of the camp was commemorated by making it a park. The Camp John McLean Memorial Park is located in Wyoming between Bonham Road and Rolling Hills Drive. In conjunction, Justice McLean cast the dissenting vote during the Dred Scott case. McLean voted in support of Dred Scott, a slave who unsuccessfully sued to gain his freedom. Camp Latta— The Union established Camp Latta in the vicinity of Napoleon during 1861. The Ohio 68th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during October-December 1861. During January 1862, subsequent to its training, the regiment, commanded by Colonel Samuel Steedman, moved to Fort Donelson, Tennessee. Camp Lew Wallace— Camp Lew Wallace was established by the Union as a Civil War training camp at Columbus during 1862.

369 Camp Lima— Camp Lima was established by the Union as a Civil War training camp at Lima. The Ohio 99th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during August 1862. Camp Logan— The Union established Camp Logan at Chillicothe during 1861. The Ohio 71st Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during December 1861. Camp Lucas— The Union established Camp Lucas, named in honor of Governor Robert Lucas, at Olive Branch. The post was established on the Clermont County fairgrounds near Lake Allyn. Battery F, 1st Regiment, Light Artillery, was organized there during August 1861. Subsequently, the unit moved to Camp Dennison and was mustered into federal service during December 1861. Camp Marietta— The Union established Camp Marietta as a Civil War training camp. The units that were at the post included the Ohio 114th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was formed at Circleville during September 1862. The regiment, after being organized, moved to Camp Marietta for training before moving into the field. Camp Massillon— The Union established Camp Massillon as a Civil War training camp along the Tuscarawas River at Massillon. The Ohio 114th and 115th Volunteer Infantry Regiments were formed there during August and September 1862, respectively. Camp McArthur— The Union established Camp McArthur, a training camp, at Urbana during 1861. The Ohio 66th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was established there during December 1861. By mid–January, the regiment departed for New Creek (West Virginia). Camp McClellan— The Union established Camp McClellan along the Huron River on the outskirts of Norwalk during 1861. The Ohio 55th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during 1861.

Camp Tiffin / OHIO Camp Noble— The Union established Camp Noble, a Civil War training camp, at Tiffin during 1861. The units that were formed there included the Ohio 49th Volunteer Regiment. The 49th Regiment was recruited and trained by Colonel William H. Gibson. The regiment moved from Camp Noble to Camp Dennison and from the latter the regiment moved to Louisville, Kentucky. Camp Piqua— The Union established Camp Piqua as a Civil War training camp in the vicinity of Piqua. The Ohio 110th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during October 1862. During that same month, the regiment moved to Parkersburg, West Virginia. Camp Portsmouth— The Union established Camp Portsmouth during 1862 as a Civil War training camp. The 18th Independent Battery Light Artillery was organized there during 1862. The regiment was mustered into federal service during September 1862. Camp Putnam— The Union established Camp Putnam as a Civil War training camp at Marietta during 1861. The units formed there included the Ohio 36th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was organized during August 1861. Soon after, the regiment was dispatched into West Virginia. Barnett’s 1st Light Artillery (six companies) was organized at Cleveland during April 1861. Afterward, the unit moved to Camp Putnam. Camp Repose— The Union established Camp Repose (known also as Camp Shady) as a Civil War training camp at Mount Repose. The post was located along the Chillicothe Turnpike (State Highway 28) on some heights slightly east of Milford. In conjunction, Mount Repose, in Miami Township, Clermont County, was initially established on property owned by Paul McGrew.

Camp McLean— See Camp John McLean.

Camp Ripley— The Union established Camp Ripley, a Civil War training camp, at Ripley during 1861. The post remained active until 1864. The post was located in the vicinity of the Ripley Fairgrounds near the Ohio River. A local museum, the Ripley Museum, displays artifacts from the camp.

Camp Meigs— The Union established Camp Meigs as a Civil War training camp near Canal Dover during 1861. Units that were formed there included the Ohio 51st and the 80th Volunteer Infantry Regiments.

Camp Simon Kenton— The Union established Camp Simon Kenton, a Civil War training camp, in the vicinity of Kenton during 1861. The units that were formed there included the Ohio 82nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

Camp Monroeville— Camp Monroeville was established as a Civil War training camp at Monroeville. The units that were formed there included the Ohio 101st Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was organized during August-September 1862.

Camp Steubenville— Camp Steubenville was established as a Civil War training camp. The Ohio 126th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was organized there during September 1862. From Camp Steubenville, the regiment moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, during mid–September.

Camp McLain— See Camp John McLean.

Camp Mordecai Bartley— The Union established Camp Mordecai Bartley at Mansfield during August 1861. The camp was named in honor of Governor Bartley, from Mansfield, who served as governor during the 1840s. Camp Morrow— The Union established Camp Morrow, a Civil War training camp, at Portsmouth. The Ohio 56th Volunteer Regiment was formed there during December 1861. Also, the Ohio 117th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during September 1862. Camp Musser— Camp Musser, a temporary post, was established by General Beall during 1812. The camp, located along a stream several miles outside of Jeromeville (Vermillion Township) was named in honor of Major Peter Musser, commander of one of Beall’s regiments. The force remained there for several weeks and while there was engaged in what is known as the Battle of Cowpens. While there, Beall also had a contingent cutting through the woods to create a road (Beall’s Trail) from the northern sector of the township and the southern part of Montgomery passing Ashland and moving through Milton. Afterward, Beall advanced to Olivesburg and established Camp Whetstone.

Camp Taylor— The Union established Camp Taylor, a Civil War training center, at Cleveland. The 20th Independent Battery Light Artillery was formed there during 1861. The unit was mustered into federal service during October 1862. Another unit, the Ohio 164th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was formed there during May 1864. Camp Thomas— Camp Thomas was established by the Union as a Civil War training camp at Cleveland during 1861. Elements (2nd Battalion) of the U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment (regulars), commanded by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Henry Beebee Carrington, were formed at Camp Thomas. Carrington had been appointed colonel in the regular army for his recruiting talents. Carrington raised nine regiments of Ohio troops to support General McClellan. Camp Tiffen— See Camp Tiffin. Camp Tiffin— The Union established Camp Tiffin, a Civil War training camp, in the vicinity of Wooster during 1861. The Ohio 16th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during October 1861, under the command of Colonel John F. DeCourcey. In conjunction,

370

OHIO / Camp Tod Company B was originally formed at Millersburg and from there moved to Camp Tiffin. Camp Tod— See Camp Dave Tod (Troy) and Camp Tod (Cleveland). Camp Tod (Cleveland)— The Union established Camp Tod at Cleveland during 1861 as one of a series of Civil War training camps established for both recruiting and training. Not to be confused with Camp Dave Tod (Troy). See also Cleveland Civil War Camps. Camp Vance— Camp Vance was established by the Union in the vicinity of Findlay during 1861. The training camp remained active until 1865. Units that were organized there included the Ohio 57th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel William Mungen. Camp Wade— Camp Wade was established by the Union at Cleveland during 1861. Elements of the Ohio 2nd Cavalry were formed there during October 1861. Other contingents of the regiment were organized at Camp Dennison. The Second Ohio Cavalry was the initial cavalry regiment organized in northern Ohio.

Campus Martius, Marietta, Ohio — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Camp Whetstone— General Beall established Camp Whetstone at Olivesburg during 1812. The camp was formed subsequent to the establishment of Camp Musser. At the time, Beall was in the process of trying to galvanize the troops following the devastating defeat of General Hull. Beall was also attempting to fortify the blockhouses along the frontier while still maintaining his distance from the British. In the meantime, the Indians, hostile to the Americans, were initiating attacks across the frontier. While at Camp Whetstone (Richmond County), mutiny was in the wind. Beall remained at Camp Whetstone for about one week, then moved to establish Camp Council. Camp Wood— Camp Wood was established by the Union as a Civil War training camp at Cleveland Ohio during 1861. The 9th Independent Battery Light Artillery was formed there during October 1861. After mustering into federal service, the regiment moved into Louisville, Kentucky. Camp Wool— Camp Wool, initially named Camp Jewett, was established by the Union during 1861 in the vicinity of Athens. The Ohio 18th Volunteer Infantry was organized there during 1861. A monument commemorating the camp is on the lawn of a local public school (West Elementary). Camp Zanesville— The Union established Camp Zanesville at Zanesville subsequent to the outbreak of the Civil War. The post was used as a training camp. The Ohio 122nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there. The regiment departed the camp during October 1862. Campus Martius— Campus Martius, a fortified settlement, was established at Marietta during 1788. The complex contained blockhouses at each corner. The fortified stockade was dismantled during 1795 and some of the lumber was used for new homes. One of the original homes (Rufus Putnam House) still exists.

Captain John James Blockhouse— During 1792, Captain John James established a blockhouse on Blennerhassett Island, located below Marietta and in the vicinity of Parkersburg, West Virginia. During the period (1790–1795) there were great difficulties with the Indians along the entire frontier. The settlers and the U.S. Army established a large number of blockhouses and forts in the Ohio region during that period of turbulence. During 1791, the posts included Fort St. Clair (Eaton), Fort Frye (Beverly), Fort Franklin (Franklin), Fort Hamilton (Hamilton) and Fort Jefferson at Fort Jefferson. Settlers’ forts included Castle at Belpre. Also, during early January, an Indian attack at Stockport, known as the Stockport Massacre, caused great alarm. Shortly after the devastating attack, Fort Meigs was established to provide military protection there. Captain Parker’s Fort— Same as Captain Charles Parker’s Fort. See Camp Avery. Captain Robert Kirkwood’s Blockhouse— Robert Kirkwood, subsequent to serving in the American Revolution, established residence at present-day Bridgeport on the Ohio River, opposite Wheeling, West Virginia, during 1789. Captain Kirkwood served with a Delaware contingent in such battles as Camden and Ninety Six. Kirkwood’s property was near Indian Wheeling Creek, slightly more than 125 miles from Columbus. A partially finished blockhouse was on the property when Kirkwood acquired it. The blockhouse came under attack during 1791, but the Indians failed to destroy it. The militia troops under Kirkwood and Captain Joseph Biggs repulsed the attack. In conjunction, other settlers at Wheeling were aware of the attack as the noise traveled across the river; however, no relief force arrived to support the beleaguered defenders. Subsequent to the attack, Captain Kirkwood removed his family and relocated in Delaware. In conjunction, Bridgeport was initially known as Kirkwood, but in 1806, it was named Canton by Ebenezer Zane and later, it became Bridgeport. Captain Shaffer’s Blockhouse— See Mansfield Blockhouses.

Captain Charles Parker’s Fort— See Camp Avery.

Carey’s Blockhouse— See Cephas Carey’s Blockhouse.

Captain James Manary’s Blockhouse— Captain James Manary’s Blockhouse, located several miles north of Bellefontaine, was established during the War of 1812 period. Another blockhouse, James McPherson’s, was located at Bellefontaine.

Carter’s Blockhouse— During 1797, Lorenzo Carter departed Vermont for Ohio. He established a blockhouse on the east bank of the Cuyahoga River at present-day Cleveland. Other settlers that initially stayed at the blockhouse included Job Stiles and Elija Gunn. By

371 1799, Carter and his wife, Rebecca, were the only settlers there. Later, the city of Cleveland emerged there. Cephas Carey’s Blockhouse— Cephas Carey relocated in Ohio from New Jersey during 1810. When the Carey family, including his wife, Jane Williamson Carey, and their children, moved to Shelby County, Cephas’ father, who served as a soldier in the American Revolution, also arrived. At the time, another family (Samuel McClure) resided in the area (Turtle Creek Township). A blockhouse was established on the land of Cephas, a captain in the militia. The blockhouse was garrisoned by militia for a while during the War of 1812 to provide extra protection for the settlement. Subsequently, during June 1814, Mrs. Carey was killed during an Indian attack. In conjunction, Cephas remarried during 1815. He married Rhoda (Hathaway) Garrard, who became a widow during 1813 when her husband, David Garrard, was killed during 1813 (Dilibone Massacre). Chesterville Blockhouse— During 1812, settlers in Morrow County established a blockhouse at Chesterville. People from Chester, Pennsylvania, including John Miller, had arrived there to begin new lives. Miller went back to Pennsylvania to help another family (McCracken) to relocate in Ohio. While Miller was on the journey, many of the settlers gathered at the blockhouse at Rush’s Mill; however, Miller’s wife moved to Mount Vernon. Afterward, Miller and McCracken got back to Ohio. McCracken built his own cabin, but his family remained with Miller for added protection until it was completed. Chillicothe Barracks— During the War of 1812, the Americans used a residence, known as Abrams Big House, in Chillicothe as barracks. The building was built of logs and it was where the legislature met while Chillicothe was the capital of the Northwest Territory and the state of Ohio. The U.S. 19th Regiment was quartered at the Chillicothe Barracks. In conjunction, the legislature convened there for the first time during 1800. Cincinnati Civil War Camps— See also Camp Clay, Camp Colerain, Camp Dennison, Camp Dick Corwine, Camp Gurley, Camp Harrison and Camp Monroeville. Cleveland Civil War Camps— See Camp Brown, Camp Cleveland, Camp Taylor and Camp Tod. Columbia Blockhouse (Cincinnati)— During 1773, a three-man party from Virginia, the Medfee brothers, arrived in the vicinity of Cincinnati after traveling along the Ohio River by canoe and advancing beyond the mouth of the Licking River. Their journey was recorded in a journal and it noted flooding in the area. Subsequently, during 1788, settlers arrived in the area, which was called Columbia. The pioneers established their settlement near the mouth of the Little Miami River. Soon after, during January of the following year, the settlers got first-hand knowledge of the floodwaters in the area. Nearly all the homes were under water. A passing party spotted the distressed settlement. Unable to land, the party continued on its journey. The troops that were there to guard the settlement had to be rescued by boat. The water had risen so high that the troops had to force an opening in the roof and reach it to await help. The blockhouse was in the vicinity of the foot of Delta Street. In conjunction, the devastating flood prompted the city of Cincinnati to be built on the opposite side of the Licking River, rather than where Columbia had been, along the Little Miami. Not to be confused with Columbia Blockhouse (Columbia). Columbia Blockhouse (Columbia)— A party of settlers, primarily the men from two families (Beebe and Terrell), arrived in Ohio from Connecticut during 1810. They established a settlement at Ridgeville

Dayton / OHIO (later, North Ridgeville). Subsequently, some of the settlers relocated at Columbia. During 1812, there was some panic at Columbia when it was thought a British-Indian force was advancing to launch an attack. The settlement was abandoned, but it was actually a force of returning troops that had earlier been captured at Detroit and paroled. The militia then established a blockhouse there. Militia from several surrounding settlements, including Ridgeville, Columbia Eaton and Middleburg, defended the blockhouse. Not to be confused with Columbia Blockhouse (Cincinnati). Columbus Arsenal— See Fort Hayes. Columbus Barracks— See Fort Hayes. Columbus Civil War Camps— The Union established recruiting and training camps in Columbus. They included Camp Chase, Camp Goddard, Camp Jackson, Camp Lew Wallace and Camp Thomas. Columbus Recruiting Depot— See Fort Hayes. Coulter’s Blockhouse— See Thomas Coulter’s Blockhouse. Covalt’s Post— See Abram Covalt’s Post. Croghan’s Post— The English established a trading post in French territory in the vicinity of the Indian village at Pickawillany (Piqua) during 1747. The post was in the vicinity of the convergence of Loramie Creek and the Great Miami River. By the following year, George Croghan at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, persuaded the Miami Indians to trade exclusively with the English, to the dismay of the French. Chief Memeskia, who made the agreement for the Indians, had relocated at the place known as Pickawillany after abandoning their lands in Indiana. The agreement gave Croghan authority to establish his post within the village. The British constructed a twostory post and some additional cabins. The French attempted to dislodge the English, initially by threat. During September 1749, a French force under De Bienville arrived and unsuccessfully attempted to convince the Indians to cancel their trading with the English. And the English ignored the French demands to abandon the post. In response to the threat, the English received permission during 1750 to bolster the trading post with a stockade. Nonetheless, the French remained determined to evict the British. Later, on 21 June 1752, a French-Canadian force, led by Charles Langdale, arrived from Detroit and attacked the post. The Indians (Ottawa and Ojibwer) were led by Chief Pontiac, a later nemesis of the pioneers on the frontier (Pontiac’s War, 1763), attacked. The French struck with surprise and destroyed the post. The attack was one of the initial sparks that ignited the French and Indian War. The French seized Chief Memeskia and the British traders. Memeskia was executed. The British were dragged to Detroit. In conjunction, Chief Memeskia was known as Chief La Demoisell by the French and the English referred to him as “Old Britain.” Also, the Miami Indians under Memeskia were known as Tweightewee. The post was located in Miami County in close proximity to the Shelby County line. A historical marker (Ohio Heritage Marker) stands at the site to commemorate the fort. Daniel Levering’s Blockhouse— A blockhouse, Daniel Levering’s Blockhouse, was established during the War of 1812 period in the vicinity of Waterford. During time of danger from Indian raids, settlers sought refuge at the fort. One of the other families that spent time there was the Cook family. Reverend John Cook Sr. and his wife, Rachael Bryson Cook, relocated at Waterford from Maryland subsequent to John’s service in the American Revolution. Dayton— During June 1812, the Ohio militia surrendered to the British and their Indian allies. The American force under General

OHIO / Dillie’s Fort William Hull, composed of regulars and more than 1,500 Ohio militia, departed Dayton during June 1812. The force advanced to stand against the British, but Hull surrendered Fort Detroit without a fight. General Hull, the governor of the Michigan Territory, was the brother-in-law of Ohio governor Return Jonathan Meigs. New militia forces from Montgomery County were organized under General (later President) William Henry Harrison. Dayton was fortified, however, when General Harrison initiated the campaign against the Indians, he relied more heavily on troops from Kentucky. The capitulation of the Americans at Fort Detroit spread fear along the entire frontier. Blockhouses began to spring up at many places throughout the territory (Ohio Valley) in anticipation of Indian attacks. In addition, the newly formed militia had to defend the border areas. Dayton Fort— See Dayton. Dillie’s Fort— Dillie’s Fort, a settler’s blockhouse, was established in Belmont County, about 1790–1793. The fort was built along the west bank of the Ohio River, opposite Grove Creek. Dunlaps Station— See Fort Coleraine. Dutch Station— Dutch Station was established in Miami County in the vicinity of Staunton during 1798. The station was established by John Knoop and some other settlers, including Henry Gerard and Benjamin Hamlet. The station was established to provide protection for the settlers from Indian attacks. Dutch Station remained active for about two years. Dye Stone Blockhouse— Dye Stone Blockhouse was established by John Minor in Miami County at Troy, during the War of 1812 period. The site, now on private property (S. Children’s Home Road), was added to the National Historic Site list during 1983. Farmer’s Castle— During 1791, a settlers’ fort, having only one piece of artillery, was established at Belpre. It was known as Farmer’s Castle and as Belpre’s Fort. The stockaded post was bolstered by blockhouses. Farmer’s Castle was commanded by Major Nathan Goodale. However, Major Goodale was later seized at his farm by Indians on 1 March 1793. Goodale vanished and was never recovered. He was succeeded by Captain Nathaniel Cushing. The frontier there was, at the time of the fort’s establishment, under constant threat of attack by Indians. The raids had devastating effects on the settlements and the settlers. Many pioneers including their wives and children suffered from the raids. The Indians that raided the region encompassing Farmer’s Castle moved swiftly along the Great Hocking River to points near Washington Bottom where they concealed their canoes and traveled by foot through the woods along the ancient trails to surprise the settlers. After the raids, usually they would take scalps and, at times, captives. The frontier remained dangerous until finally General Anthony Wayne was able to convincingly defeat the Indians and bring an end to the threat. Flinn’s Fort— Flinn’s Fort, a settler’s fortified home, was established by William Flinn (Flynn) at Turkey Bottom outside Cincinnati about 1785 or later. Subsequently, during the early 1790s, it was fortified. Flinn’s (Flynn) Fort-house was located (present-day Hamilton County) along one of two primary roads from Cincinnati that were constructed during 1790. Flinn’s fortified house was situated along the road from Fort Miami to Wickersham Mill. Fort Adams— General Anthony Wayne, after having spent the winter of 1793–1794 at Greenville (Fort Recovery), established Fort Adams along the St. Mary’s River in the vicinity of Rockford. The post was established during August 1794. Wayne had been appointed as General St. Clair’s successor and was advancing against the Indians to avenge the devastating loss sustained by St. Clair during November 1791 in Darke County near the Indiana border. At the bat-

372 tle, launched with surprise, General Butler was slain. Losses were extremely high. General St. Clair was able to escape. During the campaign, General Wayne also established Fort Defiance during April 1794. Subsequent to the establishment of the fort, General Wayne advanced further and established a camp near the British post, Fort Miami at the Maumee Rapids. General Wayne’s forces terminated the problem with his decisive victory at Fallen Timbers in the vicinity of Maumee City on 20 August 1794. Following the victory, Wayne’s forces quickly noticed that the Indians that had been slain during the battle were using British weapons, including muskets and bayonets. General Wayne continued to advance after the victory. He arrived at the convergence of the St. Mary’s and St. Joseph’s Rivers where he established a post, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Afterward, General Wayne returned to Greenville where he established winter quarters. Fort Amanda— The U.S. Army established Fort Amanda along the west bank of the Au Glaize (Auglaize) River in the vicinity of Wapakoneta during 1813. The post was one of a chain of forts established in Ohio at that time. The others included Fort Ball (Tiffin), Fort Barbee (St. Mary’s), Fort Huntington (Cleveland), Fort Meigs (Perrysburg) and Fort Seneca in the vicinity of Old Fort. Fort Meigs became the anchor for Forts Amanda, Brown, Jennings, and Winchester (formerly Fort Defiance). Fort at Staunton— A fort or fortified blockhouse was built at Staunton on farmland there. During 1815, the property was acquired by the Jonathan Rollins family. Settlers in the area sought protection there during times of threat of attack. Fort au Glaize— Fort au Glaize was established in the vicinity of Wapakoneta about 50 miles from Columbus during 1748. The post was captured and destroyed by the British during 1761. After seizing the post, the British demolished it. Fort Avery— See Camp Avery. Fort Ball— Fort Ball was established by the U.S. Army at Tiffin, Seneca County, during 1813. At about the same time, to alleviate supply problems in northwestern Ohio, the quartermaster general, Colonel Morrison, was overseeing the construction of two trails near the Sandusky River: one, the Morrison Road, moving from Delaware, Ohio, to Sandusky City, and the other (Harrison Trail) that led from Franklinton (later, Columbus) to the upper Sandusky, and from there to Fort Stephenson at lower Sandusky. Resupplying troops in the region was a Herculean task due to the harshness of the terrain and the fact that the area was at the time Indian territory in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. Fort Ball was located between Fort Stephenson at Sandusky Bay and Fort Feree (at the upper Sandusky). Another fortification, Fort Seneca, was also established between Forts Stephenson and Fort Feree prior to the establishment of Fort Ball, which was completed by July 1813 and named in honor of Colonel James V. Ball, who directed his command, the 2nd Light Dragoons, with the construction of the post. Fort Ball contained a large spring which proved an abundance of water; however, still the camp was plagued with sickness. The fort contained three blockhouses, each positioned to defend an approach from the river. One of the blockhouses stood at the center of the post, flanked at both corners by the other two and it was large enough to hold a garrison of 500 men. Fort Ball remained active until 1815. Also, just as the fort was completed, an urgent order arrived, directing Colonel Ball to speed to Fort Stephenson to relieve the commanding officer. The commander there, Colonel Croghan, had been ordered to abandon the post, but he refused to evacuate the fort, choosing to defend it. See also Fort Stephenson. Also, General (later President) Benjamin Harrison was at Fort Ball when Commodore Perry defeated the

373 British at the Battle of Lake Erie. Harrison was ecstatic when word of the victory reached him. He ordered them to move to a place between Sandusky Bay and a lake below the mouth of the Portage River. By 16 September, nearly the entire Army of the Northwest was camped there at what later became Port Clinton. The exceptions were the troops at Fort Meigs and some outposts. Only a commemorative marker remains to honor Fort Ball. It is near an old sycamore tree which is surrounded by a fence. Many troops who succumbed there were interred in the cemetery, but no traces of the graves remain. Fort Barbee— Fort Barbee was established at St. Mary’s (initially known as Girtytown until 1823) during 1812 by General (later President) William Henry Harrison. The fort was in the vicinity of where General Anthony Wayne had erected a post (Fort St. Mary’s) during 1794 after evicting Simon and James Girty, who had operated a trading post there. The St. Mary’s River was paramount in the defense of the region, and just as in the case of General Wayne, the supply line would have to be kept open for General Harrison during the War of 1812. On 25 August 1812, Kentucky governor Shelby, during his inauguration, appointed General William Henry Harrison major general of the Kentucky militia. At the time, news of the surrender of General Hull and Detroit on 16 August had not yet spread to Kentucky. Nevertheless, it was well known that the British dominated the Great Lakes region and it was thought by Shelby that Harrison could turn the tide. Consequently, Harrison began to move to reinforce Detroit. While en route, word arrived and the march was diverted. Harrison moved instead toward Fort Wayne, Indiana, which was under siege. The siege was lifted and Harrison’s forces then devastated the villages of the Indians who had attempted to destroy Fort Wayne. By 16 September 1812, General James Winchester arrived and Harrison lost his command. After Winchester assumed command, General Harrison returned to Ohio. Shortly thereafter, while at Piqua, Ohio, orders arrived from the War Department, placing Harrison in command of the Army of the Northwest, essentially succeeding Hull. Reinforcements were promised by the War Department and the reinforcements would bring his force to about 6,000 troops. Meanwhile, Harrison was plagued with supply problems and he had to also modify his actions to assure General Winchester’s forces could be resupplied. To augment the supply line to General Winchester, General Harrison moved to St. Mary’s and oversaw the establishment of Fort Barbee. Harrison also directed that a road be constructed along the Auglaize Trail to ensure the movement of supplies to Fort Winchester (Fort Defiance renamed). Subsequently, during 1813, Harrison’s leadership succeeded. His forces held the frontier in northwestern Ohio and he was able to recapture Detroit. Fort Barbee remained active until 1816. See also Fort St. Mary’s. Fort Belleville— See Fort Belleville, West Virginia. Fort Black— Fort Black was established by militia during the War of 1812 (1813) at Madison (later New Madison, Darke County). The post remained active throughout the conflict. Fort Brier— Fort Brier was established during the War of 1812 period near Greenville in Darke County. The location of the fort has not been determined. Fort Brown— Fort Brown was established in Brown Township, Paulding County, during 1812. It was one of a series of forts established during the War of 1812 to bolster the supply lines of General William Henry Harrison, who succeeded General Hull, who surrendered Detroit during August 1812. Fort Brown also protected the Maumee River. The fort remained active until 1815. Fort Buchanan— Same as Buchanan’s Blockhouse. See Fort Rowdy.

Fort Deposit / OHIO Fort Cheshire— Fort Cheshire, known also as The Blockhouse, was established during the War of 1812 period at Alum Creek, Delaware County. The fort, north of Columbus, was constructed to provide protection from Indian attacks. After the threats of Indian raids subsided, the blockhouse was used as a school. In conjunction, during the 1700s, Algonquins began to inhabit the region subsequent to being driven from their lands in the Delaware River Valley by the Iroquois. Also, settlers began arriving in the area about 1805. At that time, Colonel Moses Byxbe established his residence along the creek. The fort site is located at Alum Creek Lake Park. The Alum Creek Dam was built there by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The project was completed during 1974. Fort Coleraine— The Fort Coleraine (known also as Dunlap’s Station) was established in present-day Hamilton County during 1790 by John Dunlap, who emigrated to the U.S. from Coleraine, Ireland. Fort Coleraine was established at the settlement to provide protection from Indian attacks. It was bolstered by a stockade. During December 1790, the fort came under a fierce assault by Indians, led by the infamous Simon Girty. The assault was repulsed. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Union troops established a post, Camp Colerain (Colerain). In conjunction, at some time after the founding of the settlement, the “e” was dropped from its name. Fort Defiance— Fort Defiance was established by General Anthony Wayne during August 1794 and completed in two weeks. The project lasted from the 9th through the 17th of August and it was finished about two weeks before the victory of Wayne over the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Despite the haste with which the post was built, it was considered one of the most formidable on the frontier. Fort Defiance was constructed at a point near the convergence of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers during Wayne’s campaign against the Indians. The post was protected by blockhouses at each corner and except for the side facing the Auglaize, it was bolstered by a wide dry moat that stretched about 15 feet in width and had a depth of about eight feet. The four blockhouses were connected by a line of pickets, behind the walls, that were strung from the closest angles of the separate blockhouses. Fort Defiance had two entrance gates, one of which was a drawbridge operated on pulleys. In addition, the fort was augmented by a ditch from which water could be acquired from the river without placing the men in danger while they gathered it. The walls of the post were eight feet thick, providing more than an adequate defense against an Indian attack. However, the defenders also had the British in mind when the fortress was constructed. Fort Defiance was utilized by Wayne as the anchor of the operations against the Indians. During 1795, the Treaty of Greenville was agreed upon. According to the terms, a trading post was permitted to operate out of Fort Defiance; however, the territory in that sector of Ohio was not to be settled. Fort Defiance remained active until 1897. Later, during new hostilities (1800s, War of 1812 period) with the Indians in Ohio, Fort Defiance was used by General William Henry Harrison. General Harrison reconstructed the fort less than 100 yards from its original site during 1813 and renamed the post Fort Winchester. The fort site is located at Fort and Washington Streets in Defiance. See also Fort Winchester. Fort Deposit— Fort Deposit was established in the vicinity of Waterville during 1794 by General Wayne during his campaign against the Indians. The post was one of a series of posts built to bolster the campaign. Fort Deposit was essentially constructed to hold the baggage and supplies of the columns. In conjunction, on 8 August 1794, General Wayne’s reinforced troops, en route from Fort Recovery, reached a point about 30 miles from the British Post on the Maumee River situated in the midst of the principal encampment of the Indians. Wayne halted at a spot where the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers

OHIO / Fort Feree converged to prepare for the battle. Intelligence reports indicated the presence of about 2,000 Indians, led by Chief Turkey Foot, gathered in the area to the rear of the British fortification and behind some dense woods. Wayne reinitiated the march on the 15th. Following a long trek, he again paused on the 18th to regroup in the vicinity of the rapids along the Maumee. By that time, about 1,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen, led by General Charles Scott, had arrived. Beginning on the 19th, the force established protection for its supplies and used reconnaissance to verify the positions of the Indians and their strength. Wayne launched his attack on the following morning. In conjunction, Wayne had directed Forts Adams and Randolph, at the mouth of Beaver Creek and at Willshire respectively, be built along the way to Fallen Timbers. His forces also built Fort Deposit and Fort Defiance, the latter constructed only two weeks before the battle at Fallen Timbers. Wayne, convinced that sturdy forts would assure domination in the region, drew a defensive line near Cleveland by establishing Fort Industry that same year. Fort Dillie— See Dillie’s Fort. Fort Feree— During the period subsequent to the surrender of Detroit by General Hull (August 1812), General Harrison was establishing a series of forts to bolster his campaign to hold the frontier and to initiate a plan to recapture Detroit. At the time, a fortification composed of four blockhouses was established at the Upper Sandusky in the vicinity of the present-day Wyandot County Courthouse. The post was afterward named Fort Feree. Harrison’s forces constructed the complex where the French had earlier (1745–1748) established a trading post. The region of Ohio where Fort Feree was built was a difficult area for travel and resupply, making it mandatory that Harrison’s campaign was backed by sufficient posts for resupply. The Army also contracted for ox-wagon teams from Kentucky to transport supplies and the trek was so difficult that the oxen teams were quickly worn out by exhaustion. See also Fort Ball. Fort Findlay— Fort Findlay, a stockaded 50-feet square post with two-story blockhouses at each corner, was established in Findlay (Hancock County) during 1812. The post was named in honor of Colonel James Findlay, a veteran of the American Revolution, who served with the Ohio Frontier Army. Fort Findlay was located along the south bank of the Blanchard River near the Main Street bridge that spans the river there (Main and Front Streets). Fort Findlay remained active until after the conclusion of the War of 1812. There are no traces of the fort; however, descriptions of it were later preserved. Fort Finney— Fort Finney was established during 1785 in the vicinity of the mouth of the Great Miami River near North Bend, Hancock County. The fort was established by the U.S. Army subsequent to the Treaty of Fort McIntosh for the purpose of enforcing the treaty. The U.S. dispatched representatives to attempt to convince the Shawnee that were not complying with the treaty to enter into a new treaty. In conjunction, the Shawnee were not pleased with the lands they were to inhabit as a term of the Treaty of Fort McIntosh. A new pact, the Treaty of Fort Finney, known also as the Treaty at the Mouth of the Great Miami, was agreed upon during January 1786. By terms of the treaty, the Shawnee relinquished their territory in southwestern Ohio and the southern sector of Indiana and they agreed to comply with the older treaty by relocating at the land designated by it. Despite the treaties, the Shawnee remained reluctant and continued to consider all the land north of the Ohio River to be their territory. Fort Finney remained active until 1788. The fort site is now part of Shawnee Lookout Park in Miami Township. Also, during that same year, 1785, the U.S. Army established Fort Harmar at Marietta. The incident is also known as the Holmes County Rebellion.

374 Fort Franklin— Fort Franklin was established during 1791 at Franklinton (later Cleveland). It was one of a series of forts constructed subsequent to an incident at Stockton known as the Big Bottom Massacre. Other forts included Fort Frye at Beverly, Fort Hamilton at Hamilton and Fort Jefferson at Fort Jefferson. In addition, blockhouses were constructed at various locations, including Manchester. Also, the U.S. Army also established Fort St. Clair at Eaton and settlers established a fortification known as Farmer’s Castle at Belpre. Fort Frye— Fort Frye, named in honor of Lieutenant Joseph Frye, was established near the north bank of the Muskingum River in the vicinity of present-day East Beverly during 1791. The fort’s garrison was commanded by Captain William Gray. It contained three blockhouse. The fort was one of a series of posts that were constructed following the Big Bottom Massacre near Stockton during January 1791. The post provided protection for the settlers at Waterford. Fort Frye was abandoned by 1796. Fort Gower— Fort Gower was established during 1774 by Lord Dunmore at Hockingport. The Virginia militia constructed the post. The militia also pledged their allegiance to King George III, but the resolution made it clear that they also placed American independence above all. Dunmore was displeased with the Fort Gower Resolution. Subsequently, a settlement known as Fort Gower emerged there. It was later abandoned during the Indian war of the 1790s. Fort Green Ville— Fort Green Ville was established by General Anthony Wayne during 1793. During the autumn of 1793, General Wayne established his winter quarters in the vicinity of Greenville, about six miles beyond Fort Jefferson and on the identical ground upon which General St. Clair’s force had been defeated during 1791. The post contained four blockhouses, plus a magazine, cabins and officers quarters. In addition, the fort was bolstered by redoubts fortified with small blockhouses outside the walls of the post. Wayne, having received control of the forces subsequent to the embarrassing loss inflicted upon General Arthur St. Clair during 1791, was expected to expunge the humiliation by eliminating the threat that still hovered over the territory. Wayne had no official military training or background; however, his on-the-job training during the War for Independence had provided him with the credentials for the task. To forestall any problems from surprise attack, he directed the construction of Fort Recovery, which provided ample protection from assault. Another post, Fort Piqua, was established as a supply base. Later, following the doldrums of winter, reinforcements on horseback arrived from Kentucky to bolster his force with sharpshooters. In the meantime, John Simcoe, the governor of Canada, maintained his plan and continued to augment his newest fort, built along a stretch of rapids on the Maumee River at a point about 100 miles southwest of Detroit. It was this fort and other posts that funneled goods and war supplies to theencourage the Indians to continue the hostilities. Following winter, the Indians attacked Wayne’s encampment, but the Americans repulsed the assault and then initiated an offensive which culminated on 20 August 1794. On 3 August 1795, the Treaty of Greenville was consummated. Large portions of land in the Northwest Territory were ceded by the Indians. The ceded territory, in addition to Detroit, included a huge parcel of abutting land and another tract on the mainland that extended northward on the island to Fort Michilimackinac. It also included territory along Lakes Huron and Michigan. The treaty was signed subsequent to the loss suffered by the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio during August 1794. General Anthony Wayne signed the treaty for the United States. Little Turtle, Black Hawk, Blue Jacket and Tarhe were among the chiefs who signed the treaty. The pact ended hostilities with the Chippewas, Delawares, Wyandots, Shawnee, Ottawas,

375

Fort Hayes / OHIO

Fort Hayes— Fort Hayes was initially established at Columbus in accordance with directives from Congress (1861) to establish an armory and arsenal there as part of the operation to provide Ohio units with arms. About two years later, a site on property owned by the Neil family was selected by General Catharinus P. Buckingham. General Buckingham was an Ohioan, born in Zanesville. Later, he graduated from West Point during 1829, the same year that one of his close friends, Robert E. Lee, graduated. Buckingham, during 1862, was the officer dispatched to inform General McClellan that he was being relieved of command. The first commander of the Columbus Arsenal was Captain J.W. Todd (U.S. Army Ordnance Corps). Todd was succeeded by Captain (later Colonel) T.C. BradFort Hamilton— Fort Hamilton, an outpost of Fort Washington, ford during January 1864. Bradford began the construction again, was established by the U.S. Army during September 1791 at Hamilbuilding a new post. Excavation projects were started and soon after ton, north of Cincinnati. It was established by troops under Genthe main building, known as the Store House, was underway. By eral Arthur St. Clair. The post was built in the shape of a square, June 1864, the officers quarters and a magazine construction was with four bastions, each shaped in the form of a diamond. The coninitiated. Meanwhile, bricks were acquired in Columbus, but many struction project was completed by the following month, permitting items were difficult to procure. Nevertheless, the foundation for the St. Clair to advance northward; however, a contingent of troops was magazine, capable of holding about 2,500 barrels of powder, was deployed at Fort Hamilton. St. Clair then established Fort Jefferson completed by September. Another major project was initiated as a less than 50 miles from Fort Hamilton at present-day Fort Jefferson. shot tower (Building Number 62) was begun and it was the first Afterward, St. Clair continued to move deeper into Indian territory structure that was completed. The tower was built to the identical and on 4 November 1791, his force was severely defeated by the Inspecifications as another, at Indianapolis. Its purpose was to make dians. Although St. Clair was defeated, Fort Hamilton continued to shells. The components, including lead, molten iron and other metremain active throughout the Indian wars of the 1790s. General Anals were lugged to the top of the tower and then dropped through a thony Wayne would succeed General St. Clair and the hostilities funnel shaft. The metal then landed in cold water which transformed were finally terminated subsequent to the American victory at Fallen the metal into cannon balls and various other types of shot. MeanTimbers during 1795. while, as the war continued, and Ohio troops were sped to the varFort Harmar— Subsequent to the Treaty of Fort McIntosh (consumious theaters, construction continued at the post. The arsenal was mated in Pennsylvania), the U.S. Army established Fort Harmar in completed during 1865. Throughout the war, the arsenal continued the vicinity of Marietta during October 1785. The fort, located at to supply the regiments, but much of the work was carried out by the mouth of the Muskingum River, was built to deter settlers from civilians, under Bradford. During the autumn of 1865, the arsenal moving into the region; however, the troops had an opposite effect. received its first complement of troops to be deployed at the post. The military presence seemed to encourage more settlers to arrive By November, the arsenal was deluged with weapons being returned with the belief that the army would protect them from Indian atfrom regiments that had been discharged. The Columbus Arsenal tacks. Colonel (later General) Josiah Harmar at the time commanded continued to operate subsequent to the termination of the Civil War. the Army forces in Ohio. He ordered the construction of the fort, Later, during 1875, the facility came under the authority of the U.S. which was built in the shape of a star. Fort Harmar remained active Army Recruiting Service. During September of that year, after being until 1790. In conjunction, Fort Finney was established during that transferred from the War Department, it was renamed Columbus same year at the mouth of the Great Miami River near North Bend. Barracks. The post was utilized as a training camp for recruits. During 1894, the post became a component of the Department of the East and it was then garrisoned by the U.S. 17th Infantry Regiment. By 1898, during the Spanish-American War period, the post was again expanded. The post’s arsenal building, referred to as the Main Building, was modified to hold about 500 troops. In addition, the base received new buildings, including new barracks, a mess hall, a drill hall and even a new guardhouse. The original tract for the post was about 70 acres, but with the expansion, the post covered about 77 or 78 acres. During the early 1900s, an army band was added to the post. In conjunction, during the period following the Civil War, musicians began to be trained at the post. By 1906, the post became known as the Columbus Recruiting Depot. The post was again refurbished during 1908 and by that time the post had electricity. The modifications included new quarters for the officers and the noncommissioned officers and a post hospital. The post became extremely active during 1917 (World War I), following the initiation of the draft (Selective Service Act, May 1917). Following the conclusion of the war, during 1922, the Fifth Corps was headquartered at the post and incorporated the Fort Harmar, Marietta, Ohio — Benson J. Lossing Illustration Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw, Kickapoo and Kaskaskia. The U.S. Army distributed about $20,000 worth of goods to the Indians. Subsequently, they were to receive slightly less than $10,000 annually. The Indians had lost their ally since England had finally agreed to abandon its foothold on U.S. territory in accordance with the Jay Treaty. Fort Green Ville was abandoned during 1796. Subsequently, during 1860, Phoebe Ann Moses was born at Willow Dell. Later she became known as Annie Oakley, the famous woman sharpshooter who performed with Buffalo Bill (Wild West Show). Annie Oakley succumbed during 1926 and was interred in Little Brock Cemetery outside Greenville.

OHIO / Fort Huntington region that included Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia. During that same year, the Columbus Recruiting Depot was renamed Fort Hayes, in honor of President Rutherford B. Hayes. (1877–1881). Hayes had earlier been governor of Ohio. The post remained active until the 1960s. Between the wars, Fort Hayes received a new parade ground, which was constructed by the CCC during 1933 as one of the projects initiated by the federal government to manufacture work during the Depression. The civilians also constructed some additional buildings on the base. The post remained active as a recruiting base through World War II until March 1944, when it ceased operations. Subsequently, during 1946, it became an Ohio National Guard post and it was also used by the U.S. Army Reserve. The post remained active though the Vietnam Conflict (Vietnam War). Later, during 1976, a public school, the Fort Hayes Career Center (later, Fort Hayes Metropolitan Education Center) was started there on the military base. The Columbus Public School system was able to acquire 50 acres from the government for $1. Fort Huntington— Fort Huntington, named in honor of Samuel Huntington, former governor of Ohio (1808–1810) was established in Cleveland during 1813. General Harrison and Huntington visited Fort Huntington together during 1813. Huntington had become army paymaster under General Harrison. A historical marker commemorating the fort stands at Fort Huntington State Park in Cleveland. A monument to Commodore Perry is also at the park. Fort Huron— See Camp Avery. Fort Industry— Fort Industry was established in northwestern Ohio (Lucas County) in the vicinity of present-day Toledo during 1794 by General Anthony Wayne subsequent to the victory over the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Wayne concluded the fort was required in that area near the convergence of the Maumee River with Lake Erie due to the British at Fort Miamis. During 1805, on 4 July, the Treaty of Fort Industry was consummated with the Indians. The chiefs that signed included Blue Jacket and Black Hoof. The tribes that signed the pact included the Chippewa, Delaware, Munsee, Ottawa, Potawatomi and the Shawnee. The Indians agreed to cede about one-half million acres of land west of the Cuyahoga River and south of Lake Erie. In return, the U.S. agreed to make annual payments to the tribes and the Indians retained the right to use the territory for fishing and hunting. The Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi tribes inhabited the area near the Huron River. They received larger sums of money than the others. In conjunction, initially Toledo was known as Port Lawrence when it was established as a settlement during 1817. Later, during 1833, the settlement was merged with Vistula and it became known as Toledo. Fort Jefferson— Fort Jefferson, named in honor of Secretary of State (later President) Thomas Jefferson, was established in the vicinity of present-day Greenville during October 1791 by General Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory. St. Clair’s force departed Fort Washington at Cincinnati during September of that year to establish a chain of forts to provide protection for the settlers. Fort Jefferson contained a stockade and two blockhouses. St. Clair, who established the post on 4 October, departed Fort Jefferson on 24 October, initiating a punitive mission against the tribes that had been attacking the settlers. Soon after on 4 November 1791, St. Clair’s force was devastated by Indians under Little Turtle. Later, during 1793, General Wayne utilized the post as a supply depot during his campaign. Fort Jefferson remained active until 1796. In conjunction, General Wayne, who succeeded General St. Clair, was victorious against the Indians. The Treaty of Green Ville at Fort Green Ville terminated the hostilities. See also Fort Green Ville. Fort Jennings— Fort Jennings was established by Colonel William

376 Jennings (63rd Regiment, Kentucky militia) during 1812. The post, located at present-day Fort Jennings, was one of a series of forts that included that included Fort Amanda, Fort Winchester (Defiance), Fort Brown and Fort Meigs. The post remained active until 1815. Fort Laurens— During early November 1778, an American force under General Lachlan McIntosh departed recently established Fort McIntosh at present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania, less than 25 miles from Fort Pitt, en route to the Indian territory. The column advanced to the Tuscarawas Valley and established Fort Laurens at Bolivar, along the Tuscarawas River. The post was located between present-day Canton and Columbus, and it was about 70 miles from Fort Henry at present-day Wheeling, West Virginia. McIntosh’s mission was to attack the Indians in the region, as planned by General George Washington earlier in the year; however, instead, McIntosh only constructed the fort due to the approach of winter. He returned to his base after leaving a garrison of slightly more than 170 (including women). The fort, named in honor of Henry Laurens, the initial president of the Continental Congress, remained active only until August 1779. Reinforcements arrived to remove the garrison. During its activity, the fort often came under assault by the English and their Indian allies. In addition to the threat by the British, the garrison was too far stretched from other posts for resupply. Consequently, there was often a lack of sufficient food for the people at the fort. About 20 soldiers who lost their lives there were buried nearby. Fort Laurens was the only fort that the U.S. built in Ohio during the American Revolutionary War. For more information: Fort Laurens State Memorial, Route 1, Bolivar, Ohio 44612. The museum there displays artifacts from the Revolutionary War, including weapons and uniforms. Fort Loramie— Fort Loramie at present-day Fort Loramie was initially established during 1769 by a French-Canadian, Peter Loramie. He originally entered the region as a Jesuit priest to work amongst the Indians there, including the Shawnee and Wyandot tribes; however, later he became a trader and a nemesis of the American colonists by inciting the Indians. Loramie’s post was located at the mouth of what became Loramie Creek. The area had been contested by the French and the British. The French previously, during 1752, attacked and devastated the Miami village at Pickawillany after the Indians there permitted the British to establish a trading post (Fort Pickawillany). The Americans eliminated the problem during 1782 when troops under George Rogers Clark destroyed the trading post and devastated a nearby Indian village. Loramie was not seized. He along with some Shawnee headed further west. Subsequently, during 1794, General Anthony Wayne arrived in the area and established a fort at the site of the trading post. Fort Loramie was destroyed during the War of 1812. Fort McArthur— Fort McArthur was established in the vicinity of Kenton during 1812. The post was along a supply rote between a series of forts. At the time the fort was established, the U.S. was preparing for hostilities with England and there was ongoing turbulence with the Indians. Other forts established that year included Fort Findlay, Fort Stephenson, Fort Murray and Fort Necessity. The fort remained active until 1815. During 1813, Chief Black Hoof, having given up warfare against the settlers and the U.S. Army, visited Fort McArthur. During the visit, an incident occurred whereby he was shot and seriously wounded; however, he recovered. Fort Meigs— Between late January and April 1813, American General Harrison, who was unable to attack Detroit because of the disastrous defeat suffered under the hands of Procter and the Indians at Frenchtown, ordered the construction of Fort Meigs at Perrysville. In conjunction with the operation, Harrison also requested reinforcements from Kentucky. About 1,800 troops were at the post, but

377 the enlistments of some were about to end. Captain Elenzer Wood, Harrison’s chief engineer, reported that the camp had a circumference of about 2,500 yards. General Harrison returned to Cincinnati and Captain Wood moved to Sandusky to check on the fortifications there. In their absence, the officer in command, Colonel Leftwich, abandoned the project and even used the lumber intended for the pickets as firewood, rather than send troops into the woods to gather firewood. Captain Wood returned to the camp during February and discovered the great failure. Soon after, Leftwich and the Virginia militia under him departed as their enlistments expired. At about the same time (early April), the contingents from Pennsylvania also departed upon the expiration of their enlistments, leaving only about 500 troops at the post. Nonetheless, about 200 Pennsylvanians remained even though they could have gone home. Meanwhile, the British had become aware of the circumstances of the American positions at the Rapids and were preparing an attack before Harrison could be reinforced. Harrison, against orders, requested several thousand militia troops from Kentucky. He dispatched a messenger who departed Fort Amanda for Kentucky to give the request to Governor Shelby. Harrison also gathered about 300 troops at Fort Amanda, which included troops from the posts at Auglaize and at St. Mary’s. Harrison then sped to the camp, which had by that time had been named Fort Meigs by Captain Wood. The British force under Proctor, including Indians, numbered just under 2,500. By 30 April, the British had landed near Fort Meigs and established two powerful batteries. Artillery from Fort Meigs commenced fire and did some injury to the British. Meanwhile, General Harrison hurriedly pressed his outnumbered but motivated troops to build a huge wall. Behind the concealment of a prolonged line of tents, the Americans established an earthen wall along the high ground that ran through the camp. The massive hill stretched about 300 yards in length and stood 12 feet high, atop a foundation of 20 feet. The British anticipated a quick kill, but to their great surprise, when the tents were removed, they saw the colossal redoubt which immediately eliminated an easy victory. Proctor’s prophecy, that he would “Smoke out the Yankees,” seemed outdated as now the British couldn’t even see the Yankees. On 1 May 1813, the British attacked Fort Meigs, but the defenders repelled the assault. About 500 shells were fired by the British that first day, but with insignificant results. The bombardment and return fire were easily heard at nearby Fort Winchester. On 2 May, the British established another battery and it was followed by yet one more on the 3rd, but still, the fortifications withstood the enfilade. On 4 May, the British demanded surrender. Harrison responded to the messenger, Major Chambers: “Tell General Proctor, that if he shall take the fort, it will be under circumstances that will do him more honor than a thousand surrenders.” In the meantime a small 17-man advance party reached the beleaguered post on the night of 3 May to let Harrison know that the reinforcements were closing. General Green Clay’s forces arrived during the darkened hours of the 4th. They landed at a point designated by General Harrison and according to his orders moved against the British batteries before crossing the river to the fort. Heavy fighting occurred on the 5th when the Kentuckians attacked the British batteries. As the British colors were lowered, General Harrison was observing from the fort, but his order (signal) for Dudley to retire across the river was ignored. A British counterattack caused severe casualties to one part of General Clay’s command, which was led by Lieutenant Colonel W. Dudley. The other Kentuckian force captured several British guns, and afterward made it to the fort. Dudley’s contingent initially made great progress; however, the plan called for the troops to move to the fort immediately after spiking the guns. Instead, some of Dudley’s green troops gave pursuit to a group of Indians, unaware that it was a trap. After the troops entered the woods, the British launched their attack. The heated fight lasted for several hours, but the at-

Fort Miamis / OHIO tempts to get back to the river were futile. The incident is remembered as Dudley’s Massacre (also known as “Dudley’s Defeat.”) More than 200 of Dudley’s troops were slain and about 350 were captured. Another couple of hundred got back to the fort. Colonel Dudley was among the dead. He was killed by a tomahawk and afterward scalped. Captain Combs was among the captured. He was taken to Britishheld Fort Miamis. Harrison’s plan, despite the setback with the losses sustained by Dudley, was successful. His belief that the main body of the British was near Fort Miamis and that the Indians were on the east side of the river was correct, permitting the reinforcements to safely bolster the fort. On 5 May, Harrison dispatched a force of about 350 troops to raid the British batteries. The raids were successful and essentially terminated the siege. British colonel Henry Proctor retired after failing to seize the post, but later, on 20 July, again the British attacked, only to once again fail. Fort Meigs held and became known as the “Gibraltar of the Northwest.” Fort Meigs remained active until 1815. Fort Meigs was the anchor for a series of forts that included Fort Amanda, Fort Brown, Fort Jennings and Fort Winchester (Fort Defiance). Also, a historical plaque commemorating the Dudley Massacre stands near the entrance to the Maumee Library, located on River Road. A reconstructed fort stands near the original site. For more information: Fort Meigs, P.O. Box 3, Perrysburg, Ohio 43551 Fort Miamis— The English established a post (later Fort Miamis) along the Maumee River near Maumee at the site where a French trading post is thought to have been located in about 1764. The English, later, during the early 1790s, established Fort Miamis (Miami) there on the property of Benjamin Starbird. Fort Miamis was built on a tract of about two acres and it had walls that reached from 15 to 20 feet high. Starbird’s residence was just south of the fort, which was established for the purpose of protecting the route to Detroit and providing protection for the British and their Indian allies. Fort Miamis was on the outskirts of Toledo. During 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and by the following year, the Treaty of Green Ville was consummated, terminating the war with the Indians. Following the end of the conflict with the Indians, the British, during 1796, relinquished the fort. The Americans remained at the post until 1798. Later, during 1812 (War of 1812), the British again gained control of Fort Miamis and held it until 1817. During the siege of Fort Meigs (May 1813), the

Fort Miamis, Ohio, ruins — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

OHIO / Fort Morrow Americans that were captured were marched to Fort Miamis. Along the route, the Indians under Tecumtha, with the apparent approval of General Henry Proctor, killed a large number of the troops. While at Fort Miamis, the Indians began to tomahawk and scalp the captives. Proctor did not intervene. However, Tecumtha ordered his braves to stop. More than 20 men were killed before the barbarism was halted. Also, it had been thought that the Battle of Fallen Timbers had unfolded on a bluff above the Maumee River, but later discoveries placed the battle at a position on a nearby farm near the present-day intersection of US Route 24 and US Route 23 (I-475). Prior to the archaeological evidence pinpointing the battlefield, a historical marker was on the bluff. For more information: Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site, Metro Parks of the Toledo Area, 5100 W. Central Ave., Toledo, Ohio 43615. See also Fort Meigs. Fort Morrow— Fort Morrow was established in Delaware County (later Marion County) at present-day Waldo during 1812 in anticipation of war with England and its Indian allies. The fort was built to provide protection for the settlers from Indian attacks. The fort was actually a tavern, built of brick, which was operated by Nathaniel Wyatt. The tavern was fortified with a stockade by militia under Captain Taylor. The fort-tavern was later abandoned in about 1825. The fort did not come under any attacks during its existence. During the 1970s, some original artifacts of the fort were discovered and transferred to the Marion County Historical Society. The archeology project also discovered the foundations of the tavern. The fort site is on private property off State Highway 229. A historical marker, which commemorates the fort, stands along the road. Fort Necessity— Fort Necessity, a blockhouse, was established in the vicinity of Williamstown in Hancock County during the War of 1812 period. Fort Nesbitt— Fort Nesbitt, a blockhouse was established in Darke County during the War of 1812 period. Fort Piqua— Fort Piqua, a blockhouse, was established along the Miami River as a supply depot by General Anthony Wayne at Piqua during 1794. Fort Piqua was also known as Fort at Johnston’s Farm. It was located slightly less than 15 miles from Fort Loramie. The French earlier, about 1752, had a post there along the Upper Piqua. The French constructed it where the British trading post (Croghan’s Post or Post at Pickawillany) had stood at the Indian village of Picawillany. Fort Piqua remained active until 1795. In conjunction, during 1794, a small contingent of troops departed the post on two boats heading for Fort Wayne, but soon after leaving, the party was ambushed along the river and all 24 soldiers were killed. There were only a small amount of troops at the fort and they were unable to aid the beleaguered party, but they were able to keep the fort from being taken. In conjunction, Johnston’s Farm was the property of John Johnston. He was at Fort Wayne as an Indian agent, but when informed that the fort at Picqua was then privately owned, he acquired it (1804). Johnston purchased about 235 acres. He relocated at Piqua during 1811 and from 1812 through 1829, he was the Indian agent at Piqua. The site of Fort Piqua is near the Piqua Museum in the Piqua historical area. The historical area is located slightly north of Piqua in Miami County. Fort Portage— Fort Portage, a blockhouse, was located in Wood County along the west branch of the Portage between Fort Findlay and Fort Meigs. The date of the establishment of the post is thought by some to have been during 1812 when General Hull ordered it built; however, it is also thought by some that the blockhouse had actually been built earlier by the French. The post was used by General Hull for the purpose of caring for sick and wounded troops. The fort later became part of the Knaggs farm.

378 Fort Recovery— Fort Recovery was established near the Wabash River at present-day Fort Recovery by General Anthony Wayne during 1795. The post was completed during March 1794. The post was built at a site where General Arthur St. Clair had suffered a defeat at the hands of Indians during 1791. On 30 June 1794, a column of troops with accompanying packhorses was attacked by an overwhelming force of Indians after it departed Fort Recovery. The Indians numbering much more than 1,000 braves inflicted about 50 casualties on the column and all the horses were seized. Some of the Indians (Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi), bolstered by the victory over the small contingent, chose to launch a direct assault against the fort; however, due to the marksmanship of the riflemen and effective artillery fire, the Indians were easily repulsed. The failed attack shattered the cohesion of the tribes and brought about a break between the northern tribes and the Delaware, Shawnee and Wyandot (formerly Huron). The Shawnees under Chief Blue Jacket, having been accused of cowardice, abandoned the confederacy and returned to their territory. At Fort Recovery, a state historical site, two of the original blockhouses have been reconstructed. And a museum is located there. Fort Rowdy— Fort Rowdy was established at Covington by forces under General Anthony Wayne during 1793. At the time, General Wayne had departed Fort Washington on a northward course during the campaign to end the Indian attacks. The post was located atop a bluff along the east bank of the Stillwater River. The exact reason the fort was named Fort Rowdy is unknown, but the two most widely known explanations were that the camp’s troops had become less than disciplined when the fort was constructed. The other story handed down is that the fort was named after an officer who was a friend (named Rowdy), of General Wayne. Subsequent to the establishment of Fort Rowdy, General Wayne’s columns pushed westward and afterward established Fort Green Ville. Subsequent to the victory of General Wayne and the 1795 Treaty of Green Ville, the area around Covington began to receive new settlers. By 1812, the new conflict with England caused some anxiety. A small militia was formed at Staunton in the vicinity of Troy. Afterward, the militia, under Captain George Buchanan, moved to the site of Fort Rowdy to construct a new fortification. It contained a blockhouse and a stockade. Buchanan, after reaching the site, determined that another site slightly north at the convergence of Green Ville Creek and the Stillwater River was more tenable. The post was named Fort Buchanan; however, the former name stuck to the new post despite the objections of Buchanan. Continued protests by Buchanan finally convinced the authorities to halt referring to the fort as Fort Rowdy. It then became known as Buchanan’s Blockhouse. In conjunction, the militia formed there was known as the First Company, Second Regiment, Fifth Brigade, of the First Division of the Ohio Militia. The unit was composed of about 50 troops with an enlistment term of four months. There is no record of any hostilities near the fort during its time of service. Fort St. Clair— Fort St. Clair was built subsequent to the defeat of General St. Clair during 1791. General Wilkinson dispatched a contingent of militia troops under Major John S. Gano to establish the post, which stood between Fort Hamilton and the post that was the most distant, Fort Jefferson. Fort St. Clair, a 120-foot-square post with a stockade, was completed in the vicinity of Eaton during March 1792. Fort Eaton served as a supply depot during General Wayne’s campaign against the Indians. During November 1792, the fort was unsuccessfully attacked; however, six troops were killed during the battle that occurred near the fort. Fort St. Mary’s— A trading post was constructed at St. Mary’s about 1784 by the Girty brothers. By 1794, General Anthony Wayne

379

Gallipolis / OHIO

established Fort St. Mary’s there after pushing the Girtys ( James and Simon) out of the area. The area had also been used by General Harmar as a supply depot. The post remained active until 1796. Subsequently, during 1812, Fort Barbee was established there. St. Mary’s had initially been known as Girty’s Town. Fort Sandusky— Fort Sandusky (Sandeski) was established by the French at Sandusky Bay where a British trading post had stood. Several years later, the post was rebuilt nearby at present-day Bayview and renamed Fort Wyandot (Fort Junandot). The French held the post through the French and Indian War, but the English then gained it (1761). On 16 May 1763 (Pontiac’s War), the post, defended by a small contingent under Ensign Christopher Paully, was attacked by Indians. The Indians set the fort afire and massacred the troops; however, Paully was first taken captive, brought to Fort Detroit (under siege) and within view of the fort, he was burned to death. Fort Seneca— Fort Seneca was established by General William Henry Harrison in the vicinity of present-day Fort Seneca during the War of 1812. The post became necessary to bolster the Sandusky Valley as war was declared by the United States. The fort, used as a supply depot, was located near present-day Old Fort School. It remained active until 1815. After the hostilities ended, settlers began moving into Fort Washington, Cincinnati, Ohio — Benson J. Lossing Illustration the area. A town was set up there during 1836 and was known as McNutts after a settler who relocated there durof forts and to engage and eliminate the hostile Indians. However, ing 1819. Later, the place became known as Swope’s Corners and afduring November, St. Clair sustained a devastating defeat. Wayne’s terward Fort Seneca. forces defeated the Indians during 1794 at the Battle of Fallen TimFort Stephenson— Fort Stephenson (Lower Sandusky Fort) was esbers. Afterward, during 1795, the Treaty of Fort Green Ville was tablished along the Sandusky River during 1812 in the vicinity of Freconsummated, terminating the Indian conflict. Fort Washington remont. During the following year, the post, which continued several mained active until 1803. The establishment of Newport Barracks blockhouses but only one piece of artillery, came under attack on 2 in nearby Kentucky essentially replaced Fort Washington. August. The post was ordered abandoned; however, Major George Croghan was convinced he could repel the assault by Colonel ProcFort Winchester— Fort Winchester was established during 1812 by tor. The fort was held. The cannon, known as Old Betsy, is now loGeneral William Henry Harrison. General Harrison reconstructed cated at the Birchard Library Park. Fort Defiance at a nearby location, less than 100 yards from its original location. The fort was then renamed Fort Winchester. Fort Fort Steuben— Fort Steuben was established during 1786 and the Winchester was used as a supply base and was one of a series of forts construction project was completed during February 1787. The post that included Fort Amanda, Fort Brown, Fort Jennings and Fort was located in southern Ohio along the Ohio River at present-day Meigs. Fort Meigs became the anchor of that chain of posts. See also Steubenville. The post was named in honor of Friedrich Wilhelm Fort Defiance. von Steuben, a Prussian who supported America and served with George Washington during the War for Independence. Major John Fredericktown Blockhouse— The settlement at Fredericktown Hamtramck commanded the fort and was assigned the primary duty (Knox County) began about 1807 when John Kerr established a mill of protecting surveyors who were mapping out the Northwest Terthere. Kerr acquired 50 acres of land from Lucas Sullivant with the ritory. The survey team was under constant threat by hostile Indicondition that he establish a mill in the region. Kerr also acquired ans. The fort was abandoned during 1787 after the surveys were another 450 acres. During the War of 1812 period, a blockhouse was completed. The troops transferred to Fort Harmar. Although the established to protect the settlers who had arrived in the area. At the military abandoned the fort, it continued to be used as a stop for time, there were about 10 structures, including nine log cabins and travelers moving through the area for several years until it was deone other building. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the blockstroyed by a fire during 1790. A reconstructed fort and a museum house was used by the settlers for a dual purpose. It acted as both a are located at Steubenville. school and the local church. Fort Tyler— See Tyler’s Blockhouse. Gallipolis— At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Union initiated recruitment drives throughout Ohio. Camp Carrington was estabFort Washington— Fort Washington was established during 1790 at lished there during 1861 and another training post, Camp Brough, present-day Cincinnati in the vicinity of the mouth of the Little was later established. During the course of the war, a hospital was Miami River. General Josiah Harmar ordered the establishment of established in Gallipolis. The units that were formed at Gallipolis the post, which was composed of five blockhouses within a 480-foot included the Ohio 60th Volunteer Infantry Regiment (February square. The post was used by General Harmar and General St. Clair. 1862), elements of the Ohio 116th Volunteer Infantry Regiment (SepSubsequent to the defeat of St. Clair during 1791, the post was used tember 1862) and the Trumbull Guard (November 1862). Also, the by his successor, General Anthony Wayne. General St. Clair de1st East Tennessee Cavalry arrived at Gallipolis from Cumberland parted Fort Washington on 10 September 1791 to establish a chain

OHIO / Gerald’s Station Gap during November 1862. Cumberland Gap had been abandoned by the Union during September 1862. The Ohio 12th Cavalry, having sustained casualties, was soon after ordered to move to Nashville via Louisville to hook up with General Rosecrans. Later, during May 1864, the Ohio 140th and 172nd Volunteer Infantry Regiments were organized at Gallipolis for an enlistment term of 100 days. During September of 1864, the Ohio 173rd Volunteer Regiment was formed there, also for 100 days enlistment. Garard’s Station— See Gerard’s Station. Gerard’s Station— Gerard’s Station was established east of the Little Miami River in Hamilton County about 1790 in the vicinity of Union Ridge opposite Turkey Bottom. The station was composed of a blockhouse and a stockade. The station received its name from the leader of the party that settled there. The property was later acquired by Colonel James Taylor. William Gerard, William and Benjamin Smalley, James Flynn and some others departed Gerards Fort in Pennsylvania for Ohio. After moving up the up the Monongahela River and then down the Ohio River to the mouth of the Little Miami River, they built the fort which became known as Gerard’s Station. Griffin’s Station— Griffin’s Station was established in about 1792 by David Griffin in Hamilton County near Mill Creek (Upper Carthage), north of Cincinnati. Roads were cut from Fort Hamilton to connect various stations including Covalt’s Station, Dunlap’s Station and White’s Station. Gunn’s Tavern— Gunn’s Tavern, which was also a trading post, was established southeast of Bellefontaine in about 1797 by John Gunn. Gunn established the post during the 1790s and in about 1805, it was licensed to operate as a tavern. Hilliard’s Blockhouse— A blockhouse was established on the Hilliard farm in Spring Creek Township, Miami County, during 1812. It was one of a group of blockhouses built in the county at that time. Subsequent to the termination of the conflict, the blockhouse was used as a barn.

380 was known as the Greenville Treaty line during the War of 1812 period after the defeat of General Hull at Detroit. Others included James Manary’s Blockhouse and Vance’s Blockhouse. A historical marker was later placed along State Highway 47 to commemorate the various blockhouses established in the region around Lewistown. James Stark’s Blockhouse— A place known as Stark’s Corners (Kingston Township) was founded in Ohio during 1809 by a group of settlers that had arrived from the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. The early settlers included James Stark and William Rosecrans and his family. Another of the original families to settle there was that of Daniel Rosecrans. The blockhouse built there to provide protection from Indian attacks, was on the property of James Stark. It was located near the junction of present-day State Highways 61 and 656 (Sunbury Road and Mansfield Road). Crandall and his wife, Jemima, had three sons, one of whom, the oldest, was named William Stark Rosecrans. Subsequently, William Stark Rosecrans enters West Point and graduates during 1842. Later he rises to the rank of major general in the Union Army during the Civil War. Jeromeville Blockhouse— A blockhouse was established in the vicinity of Jeromeville by forces under General Beall during September-October 1812. A contingent led by Captain Nicholas Murray garrisoned the post while Beall advanced to a point about five miles from Jeromeville and established Camp Musser. Later, Beall again advanced and established Camp Whetstone at Olivesburg. John Minor’s Blockhouse— See Dye Stone Blockhouse. Johnson’s Island Camp— The Union established a post on Johnson Island in Sandusky Bay during 1861, which was also used as a prison for Confederate officers. The units that were formed there included Hoffman’s Infantry Battalion (later 128th Ohio Infantry Regiment during 1864). The unit mustered into federal service during December 1861. Also, during August 1864, the 8th Battery, Light Artillery (Ohio National Guard) was formed there for a 60-day enlistment. The 8th Battery was reformed during December 1864 for duty at Johnston Island until April 1865.

Hole’s Station— Hole’s Station was established in about 1799 in the Miami Valley outside Cincinnati by the Hole family, which had relocated in Ohio from New Jersey. The Hole brothers, Daniel, John, William and Zacharia had earlier acquired tracts in Losantiville (Cincinnati) and while there during 1790 had helped to established Ludlow’s Station (also known as Mill Creek Village), which was located north of Cincinnati. Initially, Hole Station was built as a onestory blockhouse, but by the following year, it was altered, extending it to two stories and it was transformed into a tavern (Gebhart’s Tavern). In conjunction, Zacharia Hole relocated at what became Lewisburg, which he established in Preble County. Daniel Hole, who married Mary Beedle, relocated at Beedle’s Station and the remaining two brothers, John and William, remained in the area where Hole’s Station had been located.

Kiser’s Blockhouse— A blockhouse was established on Kiser’s property in Brown Township, Miami County, during 1812. Other settlers in the area included John Simmons. Simmons arrived from Pennsylvania with his family, which included 10 children. He didn’t build a blockhouse, but it was a double-roomed cabin. Other colonists included John Adney, William Concannon, and Alexander Oliver. The region had been fairly tranquil until the Indian attacks on the Dilbones. It was that raid that prompted the settlers to build the blockhouse, but no Indian attack was ever launched.

Hudson Blockhouse— A blockhouse was established at Hudson during the War of 1812 period. Settlers from as far away as Euclid, 30 miles distant, had used the fort as refuge during times of threat of attack.

Losantiville Station— Four brothers, Daniel, John, William and Zachariah, established themselves in the Miami Valley at Losantiville (Cincinnati) during 1789 as the initial settlers there. The Hole family brothers later were involved in the establishment of Ludlow’s Station during 1790. The Hole family relocated in Ohio from New Jersey.

James Manary’s Blockhouse— James Manary’s Blockhouse, known also as the Manary House, was established during 1812 along the Greenville Treaty line subsequent to the surrender of General Hull at Detroit. The blockhouse was located north of Bellfontaine in Logan County. American Rangers were posted there during the conflict. A historical marker is located along State Route 117. James McPherson’s Blockhouse— James McPherson’s Blockhouse was one of a group of fortifications established in Ohio along what

Lake Fork Blockhouse— See Priest’s Fort. Levering’s Blockhouse— See Daniel Levering’s Blockhouse. Lewis’ Blockhouse— See Samuel Lewis’ Blockhouse.

Lowell— Settlers including Nicholas Coburn and Robert Allison fortified their settlement at Lowell during 1795 to protect it from Indian attacks. The settlement was on the property of Nathan Kinney. The pioneers remained there until the hostilities terminated and afterward each family began to establish its own home. Lower Sandusky Fort— See Fort Stephenson.

381 Ludlow’s Station— Ludlow’s Station was established north of Cincinnati in the vicinity of the Hole family and others during 1790. The station was located near Mill Creek along the military road that stretched from Fort Hamilton to Fort Washington. Manary’s Blockhouse— See James Manary’s Blockhouse. Mansfield Blockhouses— Several blockhouses were established at Mansfield subsequent to the surrender of General Hull at Detroit. The capitulation of General Hull on 16 August 1812 caused panic across the Ohio frontier. Blockhouses began to spring up across the land as the citizens no longer believed the U.S. Army could protect them sufficiently. At Mansfield, the militia built several blockhouses, including Captain Schaffer’s. The troops under Schaffer were part of Colonel Samuel Kratzer’s command, which arrived from Mount Vernon. Just prior to the construction of Schaffer’s Blockhouse, another group of militia, under Captain Williams, had arrived from Coshocton. Williams’ troops constructed a blockhouse on the public square. and they, too, built a post. Yet another blockhouse was built a few miles south of Mansfield on the Rocky Fork at Beam’s Mill. In addition, Samuel Lewis’ Blockhouse was erected on Clear Fork and yet another was established on Lake Fork by James Priest. Still others were hurriedly built at Fredericktown. Thomas Coulter’s cabin near Perrysville was converted into a blockhouse. A blockhouse was also built at Wooster, and Captain Murray of General Beall’s army was sent to Jeromeville, where he erected a blockhouse for the protection of the settlers. Also, a force of about 2,000 troops commanded by General Richard Crooks arrived at Wooster from Pennsylvania during mid–October, a few weeks after General Beall departed the camp. After remaining at Wooster for a slight pause and to make repairs on the wagons, Crooks’ force moved toward Jeromeville and beyond. Crooks soon after made camp at Greentown, where the Indian huts had for the most part been destroyed before his arrival. Crooks then advanced to Mansfield arriving there on or about the 18th of October. The Pennsylvanians remained at Mansfield for more than one month, while waiting for supplies. Nevertheless, prior to the arrival of his supplies, Crooks received orders to move to Upper Sandusky. Colonel Anderson was in command of the resupply column, which was composed of more than 125 troops as well as about 25 pieces of artillery. The column finally reached Upper Sandusky after a tedious trek, which began in Pennsylvania on 1 November, on 1 January 1813. Anderson’s large wagon train passed through the tracks of Beall’s route through towns including Wooster and Mansfield, reaching the latter shortly after Beall’s departure. After leaving Mansfield, the column encountered heavy snow which further impeded the mission. Massie’s Station— Massie’s Station was established along the Ohio River in Adams County at present-day Manchester by Nathaniel Massie during 1790. The station was the initial permanent colonial settlement within what was known as the Virginia Military District. Massie used the settlement there as his base of operations while engaged in surveying the district. McKee’s Town— See Alexander McKee’s Post. Mercerburgh Garrison— See Abram Covalt’s Station. Miller’s Blockhouse— See Chesterville Blockhouse. Mount Adams Battery— Mount Adams was initially known as Mount Ida. During the 1840s, former president John Quincy Adams delivered a speech at a dedication ceremony for the Cincinnati Observatory when its cornerstone was laid. Afterward, the hill was renamed in his honor. During the Civil War, the hill was fortified, with artillery being deployed at a spot known as Fort View Place and at another spot which overlooks present-day Playhouse in the Park. The fortification was known as Mount Adams Battery. The guns

Simon’s Blockhouse / OHIO were installed for the defense of Cincinnati; however, the artillery was never challenged. See also Camp Dick Corwine. Mount Vernon Blockhouse— Settlers established a blockhouse at Mount Vernon during 1812, subsequent to the defeat of General Hull at Detroit. John Chapman, known also as Johnny Appleseed, owned property at Mount Vernon. At a point during the War of 1812, when the Indians had destroyed property at Greentown, Chapman sped to Mount Vernon to get the militia after hearing the Indians were en route to Mansfield. Johnny Appleseed is known widely for his planting of apple trees throughout Pennsylvania and Ohio. Mounts Station— A fortified settlement was established at Mounts Station during 1795, subsequent to the Treaty of Green Ville which was consummated during August of that same year. William Mounts and his family, along with about five other families, built their respective cabins in a circle along the south bank of the Little Miami River. The settlement was located less than three miles from Todd’s Fork. Other settlements in the region that were begun during the 1790s included Dayton (present-day Montgomery County, 1796). Also, during that same year, in Warren County, the settlements of Deerfield, Franklin and Waynesville were established. Nathaniel Massie’s Station— See Massie’s Station. Norftsinger’s Blockhouse— See Andrew Norftsinger’s Blockhouse. Ohio Penitentiary— During the summer of 1863 while Confederate general John Hunt Morgan was raiding Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio, Union forces finally captured the force in eastern Ohio. Morgan was seized during July. Morgan and many of his troops were held at the state penitentiary at Columbus. Later, during November of that same year, Morgan and some of his officers were able to escape. It had been decided to send Morgan to a prison, rather than a military POW camp. During the following year, on 4 September, he was cornered and slain at Greeneville, Tennessee. Peter Loramie’s Post— See Fort Loramie. Post at Bellville— See Bellville Post. Post at Girty’s Town— See Fort St. Mary’s. Priest’s Fort— James Loudon Priest established a fort on his property in Lake Township at an undetermined time subsequent to the close of the American Revolution. Priest established the initial cabin in the area and afterward erected a fort to protect his family and other settlers during the conflict with the Indians. Later, in about 1810, Priest relocated at Hanover Township where he mapped the town of Loudonville. Other early settlers at Loudonville included Samuel Garrett, who served during the Revolution as a bodyguard for George Washington. Robert Robitaille’s Trading Post— Robert Robitaille established a trading post at Zanetown during 1793. Subsequently, during 1800, Robitaille moved to Gunn’s Tavern. Round Bottom Post— See Abram Covalt’s Post. Samuel Lewis’ Blockhouse— Samuel Lewis established a blockhouse on the Clear Fork of the Mohican River in the vicinity of Butler during 1812. It was one of a group of settlers blockhouses established during the initial period of the War of 1812. See also Mansfield Blockhouses. Schaffer’s Blockhouse—See Mansfield Blockhouse. Simmons’ Blockhouse— See Kiser’s Blockhouse. Simon’s Blockhouse—During 1812, word of General Hull’s surrender of Detroit spread rapidly across the frontier. At Cleveland, urgent requests were dispatched to General Simon Perkins for assistance to defend the settlement. Perkins requested permission from General

OHIO / Sprague’s Blockhouse Elijah Wadsworth for permission to send troops. Wadsworth, in Cleveland on 27 August, prepared to give Perkins command of a contingent from various brigades. On the following day, General Simon Perkins was ordered to advance to Huron to protect the region there. Perkins established a defense line there by 5 September, including blockhouses from Manchester to Huron. A blockhouse was built at the mouth of the Huron River. In conjunction, both Generals Wadsworth and Perkins had their headquarters at Huron during November 1812. Sprague’s Blockhouse— Sprague’s Blockhouse was established at Florence about 40 miles outside (west) of Cleveland in about 1811. A family (Mrs. Clark and her grown son, Town Clark) arrived at Florence and established themselves on the farm which later became the property of the sons of Soloman Sprague. The Clarks relocated there from Onandaga County, New York. The settlers then, with the Clarks, built a blockhouse on the property. Stark’s Corner Blockhouse— See James Stark’s Blockhouse. Staunton Fort— See Fort at Staunton. Stone’s Fort— Stone’s Fort was established at Belpre along River Bank Road by Captain Jonathan Stone during 1793. About 12 families, in addition to Stone’s family, remained at the fort during the period of turbulence. The fort contained four blockhouses and some log cabins. Thomas Coulter’s Blockhouse— Thomas Coulter’s cabin in the vicinity of Perrysville was fortified as a blockhouse during 1812. It was one of a large number of settlers’ blockhouses established along the frontier subsequent to the surrender of Detroit to the British during August 1812. See also Manchester Blockhouses. Tyler’s Blockhouse— Tyler’s Blockhouse, also known as Fort Tyler, was established at Waterford in about 1789. The blockhouse was along the Muskingum River on the property of Major Dean Tyler. Major Tyler taught school at the blockhouse. Unionville Tavern— The Unionville Tavern, known also as the Webster House, was established in Lake County in the vicinity of present-day State Route 84 and County Line Road. At the time of its operation, the route (84) was a well-traveled Indian path that was also used later by stagecoaches. The tavern and stage stop continued in operation into the 1800s. During the Civil War, a ballroom on the second floor of the tavern was used frequently. Apparently, the tavern was also a stop for the Underground Railroad, which assisted in getting slaves into Canada. The Unionville Tavern was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1973. Urbana Fort— During 1812, prior to advancing to Detroit, General William Hull halted at Urbana, where he gathered additional forces. Subsequent to departing Urbana, Hull moved along what was known as the Hull Trail to Toledo and from there into Michigan. Later, he surrendered without a fight at Detroit. Vance Blockhouse— Vance’s Blockhouse was established by Joseph Vance in the vicinity of Logansville in about 1812. At the time, Vance commanded a rifle company which assisted in the construction of the fort. Other blockhouses built at the time along the Greenville Treaty Line included James Manary’s Blockhouse, McPherson’s Blockhouse, and Zanetown Blockhouse. Washington Bottom— During 1770, George Washington departed Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, for Ohio on 17 October and arrived at Washington Bottom opposite Newbury Island on the 27th to check out some property (more than 2,000 acres) which he received in a grant

382 from Lord Dunmore. During the following year, the land was surveyed during June. A house was constructed there at a spot opposite the mouth of the Hocking River for Washington, but it was burned down by Indians. White’s Station— White’s Station was established during 1789 by Captain Jacob White. The station was located outside Cincinnati at a crossing along Mill Creek. During 1792, a road was cut from Cincinnati that led to Ludlow’s Station (Cumminsville) and continued to follow an old Indian trail to White’s Station at upper Carthage. The trail terminated at the mouth of the Miami River. Other stations established in the area included Griffin’s (David Griffin) and Vance’s Station. Also, two settlers, Moses Prior and his brother-in-law, William Goble, were killed during an Indian attack (August 1793). Prior’s widow afterward married Samuel Dunn. The two men were gathering potatoes to transport to General Anthony Wayne’s encampment at the mouth of the Big Miami River. White’s Station was attacked, but the Indians failed to destroy it. Once the Indians withdrew, runners were sent to Columbia, Indiana, about five miles distant, and to Cincinnati, just under 10 miles distant. Reinforcements came from Cincinnati, but the Indians disappeared. Williams Blockhouse— See Mansfield Blockhouses. Wooster Blockhouse— General Beall, after pausing at the Tuscarawas River near present-day Massilon during August 1812, advanced to Wooster and established camp. Initially, until a blockhouse was built, the post was known as Camp Christmas. Beall established a blockhouse. Meanwhile, additional troops continued to arrive at Wooster. From Wooster, General Beall moved farther west to solidify the situations at the various settlements near the border. At about the time Beall’s troops were arriving at Wooster, some families (Zimmer and Copus) came under Indian attack. Troops were dispatched to the scenes, but the Indians had vanished. Workman’s Blockhouse— Joseph and Sarah Workman arrived in present-day Knox County from Maryland during 1812 and settled near Danville (Union Township). The Workmans operated a farm, but at the time, the area was considered dangerous and it was not heavily populated. A blockhouse was constructed on the property to provide protection from Indian raids. Solomon C. Workman, a son of Joseph, had been born in Maryland during 1807, and he too, worked the farm. The blockhouse on the property is sometimes referred to as Solomon Workman’s Blockhouse. Worthington— The Union established recruiting and training camps at Worthington. The Ohio 46th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed there during the period October 16, 1861, through January 28, 1862. Afterward, the regiment moved to Camp Chase, where it remained until 18 February 1862, when it moved into Kentucky. Zanesfield— Zanesfield, originally known as Zane Town, contained several blockhouses during the periods of turbulence with the Indians during the 1700s. The place was named after Isaac Zane. In addition, a trading post was established there by Robert Robitaille during 1793. Zanesville— Zanesville was one of the many towns that retained a military presence during the War of 1812. Governor Meigs was at Zanesville when he was informed of General Hull’s surrender of Detroit during August 1812. Large numbers of the Ohio militia also capitulated at the fall of Detroit, leaving the frontier essentially undefended until new forces could be formed. General Hull was the brother-in-law of Governor Meigs.

383

Camp Mason / OKLAHOMA

OKLAHOMA Boggy Depot Camp— The Confederates established a camp (commissary depot) near Clear Boggy Creek during 1862. The camp was located along the Texas Trail about 15 miles southwest of Atoka. It was on a stretch of the road between Fort Gibson and Fort Washita. Earlier, the Butterfield Overland Mail Route established a stage station there (1858). Coaches passed there en route to San Francisco. Boggy Depot was also, for a while, the temporary capital for the Choctaws, and it was where the Chickasaw tribe was quartered.

Camp Chilocco— Camp Chilocco was established by the U.S. Army in Oklahoma during 1885 during a period when the military was attempting to maintain control while homesteaders were streaming into Oklahoma. The post was located in Oklahoma off present-day Route 77, south of the town of Arkansas City, Kansas.

Camp Arbuckle (Purcell)— The U.S. military established Camp Arbuckle slightly northwest of Byars during August 1850. The post was located along the Fort Smith-Santa Fe Road. A contingent of the U.S. 5th Infantry, led by Captain Randolph B. Marcy, garrisoned the camp. By the following year, due primarily to unsanitary conditions, the post was moved to a point south of Davis about 30 miles distant and it became known as Fort Arbuckle. Not to be confused with Camp Arbuckle (Tulsa). See also Fort Arbuckle (Davis).

Camp Comanche— Camp Comanche was established during 1834 by the U.S. Army. It was one of a series of posts established in the Indian Territory at that time. Camp Comanche, located near Cache Creek at Lawton, was used to house troops that had gotten ill during a campaign. Subsequently, Fort Sill was established there.

Camp Arbuckle (Tulsa)— A military camp known as Camp Arbuckle (also known as Fort Arbuckle) was established outside of Keystone in the vicinity of Tulsa during 1834. Not to be confused with Camp Arbuckle (Purcell) or Fort Arbuckle (Davis). Camp Armstrong— The Confederates established a camp and a hospital at the site of a school that was located several miles northeast of Bokchito in Bryan County. The camp remained active until 1865. Camp Arthur— See Camp Guthrie. Camp at Kingfisher— The U.S. Army established a post in the vicinity of present-day Kingfisher during the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889. The military was required to maintain order and prevent settlers from entering the areas early. A string of outposts was established across Oklahoma during that period. Camp (at) Medicine Bluff— See Fort Sill. Camp at Perryville Depot— See Perryville Depot. Camp Auger— Camp Auger was established by the U.S. Army during 1870. The camp, located about five miles southwest of Grandfield in Tillman County, was abandoned during the following year.

Camp Choctaw— Camp Choctaw was one of a series of posts established in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) by the U.S. Army during 1834. The outpost was located in Stephens County.

Camp Frank— Camp Frank was established during September 1898 slightly southeast of Ardmore (Carter County). The camp was established by troops of Battery G, 1st Artillery, under 2nd Lieutenant T.E. Morrill, from Fort Point in Galveston, Texas, as a temporary post. Camp Guthrie— Camp Guthrie, known also as Camp Arthur and Camp MacArthur, was established in the vicinity of Guthrie during 1889. The post was established to ensure that settlers who attempted to gain lands earlier than legally permitted would be prevented from doing so. The period in Oklahoma was known as the Land Run of 1889. Camp Guthrie was initially within the city of Guthrie, but later it was moved to a nearby location from where the military could better oversee the unassigned territory and maintain order. Camp Guthrie remained active until 1891. After the Land Run began during the spring of 1889, the towns of Guthrie and Oklahoma City were overrun with new settlers. The commanding officer at Camp Guthrie was Captain Arthur MacArthur, the father of General Douglas Mac Arthur. He was succeeded by Captain Harry Givens Cavenaugh during May 1890. As the new citizens settled down, the situation in Oklahoma no longer required the presence of troops. Camp Guthrie was abandoned during June 1890. Camp Holmes— See Fort Holmes. Camp Illinois— Same as Fort Wayne, Oklahoma.

Camp Brasse— The Confederates established Camp Brasse at Cherokee Nation in the vicinity of Tahlequah during 1863.

Camp Imochiah–The Confederates established Camp Imochiah in the territory of the Choctaw Nation during 1863.

Camp Brookin— Camp Brookin was established by the Confederates south of the Canadian River in Haskell County outside Brookin during 1862.

Camp Jackson— The U.S. Army established Camp Jackson in the vicinity of present-day Fort Gibson during 1834. The outpost was one of a chain of posts established in Oklahoma during the Cherokee Removal period.

Camp Canadian— The U.S. Army established Camp Canadian as one of a series of posts established in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during 1834. The outpost was located in Hughes County north of the town of Atwood. Camp Cass— The U.S. Army established Camp Cass as one of a series of outposts in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during 1834. The outpost was located slightly south of Stidham in McIntosh County. Camp Cedar— Camp Cedar was established by the U.S. Army in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) at a spot near the mouth of the Cimarron River during 1834. It was one of a series of outposts established in Oklahoma at that time.

Camp Jumper— The Confederates established Camp Jumper during 1862. The post was located in the vicinity of Eufaula in McIntosh County. Camp Leavenworth–The U.S. Army established Camp Leavenworth in Marshall County about two miles south of Kingston during 1834. The post was one of a group of posts established across Oklahoma during the Cherokee Removal period. Camp MacArthur— See Camp Guthrie. Camp Mason— Camp Mason was established by the U.S. Army northeast of Lexington in Cleveland County during 1835. The post

OKLAHOMA / Camp McDaniel was established for the purpose of gathering the Plains tribes for a parley. Camp Mason, located near Chouteau’s Trading Post, remained active until 1840. Camp McDaniel–Camp McDaniel was established by the Union in the vicinity of present-day Owasso (Tulsa County) during 1861.

384 Camp Washita— Camp Washita was one of a series of posts established across Oklahoma during 1834. It was located in Bryan County near the mouth of the Washita River. Not to be confused with Fort Washita.

Camp (Near) Cheyenne Agency— See Fort Reno.

Camp Wattles— Camp Wattles was established by the Confederates in Mayes County near the mouth of Pryor Creek during 1862. It remained active until the following year.

Camp Nichols— See Fort Nichols.

Camp Wichita— See Fort Sill.

Camp Phoenix— See Fort Towson.

Cantonment— The U.S. Army established a post known as Cantonment (also known as Cantonment on the North Fork of the Canadian River) during 1879. The post, located in Blaine County about five miles northwest of present-day Canton, was established to intercept Indian raiding parties that were crossing into Kansas. The Cantonment remained active until 1882.

Camp Radziminski— The U.S. Army established Camp Radziminski as a temporary post during 1858. The post, known also as Camp on Otter Creek and Otter Creek Station, was located in Kiowa County near Tipton slightly north of Mountain Park. It was established by a contingent of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry led by Major Earl Van Dorn (later a Confederate general). The cavalry had arrived in Oklahoma from Texas in pursuit of the Comanches. Camp Radziminski, named after a Polish officer in the regiment, was abandoned during December 1859, but later, during 1860, Texas Rangers arrived and occupied the post. Camp Rendezvous— Camp Rendezvous was established by the U.S. Army during 1834 at a place slightly less than 20 miles from Fort Gibson. The outpost was one of a group of posts that were established across Oklahoma during the Cherokee Removal period. Camp Robinson— Camp Robinson was established by the U.S. Army during 1871 in the vicinity of Tipton near the site of former Camp Radziminski at Otter Creek. Camp Ross— Camp Ross was established during 1863 by the Confederates. The post was located in Cherokee County. Camp Russell— Camp Russell, named in honor of Captain G.B. Russell, 10th U.S. Infantry Regiment, was established by the U.S. Army during 1883 along the Cimarron River in the vicinity of Guthrie. The post was used to support the forces need to oversee the unassigned lands in central Oklahoma. Camp Russell was a support post for Fort Reno, which was garrisoned by the U.S. Colored 9th Cavalry Regiment. During December 1884, a large group of “Boomers” were discovered at Stillwater. Troops were dispatched there and afterward, during January 1885, the people at Stillwater were escorted back to Kansas. Subsequently, the troops at Camp Russell abandoned Camp Russell and moved to Fort Reno. Camp Schofield— Camp Schofield, named in honor of General John Schofield, general in chief of the U.S. Army, was established several miles of Chilocco in Kay County during September 1889 for the purpose of holding a massive training maneuver including infantry and cavalry units. The exercise had been ordered by General Wesley Merritt, the commanding officer of the Department of Missouri, during July of that same year. In addition to troops from Oklahoma, infantry units arrived from Colorado (Forts Crawford, Lyon and Logan), and from Kansas (Forts Hays, Leavenworth and Riley) cavalry troops arrived, along with artillery units and infantry contingents. Merritt’s directive also included infantry units from Arkansas (Little Rock Barracks) and Illinois (Fort Sheridan). Cavalry units from Fort Elliott, Texas, also participated. The training maneuvers lasted more than one week and afterward, the full complement of more than 1,500 troops passed in review. On 11 October 1889, the war games ended and the units returned to their respective bases. Camp Steel— Camp Steel was established by the Confederates at Choctaw Nation during the winter of 1862 near Fort Smith. Camp Supply— See Fort Supply.

Cantonment Davis— See Fort Davis. Cantonment Gibson— See Fort Gibson. Cantonment on the North Fork of the Canadian River— See Cantonment, Oklahoma. Cantonment Towson— See Fort Towson. Chickasaw Agency Post— The U.S. Army established a temporary post at the Chickasaw Agency during 1834. Chouteau’s Creek— The U.S. Army established a temporary outpost at Chouteau’s Creek in the vicinity of Cherokee (Alfalfa County) during 1838. Chouteau’s Post— During August 1817, A.P. Chouteau and a partner, Joseph Revoir, received permission from the authorities (Missouri Territory) to establish a trading post in Oklahoma. The post (Osage Outfit) was located in an area known as the Three Rivers and was erected along the Neosho River slightly north of Saline Creek. Chouteau actually remained in St. Louis while Revoir ran the post. Subsequently, during 1821, Revoir and his wife, an Osage Indian, were killed by Cherokee Indians. The death of Revoir prompted Chouteau to move to Oklahoma to take over the day-to-day operations of the post. Once there, he constructed a residence which he named La Grand Saline. A reconstructed trading post and museum are now at Salina. For more information: Chouteau Memorial, 420 Ferry Street, P.O. Box 1330, Salina, Oklahoma 74365. Depot on the North Canadian— See Fort Supply. Edwards’ Trading Post— See Fort Edwards. Fort Arbuckle (Davis)— During April 1851, a contingent of U.S. troops (5th Infantry) under Captain Randolph B. Marcy established Fort Arbuckle, named in honor of General Matthew Arbuckle (commanding officer of Department of the Missouri until his demise on 11 April 1851). The fort was constructed near the town of Davis in the vicinity of the Arbuckle Mountains (formerly Washita Mountains) in Garvin County. A small garrison (Camp Arbuckle), composed of tents rather than a stockade, had earlier existed in the vicinity of the Canadian River near Purcell. When the army abandoned it (Camp Arbuckle), the site became a camp for some Delaware Indians including Black Beaver, an Indian scout. Yet, another Fort (Camp) Arbuckle had been in existence during 1834 near the presentday city of Tulsa. By June 1851, the 5th Infantry was relieved by the U.S. 7th Infantry, which had been Arbuckle’s command. In conjunction, the troops stationed at Fort Arbuckle were often engaged with hostile Quohada Comanches and Kiowas. Expeditions were frequently initiated against them. Troops moved into Texas, New Mexico and Mexico to discover and destroy the bands. However, in addition to the conflicts with the Comanches and Kiowas, the garrison

385 also held responsibility for safety of the wagon trains that passed through the region on their westward journeys. At the time, there were also friendly Indians in the region and they received protection from the U.S. military. Those tribes included the Chickasaws, Chocktaws, Delawares, Caddos, Wichita and some friendly Comanches, the Penetkas. During February 1858, the fort was temporarily abandoned when the 7th Infantry moved to Fort Smith. Toward the latter part of June 1858, elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry, led by Lieutenant James E. Powell, reoccupied the post. After the outbreak of the Civil War (1861), the U.S. forces abandoned the Indian Territory. For awhile, Confederate troops (including their Chickasaw allies) occupied Fort Arbuckle. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the U.S. reoccupied the fort. It was garrisoned by the U.S. Colored 10th Cavalry, known by the Indians as Buffalo Soldiers. In conjunction, the garrison at Fort Arbuckle transferred to Fort Sill during 1870. A cemetery established at Fort Arbuckle was relocated at Fort Gibson (Fort Gibson National Cemetery). For more information: Arbuckle Historical Museum, 12 Main, Santa Fe Depot, Davis, Oklahoma 73030. Fort Arbuckle (Tulsa)— See Camp Arbuckle (Tulsa). Not to be confused with Fort Arbuckle (Davis). Fort Blunt— See Fort Gibson. Fort Cobb— The U.S. Army established Fort Cobb during October 1859 with a contingent of troops from Fort Arbuckle that was led by Major William Emory. The fort was established near the convergence of Pound Creek and the Washita River at present-day Fort Cobb (Caddo County) during October 1859. When Fort Cobb was established, Camp Radziminski was abandoned. Fort Cobb remained active until 1861 when the Civil War erupted and Union forces abandoned the Indian Territory for other U.S. duty stations. Some of the troops at Fort Cobb redeployed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Meanwhile, Confederate troops temporarily occupied the fort, but trouble erupted in the region between the Indians. The Confederates, shortly after the massacre at the Wichita Agency during October 1862, abandoned the post. The massacre occurred when the Tonkawa tribe at the Wichita Agency and several whites were attacked by a group of Delawares and Shawnees that had recently traveled into Oklahoma from Kansas. The Indians attempted to surround the agency. The Tonkawa Indians fled the reservation and were later intercepted and many were killed. At the agency, the four white men were killed. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, U.S. forces again garrisoned the fort, during 1868. General William Tecumseh Sherman, the commander of the Department of Missouri at the time, selected Brigadier General William B. Hazen to command the southern Indian District and Hazen was directed to establish his headquarters at Fort Cobb. Meanwhile, the Indians friendly to the Americans were told to remain in certain regions to avoid being inadvertently caught in the middle of the operations of General Philip Sheridan to eliminate the hostile Indians. The troops at Fort Cobb maintained the area and concentrated on supplying the friendly Indians with supplies and food. The campaign was initiated primarily against roving bands of Arapaho and Cheyenne who had been plundering in Kansas and Texas. A contingent of troops from Fort Arbuckle arrived to garrison Fort Cobb during October 1868. During November 1868, the 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer defeated the Cheyenne under Chief Black Kettle at the Battle of Washita. Sheridan’s forces arrived at Fort Cobb during December. Two Kiowa chiefs, Santanta and Long Wolf, were held at Fort Cobb as an inducement for other Kiowas to give up the fight and turn themselves in at the post. December 1818 was not especially pleasant in Oklahoma, particularly for the newly arrived troops. They were plagued with inclement weather that inundated their

Fort Gibson / OKLAHOMA camp and ravaged their living areas, prompting General Sheridan to seek a new location for a fort. A contingent under Colonel Benjamin Grierson was dispatched to find a new location farther south and in closer proximity to the border with Texas. Grierson moved to a spot in the vicinity of Medicine Bluff, which was near the Comanche and Kiowa Reservation, and established Camp Wichita, which later became Fort Sill. During 1869, Fort Cobb was abandoned and the garrison relocated at Fort Sill. Fort Coffee— The U.S. Army established Fort Coffee, named in honor of a renowned Tennessean, General John Coffee, at a point near the Arkansas River known as Swallow Rock during 1834. The post was located in the Choctaw Nation, along the Butterfield Overland Stage Route, less than 10 miles outside the town of Spiro (Le Fore County). Fort Coffee remained active until about 1838. In conjunction, General Coffee had served with General (later President) Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812. Fort Davis —Fort Davis, known also as Cantonment Davis, was established by the Confederates during November 1861 in Muskogee County slightly north of Bacone College. The post was named in honor of Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Confederate general Albert Pike ordered the establishment of the post at a spot along the south bank of the Arkansas River in close proximity to what was known as the Texas Road. Fort Davis had no stockade; rather, its structures were protected by an ancient mound that kept the complex from view, yet gave the garrison a wide view of the approaches. In addition to Confederate troops based there, Indian allies were also at the post. The fort was abandoned during 1862. After abandoning Fort Davis, the Confederates moved southward and established Fort McCulloch at Choctaw Nation. In conjunction, Union troops arrived at Fort Davis after it was abandoned by the main body and seized it without a struggle on 27 December 1862. The fort complex, composed of more than 10 structures, was burned by the Union. The site of Fort Davis was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. Fort Edwards— Fort Edwards was actually a trading post known as Edwards’ Trading Post. It was established in Hughes County along the Little River near Fentress (later Holdenville) by James Edwards. The trading post was in close proximity to Fort Holmes, which was established at the mouth of the Little River during 1834. Fort Gibson— During April, 1824, the U.S. Army established Cantonment Gibson (Fort Gibson), later Fort Blunt, near present-day Fort Gibson (Muskogee County). The post, initially known as Cantonment Gibson, was named for Colonel George Gibson (commanding officer of the Army Commissary at the time). It was later moved to a new and more elevated nearby position to avoid floods that frequently struck the area. Fort Gibson was the initial federal fort established in the Indian Territory. During 1831, the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment established its headquarters at Fort Gibson and afterward, during 1832, mounted rangers arrived at the post. In conjunction, during 14 February 1833, a treaty (of Fort Gibson) was consummated between the U.S. government and the Creeks (Seminoles) and Western Cherokee. The treaty called for the Indians to depart Florida for Oklahoma. Not all the chiefs supported the agreement. By 1833, dragoons arrived to relive the mounted rangers. During 1834, in accordance with the Cherokee Removal Act, the Cherokee tribe relinquished its lands in Georgia and Tennessee and agreed to relocate in the Indian Territory. The Cherokee Nation established its new capital at Tahlequah, which was located northeast of Fort Gibson. The post was used to oversee and administer the relocation of the tribes (Five Civilized Tribes). The fort remained active until 1857, when it was turned over to the Cherokee Nation. Subsequently, during 1863, the fort again received federal troops when Union forces

OKLAHOMA / Fort Holmes occupied it and renamed it Fort Blunt in honor of General J.G. Blunt. The Confederates attempted to gain it but failed after they were defeated at the Battle of Honey Springs on 17 July 1863. The fort was abandoned during 1890, but by 1871, the post garrison had been greatly reduced due to a lessening of problems in the region and the addition of other posts. Fort Gibson by the 1870s was essentially being used as a supply depot, but its troops also held responsibility for eliminating a new threat, the arrival of outlaws and bandits. Other problems facing the troops included illegal squatters. The fort site is now part of Fort Gibson Military Park, 110 E Ash Avenue, Fort Gibson, Oklahoma. A reconstructed fort is in the park. Fort Holmes— The U.S. Army (Henry Dodge’s Dragoon Expedition) established Fort Holmes in the vicinity of the Little River near Holdenville (Hughes County) during 1834. The fort was named in honor of an army officer, Theophilus H. Holmes (West Point class of 1829). It remained active as a support post for Fort Gibson, but it was abandoned by the early 1850s. In conjunction, the fort’s namesake later resigned from the U.S. Army to join the Confederacy as a brigadier general (later lieutenant general) during June 1861. Holmes was a classmate of Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Joseph Eggleston Johnston. Fort McCulloch— Fort McCulloch, named in honor of Confederate general Benjamin McCulloch, was established by the Confederates during 1862. McCulloch had been killed at the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas. The post was established after the Confederates, under General Albert Pike, abandoned Fort Davis. The post remained active until 1865, the year the conflict ended; however, it was not built as a permanent post as no structures were built there. It was protected by breastworks. The troops, which included artillerymen, infantry and cavalry, lived in tents. The fort, during its period of operation, was not challenged by the Union. The fort was located along the Blue River a few miles southwest of Kenific in the vicinity of Nail’s Crossing (Bryan County). The garrison held a dominant position above the Missouri-Texas Road that crossed the river at Nail’s Crossing. The site of Fort McCulloch (on private property) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. Also, Colonel Stand Watie, three-quarters Cherokee, became a brigadier general in the Confederacy during 1864. He was based at Fort McCulloch during 1865 and it is thought that he surrendered during June of that year. Watie, following the conclusion of the conflict, returned to the life of a planter. He succumbed in Delaware County during September 1871 and was buried in Old Ridge Cemetery. Fort Nichols— Fort Nichols, initially known as Camp Nichols, was established by volunteer troops under Colonel Kit Carson during 1865 in the vicinity of Kenton. The post was established as a temporary installation along the Santa Fe Trail to provide protection for wagon trains moving through the region toward either Fort Dodge or Fort Larned in Kansas. Wagon trains that paused at Fort Nichols received military escorts to ensure the journey would be completed with less chance of an Indian attack. The escorts, at journey’s end, would then travel with wagons heading westward, accompanying them to Fort Nichols, from where they would continue toward Fort Union or the Santa Fe, New Mexico, region. The fort was abandoned during November 1865. Fort Reno— Fort Reno, initially known as the Camp Near Cheyenne Agency, was established during 1874 to provide protection for the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency (Darlington Agency) in the vicinity of present-day El Reno (Canadian County). At the time there was turbulence in the region. An uprising was suppressed and slightly more than 30 Indians were confined and taken to Florida, where they were imprisoned at Fort Marion. Subsequently, some of the prison-

386 ers, after their release, returned to Oklahoma and signed on as scouts for the U.S. Army. Fort Reno was never under serious threat of attack; however, during 1875, a minor skirmish, remembered as the Battle of Sand Hill, did occur near the fort. The action cost the lives of one trooper, one civilian and one scout. The three men were interred at a nearby cemetery. The post was renamed Fort Reno in honor of General Jesse Reno during 1876. The post was garrisoned by infantry and cavalry units. During 1885, President Grover Cleveland authorized reinforcements for Fort Reno. During July of that same year, General Philip Sheridan arrived at the fort. A log cabin constructed for Sheridan became known as Sheridan’s Headquarters. The cabin is now part of the Canadian County Historical Museum. Fort Reno played a part during the times of turbulence on the Great Plains, and afterward, the post continued to remain active. The garrison played a part during the Great Land Run during 1889 and with later similar events during 1892 and 1894. Fort Reno was deactivated during 1907. Subsequently, during the following year, the post was transformed into a U.S. Army Remount Station, which continued in operation until 1947. One of the horses born at Fort Reno which later rose to fame was Black Jack, the horse who participated in the funeral procession of President John F. Kennedy. Black Jack moved along the procession route with an empty saddle. The animals (horses and mules) were domesticated there and shipped to various points throughout both world wars. Also, during World War II, German and Italian POWs were held at Fort Reno. While under confinement, those German prisoners constructed a chapel that stands in close proximity to Fort Reno’s parade field. More than 1,000 POWs were held at the fort and only one succumbed while in captivity; however, a nearby POW cemetery was the place of interment for about 70 POWs. Prisoners from other installations in Oklahoma and Texas who had succumbed were moved there and interred. For more information: Fort Reno Visitor Center, 7107 West Cheyenne Street, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036. Fort Sill— Fort Sill, initially known as Camp Wichita (and also referred to as Camp at Medicine Bluff ), was established by General Philip Sheridan during 1869 in the vicinity of Lawton (Comanche County). The fort was established to support Sheridan’s campaign into the Indian Territory to eliminate the hostile tribes that were raiding Kansas and Texas. General Sheridan arrived at the site of the camp during January and his force included six regiments of cavalry. The fort was named Fort Sill by Sheridan in honor of General Joshua Woodrow Sill, who was at killed at Murfreesboro during December 1862. In conjunction, the night before the battle, Sill had inadvertently picked up Sheridan’s coat rather than his own and was wearing it when he was slain. Colonel Benjamin Henry Grierson was the initial commander at the post. A general uprising occurred during 1874 and the U.S. Army intensified its efforts to eliminate the hostile Indians, including Southern Cheyenne, Comanche and Kiowa. The open warfare continued from June 1874 until June of the following year. The campaign is remembered as the Red River Campaign. While the military pursued the Indians, the buffalo continued to be slaughtered, taking away the Indians’ food supply. The Comanches under Quanah Parker resisted until June 1875, but faced with few options, Parker surrendered, essentially terminating the hostility on the south Plains. After the region became more tranquil, Fort Sill continued to remain active, protecting the Indians in the region. Later during 1894, Geronimo, who had surrendered for the third and final time during 1886 (and never been captured) was taken to Fort Sill. Slightly more than 300 other Apaches were also brought to the post. By that time, the threat of Geronimo rising again had dissipated and he along with the other Apaches lived in a village there. Geronimo also received permission to join with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West Show. Geronimo, who also visited with President

387 Theodore Roosevelt, succumbed during 1909. He was interred at Fort Sill. In the meantime, as the twentieth century emerged, the role of the U.S. Cavalry was diminished and the post was transformed into an artillery post, which remains active. Artillery units began operating at Fort Sill during 1902 and the U.S. Cavalry departed during May 1907. The U.S. Field Artillery School at the post is also utilized by the U.S. Marine Corps. Fort Sill continues the tradition of the U.S. Army and although the U.S. Cavalry has long since retired, the legacy of the cavalry regiments that served at Fort Sill continues to be an inspiration. In conjunction, Camp Doniphan was located at Fort Sill during 1917 (World War I). For more information: Fort Sill Museum (U.S. Army Field Artillery), Fort Sill, Oklahoma 73503. Fort Sill is located approximately 100 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. This military reservation encompasses 94,000 acres. The museum, which preserves the past of old Fort Sill, displays many artifacts of interest. Several of the original buildings have been preserved. Fort Spunky— Fort Spunky was a fortified farmhouse along Spunky Creek in the vicinity of Catoosa, outside Tulsa. The station was a stage stop along the Star Mail Route prior to the arrival of the train. A farmhouse is on the site of the old station and it is thought that the chimney is from the original building. The exact dates of the existence of the station are unknown. Fort Supply— Fort Supply, initially known as Camp Supply (and also known as Depot on the North Canadian), was established during November 1868 in the vicinity of present-day Fort Supply, Woodward County. Fort Supply was one of a series of posts established in the south Plains during General Sheridan’s campaign against the Indians in Oklahoma that were raiding Texas and Kansas. The 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, had been at Fort Supply prior to advancing against the Cheyenne Indians at the Battle of Washita during the latter part of November 1868. The post remained active until 1894 and was composed of nearly 100 buildings. During 1878, the post became Fort Supply. While it was active, Fort Supply participated in the action to maintain peace with the various tribes and later it was involved with maintaining order between the Indians and the cattlemen who settled in the region. Another responsibility was helping to maintain order during the several land lotteries beginning during 1889. The Department of the Interior assumed responsibility for the post during February 1895. By May 1908, the post was being used as a hospital (Western Oklahoma Hospital). A reconstructed fort is located at the Fort Supply Historical Site. Several of the original buildings still exist. The complex is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. During 1971, the Fort Supply site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Towson— The U.S. Army established Fort Towson just outside (northeast) of present-day Fort Towson during 1824. The post was also known as Camp Phoenix and Cantonment Towson. The post was constructed to provide some security to the Choctaw Indians in the area. At the time, the post was considered a border post between U.S. Territory and Texas; the latter at the time was part of Mexico. The post was relocated to Gates Creek during 1831. It remained active until 1854; however, later, after the outbreak of the Civil War, Confederates occupied it from about 1863–1865. In conjunction, the Fort Towson site is now a Historic Site and Military Park, but only traces of the fort remain. A reconstructed sutler’s building is at the park. Fort Washita— The U.S. Army established Fort Washita northwest of the town of Durant in the vicinity of Lake Texoma as a support post for Fort Gibson during April 1842. The fort remained active until the evacuation of U.S. troops from the Indian Territory dur-

Sewell’s Stockade / OKLAHOMA ing 1861 in conjunction with the outbreak of the Civil War. At the initial outbreak of the Civil War, the Union forces in the Indian Territory were attempting to forestall the Confederates; however, Lieutenant Colonel (later General) William H. Emory lacked sufficient forces. He gathered a force at the Red River, but orders arrived to abandon the area. Emory moved from Fort Washita to Fort Cobb and from there to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. In conjunction, subsequent to its abandonment, Confederate troops occupied it. The post was located in the northwestern sector of Bryan County, slightly more than 10 miles from the mouth of the Washita River, and was built to provide protection for the Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians in the area. Some of the buildings have been reconstructed. Fort Wayne— Fort Wayne, named in honor of General Anthony Wayne, was established by the U.S. Army during 1838. The post, also known as Camp Illinois, was located east of the town of Watts in Adair County near the border with Arkansas. Fort Wayne was abandoned during 1842; however, later, during the Civil War it was reactivated. Confederates occupied the post. During 1862, a Union force under General James G. Blunt engaged and defeated a Confederate force north of the Boston Mountains under Colonel Douglas H. Cooper at Beatties’ Prairie in the vicinity of the fort on 22 October 1862. At the time, Cooper’s forces had been at Fort Wayne, but the main body of Confederates was at Huntsville, Arkansas. The Union gave pursuit and the Confederates lost much of their supplies. The Confederates moved to the Arkansas River, but the weather had become inclement and they had lost all their wagons. A historical marker stands near the town of Watts to commemorate Fort Wayne. Note : Records with the Oklahoma Historical Society and other sources indicate Fort Wayne (same as Camp Illinois) being established in Adair County (Section 1, T19N, R26E) during 1838 and another Fort Wayne is listed as being established in the vicinity of Spavinaw in Mayes County (Section 28, T22N, R25E) during 1839. Apparently, the post was relocated to a more suitable location due to unsanitary conditions. Mason’s Fort— See Camp Mason. Neosho Post— During 1829, Sam Houston resigned his position as governor of Tennessee and relocated in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Houston, who had previously spent time among the Cherokee, established a trading business near the Neosho River in eastern Oklahoma in the vicinity of Fort Gibson. He built a home of logs which became known as Neosho Post and as Wigwam Neosho. Houston married Tiana Rogers (second wife), a Cherokee, but later, when he departed for Texas (1833), the marriage had ended. Perryville Depot— The Confederates established Perryville Depot (known also as Camp at Perryville Depot) several miles south of McAlister in Pittsburg County during 1862. The Confederates used the post as a primary supply center in the Indian Territory, which had been abandoned by the Union during 1861. The depot was located along the Texas Road between Boggy Depot and Scullyville (Northfork Town). The Union attacked and destroyed the post during August 1863. The Confederates, after resisting for about one hour and without any reinforcements, withdrew, leaving most of their supplies behind. Pond Creek Station— See Sewell’s Stockade. Sewell’s Stockade— Sewell’s Stockade was established in Grant County in the vicinity of Jefferson (initially known as Pond Creek Station) during the 1870s. The stockade was along the Chisholm Trail near the border with Kansas and was used as a stopping point for the cowboys that drove their herds into Kansas. The stockade also acted as a station that provided protection from attack by Osage Indians.

388

OKLAHOMA / Sheridan’s Roost Sheridan’s Roost— During General Sheridan’s campaign against the Indians (winter 1868–1869), Sheridan selected a site as a camp in present-day Major County during the latter part of December 1868, but the camp was used for a turkey shoot. The camp was located on

the North Fork of the Canadian River and it is still referred to as Sheridan’s Roost. Sheridan was en route to Fort Sill when he paused at Sheridan’s Roost.

OREGON Adobe Camp— A contingent, Company H, 1st Oregon Volunteers Infantry, led by Captain L.L. Williams, established a minor post known as Adobe Camp in the vicinity of the Silvies River in Harney County during 1865.

Cabins were built at Auburn and a blockhouse was constructed by 1862. The region flourished for a while, but later, gold was discovered in Idaho and the area declined in population.

Astoria Post— During 1811, John Jacob Astor established a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River at Astoria. Astor had already become a prominent trader along the Great Lakes, but his Pacific Fur Company faced obstacles that shortened the life of the endeavor. His thoughts of initiating trade with the Orient never came to fruition. At the time, Astor, an American, faced others who were attempting to gain footholds in the area, including the English and the Russians. During 1812, when the conflict broke out with England, British warships controlled the area and it became impossible to resupply Astoria. The trading post was at that time acquired by Canadians (Northwest Company). The post, which came to be also known as Fort George, was later acquired by the Hudson Bay Company. Meanwhile, the U.S., England, Spain and Russia each coveted the Pacific Northwest, but it was the British who held the dominant position. Subsequent to the War of 1812, during 1818, the British relinquished control of the fort to the U.S., but the British continued to control the fur trade in the region until the 1840s.

Battery (James Pratt Battery)— See Fort Stevens.

Auburn Blockhouse— Subsequent to the discovery of gold in what was known as the Baker County area of Oregon during 1861 by Henry Griffin and David Littlefield, prospectors began arriving.

Battery (Constant Freeman Battery)— See Fort Stevens. Battery Leverett Walker— See Fort Stevens. Battery Lyman Mishler— See Fort Stevens. Battery Meriwether Lewis— See Fort Stevens. Battery # 245— See Fort Stevens. Battery Russell— See Fort Stevens. Battery West (West Battery)— See Fort Stevens. Battery William Clark— See Fort Stevens. Camp Alden— Captain Bradford Alden led a contingent of troops from Fort Jones, California, to the region near Table Rock during 1853. He gathered volunteers at Jacksonville and mustered them into the service at a camp known as Camp Stewart. Upon the arrival of General Lane shortly thereafter, Fort Lane was established. See also Camp Stewart. Camp Alvord— Camp Alvord was established by the Union in Malheur County near Alvord Lake by Oregon Volunteer troops. During 1866, the troops established Camp C.F. Smith and abandoned Camp Alvord. Camp Baker— Camp Baker was established by the Union at Phoenix during the 1860s by Oregon volunteers. Camp Barlow— Camp Barlow, in the vicinity of Oregon City, was established as a temporary camp for Oregon Volunteers during 1862. It was replaced by Camp Clackamas. Camp C.F. Smith— A contingent of troops from Camp Alvord established Camp C.F. Smith in Harney County near Whitehorse Creek. In conjunction, Camp Alvord was abandoned when the new camp was built. Camp C.F. Smith remained active until 1869.

Astoria Post, Oregon — Illustration, Sparks History of U.S., 1904

Camp Clackamas— Camp Clackamas was established as a temporary Civil War training camp. The post replaced another temporary post, Camp Barlow, also in Oregon City.

389 Camp Colfax— A contingent of Oregon Volunteer Infantry established Camp Colfax in the vicinity of Ironside Mountain. The post was located along the Military Road that stretched from Fort Boise (Idaho) to Fort Dalles in Oregon. From Camp Colfax, the route moved to Camp Logan and from there to Camp Lincoln, and beyond Rock Creek it moved alongside the John Day River to Camp Watson before reaching The Dalles. Camp Colfax remained active until 1867, but it was not always garrisoned during that time period. Camp Currey— Camp Currey was established at Indian Springs in Harney County during 1865. Troops from Washington and California Volunteer units as well as Oregon Volunteers were based there. The post was abandoned during the spring of the following year. See also Camp Dahlgren. Camp Curry— See Camp Currey. Camp Dahlgren— Camp Dahlgren was established in the vicinity of Paulina during 1864 as one of a series of temporary posts built east of the Cascades by Oregon Volunteer troops. Due to gold discoveries at several places, including the area near Canyon City, the John Day River and the Powder River area near the eastern side of the Blue Mountains, the region had overflowed with prospectors. Other temporary camps included Camp Currey, Camp Gibbs, Camp Henderson and Camp Maury. Following the establishment of the temporary posts, the troops also established Camp Watson. The soldiers (Oregon Volunteer infantry and cavalry) initiated missions to eliminate problems with the Paiute Indians, but most missions failed to discover the Indians, who were able to conceal their positions from their pursuers. Camp Drum— See Fort Dalles. Camp Gibbs— Camp Gibbs, established at Drake Creek in Crook County, was one of several temporary posts established by the military (Oregon Volunteers) during 1864. See also Camp Dahlgren. Camp Gordon— Camp Gordon was established by the military in the vicinity of Azalea in Douglas County during the 1850s. Camp Harney— Camp Harney, initially known as Camp Steele, was established during August 1867 near the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek. The post was changed from Camp Harney to Fort Harney; however, the exact time of the change is unknown. Harney County records indicate it might have been as early as one month after becoming Camp Harney; however, other sources list it as being much later. During the Bannock War (1878), the post was referred to as Camp Harney. The Paiute medicine man and leader Oytes surrendered on 12 August 1878, essentially terminating the Paiute resistance. The Paiutes were confined at Camp Harney and afterward placed at the Yakima Reservation. Also, the Bannocks were held until the spring of 1879 and then returned to their reservation on the Upper Snake River. Camp (Fort Harney) Harney remained active until 1880. Camp Lincoln— Camp Lincoln, a temporary post, was established near Canyon City at present-day Daysville during 1864. The post was located along the Military Road that stretched from Fort Boise in Idaho to The Dalles. From Camp Lincoln the road led to Camp Watson. Elements of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Cavalry were based at Camp Lincoln. A contingent of the cavalry departed the post on 24 March on a mission against hostile Indians. The operation ended during mid–April. Only one skirmish occurred, on 7 April, near Harney Lake. Camp Logan— Camp Logan was established near Strawberry Creek near the John Day River during 1866. The post was established in place of Camp Watson, which was abandoned. A contingent of Oregon troops (cavalry and infantry) were based there.

Camp Stewart / OREGON Camp Maury— Camp Maury was established as a temporary post in Crook County west of Rimrock Creek on the southeast side of Maury Creek. Camp McDowell— Camp McDowell was set up as a temporary camp during 1865 in the vicinity of Ukiah in Umatilla County. Camp McKinley— Camp McKinley was established in Portland during April 1898. The Oregon National Guard established the post on the grounds of a racetrack in Irvington Park (Northeast 7th Avenue between Northeast Brazee and Northeast Fremont Streets). The Oregon 2nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into federal service there during early May 1898. The camp was abandoned later that same month. Camp Polk— Camp Polk was established by Oregon Volunteer troops during 1865 at a spot near Squaw Creek several miles outside Sisters. A contingent of the 1st Oregon Infantry Regiment, led by Captain Charles LaFollette, based at Fort Yamhill, constructed the post, which was composed of eight structures. It was to be used as a base of operations against the hostile Indians in the region; however, prior to initiating a winter expedition, orders arrived to muster out all volunteers, essentially terminating the operation. The camp remained active until the spring of 1866. Subsequently, during 1879, the site was acquired by Samuel Hindman. Later, the area became heavily settled and much traffic (cattle and sheep) moved through the area over the Santiam Pass. Camp Russell— Camp Russell was established by Oregon Volunteer troops during 1864 in the vicinity of Salem. The post remained active through 1865; however, elements of the Oregon 1st Infantry Regiment were mustering out of the regiment at Salem during June of 1866. Camp Steele— See Camp Harney. Camp Stewart— During the spring of 1853, problems developed between miners and Indians in Oregon. Following the deaths of two miners by Indians who killed them in their cabin near Cow Creek, the situation began to worsen. The Indians were captured and tried, convicted and hanged. By August, more hostility erupted and additional men were slain in the vicinity of Jacksonville, prompting an urgent call for help from the military. Meanwhile, the Rogue River Indians continued to gather at Table Rock, where they decided upon war against the settlers. Captain Alden received the plea for help while he was at Fort Jones (California), but he had only about 10 soldiers. Nevertheless, he set out to quash the problem and en route, at Yreka, California, he gathered a volunteer company of about 80 soldiers. Soon after, he arrived at Jacksonville and by 11 August, two additional companies of volunteers were raised and formed at Camp Stewart. Other volunteers arrived, enlarging his force to about 200 troops. Alden prepared to raid the Indians at the camp, but word spread that the Indians were attacking various points across the Rogue River Valley, prompting some of his force to leave camp and speed to their homes to defend them against attack. On 17 August, a contingent of the volunteers from California spotted an Indian encampment at Evans Creek. A skirmish developed and the unit under Lieutenant Ely became encircled. A runner that had gone for reinforcements got through safely and when the relief force arrived, the Indians retired. General Joseph Lane arrived on 20 August and assumed command of the force. On 22 August, the Americans intercepted the Indians and a fight ensued, but the troops were unable to push the Indians from their positions. General Lane was severely wounded during the fighting. A parley was called by the Indians and afterward a treaty was consummated on 10 September 1853 at Table Rock. After the signing of the treaty, Fort Lane was established at Table Rock, eliminating the need for the temporary camp (Camp Stewart).

OREGON / Camp Stuart Camp Stuart— Camp Stuart was a temporary post established in the vicinity of Medford ( Jackson County) during 1851. Camp Warner— Camp Warner, known also as Fort Warner, was established during 1866 in the vicinity of Valley Falls. The post was relocated the following year to a location west of Warner Lake. Troops based at Camp Warner participated in the Modoc War. Camp Warner was abandoned during the 1870s, in about 1874. Camp Watson— Camp Watson, a stockade fort, was established near the Deschutes River in the vicinity of present-day Mitchell by a contingent of the First Oregon Volunteer Cavalry. Camp Watson was located in Wheeler County in the Blue Mountains about midway between Mitchell and Antone along a route running between Canyon City and The Dalles. The post was in the region of the Snake Indian Nation. During the spring of 1864, an expedition (Crooked River Expedition) departed Fort Dalles in search of hostile Indians. On 17 May, scouts with the force spotted an Indian camp and afterward, a contingent was sent against it, but the party was defeated and three men, including Lieutenant Stephen Watson, were killed. About seven other troopers were wounded. Soon after, during July, Camp Watson was constructed by Company B, 1st Oregon Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The contingent was led by Captain Richard S. Caldwell. The post was initially at Rock Creek, but later, during the autumn of that same year, Captain Henry C. Small arrived to relive Caldwell. Afterward, the camp was moved to a nearby location near Fort Creek. Camp Wright— Camp Wright, named in honor of General George Wright, was established near the Silvies River during 1865–1866. The post, near Wright Point, was temporary and used for a few months by Company H, 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Captain L.L. Williams. Fort (at) Point Adams— See Fort Stevens. Fort Birdseye— Fort Birdseye was established as a settlers’ fort about 1856. It was located in the vicinity of Rogue River. During 1929, the Crater Lake Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a monument in commemoration of the fort. Fort Briggs— Fort Briggs, named after an Oregon state legislator, was established as a settlers’ fort below Cave Junction during the 1850s in Josephine County. The fort subsequently burned. A Josephine County historical marker was later placed to commemorate the fort. It is one (Number 4) of 34 county historical sites in the county. Fort Champoeg— Fort Champoeg, a trading post, was established in about 1811 by the Pacific Fur Company in the vicinity of presentday Donald. By 1813, the American-held firm sold out to the North-

390 west Fur Company, which later merged with the Hudson Bay Company. The trading post had initially been known also as Fort Wallace and Fort Champooick. In conjunction, when the fur trade began to fall off and settlers moved into the region to establish farms and homes, the town of Champoeg emerged. One of the more famous mountain men, Joe Meeks, became sheriff subsequent to a town meeting held during 1843 to determine whether Oregon should become affiliated with the U.S. or Canada. Canadians and Americans attended the meeting, but the Americans prevailed. The fort site is now part of Champoeg State Park. Fort Champooick— See Fort Champoeg. Fort Clatsop— During the autumn of 1805, the Lewis and Clark expedition advanced to a tributary of the Snake River and after constructing new boats, the party advanced to a point where the river converged with the Columbia River, reaching there on 7 November. A fort (Fort Clatsop) was constructed near the mouth of the Columbia River within view of the Pacific Ocean. The fort remained active until March 1806 when camp was broken and the expedition began the journey back to St. Louis. In conjunction, Fort Clatsop was located about five miles southwest of where Fort Astoria would later be established. A reconstructed fort was built during the 1950s. For more information: Fort Clatsop National Memorial, 92343 Fort Clatsop Road, Astoria, Oregon 97103. Fort Dalles— Subsequent to the Whitman Massacre (1847), the U.S. Army established a fort at The Dalles, essentially the end of the Oregon Trail at a point where settlers transferred from an overland route to a river route to reach Oregon City and other points. The post was established by a contingent of the U.S. Army’s Mounted Rifle Regiment during the spring of 1850. The troops were commanded by Brevet Lieutenant Colonel William W. Loring. Colonel Loring had lost one arm while serving during the Mexican War. During 1856, Loring was promoted to colonel of the regiment; however, during May 1861, Loring resigned his commission to become a brigadier general in the Confederacy. The post was initially known as Camp Drum. It became Fort Dalles during 1853. The garrison was responsible for protecting the travelers who were heading further west. Those pioneers who chose not to travel down the Columbia as far as the mouth of the Willamette River could also continue overland by using the Barlow Trail that moved over Cascade Mountain, but it was a treacherous route. During 1847, a toll road had been opened there and it was a frequent choice. The fort, known as Fort Dalles, was actually an outpost fort, located at the Columbia River opposite the future state of Washington. It was the only military installation standing on the Oregon Trail between the Pacific Ocean and Wyoming at the time, presenting a heavy task for the garrison, which was never fully garrisoned. Fort Dalles remained active until 1867. Some buildings still remain. The Oregon Historical Society Museum is located in the surgeon’s quarters. For more information: Fort Dalles Museum, 500 West 15th Street, The Dalles, Oregon 97058. See also Fort Lee.

Fort Clatsop, Asoria, Oregon — Department of Interior National Memorial NPS

Fort Deposit— A group of pioneers under Sam Barlow departed The Dalles during 1845 after arriving too late to move by bateaux. Barlow attempted to follow an Indian trail to the Cascade Mountains, but once there it became evident that it was not feasible to cross with the wagons. Barlow sent some of the wagons back to The Dalles and the other supplies were left at a camp which they named Fort Deposit. Barlow and another man, Joel Palmer, made it to Eagle Creek. Subsequently, during 1846, Barlow received authorization from the provisional government in Oregon to construct a toll road (Mount Hood Toll Road).

391 Fort Harney— See Camp Harney. Fort Henrietta— During 1855, a period in the Oregon Territory known as the Yakima War, the Utilla Indian agency at the Meadows along the Umatilla River came under attack by a band of Tenino Indians who passed through it while heading northward to support the Yakima Indians against the Americans. Subsequent to the destruction of the agency, a contingent of the U.S. Army (First Oregon Mounted Rifles) led by Major Mark A. Chinn established Fort Henrietta there. The fort was named after the wife of Major Granville Haller, the latter having earlier led his command against Indians in the territory. Fort Henrietta later came under attack on a few occasions, but the Indians failed to destroy it. However, the position remained untenable, prompting the army to abandon it during 1856. Fort Hoskins— Fort Hoskins was established in Benton County in the vicinity of Hoskins during July 1856. The post was constructed by elements of Company H, U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment. At the outbreak of the Civil War, during 1861, regular troops were drained from the West and ordered back to the East. California Volunteer troops were sped to Fort Hoskins and to other posts, including Fort Yamhill and Siletz Blockhouse. Fort Hoskins was named in honor of Lieutenant Charles Hoskins, who had been killed during fighting at the Battle of Monterey (Mexico, September 1846). The post, located along the Luckiamute River near present-day Bonner Creek in Kings Valley, was built to oversee the region near the Coast Range Indian Reservation (Siletz Reservation). Units that garrisoned the post until it was abandoned during 1865 included the U.S. 4th and 9th Infantry Regiments, the 2nd and 4th California Volunteer Infantry Regiments and the 1st Washington Volunteer Infantry Regiment and the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Fort Hoskins Site is located along Hoskins Road, slightly less than two miles west of Kings Valley Highway 223. Fort Klamath— Fort Klamath was established during 1863 by elements of Company C, 1st Oregon Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by Captain William Kelly. The post was located at a place along the trail that ran between Jacksonville and the Upper Klamath Valley. During 1864, a treaty was signed between the U.S. and several tribes, including the Klamath, Modoc and the Snake Indians (Yahooskin). That same year, the Klamath Reservation was established and by terms of the treaty, the Modocs agreed to relinquish their lands near the Lost River and to relocate at the reservation in the Upper Klamath Valley. Nevertheless, some of the Indians were reluctant to give up their lands and despite being a party to the treaty, Captain Jack and a large number of braves resisted. Fort Klamath remained active until 1889. On 9 August 1889, at Fort Klamath, the Stars and Stripes, which had flown as a beacon from a towering 125-foot staff, was officially lowered for the final time since the fort’s establishment during September 1863. The ceremony was conducted by Company I, 14th Infantry Regiment. The fort was abandoned, but a small contingent remained behind as the garrison transferred to Vancouver Barracks in the Washington Territory. In conjunction, Washington became a state during November 1889. The caretaker unit consisted of less than 10 men commanded by Lieutenant William McCammon. During June of the following year, McCammon’s unit departed to join the regiment. For more information: Fort Klamath Museum, 52620 Highway 62, Fort Klamath, Oregon 97626. Fort Lamerick— Fort Lamerick, named in honor of General John K. Lamerick, was established in the vicinity of Big Meadows in Curry County. The post was established during the spring of 1856 and the Indian hostilities (Rogue River Indians) were eliminated in the area during the summer of the same year, ending the necessity of the post. The post was essentially an earthworks protected with some logs.

Fort Orford / OREGON Fort Lane— Fort Lane was established by General Joseph Lane in the vicinity of Table Rock during 1853. The post replaced a temporary post, Camp Stewart. The post was constructed in conjunction with a treaty that had been signed with the Rogue River Indians. Fort Lane remained active until about 1871. See also Camp Stewart. Fort Lee— The Dalles was called Win-Quatt by the Indians. The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the area during October 1805 and paused there at an encampment known as Rock Fort. Following Lewis and Clark, the region near the Columbia River there was visited by fur trappers and many others, including other exploration parties. During the latter part of the 1830s, settlers’ homes were constructed in the area when a Methodist missionary, Jason Lee, arrived. The Methodist mission was known as the Wascopam Mission. During 1847, a measles epidemic swept through the region, killing many. A doctor attempting to forestall more disaster worked among the Indians and the settlers; however, the Indians had no natural immunity to the disease and to them, the missionary, Doctor Whitman, was using medicine that helped only the white people. During the latter part of November, Whitman and others were slain by the Indians and others were taken captive. Militia arrived in the area during January 1848 to provide protection against new attacks. The troops occupied the mission and it became known as Fort Lee and as Fort Wascopam. Later, U.S. regulars arrived at The Dalles while they were en route to Fort Vancouver from Kansas. By March of the following year, the U.S. Army returned to The Dalles and established Camp Drum, later Fort Dalles. See also Fort Dalles. Fort Leland— Fort Leland was actually a fortified tavern, located in Sunny Valley (southern Oregon) north of Grant’s Pass in the vicinity of Grave Creek (initially Woodpile Creek). The tavern was fortified during 1855. In conjunction, earlier, during 1846, a wagon train en route to the Willamette Valley from Fort Hall, Idaho, paused at the creek and while there, one of the children with the families, Martha Leland Crowley, died of typhoid fever. Subsequently, during 1852, when James H. Twogood established his home near the creek, he named it the Grave Creek Ranch in memory of Martha’s death. Later, during April 1856, Twogood’s partner, McDonough Harkness, was killed by Indians. At the time of his death, he was participating with the U.S. Army as a dispatch rider during a period of hostility which had erupted in the region during the previous October. During October of 1855, a fight, known as the Battle of Hungry Hill erupted less than 10 miles from the fort. More than 30 men became casualties (killed, wounded or missing). The tavern-hotel was fortified with a stockade and the military sent troops there to protect the settlers and operate against the Indians. Afterward, the tavern became known as Fort Leland. Subsequently, in about 1860, the Grave Creek Ranch became a stage stop for the California Oregon Stage Coach Line. Fort Miner— During 1855, a group of settlers and miners erected a stockaded fortification in the vicinity of Gold Beach in Curry County. The fort was composed of two cabins encircled by earthworks. During the following year, when an Indian uprising occurred, the fort was used as protection during a siege by the Rogue River Indians. The fort was located along the Coast Road near the Rogue River. Fort Orford— Fort Orford was established near Port Orford during June 1851 by a party led by J.M. Kirkpatrick. The party of miners under Kirkpatrick was reluctant to land as Indians had been sighted and they had no artillery. A gun from the ship was unloaded and a fort was built on the beach near a huge rock. Soon after, the Indians attacked the fort, but the cannon quickly terminated the assault. About two weeks later, the Indians again assaulted the fort, but their second introduction to the cannon was equally deadly and many

OREGON / Fort Stevens more Indians were slain. Although the Americans had been able to withstand the attacks, relief had been delayed as the vessel Sea Gull, with the main body of the party, was still in San Francisco. Meanwhile, provisions had diminished to a dangerous level and ammunition was low. The small party abandoned the fort and escaped to safety. Later, the ship arrived from San Francisco, but the fort was abandoned. Captain Tichenor, aboard the Sea Gull, embarked for Portland and upon arrival he was informed that his men were safe. Shortly thereafter, a second voyage was planned, and with a larger force they returned to the area. At that time ( July), a settlement was built and during the autumn, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Orford, which was used by the military during the Rogue River Indian War. The post was strategically positioned to manage the regions of some of the gold mines in the southern sector of Oregon and in the neighboring northern sector of California. The fort was garrisoned by the U.S. 1st Dragoons under Lieutenant (later General) George Stoneman (West Point class of 1846). During the autumn of 1851, Lieutenant Stoneman led a column from Fort Orford en route to Jacksonville to plan a route for a road to connect the two places. During the expedition, which lasted several weeks, one of the troops inadvertently discovered gold near the Coquille Mountains. The private who discovered the gold, Manley Martin, shared the information and several of the troops marked the area (carved names in trees) so they might later return to the spot. Fort Orford was maintained by the military until the turbulence terminated during 1856. Subsequently, during 1868, the town of Port Orford was devastated by fire and only a few buildings survived. Also, Fort Orford was also referred to as Fort Point. During 1868, at Port Orford, a man named Patrick Hughes purchased a gold mining operation known as Sullivan’s mine near present-day Cape Blanco. Hughes used some of his profits to erect a Catholic church, named Mary, Star of the Sea, on the property during 1893. In conjunction, this Catholic church is separate from the Mary Star of the Sea Catholic Church established at Astoria during 1874. Hughes was later interred in a cemetery near the church. Fort Point (Port Orford)— See Fort Orford. Fort Stevens— Fort Stevens, initially known as Fort at Point Adams, was established in northern Oregon (Clatsop County) during 1852. The post, later known as Fort Stevens, was garrisoned during the Civil War (1863). It was constructed to provide protection against Confederate warships. Fort Stevens remained active until 1947. During World War II, an enemy Japanese submarine actually shelled the area, but no damage was sustained. Fort Stevens was the only continental U.S. military installation to come under attack by an enemy since the close of the War of 1812. Also, toward the latter part of the nineteenth century, the fort’s guns were modernized. The Endicott Batteries were: Battery William Clark (eight 12-inch guns, 1899–1942; during 1918, four guns were transferred to Fort Canby), Battery Lyman Mishler (two 10-inch guns, 1897–1941), West Battery (later Batteries Lewis and Walker), Battery Meriwether Lewis (two 10-inch guns, 1897–1920), Battery Leverett Walker (two 10-inch guns, 1904–1944), Battery Russell (two 10-inch guns, 1904–1944), Battery James Pratt (two 6-inch guns, 1902–1943), Battery Constant Freeman (two 6-inch guns, 1902–1920, and one 3-inch gun, 1902–1920), Battery # 245 (two 6-inch guns, 1944–1947, and two 5-inch guns, naval mounts, and two 3-inch guns, 1902–1920) and AMTB # 6 (two 90-mm, 1943–1946). For more information: Fort Stevens Museum, Fort Stevens State Park, Hammond, Oregon 97121. Fort Umpqua (Elkton)— A trading post known as McKay’s Fort and as Fort Umpqua was established in the vicinity of Elkton during 1832. The trading post was acquired by the Hudson Bay Company. It was repeatedly moved to different locations, but in the same

392 vicinity. The trading post remained active until 1850. The post is not to be confused with Fort Umpqua (Winchester Bay). Fort Umpqua (Winchester Bay)— Fort Umpqua was established by the U.S. Army in the vicinity of Winchester Bay during 1856. The post was established after the hostilities with the Rogue River Indians had subsided. Fort Umpqua remained active until 1862, when it was determined by Colonel Julius Steinberger (District of Oregon, commanding officer) that the post was no longer necessary. Some of the fort’s structures, including its blockhouse, were dismantled and relocated at Gardiner. Fort Vannoy— Fort Vannoy was established by Oregon Volunteers during 1855. The post was located near the south side of the Rogue River about five miles west of Grant’s Pass. The post remained active until 1856. Fort Wallace— See Fort Champoeg. Fort Warner— See Camp Warner. Fort Wascopam— See Fort Lee. Fort William— Fort William was established near Warren Point on Sauve Island by Nathaniel Wyeth during 1834. The endeavor failed and Wyeth abandoned the island, but subsequently, others arrived. John McLoughlin (Hudson Bay Company) arrived and established dairies there. Fort Yamhill— During 1856, settlers in the vicinity of present-day Sheridan established Fort Yamhill during a period of turbulence with Indians. At the time, the U.S. government was attempting to relocate the tribes to reservations. The fort contained about 24 structures, some of which were built under the direction of Lieutenant (later General) Philip Sheridan. During the Civil War, when most troops in the regular army were called back to the East to meet the threat, the post was garrisoned by troops from California (4th California Volunteer Infantry Regiment). The fort was abandoned during 1866. It was dismantled and its parts transported to an Indian agency (Grande Ronde) to be used as a jail. Later, during the early part of the twentieth century, part (blockhouse) of the fort was again broken down and relocated at present-day Dayton in the vicinity of Cosper Creek. In addition, the U.S. Army established Fort Umpqua near Winchester Bay, the site of a former British trading post, to support the war effort (Rogue River Indian War). Government Camp— During 1849, a military column, while en route to Fort Vancouver, Washington, encountered a fierce winter storm as it moved along the Barlow Road at Mount Hood. The column had to abandon some of its wagons there. Subsequently, civilian wagon trains arrived there during the following year and made camp. The area was named Government Camp due to the government equipment that they discovered there. Inskip Station— See Ruby Ranch. McKay’s Fort— See Fort Umpqua (Elkton). Rock Fort— See Fort Lee. Ruby Ranch—The Ruby Ranch, known also as the Inskip Station, was established in Malheur County along what was known as the Skinner Toll Road. The fortified station was located in the Owyhee Valley near the convergence of three present-day states, Oregon, Idaho and Nevada. The structure has been preserved. In conjunction, the son of Sacajawea, John Baptist Charbonneau, is interred near the ranch. Sacajawea gave birth to her son during the Lewis and Clark expedition while she was acting as guide and interpreter. John Baptist Charbonneau succumbed at the station from pneumonia during May 1866.

393 Salt Works Camp— Subsequent to establishing Fort Clatsop during December 1805, a detachment of five enlisted men were dispatched to establish a camp near the ocean to acquire salt. The camp was established during early January 1806 about 15 miles from Fort Clatsop. While at the camp, the troops managed to boil about 1,400 gallons of seawater in brass kettles to accumulate more than three bushels of salt, which was to be used for the long journey back to St. Louis. With the salt mission accomplished, the troops abandoned the camp on 20 February and returned to Fort Clatsop. During 1979, the site of the salt camp was donated by the Oregon Historical Society to become part of the Fort Clatsop National Memorial. It is located off Highway 101 in the town of Seaside, at the intersection of South Beach Drive and Lewis & Clark Way. Siletz Blockhouse— The Siletz Blockhouse was initially known as the Yaquina Bay Blockhouse, which was established in the vicinity of Toledo during 1856 and later, during about 1858, relocated at Siletz. After the outbreak of the Civil War, military units (California Volunteers) were dispatched to Fort Yamhill, Fort Hoskins and Siletz Blockhouse. Another post, Fort Umpqua, was abandoned during 1862. Most of the regular troops had been called back to the East to meet the threat to the Union. Volunteer forces from the West were used to maintain Union control of the region. Other units, including the 1st Oregon Cavalry, composed of six companies, was raised to ensure that the region did not fall to southern sympathizers. The Siletz Blockhouse remained active until 1866. Utilla Indian Agency— The Utilla Indian Agency was established during 1852 near the Umatilla River opposite the settlement of Echo at a site known as the Meadows, an area inhabited by Cayuse,

Allegheny Arsenal / PENNSYLVANIA Umatilla and Wallawalla Indians. Subsequently, during a period of turbulence (1855), the agency was destroyed. Willamette Post— During November 1812, a party from Astoria, Washington, composed of about 15 men affiliated with the American Pacific Fur Company, established Willamette Post in the Willamette Valley (Marion County). During the following year, while the War of 1812 was ongoing, the company sold its interests to the British-held Northwest Company. At that time it became known as the Henry House. One of the men who operated the post was named William Henry. The post is sometimes referred to as William Henry Fort. Willamette Falls— During 1845, John McLoughlin, who as a factor of the Hudson Bay Company had previously overseen all of the forts on the Oregon Trail beyond Fort Bridger, purchased the land in the vicinity of Willamette Falls (Oregon City). The ground had been earlier claimed (1828) by McLoughlin for the British Hudson Bay Company. McLoughlin later became an American citizen (1851), but despite his many actions to help American settlers, when he succumbed during 1857, his land was confiscated by the government. Subsequently, the wrong was made right and during 1957, the Oregon State Legislature proclaimed John McLoughlin “the father of Oregon.” In conjunction, McLoughlin, known by the Indians as “Great White-Headed Eagle” was about six foot four inches in height and was born of Irish-Catholic parents in Quebec during 1784. William Henry Fort— See Willamette Post. Yaquina Bay Blockhouse— See Siletz Blockhouse.

PENNSYLVANIA Adam Deshler’s Fort— Adam Deshler’s Fort, a blockhouse, was established during 1760 along the north bank of Coplay Creek in Northampton County. The creek was named after Kolapechka, the son of Shawnee chief Paxinosa. Adam Deshler supplied supplies to the military. The fort was large enough to hold about 20 soldiers and it was built at a higher elevation than the other homes in the area. The fort was used as a gathering place during times of trouble. The fort remained in the Deshler family for a long period of time, but it eventually was sold to Daniel Schaadt. Although the fort was capable of holding troops, there is no record in the Pennsylvania Archives to validate the presence of troops being garrisoned at the fort. During 1763, an Indian attack in the area caused settlers to speed there to seek safety. Several people were killed during October of 1763, prompting the formation of a company of militia. The Indians raided Allen’s Town (Allen Township) on 9 October 1763, causing the deaths of the John Stenton family. The Indians also attacked the John Jacob Mickley house and the Hans Schneider house. Women and children were killed and scalped. Survivors gathered at Deshler’s Fort. Other houses attacked and devastated included James Allen’s house, Andrew Hazlet’s house and Kratzer’s house. Adam Read’s Blockhouse— During autumn 1755, Indians were threatening settlements along the Susquehanna River and they were beginning to extend their raids further east. Adam Read’s Block-

house, established in about 1755 near Swatara Creek in East Hanover, contained troops. On 10 January 1756, Captain Read received orders to dispatch a contingent toward Hunter’s Mill to deploy and protect the route from the mountains there leading to his fort. Captain Frederick Smith was ordered to dispatch a contingent of his Independent Company to the Gap where the Swehatara (Swatara) Creek met the mountains and troops were posted at Monaday (Manada). Read remained at his blockhouse with the remainder of the troops. Allegheny Arsenal— The U.S. Army (Ordnance Department) established the Allegheny Arsenal along the Allegheny River near Pittsburgh at Lawrenceville during 1814. The town of Lawrenceville was established that same year by William Foster. The facility, located near the intersection of 40th and Butler Streets, remained active following the War of 1812 and was greatly expanded during the Civil War, but most of the employees there were women. The majority of men were in the service. On 17 October 1862 an accidental explosion, followed by additional explosions, occurred while powder was being delivered to a lab at the same time employees were nearby receiving their pay. Seventy-eight people were killed and of those, 54 bodies were unidentifiable. The cause of the accident was never determined, but it is thought from a subsequent investigation that a spark from a horse’s shoe ignited the inferno. The commander of the

PENNSYLVANIA / Allen’s Fort arsenal, Colonel John Symington, was initially blamed for permitting loose powder to be left along the roadway, but he was exonerated. The arsenal continued in operation for the duration of the war and during 1863 a new lab was constructed there. The arsenal remained active until the early 1900s, but subsequent to the Civil War, its primary use was as a storage depot for the Quartermaster Corps and as an ordnance depot. In conjunction, Colonel Abram R. Wooley was the initial commanding officer of the arsenal. Also, Stephen Foster (composer) was born in Lawrence during 1826. It was his father who established the town. Allen’s Fort— Allen’s Fort was established during 1773 in Washington County at a place along the border line between Smith and Robinson Townships and most probably in Smith Township. It is thought that John Allen might have settled there prior to 1773, but his name did not appear on a Virginia land certificate; however, later, during 1784, John Allen did receive a Pennsylvania land warrant. The Allen property, after its use as place of safety for settlers, operated as a farm and upon the death of John Allen, it was acquired by a nephew, Moses Allen. In conjunction, John Allen had married, but the couple did not have any children. Allison’s Fort— Allison’s Fort in Indiana County is thought to have been Andrew Allison’s home. Allison, subsequent to serving in the American Revolution, settled near Two Lick near Homer during 1790. Allison had moved there from the vicinity of Derry in Westmoreland County. Settlers in the area including Black Lick gathered there during tines of emergency. During 1790, Andrew’s father had arrived. At that time, Andrew moved further into the wilderness, but Indians drove him out. He relocated at Morehead’s Fort, but later returned to the family farm near Homer during 1793. The hostilities ended there. After a while, Andrew again moved from the farm and settled near the Forks of Two Lick and Yellow Creek. Anderson’s Fort— See Fort Anderson. Antes’ Fort— See Fort Antes. Archibald Lochry’s Blockhouse— See Lochry’s Blockhouse. Ashcraft’s Fort— Ashcraft’s Fort was established in about 1774 in Georges Township, Fayette County, by Ichabod Ashcraft. The fort was a two-story blockhouse that also had a stockade. It was located near a spring on a tract known as Buffalo Pasture. Ashcraft received a patent for the land during 1770. The fort was positioned on a hill which gave the settlers a grand view of the approaches from the mountains and from the Monongahela River. Settlers gathered at the fort during times of threat, but the fort did not come under attack. Association Battery— By about 1750, the volunteer militia (Associators) established a fortification known as Association Battery in Philadelphia. The post was located in present-day center city at what is known as Society Hill. Barnett’s Blockhouse— Barnett’s Blockhouse was established by Barnett and some of his neighbors in about 1757 in the vicinity of Manada Gap. During August 1757, slightly below the Gap, the son of Thomas McGuire was in the field near his house with some cows. He was attacked by Indians, but he was quick enough to escape. Nearby, another youngster, the son of Leonard Miller, was working the fields and he was seized by Indians. And at about the same time, several other settlers were killed and scalped. Those incidents compelled the Barnetts and some friends to erect the blockhouse near Colonel Green’s Mills. During one of the raids, William Barnett, the son of Mr. Barnett, was captured. He later gained freedom Barr’s Fort— Barr’s Fort was established on the property of Robert Barr. Initially, during 1769, the fort was the house of Barr, but it was

394 later fortified. The fort was located in the vicinity of the village of Derry. The stockaded fort remained active throughout the American Revolution. During the war, Wallace’s Fort came under attack and men from Barr’s Fort sped there to bolster the post, but they were driven back. The property was afterward acquired by the Gilson family. The fort was also referred to as Gilson’s Fort, but the Gilsons did not become associated with the property until after the period of turbulence ended there. Bayon’s Blockhouse— Bayon’s Blockhouse, a cabin, was established by Thomas Bayon in Cross Creek Township. The blockhouse was fortified at an undetermined time, thought to be the latter part of the 1760s or the 1770s. The cabin was located on a farm and was used as a place to gather during times of emergency. The property later was acquired by a J.D. Braden and some others. Becket’s Fort— Becket’s Fort was established along the Monongahela River in Washington County during the 1770s. The fort was along a road that ran from Fort Dunmore (Fort Pitt) to Becket’s Fort and from there to Sawmill Run. Beelor’s Fort— Beelor’s Fort, a two-story fortified house, was established by Captain Samuel Beelor and his son Samuel in the vicinity of present-day Candor, Robinson Township, Washington County, during 1774. Beelor received a land grant (Virginia certificate) during 1780. Subsequently, during 1782, Beelor received another 400 acres that was located along the road that ran from Dillow’s Fort to Turner’s Fort. The Beelors remained on the land until 1789. The survey of 1782 showed only one house, that of Beelor, which was the fort. The exact location of the fort is unknown, but it is thought to have been about 100 yards southwest of the Raccoon Church at Candor. Beeman’s Blockhouse— Beeman’s Blockhouse was established in West Finley Township, Washington County, near Beeman’s Rim in about 1774. Beeman’s Rim converged with the north fork of Wheeling Creek. At an undetermined time, Indians tore down a fence and led some horses into the woods. Two young boys later searched for the horses and were ambushed by the Indians. Both were tomahawked and left for dead; however, one of the brothers survived and made it to Wheeling. The Indians were not caught. Beeson’s Blockhouse— Beeson’s Blockhouse was established in the vicinity of Uniontown, Fayette County, during 1774. It is thought that the blockhouse was constructed by Henry Beeson as at the time, during Dunmore’s War, there were few settlers near Uniontown besides Beeson; however, settlers in nearby areas moved to the blockhouse for protection. The fort was located where the sheriff ’s residence was later built. Big Beaver Blockhouse— During October 1788, Fort McIntosh was ordered abandoned and it was to be demolished. The directive from the Department of War also gave instructions to replace it with a blockhouse several miles up Big Beaver Creek. The blockhouse was established below New Brighton along a stream that converged with the Big Beaver Creek. It was at a place that became known as Blockhouse Run. During 1789, the post was commanded by Lieutenant Nathan McDowell. Subsequently, during 1793, a federal blockhouse stood at New Brighton in the vicinity of Main and Third Streets. It was commanded by Major Toomey. Black Legs Blockhouse— See Black Legs Creek Station. Black Legs Creek Station— During April 1780, Colonel Daniel Brodhead at Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) directed Colonel Archibald Lochry to dispatch a contingent of 20 troops to Black Legs Creek in Indiana County and establish a station at the Forks of Black Legs. In addition, American Rangers were posted at the station during the American Revolution.

395 Blockhouse Run— See Campbell’s Blockhouse. Boone’s Fort— Boone’s Fort was established by Captain Hawkins Boone (cousin of Daniel Boone) at Muddy Run near the east bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River in about the 1770s. The fort was a fortified grist mill standing about between Milton and Watsontown. Boone had relocated in the Buffalo Valley from Exeter in Berks County after he was mustered out of service during the American Revolution. Boone had served with the 12th Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, and was released when it was merged with the 3rd and 6th Regiments. Captain Boone and two others, Captain John Brady and Captain Daugherty, afterward went to the new region to lead the defenses there in the vicinity of the West Branch of the river. Captain Boone was killed along with others when his relief force rode to support an attack against Fort Freeland during 1779. There is no record of any activity at Boone’s Fort subsequent to the death of Captain Boone. Bosley’s Fort— See Fort Bosley. Bosley’s Mill— See Fort Bosley. Braybill’s Blockhouse— See Graybill’s Blockhouse. Breitenbach’s Blockhouse— Philip Breitenbach acquired a tract of land slightly east of Myerstown from Martin Noacker during the 1750s. At that time in what became Jackson Township, other fortified homes existed, including that of Benjamin Spycker. Settlers gathered at the various blockhouses during times of emergency. Breitenbach is known to have used a drum to sound the alarm and summon his neighbors to the fort. Brown’s Fort (Northampton County)— See Ralston’s Fort. Brown’s Fort (Swatara Gap)— See Fort Brown. Buffalo Creek Blockhouse— See Freeport Blockhouse. Bull Creek Blockhouse— Bull Creek Blockhouse was established in the vicinity of Tarentum near (northwest) the mouth of Bull Creek in Allegheny County during the summer of 1783. The post was constructed by Captain Robert Orr, who had earlier been captured, taken to Canada and later exchanged. Orr had formed a company to defend the area there near the Allegheny River. Orr’s command was formed for an enlistment of two months. Apparently, Bull Creek had previously been used by the military, but no fortification had been built there. During 1779, Colonel Daniel Brodhead ordered Lieutenant John Jamison to abandon Fort Armstrong and if need be, Jamison was to seek pack horses from Captain Adam Carnahan at Bull’s Town at the mouth of the Kiskiminetas. Burgett’s Fort— Burgett’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Burgettstown, Washington County, by Sebastian Burgett during the 1770s. Burgett arrived in America from Germany and initially settled in Berks County. During 1773, he married Roxana Markle while living in Westmoreland County. Afterward, following the death of his wife, Burgett relocated to Washington County. Burgett’s Fort was in close proximity to Robert Scott’s property. Burgett’s name was mentioned during 1780 on a Virginia certificate for the land in conjunction with the names of others, including George McCormick and Henry Rankin. Subsequently, the land passed to Burgett’s heirs. The fort was moved and Boston Burgett constructed a new home. The fort was used as a barn for cows. The fort had apparently come under Indian attacks as it still had the scars of tomahawks and bullets in its frame. Later, the old fort was struck by lightning and destroyed. Byerly’s Station— Byerly’s Station was established in Westmoreland County near Bushy Run prior to 1763. The station was located between Fort Pitt and Fort Ligonier. During 1763, the frontier forts

Camp Copeland / PENNSYLVANIA were under severe attack and most fell. Byerly’s Station was only a minor place, making it an easy target. The Indians, during the attacks in the area, killed the occupants of the Claphams’ residence, but at Byerly Station, Indians gave them a warning. The settlers were told to abandon the place as it was to be destroyed within four days and its occupants would be killed. Camp Ballier— Camp Ballier was a Civil War training camp located in Philadelphia off Ridge Avenue in the Manyunk-Roxborough section of the city. The 98th Volunteer Pennsylvania Regiment rendezvoused there during August 1861. Camp Banks— See Camp N.P. Banks. Camp Biddle— See Carlisle Barracks. Camp Bloomfield— Camp Bloomfield, named in honor of General Joseph Bloomfield (commander of the 4th Military District), was established just outside of Philadelphia at Kennett Square in Delaware County during the War of 1812. Units there included the Mifflin Guards, led by Captain Samuel Anderson. During September of 1814, the Mifflin Guards moved to positions (Camp Brandywine) near Wilmington, Delaware, for a short time, before moving to Camp Dupont at Wilmington. Camp Dupont was at the time commanded by Brigadier General Thomas Cadwalader. Later, by December, the Mifflin Guards moved back to the vicinity of Chester, Pennsylvania. In conjunction, during October 1814, General E.P. Gaines succeeded General Bloomfield as commander of the 4th Military District. The change of command occurred at Camp Gaines near Marcus Hook. Camp Cadwalader— Camp Cadwalader was established in Philadelphia in the vicinity of Islington Lane east of Ridge Avenue during 1861. Units that were trained there included the Pennsylvania 91st Infantry Volunteer Regiment. The camp remain active for the duration of the Civil War. Camp Camac Woods— Camp Camac Woods was established as a training camp in North Philadelphia in the vicinity of 11th Street and Montgomery Avenue during 1861. The Pennsylvania 66th Volunteer Regiment was one of the units that was based there for training. The regiment was mustered into federal service during August 1861. Camp Cameron— Camp Cameron was established as a training and recruitment camp at Harrisburg during 1861. The Pennsylvania 7th Cavalry Regiment (80th Volunteers) was organized at Harrisburg between September-December 1861 at Camp Cameron. Camp Chestnut Hill— During the Civil War, the Union established Camp Hill in the Chestnut Hill section near one of two major military general hospitals in Philadelphia. The hospital known as Mower was located in the vicinity of Chestnut Hill in the northwestern part of the city. It was located near the present-day area known as Wyndmoor. Another major facility of the military was in West Philadelphia near Center City. It was known as West Philadelphia General Hospital (or Saterlee Hospital). Camp Copeland— Camp Copeland was established in the vicinity of Braddock’s Field during 1863. The War Department authorized its establishment on 3 July 1863. The camp was located on a section of the Mill’s farm near Pittsburgh. Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane assumed command of the post on 4 July; however, shortly thereafter, on 18 July, Brigadier General Joseph T. Copeland succeeded him. Copeland remained in command until March 1864. At that time, he was succeeded by Colonel M.D. Hardin. After Hardin assumed command, he renamed the post, calling it Camp Reynolds, in honor of General J.F. Reynolds who had been killed at Gettysburg during July 1863. Subsequently, the name reverted to Camp Copeland. The camp was abandoned during the latter part of April

PENNSYLVANIA / Camp Couch

396 authorized to expand to a regiment. It became the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry (117th Regiment). Afterward, recruits were gathered from other parts of the state, including Pittsburgh and Harrisburg.

Camp Hastings— Camp Hastings at Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County, was used as a Spanish-American War training camp. The post had been used as a summer training facility for the Pennsylvania Guard. On 25 April 1898, Governor Daniel Hastings activated the National Guard and ordered the units to Camp Hastings. The activation called for more than 10,000 troops to descend upon Mt. Gretna. By the 27th, an artillery unit arrived Mower General Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — Illustration, Philadelphia in the Civil War and on the following day, the First Troop, Philadelphia Cavalry, moved out en route to the camp. A spring snowstorm impeded the 1865. In conjunction, the camp was a primary training camp and at trip. Nevertheless, by 29 April, nearly 9,000 troops had arrived and times there were more than 6,000 troops there. During 1864, there more were still en route. During May, units were mustered into fedwas a time of great sickness as an epidemic hit the camp. eral service. However, married men were given the opportunity not Camp Couch— Camp Couch was a Union Civil War camp located to enlist. A high percentage did enlist despite the opportunity to deat Harrisburg. The units that formed there included the 182nd Regcline. The units included: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th (served in Puerto Rico), iment and the 21st Cavalry. The troops were gathered from Adams, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th (served in the Philippines), 11th, 12th, Bedford, Cambria, Franklin, Lancaster and York Counties. The com13th, 14th, 15th,16th (served in Puerto Rico), 17th and 18th Volunpanies of the regiment rendezvoused there during the summer of teer Infantry Regiments. Also, Light Battery A, Light Battery B and 1863 and mustered into federal service during June-July 1863 for a Light Battery C, Pennsylvania Volunteer Artillery (all three units term of six months’ service. Most of the regiment was reformed durserved in Puerto Rico), participated. In addition, the First Troops, ing February 1864 for a period of three years. At about the same time, Philadelphia City Cavalry, Sheridan Troop and Governor Troop Volthe 20th Cavalry Regiment was formed at Camp Couch. unteer Cavalry units each served in Puerto Rico. Camp Curtin— Camp Curtain was established as a Civil War trainCamp Hestonville— Camp Hestonville was a Union Civil War ing camp at Harrisburg during 1861. The post remained active until training camp in the vicinity of West Philadelphia during 1861. Units 1865. The units that formed there included the 1st Cavalry Regiment, that were at the camp included the 24th Pennsylvania Volunteer 44th Volunteers, 5th Infantry Regiment, 7th Regiment Reserves InRegiment. Elements of the 115th Regiment (Company B) was formed fantry (36th Volunteers) and the 10th, 11th and 12th Regiment Rethere during January 1862. The 96th Pennsylvania Regiment arrived serves Infantry (41st Volunteers). there during 1865 and was mustered out of the service. Camp Gaines— Camp Gaines was established during 1814 (War of 1812) in the vicinity of Marcus Hook. The camp was commanded by Major General Isaac Worrall, U.S. Army. At the camp, during September 1814, the volunteers received decent quarters, but the draftees lacked much in equipment and in a sufficient amount of tents. The troops drafted from Delaware County remained for a while during October at Chester until the proper equipment was procured. During the time spent there, about two weeks, the troops were housed in public buildings. There was a lack of discipline at Camp Gaines and when General Gaines arrived during October 1814, he took steps to correct the problem, but he apparently had little compassion for deserters. Gaines directed that all deserters, when apprehended, would be shot. In conjunction, Camp Gaines was renamed Fort Snyder in honor of Governor Simon Snyder (1808–1817) before the camp was abandoned, also during 1814. Camp Gallagher— Camp Gallagher was established in Philadelphia during 1861. James Gallagher, a Philadelphian, was authorized during September of that year by the War Department to establish a cavalry squadron. The unit, known as the Irish Dragoons, was to become part of the New York Irish Brigade. Four companies (A, B, C and D) were formed at the camp. Subsequently, Gallagher’s unit was

Camp Legionville— Subsequent to the defeat of General Arthur St. Clair during 1791, General Wayne was appointed major general during 1792 and instructed to form a new army, which was called the Legion of the United States. General Wayne established a camp at Legionville (later Ambridge) to train the new force prior to initiating an offensive against the Indians, the latter having been instigated by the British, who still continued their interference with the U.S. in the Northwest. The camp was utilized during the winter of 1792–1793. Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near British-held Fort Miamis during August 1794. The Indians agreed to the terms in the Treaty of Green Ville during August of the following year. During 1796, while in the process of taking over posts that had been held along the frontier by the British, Wayne succumbed at Fort Presque Isle at Erie during December 1796. Camp McClellan— Camp McClellan was established in Philadelphia (Nicetown section), below Germantown, during 1861. The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered into the federal service on 1 October 1861, and was based at the camp through the winter of 1861–1862. Camp McReynolds— Camp McReynolds was established as a Civil War camp in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania 113th Volunteer

397

Camp Wright / PENNSYLVANIA

Regiment, Twelfth Cavalry (Curtin Hussars), was formed there during January-April 1862. The camp was located in the vicinity of Ridge and Columbia Avenue. Camp Meade— Camp Meade was established in the vicinity of Meade Heights (Dauphin County) during 1898. It was used as a Spanish-American War training camp. The 8th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment (formed into federal service from 8th Regiment, National Guard) was posted there for a time. The regiment did not ship out to the war fronts. It remained at Camp Meade and other U.S. posts. Camp Stanton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — Illustration, Camp Stanton, Philadelphia CVWR 136 Camp Meigs— Camp Meigs was established in Philadelphia in Philadelphia during the 1860s. The 19th Cavalry (180th Regias a Civil War training camp. The 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Rush’s ment), Pennsylvania Volunteers, was organized at Camp Stanton. Lancers and 70th Pennsylvania Volunteers) was organized at Camp On 2 June 1863, the War Department authorized Colonel AlexanMeigs. Troops that formed the regiment were raised in Philadelphia der Cummings to form a cavalry regiment. Most of the recruits were and Berks Counties. The camp was located in the northeastern part from Philadelphia, but some came from Blair and Huntingdon of Philadelphia. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Richard Counties. H. Rush. The cavalry regiment paraded through the streets of the area on 4 December 1861. Subsequently the regiment established a Camp Stokley— Camp Stokley was established as a Civil War traincamp (Camp Barclay) at Washington, D.C. ing camp during 1861 in Philadelphia near the Schuylkill River just Camp N.P. Banks— Camp N.P. Banks, named in honor of General below Wissahickon Creek in Fairmount Park, a few miles from the Nathaniel Prentiss Banks, was established in Philadelphia during the center of the city. The Pennsylvania 88th Volunteer Regiment 1860s. Units there included the Pennsylvania 114th Volunteer Regi(Cameron Light Guards) was formed there during August-Septemment. The camp was located in a section of the city known as Niceber 1861. town, off present-day Germantown Avenue. Camp Union —Camp Union was established in Philadelphia durCamp Patterson— Camp Patterson was established in Philadelphia ing the 1860s as a recruitment and training camp. The camp was loin the vicinity of 26th Street and Penrose Avenue near present-day cated in the vicinity of Queen’s Lane and the Falls of the Schuylkill Philadelphia Airport. The units that were based there included the River in the Manyunk-Roxborough section of the city. Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, known also as the 59th Pennsylvania Volunteers. The troops were gathered from Armstrong, Centre, Camp Wayne— Camp Wayne was established in West Chester durClearfield, Crawford, Lancaster, Northampton and Tioga Counties. ing 1861 as a training camp. The Pennsylvania 9th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Curtain at Harrisburg durCamp Scott— Camp Scott was established as a Civil War training ing late April 1861 and from there it moved to Camp Wayne. Not to camp by the Union at York during 1861. York was a flash point durbe confused with Camp Wayne in Erie. ing 1863. The Confederates occupied it during the latter part of June 1863, just prior to the Battle of Gettysburg. Camp Wayne— Camp Wayne was established in Erie during 1861 as a Civil War training camp. The M’Lane’s Erie Regiment Infantry Camp Security— Camp Security was established by the Americans was organized at Camp Wayne during April 1861. during the American Revolution. The post was used as a prison to hold British and Hessian captives. Camp Security was located slightly Camp William Penn— Camp William Penn was established in southeast of York. The post was constructed on about 20 acres of Chelten Hills, Montgomery County, as a Civil War training camp land. British troops captured at Saratoga were initially held at Boston for “colored” troops. The camp was commanded by Lieutenant Coland afterward in Monticello, Virginia, then Frederick, Maryland, onel Louis Wagner, 88th Pennsylvania Regiment. The camp was esprior to being transferred to Camp Security. The camp remained actablished subsequent to the Emancipation Proclamation by abolitive until 1783, but while in operation, it was struck with an epitionist sympathizers and it was designed to train only colored troops demic that took many lives. A mass grave at some point on the post for service in the Union Army. A historical marker stands at the inwas used to bury the dead. tersection of Keenan Street and Cheltenham Avenue in commemoration of the camp. Camp Slifer— Camp Slifer was established in the vicinity of Chambersburg by the Union as a Civil War training camp during 1861. The Camp Wright— Camp Wright was established in the vicinity of Pennsylvania 10th Volunteer Regiment, after being formed at Camp Pittsburgh during 1861. The Pennsylvania 11th Regiment Reserves InCurtain, arrived at Camp Slifer for training. fantry (40th Volunteers) was formed at Camp Wright during June 1861. Camp Stanton— Camp Stanton was established near Girard College

PENNSYLVANIA / Campbell’s Blockhouse

398

Camp William Penn, Philadelphia — Illustration, Philadelphia in the Civil War

Campbell’s Blockhouse— Campbell’s Blockhouse was established in what became known as Blockhouse Run (West Finley Township, Washington County) during 1790, when a group of Scotch Presbyterians arrived in the area. The initial settlement in the area was established during 1785. At the time, most of the property was owned by two men from Philadelphia (Shields and Hollingsworth). The area was dangerous to settlers and the new arrivals from Scotland had to confine themselves to the blockhouse for the greater part of the summer of 1790. Also, the blockhouse was located slightly west of the village of Good Intent. Carlisle Barracks— Carlisle Barracks was initially established by the English under Colonel John Stanwix during 1757. By the following year, the post was used to train troops in the art of fighting the Indians. Subsequently, during the American Revolution (1778), an artillery school was initiated at the post. After the close of the war, the post remained active. During the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, when the settlers objected to the taxes, a large force was gathered there under George Washington. The rebellion was suppressed without force. During the early 1800s, the post became a federal post. Later, during the Civil War, when the Confederates moved northward toward Gettysburg, Carlisle was defended by two regiments of militia. The 21st and 22nd New York Regiments. The town held, but the Confederates under Jeb Stuart burned the barracks, then advanced to Gettysburg. The post remains active as a U.S. Army War College. The Hessian Powder Magazine, which was constructed by Hessian prisoners during the American Revolution, is now a museum. The General Omar N. Bradley (World War II) Museum is also located at Carlisle. In conjunction, Carlisle Barracks was also known as Carlisle Camp and Camp Stanwix. Also, Camp Biddle was established during 1864 during the Civil War in close proximity to the post as a base for recruits. Carnahan’s Blockhouse— Carnahan’s Blockhouse was established on the property of Adam Carnahan (Bell Township, Westmoreland County) near the Kiskiminetas River. It was located slightly northeast of Perryville and about 10 or 11 miles northwest of Hannastown. The blockhouse was established during the 1770s, but it did not come into prominence until the latter part of the American Revolution. During August 1777, while some men were working their crop (oats) about five or six miles from the blockhouse, strong indications of Indian presence were discovered, including the sight of one Indian. The men sped to McKibben’s place and from there word of the Indian sighting was sped to Carnahan’s. Afterward, about the following day, three men from Carnahan’s moved to McKibben’s to get additional information. In the meantime, the Indians had moved into action. They destroyed several homes, including one that belonged to a Mr. Chambers. As the trio returned toward Carnahan’s, Indi-

ans encroached upon it, but the men were able to gain entrance. By about late afternoon, the attack began in earnest and there were only a small amount of defenders there. John Carnahan, a son of Adam, was killed during the initial part of the fight when he opened the door of the blockhouse to try to get a better shot. Carnahan’s Blockhouse repulsed the assault. James Carnahan, another son of Adam, became a captain and was later referred to as colonel. It later became a primary position, subsequent to the detachment of the garrison at Fort Hand. During July 1781, a large force under Colonel Archibald Lochry arrived at Carnahan’s during the expedition to Wheeling (Virginia). Lochry’s force joined with General Clark’s force there to combine their strength; however, Clark advanced before Lochry arrived. Instructions were left for Lochry to advance and join Clark, who was slightly more than 10 miles ahead. Lochry’s contingent moved out, but was later ambushed and the 120-man unit was lost (killed or captured). Carnahan’s Blockhouse remained active throughout the war. Cassell’s Fort— Cassell’s Fort, known also as Castle Fort, was established in about 1774 on the Monongahela River slightly above the mouth of Little Redstone Creek in Fayette County. It is not known who established the fort on a tract known as Goe’s Land, nor is it known when the settler’s fort was abandoned. Castle Fort— See Cassell’s Fort. Catfish Camp Station— Catfish Camp Station was a settlement in Washington County during the 1770s. During 1782, while the British were launching an attack against Fort Henry (Virginia, later West Virginia), Colonel James Marshel (Marshall) was based at Catfish. He was informed of the attack by Captain John Boggs. The station was located in what was known for a while as Catfish Camp, but later it became Washington. Cherry’s Fort— Cherry’s Fort was established in Mount Pleasant Township, Washington County, during the summer and autumn of 1774. The fort, composed of three log cabins positioned to form a triangle and encircled with a stockade, was located on what was known as the Cherry Farm. The property later remained in the Cherry family. William P. Cherry resided there during the 1880s. The land was later acquired by Martin Raab. Christian’s Spring Stockade— A Moravian settlement initially known as Albrecht’s Spring and later known as Christian’s Spring was established along the Monocacy during 1747 in close proximity to another settlement, Gnadenthal. The settlement was named after Christian Renatus, a son of Count Zinzendorf. The settlement was for unmarried men, known by the Moravians as “Single Brethren.” During the various struggles with the Indians, the settlement was primarily inhabited only by men; however, some women and children

399 were there. The structures were mostly built of stone or brick and there is no record of a stockade being built there. The men at Christian’s Spring were used to speed to other places of distress, particularly because they had no families to protect at the settlement. Clark’s Blockhouse— Clark’s Blockhouse was established in about 1790 above Crooked Creek near the mouth of Plum Creek in the vicinity of Elderton (Plum Creek Township, Armstrong County) in close proximity to the Indiana County line. The blockhouse was on the property of William Clark. Nearby, along the road that led to Crooked Creek, a farm (Down’s Farm) was also used as a house where settlers could gather in times of emergency, but it was not constructed as a blockhouse. Down’s Farm came under attack. One of the defenders, George Miller, slipped through a back exit and sped to Clark’s Blockhouse to get reinforcements. Meanwhile, the Indians continued to pound the home. One infant still in a cradle was killed by a shot and a woman was injured while helping the men by loading the ammunition. The Indians retired before help arrived, but they succeeded in capturing two children ( John and Nancy Sloan) who were outside the farmhouse. Both children were taken to Sandusky (Ohio) and after a few years of captivity, they were returned. Claypoole’s Blockhouse— Claypoole’s Blockhouse was built by James Claypoole slightly less than 450 yards below Fort Run (named because of Fort Armstrong) in Armstrong County sometime between 1790–1796. During 1796, Claypoole’s wife, Lavinia, succumbed during 1796. She was buried near the blockhouse at a spot where three men, who had been ambushed by Indians near the fort, were buried. Following the ambush, men from the blockhouse gave pursuit and caught the Indians by surprise near Pine Creek. Two were killed during the exchange and one other was captured. He was later killed while trying to outrun his captors, who offered him the chance to outrun them. The stream in which the three men were ambushed was afterward remembered as Bloody Run. After the problems with Indians subsided, it became less important to live in the blockhouse. George, a son of James Claypoole, then built his own home nearby. Coe’s Station— Coe’s Station was established sometime prior to 1793 on the west side of the Allegheny River (Armstrong County) about one mile below Fort Crawford, which was on the opposite side of the river. During February 1793, Colonel Charles Campbell informed Governor Mifflin that he had about 30 troops posted there as trouble was expected in the region with the arrival of spring. Conwell’s Fort— Conwell’s Fort, a blockhouse on the Colman Plantation, was established by Jehu and Captain William Conwell during 1774. The fort was located along the west side of Dunlap’s Creek near Merrittstown, Fayette County. The Conwell brothers settled in the area during 1767. Initially, the Indians in the area were not hostile, but as time moved along, the Conwells concluded the situation was changing. The Conwells, assisted by other settlers, occupied the fort during May 1774. The fort never came under attack, and by autumn of 1774, the blockhouse was abandoned. The settlers went back to their homes. Coombs’ Fort— Coombs’ Fort (also Coombe) was established during 1755 south of Warfordsburg. The settlers there got support from the Maryland militia, which defended the post. The post was attacked by Indians several times, including January 1756. On 28 January 1756, James Leaton was killed and scalped near the fort. Elias Stilwell was away from his house during the attack, but his wife, Catherine, and one of their children were also killed and scalped. Most of the settlers (Tonoloways or Conolloway Settlement) reached the safety of the fort. It was not determined who actually established the fort, but the Coombses resided there. At the time of the fort’s existence, the territory was in dispute between Pennsylvania and

Crum’s Fort / PENNSYLVANIA Maryland; however, it was in present-day Fulton County near the border with Washington County, Maryland. Couch’s Fort— Couch’s Fort was established as a farm in about the 1770s. It became more known after the close of the American Revolution during a period in that region known as the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. Colonists gathered at Couch’s Fort in protest of a tax on whiskey during July 1794. In the meantime, George Washington was working to end the insurrection with as little violence as possible. Washington was raising a large force at Carlisle. In conjunction, a local minister attempted to convince the settlers to return to their farms, but they ignored the plea. The federal troops soon after arrived and the insurrection ended without violence. Couch’s Fort was located in the vicinity of Bethel Park in Upper St. Clair Township. Cox’s Fort— Cox’s Fort (Coxe’s Fort) was established in about 1774 near Peter’s Creek in Peters Township. The fort was located on the land of Gabriel Cox, who served as a major (Virginia authority) during the American Revolution from 1778 through 1782. Military expeditions operated out of Cox’s Fort against the Indians in the region during that same time period. During March 1778, an expedition was mounted by Colonel Isaac Cox and John Canon, who recruited militia troops at the fort. However, regulars were recruited. The militia was able to return to their farms. During 1778, Washington County was still under the jurisdiction of Virginia, rather than Pennsylvania. During 1779, Virginia granted patents for lands in the region, but there has been some uncertainty about the exact location of Cox’s Fort. It has been listed as being on the western side of the Monongahela River. There has also been the listing of a Cox’s Fort slightly above Wellsburg on the property of Van Swearingen, but that listing was for Union Township. In conjunction, a Judge James Veech noted that the tract upon which Cox’s Fort was located was acquired by Samuel Myers and was in Union Township on the ground (Coxburg) earlier belonging to Gabriel Cox that was about 15 miles from Pittsburgh. A descendant of Samuel Myers discovered a 12-pound cannon on the site of the old fort during 1892. Coxe’s Fort— See Cox’s Fort. Craft’s Fort— Craft’s Fort, known also as Patterson’s Fort, was established in about 1773–1774 on the property of John Craft, slightly northwest of Merritstown in Fayette County. The settlers in the region remained under threat of Indian attack including the period during the American Revolution. Settlers lived at the fort during times of turbulence and used dogs to help guard the area and warn of approaching Indians. The fort was later acquired by Daniel Sharpnack and afterwards by a Doctor Henry Eastman. It was occupied from 1876 through 1881 by William G. Sharpnack. The structure was destroyed about 1885. Craig’s Blockhouse— See Shields’ Fort. Craig’s Fort— Same as Craig’s Blockhouse. Crum’s Fort— Crum’s Fort, a blockhouse, was established by settlers in Baree Township, Huntingdon County, during the 1770s. It was located in Stone Valley off Belle Isle Road between Manor Hill and Salisbury. During times of emergencies, the settlers used Crum’s Fort to gain safety, or two other nearby places, McAlevy’s Fort and McCormick’s Fort. In conjunction, yet another fort, Rickett’s Fort, is thought to have been located in the same general area, but history is unclear about it. Crum’s Fort remained active until about the 1780s. David Davis’ Fort— See Fort Davis. David Williamson’s Blockhouse— See Williamson’s Station.

PENNSYLVANIA / Dietrich Snyder’s Fort Dickey’s Blockhouse— See Fort Dickey. Dietrich Snyder’s Fort— Dietrich Snyder’s Fort (Dietrich Six’s) was established on Blue Mountain in about 1756 in Upper Tulpehocken Township, Berks County. It was in close proximity to Fort Northkill, which was at the base of the mountain near Tulpehocken Creek. Dillow’s Fort— Dillow’s Fort was established by Matthew Dillow on Fort Dillow Run (Hanover Township, Washington County) during 1780. The settler’s fort was located along Pillow Creek, a branch of Raccoon Creek, and on the road that ran southeast toward Beelor’s Fort and from there to Turner’s Fort. Dillow actually settled in the area prior to 1780 and received a grant (Virginia certificate) for the land during 1780. During 1782, Indians attacked the fort and killed Matthew Dillow, but his son John was captured and taken prisoner. Subsequently, he escaped and upon his return, he was questioned about his father’s fate. John was able to remember where the Indians tossed his father’s corpse. The settlers discovered Matthew Dillow’s remains and gave him a proper burial near the fort. Dinsmore’s Fort— During July 1795, James Dinsmore, originally from Ireland, relocated at Washington County from Allegheny County. Dinsmore purchased a farm in Canton Township. The farm contained a blockhouse which became known as Dinsmore’s Fort. Dinsmore’s property was in close proximity to the lands of Samuel Agnew, Francis Cunningham, James Tagart and William Shearer. The tract known as Huntingdon was patented to Joshua Anderson during September 1787. The Dinsmore property was later divided between Dinsmore’s two sons ( James and John). Doddridge’s Fort— Doddridge’s Fort was established in about 1773–1774 to replace Teeter’s Fort, which had proved to be indefensible. The fort was built on about one-half acre of ground, less than one mile from Teeter’s Fort, by John Doddridge on a tract of land identified as “Extravagance.” The fort was located in Independence Township, Washington County, several miles west of West Middleton and only about two miles east of Independence Town. A stockade was added to provide additional protection. During September 1782, a British-Indian force attacked Fort Henry in Wheeling, Virginia (later West Virginia), and afterward Fort Rice in Washington County. The defenders at Fort Rice, about four miles from Doddridge’s Fort, repelled the attack. Preparations were made to defend Doddridge’s Fort by its commander, Captain Samuel Teeters; however, no attack came. Nevertheless, the Indians did pass through the area. Subsequently, the land passed to others, including Reverend W. F. Brown. Doll’s Blockhouse— See Peter Doll’s Blockhouse. Down’s Farm— See Clark’s Blockhouse. Dry Fort— See Kern’s Fort. Dupui’s Fort–Samuel Dupui, a French Huguenot moved from the Minisink region and in 1733, he acquired land in the vicinity of Stroudsburg. Dupui initially constructed a log home, but later he rebuilt it of stone. During 1755 (French and Indian War period), Dupui’s house was transformed into a fort. By December of that same year, troops under Captain Isaac Wayne (son of General Anthony Wayne) were temporarily based there. Wayne was ordered to a different post and was succeeded at Dupui’s Fort by Captain Nicholas Wetterholt, who also assumed command of the surrounding region (south of the Blue Mountains between the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers). The troops bolstered Dupui’s Fort by constructing a stockade. Dupui’s Fort was located between Fort Hamilton and Fort Hyndshaw. Dupui’s Fort remained active until 1758. Elder’s Blockhouse— During 1786, Robert Elder arrived in the vicinity of Young Township, Indiana County, and established his

400 home at what became known as Elder’s Ridge. Initially, the family lived in a temporary structure, but afterward, a log house was constructed. It was used also as the family’s blockhouse. Enlow’s Blockhouse— Enlow’s Blockhouse was established by Abraham Enlow, who was one of the initial settlers to arrive in East Finley Township (Washington County). Enlow arrived in about 1775 and constructed his fort along Wheeling Creek to provide protection from Indian attacks. Subsequently, the property passed on to Enlow’s heirs and others, including William McCleary. Ewing’s Blockhouse— Ewing’s Blockhouse was actually a farm near McCormick’s Fort. See McCormick’s Fort. Ferguson’s Blockhouse— See Fort Ferguson. Fetter’s Fort— See Fort Fetter. Flour Bag Fort— A makeshift fortification known as Flour Bag Fort was established in the vicinity of Jeanette during 1763. During early August (4–5), 1763 (Pontiac’s War), Colonel Henry Bouquet’s column advanced to Bushy Run about midway between Fort Ligonier and Fort Pitt. Soon after arriving, while taking pause on some high ground to rest the animals, a huge force of Indians encircled the force and attacked. The troops remained stranded and no reinforcements were en route. By dusk, Bouquet’s ranks had been seriously depleted. More than 50 troops had been killed or wounded. The attacking Indians included Delawares, Mingoes, Shawnee and Wyandots. Bouquet improvised by creating a circular fort composed of flour bags to bolster the positions in anticipation of a more powerful attack at dawn on 5 August. In addition, Bouquet feigned a withdrawal and it fooled the Indians. Four companies withdrew, but unbeknownst to the Indians, two other companies had moved out and set up positions on a nearby hill. When the Indians attacked what they thought was a retreating column, they were pummeled by fire. While the Indians were in disarray, the companies that had pulled back reversed course and joined in the attack. The Indians fled, but later attempted to launch a new attack as the column was preparing to move to Fort Pitt. That attack was also beaten back. Bouquet’s victory at Bushy Run terminated the Indian threats along the frontier. The fort site is now part of Battlefield State Park, which contains a reconstructed Fort Flour Bag. Foreman’s Fort— See Froman’s Fort. Fort Allemangel— See Fort Franklin (Berks County). Fort Allemaengel— See Fort Franklin (Berks County). Fort Allen (Carbon County)— Fort Allen, a military fort, was established by the Provincial Government along the Lehigh River (River Leahy) about 10 miles above Lehigh Gap near Weissport (Carbon County) during 1756. Mohican Indians which had been converted to Christianity inhabited the region near Lehighton, where the Moravian Church acquired property for their missionary work. The town of Gnadenhutten (Tents of Grace or Mercy Huts) was set up for the Indians. Many of the Indians left during 1754 due to pressure from other tribes, while some Christian Delaware Indians joined the Mohicans. During 1754, a new mission was started at Weissport on the opposite side of the river. At Weissport, the Mohicans were kept separate from the Delawares. During November 1755, following the defeat of General Braddock, the Indians, instigated by the French, attacked the mission at Mahoning Creek and killed more than 10 of the missionaries that were in the house there. One of those killed was captured and then scalped and killed, but others were burned alive. The Indians, after their deed, ate a meal before departing. One man got to Bethlehem to seek help from the militia, but by the time they arrived, the Indians had gone. The survivors then made it to Bethlehem. The Indians continued on the

401 rampage and by mid–December, about 50 houses in Northampton County had been attacked and destroyed. The raids had also cost the lives of about 100 settlers, including women and children. Panic overtook the settlers; however, steps were being taken by the provincial government to stabilize the region. Militia was being raised. Toward the latter part of December, William Parsons was appointed major of Northampton County Militia. Meanwhile, militia from Irish Settlement had arrived at New Gnadenhutten to protect the grain supplies there. Most settlers had abandoned their homes. The militia erected a temporary fort; however, the troops were inexperienced in the art of fighting Indians. On 1 January 1756, militia spotted only two Indians and gave chase, unaware that they had been drawn into an ambush along the frozen stream. Soon after gaining on the prey, other Indians, from concealed positions, cut off the escape route and the troops were cut down. Some survivors reached the fort, but their tales of the ambush did little to instill confidence in the garrison. The temporary post was abandoned (by desertion), giving the Indians easy access. Everything there was destroyed by the Indians. The incident caused more panic throughout the region and it was thought that the enemy (French-Indians) would dominate the entire area. As early as 5 January 1756, the governor, while at Reading, informed the Council at Philadelphia that forts and troops were needed or the territory would be lost. There was a ring of sarcasm in his message as he noted that the people in the county expected every man’s house to be protected “by a fort and a company of soldiers, and they themselves being paid to stay home and do nothing....” Consequently, under the supervision of Benjamin Franklin, Fort Allen was established during 1756. Franklin also dispatched troops to erect forts at Minisink (Upper and Lower Forts). The fort’s circumference was 455 feet, protected by palisades. It also contained four bastions, barracks, a magazine and one swivel gun. Franklin, regarding the gun, noted that it was fired immediately to let the Indians know it was operational. The fort was completed within about one week. Commissioner Benjamin Franklin was succeeded by Colonel William Clapham, who temporarily commanded at the fort. The region came under the command of Colonel Conrad Weiser. Upon the departure of Colonel William Clapham, command is thought to have been passed to Captain Charles Foulk. By April 1756, Governor Morris offered by proclamation a bounty for Indian scalps to help lower the pressure on the region, which had remained in a state of chaos. Shortly thereafter, the governor proclaimed a temporary truce in an attempt to bring about peace with some of the tribes. Nevertheless, some units, including the Jerseys, were out on the hunt and either not recalled or aware of the truce. All the while, some Indians remained friendly, but others continued to be hostile. During June 1758, General John Forbes departed Philadelphia on a campaign. Meanwhile, Captain Orndt had been promoted to the rank of major and was in command at Fort Allen and the surrounding district. Major Orndt directed the settlers to work in large numbers while toiling in the fields and that it was advisable to post sentries to guard against attack. Orndt directed the friendly Indians to wear large yellow bands so that they were not inadvertently attacked as hostile. Fort Allen retained a full garrison until about 1761, but it was garrisoned during 1763 during Pontiac’s War by troops under Captains Nicholas and Jacob Wetterholt. Later, during 1780, slightly more than 100 troops under Lieutenant Colonel Kern were based at Fort Allen. Not to be confused with Fort Allen (Westmoreland County). Fort Allen (Westmoreland)— Fort Allen, a blockhouse, was established during 1774 in Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, during the summer of 1774. It is thought that the fort, located between Wendel Oury’s and Christopher Truby’s places, was named after Andrew Allen, a lawyer on the Supreme Executive Council. It

Fort Antes / PENNSYLVANIA was built in the same area (Hempfield settlement) and at about the same time as other settlers’ forts like Shields’ Fort and Fort Shippen. There are no traces of the fort and the exact location has never been determined. Not to be confused with Fort Allen (Carbon County). Fort Anderson— Fort Anderson, known also as Anderson’s Fort, was established during 1778 at a spot near the convergence of Shaver’s Creek and the Juniata River. The fort, on a farm owned by William H. Lower, was in West Township, Huntingdon County, near Petersburg. Earlier, prior to the American Revolution, Peter Shaver settled there. He was suddenly killed by Indians one night after leaving the house to take his horse to the pasture. He never returned and his body was discovered by his family on the following morning. Shaver had been decapitated. At the time of his demise, there were no difficulties with the Indians and the manner in which he died was not a method used by Indians. His killer or killers were never discovered. The blockhouse-fort was established by Samuel Anderson, one of the leaders of the settlement near Shaver’s Creek. The defenders at the fort at one point had expended their supplies and ammunition and decided to abandon the fort. The settlers departed for Standing Stone Fort. During the trek to the new place of safety, Indians intercepted one party, the Maguires. The two brothers were killed, but a sister was able to escape and make it to the new fort. Fort Antes— Fort Antes was established by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Antes during 1776–1777 in the vicinity of Nippenose Creek (present-day Nippenose Township, Lycoming County). It is thought that the stockade was constructed during the summer of 1777 and it is not known whether or not the fort ever received a cannon; however, because a cannonball was later found there, some think it did have a cannon. During 1778, following the Wyoming Massacre, Colonel Samuel Hunter ordered several forts, including Fort Antes, to be abandoned. The orders were delivered to Colonel Hepburn at Fort Muncy with directions to send runners to the forts along the river above Muncy. The situation was so terrible in the region that it was difficult to find a volunteer to ride to Fort Antes. Two men, Robert Covenhoven and Andrew Culbertson, volunteered. The mission took them over Bald Eagle Mountain and from there a treacherous descent near Nippenose Bottom. The message got through and from there another runner took the alarm to Horn’s Fort. Both forts were abandoned and the garrisons moved toward Fort Muncy. In conjunction, John Antes, during July 1775, was appointed justice of the peace by the court being held at Fort Augusta. Later, during January 1776, Antes was appointed captain of a company of militia in the 2nd Battalion under Colonel James Potter. He had also commanded a company under Colonel William Plunkett’s regiment during the expedition against the Connecticut settlers at Wyoming. By May 1777, Antes was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 4th Battalion of Militia, Northumberland County. During June 1777, on a Sunday morning, Zephaniah Miller, Abel Cady, James Armstrong and Isaac Bouser, accompanied by two women, left Fort Antes and crossed the Susquehanna in canoes to milk some cows. Soon after arriving near the cows, Indians ambushed them. Miller and Cady were wounded and the Indians were able to move closer and scalp both of the men. Another, Armstrong, was also wounded, but he escaped and later succumbed from his wound. The others were to the rear and were also able to escape. The shots were heard back at the fort and some militia rushed to the scene, but the Indians vanished. The fort was not attacked. During the service of Fort Antes, the situation was equally poor as with the other frontier forts with regard to troops and ammunition. It was difficult to supply the forts while the British and their Indian allies took advantage of the crisis. Men had been joining the Continental Army, but the frontier had become so imperiled that they were compelled to remain in the region to prevent it from being lost. Also, Colonel John Henry Antes became

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Armstrong governor of Pennsylvania during 1808. He succumbed during 1820 and was buried in a cemetery close to Fort Antes, but his grave was not marked by a stone. Fort Armstrong— Fort Armstrong, named in honor of General Armstrong, was established at Kittanning during 1779. The frontier had been in need of additional military protection due to the situation in the region. General Washington, during the spring of 1799, informed Colonel Daniel Brodhead at Fort Pitt that a fort should be established there. Washington, in his letter of 22 March, also informed Brodhead that a contingent of troops was en route to Fort Pitt from Maryland and that once at Fort Pitt, Brodhead was to dispatch the unit to Kittanning to establish a fort and provide protection for the wagon convoys. Afterward, a small garrison was to remain there while the main body moved to Venango (later Franklin) to establish another post there. The post at Kittanning was built by a contingent of about 121 troops under Lieutenant Colonel Bayard. Bayard, who wanted to name the fort after Colonel Brodhead, was informed by Brodhead that it was to be named after General Armstrong. Militia troops garrisoned the fort as no regulars could be spared at the time. On 27 November 1779, orders arrived at Fort Armstrong instructing Lieutenant John Jameson to abandon the post and move to Fort Pitt. During the spring of the following year, it was decided to reestablish Fort Armstrong; however, the plan was not carried out. At times, some troops did spend time at the fort. Rangers were sent there during various times of turbulence with the Indians, but it was never officially regarrisoned. The fort was not in Kittanning proper. It was located about two miles outside of town on property later owned by Peter F. McClarren. Fort Aughwick— See Fort Shirley. Fort Augusta— During 1756, Fort Augusta was established along the east bank of the Susquehanna River, slightly below the convergence of the north and west branches of the river in the vicinity of Sunbury. Fort Augusta contained blockhouses, barracks and a magazine. The post held about 12 cannon and it had two swivel guns. At the time of its construction, a large force under Colonel Clapham was at Fort Augusta. During the summer of 1756, Colonel Samuel Miles and Lieutenant S. Atlee walked near the fort to gather some fruit and when they approached a nearby spring, they witnessed Indians ambush a soldier there. The soldier was killed and fell toward the stream. The Indians scalped the soldier and the blood from his wounds turned the color of the water into crimson. The spring afterward became known as Bloody Spring. Miles and Atlee were able to evade capture and get back to the fort. During autumn 1756, a vanguard of a French force encroached upon Fort Augusta, but concluded that even though it was not yet complete, it was too strongly defended to attack. The main body of the force also decided against an attack and instead returned toward Canada, but prior to departing and unable to easily carry their cannon, they discarded their artillery at what became known as the old Race Ground Island. The place afterward became known as Cannon Hole (Canfield Island). In conjunction, subsequent to the construction of Fort Augusta, Governor Morris, in response to requests from friendly Indians at Shamokin, agreed to construct an outpost (Fort Halifax) to protect the Indians. Subsequent to the close of the French and Indian War, Fort Augusta was in great part demolished due to cries of people associated with what was known as the party of “peace at any price.” At the time, Pennsylvania was controlled by the Quakers. Nonetheless, the frontier did not become tranquil. The settlers (Scotch-Irish and Germans) continued to defend themselves against Indian attacks. The forces of Colonel Bouquet were formed from these pioneer settlers. However, during Pontiac’s War (1763), Fort Augusta was not attacked. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Fort

402 Augusta again became an important post along the frontier. The Military Department of the Susquehanna was headquartered there. Expeditions procured supplies at the post. Officers who led expeditions from the post included Colonel Thomas Hartley (to Tioga) and Colonel Plunkett, who led a force against Wyoming which ended in failure at Nanticoke. Also, Colonel Sam Hunter, commander of the county militia, was headquartered at Fort Augusta. During the spring of 1778, some survivors of the Wyoming Massacre were able to reach safety at the post. During that time of emergency, many posts were only lightly defended and had to be abandoned or they would have been overwhelmed by the large enemy forces. The fort was abandoned during 1782. In conjunction, Colonel Hunter later succumbed during 1784. He was interred just outside the fort. One of the fort’s cannon, apparently discarded in the river during the “Great Runaway” of 1778, was recovered during 1798 by George and Jacob Mantz and two others, Samuel Hahn and George Shoop. Afterward, it was taken to the Fire Engine House #1. The fort site was acquired by the State of Pennsylvania during 1930. A museum is operated there by the Northampton Historical Society. The fort was also known as the Fort at Shamokin or Shamokin Fort. Fort Barr— See Barr’s Fort. Fort Bedford— The exact time Fort Bedford (sometimes referred to as Fort Raystown) was established is uncertain, but it is thought that the post was established during 1757–1758. At that time, on 22 February, Colonel John Armstrong sent a message to Major Burd, informing him that Raystown was to be fortified. Fort Bedford was established at Raystown (later Bedford) in Bedford County on the Raystown branch of the Juniata River. Earlier, during 1755, a road was cut from Fort Loudoun in Cumberland County to the forks of the Youghiogheny River and several hundred troops were dispatched to the area near Raystown, but the effort to build a fort at that time was abandoned. During early April 1757, Colonel Armstrong led his force, composed of a battalion (eight companies) to the vicinity of Raystown, which was one of the initial settlements established west of the Allegheny Mountains (settled about 1751, by a Mr. Ray). Supplies were not forthcoming, prompting Armstrong not to proceed farther than Raystown. The fort was constructed during the French and Indian War and at all times the vigil was kept for hostile Indians. During June 1757, a reconnaissance party led by Captain Hance Hamilton left Carlisle for Fort Bedford, but encountered no signs of any Indians. Other scouting missions brought about similar results. Fort Bedford, composed of about 7,000 square yards, was bordered on the north by Raystown branch and on the south by Forbes Road (later Pitt Street), while on the east and west it was bounded by Richard and Juliana Streets respectively. The complex contained five bastions, some barracks, and officers quarters. The main entrance was located on the fort’s south side at Pitt Street and another gate was located on the western side, with yet another minor gate at the north entrance. Outside the walls, a hospital and a storehouse was erected and there were quarters for the traders, the latter about 100 yards southwest of the post. A ditch was built around the post to bolster the defenses and logs that reached a height of about 18 feet were anchored in the ditch that encircled the post and then the ditch was refilled. Afterward, platforms were constructed from which the defenders could fire through loopholes. Meanwhile, a moat with a depth of about eight feet and 10 to 15 feet wide protected the south and west sides of the post. In addition, the bastions were each formed to hold swivel guns. Some friendly Cherokee Indians, about 150, had been at the fort, but by August 1758 most had departed. A few Delawares arrived there from Fort Augusta and during August still more were expected under Captain Bullen (Catawba captain). Bullen had about 30 warriors with him. The fort’s garrison at the time was composed of about 2,500 troops and another contingent of about

403 1,400 troops was engaged in the construction of a road that was to run from Fort Bedford to Loyal Hanning. A force of about 400 under Colonel George Washington was also anticipated, as well as two companies under Colonel Burd from Virginia. Eventually, about 7,850 troops arrived at Fort Bedford prior to the assault against Fort DuQuesne at Pittsburgh. The French at Fort DuQuesne (renamed Fort Pitt by the British) abandoned the fort without a fight. Later during January 1760, a short-lived mutiny occurred at Fort Bedford, but due to quick action by Colonel Shippen, it was quashed. At the time of the mutiny, the post was commanded by Captain Lewis Oury (Royal American Regiment). Subsequently, during 1763 (Pontiac’s War), the Indians again began attacks. Fort Bedford and other posts in the area came under assault, but Fort Bedford repulsed the attack as did the defenders at Fort Pitt and Fort Ligonier. Nevertheless, during the summer of 1763, many families in the Bedford area were devastated by the Indians. Fort Bedford became the primary supply depot between Fort Pitt and Carlisle. In the meantime, smaller outposts near Stony Creek and Juniata Crossing were phased out. Expeditions were initiated against the Indians during 1764 by forces under Colonel Bouquet and after defeating the Indians several times, the hostilities came to an end. The fort was later gained by the Americans and it remained active through the early 1770s. Also a reconstructed blockhouse is located there and operated by the Fort Bedford Museum, P.O. Box 1758, Bedford, Pennsylvania 15522. Fort Beversreede— During 1648, the Swan, a Swiss vessel, arrived from Sweden. About 12 men, including the Reverend Lars Carlsson Lock, arrived on the ship and settled on the west side of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. The Dutch established Fort Beversreede nearby on the east side of the river; however, the Swedes prevented the Dutch from establishing a settlement and the fort was later abandoned about 1650–1651. Fort Bingham— Fort Bingham, a blockhouse fortified with a stockade, was established in the Tuscarora Valley by Samuel Bingham during 1749. The fort was located in Tuscarora Township, Juniata County. The fort was occupied as a residence by Bingham. John and James Gray and another settler, Robert Hogg, lived on Bingham’s land. The fort served as refuge for all their families during times of emergencies. Fort Bingham was in what was known as the Tuscarora Path Valley. The old Indian path ran westward from Cumberland County and passed Sterrett’s Gap and Fort Robinson, then continued past Fort Bingham to Fort Shirley. On 11 June 1756, Indians attacked the fort and killed or captured all the people there. When reinforcements arrived there, they discovered the disfigured body of a pregnant woman (Susan Giles) near the fort. She had been brutalized and scalped. Shortly thereafter, on 24 June, a Pennsylvania newspaper, the Gazette, listed the people there killed or missing. They were George Woods, Nathaniel Bingham, Robert Taylor (and his wife and two children), Francis Innis (and his wife and three children), John McConnell, Hannah Gray (and one child missing). Robert Cochran and Thomas McKinney were both killed and scalped. Others missing included Alexander McAllister and his wife, James Adams, Jane Cochran and two children. In conjunction, McAllister’s house was burned. Some remains were found in the burned fort, but the identities remain unknown. Also, John Gray and Francis Innis had been away at Carlisle and were returning to the fort. En route, Gray was thrown from his horse and detained. Innis continued home to see his family and was there when the Indians attacked. John Gray worked to get freedom for his family, but he died before it came about. Mrs. Gray eventually escaped and got back to the region. During 1760, Fort Bingham was rebuilt through the efforts of a trader, Ralph Sterrett. During 1763 (Pontiac’s War), the fort was abandoned as a warning was received by Sterrett from an Indian he had befriended previously. The Indian told Sterrett that

Fort Brown / PENNSYLVANIA an attack was imminent and that all white men discovered would be scalped. Indians arrived by the following night and burned an empty fort. Thanks to the initial generosity of Sterrett to the Indian and the Indian’s return favor, the lives of about 80 settlers were spared. Fort Boone— See Boone’s Fort. Fort Bosley— Fort Bosley, known also as Bosley’s Mills, was a mill located near the forks of the Chillisquaqua in the vicinity of Washingtonville (Derry Township, Montour County) near the Muncy Hills, a well-used Indian path. The mill was built during 1773 by a Mr. Bosley, who had relocated there from Maryland prior to the American Revolution. It was fortified in about 1777 and garrisoned by troops. The post held responsibility for protecting the area near the forks and to protect a nearby stream. Another post in the area, Fort Freeland was lost, making the fort at Bosley’s Mill more important for holding the area against Indian incursions. The fort usually held a garrison of about 20 troops, but settlers also bolstered its defenses. During 1779, a contingent under Captain Kemplon garrisoned the post. At the time, there were many emergencies in the region due to Indian attacks, but few troops were available to move from one point to another. The situation seemed about the same during 1780. Indians were again attacking Northampton County and Colonel Ludwig Weltner informed the Board of War that he had a few troops at Fort Jenkins, Fort Montgomery and at Fort Bosley, but too few to spare for fear the region would be lost if the troops departed. In conjunction, Fort Bosley did not come under attack. Fort Brady— Fort Brady was established by Captain John Brady in the vicinity of Muncy during 1777. Brady had served with Colonel Henry Bouquet in the expedition west of the Allegheny Mountains. Brady, who served with the 12th Pennsylvania Regiment and was wounded at the Battle of Brandywine, received a grant of land for his services. The Brady family was well represented in the American Revolution. Brady’s son John was an enlisted man and he too was wounded and another son, Sam, served in a separate unit of riflemen (Parr’s and Morgan’s Rifles). Subsequent to being released from the service, Brady relocated and then fortified his property. During April 1779, Brady was ambushed by Indians and killed while he was near the fort at Wolf Run. Three shots were fired by Indians in concealed positions and Peter Smith immediately fell from his horse. A wagon and guard was in the party when the ambush was sprung. Smith was with Brady and he latched on to Brady’s horse and escaped to the fort. Men at the fort rushed to Brady’s aid, but he was dead. The Indians sped away and did not take the time to steal his valuables nor scalp him. Captain Brady’s body was retrieved and buried at a cemetery less than five miles from the fort. In conjunction, Peter Smith’s family had been massacred during the previous August (1778) and James Brady had earlier been killed and scalped. During the following month, May, the Indians attacked Buffalo Valley and devastated it, forcing the settlers remaining there to abandon it. In conjunction, 100 years later, John Brady was celebrated by the citizens of the valley when they dedicated a monument in his memory. The text on the monument read: “To the valley his loss was well nigh irreparable; death came to its defender, and ‘Hell followed’ hard after. In May, Buffalo Valley was overrun and the people left; on the 8th of July Smith’s mills, at the mouth of White Deer Creek, were burned, and on the 17th Muncy valley was ravaged. Starrett’s mills and all the principal houses in Muncy township burned, with Fort Muncy, Brady and Freeland, and Sunbury became the frontier.” Fort Brown— Fort Brown, known also as Fort Manada, was established in the vicinity of Swatara Gap during 1756. It was attacked during August 1756. The Indians attacked a party working in the field, killing some. James Brown was among those killed during the

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Chambers raid. Troops arrived the following day and retrieved the bodies. Captain Adam Read reported the incident to the governor. The region continued to come under attack by Indians who were allied with the French. During October, the Indians killed and scalped Noah Frederick at his house near Fort Swatara and after killing him, they dragged away three of his children. Captain Adam Read informed the government of this atrocity on 12 October, noting that Frederick was only two miles from Fort Swatara. Fort Burd— See Redstone Fort. Fort Chambers— Fort Chambers was established in the vicinity of Chambersburg near the convergence of Conococheague Creek and Falling Spring by Benjamin Chambers during 1756. The fort was built in the settlement known as Conococheague in Franklin County and stood slightly west of North Main Street about midway between King and Market Streets. Fort Chambers was about 10 miles outside Shippensburg. The site later became a mill. Chambers and his three brothers arrived in America from Ireland during the latter part of the 1720s or possibly 1730 and initially settled near Fishing Creek in Dauphin County. The Chamberses seemed to get along well with the Indians in the region; however, during 1755, after the devastating defeat of General Braddock, the frontier exploded into a cauldron of fire as the Indians began to ravage the settlements. At the Chambers’ property, a stone house was erected at Falling Spring, using it as part of the defenses and the roof was augmented by lead to protect it and the building was further augmented by a stockade that also protected the mill there. Chambers also acquired two 4pound cannon, which caused commotion with the authorities who became concerned that if the French and Indians captured Chambers’ fort, the cannon would be seized and turned against Shippensburg. Demands were issued to Chambers to relinquish the guns, but he refused. Threats of taking them by force also failed and the situation only caused additional problems as the settlers (Cumberland Valley) became irate at the treatment Chambers received. Nonetheless, the guns remained and the fort was not captured. Settlers gathered there during times of emergencies, and none were lost at the fort. However, those who ventured from the safety of the complex often lost their lives. At the time of the outbreak of the American Revolution, Benjamin Chambers had become elderly and he was in ill health, but his three sons, Benjamin, James and William, departed for Massachusetts to join with George Washington’s forces there. Benjamin Sr. remained at the property. He succumbed there during 1788. Fort Cherry— See Cherry’s Fort. Fort Crawford— Fort Crawford was established during the spring of 1778 by Colonel William Crawford. During the previous autumn, the Indians ravaged the frontier in that region about 15 or 16 miles from Pittsburgh along the Allegheny River. Crawford built the fort near the mouth of Puckety Creek, which was southeast of Fort Pitt. The garrison protected the settlers, but it also became a supply depot for the duration of the war (American Revolution). Nevertheless, at times it did not contain a garrison. Crawford commanded there at various times during 1778, 1779 and 1780. During April 1779, while the post was unoccupied, Colonel Brodhead, who succeeded Colonel McIntosh at Fort Pitt, ordered the fort occupied. He dispatched a contingent of the 13th Virginia Regiment under Lieutenant Lawrence Harrison to garrison the fort. While there, Harrison was to scout the area to Fort Hand and try to provide protection to those settlements there (east of Pittsburgh). Later, during June 1779, Captain James Carnahan assumed command of a company which had been led by Captain Samuel Moorhead. Captain Moorhead resigned. His company was composed of 17 men. At Fort Crawford, Ensign Coleman assumed command during July 1779. Later, on 2 October

404 1779, Fort Hand was abandoned and the garrison, under Captain Thomas Campbell, was ordered to move to Fort Crawford. The situation at Fort Crawford was similar to that of the other frontier posts. Troops and supplies were slim. Colonel Brodhead, in a message to Captain Campbell, essentially apologized for not being able to supply shoes and blankets. Housing conditions were also poor. Campbell requested permission to build a barracks for his troops, but on 4 November, Brodhead informed him that no barracks should be built (at that time), because it was uncertain how long Campbell would garrison the fort. Although there were no blankets or shoes available, Brodhead did dispatch some whiskey and soap. Campbell was also informed that he should form a small detachment and have it advance to Pittsburgh to acquire some cattle. Soon after, on 27 November, orders arrived at Fort Crawford directing Campbell to abandon the post and move his force to Pittsburgh. Brodhead was aware that no supplies would be forthcoming. Neither Campbell nor Colonel Lochry believed it was a prudent move to abandon the post. Nevertheless, Fort Crawford and Fort Armstrong were both abandoned toward the latter part of 1779. In conjunction, both posts received new garrison forces during the spring of the following year. A contingent of men under Captain Thomas Beal arrived to form the garrison at Fort Crawford. Later, during the summer of 1780, Fort Crawford and Fort Armstrong were again abandoned. Nonetheless, there was some activity at Fort Crawford at times during the remainder of the American Revolution. Subsequently, during a period of turbulence during 1791–1793, again there was some activity at Fort Crawford. State militia forces were dispatched there from Fort McIntosh, which stood slightly more than 30 miles distant. The exact location of Fort Crawford was never determined, other than in Burrell Township, Westmoreland County, east of the Allegheny River on land in the borough of Parnassus that later belonged to the Logan family. Fort Croghan— Fort Croghan, a settlers’ fort, was established in Cumberland County during 1755 and remained active for an undetermined time. In conjunction, the fort was not named after George Croghan, a trader. George Croghan resided near North Mountain at the Susquehanna River at Croghan’s Gap in close proximity to Shearman’s Creek valley. There were no forts in Cumberland County named after him. However, Fort Shirley was sometimes referred to as Croghan’s Fort. Fort Davis (Philip)— Fort Davis was established at a place known as Casey’s Knob in Franklin near the border with Maryland and less than 10 miles from Fort Loudoun. The fort was built by Philip Davis during 1756. Fort Davis was located about 20 miles from Shippensburg, less than 20 miles from Fort Chambers at Chambersburg and slightly more than 60 miles from Harris Ferry. Other settlers’ forts in the area and near Welsh Run were Waddell’s Fort and Fort David Davis. Fort de la Presque Isle du Lac Erie—See Fort Presque Isle. Fort de la Rivière aux Boeufs— See-Fort Le Boeuf. Fort Delaware— Fort Delaware (Lower Fort) was established during 1755 in Pennsylvania opposite Cochecton Post across the Delaware River in central New York (Sullivan County). However, at the time, the territory for Cochecton Post (Upper Fort) was considered part of New Jersey. The two forts worked together as sister forts. Often, Fort Cochecton was thought of as a New York State fort; however, it was even garrisoned by New Jersey militia. In conjunction, for awhile, this area, including the Minisink Valley was coveted by New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania. Fort Dewart— Fort Dewart was established during 1758 after General John Forbes assumed command of the army. He directed the

405 construction of a new road (Forbes Road) which extended from Shippensburg to Pittsburgh. A group of forts, including Fort Dewart, was also established along the route. Fort Dewart was in Somerset County in close proximity to the border with Bedford County. Other forts along the road included Fort Bedford, Fort Juniata, Fort Ligonier, Fort Lyttleton and Fort Loudoun. Fort Dickey— Fort Dickey was established during 1764, subsequent to the termination of Pontiac’s War. It was located on the frontier in Cumberland County about 10 miles from the Susquehanna River on the southern slopes of the Blue Hills (foothills of Kittatinny Mountains). The fort was listed on the Pennsylvania Historical Map. It was not a prominent fort but seemed to be merely a defensive gathering place for the settlers during times of danger. It is not known when the fort was abandoned. In conjunction, another settler’s post, Fort Ferguson, was established in the same vicinity at about the same time. Fort Dickinson—See Fort Wyoming. Fort Dillow— See Dillow’s Fort. Fort Dupui— See Dupui’s Fort. Fort DuQuesne— During April 1754, a party of Englishmen, while working on establishing a fort in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, were seized by a French and Indian force on the 7th. The French then secured the terrain at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers (later Pittsburgh) at the Ohio River and constructed Fort DuQuesne. This move by the French prevented the Virginians from establishing settlements or forts in that area. The incident was the spark that soon after ignited the French and Indian War. After the seizure of the English, the Virginians began to enlist soldiers to defend the province. The Virginia assembly authorized £10,000 to provide adequate funds for the effort. In addition, other colonies, particularly New York and South Carolina, begin to rally to the cause and commit troops to bolster Virginia against the French threat. Meanwhile on 2 April, two companies of troops commanded by George Washington departed Alexandria, Virginia. They arrived at Will’s Creek (Cumberland, Maryland) on the 20th. Captain Adam Stephen joined them there. Meanwhile, another man, Ensign Ward, arrived and he informed Washington that Captain Trent and his party, along with the men dispatched by the Ohio Company to construct a fort, had been captured. In conjunction, the governor of Canada had intentions of linking Canada with Louisiana. He had

Fort DuQuesne Blockhouse, Pennsylvania — Illustration, Pictorial Life of George Washington, 1849

Fort DuQuesne / PENNSYLVANIA previously informed the governors of New York and Pennsylvania that the French would seize any English traders in what the French claimed was their territory. On 1 May 1754, Major George Washington departed Will’s Creek to regain the fort which the French had seized. He departed with a force of 150 troops; other forces under Colonel Fry were to follow. On 27 May, Washington received word from an Indian ally, Chief Half-King, that a French contingent was posted nearby in concealed positions along a ravine. Early on the following morning, at about dawn, the Virginians surprised and defeated the French. The French commander, Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville, and about nine others were killed; one other Frenchman was wounded and 21 were captured. One man escaped and informed Fort DuQuesne of the loss. That skirmish, in which one Virginian was killed and two others wounded, became the initial contest of the French and Indian War; however, the earlier incident when Captain Trent’s party had been seized by the French still is regarded as the first hostile act of the conflict. The war ran parallel to the conflict in Europe where the war between France and England was known as the Seven Years War. Washington did not move against Fort DuQuesne; rather, the Virginians marched back to Great Meadows (vicinity of Uniontown) and established Fort Necessity, a circular stockade, situated in a near-untenable position dominated by wooded hills. During July 1755, a large force of about 2,000 troops, including colonial and British, led by General Braddock, departed Maryland en route to seize Fort DuQuesne. Initially, the French considered abandoning the post, but the decision to hold was made. On 8 July, the vanguard reached the forks of the Ohio River, but it had only a few pieces of artillery. On the following day, the French and Indians attacked from concealed positions about five miles from the fort. The British were driven back, still unable to identify the concealed positions of the French. British reinforcements arrived, but Braddock refused to permit the troops to break formation, costing many more lives. The Americans had requested permission to break ranks and were turned down. The force attempted to advance, but still against an invisible enemy. Every mounted English officer, except George Washington, had been felled and one of the incoming shells inflicted a mortal blow upon General Braddock, the latter having seen five horses shot from under him before the mortal blow. The British, upon seeing Braddock removed from the field, lost their will to resist. They became completely demoralized and begin a hurried, disoriented retreat. The English sustained about 900 killed or wounded from the force of about 1,400 of the troops that had been under Braddock at the fight. The English retired to Fort Necessity. General Braddock succumbed there. In conjunction, George Washington had been repeatedly struck, but not wounded. He later stated in a letter to his brother: “By the allpowerful dispensation of Providence, I have been protected beyond all human probability or expectation; for I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, and escaped unhurt, although death was leveling my companions on every side of me.” Also, Doctor James Craik, who was at the battle, later related that 15 years after the rout, an Indian chief who had been engaged, traveled to the forks of the Kenhawa and Ohio Rivers in search of Washington. The chief was of the belief that Washington had special protections. He claimed that during the fighting, he personally selected Washington as a target and with his rifle fired at him no less than 15 rounds, and he had also instructed his braves to fire at Washington, but none could slay him. Continuing, he stated that he believed that “the Great Spirit protected the young hero and ceased firing at him.” Adding to the mystique of the incident, others too had noticed the unusual circumstances of Washington remaining unscathed. About one month after the battle, Reverend Samuel Davies, while speaking to a company of volunteers, stated: “I can not but hope Providence has hitherto preserved him in so signal a manner, for some importance

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Durkee to his country.” The French retained Fort DuQuesne until 1758. At that time, another English force was en route, but the French abandoned the fort without a fight. The English renamed the fort, calling it Fort Pitt. See also Fort Necessity, Fort Pitt, and Fort Prince George. Fort Durkee— Fort Durkee, named in honor of Captain John Durkee, was established in the Wyoming Valley in the vicinity of WilkesBarre during April 1769 by settlers who arrived there from Connecticut. The colonists constructed a log house (blockhouse) near the banks of the Susquehanna River between South and Ross Streets. The fort was bolstered also by a stream on its southwest side that flowed into the river at a place known as Fish’s Eddy. The size of the fort was never determined; however, it is thought that it stood on about one-half acre. In addition to the main blockhouse, about 20 other cabins were constructed and each was equipped with loopholes from which the homes could defend against attack. The colonists, from the initial time they arrived, came in conflict with the Pennsylvanians over the rights to the lands. A conflict known as the First Pennamite War soon ignited. The hostilities continued for about two years. During 1771, the Pennsylvanians that were driven out by the settlers from Connecticut returned and regained the territory. At the time, the Pennsylvanians built Fort Wyoming, from which they operated to gain Fort Durkee. Subsequent to the termination of the conflict, there is little mention of Fort Durkee. It was never determined whether the fort was demolished or if it merely fell into total decay. During the American Revolution, there is evidence that General Sullivan encamped near there and that some of his force was described as “occupying old Fort Durkee.” In conjunction, during 1776, Fort Wyoming was reestablished to protect the public square. Later reports indicated that Fort Wyoming had been constructed about 300 yards from where Fort Durkee had stood. Fort Everett— Fort Everett was established in Lynn Township, Lehigh County (originally Northampton County), during 1756. During January 1756, Benjamin Franklin dispatched Trexler’s Company and Wetterholt’s Company into the region (Lyn and Heidelberg Townships). Fort Everett was located south of the Blue Mountains and was established to protect the area from there to the Delaware River. The post was the lone post standing between the southern side of the mountains between the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers. Although the fort was in an important region, little of its history remains. There is no evidence to prove that it held a permanent garrison; however, Captain Nicholas Wetterholt commanded the region. Nevertheless, Fort Everett’s garrison under Captain Wetterholt was composed of 41 troops during February 1758 and a three-month supply of provisions was on hand. Fort Everett was located about one-quarter mile from the settlement at Lynnport in Lynn Township along a stream that emptied into Ontelaunee Creek. The area near the fort came under frequent Indian attacks. During November 1756, the Schlosser home was raided by a small party. One man, named Stonebrook, was killed and one child was captured and dragged away. One other child was taken, but soon after escaped. During July 1757, Indians attacked the home of Adam Clance. Ten people, including women and children, were killed during the raid. Fort Fayette— Fort Fayette was established during the winter of 1791 in response to the needs of settlers who became alarmed after Fort Pitt was abandoned. Fort Fayettte was built along the Allegheny River on a tract of elevated ground in close proximity to Fort Pitt. The new post contained barracks and blockhouses. The post was commanded by Captain Hughes, 2nd U.S. Regiment. The post was named Fort Fayette during May 1792. During 1793, Lieutenant Colonel John Clark, the commanding officer of the 4th SubLegion, was headquartered at Fort Fayette and during the following year, Major

406 Thomas Butler commanded the post. The post was manned as a supply depot during General Wayne’s expedition and although the fort was thinly garrisoned during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, a small contingent of troops was dispatched to support the local authorities. Fort Fayette was again used as a supply depot during the War of 1812. Fort Ferguson— Fort Ferguson, a settlers’ fort, is thought to have been established during 1764 near Carlisle Springs in Cumberland County west of Fort Dickey, also established that year. The fort is listed on the Historical Map of Pennsylvania, but there is little information about it. It is not known when the fort was abandoned. Other settlers’ forts established there in the same time period included Fort McAlister and McComb’s Fort. Fort Fetter— Fort Fetter was established in the vicinity (southwest) of Hollidaysburg in present-day Blair County during 1777 at a place that at the time was called upper Frankstown. The fort stood near a creek that emptied into the Frankstown branch of the Juniata River near or along the route that ran from Bedford to Milesburg, passing through such places as Fort Lowery and Anderson’s Fort. The post was not an authorized government post; rather, it was established by local settlers and manned by about 25 defenders. During the fall of 1777, a party of settlers came by tracks of Indians in the snow and moved to intercept them. Shortly thereafter, they came upon the camp and it was decided to try to confiscate the arms before attacking the Indians, but no one would go along with the plan. Instead, the group of 16 men, on signal, fired in unison, but after several of the Indians were slain, most of the settlers ran away, leaving only Thomas Coleman, the leader, and only two men still with him, Michael Wallack and Adam Holliday. The others fled before even reloading their weapons. With only three men standing, and more than 25 Indians, the trio made a quick exit back to Fort Fetter where Colman assumed command. Afterward, the war came to an end and the settlers returned to their normal lives on their farms. Holliday, who had helped construct Fort Fetter, also transformed Titus’ stable (Fort Holliday) into a fort. It was situated in close proximity to Fort Fetter. Holliday traveled to Philadelphia and succeeded in getting funds and provisions for the fort from Congress. Fort Franklin (Cumberland County)— Fort Franklin was established at Shippensburg in Cumberland County. The date it was established is uncertain, but it could have been as early as 1740. There is also conflicting information as to its exact location with some sources placing it in the northeastern sector of the town and others in the western sector. Nonetheless, it did exist, along with another post, Fort Morris, the latter established in the 1770s. Fort Franklin’s location seems to have been on Burd Street on property subsequently owned by several people, including a John Hosfeld (late 1800s). However, some sources are doubtful of the fort’s existence and other sources claim it was constructed of stone, but in the 1750s. The Historical Map of Pennsylvania lists the fort, but gives no date of construction. Other information indicates that during the autumn of 1740, a garrison of about 20 troops was dispatched to Shippensburg by Governor George Thomas for the purpose of garrisoning a fort there and the fort established there did not receive its name until about 1755. At that time, it seems to have been named Fort Franklin to identify it as separate from Fort Morris, also at Shippensburg. Apparently, the troops, assisted by the settlers, dug a well for a source of water and that well was still visible during the late 1880s on the Burd Street site. Once the area settled down, following the termination of Pontiac’s War (1763), the settlers were able to resume their lives on their homesteads. Not to be confused with Fort Franklin (Berks County) or Fort Franklin (Venango). See also Fort Morris. Fort Franklin (Berks County)— Fort Franklin, known also as the

407 Fort above Allemangle (Allemaengle), was established in Berks County slightly under 20 miles from Fort Lebanon. The fort was built under the direction of Benjamin Franklin near the Blue Mountains. The fort was built subsequent to the massacre at Gnadenhutten (Weissport) during November 1755 and was completed by early February 1756. Fort Franklin, about 40 foot square with two logs houses as bastions, stood about one mile from North Mountain. Pennsylvania militia garrisoned the fort. Not to be confused with Fort Franklin (Cumberland County) or Fort Franklin (Venango). Fort Franklin (Venango)— Fort Franklin was established at Venango (Franklin) during 1787. The post was located in the vicinity of where the French had earlier (1753) established Fort Machard and the English afterward (1760) established Fort Venango. Fort Venango was destroyed during Pontiac’s War (1763) and although it was considered, no fort was constructed there during the American Revolution. The post was established on the south side of French Creek by a contingent of U.S. troops under Captain (later Major) Jonathan Heart. The column, composed of about 87 men including officers, arrived at the fort site from Fort Pitt during April 1788. General Harmar arrived at the post on 3 May of that same year and was greeted with an artillery salute. Major Ebenezer Denny was in Harmar’s party. Fort Franklin was essentially a duplication of Fort Venango, a square redoubt that contained a formidable three-story blockhouse at its center. The troops’ huts were constructed in the ditches that surrounded the blockhouse. The fort also contained what was called the Greenhouse (cave), which was where the troops’ meat and vegetables. The Greenhouse also contained the magazine. It also had four bastions. The post was about one-half mile up French Creek and, in Denny’s opinion, on ground not quite as sufficient as old Fort Venango, which had a more dominant position. By 1794, the region was again plagued with hostility with Indians and by that time the fort had deteriorated greatly. Work was initiated to bolster the fort, which at the time held a garrison of about 25 troops. About one-half of the troops were unfit for duty. The position of the fort also became a problem, as it was too distant from the mouth of French Creek to dominate the creek where it converged with the Allegheny River. During 1796, the fort was relocated to the mouth of French Creek and the new fort became known as the Old Garrison. The new location, which was in close proximity to where the older forts had been, made the post much more defensible and it was an easier post to resupply. Fort Pitt could send boats loaded with either ammunition or supplies directly by water to the post. The Old Garrison was built as a formidable post with a commanding position, but by the time it was established, most of the problems had been eliminated. General Wayne had completed the Treaty of Fort Green Ville during August 1795. The garrison at Fort Franklin transferred to the Old Garrison and remained there until it was abandoned during 1803. Venango County was established during 1805. The Old Garrison was used by the county as a jail until 1819, when a new jail was constructed on the South Park. After the Old Garrison was totally abandoned, it became totally beyond repair, but it was the elements that brought about its demise. Repeated storms took a toll and eventually the walls collapsed. The creek then completed the destruction by overwhelming its foundations until it completely vanished under water. Fort Freeland— Fort Freeland, actually the home of Jacob Freeland, was established during the autumn of 1778 by Jacob and some of the other settlers in the area. It was located near Warrior Run Creek above where the creek converged with the Susquehanna River and slightly east of Watsonstown. Freeland had operated a mill there since 1773–1774, but the necessity arrived to fortify the place and build a stockade. The families, including those of Samuel Gould, Peter Vincent, John Vincent and his son Cornelius Vincent, and

Fort Granville / PENNSYLVANIA Timothy Williams, arrived in the area from Essex County, New Jersey, in about 1762, and all went well, as the Indians remained friendly until 1777. By the spring of 1778, the settlers were compelled to abandon their lands; however, they returned during the autumn. At that time, Freeland constructed his fortified house, composed of two stories, with a 12-foot high stockade that covered about one acre of the ground. The settlers gathered at the fort for the winter of 1778–1779. Other families that sought shelter there for the winter included John Little, John Vincent, Peter Vincent, George Pack, Cornelius Vincent, Moses Kirk, James Durham, Samuel Gould, Isaac Vincent and David Vincent. Several children were born there during the first winter and spring. During the spring of 1779, the Indians again returned to the area and attacks occurred, but no major damage was sustained. Shortly thereafter, during July, the Indians sprang an ambush on some men working the fields. The attack killed some, including Isaac Vincent, Elias Freeland and Jacob Freeland, Jr. Two others, Benjamin Vincent and Michael Freeland, were seized. Another, Daniel Vincent, a young boy of about 10, was able to conceal himself and escaped capture, but only for a while as he too was soon caught. Meanwhile, the fort had only about 20 men to defend it and the British-Indian force (Butler’s Rangers), led by Captain McDonald, numbered several hundred. Soon after, on 29 July, the fort was encircled. The British agreed to take the able men as prisoners and let the women and elderly go free. A Mrs. Mary Kirk, when informed of the terms of surrender, succeeded in dressing her teenage son as a woman and he escaped too. Meanwhile, reinforcements were en route, but they were unaware that the fort had fallen. About 30 men under Captains Hawkins Boone and Daugherty arrived in the area and dashed toward the fort, only to be intercepted. About onehalf of the relief force was killed, but the other part of the force was able to fight itself free and escape. Thirteen scalps taken from those lost in the relief force were carried back to the fort. Those captured as the garrison force were also killed. Afterward, the fort was burned. In conjunction, following the loss of Fort Freeland, Boone’s Mill was abandoned, further imperiling the region. Fort Augusta still stood, but it was flanked only by a small garrison at Fort Bosley (Bosley’s Mill). By November fresh troops, the German Battalion which had served during the Sullivan Expedition, arrived. The German troops constructed new defenses, including Fort Jenkins, Fort Rice and Fort Swartz. Fort Gaines— See Camp Gaines. Fort Gloninger— Fort Gloninger is described as a fort; however, it, like the Ulrich Fort, was a fortified house that was used during the 1750s as a place of refuge for the settlers there during times of emergency. Fort Gloninger, located near Lebanon, was later used as a farmhouse. Fort Granville— Fort Granville was established along the Juniata River slightly west of Old Town (Lewistown) during the autumn of 1755. The fort was one of a series of posts built west of the Susquehanna River subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort Duquesne. The fort was located on the property of James Turner in Mifflin County. The Indians intensified their raids along the frontier after Braddock was defeated and panic was spreading amongst the settlers. Fort Granville stood at a dominant position near a pass and it was thought that a small garrison could hold back a larger enemy force. The fort was to be completed during the winter of 1755–1756. During July 1756, the Indians attempted to draw the garrison, which was commanded by Lieutenant Armstrong (brother of Colonel, later General Armstrong), but the garrison didn’t take the bait. Armstrong at the time had only a small contingent and about 60 Indians were at the fort. Afterward, the Indians raided some homes near the fort and took prisoners.

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Green The Baskins home was burned, Baskins was killed and his wife and children were taken captive. The Carroll family was also taken captive. On 30 July 1756, a contingent of troops under Captain Edward Ward departed the fort to protect a group of settlers while they gathered their crop. Once the troops left the post, the garrison was too thin to put up a strong defense and the enemy took immediate advantage. The fort was encircled by a force of French and Indians which launched an attack that lasted for two days. The fort held. But, the French and Indians persisted. Indians crept up to positions close to the fort and set logs on fire and afterward they were able to fire through the holes created by the flames. Two men, including Lieutenant Armstrong, were killed and several other were wounded, but still the fort refused to capitulate. The French demanded surrender and promised safety for the garrison and the settlers. Soon after, the fort was surrendered. John Turner opened the gate, based on the promise of safety, but the French did not keep their word. Turner was soon after burned at the stake and scalped, when he, along with the other prisoners, was taken to Kittanning. The torture of Turner lasted about three hours before he finally died when the Indians lifted up a young Indian boy who then plunged a tomahawk into his head. Fort Granville was burned. And many of the homes in the area were also destroyed. From Kittanning, the prisoners were taken to Fort DuQuesne. One of the prisoners, Peter Walker, and some others were able to escape. They got word to General Armstrong that the French and Indians were preparing to attack Fort Shirley. With advance word of the plan, Fort Shirley was abandoned. Also, during September 1756, Colonel Armstrong attacked Kittanning and devastated the Indians there. The frontier became more tranquil following the Treaty of Easton, consummated during 1758. However, the frontier exploded again during 1763 when Pontiac’s War erupted. In conjunction, John Turner had married the widow Girty, the mother of Simon Girty. She was at the fort, but the Indians spared her and her son, John Turner, Jr., and took them to Fort DuQuesne. Fort Green— Fort Green was established near Pittsburgh in the vicinity of Rosston, above the mouth of Crooked Creek in Armstrong County during 1791. William Green, his wife and their three sons, James, John and Samuel, moved there from Fayette County during 1787 and until 1791 had not experienced any difficulty with the Indians who inhabited the area, now Manor Township near Kittanning. By 1791, the once-friendly Indians were becoming hostile. Green received word from Colonel Charles Campbell to hold at his residence and that troops would be dispatched for protection. The Greens remained as requested and the troops arrived. The soldiers built the blockhouse which afterward became known as Fort Green and was identified as such on early maps of the area. The fort contained a blockhouse and the troops built barracks. The fort had several different commanders, including Captain Sparks. Scouting parties usually consisting of about 10 or 12 troops and two spies regularly went on missions; however, the fort apparently never came under direct attack. On one such mission, an Indian was spotted on Bushy Island (Cast Off Island) and action was taken, but it was not determined whether or not he had been shot. The scouts determined the band was composed of about 30 braves. During 1792, authorization came from the governor and the legislature to increase military presence in the region. Three companies were to be raised and deployed with one company at Washington County (later Greene County), a second company at the mouth of Great Beaver to protect the area from Pine Creek to Fort Crawford and the third company to be based at Kittanning to provide protection along the Allegheny River there. During February 1793, it was reported in a letter from Colonel Charles Campbell to Governor Mifflin that 30 state troops were based there. Another nearby station in Armstrong County was Coe’s Blockhouse on the western side of the Allegheny opposite Fort Craw-

408 ford. About 30 state troops were also based there. The frontier was anticipating trouble with the Indians as spring approached. Another post near Fort Pitt was Fort Fayette, known also as Fort Lafayette, established also during 1791. By 1804, the Greens relocated to the west side of the river. Subsequently a Judge Ross became the initial permanent settler in the Manor, in about 1807. Ross’ property, including a stone house he erected, passed to his heirs. His grandson, Washington Ross, was residing there as late as 1883. The site of the fort (Fort Green) is thought to have been Lot Number 22 in the village of Rosston, Manor Township. Fort Halifax— Fort Halifax was established near the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the mouth of Armstrong Creek slightly outside present-day Halifax in Dauphin County during 1756. The fort, built in the shape of a quadrangle with four bastions, was authorized by the provincial government and was one of a group of forts built along the frontier between 1752–1753, which covered the French and Indian War period and the conflict in 1763 known as Pontiac’s War. The post was established by Colonel William Clapham, who also selected its site at a place above Juniata Falls between Harris and Shamokin. The post, once the logs were cut, was completed in about two weeks. Clapham left a garrison composed of about 30 troops there and then departed by bateaux to McKee’s Store. Initially, the post had no official name and Clapham had named it Camp Armstrong. On 25 June 1756, Governor Morris stipulated that the fort at Armstrong’s was to be named Fort Halifax. On 1 July 1756, Colonel Clapham was directed to move to Shamokin (later Sunbury). He informed Governor Morris that he had left a detachment at Harris’ Fort and that another contingent, composed of 12 men, was deployed at Hunter’s Fort. In addition, the message mentioned a party of 24 troops left to garrison McKee’s Store (Fort McKee) and that 30 troops under Captain Samuel Miles were deployed at Fort Halifax. Fort Halifax was abandoned during 1763. In conjunction, Colonel Clapham and his family were killed during an Indian attack at Sewickley Creek during 1763. He was succeeded by Colonel James Burd. Fort Halofax— See Fort Halifax. Fort Hamilton— Fort Hamilton was established at Stroudsburg, Northampton County, by the Provincial Government during 1756. Benjamin Franklin and James Hamilton, both appointed commissioners by the governor of Pennsylvania, had arrived in Easton during December (Christmas Day) of 1755 in an attempt to bring some stabilization to the region, which was in chaos due to the intensified Indian attacks that followed the recent defeat of General Braddock by the French. Captains Ashton and Trump were dispatched to Stroudsburg to establish a fort. The troops lacked proper tools and the elements also worked against them, but the post was completed about the latter part of January 1756. Once Fort Hamilton was completed, Captain Trump was sent from there to establish Fort Norris. Captain Craig arrived at Fort Hamilton during April 1756 with a command of about 41 troops. As the region became even more dangerous, Fort Hyndshaw was established only a few miles from Fort Hamilton and a nearby settler’s home, Depui’s House, was fortified. Fort Hamilton was abandoned by 1758. During March of that year, James Burd paused at the fort and found it badly deteriorated and several families living in it. Fort Hand— Fort Hand was established in about the autumn of 1777 in close proximity to the fortified home of John McKibben northwest of Hannastown (Washington Township, Westmoreland County) in the vicinity of the Kiskiminetas River. The settlers had been gathering at McKibben’s log house throughout the summer of 1777 and at another, Carnahan’s Blockhouse, but often it was difficult for the two places to communicate due to the immense prob-

409 lems with the Indians in the region. Troops, about 60, under Colonel Lochry supported the settlers’ forts, but during early December, there were no Continental forces between Ligonier and the Allegheny Mountains, except for some at Fort Hand. During March 1778, General Edward Hand dispatched a letter to Colonel Lochry informing him that he was to prepare a plan for the defense of the frontier with 150 militia troops, with 20 deployed at Fort Hand with Captain Moorhead’s company and the others at forts that he (Lochry) could choose. In the meantime, the frontier remained vulnerable. General Lachlan McIntosh arrived at Pittsburgh during August 1778 and assumed command of the Western Department, but the situation remained poor. Besides Fort Pitt, McIntosh had only Fort Randolph at Wheeling (Virginia) and Fort Hand as posts west of the Alleghenies. However, there were still the settlers’ forts and some militia posts in the region. McIntosh was succeeded by Colonel Brodhead during the spring of 1779. Fort Hand remained active during the American Revolution, but often it was garrisoned by militia due to the great shortage of Continental troops. On 7 July 1778, a small contingent of nine troops (Continental soldiers) under Captain Miller was en route to Fort Hand with a cargo of grain. The column was ambushed by Indians north of Hannas Town. Eight men, including Captain Samuel Miller, were killed. In conjunction, Miller had been at Valley Forge, but during February, he was ordered to Westmoreland County to recruit new troops. His home was Miller’s Station. Indians attacked Fort Hand during April 1779 but the 17 troops under Captain Moorhead (son-in-law of Colonel Lochry) repelled the assault, which lasted into the following day. No troops were killed, but several were wounded. During that same day, Indians attacked the settlement at Ligonier. One man was lost there and the Indians took two captives. During the autumn of 1779, Fort Hand was abandoned when Captain Thomas Campbell received orders to move his militia company to Fort Crawford. During the winter of 1779, Fort Crawford was abandoned and Colonel Lochry ordered Campbell to return to Fort Hand. The post remained active until the close of the war. It is possible that the post was also used sporadically as late as 1785 and 1791 during new times of turbulence. In conjunction, Carnahan’s Blockhouse replaced Fort Hand as a key post. The site of Fort Hand later was acquired by Francis Kearns during 1835. See also Carnahan’s Blockhouse. Fort Harper— See Harper’s Blockhouse. Fort Harris— See Harris’ Blockhouse. Fort Hartsog— Fort Hartsog, a settler’s fort, was established in the vicinity of Marklesburg in the Woodcock Valley during 1778. The fort was used as a gathering place for the settlers during times of danger; however, there is no record of it ever coming under an attack. The fort was built on a hill along an old Indian path that ran from the Tuscarora Valley through Aughwick and the Woodcock Valley toward Hollidaysburg and Kittanning Point. The property upon which the fort was built later became the farm (late 1880s) of David B. Brumbaugh. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Henry— Fort Henry was established during 1755 near Dietrich Six’s in the vicinity of Millersburg, Berks County. The fort was sometimes referred to as Busse’s Fort after the officer who was in command there. At times Fort Henry is erroneously referred to as being Fort Swatara, but Fort Swatara was never called Fort Henry. The fort remained active until about 1759 and was again used during the period known as Pontiac’s War. During July 1763, Governor Hamilton informed Colonel Armstrong that he authorized 300 men to be deployed in contingents of 100 men at Berks, Lancaster and Northampton Counties respectively. There is no evidence as to when the fort was eventually abandoned, but at the time, 1763, it was still considered an important post along the frontier.

Fort Horn / PENNSYLVANIA Fort Holliday— Fort Holliday was established in about 1777 in Bedford County (later Blair County) in close proximity to Fort Fetter by William Holliday, who transformed a stable on the property of Peter Titus into a fort. See also Fort Fetter. Holliday, one of the initial settlers in the area, had also been involved in the establishment of Fort Fetter. Holliday had relocated there from Franklin County during the early stages of the American Revolution. During 1779, the Indians moved into the region once again. Fort Holliday was abandoned. The people there moved to nearby Fort Fetter and to Fort Roberdeau, the latter at Sinking Valley. Before abandoning the fort, Holliday attempted to procure provisions and ammunition from the General Council, without success. Eventually, militia arrived, but much devastation had already been done prior to the arrival of the troops. Troop shortages continued along the frontier for the greater part of the war. In conjunction, Holliday, with his family, during one emergency left Fort Roberdeau to check his property. The Hollidays attempted to escape an unexpected Indian raid, but some in his family were lost. Holliday managed to get back to the fort. Later, he returned to his own property where he succumbed during 1801. Holliday was survived by two children, a son and a daughter. Fort Horn— Fort Horn was established west of Fort Antes near the West Branch of the Susquehanna River near Bald Eagle Mountain slightly outside the village of Pine in present-day Wayne Township, Clinton County. The fort was established by Samuel Horn at a spot which at the time was where the river was the border of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Indian lands across the river. From Fort Horn, a dominant position, settlements of some Scotch-Irish could be observed in the Indian territory. During 1777, when the region became especially dangerous, Horn established the stockade and his place became where the settlers gathered in times of danger. Fort Horn, like the other forts in the upper West Branch region, was garrisoned by militia and when possible by Continental Army troops, when the latter were available. Fort Horn was not armed with any cannon. Another frontier post, Fort Reid, was slightly west of Fort Horn at Lock Haven. Fort Horn was abandoned during 1778. When the fort was abandoned upon the orders of Colonel Hunter, the settlers in the area, including the Scotch-Irish across the river, gathered at the fort. A party went ahead to get a flat (boat) so that they might return to get their families. After acquiring the flat (boat), they started the return trip. Canoes out in front got ambushed. Three men were killed. The others in the flat heard the commotion. They made it to Pine Creek and from there to Fort Horn. Men at the fort moved to the point of the ambush and discovered the three bodies, but the Indians vanished. The remains of the three men were taken to Fort Antes and buried there. Another party was ambushed near Fort Horn that same day, but the Indians were driven away. In conjunction, as the forts west of Muncy Hills were abandoned everything that could float was used. Women and children were on the flats, rafts and canoes, and the men moved by foot alongside in single file to provide protection. The floating column arrived safely at Sunbury. One mystery of Fort Horn still remains and that is about Samuel Horn. History has not recorded from where he came or when he arrived in Clinton County and there is no record of what happened to him and his family if, as it is thought, he had a family. In conjunction, at the Scotch-Irish settlement across the river at Pine Creek, and outside of Pennsylvania at the time, the settlers on 4 July 1776 gathered to decide upon the U.S. or Great Britain. Most of the settlers had less than a great love for England and they proclaimed what was known as the Pine Creek Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. Coincidentally, the action occurred on the identical day that the Continental Congress took similar action in Philadelphia (Declaration of Independence), with no knowledge of the Congress. There

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Hunter is no record of the historic gathering; however, the names of some of the participants have been preserved in the Pennsylvania Archives. Fort Hunter— Fort Hunter was one of a series of forts established following the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort DuQuesne during 1755. The land upon which the fort was built was originally that of Benjamin Chambers. It was in the vicinity of Harrisburg. It was later acquired by Samuel Hunter by inheritance. The fort was small in size, about 10 feet × 14 feet. It remained active throughout the French and Indian War and was at times garrisoned by militia. The fort fell into disrepair during the 1760s and was abandoned. For more information: Fort Hunter Mansion, 5300 North Front Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110. Fort Hyndshaw— Fort Hyndshaw in Upper Smithfield Township was established during 1756. Captain Vanetta at Upper Smithfield received instructions from Benjamin Franklin at Bethlehem, directing him to raise a Company of Foot (30 troops) to provide protection for the people of Upper Smithfield. The troops were to be distributed among a group of homes, eight at Vanetta’s, eight at Lieutenant Hyndshaw’s, seven including a sergeant at Tishock and another seven including a sergeant at Henry Cortracht’s. The troops were to serve for one month. In addition, Captain Van Etten and Lieutenant Hinshaw received instruction to use 30 troops to protect Upper Smithfield. The exact time Fort Hyndshaw was erected is uncertain, but it is thought it was completed soon after the two officers reached the area after receiving their instructions from Franklin during January 1756. Fort Hyndshaw was built as a 70-foot square. Lieutenant Hyndshaw was succeeded at Fort Hyndshaw by Lieutenant Samuel Allen. Hyndshaw remained in the same general area and Captain Van Etten remained in command of both Fort Hyndshaw and Fort Hamilton. Fort Hamilton was abandoned about July 1757. Note: Spellings for Hyndshaw included Henshaw and Hinshaw as noted in the spellings for Lieutenant Henshaw. Fort Jenkins (Columbia County)— Fort Jenkins was established between the autumn of 1777 and the winter or spring of 1778. The fort was the home of a Mr. Jenkins, a merchant from Philadelphia. The post, which included a stockade, was established by troops under Colonel Hartley. It was built to the size of 60 feet × 80 feet near the North Branch of the Susquehanna River about midway between Berwick and Bloomsburg in Columbia County. During May 1778, while troops under Lieutenant Moses Van Campen were constructing Fort Wheeler, about eight miles distant, they came under attack by Indians. Lacking sufficient ammunition, Van Campen dispatched a runner and he procured ammunition at Fort Jenkins, then returned to enable the troops to ensure that the troops prevailed. During May 1779, a family of four that lived near the post was attacked and killed and scalped. Two of the family’s other children had been returning home and discovered the tragedy. Although the home was near the fort, it was concealed by the density of the woods. The garrison spotted the trouble when the flames were seen. The Indians escaped before troops could arrive. The region remained dangerous to settlers and troops. Colonel Adam Hubley, Jr. later arrived to command the post and during the latter part of 1779, Colonel Ludwig Weltner arrived with the German Battalion. A contingent of the battalion, which had just served with General Sullivan during his successful campaign, remained at the fort until the troops moved to support Fort Rice and Fort Augusta, which came under attack by a force of Tories and Indians. In the meantime, during the latter part of March 1780, Indians again raided near Fort Jenkins. The Indians seized about seven settlers from a place about two miles from the post. With only about 30 troops there, no pursuit was initiated. Fort Jenkins was abandoned during September 1780 to permit the garrison to bolster Fort Rice and shortly thereafter, on 18 September, Indians

410 burned it down. The property upon which the fort was located was later acquired by James Wilson (signer of the Declaration of Independence) and afterward by a Captain Frederick Hill, who established a hotel there. Not to be confused with Fort Jenkins (Pittston). Fort Jenkins (Pittston)— During August 1776, Fort Jenkins was established in the vicinity of Pittston after being authorized by the committee which met in Exeter Township at that time. The fort was built in conjunction with the recent construction of nearby Wintermoot’s Fort, which was thought at the time to have been built by Tories. The stockade was constructed around the fortified home of John Jenkins, located near the Pittston Ferry bridge at present-day West Pittston. Several families were gathered there on 1 July 1778 when the British and Indians under Major John Butler arrived in the region. At the time, less than 10 men defended the fort. Subsequent to the capitulation of Wintermoot’s Fort, a contingent of British troops (Royal Greens) arrived and demanded surrender. The fort capitulated. On 3 July, the fort was burned, but like Wintermoot’s Fort, burned on the identical day, the cause was never determined. Not to be confused with Fort Jenkins (Columbia County). Fort Juniata Crossing— See Fort Martin. Fort Le Boeuf— Fort le Boeuf (also known as Fort de la Riviere aux Boeufs) was established by the French during 1753 at Waterford. The French first established Fort Presque Isle to halt encroachment by the British and then moved southward to construct Fort Le Boeuf. On 31 October, Robert Dinwiddie, the governor of Virginia, dispatched a small party composed of less than 10 men, led by George Washington, to convey a message from Dinwiddie to the French, that they should abandon the valley. Washington’s party was unable to reach the marquis as Fort DuQuesne as the party was halted at Fort Le Boeuf during early December. Washington remained at the fort and was treated especially well by the French commander, Legardeur de St. Pierre. While the Virginians were within the French positions, they gathered intelligence on the positions of artillery and numbers of troops. The return trip was extremely harrowing and at one point, while Washington and his party were forced to cross a river by raft, Washington was tossed overboard into freezing water and was saved by clinging to a piece of log. The entire party had to swim across the Monongahela to an island. By the following day, the river was completely frozen which permitted them to walk to the mainland. Afterward, the party was reunited with the horses and they continued the journey, arriving back at Virginia on 16 January 1754. The French retained the fort until it was abandoned subsequent to the loss of Fort Niagara during 1759. The British gained possession of it during 1760, but it was destroyed by Indians (Pontiac’s War) during 1763. On 19 June 1763, Pontiac’s Indians, appearing friendly and in need of some utensils, sought entry at Fort Le Boeuf, but they were not given permission to enter. Soon after, the fort was besieged with flaming arrows that set the fort afire. The small garrison of 11 men was unable to extinguish the blaze. However, they did escape and made it safely through a pine swamp and got to Venango, but the fort there had also been destroyed and the area littered with dead troops. They then moved to Fort Pitt. Some in the party got separated, but all except two men eventually reached Fort Pitt. The U.S. constructed a blockhouse and stockade there during 1794. On 29 June 1794, a party under Andrew Ellicott at Fort Le Boeuf wrote to Governor Thomas Mifflin to inform him of their arrival and that they were reinforcing the area to hold military supplies. The party had recently been to and reinforced the fort at Venango. During May, Pennsylvania troops built a blockhouse at the Forks of French Creek, about two miles below the former Fort Le Boeuf. At the time, the new fort was not named. On 1 August 1794, Major E. Denny informed (by message) Governor Mifflin that riflemen occupied two

411 blockhouses in the front of the post and other riflemen were stationed in the lower sections of the other two blockhouses. The post also had artillery, but the officers and men resided in tents, not barracks. By the end of August, some of the discipline had been lost despite the efforts of Major Denny and some troops had been punished for falling asleep while being on guard duty. The garrison was responsible for protecting survey teams. The blockhouse afterward was used as a hotel up until the 1860s. During 1797, another post was constructed at the site of Fort Le Boeuf and it was commanded by Lieutenant Marten and a contingent of between 10 to 15 soldiers. The blockhouse built during 1797 was used during the War of 1812. Following the Battle of Lake Erie, British prisoners were held there. Fort Lebanon— Fort Lebanon (later known as Fort William) was established east of the Susquehanna River slightly more than 10 miles east of Auburn near the forks of the Schuylkill. Fort Lebanon stood at a prominent position from which it defended Schuylkill Gap. The fort was established during late 1755 about November-December. Captain Jacob Morgan received his commission in the provincial army during early December 1755 and it is thought that he established the fort. During January 1756, a contingent of 20 men under Captain Jacob Morgan was dispatched from Fort Lebanon to construct another post, Fort Northkill, about 10 or 11 miles distant. It was Captain Morgan who later planned the town of Morgantown (1770). Fort Lebanon was built to a size of 100 foot square and within the walls it contained a house that was 30 × 20. The stockade reached a height of about 14 feet. During July 1756, Morgan was directed by Colonel Weiser to use 10 troops to initiate constant reconnaissance missions and that 15 men were to hold the fort, while another eight troops were to guard the settlers during harvest time. The region remained susceptible to Indian attacks. During November 1756, an attack struck the area. The Finsher home was destroyed and another family, that of Philip Culmore, was also attacked. Philip’s wife, and daughter and his son-in-law were killed and scalped. Another family at the Culmore home also was devastated. The wife of Martin Fell and their one-year-old child were captured. Martin, his mother-inlaw and his sister-in-law were killed and scalped. Militia rushed to the Culmore home after discovering the disaster at the Jacob Finsher place, but when they arrived, the killings had already occurred and the Indians had gone. Meanwhile, about 60 women and children reached safety at Fort Lebanon. Later, during August 1757, the home of Peter Semelcke, located near Fort Lebanon, was raided. Peter, his wife and one of their children were not at the house. The three children there were captured and dragged away. The home was burned. Subsequently, during February 1758, in correspondence regarding Captain Morgan, the adjutant (Kern) reported that Captain Morgan remained on duty at the post, but it was referred to as Fort William, but it has never been determined why the name was changed, when it was renamed or by whom. It is not known exactly when the fort was abandoned. Fort Lehigh— Fort Lehigh was established during late 1755 or early 1756 in the vicinity of Lehigh Gap on property originally owned by Nathaniel Irish. The fort was located on a stream that flowed into Aquashicola Creek and held a prominent place from where it dominated the entrance to Lehigh Gap and served as the junction where the route to Fort Allen (north) and Fort Norris (east) passed. The fort was a blockhouse bolstered by a stockade. The fort’s history remains unclear, but it is thought that it remained active until 1758. And there is no documentation to show that it was reactivated during 1763 (Pontiac’s War). Fort Letort— Fort Letort was established as a trading post in the vicinity of Carlisle near Beaver Pond in Cumberland County by James Letort. There is no information confirming that the trading

Fort Ligonier / PENNSYLVANIA post was ever used as a fort. The exact location of the post has not been determined. In conjunction, Fort Lowther was established that same year at Carlisle by settlers and later, it was reconstructed by the militia. See also Fort Lowther. Fort Ligonier— Fort Ligonier, known also as Fort Preservation, was established at Loyalhanna (Westmoreland County) during 1758. During 1758, an army was being raised by the British in Pennsylvania. The troops came also from Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia. The force was under the command of General John Forbes. Earlier, a British army was defeated by the French during 1755 near Fort DuQuesne. That loss created chaos along the entire frontier, but Forbes was expected to advance and retaliate. The Royal American Regiment, a newly organized unit composed primarily of Germans, participated in the offensive. The Virginians had formed at Winchester and the Pennsylvanians gathered at Raystown (later Bedford). Forbes departed Philadelphia about the latter part of June, but he was in ill health and made frequent stops, reaching Bedford about the latter part of August. He did not arrive at Loyalhanna until 1 November. Meanwhile the vanguard of Colonel Bouquet’s force arrived at Loyalhanna with a contingent of a Pennsylvania regiment under Colonel Burd. During September of 1756, Major Grant requested permission to initiate a full-scale reconnaissance mission near Fort DuQuesne. The permission was granted with the stipulation that the contingent not take any action. On 21 September, a force composed of about 800 troops commanded by Major Grant, an advance contingent of the main body of Colonel Bouquet at Loyalhanna (Ligonier, Westmoreland County), was under orders to reconnoiter the area in the vicinity of Fort DuQuesne (Fort Pitt, later Pittsburgh). Grant, apparently feeling confident, stretched his orders and launched an attack to seize the fort. The French handily repulsed the assault and inflicted heavy casualties upon the English-Colonial force. About 278 men were killed and 48 others sustained wounds. Captain Grant and Major Lewis (Washington’s Regiment) were captured and transported to Canada. The English retreat was harrowing, but one officer, Captain Bullit, with a 50-man unit, guarding the supplies at the rear, was able to regroup the survivors and lead an organized retreat back to Loyalhanna to spare the force even more catastrophic losses. However, English-Colonial reinforcements were en route and another attack was scheduled. In conjunction, Colonel George Washington had urged British general Forbes to trace the steps of the earlier expedition led by General Braddock, but he had declined, choosing a circuitous route which delayed the arrival of his force until November. If the advice of Washington had been accepted, the force against Fort DuQuesne would have been more powerful. The French did not immediately follow up on their victory. Subsequently, a force of French and Indians attacked Fort Ligonier on 12 October, but the English repelled the assault. The FrenchIndian force, commanded by de Vetri, numbered about 1,100–1,200, including about 200 Indians. The attack struck at about one hour before noon and continued until about 1500 hours. Later during the night, the French again tried to penetrate, but that attempt also failed. At the time of the attack, Colonel Bouquet was at Stony Creek with about 700 troops and some artillery, but the conditions of the roads (mud) prevented him from reaching the battle. In Bouquet’s absence, Colonel Burd commanded. After the arrival of General Forbes, a council of war was held and it was decided not to attempt an advance against Fort DuQuesne until the following spring. However, it was soon after learned that the French were low in number and their supplies had run dangerously low. In addition, intelligence arrived informing the British that the Indians there had abandoned the French. With the change in circumstance, George Washington was to lead a force of Virginians against the French at Fort DuQuesne with Colonel Armstrong and his Pennsylvanians.

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Loudoun Later, a major force under General Forbes advanced. By 24 November, the British were within striking distance of the French-held Fort DuQuesne, but word arrived that it had been abandoned. Troops sped forward to try to prevent its complete destruction, but the flames had already consumed it. The French moved to Venango, but it too was abandoned, during August 1759. Nonetheless, on 26 November, the English arrived in force and the fort soon was rebuilt as Fort Pitt. Subsequently, General Forbes returned to Fort Ligonier, but he remained gravely ill. Fort Ligonier retained a garrison and after the departure of the regular troops, the fort was garrisoned by the Royal American Regiment. Work was continuing on the post into 1759. It became a support post for Fort Pitt. On 6 July 1759, a small contingent under Lieutenant Blane departed the fort en route to Bedford. After its departure, a French-Indian party attacked Fort Ligonier. Initially, it was thought to be a harassment raid, but it was a major attack. The defenders repulsed the assault, but concern arose for the contingent that was due back from Bedford. Later, it returned, but succeeded in fighting its way into the fort. During the attack, one officer, Captain Jones, was killed. Three other troops were wounded. Following the close of the French and Indian War, the frontier was calm for a while, but during 1763, all-out war erupted with the Indians (Pontiac’s War). As a sturdy support post of Fort Pitt, the Indians targeted Fort Ligonier. Pontiac had apparently calculated that both forts would have to be taken and that once they were seized, all the settlers west of the Allegheny Mountains could be eliminated. Fort Ligonier, commanded by Lieutenant Blane, was attacked during June, but it held. The fort remained in danger, but reinforcements arrived to bolster the garrison. Meanwhile, the forts at Presque Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango fell. Communication was poor and messengers who attempted to get through from one post to another were usually killed en route. Bouquet’s column reached Ligonier on 2 August. Colonel Bouquet, having secured Fort Ligonier, left troops there and moved to Fort Pitt to lift the siege there. On 5–6 August, Bouquet engaged the Indians and decisively defeated them at the Battle of Bushy Run. In conjunction the regulars were detached from Fort Ligonier during 1765, but it is thought that the proprietary government retained it until about 1770. A reconstructed fort (built during the 1950s) is located in Ligonier. It has a stockade and four bastions, barracks and a magazine. Fort Littleton— See Fort Lyttleton. Fort Loudoun— Fort Loudoun was established during 1756 in the vicinity of Loudoun (Franklin County) by Colonel John Armstrong. The fort was located on property owned by the Stenger family, but it was where Nathan Patton resided. The land was near the east side of the west branch of Conococheague Creek slightly southwest of Parnell’s Knob. Fort Loudoun stood about 13 miles west of Fort Chambers. The fort was one of those authorized by the provincial government and it was garrisoned by both British troops and provincial forces during the French and Indian War. Earlier there had been no actual roads in the region, but subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock near Fort DuQuesne during 1755, a primary route was cut from Fort Loudoun that ran westward and became an important artery for men and supplies during the conflict. By 22 December, supplies had been relocated at the new fort from McDowell’s Mill. Patton’s initial home was destroyed by Indians, but it had been rebuilt and was used by the garrison. At the time of the fort’s completion, it had not yet received a name and Colonel Armstrong suggested that it be called Pomfret Castle, but apparently there had already been another fortification with the identical name. Consequently, it appears that he named it Fort Loudoun in honor of Lord Loudoun. During 1757, some of the forts along the Susquehanna were abandoned, but Fort Loudoun was ordered retained. It was to be protected by Colonel Armstrong’s battalion, which also had to de-

412 fend the other several forts that were retained. Troops from Fort Loudoun participated in the successful campaign to seize Fort DuQuesne without incident during November 1758. Subsequently, during 1764, during early June, a band of Indians raided the homes of settlers that were located near the fort. More than 10 people were killed and a few homes were destroyed. The post was abandoned during 1765, due in great part to rising tension between the settlers and the garrison. For more information: Fort Loudoun Historical Society, P.O. Box 181, Fort Loudoun, Pennsylvania 17224. A reconstructed stockade is at the site and a visitors’ center is located there. Fort Lowrey— Fort Lowrey was established in the winter of 1778 or spring of 1779 on the Lowrey farm in Catherine Township, Blair County. The fort was small in size and built by settlers along the route that led northward from Fort Bedford to the Juniata River. It was near the river outside Williamsburg. The commander of the fort was Captain Simonton. Settlers gathered at the fort during times of emergencies, but some of the early pioneers ignored the danger and remained at their homesteads at greater peril. The dangers did not subside during 1779 and 1780. During that time, Indians raided the Dean home while the father was away working the field. The home was burned and when he returned he discovered his wife and three children dead from the fire. Men arrived from the fort and gave chase, but the Indians vanished. When the wife of Captain Simonton got there, the first to arrive, she found one of the younger children lying there after being scalped. Apparently, a son of the Simontons was also killed during the raid. In conjunction, the land upon which the fort stood was initially owned by James and Daniel Lowrey, but all or most of it was inherited by Lazarus Lowrey, the son of Colonel Alexander Lowrey (brother of James and Daniel). Fort Lowther— Fort Lowther was initially established by settlers in Carlisle (Cumberland County) during May 1753. During 1755, Governor Morris was at Fort Lowther and it was from there that he communicated with General Braddock until Braddock met with his illtimed death near Fort DuQuesne. Following the defeat of Braddock, the region, like most of the frontier, became more dangerous. Indians increased their raids and many settlers were killed while the French and Indian War raged. Settlers began to abandon their farms. During 1756, the fort was rebuilt by Colonel Armstrong to better withstand attack. The fort was located on High Street between Hanover and Pitt Streets. The fort was partially on the property of General Lamberton. The historical map of Pennsylvania placed the site of the fort along the western bank of a stream which was a tributary of Indian Creek, but the exact location of the fort has not been determined. The fort was built to provide protection for the settlers from Indian attacks from various tribes, primarily the Delawares, Shawnees and the Tuscaroras, which lived on the lands between the Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers. Fort Lowther was bolstered by a stockade composed primarily of oak logs that were anchored in the ditch and stood high (about 17 to 18 feet) with pointed tips. The top of the stockade was secured tightly by using horizontal timber affixed to the logs. After finishing the walls, the defenders refilled the ditch and then platforms were built from which the defenders could fire through loopholes, located near the top of the walls. Colonel Armstrong, during July 1756, noted in a message to Governor Morris that the forts at Lyttleton, Shippensburg and Carlisle were the only forts in the region capable of being formidable. At the time, the forts at Carlisle and Shippensburg were not quite finished. Harvest time arrived and delayed construction. Work continued into 1757. During September 1757, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Regiment, was dispatched from New York to Carlisle to bolster Colonel Stanwix, who was based there. Later, during 1758, General Forbes directed that 100 troops be posted at Shippensburg and another 100 at Carlisle, but at times there seemed to be only about 14 troops at Carlisle. The fort was abandoned about 1758.

413 Fort Lytle–Fort Lytle, a settler’s fort, was erected in Porter Township, Huntingdon County, but the exact date (1770s) that it was established is unknown. The fort was located on property that later became known as the Knode farm. It was located slightly outside (south) Alexandria and between it and McConnellstown. Fort Lyttleton— Fort Lyttleton (sometimes spelled Littleton) was established in Franklin County in the vicinity of Sugar Cabins. The fort, named after George Lyttleton, a friend of the governor, was established by Governor Morris during early 1756. About 75 troops formed the garrison and for a while some Cherokees (friendly) in the service of the king were based there. It was at a place along the Fort Littleton Road (old State Road), about 20 miles south of Fort Shirley. By April 1776, the region had become a frequent target of the Indians and the settlers had fled the area. During November of that same year, Colonel John Armstrong dispatched a contingent of about 100 troops to move some cattle to Fort Lyttleton, which was one of four forts over the Susquehanna that had been selected to retain a garrison. The fort remained active until about 1763–1764. A contingent of about 25 troops arrived there during June 1763 to garrison the fort. Fort Machault— During 1753, the French moved into the Ohio Valley from Canada to evict English traders and to erect forts to halt British expansion. The French established Presque Isle and afterwards Fort Le Boeuf. Shortly after constructing the first two forts, Monsieur Morin dispatched a contingent of troops to French Creek to construct yet a third fort near the mouth of the creek at a spot called Ganagarah’hare by the Indians. Indians in the area protested and the French returned without completing the task. However, the French did seize the abandoned home of John Frazer, a trader at Venango, that had been pushed out of the region. After winter, the French returned and began work on the fort, which became known by the French as Fort Machault. It was in close proximity to a sawmill that was constructed there. The troops used chestnut and oak trees for the fort and, under the supervision of Daniel Joncaire, it is thought to have been completed during April 1754. The post was named after a French politician and financier, but the British always referred to the fort as the French Fort at Venango. The description of the fort and its exact location were not available until the 1880s. A description from Forts Pennsylvania Frontier by Clarence Busch, State Printer 1896 is as follows: “Venango Fort is situated on a rising piece of ground, on a rich bottom, abounding with clover, 60 yards west of the Ohio. The north and south polygon is 45 yards, and the east and west polygon 37 yards. The bastions are built of saplings, eight inches thick, and 13 feet in length, set stockade fashion. Part of the curtains are hewed timber, laid lengthwise upon one another, which also make one side of the barracks. The body of the work was in the form of a parallelogram, in size about, 75 by 105 feet, with bastions in the form of polygons at the four angles. The gate fronted the river. In the interior were the magazine, 15 feet by 18 feet, protected by a thickness of three feet of earth, and several buildings for officers barracks. Two of these were 18 by 50 feet, with three others that were smaller. The barracks were two stories high and furnished with stone chimneys. A door in the northeastern bastion led to a large cellar. The soldiers barracks consisted of 44 separate buildings, disposed around the fort, chiefly on the north and east sides...” The post was expected to act as a supply depot, but as the French and Indian War unfolded, it became more important; however, the garrison was usually a small compliment. An English prisoner who had been at the fort during 1756 and later escaped captivity reported a garrison of about 50 troops. A separate report later that same year reported about 60 troops and about 200 Indians, the latter living in cabins just outside the post. Subsequently, during 1757, it was reported that about 50 French regular troops were

Fort McCord / PENNSYLVANIA at the post along with about 40 Canadians, but no Indians were spotted there. The English, during November 1758, were again able to gain intelligence that informed them of about one officer (having only one eye) and about 25 troops, but yet another report from an Indian spy at nearly the same time spotted 40 troops and De Lignerie being in command. During 1759, Fort Machault became the gathering place following the fall of Fort DuQuesne, which became Fort Pitt under the British. The French intended to recapture it; however, in the meantime, the French had to try to hold Fort Niagara. By July 1759, about 1,000 troops were at Fort Machault, bolstered by about 1,000 Indians. Orders arrived during July to destroy the fort. Supplies were piled up and burned and even the boats were destroyed. Guns were disabled and then buried to prevent them from falling into the hands of the British. The garrison was ordered to Fort Le Boeuf and from there to Fort Presque Isle. The French told the Indians they would return the following year. There are no visible traces of the French fort. Subsequently, the Americans established Fort Venango there. See also Fort Venango. Fort Manada— See Fort Brown. Fort Martin— Fort Martin, known also as Fort Juniata Crossing, was established during the 1770s, prior to the termination of the American Revolution. The fort, according to later records, was apparently a blockhouse built on the property of a Mr. Martin which was known as the Whetstone Farm located in West Providence Township, Bedford County. There is no record of any military presence at the fort. The exact site of the fort has not been determined, but it was about five miles outside Everett near the Old Chain bridge that crossed the Juniata River there and positioned at a place along the Packer’s Path, about midway between Bedford and Fort Lyttleton. In conjunction, settlers arrived in the region prior to the American Revolution and at one spot near the west bank of Shaver’s Creek, there was a nook in the rocks which was identified by the people there as Fort Defiance, but it is uncertain if it was the same place as Fort Martin; however, like the description of Fort Martin it was mentioned as a simple or crude fortification where the settlers gathered during times of imminent danger. Fort Matamoras— See Old Stone Fort. Fort McAlister— Fort McAlister was established during 1764 at Conodoguinet Creek in northwestern Cumberland County where it borders Perry and Huntingdon Counties. The settlers’ fort was established at about the same time as several others in the region, including Fort Dickey and McComb’s Fort. It is not known when the fort was abandoned. Fort McClure— Fort McClure was established during 1780 in the vicinity of Bloomsburg. Subsequent to the destruction of Fort Jenkins (abandoned at the time), what was known as the right flank of the chain of protective forts was left open, giving the Indians easy access to the frontier there. Lieutenant Van Campen, who had been captured and later freed, began to raise new forces and repair the forts between the West and North Branches of the Susquehanna River. Van Campen also fortified the home of James McClure, which afterward became known as McClure’s Fort. It was located along the North Branch of the Susquehanna about one mile above the mouth of Fishing Creek. There is no record of the fort ever coming under a major attack. The fort site is thought to have been at the location of a later-built residence of Douglas Hughes. Other defensive forts established between the latter part of the 1770s and early 1780s along the Susquehanna included a fort at Bosley’s Mills, Fort Freeland, Fort Jenkins, Fort Montgomery, Fort Muncy and Fort Wheeler. Fort McCord— Fort McCord was established in Hamilton Township, Franklin County, north of Parnell’s Knob in the vicinity of the

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort McDowell Kittatinny Mountains during 1756. The fort was a settler’s fort located a few miles from Fort Loudoun. The fort came under attack by Indians during early April of that same year and the inhabitants, numbered at about 27 at the time of the raid, were either killed or seized and dragged away. The fort was destroyed. Reinforcements arrived, but pursuit was in vain by two of the three parties that gave chase as the Indians vanished. However, a third column intercepted a band of the Indians at Sideling Hill and a fierce fight ensued. The men were led by Captain Alexander Culbertson. After about two hours of exchanging fire, more Indians arrived and the settlers were too outnumbered. The number of captured, including Fort McCord and those in Captain Culbertson’s command, reached about 50. They were to continue. Each side lost about 20 killed during the battle. A runner was sent to Fort Shirley to get a surgeon (Doctor Mercer) to treat the wounded as it was anticipated that Doctor Jamison at Fort McCord was either dead or fatally wounded during the mission. Doctor Mercer was unable to leave the post, so word was then sent to Carlisle for another doctor (Doctor Prentiss). Fort McCormick— See McCormick’s Fort. Fort McDowell— Fort McDowell (McDowell’s Mill) was established during 1756 in the vicinity of Bridgeport (Franklin County). The fort was located, according to the Historical Map of Pennsylvania, in the western sector of the county east of the Kittatinny Mountains. It stood upon the east bank of the west branch of Conococheague Creek, slightly south of Fort Loudoun. Fort McDowell, built during the French and Indian War period, was constructed in rectangular shape and it contained loopholes from which the defenders could fire. The fort was a settler’s fort, not authorized by the provincial government. Following the defeat of General Braddock, chaos spread across the frontier. Many settlers fled and many others were attacked and either killed or captured by Indians. Forts, some military and others by settlers, began to spring up across the frontier to provide protection from Indian attacks. During November 1755, Indians raided Great Cove, where about 93 people lived. Of those, 47 were either killed or dragged away as captives. Another incident occurred near McDowell’s Mill during February 1756 when Mrs. Cox, a widow, her two sons and a man who worked on her farm were seized. Later that same month, the Indians again attacked the area and the settlers sped to the fort at McDowell’s Mill for safety, but some of the nearby farms were burned. By November 1776, the stores at Fort McDowell were removed and taken to Fort Loudoun. It had been determined that Fort McDowell was not a tenable position. In conjunction, the fort (Fort McDowell) remained standing until 1840. Fort McFarland— See Fort Milliken and Fort McFarland. Fort McField— See Maxwell’s Fort. Fort McIntosh— Fort McIntosh, named in honor of General Lachlan McIntosh, was established in the vicinity of Beaver near the border with Ohio during 1778. The post was constructed where a French trading post had earlier operated. McIntosh had arrived in Pittsburgh during August 1778 to succeed General Hand as commander of the West. During October, McIntosh moved down the Ohio River and established Fort McIntosh about 30 miles below Pittsburgh on Beaver Creek. The fort was not large, but it contained barracks and was capable of holding one regiment. Le Chevalier de Cambray, an engineer, supervised the construction of the fort and its bastions. Fort McIntosh was about 50 yards square and it was the initial U.S. fort established beyond the frontier on the Indian side of the Ohio River. McIntosh had relocated headquarters for the army from Fort Pitt to Fort McIntosh by 8 October. During November, a major offensive was launched as McIntosh advanced toward the Tuscarawas River, but few Indians were encountered and supplies had not

414 reached Fort McIntosh, prompting the expedition to be aborted. McIntosh left a contingent of about 150 troops to construct Fort Laurens (Ohio) to maintain a hold in the area, about 70 miles from Fort McIntosh. During March of 1779, Fort Laurens came under siege. Troops were rushed from Fort McIntosh and Fort Pitt, but by the time they arrived, the Indians had already departed. By April 1779, Colonel Brodhead arrived to relieve General McIntosh. Brodhead, soon after, relocated army headquarters to Fort Pitt. During July 1779, Wyandots attempted to raid the area near Fort McIntosh. The Indians were intercepted and some prisoners were taken. Brodhead would later be succeeded by General Irvine. The situation on the frontier continued to deteriorate and by December 1781, General Irvine informed General Washington that Fort Pitt would have to be abandoned; however, no attack came from the British at Detroit and it was not abandoned. Fort McIntosh was abandoned by the army during 1783 as it was no longer deemed a necessary post. Meanwhile, settlers and others moving through the region toward Kentucky were causing problems. General William Irvine sent troops from Fort Pitt to control the post and transfer it to the State of Pennsylvania. The troops were also to maintain a presence on the 3,000acre post to maintain order and prevent any settlements from emerging there. The U.S. Army reoccupied the fort during 1784, in conjunction with the signing of a treaty (of Fort McIntosh) during January 1785. The commissioners representing the United States were George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee. Representatives for the State of Pennsylvania were Colonel Samuel J. Atlee and Colonel Francis Johnston. As a term of the treaty, the captives of the Indians were to be returned to Fort McIntosh. During April 1785, it was determined that the army would secure the fort which had been badly damaged by the travelers who were removing everything, even nails, from the structures. Troops remained at the fort and during June, the post noted a garrison of about 156 troops, commanded by Colonel Harmar. On 2 October 1788, the War Department issued orders to demolish Fort McIntosh and the directive stated that a blockhouse was to be built in its place, several miles further up Beaver Creek. Also, Lachlan McIntosh arrived in Georgia from Scotland during 1736. McIntosh became colonel of the 1st Georgia Regiment during the American Revolution, but soon after he was promoted to brigadier general. During 1777, McIntosh fought a duel with Button Gwinnett (signer of Declaration of Independence) and prevailed. Fort McKee— See McKee’s Fort. Fort Mecoponacka— By 1644, Chester was a tobacco plantation. In about 1646–1648, a Swedish settlement was established there at what was known as Mecoponacka or Upland. At some point a minor fort of some type was constructed there. The location was between Fort Christina at Wilmington and New Gottenburg in the vicinity of Tinicum (near present-day Philadelphia Airport). In conjunction, what became Chester was called Mecoponacka by the Indians. It was referred to as Upland by the Swedes, and the English called it Chester. In addition, the Dutch called what became Chester by the name Oplandt. Fort Menninger— Fort Menninger was established near White Deer Creek during the spring of 1778. It was located near Mrs. Smith’s (a widow with 10 children) grist mill. Smith’s Mill had added a gunbarrel boring mill there during 1776. The fort and the mill were abandoned during 1779 during what was known as the Great Runaway, when the settlers fled from the region due to Indian attacks. Indians burned the fort during July 1779. However, troops were stationed there after the fort was destroyed and it is thought that they were quartered at the stone house of Mrs. Smith. Fourteen troops were based there during November 1779. Other records in the

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Fort Morris / PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Archives indicate that General James Potter advanced to White Deer Creek from Fort Swartz with a force of 170 troops during September 1780 and from there he moved with 80 troops to join with Colonel John Kelly at the mouth of White Deer Creek. Also, Mrs. Smith returned to the property during 1783 and attempted to restart the family business without success. Fort Mifflin— Fort Mifflin was established during 1772, with construction being completed during 1777. During that same year, British warships approached Philadelphia, but Fort Mifflin and nearby Fort Mercer across the Delaware River in New Jersey protected the harbor approaches. When the British ships encroached, six American vessels were further up the Fort Mifflin, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — Illustration, Philadelphia in the Civil War Delaware above Philadelphia. The U.S. Navy had six naval and Dennis Smith. Others included William Gordon, John James, vessels above Philadelphia: the Andrew Doria, Champion, Racehorse, John Lorrison and Russel Reese. The lands that were initially acRepulse and Surprise and in addition, the 8-gun Fly. The USS Washquired were bought from the Indians for nominal prices such as trinington and Effingham (neither of which were equipped with guns) kets or a gun. The settlers established two forts in the area: Fort Milwere also in the vicinity. The British initiated a bombardment of Fort liken, on the farm of Mrs. Samuel Bradon, and Fort McFarland, on Mifflin on 10 November 1777 and continued to pound it. On the the farm of Peter Garrett. The settlers gathered at the forts during second day of the siege, the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colotimes of emergency. In conjunction, the area was under constant nel Samuel Smith, was seriously wounded and succeeded by Major threat of Indian attack during the early years. Often, the members Thayer. On the 15th, the British initiated what was expected to be of the North Tenmile Baptist Church was compelled to hold their the final blow. Thousands of cannonballs struck the fort. The guns services at Fort McFarland. were destroyed and the walls collapsed. The Americans took massive losses, but refused to capitulate. By the 20th, under cover of Fort Montgomery— See Fort Rice (Northumberland County). darkness, the fort was abandoned. The garrison crossed the river in boats without being spotted by the British sentries aboard the ships. Fort Morris— Fort Morris, named in honor of Governor Morris, was The troops left Old Glory flying over the abandoned fort to convince established at Shippensburg, Cumberland County, during 1755; the British it was still occupied. The British afterward took Fort however, the fort was not completed until 1756–1757 under the diMifflin and Fort Mercer, the latter in New Jersey. However, the Enrection of Colonel Burd. It is thought that the fort was built on glish remained in Philadelphia due to the arrival of winter. After the property owned by William McConnell in the northeastern sector loss of the two forts, the Americans destroyed the ships in the of the town. Nonetheless, there is some confusion with the location Delaware and abandoned those which were incomplete. Subsequent as there was another fort (Fort Franklin) at Shippensburg that was to the evacuation of the British from Philadelphia, the Americans reestablished about 1740 and some sources inadvertently had placed built Fort Mifflin (named after Thomas Mifflin, governor of PennFort Franklin at the position of Fort Morris. In turn, Fort Morris sylvania). The post became Fort Mifflin during 1795, but initially it was placed at the western sector of the town. During November was known as Mud Island Fort. During 1794, Fort Mifflin was re1755, about 100 troops were working on Fort Morris. The region desbuilt. The post remained active until 1815, when it was abandoned perately needed protection. Some homes had about five families livuntil 1837. The Union used the post as a prison during the Civil War. ing in them. Some members of the families had even been taken capThe fort was partly demolished during the early 1900s, but later, durtive, but according to Colonel Burd’s report, they escaped and got ing 1930, work began to restore the post. Fort Mifflin was afterward back to Shippensburg. In addition, the situation regarding ammuused as a U.S. Naval Ammunition Depot. The State of Pennsylvanition and arms was terrible. Also, it is probable that a temporary nia acquired the fort site during 1962. It was in close proximity to fort was located at Shippensburg during the summer of 1755 as it the Philadelphia Naval Yard. Old Fort Mifflin is now operated by was noted by Edward Shippen during June of that year, in a mesvolunteers. It is located near the former site of the Philadelphia Naval sage to William Allen that there had been some murders near “Our Yard and is open to the public. For more information: Fort Mifflin, fort.” In the message it was suggested that a magazine there should Fort Mifflin Road, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102. be protected and a stockade should be constructed. When the period of hostility ended, about 1764, the fort was taken over by ShipFort Milliken and Fort McFarland— Settlers began to arrive in pen and used as a residence. Later, a school was built on the site. See Amwell Township (Washington County) in about 1770. The area also Fort Franklin (Cumberland County). bordered Greene County. The early settlers included John Rutman

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Muncy Fort Muncy— Fort Muncy was established by Colonel Thomas Hartley during 1778. The fort was located about less than five miles from Muncy. The stone mansion of Samuel Wallis, built during 1769, was in close proximity to the fort. Fort Muncy contained troops’ quarters, a stockade and bastions. Hartley also built a concealed route from the fort to a nearby spring to assure water in times of emergencies. During August 1778, Captain Merkle and one other man left the fort, apparently to check on a crop, but the trip turned into a disaster. The field was within walking distance of the fort, but hostile Indians lingered among the high corn and sprung an ambush. Merkle was able to get back to the safety of the fort, but the other fell to the tomahawk. Later, his body, lacking a scalp and mutilated, was retrieved. Another tragedy befell Fort Muncy when a small contingent had earlier been dispatched to assist a farmer (Peter Smith) who had lost his family to Indians during the previous June. While guarding some of the workers near Loyalsock Creek, scene of the Smith massacre, a war party struck and the surprise attack stunned the party. During the confusion, all except one man retreated, leaving only James Brady (brother of Captains John and Samuel Brady and General Hugh Brady (the latter served during the Revolution and War of 1812) to face the attackers. He tried to reach for his rifle, but several Indians giving chase struck him with a tomahawk. He was also pierced by a spear and at about the same time he was scalped. Remarkably, Brady remained alive, but only for a short while. Also, the fort was destroyed that same year. Afterward, Colonel Brodhead arrived at the place and rebuilt the post. Later, Colonel Hartley arrived and Brodhead returned to Fort Pitt at Pittsburgh. Later, during 1778, the German Battalion under Colonel Ludwig Weltner arrived and succeeded Hartley. The fort was destroyed again during 1779, but afterward it was again rebuilt. During 1782, a force under Lieutenant Van Campen, acting as vanguard of Captain Robinson’s Company, advanced toward Northumberland and paused at Fort Muncy to rebuild the destroyed post. It remained active until the following year. While at Fort Muncy, Van Campen agreed to escort a party to Bald Eagle Creek. Van Campen was captured en route and taken to Canada. He was subsequently released. Fort near Wind Gap— Wind Gap was located about 15 miles from Fort Norris. The military established a fort there during 1756. It was known by several names, including Teet’s House, Deedt’s Blockhouse, Tead’s Blockhouse, Teed’s Blockhouse and Fort near Wind Gap. It was located about three miles from Miller’s Station and it was about six miles from Nazareth as well as slightly more than 10 miles from Easton. About 11 soldiers under Ensign Sterling garrisoned the post, but it is not known when the post was initially garrisoned. The region continued to come under threat of Indian attacks. During June 1756, a contingent of troops discovered the remains of Peter Hess, who had been killed and scalped near the Gap during February. The post usually held only a few troops and there is no record of it being active beyond 1756. During 1758, the settlers in the area requested that troops be sent to the fort to protect them. The settlers, fearful of their safety without troops, decided to construct a blockhouse during 1757–1758. It was built on a hill, but it has not been determined which property held the blockhouse. During 1795, the property upon which the fort stood was acquired by Henry Ruth. The old fort was demolished and Ruth, at a subsequent time, constructed a log home. Fort Necessity— Fort Necessity was established by George Washington during May-June 1754 in the vicinity of Farmington. The Virginia troops under Washington held the post until the arrival of the regiment, which arrived toward the latter part of May. The commanding officer, Joshua Fry, succumbed on 31 May. Washington assumed command of the force, which numbered about 300 troops. Shortly thereafter, a contingent of South Carolina troops under

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Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania — Department Interior NPS

James McKay arrived, bolstering the force with an additional 100 troops. The troops began to build a road from the fort to Gist’s plantation, but word arrived that the French and Indians were advancing. The project was abandoned and the troops returned to the fort. The French attacked the fort on 3 July and the regiment held for the day, but the position became untenable. By about midnight 3–4 July, terms were accepted by Washington and Captain McKay. The fort was surrendered on 4 July. It was the first and only time that George Washington ever surrendered to an enemy force. The garrison returned to Williamsburg. Subsequently, the British under General Braddock moved against Fort DuQuesne during 1755 and sustained a devastating defeat. The survivors retreated to a point near Fort Necessity. General Braddock, fatally wounded during the battle, succumbed near Fort Necessity on 13 July and on the following day, he was given a Christian burial under the illumination of torches, while George Washington read the Episcopal Church’s funeral rites at a site along the highway that his troops had widened to accommodate the wagons and artillery. The exact spot of the grave was concealed by the army, prior to its return to Virginia. On 24 November 1758, a large English-Colonial Army, commanded by General John Forbes (originally educated as a physician), prepared again to assault French-held Fort DuQuesne. The French, however, chose not to defend against such an overwhelming force. Instead, they set the fort afire and abandoned it during the darkened hours of the 14th. A replica of the 50-foot circular stockaded fort is at the site. See also Fort DuQuesne, Fort Pitt and Fort Prince George. For more information: Fort Necessity National Battlefield, National Pike, Farmington, Pennsylvania 15437. Fort New Gottenburg— Lieutenant Colonel John Prinz established Swedish Fort New Gottenburg on Tinicum Island during 1643 after arriving in the vicinity of Delaware during February of that same year. Prinz remained at Fort New Gottenburg until he later built a mansion (Prinz Hall). In conjunction, Prinz subsequently established Fort Elsenburgh at Salem Creek in nearby New Jersey. Fort New Guttenburg remained as the capital of New Sweden until 1655. Fort New Korsholm— Fort New Korsholm was established by the Swedes during 1657 on a island (Province Island) on the Schuylkill River at its mouth. The fort was in close proximity to the Penrose Avenue bridge which spans the river there and leads to the presentday Philadelphia International Airport. During 1651, the Dutch built Fort Casimir at Sand Hook (New Castle, Delaware). The Swedes under Governor Printz that same year abandoned some forts, including Fort Korsholm. Printz wanted to pull his forces together at Fort Christina.

417 Fort Norris— Fort Norris, named in honor of Isaac Norris (speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly) was established during early February 1756, just after the establishment of Fort Allen as the government attempted to calm the fears of the settlers who had been under attack by Indians. Fort Norris was located outside Kresgeville about 15 miles from Fort Allen and stood between it and Fort Hamilton at Stroudsburg; the latter was also completed during February 1756. The fort was garrisoned by a contingent of 50 troops under Captain Jacob Orndt. The fort was built about 80 feet square and contained four half-bastions with a stockade. The fort also contained barracks, a guardhouse, storeroom and kitchen. It was bolstered by two swivel guns. The post stood in a valley between North Mountain and the Tuscorora along the road that led to Minisink. It remained active until 1757. In conjunction, Isaac Norris was responsible for the casting of the State House Bell with the words: “Proclaim liberty throughout all the land to all the inhabitants thereof.” Fort Northkill— Fort Northkill was established in the vicinity of Strausstown east of the Schuylkill River near the Blue Mountains in Tulpehocken Township, Berks County, during 1756. During January 1756, a contingent of 20 men under Captain Jacob Morgan was dispatched from Fort Lebanon to construct Fort Northkill, about 10 or 11 miles distant. Some maps erroneously located Fort Northkill on the Tulpehocken Creek, but it was actually located at the base of the Blue Mountains slightly below Dietrich Snyder’s Fort. It was constructed during February 1756. Subsequently, during June of that same year, the commissary, James Young, arrived from Reading to inspect the post. He discovered that it had been built in haste and that the stoccades (stakes with points) were not solidly anchored into the earth, leaving large gaps between them. The fort, which was composed of about a 32-foot square with half-bastions at each corner, was not too well-positioned and in addition, Young noticed that it had no chimney and offered poor shelter. Fort Northkill had a garrison usually of about 14 troops from Morgan’s command. Similarly with other frontier forts in the region, there was a shortage of ammunition. On 3 November 1756, Indians raided the area near the fort and one child was taken captive. On the following day, troops from the fort came upon the home of Nicholas Long, which had been under attack. About 20 settlers were there. However, the farmers fled the area and left the fight to the troops. The Indians were afterward driven off. Lieutenant Samuel Humphreys, who commanded the troops (about seven men), noted that when they arrived, two older men had already been killed and one of them had been scalped. Humphreys noted that while engaged against about 20 Indians, his uniform was pierced four times by bullets, but he was unscathed. One man was wounded during the fight. Although the Indians had set the house on fire, the men were able to rescue the women and children who had hidden in the cellar. During 1757, plans were laid to rebuild the fort there as a better defense, but there is no record of the project ever starting. During March 1758, the fort was abandoned. Fort on Tinicum Island— See Fort New Gottenburg. Fort Palmer— Fort Palmer was established in Fairfield Township, Westmoreland County, during the 1770s, but the exact date is unknown. John Palmer acquired the land during 1771 and later, during 1776, it was acquired by Robert Nov (Knox). Although there is no evidence to support the fact, it is thought that the stockaded fort was used as a defensive post during 1774. There are records indicating it was in use by settlers while Fort Ligonier (Fort Preservation) was being constructed during 1777. During the autumn of 1777, 11 people were killed and scalped at Fort Palmer, but the post, located about seven miles from Fort Ligonier, was not captured. After the attack, people living within about 60 miles of the fort began aban-

Fort Penn / PENNSYLVANIA doning their homes. The date Fort Palmer was abandoned is not known. Fort Patterson ( James)— During 1751, a small party of Scotch-Irish, including James Patterson, arrived in the Juniata Valley (Snyder County) and established themselves there. James Patterson established a residence there on both sides of the Juniata River in the vicinity of what became Mexico, Pennsylvania. The settlement was near the border with Juniata County. At the time, the Indians in the area were friendly to the new settlers and Patterson worked on his advantage of shooting by making sure the Indians knew he was an expert marksman. While they were nearby, he had a practice of target shooting, which apparently had a lasting effect on them. Patterson, however, did not get along too well with the Penns (Quakers) who tried to collect money from him for his lands. He became obstinate, informing them that they got the whole area (millions of acres) for a meager sum of 400 pounds. Later, Patterson, due to the great amount of Indians in the area, moved to Shearman’s Valley. When he returned to the home in Mexico, others were on his land and they had acquired land titles. Patterson remained adamant and believed he established a new residence and was threatened with jail. Meanwhile, he joined the service with the provincial government and eventually got his land as he had determined, without paying for it. During 1755, subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort DuQuesne, Captain James Patterson established Fort Patterson and at about the same time he built a mill in the vicinity of Mexico. During October 1755, Fort Patterson was attacked, but the defenders repulsed the assault. While that Indian raid took place in the Tuscarora Valley on that day, 2 October, about 40 settlers were killed or captured. In conjunction, Patterson’s son, William, also a captain, established a fort on the opposite side of the Juniata River on a farm that was later owned by Byron L. Shuman; however, William Patterson did not establish his fort until about 1763. Although Patterson moved into the region during 1751, no fort was built at that time. Fort Patterson (William)— Fort Patterson, a blockhouse, was established by Captain William Patterson, the son of Captain James Patterson, on land opposite Mexico, Pennsylvania, where James Patterson’s fort was located. James Patterson owned the property upon which both forts were located. The fort was established in about 1763. It was not destroyed during Pontiac’s War. The blockhouse remained standing for many years. Fort Penn (Stroudsburg)— Fort Penn was established during the 1750s (French and Indian War period) in the eastern sector of Stroudsburg, but it has not been determined who established it, nor the exact date. Records seem to indicate it was authorized in Northampton County by the Executive Council and possibly under the supervision of Colonel Jacob Stroud, the commanding officer of the 6th Battalion, Northampton County Militia. Nevertheless, it was Stroud who commanded the fort and it was the Stroud family that held about 4,000 acres of land in the area. It is not certain for whom the fort was named, but it is thought that it was named in honor of William Penn, the proprietor of the province (Pennsylvania). During July 1778, while many of the men in the area enlisted in the American Continental Army, the Wyoming Valley was lightly defended when it was invaded by a British-Indian force. Colonel John Butler led a contingent of Tory Rangers, Royal Greens and Indians (mostly Senecas) into the valley and devastated it, killing women and children. Those that could attempted to scatter into the woods. Some made it into the dense Pocono Mountains. Some families were separated, never to be reunited. Others vanished in the woods and yet others had died in the massacre. However, some were able to reach safety at Fort Penn. Following the massacre, the British

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Penn and the Indians moved towards Minisink. Colonel Stroud at Fort Penn on 17 July requested reinforcements from Colonel Weitzel. Stroud had only about 60 men in his command. The force that attacked stood at about 800. No reinforcements arrived. During the latter part of October of that same year, Colonel Stroud again urged the authorities to send troops. During 1779, the Congress acted and two armies were dispatched to eliminate the enemy threat. General Sullivan’s forces advanced from Easton through Wind Gap, moving along the Susquehanna River, and another force under General James Clinton descended from the north, also moving along the Susquehanna. The campaign was a success. The Indians that had been ravaging the region were devastated and their villages destroyed during the summer of 1779. Although for all intents and purposes the Indians had been suppressed, still some continued to initiate raids into the area, but none such as those that had caused so much panic in the past. Fort Penn remained active until the 1780s. Not to be confused with British Fort Penn (Philadelphia). Fort Penn (Philadelphia)— The British established Fort Penn in North Philadelphia subsequent to occupying the city during 1777. The Americans self-destroyed their warship that had been on the Delaware River above Philadelphia, but Commodore John Barry and some sailors and Marines remained in the area. On small boats, Barry initiated a mission on 7 March 1778 and seized three British vessels, including the HMS Alert, near Fort Penn. Fort Penn was abandoned when the British abandoned Philadelphia. Fort Philip Davis— See Fort Davis. Fort Piper— Fort Piper was established in about 1777 in the Yellow Creek Valley in Hopewell Township slightly northwest of Everett (Bedford County). The fort was actually the fortified stone home of James Piper, a lieutenant colonel of the county militia during the American Revolution. The fort was protected by a stockade and was used by the settlers during times of danger. Earlier, when Piper initially arrived in the valley in about 1771, he began building a fort near the southern tip of Black Oak Ridge. That fortification was used by troops during the war and in the meantime, Piper built his two-story stone home, which became known as Fort Piper. Fort Pitt— Fort Pitt was established by the English following the occupation of Fort DuQuesne after the French abandoned it during 1758 while the French and Indian War was still ongoing. However, the fort’s history began earlier, during 1754. At that time, a party of Virginians was there near the the forks of the Ohio constructing Fort Prince George when the French arrived with an overwhelming force and seized the incomplete fort. The French were attempting to link New France (Canada) with Louisiana, while the English were attempting to halt French progress into what they considered English territory and simultaneously dominate the Ohio River, which would prevent the French from connecting Canada with Louisiana. The French initiated the construction of Fort DuQuesne at a nearby location while the English took steps to regain the territory. The French constructed the post (80 feet square) on the Allegheny River at The Point. A force under Major George Washington engaged a French contingent near Fort DuQuesne during May 1754, but soon after the French moved against Fort Necessity, which the English had erected nearby at Farmington. Washington was forced to surrender the fort on 4 July 1754. Afterward, General Braddock moved against Fort DuQuesne, but he sustained a major defeat and was mortally wounded during the battle. He succumbed shortly thereafter near Fort Necessity. Later, during November 1758, another English force, under General John Forbes, moved against Fort DuQuesne. The French abandoned the fort without a fight, but the post was destroyed prior to evacuation. Forbes took possession of the fort on 25 November of that same year. During 1758, Sir William Johnson

418 concluded a peace treaty (Treaty of Easton) with the Six Nations. Johnson, who had also been superintendent of the Indians and colonel of Indian forces serving with the English against the French during the war, agreed that the part of the frontier (Pennsylvania) west of the Alleghenies was not to be settled, rather it was to remain Indian hunting grounds. Later during 1761, the agreement was enlarged by Colonel Bouquet at Fort Pitt (Department of the West) to also include the Trans-Alleghany (Maryland and Virginia) region. In conjunction, the settlers were discouraged from entering the lands, but despite the attempts to keep them out, many arrived in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Meanwhile, the panhandle in western Virginia received enthusiastic backing for settlers to relocate there. The French fort was renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, the prime minister of England at the time. On 8 September 1760, the French at Montreal capitulated. General Jeffrey Amherst signed for the English and Vaudreuil, governor of New Canada, signed for the French. The English granted benevolent terms, including no imprisonment. The French troops, which numbered about 4,000, were transported back to France. In addition, the French received guarantees that Roman Catholicism could be exercised by the citizens without hindrance by the English and that all property of the church would remain in its hands. Also, the French surrendered Detroit and Michilimackinac (Michigan), Fort Joseph (Michigan) and Presque Isle in the vicinity of Lake Erie, as well the remaining French outposts in the western sector of Canada. During 1763, Indians (Pontiac’s War) attacked Fort Pitt, but it did not fall. Fort Pitt remained under British control until 1772. During early January 1774, Fort Pitt, formerly French-held Fort DuQuesne, was temporarily taken from Pennsylvania by Virginia’s colonial governor, Lord Dunmore. His representative, John Connelly, renamed it Fort Dunmore. The fort was reoccupied by the Americans during 1778. On 10 January 1778, Captain James Willing, USMC, departed Fort Pitt with a company of Marines. The expeditionary party embarked on an armed vessel, the Rattletrap. The Marines, under sail for New Orleans, confiscated two French vessels in the vicinity of Fort Gage, situated on the Ohio River. The Marines reached New Orleans and remained there until January 1779, when most departed under the command of Captain Robert George to assist George Rogers Clark in his campaign against the Indians on the western frontier. Fort Pitt remained active throughout the American Revolution. At Fort Pitt, during September 1781, General William Irvine succeeded General Brodhead as commander of the Western Department. Later, during 1792, the federal government used the post as a supply depot until 1794. In conjunction, Colonel Bouquet inflicted a major defeat against the Indians at Bushy Run, essentially eliminating the threat against Fort Pitt. See also Fort DuQuesne. A blockhouse known as Bouquet’s Blockhouse, one of five blockhouses built during 1764, remains standing. The museum at the park is a replica bastion. See also Fort Necessity and Fort Prince George. For more information: Fort Pitt, Point State Park, 101 Commonwealth Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222. Fort Pittston— See Pittston Fort. Fort Pomfret Castle— This post was never constructed. Fort Preservation— See Fort Ligonier. Fort Presque Isle— Fort Presque Isle, known also as Fort de la Presque Isle du Lac Erie, was established by the French at Lake Erie in the vicinity of Erie during 1753. During 1752, Marquis Duquesne became governor of Canada and immediately he became concerned with the threat of the English. Duquesne decided to establish posts to halt any further British advance into French territory. During early 1753, a force of about 300 troops under Monsieur Babier moved into the Ohio Valley to establish new posts. The French arrived at

419 Chadakoin Creek and work was begun on a new fort, but it was aborted. Soon after, a larger force under Monsieur Morin arrived and Morin assumed command and instead the French moved to Erie. The force then established Fort Presque Isle. In conjunction, the French were under orders to evict any English in the region. The fort was built of chestnut logs and formed in 120 feet square with its walls reaching a height of about 15 feet, with a gate at the south and another at the northern part of the complex. A stone magazine was also constructed. Once the fort was finished (during August), a garrison was left there and the main body moved farther south to erect yet another post along the Belle Riviere near its convergence with the River Aux Boeuf (French Creek). The Indians referred to the latter fort (Fort de la Riviere aux Boeufs) as lGanagarahare. After both forts were completed, garrisons were left at each, but the main body returned to Canada for the winter (1753–1754). Also, a fort was to be built at Ganagarahare (Franklin) and named the Governor’s Fort, but it was not constructed. The guns intended for the Governor’s Fort were deployed instead at Fort de la Riviere aux Boeufs (Fort Le Boeuf ). During 1759, troops at Fort Presque Isle were sent to support Fort Niagara which was under siege by the British. Fort Niagara fell and afterward Fort Presque Isle was abandoned, along with Forts Venango and Le Boeuf. The English took control of Fort Presque Isle during 1760. Subsequently, during June 1763, the fort was destroyed by Indians (Pontiac’s War). The Indians initiated a siege on 15 June 1763 and after several days, the small garrison of less than 30 troops under Ensign Christie capitulated. Although the fort was destroyed by fire, the garrison, a contingent of the Royal American Regiment, was not massacred; rather, the troops were taken captive and moved to Detroit to be used later for a prisoner exchange. One man, Benjamin Gray, escaped to Fort Pitt with news that the fort had fallen. Fort Venango and Fort Le Boeuf also fell to Pontiac’s followers. During August 1764 Colonel Bradstreet arrived at Presque Isle with his forces and encountered some Shawnee and Delaware Indians. The Indians convinced Bradstreet that they had come to seek peace, but it was a ruse and he was fooled; however, his officers realized it was a trick. Bradstreet advanced to Detroit, but Pontiac had departed the area. While at Detroit, a treaty was concluded, but Bradstreet had again been tricked as the war continued. Bradstreet, short of supplies and low on morale, returned to Niagara. In conjunction, at the treaty of Fort Harmar, on the 9th of January 1789, various chiefs of the Six Nations, including Cornplanter, signed a deed, in consideration of the sum of £1,200, ceding the Presque Isle lands of the United States to be vested in the State of Pennsylvania. On 13 April 1791, the purchase of the tract by Pennsylvania from the U.S. was authorized by the governor. The transaction was official as of March 1792. Also, during 1795, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized the establishment of a town at Presque Isle at the mouth of French Creek. The same legislation authorized the towns of Franklin, Warren and Waterford. Later during 1796, General Wayne, after consummating a treaty with the Northwestern tribes at Detroit, departed for home, but he became seriously ill en route to Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was taken to Erie, the site of Fort Presque Isle, to await a doctor who was sent from Pittsburgh. However, he succumbed prior to the arrival of the surgeon, Doctor J.C. Wallace. General Wayne was interred near the base of the flagstaff of the fort, which at the time was garrisoned and commanded by Captain Russel Bissel. Later, during 1809, his remains were recovered by his son, Colonel Isaac Wayne, and taken to Radnor (outside of Philadelphia) where he was reinterred at St. David’s Episcopal Church. During the War of 1812, blockhouses were constructed at Garrison Hill and at the point of the peninsula to bolster the defenses of Erie. During 1876, during excavation, the site of the fort was discovered and at that spot, a blockhouse was constructed to mark the former gravesite of General Wayne. It was lo-

Fort Rice / PENNSYLVANIA cated on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Sailors and Soldiers Home (Garrison Ground). Fort Prince George— Fort Prince George, sometimes thought of as being in Virginia was actually in Pennsylvania. During 1754, a party of 30 Virginians (Ohio Company) were dispatched to the Ohio Valley, considered at the time to be part of Virginia to establish a fort (Fort Prince George). The move was made in reaction to French claims on the same area around present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The party began working on the fort at a place near the convergence of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers. The French captured the English party and completed the work on the fort, renamed Fort DuQuesne (later Fort Pitt). Fort Ralston— See Ralston’s Fort. Fort Raystown— See Fort Bedford. Fort Redstone— See Redstone Fort. Fort Reed (Clinton County)— See Fort Reid. Fort Reed (Hannastown, Westmoreland County)— See Hannastown Fort. Fort Reid— Fort Reid was established during the spring of 1777 on the property of William Reid at Lock Haven in Clinton County. The post was the fortified home of Reid. It was located on Water Street east of Bald Eagle Canal. The fort was an advance outpost for Fort Augusta. The post was garrisoned primarily by the settlers, but when it was possible Colonel Hunter deployed troops there. The post protected the opposite sides of the Susquehanna River and the lower Bald Eagle Valley in its sector. It worked in conjunction with Forts Antes, Horn and Muncy. The post was abandoned during 1778 upon the orders of Colonel Hunter when it became clear that the position, like the others west of Muncy Hills, had become untenable. Fort Rice (Northumberland County)— During 1769, William Patterson received a patent for 700 acres in what became Montgomery’s, Lewis Township, Northumberland County. Patterson called the tract Paradise. Subsequently, during 1771, Patterson acquired the land of John Montgomery of Paxtang and in turn, Montgomery took possession of the tract called Paradise. During July 1771, noise from what appeared to be an attack was heard on Montgomery’s land. He sent two of his children to check the trouble. They rode to the crest of the hill and from there could see Fort Freeland burning. Montgomery quickly gathered his family and sped to the home of William Davis. Shortly thereafter, both families headed for Fort Augusta. In the meantime, the Indians arrived at Montgomery’s property and burned his home. The loss of Fort Freeland increased the danger for the settlers and it was determined that another fort was needed. Initially, a farm (McClung’s) situated between Fort Freeland and the property of Montgomery was selected, but later it was discounted. Afterward, during 1779, Captain William Frederick Rice and a contingent of troops (Colonel Weltner’s German Battalion) arrived at the Montgomery land and established Fort Rice during the fall of 1779 and the early winter of 1780. The fort was built at the site of Montgomery’s destroyed home and it was bolstered by a stockade. Records in the Pennsylvania Archives indicate that it came under attack only during early September 1780. The fort held. The Indians attacked after the German Battalion departed the fort; however, the defenders continued to hold firmly and about 100 troops under Colonel Kelly arrived to augment the fort’s defenders. Other reinforcements arrived, including the garrison at Fort Rice which Colonel Hunter ordered abandoned, determining it was not tenable. The enemy strength was thought to have been at least several hundred, but later it was estimated at just over 100. Pursuit was initiated, but the Indians slipped away. Subsequent to the end of hostilities, the

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Riffle Montgomery family returned to the farm and took up residence in the abandoned stone fort. With the departure of the troops and Captain Rice, the fort also became known as Montgomery’s Fort, but it was one and the same. The building was 20 feet by 24 feet, with limestone walls that were two feet thick. The fort was composed of two stories and an attic. When Montgomery returned to his land, he altered the fort by adding a new room (dining room). In conjunction, while in the area, the Indians continued to launch attacks, including one remembered as the Sugar Loaf Massacre. Another small party was attacked on 18 May near the West Branch of the Susquehanna. At the latter, one man was killed and one other was wounded. The land remained in the Montgomery family and during the 1890s, David B. Montgomery resided there about 150 yards from the fort. Not to be confused with Rice’s Fort in Washington County. Fort Rice (Washington County)— See Rice’s Fort (Washington County). Not to be confused with Fort Rice (Northumberland County). Fort Riffle— Fort Riffle, known also as Riffle’s Fort, was established in about 1779–1780 in Nicholson Township, Fayette County, by Nicholson Riffle. The property was later acquired by James Richey. In conjunction, during 1782, voting for several townships was held at Fort Riffle (Virginia jurisdiction). Fort Roberdeau— Fort Roberdeau, known also as Lead Mine Fort, was established in Sinking Spring Valley (Tyrone Township, Blair County) in about 1777–1778. The fort was near Altoona, about 65 miles from Pittsburgh and 300 miles from Philadelphia. The fort was established by General Daniel Roberdeau, who had taken a leave of absence from Congress to help defend the region in which he resided and to provide protection for the miners who worked in the nearby mines to provide much-needed lead. Congress authorized the fort. During April 1777, while Roberdeau was at Standing Stone (later Huntingdon), he wrote a message to Lieutenant Carothers at Carlisle informing Carothers that he was leaving a contingent of 10 men at Standing Stone and that he was moving to Sinking Spring Valley to rendezvous with militia and establish a fort there. In conjunction, another settlers’ post, known as Roller’s Fort, was at Sinking Spring Valley prior to the establishment of Fort Roberdeau. General Roberdeau was at Sinking Valley Creek by the end of April; however, he was short on manpower, impeding the speedy construction of the fort. Although it has never been determined when the fort was built, it was eventually garrisoned by militia. The mining operation is thought to have remained in operation until 1779. About 40 troops under Captain Cluggage were there during October 1779. The fort’s garrison later departed, but settlers remained there and defended it until the conclusion of the American Revolution. There is a visitors’ center and museum (reconstructed stockade) at the site. Fort Robinson— Fort Robinson was established during 1755 near the convergence of Buffalo Creek and the Juniata River. The fort was built by the Robinson family on the property of George Robinson that was south of Tuscarora Mountain in what became Haines Township, Perry County. There is evidence that the fort existed, but there is no mention of it in the Pennsylvania Historical Map, yet George Robinson’s property is noted in the archives. The blockhouse was built with the help of George’s brothers. The fort was a settler’s defensive position, not an authorized fort of the provincial government. Fort Robinson stood along what was known as the traders path as it ran westward from Harris Ferry to Fort Bingham, the latter located in Juniata County. During December 1755, Indians raided Shearman’s Valley. Most of the settlers abandoned their homes for Fort Robinson, but the Woolcomber family (Quakers) refused to leave their home. Indians entered the house and Woolcomber offered them dinner, but an Indian told him they had come not to eat, but for

420 scalps. One son escaped through a rear door, but not before he saw his father cut down by a tomahawk. He escaped across the creek and made it to Fort Robinson. The rest of the family, including his mother, brother and sisters were killed. Men from Fort Robinson rushed to the scene, but the Indians had vanished. During July 1756, Hugh Robinson was captured by Indians at Fort Robinson, but he later escaped captivity and reached safety at Fort Pitt (formerly French Fort DuQuesne). Attacks in the area continued and more settlers were killed or captured. Later during 1763 (Pontiac’s War), the William White family was attacked during harvest time. The family was massacred, except for one son, who escaped. The Indians then advanced toward Bingham’s Fort. Some settlers, including the Robinson brothers, gave pursuit. Contact was made once the settlers moved across Tuscarora Mountain near Nicholson’s. William Robinson was killed at that engagement by a mortal wound. Shortly thereafter, while Thomas Robinson was holding ground to allow the others to withdraw, he was hit. After all had left the field, Thomas made his move, but he received another wound (in his side). Despite one broken arm and his new wound, Thomas continued trying to retire, but in vain. The Indians caught up to Robinson and killed him. Five men lost their lives in the fight. Also, the name Robinson was also spelled Robison and Robeson. Fort Roller— Fort Roller was established in the Sinking Valley (Blair County) near Fort Roberdeau and built at about the same time (1777–1778); however, it is not certain exactly when the forts were established. Fort Roller was built by Jacob Holler to provide protection for his family, but it is not certain if it was fortified or merely a home with the protection of a stockade. Unlike Fort Roberdeau, it was not authorized by the Continental Congress. See also Fort Roberdeau. Fort Shippen— Fort Shippen, named after Edward Shippen, was established in Westmoreland County in about the summer of 1774. The post was also known as Proctor’s Fort. At that time there was great anticipation of trouble with Indians and there were few defensive positions and little arms and ammunition in the region. The fort was constructed on the property of Captain John Proctor. Settlers had already gathered there by June of that same year. The fort was located in Unity Township in the vicinity of Twelve Mile Run less than 20 miles from Hannastown and about three miles from Latrobe. Proctor’s fort was in close proximity to Colonel Archibald Lochry’s property. About 20 militia troops were posted at Fort Shippen that first summer. There is no historical record of the fort subsequent to its establishment, but it is thought that it was used throughout the American Revolution as a defensive position. In conjunction, John Proctor was the initial sheriff of Westmoreland Township. During the American Revolution, Proctor was colonel of the 1st Battalion of Associators, formed during May 1775 at Hannastown. Proctor’s battalion carried the “Rattlesnake” flag. Subsequently, Proctor and another settler, Van Swearingen, raised a company of riflemen during 1776 and afterward the unit served with the Continental Army for a short while. Afterward, Proctor returned to Westmoreland County to support its defense and seek out the settlers who had sided with the King of England in the conflict. Fort Shirley— Fort Shirley, known also as Fort Aughwick, was established near Aughwick Creek in Huntingdon County during 1755–1756 upon orders from Governor Morris. Brewster’s Mill was in close proximity to the fort. At the time the fort was established, Morris authorized the construction of three forts; however, four were built. The others were: Fort Patterson, at the mouth of the Kishacoquillas; Fort Granville, near Lewistown; and Fort Lyttleton, near Sugar Cabins. Fort Shirley was not built in a superior position and there was no nearby well to provide water in times of emergencies.

421 During December 1755 through January 1756, Governor Morris spent time at each of the forts that were west of the Susquehanna River. He directed that a garrison of 70 troops was to be deployed at each one. Captain George Croghan was responsible for fortifying Fort Shirley. The stockade was built at his own expense as the Quakers were at the time in charge of Pennsylvania and were not anxious to provide funds or supplies. Croghan was succeeded in command at Fort Shirley by Captain Hugh Mercer during March 1756. During the following month the commissary general arrived at Fort Shirley and, as it was reported, in timely fashion as the troops got paid. Many of the troops were preparing to abandon the fort because they had not been paid, and their enlistments had expired several weeks prior to his arrival. In conjunction, Fort Granville had been seized and destroyed by the French and their Indian allies during July 1756. An attack was planned against Fort Shirley, but Governor Morris decided to take the offensive. He directed troops to gather at Fort Shirley under Colonel Armstrong and from there advance to intercept the enemy. A battle ensued on 8 September at Kittanning and Armstrong’s forces were victorious. The Indians were surprised at their positions and their chief, Captain Jacobs, was killed. Fort Shirley was abandoned upon orders of Governor Denny during October 1756. There was a great shortage of ammunition and supplies, particularly since the loss of Fort Granville. In conjunction, Fort Shirley was sometimes referred to also as Croghan’s Fort. Fort Croghan in Cumberland County was not named after George Croghan. Fort Snyder— See Camp Gaines. Fort Standing Stone— Fort Standing Stone was established in Huntingdon County near what became Stone Creek in the southeastern sector of the borough of Huntingdon during 1762. The French and Indian War had come to a close, but Pontiac’s War erupted the following year. The fort was abandoned after only being in existence a short while. The few settlers there abandoned the stockade and moved to Carlisle. When they later returned, the fort was there, but partially destroyed. At about the time the American Revolution erupted, the fort was reconstructed and enlarged by the settlers there. The fort did not come under any major attacks, but the situation with insufficient manpower and lack of arms remained a problem. During June 1777, at Big Spring, near the post, settlers were attempting to find safety at the forts during an Indian incursion. The Indians caught several near Shaver’s Creek. Felix Donnelly and his son Francis were intercepted there with Bartholomew Maguire and his daughter. Donnelly’s son was killed, but they were able to hold his body and continue to Standing Stone (also known as Stone Town and later Huntingdon). During 1778, the settlers at Fort Anderson, abandoned the post and moved to Fort Standing Stone. During May 1779, General James Potter noted that the garrison of 30 men at Standing Stone attempted to persuade the settlers to remain in the area despite the shortage of troops. Later, during May 1782, a contingent of Cumberland County militia arrived at the fort en route to Frankstown to hook up with a contingent of rangers under Captain Boyd. The fort remained standing for a long time after the close of hostilities and was abandoned at an undetermined time. Fort Steel— Fort Steel was established on the south side of the east branch of the Conococheague Creek in Franklin County during 1755. Fort Steel, known also as Reverend ( John) Steel’s Fort, was located about five miles south of Fort Loudoun and only several miles east of Mercersburg. The fort was established subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort DuQuesne (later Fort Pitt). Another point of reference was the Mason-Dixon Line. Fort Steel was located about 20 miles north of the Line, west of Hagerstown, Maryland. As panic spread across the frontier, it was

Fort Swartz / PENNSYLVANIA decided to fortify Reverend Steel’s meeting house (White Church) and construct a stockade around it. In conjunction, Reverend Steel was appointed captain of a company of troops in the service of the provincial government. Steel was ordered to move to McDowell’s Mill (Fort McDowell) and make his headquarters there. Steel was plagued with shortages and was compelled to borrow firearms for about one-half of his troops. And in the meantime, many more of the settlers fled the region, particularly after the fall of McCord’s Fort. In conjunction, Fort Steel was destroyed by Indians during one of the many raids during the French and Indian War period. Fort Stony Creek— Fort Stony Creek, known also as Stony Creek Post, an outpost, was established during 1758. During the period known as Pontiac’s War (1763), Fort Bedford was the primary supply depot standing between Carlisle Barracks and Fort Pitt. To bolster Fort Bedford, Fort Stony Creek and another small outpost, Fort Juniata Crossing, were abandoned. The garrisons moved to Fort Bedford. Fort Sullivan— Fort Sullivan was established as a temporary post in the vicinity of Athens near Tioga Point near the convergence of the Tioga and Susquehanna Rivers (Bradford County). The post was constructed during August 1779 after General Sullivan’s army arrived there and awaited the arrival of another force under General Clinton which was moving down the Susquehanna to rendezvous there. Sullivan directed the construction of the fort from which to have a base of operations to move against the Six Nations. The post was also used to hold the supplies that had been brought there from WilkesBarre and to protect the boats which would be required for the return trip following the conclusion of the campaign. The complex included four blockhouses formed in the shape of a parallelogram which acted as bastions. Two of the blockhouses were opposite each other, facing the bank of each river respectively, with the other two at a midway point standing about 150 yards from each other. The fort was further bolstered by a ditch. As the campaign unfolded, a force of 250 troops under Colonel Israel Shreve (2nd New Jersey Regiment) remained behind as the garrison. In addition, more than 200 troops unable to move due to sickness or injuries also remained there under the protection of the garrison. The forces of Generals Clinton and Sullivan advanced into the Indian country, completed a successful campaign and afterward returned to the fort, reaching it on 29 September. Shortly thereafter, on 3 October 1779, the entire force returned to Wilkes-Barre. Fort Sullivan was destroyed prior to departure to ensure that the fort was not able to be gained by the British. Fort Swan and Vanmeter— A fort known as Fort Swan and Vanmeter was established in Washington County (Greene County) in about 1773. John Swan, Thomas Hughes and Jess Vanmeter arrived there during 1768–1769, about one year after Swan had selected the area for settlement. The three men pooled their resources and constructed a fort to provide protection from Indian attacks. The fort became known as Fort Swan and Vanmeter. It was located in the vicinity of the town of Carmichaels near the border line. The fort was built on Swan’s property. Fort Swartz— Fort Swartz was established along the east bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River just outside Milton during 1778. The post was named in honor of Lieutenant Godfried Swartz, a member of Colonel Weltner’s German Battalion. The German Battalion established the fort and supplied the garrison. The post was above Northumberland and Sunbury and was positioned from where it could send the alarm if Indians were descending the river toward Northumberland. Subsequent to the departure of the German Battalion, militia troops manned the fort. There is no record that the fort ever came under attack. It remained active until about the latter part of 1780.

PENNSYLVANIA / Fort Swatara Fort Swatara— Captain Frederick Smith, acting upon orders from the governor of Pennsylvania, established Fort Swatara near Swatara Gap. Smith arrived from Chester County during 1756 with orders to either fortify a settler’s post that had been built there earlier or to construct a new fort. Records in the Pennsylvania Archives point to a stockade erected by settlers there about 1755. Troops occupied it during January 1756. In conjunction, a tavern (Ye Olde Tavern), once known as Blue Ball Tavern, was located near the fort and a tunnel connected it to the fort. According to a local map of the time, the tavern, at present the Union Canal House, was once the home of Samuel Bloem. Fort Trucker— See Kern’s Fort. Fort Vasa— The Swedes established a grist mill in Philadelphia at what was known as Kingsessing at Mill Creek, later Cobb’s Creek, during 1645. The small settlement, in close proximity to Fort New Korsholm was fortified. It was sometimes referred to as Fort Vasa. Fort Venango— Fort Venango was established in the vicinity of Venango (Franklin) by the British during the summer of 1760. The post was established near the place where the French had earlier established Fort Machaud, which they abandoned during 1759. The post was located slightly more than 200 yards further up the river and closer to the mouth of French Creek. Fort Venango was destroyed by Indians (Pontiac’s War) during 1763. On 18 June 1763, the small garrison under Lt. Francis Gordon was unaware that some approaching Seneca Indians (Iroquois), thought to be friendly, were there to destroy the fort. The troops permitted the Indians to enter the fort and shortly thereafter the Indians massacred the troops. The Indians saved the commander for last and inflicted a horrible slow death by torture that kept him suffering until he expired the following day. The Indians then burned the fort, but later, during 1787, Fort Franklin was established in its place. The Indians had at about the same time taken two other frontier posts, Fort Presque Isle and Fort Le Boeuf. The garrison at Fort Presque Isle was taken captive. The garrison at Fort Le Boeuf escaped and arrived the following day at Fort Venango, only to discover the gruesome sight of the burned bodies of the garrison. There were no survivors at Fort Venango. The details of the deaths of the troops were later related to General Sir William Johnson by an Indian who witnessed the massacre. Subsequently, during 1779, George Washington authorized the construction of a new fort at Venango, but it was not built at that time. Later, Fort Franklin was built there during 1787. See also Fort Franklin (Venango). Fort Wallace— See Wallace’s Fort. Fort Wallenpaupack— Fort Wallenpaupack was established about 1774 in Palmyra Township. The fort was built by settlers from Connecticut and it was bolstered by a stockade. The settlement and fort was spread about the Manor of Wallenpaupack at Palmyra which was in both Wayne and Pike Counties (later Westmoreland County). The colonists erected the post in a field off Sterling Road that ran to the Wyoming settlements. The fort included a blockhouse and a sentry’s post, and a guard house. Fort Wallenpaupack was abandoned on 4 July 1778 as soon as word arrived of the devastating defeat in the Wyoming Valley at the hands of the British and Indians under Major John Butler. The settlers moved to the Delaware River and headed back to Connecticut. Later, at an undetermined time during the winter of 1778–1779, Indians burned the fort to the ground. Fort Washington— Fort Washington was a temporary post located in Whitemarsh (Montgomery County) off State Highway 73 between Abington and Norristown. During December 1777, British general Howe moved his force to Chestnut Hill (present-day

422 Philadelphia) above Germantown to draw Washington into a major fight, but George Washington did not take the bait. He remained at the redoubt. Howe moved back into Philadelphia and Washington advanced to Valley Forge, where he established winter quarters for his army. At the time, General Howe and General Washington each had about 14,000 troops; however, most of the Continental forces were untrained and ill-equipped. The Continental Army paused at Gulf Mills and encamped there prior to moving the final step to Valley Forge. Fort Wheeler— Fort Wheeler was established by troops under Lieutenant Moses Van Campen during April 1778. Van Campen’s contingent moved up the North Branch of the Susquehanna to the mouth of Fishing Creek and at a place about three miles from the mouth, the fort was constructed. The fort site is in Columbia County in the vicinity of Bloomsburg. At the time, the settlers in the area were in great danger and attacks by Indians were frequent. The fort was built on Isaiah (Isaac) Wheeler’s farm and it was constructed of sufficient size to hold troops and about 30 families. In conjunction, some sources think the fort was on the property of Joseph Wheeler, but Pennsylvania records and the historical marker point to Isaiah Wheeler. The fort had not yet been completed, but still, it had been timely. Word of approaching Indians spread and the settlers fled to the fort. Soon after, the Indians attacked the farms in the area, but luckily for the settlers, they had made it safely to the fort. Meanwhile, from the fort, the flames of the burning buildings could be seen. The troops worked feverishly to construct a barricade as the Indians were soon expected to launch an attack. The Indians advanced, but once the barricade was spotted, they decided to fire from a distance, rather than mount a charge. The fort held throughout the day, but the force of about 20 troops had nearly expended their ammunition and the garrison expected a new attack on the following day. Men were dispatched to nearby Fort Jennings to procure ammunition and they safely made the round trip. Nevertheless, by the following morning, the Indians had retired. Later, during June of that same year, the Indians attempted to spring a surprise raid against the fort. While some women were in the field near the fort milking cows, Indians were spotted in the woods. Van Campen dispatched about 10 sharpshooters to a nearby place and from concealed positions between the women and the Indians, the soldiers opened fire. The unexpected shots in turn surprised the Indians, who quickly fled from the scene. Lieutenant Van Campen served in the Sullivan Campaign and then returned to Fort Wheeler, remaining until March 1780. After the departure of the troops, the fort remained active with the actions of the settlers who manned it. There are no traces of the fort. A cemetery was located less than 200 yards from the fort. Soldiers and settlers were interred there. Isaiah Wheeler was among the settlers buried there. The property later was acquired by William Craveling. A historical marker is located in a remote spot off U.S. 11 outside Bloomsburg. To find the monument marking the site of the old fort, one must go out of Bloomsburg on US11 and take a country road to the left en route to Lightstreet. The obscure site is near I-80. Fort Wicaco— During 1664, Sven Gunnarsson relocated at Wicaco, which had formerly been an Indian village. Gunnarsson’s plantation there was composed of about 1,125 acres and was the foundation of the future city known as Philadelphia. Later, during 1677, a church was built there. The log cabin later became the Gloria Dei Church (Old Swedes Church). The church was constructed along Delaware Avenue (later Christopher Columbus Boulevard) at Christian Street. Philadelphians still refer to the highway that runs along the Delaware River as Delaware Avenue. Fort William— See Fort Lebanon. Fort William Crawford— See Fort Crawford.

423 Fort William McCord— See Fort McCord. Fort Wilson— Fort Wilson was located at Third and Walnut Streets (Center City) in the vicinity of the State House (now Independence Hall). The fort was actually the home of James Wilson, one of the men who had signed the Declaration of Independence during 1776. During British occupation of the city, Wilson expressed empathy for the loyalists in the city, but his actions created major problems for himself. Patriots, subsequent to the British evacuation of the city, attempted to storm his home (1779). Continental troops came to his rescue and accompanied him out of the area to safety. Fort Wintermoot— See Wintermoot’s Fort. Fort Wintermute— See Wintermoot’s Fort. Fort Wyoming— Fort Wyoming was established in the Wyoming Valley during January 1771 by Pennsylvanians who were attempting to evict the settlers from Connecticut who gained the territory near Wilkes-Barre during 1769. The fort was located in the vicinity of the intersection of Northampton and River Streets. Captain Amos Ogden, in command of a force of about 150 Pennsylvanians, established the post. The Connecticut settlers gained the fort. Subsequently, the fort was used for a while as a defense against Indians. The history of the fort vanishes after 1773. During the American Revolution (1778), a new Fort Wyoming was constructed there. On 4 August, the Wyoming Massacre occurred. Afterward, Zebulon Butler, with Captain Spaulding’s Company, reestablished Fort Wyoming. At the time of his return, Butler discovered Wilkes-Barre Fort destroyed. He set up headquarters at a home on South Main Street, which was located near the Pickering or Ross House, and fortified it with a stockade. The temporary post served Pike until Fort Wyoming was reconstructed. The troops available included those under Spaulding (less than 80 men including officers) and another unit, Captain Smith’s militia, composed of about 40 men. At the time, the area was still full of hostile Indians. Fort Wyoming was built at the site of the original fort. It was bolstered by one 4-pound gun, but the walls of the post were constructed so that the cannon was portable and could be moved to fire in any direction necessary. Each of the corners of the fort were rounded and its gate faced the west. A concealed passageway led to the water source, a nearby spring. Subsequently, the post was enlarged and refortified. By September, additional troops arrived at the post when about 80 men under Captain Bush and a small contingent of less than 10 men under Lieutenant Gore moved into the fort. The timely arrival of the reinforcements permitted Pike to dispatch a company of troops to bolster Colonel Hartley, who was initiating an expedition to Sheshequin during that same month to attempt to eliminate the Indians there. The mission succeeded. Afterward, the troops returned to Fort Wyoming and by early October, the garrison strength stood at slightly less than 150 troops. The expedition under Colonel Hartley traveled a total of about 300 miles during a two-week period and in the process eliminated the Indians under Queen Ester, who had been ravaging the region, but still the region remained imperiled. Indians descended upon Wyoming during early November. Colonel Hartley moved from Fort Jenkins to support Colonel Butler at Fort Wyoming. Meanwhile, the Indians attacked below Nescopeck and seized some captives. Nevertheless, Colonel Hartley’s advance aided Butler and the diversion permitted him to repulse the Indians at Fort Wyoming. A subsequent report by Hartley made it known that the lack of sufficient force in the region caused the dilemma and that if he had more troops the recent incursions would have been prevented. The message was sent to the Council at Sunbury on 9 November. Some further attacks were launched against Fort Wyoming through the winter, but none of major consequence. However, during March 1779, a major assault was launched by several hundred

Forty Fort / PENNSYLVANIA Indians and Tories. The fort’s garrison was able to repel the massive attack, but it lacked sufficient strength to take the offensive. The Indians were able to seize livestock and destroy property before departing. About 60 horses were lost to the Indians. No troops were killed during the heated fight that lasted more than two hours, but two men were wounded. Fresh forces, a German regiment, arrived during early April 1779 and soon after that 300-man force arrived, another contingent of about 200 troops under Major Powell moved into the fort on 20 April. Both contingents had arrived to participate as part of General Sullivan’s expedition against the Six Nations. Later, during June, General Sullivan arrived and his campaign was afterward executed with great success. The expedition returned by 7 October and by 10 October, General Sullivan departed for Easton. Although it was thought that a large garrison of about 300 troops would be beneficial for the valley, many of the troops were dispatched to bolster Fort Augusta, leaving only slightly more than 100 troops under Captain Spaulding and Captain Schott, plus some other troops. The shortage of men prevented offensive action and the Indians were able to continue to raid the region by avoiding the fort and striking near the Blue Mountains. During 1780, some problems developed in the region as friction intensified once again between Pennsylvania and Connecticut regarding the region. The Pennsylvania government concluded it was shipping supplies to what were considered hostile camps. The shipments were halted during October. By December, the Continental Congress intervened and directed George Washington to send in Continental troops, rather than forces from either Pennsylvania or Connecticut. A Jersey regiment was dispatched there. On 22 February 1781, Captain Mitchell arrived at Fort Wyoming and relieved Colonel Butler. Mitchell’s force was relieved during the spring of 1783 by a contingent (two companies) of rangers under Captains Robinson and Schrawder. Once the rangers arrived, the fort was renamed Fort Dickinson in honor of the president of the Supreme Executive Council. See also Fort Sullivan. Soon after the conclusion of the American Revolution, Captain Robinson’s company departed the post, but Captain Schrawder’s command remained there until the latter part of October 1783. At that time, relief troops under Captain Christie arrived at the post. The troops under Christie did little to maintain tranquility in the region during what was a time of peace. Tension between the settlers and the soldiers continued getting worse as many of the two companies were staying among the settlers who perceived themselves as being oppressed until finally the settlers chose to assault the fort. During July 1784, Captain John Franklin led a force against the fort. The attack was initiated on 27 July, but it failed. Commissioners arrived on 29 July to settle the problem and the settlers cooperated; however, the garrison, which had become totally undisciplined, ignored the authority of the commissioners. The settlers sustained losses and many were arrested, but on 30 September 1784, they mounted another assault and again failed. The settlers finally prevailed when the garrison was recalled. The troops abandoned the post on Sunday, 27 November, and soon after on Tuesday, 30 November 1784, the settlers demolished the fort. Fort Zeller— Fort Zeller was established in the vicinity of Newmanstown during 1723. The settler’s fort was reconstructed during 1745 by Heinrich Zeller. The fort was located near Reading, about 50 miles from Philadelphia. For more information: Fort Zeller Museum, Route 419 at Mill Creek Avenue, Newmanstown, Pennsylvania 17073. Forty Fort— Forty Fort was initially established during 1770 in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre in the Wyoming Valley at about the presentday intersection of Fort and River Streets. The fort was constructed by settlers who arrived from Connecticut during 1769 and the name was derived from the first 40 settlers who arrived there for the

PENNSYLVANIA / Frankford Arsenal Susquehanna Company. In conjunction, for their actions, the settlers were given a grant which consisted of Kingston Township (known also as the Township of the Forty and the Fort town). The fort apparently fell into disrepair by 1772–1773 as at that time the men at Kingston were directed to move to Wilkes-Barre to defend the fort there until a post could be constructed at Kingston. Later, during 1777, Forty Fort was partially rebuilt. The walls were composed of logs that were sunk about five feet into the earth and extended to a height of about 12 feet, pointed at the tips. The barracks were constructed within the complex along the walls of the post. In addition, it contained a parade field and it had two gates, one at the north end and another at the southern end. In addition, a concealed passageway was constructed from the fort to a nearby stream to provide water in times of emergency. Also, towers were installed for guards at each of the four corners of the rectangular post. During June of 1778, a time of great emergency along the frontier, many settlers gathered at the fort and militia formed there also. However, large enemy forces (British regulars, Tories and Cayuga and Seneca Indians) under Major John Butler were encroaching upon the Wyoming Valley. The force reached within striking distance of Forty Fort on 1 July. On the following day, an ultimatum was issued to the defenders at the fort, but the garrison refused to capitulate. Defenders, led by Colonel Nathan Denison and Lieutenant Colonel George Dorrance, at the fort were totally incorrect about the estimated number of the enemy and on 3 July, they advanced from the fort to attack the British, commanded by Butler, who was bolstered by another major, John Garrett. After a march of several miles, the battle was initiated. The British were pushed back slightly, almost as if by design, and soon after the Americans were struck by a hurricane of fire. Indians broke from their concealed positions in a swamp and struck at several points, including the flanks and the rear. Chaos set in immediately and discipline was lost as orders were lost in the confusion of the crisis. Dorrance was felled by a serious wound and Major Garrett was killed, as well as the accompanying captains. Retreat was attempted, but the fire continued to pour upon the survivors, devastating the remaining troops as they attempted to flee. Some managed to reach the fort and others were able to scatter to safety, but many more were captured and killed outright or later tortured to death. Meanwhile, the situation at the fort became untenable. The Americans estimated the losses at between 160 to 200 men, but the British commander, Butler, claimed to have gathered more than 225 scalps. In the meantime, Denison was able to get back to the fort and he assumed command there. On the following day, 4 July, the fort was surrendered. The British took possession of the fort and the Indians plundered it, but the settlers were unharmed. According to the terms of the surrender, the fort was supposed to have been destroyed, but it was not demolished. Although some settlers were there, most had already fled the region. Several years later, the fort was refurbished and garrisoned for some unspecified time of short duration. The incident near Forty Fort during July 1778 is remembered as the Wyoming Massacre. Frankford Arsenal— Prior to the outbreak of the war, Philadelphia was thought to be one of the sites selected, but instead it was decided to build an arsenal along the Chesapeake Bay. Nevertheless, with the British threat in the Chesapeake region, the area was proved to be untenable. Meanwhile, the secretary of war, James Monroe, still favored Philadelphia for the place where an arsenal would be established. The Frankford Arsenal, initially known as the U.S. Arsenal on Frankfort Creek, was established just after the close of the War of 1812, on 27 May 1816 in present-day lower northeast Philadelphia. Actually, the date was the day that the land was purchased, but it was considered the official “birthday” of the Frankford Arsenal. The land was acquired from the Fraley family (Frederick and his wife, Cather-

424 ine) for the sum of $7,680.75. The arsenal was built along Frankford Creek in close proximity to the Delaware River in what was at the time between the village of Bridesburg and Frankford Borough (Philadelphia County). The construction project, which began on 12 August 1816, was not completed until 1830–1831. A barracks, known to be Building Number 14, was completed there during December of that same year. By March of the following year, progress was impeded by Congress, which failed to appropriate funds and caused the construction to come to an abrupt halt on the 21st. Nonetheless, the arsenal remained open and the commanding officer, Captain Rees, remained on duty there until his death during 1821. Construction was resumed during 1824 and when it was finished the post contained six brick structures and two workshops. Subsequently, more land was acquired during 1837 (Kennedy tract), 1849 (Haines tract), 1917 (Lennig tract) and the Fitler tract, purchased in two separate transactions during 1943 and 1951. During its early years of service, the post was used primarily to repair infantry weapons and artillery pieces, but it also served as a storage depot. From about the Mexican War period (1846) until the Civil War (1861), the post acted as a storage depot and it continued its repair operations. About 1853, the arsenal, with the introduction of power-driven machinery, began manufacturing bullets, cartridges, percussion caps and a variety of small-arms ammunition. By the 1890s, the arsenal instituted research projects with such experiments including smokeless propellants and later in explosives. In conjunction, during World War II, the Frankford Arsenal employed at one time about 22,000 people. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt toured the arsenal and was greeted there by about 10,000 people who gathered around the parade field. Also, the research experiments there led to the development of the mechanical time fuze, apparently named after Junghans Fuze, who arrived at the arsenal during 1827 and initiated the experiments. During the Vietnam era, the arsenal was deeply involved in developing a series of items, including explosive devices and special weapons, for the Army Special Forces (Green Berets) and the Navy Seals and also specialists there worked with projects with regard to training Secret Service agents. Also, during 1962, the Frankford Arsenal, which at that time was under Army Ordnance, was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Munitions Command, a section of the Army Materiel Command. The arsenal remained active until the close of the Vietnam War and was deactivated during 1977. The arsenal, when fully developed, contained more than 230 buildings and about 30 separate ammunition sheds. The total property was composed of about 112 acres. Subsequent to being closed, it was transformed into an urban industrial center. Freeport Blockhouse— Freeport Blockhouse, known also as Buffalo Creek Blockhouse, was established during the 1790s subsequent to General Wayne’s achievement of peace and a treaty with the Indians. The blockhouse was located along the Allegeheny River about 600 yards from the mouth of Buffalo Creek in Armstrong County. The blockhouse, in the vicinity of present-day Water Street below Fifth Street in Freeport, was commanded by Captain John Craig. About 40–50 troops were under his command. Friedenstahl Mill Stockade— The Friedenstahl Mill (Veil of Peace) was located along Bushkill Creek (known as Lefevre’s Creek by the Scotch-Irish) about one mile northeast of the Whitefield House Stockade in old Nazareth (Palmer Township, Northampton County). The mill was established during 1750 by Henry Antes and John Nitschmann. Although the mill was operational, the two-story farmhouse (32 feet × 20 feet) built there, was not completed until spring of 1751. As the French and Indian War unfolded, the region became destabilized and panic began to spread throughout the region as Indian attacks intensified following the defeat (1755) of General Braddock

425

Hannastown Fort / PENNSYLVANIA stroyed all property along the way. Gist’s settlement was destroyed at that time.

by the French. During January 1756, a group of settlers, escorted by a small contingent of troops, departed Bethlehem to check on their property and livestock, but they were ambushed near Schupp’s Mill. One man, Adam Hold, escaped, but he had been severely wounded. The bodies of the eight men, including four privates from Fort Hamilton, who were killed were later recovered. That attack and others prompted a meeting at Friedensthal during early March. It was then decided to build a stockade at the mill. The work was completed by the latter part of that same month. Subsequent to the construction of the stockade, efforts were undertaken until 1758 to prevent an unexpected attack against the position. It is not known exactly when the stockade was abandoned, but it was in use until at least 1758. Later, during 1763, when problems (Pontiac’s War) again emerged, palisades were erected at the mill. During 1771, the property was acquired from the Moravians by Samuel Huber. The old mill was demolished in about 1840.

Gnadenthal— The Moravian settlement of Gnadenthal (“Vale of Grace”) was established in Northampton County during 1745. Later, after the outbreak of the French and Indian War, the region became a land of chaos by 1755. Indian raids were occurring across the entire frontier and settlers were abandoning their homes. During January 1756, many refugees sought safety at Gnadenthal. It was determined that same month that a stockade was necessary to provide additional protection. It is not known when the stockade was completed and there is no record of any provincial troops being based there; rather, it seems to have been defended by the settlers from there and from other Moravian settlements in the region.

Froman’s Fort— Froman’s Fort was established during 1774 in Washington County near Chartiers Creek opposite Canonsburg. The fort was constructed during Dunmore’s War. During 1774, a party had been on a trading mission in the lands of the various tribes including the Cherokee, Delaware, Shawnee and Wyandots. The party returned to the area during July 1774 and at that time, some discovered that their homes had been burglarized by Virginians (Dunmore partisans). The stolen articles were taken to Froman’s Fort and sold there.

Gulph Mills Encampment— See Fort Washington.

Gaddis’ Fort— Gaddis Fort was established at an undetermined time prior to the 1770s. It is not known who established the fort, but it was on the property of the Thomas Gaddis farm along the road that ran from Uniontown to Morgantown, West Virginia. Pennsylvania records tend to point to the fort having been constructed by Colonel Thomas Gaddis. It was located in Georges Township, Fayette County, south of Uniontown. By the 1850s, the property had been acquired by Bazil Brownfield, but the exact location of the fort remains unknown. It is thought to have been in close proximity to the residence of the Brownfield farm. Garard’s Fort— Garard’s Fort was established in Washington County (later Greene Township, Greene County) during 1774. The fort was built along the left bank of Whiteley Creek in the vicinity of Garard, slightly more than five miles west of Greensborough. During May 1782, Indians attacked the family of Reverend Corbly while they were en route to church one Sunday morning. Corbly’s wife and four children, including an infant, were scalped and killed. Corbly had been walking far behind them. He attempted to give aid, but in vain. Another child, a daughter, hid in a tree and she too, was spared. Corbly observed: “My wife had a sucking child in her arms: this little infant they killed and scalped. They then struck my wife several times, but not getting her down, the Indian who aimed to shoot me, ran to her, shot her through the body and scalped her; my little boy, an only son, about six years old, they sunk the hatchet into his brain, and thus despatched him. A daughter, besides the infant, they also killed and scalped. My eldest daughter, who is yet alive, was hid in a tree, about 20 yards away from the place where the rest were killed, and saw the whole proceedings....” Gibber’s Blockhouse— See Hess’ Blockhouse. Gilson’s Fort— See Barr’s Fort. Gist’s Post— Gist’s Post was a small settlement in the vicinity of Dunbar. The troops under George Washington had been there during June 1774, while heading back to Fort Necessity after the confrontation with the French. Subsequently, during July, the French moved to Fort Necessity and compelled Washington to surrender on 4 July. The French then returned to Fort DuQuesne, but they de-

Graybill’s Blockhouse— Graybill’s Blockhouse, known also as the Old Blockhouse, was established during the 1770s in the vicinity of Brownsville, Luzerne Township, Fayette County. The property was acquired by patent by Joseph Graybill during 1788. The fortblockhouse site was acquired by Captain J.C. Woodward about 1819. There are no records of any hostile activity at the fort. Hannastown Fort— Hannastown Fort, known also as Fort Reed, was established at Hannastown during 1773–1774. Apparently, the post was built as a temporary fort. Later, during 1776, the fort was reconstructed. During 1773, court was held at the home of Robert Hanna, which was at that time newly created Westmoreland County. The fort was located along Forbes Road at a point about 35 miles from Pittsburgh. During the following year, Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, seized Fort Pitt at Pittsburgh from Pennsylvania for Virginia. At that time he renamed Fort Pitt, calling it Fort Dunmore. Dunmore demanded that the Pennsylvanians there give their loyalty to Virginia. Subsequently, Dunmore was forced to depart the country. Later, the territory came back under the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. Also, during 1774, war erupted across the frontier between the Indians and settlers. The Virginians in western Pennsylvania and northeastern Virginia (later, West Virginia) felt the brunt of the attacks. Supplies of ammunition in the region were scarce and the settlers began to abandon their homesteads and farms. Meanwhile, the country was beginning to separate further from England. During 1775, at Hannastown, a resolution was passed on 16 May which supported the colonists in Massachusetts and authorized preparations for hostilities with Great Britain. The Westmoreland Association was formed. The settlers agreed to form militia regiments. During 1776, the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment was based at Fort Hannastown and militia forces also were there. During November 1777, Colonel Lochry informed the president of the council that two forts had been established, one at Ligonier and another at Hannastown. Both stockades had stone houses within the complex. The letter seems to indicate that the old fort at Hannastown was replaced rather than repaired. Indians continued to attack the region. Colonel Lochry informed the council that during the spring of 1779, about 40 settlers had been either killed, wounded or captured during the raids. The following year, the situation deteriorated further. During June 1780, Colonel Lochry, convinced the fort could not long withstand the pressure, removed all the county records from the fort at Hannastown and relocated them at his property at Twelve Mile Run. There was no relief throughout 1781 and that same year Colonel Lochry was lost while attempting to hook up with General Rogers during his expedition. On 13 July 1782, the Indians expected to strike Hannastown Fort with surprise, but the alarm for danger arrived and many of the settlers reached the fort, which was prepared for the attack. Some of the Indians moved against Miller’s Station, where the settlers were just recuperating

PENNSYLVANIA / Harper’s Blockhouse from the celebration of a wedding on the previous day. The station was hit by surprise. Some settlers there were killed and others were captured. The bodies of the dead at Miller’s Station were recovered the following day and buried in what was known as Mechling’s Field. Meanwhile, at the fort, the defenders pulled a ruse during the night by having riders repeatedly bring horses into the fort by riding over the plank to ensure lots of noise and convince the Indians that reinforcements were arriving. Actually, there were about 50 to 60 men at the fort and only about 45 rifles. The defenders also made good use of a couple of drums, and fifes playing them throughout the night. Troops marched across the plank again making it seem as if reinforcements were pouring into the post. The ruse worked and the Indians retired. However, Hannastown, except for two houses, was destroyed. Captives that were taken to Canada that survived the ordeal were later freed when peace was restored at the conclusion of the American Revolution. Harper’s Blockhouse— Harper’s Blockhouse was established by Adam Harper along Swatara Creek in the vicinity of Harper’s Tavern near Harrisburg. It was established during the 1750s, subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock near Fort DuQuesne during 1755. Harper’s Blockhouse operated as a tavern for travelers. The region was part of the frontier and like the rest of the territory there was great fear following the French victory over Braddock. During 1756, Indians killed five or six settlers and one woman, the sister of a Major Leidig, was scalped, but somehow survived. Harper’s Blockhouse was a gathering place during times of emergency; however, it was not actually a fort. Harris’ Blockhouse— During 1755, following the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort DuQuesne, John Harris fortified his home, which was located in the vicinity of Harrisburg. Harris’ Blockhouse, known also as Harris’ Fort, was bolstered by a stockade. The original house was a log cabin built during 1705 and used as a trading post. The fort remained active during the French and Indian War. Harris’ Fort— See Harris’ Blockhouse. Harrison’s Fort— Harrison’s Fort was a settler’s fort established in Virginia at the Greene County Line (Pennsylvania) near the headwaters of Crooked Run. The fort was established by Richard Harrison. Other forts in the same area of the panhandle (Virginia at the Pennsylvania border) included Statler’s Fort and Martin’s Fort. Hendrick’s Blockhouse— There is little information on Hendrick’s Blockhouse in Perry County, but according to the Commission Report to the State of Pennsylvania, it was a settlers’ blockhouse established during 1770. Not to be confused with Hendrick’s Blockhouse in Snyder County. Hendricks’ Blockhouse— Hendricks’ Blockhouse, a settler’s blockhouse, was established in Middlecreek Township, Snyder County, about 1770. The blockhouse was located off a road that ran from Selinsgrove to Lewistown. There is no evidence to verify it, but it is thought that the fort was constructed by the Hendricks family. Other houses were built nearby and during times of emergency, the settlers sought safety in the fort. The fort contained a platform about six feet from the ground from which the defenders could fire at an enemy through loopholes. During 1781, Indians raided the area and a family (Stock or Stuck) was massacred less than one mile south of the fort. Some of the settlers were killed and others were dragged away. Pursuit was initiated and the Indians were intercepted, but not before one of the captives, a Mrs. Stuck, the wife of one of the Stuck children, was killed and scalped. The Indians were en route to New York when they were discovered. The settlers, with the help of the captives, eliminated the band. The fort was built to withstand at-

426 tacks and still stood during the latter part of the 1800s. Not to be confused with Hendrick’s Blockhouse in Perry County. Henry Beeson’s Fort— See Beeson’s Blockhouse. Hess’ Blockhouse— Hess’ Blockhouse was established in about 1756 in Union Township, Lebanon County, in close proximity to Fort Swatara. The blockhouse was used as a place of safety during times of emergency. Other blockhouses in the region included one at Fredericksburg on the property of John Groh and later that of J.H. Lick and Joseph Gibber. Another fortification nearby was the Moravian Church Stockade. It is not known when Hess’s Blockhouse was abandoned. Hessian Camp— The Americans established a camp in the vicinity of Reading in about 1782 to detain Hessian prisoners. The camp was known as Hessian Camp and was located just outside the city of Reading. It remained active until 1783. For more information: Historical Society of Berks County, 940 Centre Avenue, Reading, Pennsylvania 19601. Hoagland’s Fort— Hoagland’s Fort was established in about the 1770s. The fort was located near Leech’s Mill, but apparently Henry Hoagland never owned the property. During November 1779, the land was patented (Virginia certificate) to Lund Washington. Later, during 1786, it was acquired by James Leech and patented as Litchfield and afterwards, during 1792, it was acquired by George McCormick. Other owners included Gabriel Blakeney and John Wishart. There are no authentic records to validate a story, however, legend has it that women at the fort repelled an Indian attack by pouring boiling water upon the attackers. Horn’s Fort— See Fort Horn. Inyard’s Blockhouse— Inyard’s Blockhouse was established in about the 1770s in West Wheatfield Township, Indiana County, at a spot about five miles from Fort Palmer. The settlers included David Inyard, William Bennett, James Clark, Neil Dougherty, James Galbraith, Archibald McGuire, and Benjamin Sutton. Initially, the settlers and the Indians got along without hostility, but by the time the American Revolution erupted, that changed. The settlers concluded that a fort would be necessary as Fort Ligonier was too distant to be reached in time of danger. The fort was about 50 feet long and 16 feet wide. A nearby settlement established by Peter Dike and another, the Tubmill settlement, also came to the fort in times of emergency. Jackson’s Fort— Jackson’s Fort was established during 1774 in the vicinity of Waynesburg, Washington County (on February 1796, it became part of a new county, Greene County). The fort was located near Ten Mile Creek, slightly south of what became Hooktown. The fort was composed of a group of cabins formed in the shape of a square on about one acre of land. Palisades that stood about 10–12 feet high connected the cabins and from each of the cabins, there was access to the fort. The property was later acquired by Jesse Hook. During 1762, requests were made for troops to protect the area during a time of turbulence with the Indians and Dunmore’s War. Ammunition was sent, but it was a while before troops arrived there as General Irvine during August was en route to Richard Well’s Fort in Virginia on a campaign against the Indians near Mingon Bottom. James Brown’s Fort— See Fort Brown. James Marshel’s Blockhouse— See Marshall’s Blockhouse. James Patterson’s Fort— See Fort Patterson ( James). James Potter’s Blockhouse— See Potter’s Fort. James Wilson’s Blockhouse— See Wilson’s Blockhouse. John Harris’ Blockhouse— See Harris’ Blockhouse.

427 John Light’s Fort— See Light’s Fort. John McDowell’s Fort— See Fort McDowell. John Pomroy’s Fort— See Pomroy’s Blockhouse. John Steel’s (Reverend) Fort— See Fort Steel. Kepple’s Blockhouse— Kepple’s Blockhouse was established in about the 1770s on the property of Michael Kepple slightly outside Greensburg in Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County. The fort had a stone foundation, but was composed of logs and contained loopholes. It was used as one of several gathering places during times of emergency, particularly during 1781–1782. The property was later acquired by Samuel Ruff, the son-in-law of Jacob Rugh. Samuel married Sibilla Rugh Ruff. Kern’s Fort— Kern’s Fort, a settler’s fort, was established in the vicinity of what was known as Trucker’s Mill in the vicinity of Slatington during 1756. The fort was also known as Trucker’s Fort and Dry Fort. The fort was on the property of William Kern and his nickname was Trucker (earlier Trockemer). The sawmill located there was established prior to 1755. In conjunction, Nicholas Kern established his residence there in about 1737 and upon his demise the property was inherited by his wife and children. Kern’s Fort was located along what was known as Warriors Path and the fort held a commanding position at the ford, dominating the Warrior’s Crossing there. The sawmill provided lumber to other forts, including Fort Allen. Klingensmith’s Blockhouse— Klingensmith’s Blockhouse, also known as Fort Klingensmith, was established during the 1770s at what was known as the Brush or Manor settlement about five miles form Hannastown. The area was originally settled during 1769 and even at that early time, Indians caused destruction. During February 1769, an Indian attack at the Brush settlement, about 25 miles from Pittsburgh, was devastating. Eighteen people, including women and children, were either killed or captured. The Klingensmiths were among the early pioneers who settled there. The home of Philip Klingensmith (Clingensmith) was used as a gathering place in times of emergency, but it is not certain that it was actually a blockhouse. On 2 July 1781, Indians attacked and the small garrison at the Klingensmith place was essentially wiped out. Of about 20 to 30 people, including women and children, there, only three survived. The exact location of the Klingensmith residence remains unknown; however, it is thought to have been on land in Penn Township, Westmoreland County, later owned by others including Daniel Mull. Another possible location was thought to be about two miles distant, near the borough of Jeannette along the road running from Greensburg at a place known as Bigelow Farm, which also was property once owned by the Klingensmiths. Lamb’s Fort— Lamb’s Fort is thought to have been established in about 1774 and that it was located on the farm of Luther Davis in Washington County near Rice’s Fort. There is little information regarding the settler’s fort, but when Rice’s Fort came under attack, it was recorded that Abraham Rice had left his fort to head for Lamb’s Fort to get support there. The fort would have been located in Hopewell Township. Lead Mine Fort— See Fort Roberdeau. Light’s Fort— Light’s Fort was established by John Light during 1756 near Swatara Creek in the vicinity of Lebanon. The fortified house of John Light at times held as many as 60 families at one time. The fort was also known as Old Fort. The old stone fort was subsequently used as a meeting house for Mennonites and afterward as a distillery. Lindley’s Fort— A group of settlers from New Jersey arrived in

Marchland’s Blockhouse / PENNSYLVANIA Washington County during 1773. The party included Demas Lindley’s family and about 20 other families. Lindley established Lindley’s Fort near the middle fork of Ten Mile Creek in the vicinity of Prosperity. Lindley’s land was in close proximity to Caleb and John Lindley and near James Draper and J. McVaugh. Lindley’s Fort was built to withstand a large Indian attack. The land, about 400 acres, was warranted to Lindley during February 1785. Lochry’s Blockhouse— Lochry’s Blockhouse was established by Colonel Archibald Lochry during 1781 in the vicinity of Twelve Mile Run in Westmoreland County. Lochry’s property was located near the road that ran from Youngstown to Greensburg. At the time the fort was built, the settlers were in disarray as there were few places of defense and there was an acute shortage of ammunition. Settlers had been fleeing the region. Some arms and ammunition were available and Lochry used it from the public stores to help the few settlers in the area. Indians had been ravaging the area and had repeatedly struck the settlers. Lochry informed the council that he had built the fort, but that it had not been garrisoned and he informed the council at the same time that 13 people had been killed during the raids. Lochry was informed by the president of the council (Reed) that no garrison would be necessary as it was difficult to procure ammunition and it would be better to disperse what was available at separate places, rather than at the magazine-blockhouse. Historical mention of the blockhouse ceased after that communication. Later that same year, Colonel Lochry was killed along with about 120 others when he was attempting to join with General George Rogers Clark, who was advancing against Wheeling (Virginia, later West Virginia). The Lochry Blockhouse as it passed to various owners was eventually turned into a residence during the Great Depression and it lost its original appearances, but during 2002, the obscure blockhouse was rediscovered. It had been abandoned. The house was afterward reconstructed. The Lochry Blockhouse is now part of the Winnie Palmer Nature Reserve. For more information: Winnie Palmer Nature Reserve, P.O. Box 52, Youngstown, Pennsylvania 15696. Locke House— The Locke House was established by Conrad Wesier in the vicinity of Sunbury during 1754. It was the initial structure built in what was known as the Shamokin country. Locke House was established to control the “refractory” Indians. Shickelimy, the Vice King and father of Chief Logan, succumbed during 1759 and was buried there. Lower Fort— See Fort Delaware. Lowrey’s Blockhouse— See Fort Lowrey. Lowrey’s Fort— See Fort Lowrey. Lucas’ Fort— Lucas’ Fort was established on what was the Richard Brown farm (later Fordice) in about 1774. The settler’s fort was located in Nicholson Township, Fayette County. The site later became part of the Pierce Griffin farm. Lytle’s Blockhouse— See Fort Lytle. Manada Fort— See Fort Brown. Marchand’s Blockhouse— Marchand’s Blockhouse most probably was a house that was fortified somewhat, rather than a blockhouse. It was on the property of Doctor David Marchand, who had a farm about four miles southwest of Greensburg. It was near the north fork of the Little Sewickley in the vicinity of Millersdale (Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County). The fort was used by settlers during the American Revolution as a gathering place during times of emergency. One of the men who took responsibility for the women and children during times of alarm at the fort was John Yost Cort.

PENNSYLVANIA / Marchall’s Blockhouse Markle’s House and Station— Markle’s House and Station was established during the 1770s. Gaspard Markle left Berks County for Westmoreland County during 1770. He established his station near Sewickley Creek in South Huntingdon Township outside West Newton. It was part of the Sewickley settlement. A mill was also established there in about 1772. The settlers gathered at Markle’s fort during times of emergency. It was at Markle’s Station that Colonel Lochry dispatched his final letter to the president of the council during August 1781, prior to his death during the Clark Expedition to Wheeling. The property remained in the Markle family subsequent to the termination. The descendants of Gaspard Markle became prominent in western Pennsylvania in the world of politics and financing. Marshall’s Blockhouse— Marshall’s Blockhouse, known also as Marshall’s Fort, was established during 1756 by Colonel James Marshall. The post was in Cross Creek Township (Washington County) on a tract known as Marshall’s Delight. In conjunction, relatives spelled the name Marshall; however, both James and his son John used the spelling Marshel. Marshall’s Fort— See Marshall’s Blockhouse. Marshel’s Blockhouse— See Marshall’s Blockhouse. Martin’s Fort— Martin’s Fort was established in the panhandle, but actually in Virginia (later West Virginia), at the Greene County line with Pennsylvania. The settlers’ fort was attacked during June 1779 and about 10 settlers were killed or captured. Mason’s Fort— Mason’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Masontown, Fayette County, by John Mason sometime between 1774–1778. The settler’s fort was located just outside the town near a spring; however, during 1823, the blockhouse was relocated within the town. Maxwell’s Fort— Maxwell’s Fort was established during the latter part of 1755 by Judge William Maxwell. It stood between Welsh Run and Upton. Subsequently, a stone mansion was built on the property. The Maxwell farm later became the Duffield farm, owned by James Duffield. McAlevy’s Fort— McAlevy’s Fort was established as a settlers’ fort in the northwestern sector of Huntingdon County ( Jackson Township) during 1778 by Captain William McAlevy. There is no mention of McAlevy’s Fort in the Pennsylvania Archives, but that was the case with several minor settler defensive posts, including McCormick’s and Rickett’s, but based on information from several generations of people from the area, it is evident that the fort did in fact exist. McCartney’s Blockhouse— At a time prior to the American Revolution, Joseph McCartney, who had arrived from Ireland, established himself at a place known as Benson Hill (Buffington Township, Indiana County). The area was dangerous to settlers and McCartney was pushed out of the region due to the threat of Indian attacks. Subsequent to the end of the war, McCartney moved back to the area about 1782 and once there, he established a blockhouse to provide protection from Indian attacks. Other settlers in the area helped McCartney build the blockhouse. McComb’s Fort— McComb’s Fort was a settlers’ fortification that was established in about 1764 near Doubling Gap in Cumberland County. Other settler forts built in the area at the same time included Fort Dickey, Fort Croghan and Fort Ferguson. It is not known when McComb’s Fort was abandoned. McConaughy’s Fort— Subsequent to the termination of the American Revolution, James Simpson, along with his brother Andrew

428 and two brothers (White), moved to the vicinity of present-day Blairsville and built a fortified house. The area was susceptible to Indian attacks. At one point, Andrew Simpson was ambushed and killed by Indians as he was moving toward Black Lick to spread the word of imminent danger. He was with John White, but White was able to escape harm. Following the incident, James Simpson and the Whites moved to Cherry Run at Two Lick Creek. At that place, they built another blockhouse, which became known as Old McConaughy Fort. McConnell’s Fort— McConnell’s Fort was listed on the Pennsylvania Historical Map in Franklin County. The fort was supposed to have been established during 1764 at a place between where McCord’s Fort had been and Fort Loudoun. Subsequently, it seems to have been located on Conodoguinet Creek near Upper Strasburg. The fort’s existence is based on a combination of tradition and legend. It was possibly a minor settler’s defensive fort. McCormick’s Fort— McCormick’s Fort, a blockhouse, was established during the 1770s, in about 1778, in Huntingdon County near Neff ’s Mills and in the same county as Forts Hartsog and Lytle, two other settlers’ forts. The fort was constructed on the property of Robert McCormick (McCormick’s farm). Most of the settlers, in what was known as Stone Valley, gathered there during times of emergency. Subsequently it was acquired by John M. Oaks and afterward by John M. Johnson. During October 1782, two girls, Katherine Ewing and Miss McCormick, were both captured near the fort while at the Ewing farm. The two captives were dragged to Montreal. John McCormick traveled to Montreal and located his daughter, who was with an Indian family. He paid ransom and secured her release. Katherine Ewing was later freed during a prisoner exchange. The fort was subsequently demolished after the period of turbulence ended and some of the logs were used to construct a barn. McCoy’s Fort— McCoy’s Fort was established by James McCoy in about 1774 in South Union Township, Fayette County. The fortified cabin was erected at the foot of the Bailey orchard. McCoy initially put up the cabin and later turned it into a fort. The fort was located about two miles away from Gaddis’ Fort. Settlers in the area gathered at McCoy’s Fort during times of threat of Indian attack. Subsequently, the property was acquired by William O. Dixon. McDonald’s Fort— McDonald’s Fort, known also as McDonald’s Station, was established during the 1770s on the farm of John McDonald in Washington County. The settlers gathered there during times of emergency after the area was settled, in about 1777. The settlers requested military support during the spring of 1782, a particularly dangerous time in that region. Just prior to the urgent request for help, Colonel James Marshel (Marshall) informed the settlers that no troops were available. It was about that time that McDonald provided his home as a defensive post and as a place to hold arms and ammunition. According to the Pennsylvania Archives, at times, militia was based at the fort. McDonald’s Station— See McDonald’s Fort. McDowell’s Blockhouse— A blockhouse or stronghouse stood at a point in the village of Madison, Hempfield Township, near one of the angles at the crossing of the Greensburg and West Newton road and the Clay Pike from Somerset westward, on land now owned by Thomas Brown, called McDowell’s Blockhouse, after the first occupant of the land. The late James B. Oliver, Esq., of West Newton, father of Mrs. Edgar Cowan, widow of the Hon. Edgar Cowan, U. S. Senate, was born here, whither his parents had fled a few days before that event, for protection from the Indians. Mr. Oliver was born in 1781. This land was at that time in the nominal occupancy of Thomas Hughes and was sometimes called Hughes. It adjoined land

429 of James Cavett (Cavet), one of the commissioners with Robert Hanna to locate a county town at the time of the organization of the county, and passed to him in 1786, to whom it was surveyed in the name of Thomas Hughes. It was within the limits of the Sewickley settlement. McFarland’s Fort— See Fort Milliken and Fort McFarland. McKee’s Fort— McKee’s Fort was established by a trader named Thomas McKee. There are some differences as to exactly when it was established as well as its precise location, due to a variance in historical records. The fort has been described as being located on the east side of the Susquehanna River, but subsequent information seems to locate it on the west side of the river. The position of the fort there was much more tenable and made it easier to exchange with Fort Halifax. In addition, McKee’s Fort was listed in the Pennsylvania Historical Map on the Northumberland side of the river and places its establishment during 1756. Initially, McKee arrived at the falls (later McKee’s) during 1744 to initiate trade with the Indians there, but there is no indication he ever resided there. Later, during 1755, McKee acquired a patent for land during March that comprised land below the mouth of Mahontonga Creek and near Half-Falls (later McKee’s Half-Falls). McKee’s land was located along the path that ran from Shamokin (later Sunbury) to the mouth of the Juniata River. During 1756, McKee was appointed captain by the provincial government. During January of that year, he was instructed to relieve Captain Reed’s Company at Hunter’s Mill and to acquire on behalf of the government the arms and supplies with which to supply his (McKee’s) company. McKee was further instructed to acquire supplies from a Captain Frederick Smith if more items were needed. McKee’s company was composed of 28 men, two sergeants and one lieutenant. The orders included instructions to either complete the fort at Hunter’s Mill or establish a new post there. In the meantime, during April 1756, about 10 men were posted at McKee’s Fort. Some supposedly friendly Indians were there, but apparently they made threats against the settlers. During July 1756, the supplies at Harris’ and McKee’s were relocated at Fort Halifax, but Governor Morris at Fort Halifax noted that a detachment of 24 men under a captain and one lieutenant remained at McKee’s Fort. By the following month, the garrison at McKee’s Fort had little ammunition left. The exact date the fort was abandoned is unknown. Captain Thomas McKee is reported to have succumbed during 1772. McKibben’s Fort— See Fort Hand. Mead’s Blockhouse— The settlement became known as Meadville due to the Mead family, which was one of the first settler families to reside in the area. During the spring of 1788, a group of 10 men arrived in the area to initiate settlement of Crawford County. They included: Cornelius Van Horne and Christopher Snyder, David Mead and his brothers (Darius, John and Joseph), John Watson, Thomas Martin, James F. Randolph and Thomas Grant. The men constructed a cabin there between the Cussewago and French Creek. Thomas Grant had selected the site which became Meadville, but soon after, he abandoned it. David Mead then acquired it and built his log house there. The area became more dangerous during 1791 and a warning of an imminent attack was given to the settlers by Flying Cloud, a son of Chief Connedaughta. He told them of the coming of western tribes. The women and children were quickly sent to Fort Franklin. Shortly thereafter, the men also moved to the fort. On 3 May, some of the settlers left the fort to return to their crops. While at the Meade cabin, Indians intercepted them. Van Horne was seized, but he escaped and made it to the fort and informed the troops there under Ensign Jeffers. Of the other two men with Van Horne, one was killed and the other was captured and taken to Detroit where he was later freed. During that same time period, Dar-

Miller’s Station / PENNSYLVANIA ius Mead, the father of David, was killed by Indians, apparently while fighting a duel with Captain Bull (Delaware chief ). Bull’s body was discovered near Mead. Due to the turbulence, the settlement at Mead was abandoned for most of 1791 and 1792, but during the winter of 1792 it was fortified by troops from Fort Franklin. Settlers returned during 1793, but new threats of attacks chased most back to Fort Franklin. During June 1794, Andrew Ellicott and Captain Denny (commissioners for General Irvine) suggested that blockhouses be built at several locations, including Mead’s settlement at Meadville. The other two suggested positions were at Presque Isle and at Le Boeuf, each along what was known as the Venango path. Mead’s Blockhouse was constructed during 1794 in the vicinity of Water Street and Steer’s Alley. The fort was built in the shape of a square and a second story extended out over the first floor. Although the fort was completed, the need for it vanished as General Wayne had scored a triumphant victory over the Indians during August of that same year. No garrison troops were deployed there. The blockhouse was no longer required by 1795. It was at that time used as a school. Mill Creek Fort— Mill Creek Fort was established in the vicinity of Mill Creek near the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of WilkesBarre (about the present-day northern border of the city) in the Wyoming Valley during 1772, subsequent to the end of hostilities (Pennamite War) between the Pennsylvanians and the settlers from Connecticut. The post was constructed on the site of Fort Ogden, which had captured by the settlers from Connecticut during 1770 and afterward burned. Mill Creek Fort remained active until about the latter part of the 1770s. The fort site was later part of the property of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company and other sections of the site were taken over by the Wilkes-Barre Water Company. Miller’s Blockhouse— Miller’s Blockhouse was established during the 1770s in Donegal Township, Washington County. The area was under constant threat of Indian attacks. During March of 1782, Shawnee Indians raided a home near Dutch Fork on Buffalo Creek and captured a woman, Mrs. Walker, but she escaped. Shortly thereafter, the Shawnee devastated the Boice family on 1 April, seizing eight members and dragging them away. A few days later, the Indians struck Miller’s Blockhouse, initially by ambush as two of the defenders moved out of the fort. Once the Indians killed and scalped the two men, the fort was left with only one elderly man and the women and children. Fortunately, there was much ammunition and apparently the women knew how to use the arms. While the fort was under attack, several men sped to the fort and broke through the Indian lines gaining entry into the post. The reinforcements with the women repelled the assault. John Hupp Sr. and Jacob Miller Sr. were the two defenders that were killed during the attack. Frederick Miller, the son of Jacob, attempted to get to nearby Rice’s Fort to get help, but the Indians cut him off and he was wounded, but he escaped capture and made it back to the fort. Meanwhile, the men at Rice’s Fort heard the conflagration and sped to Miller’s Blockhouse. Miller’s Fort— See Miller’s Station (Hempfield Township). Miller’s Station— Miller’s Station, known also as Miller’s Fort, was established in Hempfield Township about two miles northeast of Greensburg during the 1770s. Captain Samuel Miller arrived there about 1774. The station was used by the settlers in the area during times of emergency. Captain Miller served with the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment during the American Revolution. While at Valley Forge, during February 1778, he was ordered to Hannastown, Westmoreland County, for the purpose of recruiting troops. Shortly thereafter, during July of that same year, he was killed. Although the station was used for protection, there is no record of a blockhouse

PENNSYLVANIA / Minter’s Fort having been built there. Following the death of Miller, his widow married Andrew Cruikshanks and the plantation remained a gathering place. During July 1782, Indians attacked Hannastown and destroyed it. Miller’s Station was also destroyed during the attack. Milliken’s Fort— See Fort Milliken and Fort McFarland. Minter’s Fort— Minter’s Fort was established by John Minter and others, including the Stevensons and the Crawfords, in Fayette County (Upper Tyrone Township). The fort was erected on land owned by Minter which he received from a Virginia patent. Minter began to improve the land (just under 400 acres) during 1769. The fort was located near the Youghiogheny and Jacobs Creek west of Pennsville. Moorhead’s Blockhouse— Moorhead’s Blockhouse was established by Fergus Moorhead during 1781 in the vicinity of Indiana (Indiana County). Moorhead brought his family, two of his brothers and some others from Franklin County to establish a settlement. Fergus was captured by Indians during 1776, but he later escaped. He returned to Franklin, got his wife and family, which had returned there, and went back to the old settlement. During 1781, Fergus constructed the fort. Other settlers in the area included Moses Chambers, Colonel Sharp, the Walker family and the Dickson family. Later, during 1794, another neighbor, Andrew Allison, and some others fled to the fort in anticipation of an Indian attack. Later, when Allison returned to his home, he found it had been burned down by the Indians. Moorhead’s Blockhouse was not attacked. Nazareth Stockade— The Nazareth Stockade was essentially a stockaded mill (Whitefield House) at Friedensthal which was part of the Moravian Settlement at Nazareth (Northampton County). During the spring of 1740, George Whitefield (founder of Calvinistic Methodism) of Georgia, in conjunction with William Allen of Philadelphia, acquired about 5,000 acres at the Forks of the Delaware for £2,200 sterling. The intent was to form a Methodist colony and establish a school for Negroes. The colonists referred to the land as Nazareth, but the Delaware Indians called it Welagamika. By July 1741, Whitefield sold the tract to the Moravian Church. Relations between the settlers and the Indians did not remain friendly as the settlers evicted the Indians from the land. By 1745, construction was begun on new buildings at what became known as Old Nazareth. One building, known as the Stone House, was used as a boarding school, but later, about 1749, it was used to give quarters to infants and widows and it became known as the Nursery. Later, during 1755, as the difficulties with the Indians intensified, the women and children were taken to Bethlehem. Defenses at Nazareth were bolstered and troops under Captain Isaac Wayne arrived. During February 1756, the Whitefield House was fortified with a stockade that measured 236 feet by 170 feet and stood about 10 feet in height. Work on the fort was completed by June. A small garrison was retained there until the Indian conflict subsided. Subsequently, during 1771, a new town of Nazareth was laid out. Norris’ Fort— Norris’ Fort was established in Chartiers Township (Washington County) during the 1770s in about 1774. A group of settlers, including Colonel James Allison, arrived in the area during 1774 from Maryland. About 20 families settled there near Chartiers Creek and it was decided to construct a fort to afford protection from Indian attacks. The fort was built on the property of William Norris. Other families included the McDowells, Morrisons, Scots and Struthers. Old Garrison— See Fort Franklin (Venango). Old Fort— See Light’s Fort. Old Redstone Fort— See Redstone Fort.

430 Old Stone Fort— During 1740, Dutch settlers established a blockhouse known as Old Stone Fort in Pennsylvania along the Delaware River at Matamoras near Port Jervis where the borders of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania converge. The fort was sometimes referred to as Fort Matamoras. In conjunction, the area was inhabited by the Lenape Indians. Copper resources in the area attracted the Dutch settlers. The Lenni Lenape Nation controlled the area near the fort and the Iroquois dominated the territory that was further north. Patterson’s Blockhouse— See Craft’s Fort. Pearse’s Fort— Pearse’s Fort was established by British colonials William and John Jones in North Union Township, Fayette County, during 1774 (Dunmore’s War). The fort was built upon what was known as the Isaac Pearse tract. Peelor’s Blockhouse— Peelor’s Blockhouse was established in about the latter part of the 1780s. The blockhouse was located on the McElhose farm in Armstrong Township, Indiana County. During 1790, while most of the families were in the blockhouse, Indians attacked and David Peelor, who was outside the blockhouse, was killed. A house located near the blockhouse was the home of John B. Peelor. The property was later acquired by Joseph McCoy. Pennypacker Mills Encampment— The Continental Army under George Washington established a temporary encampment in the vicinity of Schwenksville during 1777. Peter Doll’s Blockhouse— Peter Doll’s Blockhouse was established in Moore Township (Northampton County) during the 1750s. It was located near the Blue Mountain range at a place between Little Gap and Smith’s Gap. The area came under Indian attack during January 1756 and destroyed a number of homes, including those belonging to Henry Diehl, Nicholas Heik, Christian Miller, Nicholas Sholl, Henry Shopp and Peter Doll. By autumn 1757, the inhabitants again requested troops to provide protection. It is not known exactly when troops arrived at Peter Doll’s Blockhouse, but according to military reports (of Major James Burd), a contingent (25 troops) of Captain Davis’ Company under Lieutenant Snyder was based at Doll’s Blockhouse. There is no record of any troops being at the blockhouse subsequent to the spring of 1758. The troops at the post under Snyder had apparently lost all discipline. Major Burd arrived there during early March and Lieutenant Snyder was relieved of duty. Philadelphia (British-Hessian Occupation Defenses) American Revolution— During 1777, the British and Hessian forces occupied Philadelphia. While there they established Fort Penn and 10 redoubts, numbered one through 10. The forts were established at points between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers and each was garrisoned by about 50 troops. Those camps near the Schuylkill were defended by British forces and those near the Delaware River were defended by Hessian troops. The British abandoned Philadelphia during June 1778. Afterward, the Americans reoccupied it. The fortifications were not destroyed when the British departed. The forts were located near Center City and east to west from the Delaware to the Schuylkill with Redoubt No. 10 being located near Spring Garden Street and the West River Drive where today the Philadelphia Art Museum is located. Piper’s Blockhouse— See Fort Piper. Pittston Fort— Pittston Fort was established during 1772; however, it was not completed for several years. The fort was built on the east side of the Susquehanna in Pittston between the river and Main Street (later the property of J.E. Patterson and Son lumber yard). The fort complex eventually held 35 log homes, spaced within three

431 feet of another on their upper side to form a triangle or pyramid with the base near the river. The position of the rear of each of the houses made it possible to be defended from the preceding house. The complex was further engineered so that the homes along the upper side faced the river to protect the bank and the homes along the riverside faced the nearby hill. At the point, the home held the highest elevation which gave a commanding view of the entire fort and the area at large. Communication between the homes was handled from house to house from the second stories. The exact date that the fort was completed has not been determined, but it is thought that it was finished about 1779 or shortly thereafter. Meanwhile, as late as 1778, the settlers in the area were temporarily protected by three blockhouses, bolstered by a stockade. During July 1778, when the British under Major Butler arrived in the Wyoming Valley, the settlers at Pittston moved to the temporary quarters or safety. The garrison at the time was composed of about 40 men of the 24th Regiment under the command of Captain Jeremiah Blanchard. Captain Blanchard’s troops did not participate in the fight against the British as they were committed to protect the women and children at Pittston. Nevertheless, they could, from the post, see the battle unfold. On 4 July, Pittston Fort capitulated and the Indians, as was their practice, plundered the fort and confiscated the settlers’ possessions. The settlers were not harmed and those that could left the region, most returning to New England. The fort was soon after burned, but only partially, by the Indians. Later, the fort was rebuilt to the description as previously described. Afterward, Pittston Fort remained active until after the termination of the American Revolution. Pomeroy’s Blockhouse— See Pomroy’s Blockhouse. Pomroy’s Blockhouse— Pomroy’s Blockhouse, known also as Pomroy’s Fort, was established by Colonel John Pomroy (Pomeroy) during the 1770s in Westmoreland County at the Derry settlement. Pomroy served during the American Revolution as an officer in the militia. The fort was located about one mile from Barr’s Fort. Another similar blockhouse in the Derry settlement was Wilson’s Blockhouse. During the latter part of the 1800s, the property was owned by John C. Walkinshaw. In conjunction, the word Pomroy was sometimes spelled Pomeroy. Pomroy’s Fort— See Pomroy’s Blockhouse. Potter’s Fort— Porter’s Fort was established southeast of Bellefonte during 1777 by Colonel Potter. Earlier, Colonel (later Brigadier General) James Potter arrived in the area prior to the American Revolution and settled in Potter Township in Centre County. The Indians drove him out during the initial days of the Revolution. Potter joined the forces of General Washington and participated at Brandywine and Germantown, both in Pennsylvania, and he was with Washington at Valley Forge and afterward in New Jersey. Captain Potter, who built the Old FortTavern, was apparently James Potter’s son. The fort was bolstered by a stockade that also protected a home that had earlier been erected. It was located along the route that ran from Bellfonte to Lewistown. Some troops under Captain Finley (Colonel Brodhead’s command) were based there for a short time during July 1778. While there, two of the troops were killed by Indians. Subsequent to the close of the war, General Potter was employed as a surveyor. Subsequently, a tavern (McCoy’s) operated there and a hotel known as Old Fort Hotel also operated there. Proctor’s Fort— See Fort Shippen. Ralston’s Fort— Ralston’s Fort (known also as Brown’s Fort) was established in Northampton County at what was known as the Irish Settlement during 1763, but some believed it was constructed about 1755. The exact date is undeterminable. The county was initially settled about 1728. At that time, Colonel Thomas Craig arrived there

Redstone Fort / PENNSYLVANIA from Philadelphia with his daughter Jane and his son-in-law, John Boyd. By about 1731, other Scotch-Irish settlers had arrived and the place came to be known as Irish Settlement. Fort Ralston was on the Ralston farm, which was next to the Brown farm, causing the fort to become known also as Fort Brown, but it was called by the latter while in existence. Ralston Fort had a stone foundation, with logs at the top extending outward. The fort stood slightly west of Lerch’s bridge across the Hockendauqua near Kreidersville. It was along the road that ran to Siegfrieds. Indians raided the area during October 1763 and caught a woman ( Jane Horner) as she was moving from her house to a friend’s place. She was killed by tomahawk. Mrs. Horner was interred in the cemetery of the Allen Township Presbyterian Church. The incident in which Mrs. Horner lost her life was the only action by Indians near the fort. Not to be confused with Brown’s Fort near Manada Gap. The Redoubt— During 1771, at Wilkes-Barre (First Pennamite War), the settlers from Connecticut established a gun at a position known as The Redoubt while an attempt was made to seize Fort Wyoming from the Pennsylvanians. The Redoubt was located on a high rocky cliff above the Susquehanna River near Union Street. Subsequently, during 1784 (2nd Pennamite War), the settlers that had arrived from Connecticut again took possession of the Redoubt, which was positioned between the fort and a grist mill at Mill Creek. The position dominated the area and prevented supplies from reaching the fort. To further augment the position, the homes that stood between The Redoubt and the fort were destroyed to expand the line of fire. Redstone Fort (Old)— Captain Trent of the Ohio Company constructed a fort, known as Redstone Old Fort, in the vicinity of present-day Brownsville during February 1754. Later that same year, during June, the French occupied the fort, which was composed of logs and stood about 30 feet long by 20 feet wide. Plans were made for Washington to erect a fort at Redstone Creek, but his surrender at Fort Necessity cancelled the plan. No attempt was made to take the fort from the French while they occupied it. Subsequently, during 1759, Colonel Burd received orders from Colonel Bouquet at Carlisle Barracks to move out and continue a project which had begun earlier by General Braddock: finish the construction of a road which had been completed to the Monongahela River. Burd was ordered to construct a fort there near the mouth of Redstone Creek. Burd erected the post, Fort Burd, at the site of Redstone Old Fort, but still the fortification seemed to be called by its original name. Fort Burd was protected by a stockade and a ditch with a drawbridge. It was composed of earth and lumber. Records of an engineer, Joseph Shippen, described the fort: “The curtain, 97∂ feet; the flanks, 16 feet; the faces of the bastions, 30 feet. A ditch, between the bastions 24 feet wide, and opposite the faces, 12 feet. The loghouse for a magazine, to contain the women and children, 39 feet square. A gate 6 feet wide and 8 feet high; and a draw-bridge....” The fort was garrisoned by one officer and 25 troops. It is not known when the fort was abandoned; however, it is thought that it was used during Dunmore’s War (1774) and it was used as a supply depot during the American Revolution. During January 1778, Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark was at Fort Redstone while he prepared for his expedition into British-held Illinois country. Also, Captain Michael Cresap used the post as a base of operation prior to 1774 and later acquired the property. Subsequently, about 1785, according to a patent, the property was sold to John McCullough or a Thomas (or Basil) Brown. The town of Brownsville was laid out during 1785. Reed’s Station— Reed’s Station was established along the Allegheny River, less than five miles below Kiskiminetas at Dimit Run in Westmoreland County in about 1783. The station was attacked by a band

PENNSYLVANIA / Reynold’s Blockhouse of about 40 Indians on 22 May 1792. The station had some rangers there, but apparently they had not done any scouting and no officers were at the station when it was attacked. One man (Harbison) and one child were killed. In addition, the Indians took a woman, Mrs. Massy Harbison, and some children captive. The troops had been totally unprepared and were surprised by the attack as well as being without much, if any, ammunition. No pursuit was undertaken. Later, Massy Harbison was able to escape. The blockhouse which formed the foundation of the station washed into the Allegheny River during 1840. Reynolds’ Blockhouse— Reynolds’ Blockhouse was established in the vicinity of Reynoldsville (Cross Creek Township, Washington County) by William Reynolds, who arrived in the area about 1755. Reynold’s property, acquired by a Virginia certificate, was in close proximity to other settlers, including James Jackson, Reverend Thomas Marquis and Samuel Patterson. Reynolds’ land was surveyed during 1785. During the summer of 1779, while Reynolds was away from the fort, Indians attacked. Reynolds’ wife and child were dragged away. Pursuit was initiated, but Reynolds’ family was killed and the Indians escaped. The Reynolds property was later acquired by William M. Lee and afterward by William Dunbar. Rice’s Fort (Washington County)— Rice’s Fort was established during the 1770s at Dutch Fork on Buffalo Creek in Donegal Township, Washington County. The fort was located about 12 miles from the creek’s junction with the Ohio River. During September 1782, a large force of Indians attacked Rice’s Fort, following a failed assault against Wheeling’s Fort Henry on 11–13 September. The settlers had been warned of the approaching Indians and were able to prepare, but only six men manned the fort. One man, George Felebaum, was hit by a shot that passed through a porthole and struck Felebaum in the head. The other five defenders held the post. One of the defenders, Miller, had gone to Hagerstown to pick up ammunition and returned in time to help repel the assault. Another, Abraham Rice, had gone to Lamb’s Fort to get reinforcements, but he was spotted by Indians and they wounded him. He managed to escape and make it to Lamb’s Fort. The Indians retired after not being able to get the defenders to surrender. Reinforcements arrived on the following morning and pursuit was initiated, but the Indians escaped. Subsequently, the property upon which the fort was located was acquired by Charles Burrick. Not to be confused with Fort Rice in Northumberland County. Rickett’s Fort— Rickett’s Fort is thought to have been established near Crum’s Fort in Baree Township, Huntingdon County, during the 1770s; however, the historical records of it remain unclear. Riffle’s Fort— See Fort Riffle. Robert Vance’s Fort— See Vance’s Fort. Robeson’s Fort— See Fort Robinson. Robinson’s Fort— See Fort Robinson. Robinson’s Strong House— During 1781, Robert Robinson moved to Indiana County from Westmoreland County. Robinson established his Strong House in Conemaugh Township on the north side of the Kiskiminetas River near Lick Run. Robinson’s fort was built two stories high and was measured at about 24 feet by 28 feet. The building was constructed to withstand an Indian attack and in fact had no doors or windows. Entrance was gained through the puncheon floor (the second log had four feet cut out). There is no record of the fort ever coming under attack; however, it was located in an area where Indian attacks were commonplace. Robison’s Fort— See Fort Robinson.

432 Roller’s Blockhouse— See Fort Roller. Roney’s Fort— The Roneys, Hercules and James, two Scotch-Irish brothers, arrived in America in about 1775. They were with Colonel William Crawford when he surveyed Yohogania, Virginia. The Roneys settled in the vicinity of West Finley (Washington County) as part of the initial settlers in the area and later, during 1779, received patents for the land (Virginia certificate). Hercules Roney established Roney’s Fort. Other settlers in the area gathered at the fort in times of danger. However, during either 1789 or 1790 (date is uncertain), the McIntosh family was not able to get to the fort in time. Seven of the eight family members were caught by Indians as they were working their crops. The father was the first to fall to Indian fire. As the others attempted to get to their house, they were intercepted and killed. Only one daughter survived the attack. She had been further away from the family in a more distant pasture with a horse. She sped to Roney’s Fort to get help. Men from Roney’s Fort rushed to the scene, but too late to save the family. The bodies were retrieved and buried. Rose Tavern Stockade— The Rose Tavern was located slightly more than one mile northeast of old Nazareth on the Minisink Road. It was established during 1752 to the rear of Nazareth to provide for the workers of Gnadenstadt and for travelers passing through the region. The foundation was laid during March 1752 and was in operation by September. By the outbreak of the French and Indian War period (1754), the inn became also a safe refuge for settlers. Troops were garrisoned there, particularly between November 1755 and February 1756, and when necessary, if no troops were available, men from other Moravian settlements, including Christian’s Spring, arrived to defend it. Rugh’s Blockhouse— Rugh’s Blockhouse was established during the 1770s and was used as a supply depot during the latter part of the American Revolution. The fort was on the property of the Rugh family. It was noted during December 1781 that Michael Huffnagle, a contractor that delivered supplies to various posts, was directed to deliver rations to Rugh’s Blockhouse in Westmoreland County as well as the post at Ligonier and Hannastown. The fort had been a barn that was separated into four sections and it contained portholes from which the defenders could fire their weapons against an attacking enemy. Rugh was sometimes spelled various ways including Rook, Ruch, and Rough. Ryerson’s Fort— Ryerson’s Fort was established in Washington County (later Greene County) during the 1770s. The fort was located near the convergence of the north and south forks of Dunkard branch of Wheeling Creek. The fort was used to protect settlers from Indian attacks when the tribes moved across the Ohio and raided toward the Monongahela River. Virginia authorities dispatched troops under Captain James Seals to deploy at the post. At other times rangers were posted there. Subsequently, during 1790, Indians attacked the Davis family near the fort at their home on the north branch of Dunkard Wheeling Creek. Three men were killed and scalped. The mother and one daughter were taken captive and one son was away when the attack occurred. Later, the body of the daughter was discovered, but the woman, Mrs. Davis, was never heard from again. The fort site and adjoining property was later acquired by Francis Baldwin. Samuel Bigham’s Fort— See Fort Bingham. Samuel Teeter’s Fort— See Teeter’s Fort. Schuylkill Arsenal— The federal government established an arsenal in Philadelphia 1799–1800. During its initial days, supplies were provided for the Lewis and Clark expedition. Later, the arsenal continued in use during the Civil War and beyond into the twentieth

433

Ulrich’s Fort / PENNSYLVANIA

century. During World War II, the facility was used to make uniforms for the troops. The Schuylkill Arsenal was located in the vicinity of 26th Street and Grays Ferry Avenue. Subsequently, during 1965, the arsenal became the Defense Personnel Support Center. Later, during 1993, the facility was relocated to the Northeast section of Philadelphia at the Naval Support Station on Oxford Avenue. Shortly thereafter, the post became the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia.

in the vicinity of Hanover. During 1781, a group of Indians attacked the fort, but the defenders were able to repel it. Reinforcements arrived from Wilkes-Barre Fort and pursuit was initiated, but apparently no contact was made. In addition to the fort, some other blockhouses were located in the area. One of those was on lots number 17 and 18, located south of Stewart’s, but the exact location has never been determined. . Another nearby blockhouse was known as Rosecrans’ Blockhouse.

Shawnee Fort— Shawnee Fort was one of a series of forts established subsequent to a meeting held by the committee in the Wyoming Valley during August 1776. Shawnee Fort was located on Flats Road in the vicinity of Plymouth (Plymouth Township) at a place which became known as Garrison Hill. The fort was not strongly garrisoned during July 1778 when Major John Butler’s British-Indian force descended upon the Wyoming Valley. At the time, the fort held women, children and some older men. Once word of the Wyoming Massacre reached the fort, it was abandoned. Soon after, it was burned, but only partially destroyed. Later, during autumn, a garrison force arrived there to make repairs. A company of troops spent the winter of 1778–1779 at the post. During the time the troops were based at the fort, an Indian attack was launched against it, but the soldiers were able to repulse it. No troops were lost in the fight. The fort was built in a flood area, but at the time of its construction, that fact was unknown. During 1784, a tremendous flood struck the area and the fort was washed away.

Stokely’s Blockhouse— Stokely’s Blockhouse was established during the 1770s and was often used by settlers as a gathering place during times of emergency. The fort, a two-story blockhouse was located in Westmoreland County on the property of Nehemiah Stokely on a part of the farm near Big Sewickley Creek. The fort was close also to Waltz’s Mill (earlier Carr’s Mill). The defenders had a wide view of an approaching enemy except from the north, which had a hill nearby. The area was especially dangerous during 1782 when Indians often raided the area, but during the conflict there was always a defending force.

Shields’ Fort— Shields’ Fort was established about 1774 on the property of John Shields during a period of turbulence. The fort was located near the Loyalhanna River about five miles from Hannastown in the vicinity of New Alexandria in Westmoreland County. Shields’ Fort was close to several other settlers’ forts, including Barr’s Fort and Wallace’s Fort. Settlers, during times of emergency, sought safety in all of them. Shields’ Fort remained a place where the settlers could gather during the American Revolution. A piece of nearby property was later acquired by Alexander Craig from Shields and sometimes the post was referred to as Craig’s Fort or Craig’s Blockhouse; however, Craig’s farm was separate from Shields’ Fort. Spark’s Fort— Spark’s Fort was established in about 1774 in the vicinity of Burn’s Ford, in present-day Perry Township, Fayette County. The fort was located along the south side of the Youghiogheny. During 1776, Spark’s Fort was used as one of two voting places in Westmoreland County for the election of representatives for the Convention of 1776. There is no known date of when the fort was abandoned. Spycker’s Stockade— Spycker’s Stockade was established in about 1755, subsequent to the defeat of General Braddock by the French near Fort DuQuesne. The Spycker fort was a place of refuge for settlers in Jackson Township, near Stouchburg (Lebanon County). Statler’s Fort— Statler’s Fort was established in the panhandle, actually Virginia (later Monongahela County, West Virginia) at the Greene County, Pennsylvania, line. Stewart’s Blockhouse— Stewart’s Blockhouse was established by Captain Lazarus Stewart during 1771 along the Susquehanna River in Hanover Township, Luzerne County, during 1771. Stewart constructed his blockhouse of logs and to a height of one and one-half stories. The top portion extended out and gave the defenders a better position from which to fire upon an approaching enemy. Several families had been gathered there during July 1778 when the British and Indians under Major John Butler descended upon the Wyoming Valley. Nonetheless, following the devastating defeat (Wyoming Massacre), the fort was abandoned. Subsequently, some settlers returned to the area and the blockhouse was again used by the people

Stony Creek Post— See Fort Stony Creek. Stuart’s Fort— See Stewart’s Blockhouse. Swearingen’s Fort— Swearingen’s Fort was established during 1774 in Springhill Township, Fayette County, by John S. Van Swearingen. The settler’s fort was located near the Morris Cross Road in the vicinity of the Cheat River outside Brownsville. The fort had a stockade. A survey of the tract during 1786 showed the property to be 468 acres. Swearingen’s son, Van, later became the sheriff of Washington County. Taylor’s Fort— Taylor’s Fort was established on a hill along Buffalo Creek near Taylorstown in Buffalo Township, Washington County. The property was later acquired by James Hodgens. Teeters’ Fort— Teeters’ Fort was established by Captain Samuel Teeters during 1773. The fort was located on a tract known as Plenty near Cross Creek in Independence Township (Washington County). By about 1797, the property was acquired by the Manchester family when it was purchased from Teeters by Colonel Isaac Manchester. The exact size of the fort is unknown, but it is thought that it was situated on about one-eighth of an acre and protected by a stockade. Colonel Manchester constructed a house there during 1815 and it is thought that the new home was partially built on the site of the fort. In conjunction, Teeters’ Fort from its beginning was deemed untenable. Shortly thereafter, another post, Doddridge’s Fort, was built nearby to replace it and provide more safety from Indian attacks. Thompson’s Blockhouse— Thompson’s Blockhouse was established in Rayne Township, Indiana County, during 1790. Settlers that assisted in its construction included: Jacob Hess, Ezekiel and Elisha Chambers, James McKee, Timothy O’Neil and some others. The blockhouse is thought to have been built to the dimensions of 80 feet long by 30 feet wide and bolstered by a stockade that reached a height of about 10 feet. By about 1801, the blockhouse was badly deteriorated. John Thompson arrived at that time and removed the stockade. The blockhouse was demolished by about 1807. There is no record of it ever coming under attack. Trucker’s Fort— See Kern’s Fort. Ulrich’s Fort— Ulrich’s Fort was actually a house that was built strongly and like another in the area, near Annville and Lebanon, Fort Gloninger, it was a fortified house, not a fort. Ulrich’s Fort was established during 1751 and was used by settlers as a place of safety during times of emergency. Subsequently, a stone house was erected near where the fort stood.

PENNSYLVANIA / Valentine Crawford’s Blockhouse Valentine Crawford’s Blockhouse— Valentine Crawford, the brother of William Crawford, established a blockhouse during 1774 in Fayette County in the vicinity of Perryopolis near Washington Bottom. Crawford was constructing a home for George Washington, but Washington never moved there. Crawford’s blockhouse was in close proximity to the home of John Rice also in Perry Township. Valley Forge National Historical Park— Valley Forge was the quarters of George Washington and the Continental Army during the winter of 1777–1778. The troops, following the Battle of Germantown, first paused at Whitemarsh (Fort Washington) and afterward near Schwenksville, but the force reached Valley Forge just prior to Christmas. The force remained there until June of 1778, but in the interim, several things that were positive occurred. More food and supplies began to arrive and upon the arrival of Baron Von Steuben, a new discipline filled the ranks as the troops were trained in drill. For more information: Valley Forge National Park, P. O. Box 953, Valley Forge, PA 19482–0953 Van Meter’s Fort— See Fort Swan and Vanmeter. Vance’s Fort— Vance’s Fort was established by Joseph Vance during 1774 in Smith Township, Washington County. The fort was located slightly north of Cross Creek village near a tributary of Raccoon Creek. Vance had arrived in the region from Winchester, Virginia. The region was also settled during the 1770s by a group of ScotchIrish who had arrived from Northern Ireland and Scotland, but others arrived from other parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. Settlers moved to Vance’s Fort at times of danger when Indian attacks were imminent and some settlers moved to another fort, Well’s Fort. During 1782, a party from Vance’s Fort led by Colonel Williamson moved against the Moravian Indians at Gnaddenhutten. Initially, the plan was to remove the Indians to Fort Pitt at Pittsburgh, but when the troops arrived they discovered clothing that belonged to a woman (Mrs. Wallace) who had recently been killed by Indians near Vance’s Fort. After the discovery of the dead woman’s clothing, the troops massacred the Indians. The region was susceptible to Indian attacks. Another settler killed during 1782 was William Parks, the brother-in-law of the Reverend Thomas Marquis. Waddell’s Fort— Waddell’s Fort, a settler’s, fort was established about 1755–1756 near Welsh Run. Other forts in the region at that time included Fort Philip Davis and Fort David Davis. Part of the plan to defend Cumberland County included dispatching troops to support posts from Philip Davis’ Fort to Thomas Waddell’s Fort. Waldhower’s (Walthour’s) Fort— Waldhower’s Fort (later spelled Walthower by the family) was established during the 1770s less than 10 miles from Greensburg along the route to Pittsburgh and about 23 miles east of the latter. The blockhouse had a stockade and was used by the settlers as a gathering place during times of emergency. The fort was built on the property of Christopher Waldhower (later Walthour). During the spring of 1782, Waldhower’s Fort came under attack. At least one man was killed near the fort and one of his daughters was taken captive and later killed by mutilation and scalped. Her remains were later discovered. Walker’s Blockhouse— Walker’s Blockhouse was established during the 1770s in Donegal Township, Washington County, near Miller’s Station and Moorhead Blockhouse. See also Miller’s Station. Wallace’s Fort— Wallace’s Fort, a two-story blockhouse, was established in about 1774 in Derry Township, Westmoreland Township, on the land of Richard Wallace. Other settlers in the area included William Barr, William Guthrie, John Pomroy and James Wilson. During times of emergency, the settlers’ families remained on the bottom floor while the men posted themselves on the top floor from where they had a better view of an approaching enemy. Wallace’s Fort

434 stood in the vicinity of the Conemaugh River near the Forbes Road east of Fort Hand and less than 20 miles from Fort Ligonier. At times, rangers were also posted there as the post was used also as a supply depot and a storage place for ammunition and arms. Indians using the Kittanning Path found it a prominent target. During the latter part of April 1778, Indians attacked a contingent of men near the post. Nine men were killed and one other was wounded from the 20-man contingent. During the latter part of 1779, Colonel Brodhead ordered the evacuation of Fort Crawford and Fort Armstrong. The garrisons were ordered to Pittsburgh, but Colonel Lochry, concerned for the safety of the settlements, instead ordered the two commanders to other posts. Captain Joseph Erwin was dispatched to Hannastown and Captain Campbell was ordered to Wallace’s Fort. Brodhead countered by arresting Campbell for disobeying orders. Also, Wallace was later captured while participating with Colonel Lochry on an expedition during 1781. Wallace’s Fort was used sporadically until 1783, but after the close of hostilities, the post fell into poor condition and even the old stockade vanished. No traces of the fort remain. It had been located on a hill in close proximity to where a brick house was built and later acquired by others, including Samuel Dixon and W. T. McFarland, who was the son-inlaw of Samuel Barr. Walthour’s Fort— See Waldhower’s (Walthour’s) Fort. Weidman’s Fort— Weidmnan’s Fort was actually a house and was not used as a fort. It was located near Swatara Creek and was established during 1756. Wells’ Fort— Wells’ Fort was established during the 1770s in the vicinity of Cross Creek (Cross Creek Township, Washington County). The fort was built on the property of Alexander Wells, who had settled there during 1773. Wells’ Fort provided protection for settlers in the area and it protected a nearby mill. The area was in constant danger of Indian attacks. During the spring of 1782, the settlers requested troops to provide additional manpower to protect the mill, which had become an important supplier of flour to about 10 other forts in the region. In conjunction, another Wells’ Fort (Richard Wells) was located about six miles away across the line in Virginia (later West Virginia). An expedition against Indians was initiated during July 1782 by Colonel Williamson, who informed General Irvine that a force (Crawford’s Expedition) was advancing to Richard Wells’ Fort near Mingo Bottom. Wentz Farm Encampment— During the autumn of 1777, General George Washington established a temporary camp at the Peter Wentz Farm on Shearer Road in Worcester, Montgomery County. Washington’s forces were at the encampment prior to the British occupation of Philadelphia and his forces moved from there to initiate the Battle of Germantown (4 October) in Philadelphia. After the battle, in which confusion caused the colonial troops to fire upon themselves, costing victory, the army again spent time at Wentz’ farm, prior to moving to Valley Forge to spend the winter of 1777–1778. The site is in the vicinity of the junction of State Highway 73 and State Highway 363. Whitemarsh Encampment— See Fort Washington. Wilkes-Barre Fort— Wilkes-Barre Fort was established at WilkesBarre subsequent to a meeting held in the area during August 1776 when the committee authorized the construction of forts in the region. It was subsequent to the establishment of Wintermoot’s Fort. The fort was not completed, however, until 1778. At the time, the courthouse and jail of Westmoreland County were located there and the fort was also to protect those structures as well as the settlers. The walls were constructed of logs (doubled logs) that reached a height of about 16 feet. Wilkes-Barre Fort, which covered about

435 one-half acre, and was encircled by a ditch, had only one entrance and it faced the river. The angles of the parallelogram structure contained flanking towers at the angles and the sides of the fort contained loopholes to permit the defenders to fire at an enemy without excessive risk. The cabins or barracks for the defenders were constructed within the fort along the walls. The fort also had one 4pound cannon, but due to a lack of ammunition, it was deployed on the rampart for use as an alarm in time of imminent danger. WilkesBarre Fort contained many women and children during July 1778 when the Wyoming Massacre occurred as Major John Butler, with a force of British regulars, Tories and Indians, descended upon the valley. Nonetheless, the fort held few men, many of whom had been several miles away at Forty Fort. There is no record of an official surrender of the fort such as occurred at the other forts in the area, but on 4 July it too was in possession of the Indians. The settlers there had abandoned it. The Indians set it afire after taking as much booty as they could handle. William Allison’s Fort— William Allison’s Fort was established subsequent to a meeting which was held at the Shippen residence during October 1755 after the fall of McCord’s Fort. It was decided that five forts were to be established in Cumberland County. In addition to Allison’s, the forts included one at Carlisle, Shippensburg, another at Colonel Benjamin Chambers, Sr., and yet another at Reverend Steel’s Meeting House. In times of alarm, the women and children were to be taken to Allison’s Fort. William Marshall’s Fort— William Marshall’s Fort was established about 1756 in Cumberland County near other forts, including Philip Davis’ Fort and Waddell’s Fort. An undated directive detailed that five troops were to be based at William Marshall’s Fort and also at both Waddell’s Fort and Davis’ Fort. The fort was abandoned at an undetermined time during the 1760s. William Maxwell’s Fort— See Maxwell’s Fort. William McAlevy’s Blockhouse— See McAlevy’s Fort. Williamson’s Station— Williamson’s Station was established in the vicinity of Taylorstown near Buffalo Creek by Colonel David Williamson (Washington County Militia) in about 1776. Williamson relocated in Washington County with his parents. David had been born in Carlisle during 1752. The station remained active throughout the American Revolution, but it never came under attack. Wilson’s Blockhouse— A blockhouse was established on the Wilson farm in Mount Pleasant Township, Washington County, during the 1770s. The land was later owned by Andrew Russel (1870s).

Arnold’s Point Fort / RHODE ISLAND Wilson’s Blockhouse— Wilson’s Blockhouse was established during the 1770s by Major James Wilson. The fortified blockhouse was in the Derry settlement (Westmoreland County) in close proximity to Pomroy’s Fort. Not to be confused with Wilson’s Blockhouse in Washington County. Wind Gap Fort— See Fort near Wind Gap. Wintermoot’s Fort— Wintermoot’s Fort was established near Wyoming Avenue and the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of Sturmerville (Exeter Township) prior to August 1776. The Wintermoot family had been in the area for some time prior to erecting a stockade and it was thought by many in the region that the family was sympathetic to the cause of the Tories. Once the family constructed the fortified house, it became more evident to the other settlers that the Wintermoots were not on the side of the American colonists. During August 1776, a meeting was held at the settlement and it was determined that forts had to be authorized by the committee from that point forward. The fort was commanded by Lieutenant Elisha Scovell. The British and Indians under Major Butler arrived near the settlement on 1 July 1778 and during the night of 1–2 July, the enemy was in and out of the fort. On 2 July the fort capitulated and Major Butler used the fort for his headquarters; however, on 3 July, the fort was burned. The fort had agreed to terms of capitulation, but apparently it was for show only as the defenders willingly submitted and joined with the British when they departed the area. It was never determined what caused the fire. Wolf ’s Fort— Wolf ’s Fort was established by Jacob Wolf during the 1770s in the vicinity of the present-day borough of Washington in Buffalo Township, Washington County. The fort, protected by a stockade, was one of the initial fortified blockhouses in the region. The area was under constant threat of attack by Indians, but the fort itself was not attacked. On one occasion, a woman named Priscilla Peak (or Peck) was caught, while sick in bed at her home, by Indians. She escaped but an Indian chased her and scalped her, but she was able to make it to the fort before she was tomahawked to death. Other similar incidents also occurred at the fort. During December 1781, another family (Darby) arrived at the fort, but the threat of Indian attack prompted the family to depart by February of 1782. Woodruff ’s Blockhouse— Woodruff ’s Blockhouse was established in Amwell Township (Washington County) during the 1770s. The blockhouse was built on or near an Indian mound. The property remained in the possession of the Woodruff family for a long time. During 1870, it was the home of Nehemiah Woodruff.

RHODE ISLAND Arnold’s Point Fort— Arnold’s Point on Lehigh Hill in Newport County was fortified by the Americans during the 1770s. The fort was located in the northern tip of Rhode Island south of Willow Lane and west of State Highway 114 abut one mile from Bristol Ferry. The British occupied Newport during December 1776 and gained control of the patriot fortifications. The British held Newport until 1779. Barrington— See Bullock’s Point.

Battery Armistead— See Fort Kearny. Battery (at) Bonnet Point— See Bonnet Point Battery. Battery (at) Brenton’s Point— See Brenton’s Point Fort. Battery (at) Bristol Ferry— See Bristol Ferry Fort. Battery (at) Newport— See Newport Battery. Battery (at) North Point— See Fort Adams.

RHODE ISLAND / Bonnet Point Battery Battery (at) Poppasquash Point— See Poppasquash Point. Battery Bankhead— See Fort Adams. Battery Belton— See Fort Adams. Battery Conanicut— See Conanicut Battery. Battery Connell— See Fort Mansfield. Battery Cooke— See Fort Wetherill. Battery Cram— See Fort Kearny. Battery Crawford— See Fort Mansfield. Battery Crittenden— See Fort Wetherill. Battery Dickinson— See Fort Wetherill. Battery Edgerton— See Fort Adams. Battery French— See Fort Kearny. Battery Gilmore— See Fort Adams. Battery Greene— See Fort Adams. Battery Hale— See Fort Greble. Battery Mitchell— See Fort Greble. Battery North— See North Battery. Battery Number 3 (Antiaircraft)— See Fort Wetherill. Battery Ogden— See Fort Greble. Battery (on) Hallidon Hill— See Fort Chastellux. Battery (on) Rose Island— See Rose Island. Battery Reilly— See Fort Adams. Battery Sedgwick— See Fort Greble. Battery Talbot— See Fort Adams.

436 in Narragansett Bay played a continuing part in the history of the defense of Newport. During 1739, a watchtower was erected there to support Fort George (formerly Fort Anne) and be in position to sound the alarm in the event of an approaching enemy. Similar watchtowers were erected at about the same time at Castle Hill, Conanicut Island, Point Judith and Sachuest Point. Subsequently, during 1775, while relations with England were deteriorating, it was decided that Newport needed more protection. To bolster the defenses, the Americans constructed a new battery at Brenton’s Point. The post, Brenton’s Barracks, was completed by January 1776. In the meantime, the guns at Fort George, during 1775, had been transferred to Providence. The Americans had become concerned that the British would have confiscated the artillery there. In conjunction, Fort George at about that same time was renamed Fort Liberty. The British occupied Newport during December 1776 and gained control of the American defenses there. British and Hessian troops also constructed new defensive posts. The British abandoned Newport during 1779. Afterward, French troops occupied Brenton’s Point (1779–1781). Subsequently, Fort Adams was built there. See also Fort Adams. Bristol Ferry Fort— The Bristol Ferry was located in Newport County at Bristol in the northern sector of Rhode Island west of the Mt. Hope bridge along State Highway 114. During 1776, the Americans established a fort (battery) (Bristol Ferry Fort) there, slightly east of the highway. The British occupied Newport during December 1776 and retained it until 1779. Bull’s Garrison— Bull s Garrison was actually a trading post established in about the 1670s in South Kingston near Tower Hill (vicinity of present-day junction of State Highway 138 and Route 1) near Narragansett Bay. The post was established by Jireh Bull. On 17 December 1675, the trading post was attacked and destroyed by Narragansett Indians during what was known as King Philip’s War. About 17 colonists were killed during the attack.

Battery Wheaton— See Fort Wetherill.

Bullock’s Point— The Americans established an outpost during 1776 at Bullock’s Point in the vicinity of East Providence. Earthworks were posted along the Narragansett Bay at other various points, including Barrington, Nayatt Point, Quidnessett, Wickford, Boston Neck, Watch Neck and Noyes Neck.

Battery Wooster— See Fort Mansfield.

Butts’ Hill Fort— See Fort Butts’ Hill.

Battery Zook— See Fort Wetherill.

Camp Arnold— Camp Arnold was established during the latter part of 1861 at Pawtucket. Contingents of the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry Regiment at Camp Hallett transferred to Camp Arnold and other units of the regiment that were formed in New Hampshire also moved there. Camp Arnold was named in honor of Lieutenant Governor Samuel G. Arnold.

Battery Varnum— See Fort Wetherill. Battery Walbach— See Fort Wetherill.

Beaver Head Fort— See Conanicut Battery. Beaver Tail Fort— See Conanicut Battery. Bonnet Point Battery— The Americans, during 1776, established a battery at Bonnet Point which provided some protection for the Western Passage of Narragansett Bay in the vicinity of Newport. The British gained Newport during December 1776 and afterward controlled the American fortifications in the area. In addition, the British built new redoubts. During the War of 1812, the British blockaded the New England coast and Narragansett Bay remained vulnerable, but the British did not make an attempt to penetrate it. The only defensive position at the West Passage was the old battery at Bonnett Point, but it is not clear if the post was garrisoned for the duration. The post also saw some use during the Civil War, but again, there was no enemy attempt to move against Newport. Subsequently, during the latter part of the nineteenth century, Fort Kearny was established at Bonnet Point. Boston Neck— See Bullock’s Point. Brenton’s Barracks— See Brenton’s Point Fort and Fort Adams. Brenton’s Point Fort— Brenton’s Point on Goat Island at its neck

Camp Burnside— Camp Burnside was established at Providence during 1861. During May of that same year, following President Abraham Lincoln’s recent call for volunteers, Governor William Sprague ordered the establishment of a regiment. The 1st Rhode Island (Detached Militia Infantry) Regiment was already in service at the capital, under the command of Colonel (later General) Ambrose Burnside. Major Slocum, serving with Burnside, was called back to Rhode Island to command the new unit, the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The regiment was organized at Camp Burnside, located at the Dexter Parade and Fair Grounds, at the intersection of Dexter and Cranston Streets (subsequently, Rhode Island National Guard Armory). Camp Dyer— Camp Dyer was established at Quonset Point in North Kingston during May 1898 (Spanish-American War period). The 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry mustered into federal service there. The camp remained active until November 1898. The U.S.

437 Navy established a naval air station there (Quonset Point Naval Air Station) during 1941. Camp Hallett–Camp Hallett was established at Cranston as a Civil War training camp during 1861. The 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was recruited in Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Elements of the regiment were formed at Camp Hallett during the autumn of 1861. Shortly thereafter, the regiment relocated at Camp Arnold (vicinity of the Riding Park) at Pawtucket. Camp Hallett was named after Colonel George W. Hallett (later, chief of Rhode Island Cavalry). Castle Hill Fort— The Americans initiated work at Castle Hill in the vicinity of Newport to fortify it, but the British occupied Newport by December 1776 prior to completion of the project. The Americans abandoned the position. Subsequent to British occupation, the British gained the other American defenses and built others, including Green End Fort in Newport County at a point in southwest Rhode Island between Middleton and Newport. The British evacuated Newport during 1779. Coaster’s Harbor Island— Coaster’s Island Harbor, located at Newport, is the site of the U.S. Naval War College and a modern-day U.S. naval training base. The British held Newport for a while beginning in 1776 during the American Revolution, but it was evacuated during 1779. Afterward, American troops established positions on the island. During the War of 1812, the Naval Academy was temporarily relocated at Newport. Coaster’s Harbor Island is in close proximity to Coddington’s Point. The post and the war college are located close to the Newport Bridge (Route 138). The island is accessible from Station Road. Coddington’s Cove Fort— The British established a fortification at Coddington Cove in the vicinity of Coddington Point, Newport, subsequent to their occupation of Newport during December 1776. It was part of a chain of defensive positions that bolstered the line running from the heights above Easton’s Pond to Tonomy Hill and from there northward to the cove. The line formed protection of Newport against an attack by land. The British also established some other defenses on Aquidneck Island at Butt’s Hill, Common Fence Point and Fogland Ferry (Portsmouth). During 1778, the British positions were challenged by an American force under General Sullivan, but the anticipated French support failed to materialize to its full potential following an unexpected storm. The British line held Newport and the Americans retired during August 1778. The British retained Newport until it was abandoned during 1779. Common Fence Cove— See Coddington’s Cove Fort. Conanicut Battery— The General Assembly directed Esek Hopkins to establish a fort at Beaver Tail ( Jamestown) on Conanicut Island during May 1776. The post was built off Beaver Tail Road on Prospect Hill to guard the west passage of Narragansett Bay. The post was seized by the British during December of that same year and retained it until 1779. British troops occupied Newport on 7 December and soon after, on 10 December, they landed at East Ferry on the island. The British moved to West Ferry and destroyed the ferry house, then returned to East Ferry and destroyed buildings and homes, forcing many residents to escape the island. Once the British occupied the post, they reconstructed it and renamed it Fort Dumpling Rock. British occupation of the island and Newport kept the patriot fleet from leaving Providence. Subsequently, during July 1778, French naval vessels bombarded the British positions there but no damage was inflicted. During 1779, following the evacuation of Newport by the British, French forces provided for the defense of Narragansett Bay. There is no evidence to support it, but it is thought that a French contingent was posted at Conanicut Battery.

Fort Adams / RHODE ISLAND About 1800, the Americans established an eight-gun tower there (Fort Dumplings), but the project was not completed due to the construction of Fort Adams, nearby across the bay. Fort Dumplings was also referred to as Fort Louis, thought to have been in honor of King Louis XVI of France. The post was never fully utilized and from about the early 1820s, it was essentially abandoned. Toward the latter part of the nineteenth century, during the Spanish-American War period, the federal government acquired more land and life sprung back onto the fort. By 1900, Fort Dumplings became Fort Wetherill. Also, a lighthouse was first erected there during 1749. A museum (focusing on the history of the lighthouses there) is located at Beavertail State Park off Beavertail Road ( Jamestown). The park is open to the public on a daily basis from dawn to dusk. Easton Pond— See Coddington’s Cove Fort. Fogland Ferry Fort— See Coddington’s Cove Fort. Fort Adams— Fort Adams was established on Goat Island, which was initially acquired by Rhode Island during 1643. The first fortification was established there to protect the Newport harbor at Narragansett Bay in about 1700. The bay contains three separate lanes to the Atlantic Ocean: the East and West Passages and a third, the Sakonnet River. By 1702, it was decided that the initial fort on Goat Island needed to be expanded. At the time of the decision, the War of Spanish Succession had begun. The conflict lasted until 1713. The new fortification was named Fort Anne, in honor of the queen of England. The fort’s artillery was either 12-pounders or 18-pounders, with a range capable only of guarding the inner harbor of Newport. Enemy ships could still sail through the bay. As stated previously, the war terminated during 1713. During the following year, the Treaty of Ulrich officially ended the war. At that time, the fort was abandoned. Subsequently, during 1730, Fort Anne was renamed Fort George, in honor of King George II. Later, during 1739, war erupted between Great Britain and Spain, and the old fort, which had greatly deteriorated, was refurbished and refortified. Fort George was augmented with about 25 guns, but still, the great bay was still maneuverable to enemy vessels. In an effort to further protect Newport, watchtowers were constructed at various points, including Brenton’s Point, Castle Hill, Conanicut Island, Point Judith and Sachuest Point. In conjunction, Brenton’s Point, at the neck of Goat Island, was where Fort Adams (old Brenton’s Point) was established. During 1774, the Americans became concerned that the British would seize the guns at Fort George. Consequently, the guns were transferred to Providence. Later, during the following year, it became evident that Rhode Island needed more protection. It was determined to build a new fort on Goat Island at Brenton’s Point. The fort, Brenton’s Barracks, was completed by January 1776. Nearby, a battery was established on Conanicut Island and yet another small fortification was built at Castle Hill. Fort George, which had earlier relinquished its guns, was regarrisoned and it received 25 guns. (At that time, Fort George was renamed Fort Liberty, which it retained until 1789, when it was again renamed, to become Fort Washington [until 1798]. Afterward, it became Fort Wolcott until 1879). Also, during 1774, a battery at North Point was bolstered with about 20 guns that had been seized from the British at Nassau, Bahamas, by Esek Hopkins. Despite the new defensive moves, the Americans had not been able to seal the West Passage of the bay and during December 1778, a British fleet under Peter Parker transported about 6,000 British and Hessian troops through the passage to Conanicut Island. On 8 December, British forces under General Clinton occupied Newport. The British abandoned Newport during 1779. Subsequently on 4 July 1799, Fort Adams, named after President John Adams, was established at Newport on a site previously known as Brenton’s Point Barracks, which had been seized by the British during 1776. The construc-

RHODE ISLAND / Fort Anne tion of Fort Adams had actually begun during 1798. It remained active only until 1821. Subsequently, during 1824, a new Fort Adams was established. The new fort was scheduled to contain more than the earlier fort’s 17 pieces of artillery. New Fort Adams was sufficiently large to hold more than 450 guns and a garrison of nearly 2,500 troops when required by national emergency. On 10 August 1825, Lieutenant Colonel Totten arrived to oversee the construction of the post. Totten remained at Fort Adams until December 1838, when he was promoted to the position of chief engineer (U.S. Army). Totten planned Fort Adams as an irregular pentagon shape with two fronts pointing toward the bay. To bolster the defenses, Totten ordered a fortification (Vaubian defenses) erected to the fort’s rear to provide a defensive line against a landward attack. In addition, Totten established a redoubt (near the Eisenhower House) farther down the neck of the island. The walls of Fort Adams were composed of Maine granite and local shale and the masonry part of the project was supervised by a Scotsman, Alexander McGregor. Fort Adams was built as a Third System Fort and of the Third System coastal forts, it was smaller in size only to Fort Monroe (Virginia) and Fort Jefferson (Florida). In conjunction, although the massive fort complex was built to hold 468 guns, the full complement, including casemate and barbette, were never placed. As time moved on, the fort’s onceinvincible walls became more vulnerable as more modern weapons were invented; however, the fort was not challenged during the Civil War or afterward. Also, during 1869, a torpedo station was established at Newport on Goat Island. The post became a colossal fortress, second only to Fort Monroe in Virginia. The construction of the installation was not finished until 1857. The initial garrison arrived during 1841. Nevertheless, the fort never came under threat of attack through its period of service to the country, which terminated during 1950. Modern Endicott batteries that were at Fort Adams included Battery Bankhead (1907–1913), Battery Belton (west, 1907–1925), Battery Edgerton (east 1898–1943), Battery Gilmore (1940–1943, actually Battery Greene, renamed during 1940), Battery Greene (east 1898–1940), Battery Reilly (west, 1899–1917) and Battery Talbot (west, 1899–1917). For more information: Fort Adams State Park, Ocean Drive, Newport, Rhode Island 02840. A replica of the sloop USS Providence, the initial ship of John Paul Jones, is located at the park. Fort Anne— Fort Anne was established on Goat Island during 1703. Later, during 1732, it became Fort George. Afterward, during 1775, the fort became Fort Liberty, which it remained until 1789, when it became Fort Washington. At that time, the post became Fort Wolcott. See also Fort Adams. Fort Barton— Subsequent to the capture of Newport by the British during December 1776, the Americans took some steps to try to prevent further British penetration by establishing a fort at Tiverton. The post was initially known as Tiverton Heights Fort. It was hoped that the post would keep the British from reaching Providence and even Boston. With some aid from Massachusetts, the colonials at Rhode Island built the post at Howland’s Ferry at a dominant position from which its guns could command the narrow strait there. The post was completed by the latter part of June 1777. Soon after, a contingent of troops initiated a mission to infiltrate British lines. During early July, Lieutenant Colonel William Barton, acted on intelligence that British general Richard Prescott was spending time at a particular home (Overing House) at Newport. Using whaleboats, the troops moved to Portsmouth and debarked, then advanced inland, eliminated the guards and captured the surprised general while he was in a bedroom. Following the success of the mission, it was decided to rename the post Fort Barton. Afterward, men continued to gather at the post, but a planned attack against the British at Aquidneck during October 1777 never came to fruition. By spring of 1778,

438 George Washington placed General Sullivan in command of Fort Barton for the purpose of an offensive against the British. French assistance was also expected and Lafayette was to coordinate the French participation. On 9 August 1778, more than 10,000 troops crossed at Howland’s Ferry in synchronization with a French armada that had established a blockade of Narragansett Bay. The Americans succeeded in landing on Aquidneck and the French pressure compelled the British to destroy their own diminutive naval force and compress their forces around Newport. In the meantime, the British had sent a naval force to reinforce Newport and neutralize the French. The opposing fleets maneuvered to engage; however, a major storm intervened. As the hurricane swept through on 13–14 August, it showed no favoritism. Both fleets sustained heavy damage. The hurricane brought about unintended consequences for the Americans. The forces of Sullivan were also battered by the horrendous storm, more so than the British, who had some advantage by being deployed at defensive positions. The French fleet withdrew and sailed to Boston to make repairs. The absence of the fleet, which included the loss of French ground troops, essentially turned the tide. The British were able to hold their positions. By the latter part of the month, the American forces began to withdraw, but the British moved to offense. Meanwhile, the Americans had reached the northern tip of Aquidneck Island, from where they were to cross to the mainland. The British launched stiff attacks, but the Americans were temporarily using a fort that had been built by the British (Honeyman’s Hill) at Middleton. The British attacks were repulsed. Nonetheless, it became apparent to General Sullivan that without the French fleet, Newport could not be gained. On 30 August 1778, the Americans abandoned Aquidneck and returned to Fort Barton. Fort Butts’ Hill— Fort Butts’ Hill, known also as Butts’ Hill Fort, was established by the British slightly north of Portsmouth subsequent to their occupation of Newport during December 1776. The fort was located on Aquidneck Island in Newport County in the vicinity of the junction of Highways 138 and 24. The fort was held by the patriots for a short while during August 1778 (Battle of Rhode Island), but the British regained it. The British evacuated Newport during 1779. During the battle, the sole engagement fought in Rhode Island during the American Revolution, the 1st and 2nd Rhode Island Regiments participated. The 1st Rhode Island was known also as the Black Regiment, because many of its troops had been slaves. Fort Chastellux— Subsequent to the British abandonment of Newport during 1779, the French occupied the area. The French built a battery on Hallidon Hill, known as Fort Chastellux, named in honor of Chevalier de Chastellux. Hallidon Hill was located at a dominant position that provided a wide view of Brenton’s Point on Goat Island. French troops at about the same time established new fortifications on Rose Island. Fort Conanicut— See Conanicut Battery. Fort Daniel— Fort Daniel was established by the Americans (Kentish Guards) in East Greenwich for the purpose of defending the town against an attack by Tories. The Kentish Guards had been formed during 1774 and the unit used the Kent County Court House as their armory. The fort, near Greenwich Cove, contained nine guns and it was held throughout the American Revolution. The Kentish Guards were known for their discipline and ability. Many of its members became officers in the Continental Army, the most prominent being General Nathanael Greene. The Kentish Guards, in addition to maintaining the garrison at Greenwich, also deployed at other points and participated in offensive actions against the British. During the summer of 1779, prior to the British evacuation of Newport, the Guards launched a successful raid against Britishheld Conanicut Island and destroyed a battery there. Subsequently,

439 during the 1840s, the Kentish Guards played a key role when a crisis developed in the state government between two rival factions. For their services during the crisis, the Guards were presented with $1,000 from the State of Rhode Island. The money was used to acquire an armory at the intersection of Pierce and Armory Streets. The charter government, which called upon the militia, prevailed over the group known as the reform government, led by Thomas Dorr. Fort George— Fort George was established on Goat Island during 1732. It was formerly Fort Anne. Later, during 1775, the post would be named Fort Liberty and afterward, during 1789, it would become Fort Washington. During 1798, the post became Fort Wolcott. See also Fort Adams. Fort Greble— During 1824, the U.S. government acquired about six acres on the southern end of Dutch Island (known as Quetenis by the Indians), which is located between Jamestown and Saunderstown to the east and west respectively. No fortifications were established there at that time; however, during the following year, a lighthouse was erected there to guide vessels moving through Narragansett Bay there and to assist ships entering Dutch Island Harbor. The island had long been in use. During the 1630s, a Dutch trading post was located there and operated by the West India Company. During the Civil War period, a camp was established on the island, but still no official fort had been constructed there. Following the close of the Civil War, batteries were constructed at the camp. Later, toward the latter part of the nineteenth century, the post was named Fort Greble, in honor of Lieutenant John T. Greble, who had been slain during the initial days of the Civil War. Fort Greble saw some use during World War I; however, it was not considered a primary base. Nevertheless, Fort Greble remained active throughout World War II and was deactivated during 1947. Also, modernday batteries at Dutch Island included: Battery Hale (1898–1942), Battery Mitchell (1905–1917), Battery Ogden (1900–1920) and Battery Sedgwick (1901–1942). Fort Greene— Fort Greene, named in honor of General Nathanael Greene, was established in the vicinity of North Point (Newport) during 1798, where the Americans had earlier established a battery during 1776. The construction of the post was overseen by Major Louis Tousard, a former French officer who had returned to France after the American Revolution. While fighting in support of the Americans against the British, Tousard was badly wounded at a battle in Rhode Island. He lost one arm during fighting near Butts’ Hill. The post at North Point was an elliptical battery, built of stone, which was capable of holding about 12 or 13 guns. The fort was in total disrepair by about 1811. In conjunction, Major Tousard, after his return to France, was caught on the losing side of a revolution and taken prisoner, only to gain his later release through intervention of the U.S. government. Afterwards, Tousard arrived in the U.S. and received an appointment as an officer in the U.S. Army. Also, Tousard oversaw the construction of Fort Hamilton on Rose Island. The Fort Greene site is located in Battery Park, in the vicinity of Washington and Battery Streets, opposite Fort Wolcott. Also, Fort Greene is not to be confused with Fort Nathanael Greene at Point Judith. Fort Hamilton— Fort Hamilton, named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, was established on Rose Island (Newport County) during 1798, but the fortification was never completed. The construction was overseen by Major Tousard, who at the same time period was supervising the construction of Fort Greene at North Point (Newport). Fort Hamilton was still incomplete at the outbreak of the War of 1812. Subsequently, during the 1880s, the U.S. Navy used the fortification as a storage facility for torpedoes and other arms. The post was again utilized following World War I, when some additional

Fort Ninigret / RHODE ISLAND defenses were installed there to guard Narragansett Bay and barracks were constructed. The post was completely abandoned by the U.S. Navy during the 1950s. Subsequently, the post became part of a city park, but most of the island is off limits to the public. One place where visitors are welcomed is the site of the lighthouse. See also Fort Greene. Fort Independence— Fort Independence was established in about 1775 in the vicinity of Providence at Field’s Point to protect the harbor. The Providence Harbor ran a distance of about two to three or four miles from Fox and India Points to Field’s Point. The post on Robbins Hill was in close proximity to another patriot earthworks fortification at Sassafras Point. The fort was located in the vicinity of present-day Municipal Wharf. The fort was apparently used for a time during the War of 1812. In conjunction, Captain Joseph Bucklin IV, a Rhode Island merchant engaged in shipping, was among the members of the committee involved with the building of Fort Independence. One of Bucklin’s vessels had earlier been seized by the British for their claims of his smuggling activities. Fort Kearny— Fort Kearny was established during 1899 slightly south of Saunderstown. The post served primarily as a supply depot for Fort Greble and Fort Getty. Batteries there included Battery Armistead (1908–1942), Battery Cram (1908–1943) and Battery French (1908–1917). Fort Kearny was located on the western side of Narragansett Bay at a place known as Boston Neck. During World War II, antisubmarine devices (nets and anti-boat booms) were deployed to protect the west and east passages of the bay, beginning during 1941. The initial net was placed between Jamestown (Fort Wetherill) and Newport Neck at Newport. Later, another net was deployed slightly south of the first net in place of the original. Also, at the West Passage, an antiboat boom was deployed near Fort Kearny, and yet another net was stretched between the Dumplings and Fort Adams. Fort Kearny was abandoned subsequent to the close of World War II. Fort Liberty— Fort Liberty was established on Goat Island during 1775. Previously, it had been Fort Anne and Fort George. Later, during 1789, the post became Fort Washington and subsequent to that, Fort Wolcott was established there during 1798. See also Fort Adams. Fort Mansfield— Fort Mansfield was established at Napatree Point in southwest Rhode Island during the latter part of the nineteenth century (1898) and was operational by about 1900. The post was established by the U.S. Coast Artillery. The post remained active until the close of World War I and was abandoned in about 1920. Batteries there included: Battery Wooster, named in honor of Brigadier General David Wooster (American Revolutionary War hero), which contained two 8-inch rifles on disappearing carriages; Battery Crawford (two 5-inch guns); and Battery Connell (two 5-inch guns). During 1938, a tremendously strong hurricane ripped through the area and destroyed nearly everything in its path on Napatree Point. Fort Nathanael Greene— Fort Nathanael Greene was established at Point Judith during the 1930s. Not to be confused with Fort Greene at Newport. Fort Ninigret— Fort Ninigret was established slightly outside of Charlestown in about the mid-seventeenth century, but precisely when remains unclear. The fort seemed to have definite European characteristics, thought to have been of Dutch origin; however, later, another theory emerged. Some historians are convinced it was built by Portuguese. The fort was located off State Highway 2 near Ninigret Pond. It was built in the shape of a rectangle, but the corners each, except the one pointing toward the water, had five-sided bastions. The complex was about 152 feet long by 137 feet wide. Subsequent discoveries (1900s) of cannon and a sword in the vicinity of

RHODE ISLAND / Fort Washington the fort appeared to be linked to Portugal rather than Holland. Nevertheless, the differing opinions continue as to the origin of the builders of the fort. The cannon discovered at the fort are thought to have become obsolete by about 1540. The fort was later used as an Indian strong point, and it is now maintained as a memorial to the Narragansett and Niantic Indians. The Fort Ninigret site is located at the end of Fort Ninigret Road. Fort Washington— Fort Washington was initially established on Goat Island as Fort Anne, which later became Fort George. During 1775 it became Fort Liberty. The British gained Newport during December 1776 and it was again called Fort George. During 1789, it became Fort Washington and afterward, during 1798, it became Fort Wolcott. See also Fort Adams. Fort Wetherill— Fort Wetherill, named in honor of Captain Alexander Wetherill, was established in the vicinity of Jamestown during the latter part of the 1890s (Spanish-American War period). The fort was located on the eastern shore of Conanicut Island slightly outside Newport and was responsible for protecting the East Passage. By 1900, it had replaced Fort Dumplings and was named Fort Wetherill. The fort, opposite the East Passage from Fort Adams, remained active until after the termination of World War II. Endicott batteries there included: Battery Cooke (two 3-inch pedestal mounts, 1901–1920), Battery Crittenden (1908–1946), Battery Dickinson (two 6-inch pedestal mounts, 1908–1947), Battery Varnum (two-12-inch Barbette mounts, non-disappearing, 1901–1943), Battery Walbach (two 10-inch pedestal mounts, 1908–1942), Battery Wheaton (two 12-inch disappearing guns, 1908–1945) and Battery Zook (three 6inch disappearing guns). Also, antisubmarine nets were strung across Narragansett Bay from Fort Wetherill to Fort Adams during World War II. In conjunction, the Americans had built a fortification there during 1776 and later that same year, it was occupied by the British. See also Conanicut Battery. In conjunction, Captain Wetherill was killed while fighting in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Also, Fort Wetherill worked in conjunction with modern-day Fort Adams, Fort Getty and Fort Kearny to protect Narragansett Bay. Control of the West Passage was maintained by Fort Getty. During August 1945, Fort Wetherill was titled Antiaircraft Battery No. 3. All antiaircraft ammunition was to be stored at Battery Walbach. Fort Wolcott— Fort Wolcott, named in honor of Governor Oliver Wolcott, was established at Newport on Goat Island during 1798. The post was previously known by several other names: Fort Anne, Fort George, Fort Liberty and Fort Washington. Fort Wolcott was named in honor of Oliver Wolcott Sr. (a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a major general in the Connecticut Militia). The fort received a new name but the history of the forts there began during 1703 with the establishment of Fort Anne in honor of the queen of England at that time by the English. Subsequently, during 1724, Fort George was established, also by the English, who retained control until 1775 when the Americans established Fort Liberty. During the American War for Independence, the fort did not come under attack; however, the British occupied it during the latter part of 1776. The British referred to the post as Fort George. When the British abandoned Newport during October 1779, the French occupied it until 1781. By October 1789, the fort became Fort Washington in honor of George Washington. The post retained the name until the establishment of Fort Wolcott. Rhode Island militia garrisoned the fort until 1794, when it became a U.S. military installation garrisoned by the U.S. Army. It remained active until 1836. In conjunction, of the various commanders at Fort Wolcott, one name seems to instantly click one’s memory, that of Captain Ichabod B. Crane, who was the commanding officer from 1819 through 1825. Crane, although an officer in the U.S. Army, had also previously been a U.S. Marine (lieutenant, 1809–1812). But the familiarity with his

440 name to most people is because it is identical to the character in the classic story, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” which coincidentally was written one year after Crane assumed command of Fort Wolcott. Fox Hill Fort— Fox Hill was located on the northwestern part of Conanicut Island. Fort Getty was established there in the vicinity of Jamestown during the early part of the twentieth century. See also Conanicut Battery. Green End Fort— Green End Fort was established by the British north of Vernon Avenue in the vicinity of Middleton during 1776–1777, subsequent to the British occupation of Newport during December 1776. The post was the eastern terminus of the British defense lines at Newport. The fort was abandoned during 1779 when the British evacuated Newport. Hog Pen Point Fort— During 1774 and 1775, the citizens of Massachusetts and Rhode Island were taking precautions and preparing for hostilities with England. At Rehoboth (Massachusetts), during 1774, a vote was taken not to purchase goods from England subsequent to August of that year, unless the British lifted the action of blockading Boston Harbor. During September of that year, representatives were selected to attend the Provincial Congress. By May 1775, the committee at Rehoboth authorized raising two companies of militia. During November 1775, it was decided to acquire four cannon to bolster Rehoboth, but it was also decided to await representatives from Providence to discuss fortifying Hog Pen Point. The representative later arrived and the decision was made on 13 November. Afterward, a fortification was established there at Hog Pen Point (later Bold Point) in the vicinity of Seekonk (East Providence). Honeyman’s Hill Fort— Honeyman’s Hill Fort was established by the British on Aquidneck Island at Middleton subsequent to the occupation of Newport during 1776. During an attempt by General Sullivan to seize Newport during 1778, the fort was taken by the Americans and became a prominent point during the Battle of Rhode Island while the Americans were attempting to return to Fort Barton. See also Fort Barton. Hunter House— French Admiral de Ternay, while in Newport subsequent to the British evacuation, established his quarters at the Hunter House. The Hunter House has been restored. It is located at 54 Washington Street, Newport. Kettle Point— The patriots established some minor earthen works fortifications at Kettle Point in East Providence during 1775. In conjunction the British occupied Newport, but Providence remained under American control during the American Revolution. King Philip’s Fort— King Philip’s main camp was at Mount Hope, a village of the Pokanoketa and Metacoms. During July 1775 (King Philip’s War), it was decided to attack King Philip’s Fort at Mount Hope in the vicinity of Bristol. The attack was initiated on 18 July, but it failed. A siege was initiated to force King Philip to capitulate from lack of food; however, the Indians escaped through the swamps and moved into Massachusetts where the Nipmac inhabited the territory (central Massachusetts). The temporary camp of the English during the siege is sometimes referred to as Fort Mount Hope. Marine Corps Arsenal— The Providence Marine Corps of Artillery established an armory (arsenal) in Providence during 1840. The arsenal building is located at 176 Benefit Street in Providence. The Providence Marine Corps of Artillery is not affiliated with the U.S. Marine Corps. Nathanael Greene Homestead— General Nathanael Greene constructed his house at Coventry. Greene was a general during the

441 American Revolution and served with General George Washington. The home is located at 50 Taft Street in Coventry. The homestead is open to the public by appointment. Nayatt Point— See Bullock’s Point. Newman Garrison— Newman Garrison was a fortified house at Rumsford, which was part of Massachusetts until 1862, when it became part of Rhode Island. The fort-house was built in about 1674 and destroyed during King Philip’s War during 1676. Newport Battery— During 1776, when the Americans were fortifying various positions in the vicinity of Newport, a battery was established but not named in the vicinity of where Fort Greene would later be established. The British occupied Newport during the latter part of 1776 and retained it until 1779. See also Fort Greene. North Battery— The Americans established a string of fortifications in the vicinity of Newport during 1776, but the British occupied Newport during December 1776 and gained control of area fortifications. The battery known as North Battery was slightly north of where Fort Greene was later established. Troops of the Artillery Company of Newport, under Captain John Malbone, established the battery. When the hostilities erupted, some of its members remained loyal to England. When the British landed at Aquidneck Island, some of the company moved to join the British. The others headed for Tiverton to bolster the patriot forces there. In conjunction, the Artillery Company became rejuvenated following the close of the war. When George Washington, as president, visited Newport during 1790, the Newport Artillery Company provided his protection. Subsequently, when the War of 1812 ignited, the Newport Artillery Company again deployed on Goat Island and the unit also garrisoned North Battery. Noyes’ Neck— See Bullock’s Point. Old State Arsenal— See Marine Corps Arsenal. Pawtuxet Neck— The Americans established a fort at Pawtuxet Neck during the 1770s. It was garrisoned sporadically during the American Revolution by the Pawtuxet Rangers (chartered during 1774). The Pawtuxet Rangers also held responsibility for protecting the harbor at Pawtuxet as well as the strongpoint at the neck, which was positioned also to defend Providence. The fortifications on Pawtuxet Neck were deactivated following the close of the American Revolution, but subsequently, during the Quasi War with France and during the War of 1812, the fort was again in use. Point Judith Fort— Point Judith was used in the defenses of Newport as early as 1739 when a watchtower was established there. The patriots used the island at Narragansett until the British occupied Newport. Subsequently, during the 1930s, Fort Nathaniel Green was established there. Poppasquash Point— Poppasquash Point, in the vicinity of the harbor at Bristol, was fortified (battery) by the patriots during the 1770s. The British occupied Newport during December 1776. Later, during May 1778, a British-Hessian force moved against Bristol and the town of Warren. About 30 homes were destroyed at Bristol, and at Warren less than 10 homes were destroyed. Afterward, the British returned to Newport. Bristol remained in possession of the Americans.

Warwick Neck / RHODE ISLAND Prospect Hill Fort— See Conanicut Battery. Quaker Hill Fort— The Americans under General Sullivan established fortifications at Quaker Hill in the vicinity of Portsmouth, less than 10 miles from Newport during 1778. The fort was constructed during the summer of 1778 during the failed attempt to gain Newport. A skirmish occurred at the hill during the latter part of August at about the same time fighting erupted at Butts’ Hill (Fort Butts’ Hill). The Americans, lacking French support were compelled to withdraw to Tiverton (Fort Barton). In conjunction, General Sullivan assumed command of the troops in Rhode Island during March 1778. Quidnessett —The Kentish Guards maintained a garrison at Fort Daniels during 1777–1778, but they also protected other areas of Rhode Island. Kentish Guards were at times posted at Quidnessett in Washington County, and at Wickford, both south of Fort Daniel. Roger Williams’ Trading Post— Roger Williams, after returning to the colonies from England during 1643, established a trading post near Cocumscussoc (later North Kingstown). During 1651, he sold the post and again returned to England to attend to some other business. The trading post was later destroyed during King Philip’s War (1676). The site of the trading post is located west of U.S. Highway 1 in the vicinity of Smith’s Castle. Rose Island— The British occupied Newport during December 1776. They gained the American fortifications that had been scattered throughout the vicinity. However, the British, who remained in Newport until 1779, also established other fortifications, including a battery on Rose Island to bolster their positions at Narragansett Bay. After the departure of the British, the French occupied Rose Island and established a fort there. Later, during 1798, Fort Hamilton was established there. See also Fort Hamilton. Smith’s Castle— Smith’s Castle was established at Wickford during 1678. It was located in close proximity to Roger Williams’ Trading Post, the latter being destroyed during 1676 (King Philip’s War). The Smith Castle was restored during the 1990s and is open to the public during the summer and at other times by appointment. Smith’s Castle and the museum are located at 55 Richard Smith Drive, Wickford. Tonomy Hill Fort— The British occupied Newport during December 1776. After occupying the city, the British bolstered their defenses by establishing a line of redoubts that ran from Easton’s Pond to Tonomy Hill in an attempt to protect Newport from a land attack. The defensive line from Tonomy Hill ran northward to Coddington’s Cove. The British evacuated Newport during 1779. Warwick Neck— The Americans established fortifications near Rocky Point at Warwick Neck in the vicinity of Warwick during 1776. The position was at times during the American Revolution defended by the Kentish Guards. The Kentish Guards garrisoned Fort Daniels during 1777 and 1778, but contingents also defended other locations, including Warwick, which was fortified to protect Providence. The British occupied Newport during December 1776 and abandoned it during 1779. Providence was not taken by the British. Watch Hill— See Bullock’s Point.

442

SOUTH CAROLINA / Anchorage

SOUTH CAROLINA Anchorage— The Anchorage was also known as the Mission House. See William Elliot House. Anti-Torpedo Boat Battery No. 1— See Fort Sumter. Aubrey’s Fort— See Newberry County Cherokee War Forts. Barnwell— During 1865, Union troops encamped at Barnwell. An Episcopal church (Church of the Holy Apostles) located there was used by a contingent of Kilpatrick’s Cavalry for unusual purposes. The cavalry used the church as a stable for their horses. Another prominent building in the town, Banksia Hall, was used by the Union as a facility where southerners were required to take an oath of allegiance to the Union. The Church of the Holy Apostles rectory was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1972. Barton’s Post— Barton’s Post was located in the vicinity of Red Hill in Colleton County. A skirmish between the British and Americans occurred there during April 1781 on the 7th. Casualties are unavailable. Bastion Ashley— See Fortress Charleston. Bastion Cartaret— See Fortress Charleston. Bastion Colleton— See Fortress Charleston. Bastion Craven— See Fortress Charleston. Bastion F. Bakes— See Fortress Charleston. Bastion Half-Moon— See Fortress Charleston. Battery Barton— See Fort Chatfield. Battery Bee— The Confederates established Battery Bee west of Fort Moultrie at Battery Cove, Sullivan’s Island, during 1862. The battery participated against repeated attacks by the Union to reduce Charleston, including a major naval assault on 7 April 1863. At that time, the battery, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Simkins, supported Fort Sumter in repulsing the assault. Three companies of the 1st South Carolina Regiment garrisoned the battery. The post remained in Confederate hands until 1865. In conjunction, Colonel Simkins was killed on the night of 18 July 1863 during a Union attack that included bombardment in support of the landing force. See also Battery Cove and Fort Sumter. Battery Bingham— See Fort Moultrie. Battery Blakely—See Battery Gregg. Battery Broughton— See Broughton’s Battery. Battery Brown— See Morris Island. Battery Capron— See Fort Moultrie. Battery Cheves— The Confederates established Battery Cheves (mortar battery) on the eastern side of James Island slightly west of Fort Johnson during 1861. The battery, commanded by Captain James, contained four 8-inch Columbiads, each mounted on naval carriages. The battery was one of a series of fortifications built as outposts for Fort Johnson. Others included Battery Glover and Battery Simkins, located on the west side of the island in the vicinity of One Hundred Pines; and Battery Wampler, which was established near Fort Lamar (Tower Battery). Battery Cheves, which participated in

the reduction of Union-held Fort Sumter (April 1861), was held by the Confederates until 1865. Also, Battery Cheves was added to the National List of Historic Places during 1982. Battery Cove— The Confederates fortified Battery Cove, located west of Fort Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island as part of the extensive defenses of Charleston. The batteries included Battery Bee and Battery Marion in addition to the Floating Battery. Each battery is listed separately. Battery Craven— See Fortress Charleston. Battery Dahlgren— The Confederates established Dahlgren Battery at Charleston on Folly Island during 1861 in conjunction with the intent to seize federal Fort Sumter during April 1861. The battery was part of a series of fortifications constructed to defend the channel and the harbor at Charleston. The other positions included Cummings Point Battery, Enfilade Battery, and the Floating Battery. The chain of defenses, as well as responsibility for Confederate troops in the area, were under the command of General Beauregard. The Union defenders at Fort Sumter received an ultimatum from Beauregard to surrender, but it was rejected. Following a siege and the lack of any reinforcements, Fort Sumter capitulated and the Stars and Stripes, replaced by the Stars and Bars, remained absent from Charleston until 1865. The bombardment of the Union-held fort commenced almost immediately after the refusal by Major Anderson to surrender. Guns from Fort Johnson initiated the assault at 0430 on Friday 12 April, followed by the artillery from other batteries within about one-half hour. Union fire commenced about 0700 and struck Confederate positions at Cummings Point and at Enfilade Battery on Sullivan’s Island. Major Anderson then turned his guns upon Fort Moultrie and Dahlgren Battery; however, some fire was also directed at the Mortar Battery near Fort Moultrie as well as Fort Johnson. By the following day, the bombardment continued, but Union return fire lessened. In the meantime, expected reinforcements did not arrive and lacking additional strength, Anderson’s positions became untenable. Nevertheless, Anderson continued to resist. The Union’s actions, according to official reports by General Beauregard, actually brought cheers for the Union for its extraordinary heroism under such an enfilade of fire. However, it is well to note that only a short while prior to the conflict, both sides had been together as Americans, not as Union and Confederate adversaries. The deadliness of the combat shadowed the respect one side initially had for the other. The garrison at Fort Sumter capitulated during the afternoon of 12 April 1861. In conjunction, Lieutenant Colonel Roswell Sabine Ripley (West Point class of 1843 Cadet # 1173), a classmate of Ulysses S. Grant, had resigned from the U.S. Army. He commanded the Confederate batteries on Sullivan’s Island and occupied Fort Moultrie after it was abandoned. During August 1861, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Confederacy. General Roswell Ripley was the nephew of Union general James W. Ripley, a graduate of West Point, Class of 1812, who served as chief of ordnance until his retirement during 1863. Also, Confederate Captain J.R. Hamilton commanded Dahlgren Battery and Floating Battery. See also Fort Sumter. Battery Delafield— See Fort Delafield. Battery (Fort) Beauregard— Battery Beauregard was established on Sullivan’s Island east of Fort Moultrie during 1862. The battery was

443

Batter Pringle / SOUTH CAROLINA

commanded by Captain J.A. Sitgreaves and contingents of infantry were posted there. The post remained under Confederate control until 1865. See also Fort Sumter. Not to be confused with Fort Beauregard.

Battery Jasper— See Fort Moultrie.

Battery (Fort) Chatfield— See Fort Chatfield and Morris Island.

Battery Logan— See Fort Moultrie.

Battery (Fort) Pickens— See Battery Island.

Battery Lord— See Fort Moultrie.

Battery Gadsden— See Fort Moultrie.

Battery Marion— The Confederates established Battery Marion on Sullivan’s Island west of Fort Moultrie during 1862 as part of the defenses of Charleston. The post remained in Confederate hands until February 1865. Other batteries there included Battery Bee and Floating Battery. See also Fort Sumter.

Battery Gary— See Mount Pleasant Battery. Battery Glover— See James Island Confederate Civil War Defenses. Battery Gregg— Battery Gregg, also known as Cummings Point Battery and Fort Gregg, was established on Morris Island at Cummings Point during the latter part of 1860. The Cummings Point batteries were commanded by Major P.F. Stevens of the Citadel. The mortar batteries were manned by the Palmetto Guards under Captain George Cuthbert. A mortar battery to the rear of the Cummings Point Batteries was commanded by Captain J.G. King, Marion Artillery. The fortification, named in honor of Confederate general Maxcy Gregg, included other batteries, including Blakely Battery, Trapier Battery and another, known as Ironclad Battery. Battery Gregg was one link in a large chain of defenses that was built to defend Charleston. Battery Gregg was retained until September 1863 when it was lost to the Union in conjunction with the fall of Fort Wagner. The Union renamed the post Fort Putnam and retained it for the duration. See also Fort Wagner. Battery Haig— Battery Haig was established by the Confederates during 1863 on James Island as part of the defenses of Fort Johnson. Battery Haig and Battery Palmer formed the major part of a backup line extending north of Secessionville. The line included other, more minor batteries. Also, Batteries Haskell and Reed formed a defensive point on the rear of Fort Johnson. Battery Haig was held by the Confederates until February 1865. Battery Haskell— Battery Haskell was established along Inlet Creek on James Island near Secessionville. It was located in close proximity to Battery Reed (known also as Enfilade Battery). The two batteries held the rear flank of Fort Johnson. Battery Hays— See Morris Island. Battery Holbrook— The Confederates established a battery at Spanish Wells Plantation on a peninsula on Calibogue Sound in the vicinity of Hilton Head. Subsequently, during 1864, the Union officially named the position Battery Holbrook, in honor of 1st First Lieutenant Henry Holbrook (3rd Rhode Island Volunteer Artillery). Holbrook was killed during August 1863, fighting on Morris Island. Battery Huger— See Fort Sumter. Battery Island— The Confederates established a battery (five guns) known as Fort Pickens on the Stone River, slightly above its mouth on Battery Island during 1861. The post was one of a large numbers of defenses of Charleston. Elements of the South Carolina 1st Regiment (militia-artillery) garrisoned it until November 1861 when it and other positions, including those on Coles Island, were abandoned. The island was used by the Union. During June 1862, units attached to General Stevens’ division landed there as part of a planned attack against Confederate positions on James Island, which included about 10,000 troops under General David Hunter. On 2 June 1862, the main body landed on James Island and a camp was established on the Thomas Grimball Plantation. Elements of General Stevens’ division debarked at Battery Island. Earlier, on 22 May 1862, a Union detachment operating on a reconnaissance mission in the vicinity of Battery Island captured a group of Confederate pickets.

Battery Kearny— See Morris Island. Battery Kirby (Morris Island)— See Morris Island.

Battery Marsh (Marsh Battery, Swamp Angel)— See Morris Island. Battery Marshall— Battery Marshall was established during 1863 in the vicinity of Mount Pleasant at Breach Inlet on Sullivan’s Island as a support post of Fort Moultrie. The Confederates held the 14gun post until 1865 when Fortress Charleston was abandoned. During 1864, the Confederate submarine CSS Hunley embarked from Battery Marshall to engage the USS Housatonic. The Union warship was sunk by the Hunley; however, the Hunley sank after accomplishing its mission. All aboard were lost. The vessel and its entombed crew were later discovered and during the year 2000, the ship was retrieved. Also, Mount Pleasant was fortified during 1776 by the patriots who established a temporary redoubt there to defend Fort Sullivan (later, Fort Moultrie). A British force, traveling in boats, moved across the inlet to seize Fort Sullivan; however, effective fire from the post caught the British while they were entwined in an unruly current. The American defenders, under Colonel Thomas Eutawville, effortlessly picked off a high number of British troops who were stuck on the unmanageable boats. Battery McCorkle— See Fort Moultrie. Battery Meade— See Morris Island. Battery Mount Pleasant (Mount Pleasant Battery)— See Sullivan’s Island. Battery (Naval Battery, The)— See Morris Island. Battery Neck (Neck Battery)— See Fort Wagner. Battery 1 through Battery 5— See Battery One. Battery One— The Confederates fortified James Island with a large number of batteries in support of Fort Johnson and the line of defenses there to protect Charleston. During 1863, the fortifications built there included Battery Pringle and Battery Tynes, bolstered by a chain of five numbered batteries (1 through 5). Batteries 1–5 were held until 1865. Also, Battery 1, along present-day Riverland Drive, and Battery 5, located at present-day Stonefield Subdivision, were both added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1982. The numbered batteries were considered part of the James Island New Lines. Battery Palmer— Battery Palmer was established on James Island by the Confederates during 1863 as part of the defenses of Fort Johnson. Battery Palmer, along with Battery Haig, formed a back-up line running north of Secessionville. The two batteries were supported by some additional minor batteries. Also, Battery Haskell and Battery Reed (also known as Enfilade Battery) held the rear flank of Fort Johnson. The Confederates held Battery Palmer until February 1865. Battery Pringle— The Confederates established Battery Pringle during 1863 as part of its southern defense line on James Island The Confederates held the post until 1865. The battery came under

SOUTH CAROLINA / Battery Purviance attack during July 1864 as part of a major attack at Secessionville to gain Charleston. The Union launched an assault on 5 July, after having established positions near the battery. Another attack was launched on 7 July by elements of the U.S. 26th Colored Infantry Regiment. The regiment made progress and pushed the Confederates back a few hundred yards, but the Union could not vanquish them. The Confederates reformed and on the 9th, the guns of the battery pounded the Union positions and on the following day, the Confederates counterattacked. After dark on 9 July, the Union abandoned its encampment. Secessionville was also retained by the Confederates (see Fort Lamar). Soon after, during mid–July, the Union launched a major attack to gain Fort Wagner on Morris Island. No further assaults were made against Battery Pringle. In conjunction, the 26th U.S. Colored Troops Regiment was formed during February 1864 in New York at Ryker’s Island. It had arrived in South Carolina at Hilton Head during April 1864. Battery Purviance— The Union established Battery Purviance at Oyster Point in the southern sector of Morris Island during 1863. The Union secured the island between July-September 1863. Battery Ramsey— See Charleston Battery. Battery Randall— See Fort Randall. Battery Reed— The Confederates established Battery Reed, probably named after Captain Samuel J. Reed, during 1862 on James Island. The battery was located along Inlet Creek in the vicinity of Secessionville to the front of the Clark property. The Confederates posted two 24-pounder guns there. Captain Samuel J. Reed (Company B, 1st South Carolina Artillery Regiment) was killed there on 16 June 1862 while repelling a Union attack during the Battle of Secessionville. The battery was held by the Confederates until 1865. Another battery along the creek was Battery Haskell. Both protected the rear flank of Fort Johnson. Battery Reed was also referred to as Enfilade Battery. Not to be confused with Enfilade Battery on Sullivan’s Island. Battery Reno— See Morris Island. Battery Reynolds— See Morris Island. Battery Ripley— See Fort Ripley. Battery Rosecrans— See Morris Island. Battery Rutledge— The Confederates established Battery Rutledge on Sullivan’s Island during 1862 at a location between Fort Moultrie and Fort (Battery) Beauregard, which was east of Fort Moultrie. The Confederates held the post until 1865 when Charleston was abandoned. In conjunction, on 23 October 1864, a blockade runner got snarled on a sandbar near Battery Rutledge and within range of the Union guns at Hilton Head. Union artillery commenced fire and destroyed the vessel, known as the Flamingo by the Union, but referred to as the Flora (or Florinne) by southern newspapers that published the story of the incident. At the time, the headquarters for the Department of the South was at Hilton Head. While the Confederates were attempting to forestall Union progress, they faced another enemy. A yellow fever epidemic was spreading at Charleston and Savannah. In the report from Hilton Head, filed by General John G. Foster to General Halleck on 23 October, it was noted that although the Confederates were being hit hard by the disease, no cases of the fever had been reported within the department. Not to be confused with Fort Rutledge. Battery Ryan— The Confederates established Battery Ryan on James Island as part of the defenses of Charleston during 1863. The battery was located in the vicinity of Lighthouse Creek west of Fort Johnson. The battery was held by the Confederates until the aban-

444 donment of Charleston during 1865. The units that were posted there included the Pee Dee Light Artillery (also known as McIntosh’s Battery). The artillery unit was raised from the Darlington District (South Carolina). It participated in the siege of Fort Sumter during April 1861 and later, following some grueling campaigns, it returned to South Carolina during August 1864 due in great part to its high losses and lack of horses. The unit was unable to participate in Virginia’s Battle of the Wilderness. Nonetheless, the unit was able to see action near Cold Harbor on 3 June. The Pee Dee Artillery moved to Battery Ryan while it worked on refilling its ranks and remained there for several months. Battery Seymour— See Fort Chatfield. Battery Simkins— Battery Simkins was initially established on James Island during the early days of the Civil War, but subsequent to the seizure of Fort Sumter, the post was not active. The battery was located on the west side of the island southeast of Fort Johnson in the vicinity of One Hundred Pines. Later, during 1863, the Confederates again fully activated the battery in support of Fort Johnson. The battery was held by the Confederates until Charleston was abandoned during 1865. Other Fort Johnson support batteries included Battery Cheves and Battery Glover. Yet another support post was Battery Wampler near Fort Lamar at Secessionville. Battery Stevens (Morris Island)— See Fort Chatfield. Battery Strong— See Morris Island. Battery Tatum— Battery Tatum was established by the Confederates on James Island during 1863. The battery was located near Fort Pemberton, which had been established by the Confederates during 1862. Battery Tatum remained under the control of the Confederates until 1865. Battery Thomson— See Fort Moultrie. Battery Trapier— See Battery Gregg. Battery Tynes— Battery Tynes was established near the Stono River by the Confederates on James Island during 1863. The battery was one of a large number of fortifications built to defend Charleston. The Confederates retained Battery Tynes until the evacuation of Charleston during 1865. In conjunction, Battery Tynes was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1982. Battery Wagner— See Fort Wagner. Battery Wampler— See James Island Confederates Civil War Defenses. Battery Ward— See Morris Island. Battery Waring— See Charleston Battery. Battery Warren— The Confederates established Battery Warren along the Santee River at present-day Francis Marion National Forest during 1863. The post was situated at a spot along the river from which it could act to obstruct Union forces from gaining access to Charleston by the Santee River. The battery was named in honor of Colonel Samuel Warren, who at one time owned the property upon which the battery was built. Some traces of the fort remain. The fort site and the park are located less than five miles from Honey Hill. From Honey Hill ( Jasper County), take State Highway 103 South for less than one mile to Echaw Road (F.S. Road 204) and at the intersection, make a left-hand turn. Proceed along Echaw Road about three miles to the intersection of F.S. Road 204-A. At the intersection, make a left-hand turn and proceed for about one mile to reach the park. Battery White— Battery White was established by the Confederates

445 at Georgetown after the outbreak of the Civil War. The battery was located near Winyah Bay at a place in the harbor where both the Ashley River and the Cooper River converged with the Atlantic Ocean. The post remained active until 1865. Battery White, located on Belle Island Road, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1979. Battery Wilkes— The Confederates established Battery Wilkes near Rantowles at Stono Ferry along the Ashley River in St. Andrews Parish, Charleston County, as one of the large number of fortifications built to protect Charleston. Actually, Battery Wilkes was somewhat isolated on the opposite side of the river at the Savannah and Charleston Railroad. The Confederates retained control of the post until February 1865 when Charleston was abandoned. The area there at Stono Ferry had earlier been the site of military activity. During the American Revolution, the British and English clashed there in a battle that erupted on 19 June and continued until the following day. The Americans under General Benjamin Lincoln struck the British as they were en route from Charleston to Savannah, Georgia. The Americans were compelled to withdraw. Some earthworks still remain. The sites of the Revolutionary War battle and the Civil War battery are located on a golf course, The Links at Stono Ferry. In addition to being used by the military, the land had also been part of a plantation as early as the 1600s when the ground was owned by the Beamer family. Also, during 1982, Battery Wilkes was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Battery Wilkins— See Broughton’s Battery. Beaufort Arsenal— The Beaufort Arsenal, a South Carolina state arsenal, was established near Port Royal Sound at Beaufort during 1795. The construction project was completed by 1798. Subsequently, during 1852, the arsenal was reconstructed and barracks were added to the complex. For more information: The Beaufort Arsenal Museum 713 Craven Street, Beaufort, South Carolina 29902. A Confederate unit, the BVA (Beaufort Volunteer Artillery) was based at the arsenal. During November 1861, the unit participated in the defense of the area when the Union attacked (Battle of Port Royal) and seized Fort Walker. The Beaufort Volunteer Artillery was at Fort Beauregard when the Union fleet arrived. The arsenal remained active into the twentieth century and was used by the South Carolina National Guard as late as 1966. Beaufort Baptist Church/Hospital— During 1844, a Baptist church was established in Beaufort at 600 Charles Street. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the church was used by the Union as a hospital and was known as Union Army Hospital Number 14. Beaufort Fort— See Beaufort Forts. Beaufort Forts— Beaufort (Beaufort County) has long been a prominent military location since it was first discovered by the Spanish during the 1500s when an expeditionary force under Captain Pedro de Salazar arrived there with a Spanish fleet in about 1514. The Spanish at the time had been attempting to place anchor settlements in the New World, following their initial arrival by Columbus during 1492 and the discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon during 1513. The force under Salazar established a fort there known as Beaufort Fort and also as Spanish Fort and later as Fort Port Royal. However, it was short lived. Later, during the 1520s, the area was visited by the French and afterward a French settlement (Port Royal) was begun there by Captain Jean Ribault. During 1562, Ribault led a group of French Huguenots (Protestants) to what he called Port Royal. The French, like the Spanish before them, constructed a fort (Charles Fort or Charlesfort) in the vicinity of Beaufort. And similarly to the Spanish, the settlement was short lived. Captain Ribault, after leaving a contingent at Port Royal, embarked for France to gather a larger

Beaufort Forts / SOUTH CAROLINA force. In his absence, the troops abandoned the place and returned to France in a vessel that they had built at the settlement. Following the departure of the French, Port Royal was again absent of colonists for several years, but Europe still had its eyes on the new lands. Nevertheless, the English had not yet arrived with their colors. By early 1566, the Spaniards again returned to the region and at that time they established a new post, known as Fort San Salvador. By summer of that same year, additional troops arrived at the outpost and it became necessary to construct a new fort. Fort San Felipe was then established to provide better protection from Indian attacks. And again, the third colony was not to be permanent. Indians were not too cordial to the new inhabitants. During 1576, the Spanish were pushed out of the area, ending the settlement known as Santa Elena, but they returned the following year and rebuilt. Although the French had long before abandoned the area, the Spanish later had more to contend with than the Indians, as the British also set their sights on the region and moved to evict the Spanish. During 1587, a British armada led by Sir Francis Drake arrived at Port Royal with instructions from Queen Elizabeth to evict the Spanish from Florida. Faced with three enemies, the Indians, the English and the elements, the Spanish regrouped. Santa Elena was abandoned and the Spanish then focused on galvanizing their positions at St. Augustine. Meanwhile, Port Royal was without a European presence while Spain and England each laid long-term plans to dominate there. The English laid claim to Carolina (North and South Carolina) during 1629. At the time, King Charles I granted the two Carolinas and what later became Georgia as well as a large portion of Florida to Sir Robert Heath. Nonetheless, the English made no effort to establish a colony there until 1663. Spain’s claim to Florida was again tested during 1663. At that time, England’s King Charles II unfolded his blueprint to gain the southern coastal region for the British in what was called Carolina by the English. During the summer of 1663, an expeditionary force under Captain William Hilton arrived from Barbados aboard the vessel Adventure at what became Hilton Head, South Carolina. Subsequently, by 1670, the British once again planted their colors with the establishment of a colony along the Ashley River in the vicinity of present-day Charleston at Albemarle Point. At the time, Charles II had been restored to the throne of England. Charles’ father, Charles I, had been beheaded on the orders of Parliament during 1649, the year after his forces were defeated by Oliver Cromwell. King Charles II rewarded eight Englishmen who sided with him and helped in the efforts to regain the crown. The eight chosen friends of the king became known as the Lord Proprietors (of Carolina). The Proprietors authorized land grants in Port Royal. With the British at Port Royal and the Spanish in Florida, the contest for domination ensued. The Spanish remained anchored in Florida and the English tightened their positions in Carolina, which during the early 1700s was divided into two regions, North and South Carolina. The town of Beaufort was built at Port Royal during 1710. While the English there had to contend with the Spaniards and the French, they also had to keep a constant vigil due to the Indians. An even more dangerous threat was the yellow fever and smallpox epidemics that struck the colonies during 1710. A large number of colonists died from the diseases. In conjunction, the British post established at Port Royal during 1715 was known by several names, including Port Royal Fort, Old Fort and Old Fort Plantation, and from an earlier fort it has also been referred to as Spanish Fort. Fort Port Royal was established during a period of conflict known as the Yemassee War, in which the English prevailed. At the time of the conflict, the Indians (Yemassees, Choctaws and Creeks) attempted to drive out the traders. Although only a few settlers were lost, the Indians did destroy a large part of the settlement. During January, James Oglethorpe arrived at Charleston from England. Initially he had the colonists land at Beaufort, and from

SOUTH CAROLINA / Beaufort Union Hospital there he selected a site for the colony in Georgia (Savannah). Subsequently, during the 1730s, Fort Frederick (Fort Prince Frederick) was established there in the vicinity of Beaufort. Afterward, during 1758 (French and Indian War period), Fort Lyttleton was established in the vicinity of Beaufort. See also Charles Fort and Fort Frederick (Beaufort). In conjunction, during 1891, a navy yard and coaling station was established at Parris Island. Later, toward the latter part of the 1890s, Fort Fremont Battery was established nearby on St. Helena Island as part of the U.S. Coastal Defenses for Port Royal during the Spanish-American War. Later, during the early 1900s, Parris Island became a United States Marine Corps Training Depot. The depot remains the recruit training center for Marine recruits east of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi, recruits are trained at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California. Beaufort Union Hospital— Subsequent to the seizure of Beaufort, the Union transformed a local church (St. Helena’s Episcopal Church, 505 Church Street) into a hospital. The tombstones in the church cemetery, because of their flat surfaces, were utilized as operating tables. The church was initially built about 1724 and later, during 1769, it was expanded. Subsequently, during the 1840s, the older portion of the church from the 1700s was torn down and a new church was built that included the 1840s addition. One of the early settlers and the founder of Beaufort, Colonel John Barnwell, known as “Tuscarora Jack,” is interred underneath the church. Following the Civil War, two Confederate generals, Lieutenant General Richard Heron Anderson (West Point class of1842) and Brigadier General Stephen Elliott, were interred in the church cemetery. Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts— During the Yemassee War (1715), the English colonists established a large number of fortifications in Berkeley County: Chicken’s Fort (vicinity of Summerville), Ford’s Fort (Wando River area), Hasel’s Fort (vicinity of the Cooper River), Mulberry Plantation, Richbourg Fort (west side of the Santee River), Schenckingh’s Fort (Santee River area) and Wantoot Fort (Monck’s Corner). Black Island Batteries— During 1863, the Union established Black Island Battery and Swamp Fox Battery on Black Island during 1863 as part of the ever-expanding fortifications around Charleston. Each of the two batteries was in close proximity to Charleston and strategically located between Morris Island on the Atlantic Ocean and James Island on the Ashley River. Each was able to propel shells into Charleston. Blackstock’s Plantation— The Americans under General Thomas Sumter established positions at Blackstock’s (Cross Keys), about 15 miles from Ninety Six, during November 1780. The troops took positions in the plantation house and other structures. On 20 November 1780, the British, under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, attacked and were repulsed. British wounded were abandoned. General Sumter sustained a serious wound during the fighting. The site of the battle, located off State Highway 49, west of Union, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1974. Blackville— Confederates under Major General Joseph Wheeler established defenses at Blackville during 1865 to forestall the advance of General Sherman’s forces. On 7 February, Sherman’s columns encountered stiff resistance there. The Union had also hit heavy resistance a few days earlier at Dillingham’s Crossroads and Bufort’s Bridge. Nevertheless, elements of the 15th Corps, under General John Alexander Logan, drove to the railroad at Midway. The defenders there had been reduced to foragers. The Confederates abandoned the area, burning the bridges behind them. The railroad was destroyed by Kilpatrick’s cavalry. General Logan had earlier been replaced by General O.O. Howard as 15 Corps commander, but Logan returned to the corps during the Savannah Campaign. Also, Gen-

446 eral Joseph Wheeler (West Point class of 1859), a Georgian, was captured in Georgia during May 1865. Subsequently, he was elected to the U.S. Congress and during the Spanish-American War (1898), General Wheeler served again in the U.S. Army as a major general. He later succumbed in New York during 1906 and was afterward buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Blakely Battery— See Battery Gregg and Morris Island. Botany Bay Island Fort— See Edisto Island. Boyd’s Neck— The Confederates fortified Boyd’s Neck to protect the Charleston Savannah Railroad there. On 28 November 1864, the sloop USS John Adams captured the Confederate Beatrice off Sullivan’s Island, near Charleston. The Beatrice was set afire after her supplies were confiscated. In other activity, a Marine battalion commanded by 1st Lieutenant George G. Stoddard, a contingent of sailors and Union army troops attacked Boyd’s Neck, but the Confederates repulsed the assault. Brabant Plantation— The British seized the Brabant Plantation in Berkeley County during 1780. General Cornwallis had used it temporarily as his headquarters during his campaign against Charleston. During January 1782, the British defeated a force of Americans (Marion’s command) nearby at Videau Bridge. The plantation had been established by French Huguenots during the early 1700s. The plantation was abandoned after the close of the Civil War. The site is located off State Road 98, slightly more than five miles southwest of the junction with Highway 41. Braddock’s Point— Braddock Point was initially defended during 1742 by a force commanded by Captain David Cutler Braddock. The English arrived there in the vessel Beaufort to protect the landing from Spanish forces intent on raiding Hilton Head. Subsequently, during 1861, the Confederates fortified it by constructing earthworks and deploying some artillery (several 24-pounders and one 10-inch columbiad). During early November 1861, the positions there were abandoned when the troops under Captain H.M. Stuart and the artillery were deployed at Fort Beauregard, a support post of Fort Walker. Braddock Point, prior to 1861, was also known as Calibogue Point. Bratton’s Camp— See Williamson’s Plantation. Brook’s Fort (also, Rhall’s Fort)— See Newberry County Cherokee Indian War Forts. Broughton’s Battery— Broughton’s Battery, known also as Fort Broughton, was established by the English in Charleston along what was known as Fort Street during 1735. It was to the front of presentday South Battery Street, which ran between Church Street and Meeting Street. Fort Street (South Battery Street) was later, in about 1757, extended to link with another road that led to what became High Battery. Subsequently, during the 1770s, Fort Wilkins was there. It was referred to as Broughton’s Battery; however on French maps it was identified as Fort (Battery) Wilkins. In conjunction, during the 1830s, the ground, south of South Bay and east of King Street became White Point Garden (Battery Ramsey) and the immediate area there became known as the Battery. During the transition, Fort Street was done away with. The street extending from East Battery to King Street was then called South Battery. Meanwhile, the name South Bay was retained for the street running west of King Street. Later, during the early 1900s, South Bay was renamed Murray Boulevard. Nonetheless, at present, the entire stretch of road leading from East Battery to Tradd Street is now known in its entirety as South Battery. In conjunction, sometimes the Battery is referred to as the Old Battery. Camp Asylum— The Confederates established a POW prison in

447 Columbia during 1864. The holding place was initially the Richland County jail; however, it was too small for the purpose. A new site was selected that was on the outskirts of the city and it was named Camp Sorghum, but it too became unsuited for the purpose as it was entirely outdoors and there was no stockade. The end of the warm weather mandated a method of acquiring heat, so the prisoners were permitted to gather wood from the area. However, while engaged in getting the wood, large numbers of Union prisoners escaped. The Confederates then relocated the prison camp to the grounds of the state asylum. The prison camp at the home for the insane remained active until the close of the conflict. In conjunction, prior to the creation of the prison camp, the Confederates had, during the early days of the war, used Columbia as a recruitment and training camp. Camp Bennett— The 102nd U.S. Colored Troops (formerly Michigan 1st Regiment Volunteer Infantry [colored], commanded by Colonel Augustus Bennett, arrived at Hilton Head during April 1864 and established a camp there. Camp Buist— The Confederates established Camp Buist in the vicinity of John’s Island during the 1860s. Units that served there included elements of the 1st South Carolina Infantry Regiment. Company H was based there during February 1862 through the latter part of May of that same year. The Union attacked John’s Island during April 1864, but the assault was repulsed. Later, on 5–7 July, Union troops under Major General John G. Foster (West Point, 1846) engaged Confederates at John’s Island. The Union sustained 16 killed and 82 wounded. The Confederates sustained 20 killed and 80 wounded. The Confederates retained John’s Island until 1865. Camp Chehaw— Camp Chehaw was established during the 1860s in the vicinity of Chehaw Neck by the Confederates. Units that served there included elements of the 5th South Carolina Cavalry Regiment. The camp was along Chehaw Road near Ballouville and the mouth of the Ashepoo River. From the camps, units were dispatched on reconnaissance missions to various points, including Fenwick Island and St. Helena’s Sound. Camp Evans— Camp Evans was established by the Confederates at Church Flats, in the vicinity of Charleston. Elements of the 1st South Carolina Regiment were based there. Camp Fornance— During the Spanish-American War period (1898), Camp Fornance was established in a section of Columbia that is known as Earlewood. The camp was a training camp for cavalry. The land upon which the camp was located was initially part of the tract owned by the Geiger family. Also, during the Civil War, when the Union seized Columbia, the mayor of the city capitulated in the city near the intersection of River Drive and Beaufort Street. A monument stands there in Earlewood Park in memory of the surrender. Camp Hill— Camp Hill, known also as the Smith House, was built near Glen Springs in Spartanburg County during the 1800s and was a prominent place from about 1825 through 1849. The Smith House, along State Highway 215, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1970. Camp Johnson— Camp Johnson was established in the vicinity of Columbia, near Lightwood Knot Springs, during 1861. The post was a training camp. Units that served there included the 1st South Carolina Cavalry. Camp Martin— See Palachacola Fort. Camp (on) Thomas Grimball Plantation— See James Island Confederate Civil War Defenses and Fort Johnson. Camp Palmer— Camp Palmer was established by the Union in the vicinity of Beaufort subsequent to the seizure of Hilton Head dur-

Castle Pinckney / SOUTH CAROLINA ing November 1861. Beaufort remained under Union control for the duration of the war. Units that had spent time at the camp included elements of the Connecticut 7th Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Camp Saxton— Camp Saxton was established at Port Royal in the vicinity of Beaufort by the Union during the latter part of 1861. At the camp on 1 January 1863, New Year’s Day, the Emancipation Proclamation was read to the troops who had gathered around what became known as the Emancipation Oaks (oak trees). The Emancipation Oaks still survive. They are located on the grounds of the U.S. Naval Hospital near the site of Fort Frederick. Also, during 1864, the Union established Camp Shaw in close proximity to Camp Saxton. The Camp Saxton site was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1995. Camp Seymour— See Folly Island. Camp Shaw— See Camp Saxton. Camp Sorghum— See Camp Asylum. Castle Pinckney— The Americans, during the latter part of the 1790s, built a fort on Shute’s Island, which initially belonged to Alexander Parris when it was acquired by him through a grant from King George II during 1711. Later, during 1746, it was acquired by Joseph Shute, a Quaker. Castle Pinckney was initially established as Fort Pinckney off Charleston during 1797. George Washington, during his second year (1791) as president of the United States, while in Charleston, directed that a fort should be erected on the island, which Washington had deemed strategic. However, at the time, no project was initiated due to the lack of finances. When the fort was established during 1797, it was named in honor of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The construction of the post was completed during 1804, but that same year, during September, it was destroyed by a hurricane. During 1809, a new fort (Castle Pinckney) was constructed there and it was built of masonry to better withstand the elements. The circular fort was completed during the following year. The fort remained active during the War of 1812, but it did not come under attack by the British. Following the termination of the war, the post was lightly defended with artillery units. By 1827, another fortification, Fort Sumter, was established. Later, during 1829, the fort was bolstered by a seawall. Castle Pinckney was abandoned by the military during 1836, when its garrison was directed to depart the fort to support the forces engaged against the Seminole Indians. The fort remained unattended by the military until 1860; however, in the interim, some work was done to refurbish the post during 1858. At the time, the government in Charleston utilized the post as a storage depot for powder. At the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, the post contained four 42-pounders, 14 24-pounders, four 8inch guns (seacoast howitzers) and four other cannons and one mortar. A small contingent of workers under Lieutenant J.C. Davis arrived there during early December and shortly thereafter, on 11 December, Davis was relieved by Lieutenant R.K. Meade. Nine days later, South Carolina seceded from the Union, and soon after, on 27 December, South Carolina state troops commanded by Colonel (later general) James Johnston Pettigrew, seized the fort, but no harm came to the federal contingent. The Union commander, Lt. R.K. Meade, was permitted to leave with the few defenders and their families. The Confederates retained possession of Castle Pinckney until February 1865. During the Civil War, the fort was also used as a POW prison. Some Union troops captured at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) during 1861 were relocated there from Richmond. Union fleets had bombarded the fort during the conflict, but no assault occurred. The military officially abandoned the fort during 1878 when it was transferred to the Light House Board. At the time the fort was transferred, it had been in poor condition. During January 1917, in

SOUTH CAROLINA / Cat Island conjunction with the entrance of the United States into World War I, the fort was transferred back to the control of the military. The post was utilized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a supply center. Subsequent to the termination of the conflict, the U.S., during 1924, designated the old fort as a national monument to become effective during August 1933 (by executive order of President Calvin Coolidge). The fort was declared as surplus property by the federal government during 1956 and by the following year it was transferred to the State of South Carolina. Pinckney Castle was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1970. Cat Island— The Confederates established positions on Cat Island, a small barrier island less than three miles from Beaufort. The island was lightly defended during the early days of the conflict. Another lightly defended island included as part of the defenses of Charleston was South Island. Another minor post (between Beaufort and Savannah) was Mayrant’s Bluff. The Confederates there were directed to establish a sham works, essentially fake guns, to be conspicuously placed in view of the Union gunships. However, the specific order from the chief of staff and adjutant general, Thomas Jordan, stipulated that during darkness, the troops at Mayrant’s Bluff were to construct genuine defenses. Also, during the 1700s, the English fortified Cat Island. See also Fort Frederick (Cat Island). Cattel’s Fort— See Charleston County Yemasee War Forts. Chapman’s Fort— Chapman’s Fort was established by the Confederates along the Ashepoo River during the 1860s. On 26 May 1864, an exchange erupted when U.S. warships arrived in the area. At the time, the fort was manned by units including elements of the 1st South Carolina Cavalry Regiment. Confederates pickets were posted between the fort and the Chehaw River. Reinforcements arrived from headquarters at Chisolmville (Ashepoo and Combahee SubDistrict Headquarters) to bolster the positions. A contingent of Earle’s Light Battery deployed at Chapman’s Fort and another of Earle’s contingents established positions at William Means’ causeway along Ashepoo Road. Artillery under Captain Mathewes also was positioned at the causeway and it was bolstered by cavalry. A Union transport, the USS Boston, had gotten snarled on a sandbar. It was struck by about 200 shells. The Confederates were ordered to cease fire by 1000 hours as they had diminished most of their ammunition. Meanwhile, the Union gunships returned fire. During the fierce contest, the Union managed to rescue the crew of the USS Boston and the troops it was carrying. Afterward, the vessel was destroyed by fire by the Union. The naval squadron transported a large landing force; however, no landing occurred. The gunships retired. The Confederates were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J.D. Twiggs. In conjunction, the naval force was operating along the Ashepoo River area during 25–27 May 1864. The vessels included the steamers USS Commodore McDonough, E.D. Dale and Dai Ching supported troops under General Birney. Charles Fort— During May 1562, French Huguenots (Protestants), under Jean Ribault (Ribaut), traveling aboard two ships that embarked from Dieppe, France, discovered the May River (the Spanish name is San Matheo River and presently it is known as the St. Johns), Florida. These vessels entered an inlet which Ribault named Port Royal (S.C.) And it was there (present-day Parris Island, near Beaufort) that Ribault constructed a fort which he called Charlesfort in honor of King Charles II. The flotilla departed for France to gather supplies, but Ribault left about 26 colonists behind to guard the fort. Once the ships arrived at France, Ribault discovered that France was engulfed in civil war. The wide-open hostilities made the task of acquiring supplies most difficult. Consequently, back at the fort in South Carolina, the colonists lost their determination. Famine reduced their numbers and during a mutiny, the fort’s commandant

448 was killed. The survivors constructed a primitive vessel and attempted to make it back to France, but en route the survivors resorted to cannibalism and in addition, a storm struck and the ship was victimized by the elements. A passing English vessel spotted them, took them aboard and proceeded on its journey. The British permitted those that were less than able to return to France; however, the able-bodied passengers were taken to England. It is reported that Queen Elizabeth, after speaking with the Frenchmen, decided that England should establish colonies in America. Later, during 1564, when the revolution in France began to subside somewhat, Ribault again set out to establish a Protestant colony in America. Subsequently, the Spanish established Fort San Felipe where Charles Fort (Charlesfort) had stood. The site, also known as Ribault Monument, San Marcos and San Felipe, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1974. See also Beaufort Forts. Charlesfort— See Charles Fort. Charleston Arsenal (Federal)— The U.S. established a federal arsenal at Charleston subsequent to the acquisition of land during 1825. The arsenal was overhauled during the 1840s and it was simultaneously expanded in size. Confederate militia under Colonel John Cunningham (17th South Carolina Infantry Regiment) seized the arsenal on 30 December 1860. Charleston Arsenal (State)— The State of South Carolina established an arsenal in Charleston during the 1830s on property that had previously been used to store tobacco during the 1790s. The complex was known at that time as the Tobacco Inspection. The arsenal was located on Marion Square (formerly Citadel Green). During 1843, the arsenal became part of the South Carolina Military Academy (Citadel), which had been established during the previous year. The Union gained Charleston during 1865. U.S. troops occupied the Citadel until 1881. Following the abandonment of the school by the military, classes were once again resumed there. Later, during 1922, the school was relocated to a place close to the Ashley River. In conjunction, the federal government established an arsenal at Charleston during the 1820s. See also Charleston Arsenal (Federal). Charleston Barracks— See Fort Sumter. Charleston Battery (Batteries)— By 1838, the sector of Charleston where fortifications had previously been built became known as the Battery. The fortifications there included Broughton’s Battery (Fort Broughton), established during the 1730s by the English; Fort Mechanic (known also as Fort Darrell) during the 1790s; and Fort Wilkins (Revolutionary War period), known also as Broughton’s Battery. During the Civil War, White Point Battery (Battery Ramsey) and King Street Battery were established there by the Confederates. In addition, the Confederates established four other batteries there, including Battery Waring near Tradd Street, where the Coast Guard station now stands. Others were positioned near East Battery at Tradd Street, near East Battery near Market Street and yet another at the intersection of Concord and Laurens. On 2 July 1864, a contingent of soldiers and Marines (accompanied by two light howitzers) skirmished with a Confederate force at the Dawho River at White Point. Another skirmish occurred on 30 July 1865 when a Union contingent led by General Oliver Otis Howard engaged a Confederate force at White’s Point. The Confederates held Charleston until February 1865, when it was evacuated. Charleston Confederate Civil War Forts— Fortifications at Charleston and vicinity, in addition to the Charleston Batteries, included Haddrell’s Point Battery and Mount Pleasant Battery (also Battery Gary). In addition, the Confederates fortified various islands, including Battery Island, Black Island, Cat Island, Coles Island, Daufuskie Island, Edisto Island, Fenwick Island, Folly Island,

449 Hilton Head Island, James Island, John’s Island, Long Island, Morris Island, St. Helena Island, Seabrook Island and Sullivan Island. The forts in the vicinity of Charleston included Battery (Fort) Gregg, Fort Beauregard, Fort Bull, Fort Johnson, Fort Moultrie, Fort Pemberton, Fort Sumter, Fort Trenholm, Fort Wagner and Fort Walker. Charleston County Yemassee War Forts— During 1715, when the Yemassee War erupted, colonists across South Carolina initiated action to establish fortifications. The settlers’ forts included Elliott’s Fort (west side of Rantowles Creek), Cattel’s Fort (west side of Ashley River), Fenwick’s Fort (northeast of Charleston), Larouche’s Bridge Fort ( Jones Island) and Willtown Fort (east side of Edisto River). Charleston Custom House— The federal government acquired property upon which to build a custom house in Charleston during 1849. The land was located at the site of a former fortification, Craven’s Battery (bastion) between East Bay and the Cooper River. The construction project did not get started until 1853. The land was not quite suited for the project, which caused delays, and afterward work was again interrupted when the Civil War commenced during 1861. During the conflict the structure was damaged. Construction was reinitiated in 1870 and the project was finally completed during 1879. The U.S. Custom House, at present-day 200 East Bay Street at the foot of Market Street, remains active. Charleston Magazine— During 1713, the English established a powder magazine in Charles Town (Charleston). The magazine was composed of brick with walls that were 32 feet thick. The magazine was designed to contain an explosion by building it in such fashion that in the event of an explosion, the building would collapse. The powder magazine was replaced by a new magazine during 1748, but by 1770, it was considered obsolete and unsafe. When the American Revolution erupted, the colonists reverted to the original structure and used it as a magazine. By the 1820s, the magazine was used for other purposes. However, it has remained standing and is designated as the oldest known public building in South Carolina. The Powder Magazine, a National Historic Landmark, is located at 79 Cumberland Street and is operated by the South Carolina Society of Colonial Dames. The Powder Magazine is now a museum. Cherokee Fort— See Fort Ninety Six. Chestnut House— See Mulberry Plantation. Chicken’s Fort— Colonel George Chicken established a fort during the Yemassee War during 1715. The post was located in Berkeley County northeast of Summerville. The fort remained active into the following year. During 1716, Colonel Chicken led a campaign into the Cherokee uplands. Chisholm’s Island— The Confederates established positions on Chisholm’s Island as part of the defenses of Charleston. On 18 December 1861, a Union contingent of the 8th Michigan Regiment, while operating on Chisholm’s Island, seized six pickets of the 14th South Carolina Regiment. The regiment was attached to General Maxcy Gregg’s Brigade, which also included the 12th and 13th South Carolina Regiments. Coles Island— The Confederates established fortifications on Coles Island along the Stono River in the vicinity of Charleston during 1861. The post was abandoned during May 1862. The guns were relocated at Fort Pemberton. Later, on 28 March 1863, the 100th New York Regiment, commanded by Colonel Dandy, occupied the island. See also Fort Pemberton. Colleton County Yemassee War Forts— During 1701, John Jackson received a grant for a tract in Colleton County at what was pre-

Daufuskie Island / SOUTH CAROLINA viously an Indian settlement known as Pon Pon. The settlement was located along the Edisto River and when the Yemassee War erupted in the region, settlers there fortified their properties similarly to others, such as in Charleston County. The settlers’ forts there included Jackson’s Fort, which was close to the Pon Pon bridge. Another was known as Woodward’s Fort, near the mouth of the Ashepoo River, and yet another, Evan’s Fort, was along the east side of the Combahe River. Later, about 1735, the settlement of Pon Pon became Jacksonborough. A church, St. Paul’s, was built of brick during 1708 in the vicinity of New Cut, which linked the Stono River with the Wadmelaw River. The church was destroyed during the conflict. Columbia Arsenal— The State of South Carolina established an arsenal in Columbia in about 1822 or later in conjunction with another arsenal that was established at Charleston. During 1842, the South Carolina Legislature authorized the establishment of the South Carolina Military School. At that time, the arsenals (The Citadel and the Arsenal in Charleston and Columbia, respectively) were transformed into schools. Later, during 1845, the schools worked together with students attending the first year at Columbia and then completing their education at the Citadel. The officers’ quarters were constructed at The Arsenal during 1855. On 28 January 1861, the Corps of Cadets was made part of the military organization of the state and was known as the Battalion of State Cadets. The Arsenal and The Citadel continued to operate as military academies, however, classes were often disrupted when the governor called the cadets into military service. Mounting and manning heavy guns, guard duty and escorting prisoners were among the services performed by the cadets. On 18 February 1865, The Citadel ceased operation as a college when Union troops entered Charleston and occupied the site. The Arsenal was burned by Sherman’s troops and never reopened. The Governor’s Mansion remains open to the public. In conjunction, the site, Arsenal Hill, known also as Palmetto Iron Works and Armory, 1800 Lincoln Street in Columbia, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. For more information: Governor’s Mansion, 800 Richland Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29201. Congaree Fort— See Fort Congaree. Cowpens Battlefield— On 17 January 1781, the Americans engaged and defeated the British in a major contest known as the Battle of Cowpens. The Americans sealed the victory with a cavalry attack from the right flank in conjunction with an infantry attack from the left, where the infantry held concealed positions on the opposite side of a hill. The attack crushed Cornwallis’ chance for victory. British lieutenant colonel Banastre Tarleton was able to escape from the field. The Americans were commanded by General Daniel Morgan. During the fighting, Ball, the black bugler, saved the life of Colonel William Washington, a nephew of George Washington. For more information: Cowpens Battlefield, P.O. Box 308, Chesnee, South Carolina 29323. The battlefield site is about two miles southeast of U.S. 221 in Gaffney. The site is near the intersection of State Highway 11 and Highway 110. Cummings Point Battery— See Battery Gregg. Daufuskie Island— Daufuskie Island lies across Calibogue Sound, southwest of Hilton Head Island. The settlers fortified the island. During the Yemassee War, the settlers engaged and defeated the Indians at a place afterward known as Bloody Point. The Indians earlier that year (1715) raided the settlement. A fortification known as Passage Fort was built there during 1717. It remained active until 1764. Daufuskie Island is the southernmost point in South Carolina and in close proximity to the Savannah River and Savannah, Georgia. Subsequently, during the American Revolutionary War period,

SOUTH CAROLINA / Dorchester County Forts the colonists on Daufuskie Island sided with the British; however, at Hilton Head, the colonists remained loyal to the American cause. Hilton Head became a frequent target of the British until after the capitulation of the British at Yorktown during 1781. By the time the Civil War erupted, more than 10 plantations, including the Haig Point Plantation, had been established on the island until the arrival of the Union during November 1861. The Union established positions on the island and from it, artillery was able to fire upon Confederate positions in the region and upon nearby Fort Pulaski in Georgia. Union forces remained on the island until summer of the following year. Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts— During the Yemassee War, which erupted during 1715, the colonists in Dorchester County began to establish fortifications to provide protection from attack. The forts there included: Edisto Fort (east bank of the Edisto River), Fort Wassamassa, (Wassamassaw), Godfrey’s Fort (vicinity of Middleton Place Gardens), Pond’s Fort (east side of Ashley River) and St. Giles’ Plantation. The St. Giles Plantation had been established during 1680. Earle’s Fort— See Prince’s Fort. Edisto Fort— Edisto Fort was established in Dorchester County in the vicinity of Givhans along the Edisto River where a ferry crossing was located. The settler’s fort was established during 1715. Other forts established in the area at the same time period included, Pond’s Fort, Fort Wassamassa St. Giles Plantation and Willtown Fort. See also Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. Edisto Island— On 11 February 1862, the 47th New York Infantry, commanded by Colonel H. Moore, secured Edisto Island. Later, by April, the island was reinforced when the Union forces, including the 3rd New Hampshire Regiment, commanded by Colonel Fellows, arrived. On 18 April, the Union steamer Crusader supported a contingent of troops, including a detachment of the 3rd New Hampshire and the 55th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiments, commanded by Lt. Commander Rhind, during a clash with Confederates at Edisto Island. The Union sustained 3 wounded. Confederate casualties are unavailable. Later, on 29 April, Confederates, the Enfield Battalion and the Holcombe Legion, engaged Union forces there and captured about 15–18 troops. The Union also lost 2 killed and 3 wounded. The Confederates reported no casualties. In conjunction, Edisto Beach, on the southern end of the island, and Edisto Island were named after the Edisto Indians. Edisto Beach is located within Colleton County, however, the remainder of Edisto Island is located in Charleston County. Also, the Union established positions on Botany Bay Island, less than two miles from Edisto Island. Units that served on Botany Bay Island (Charleston County) included elements of the Pennsylvania Volunteer 67th Infantry Regiment. Elliott’s Fort— See Charleston County Yemassee War Forts. Enfilade Battery ( James Island)— See Battery Reed. Not to be confused with Battery Reed, also known as Enfilade Battery, on Sullivan’s Island. Enfilade Battery (Sullivan’s Island)— Enfilade Battery was established by the Confederates during 1861 on Sullivan’s Island near Fort Moultrie. The post remained in Confederate hands until February 1865. Not to be confused with Battery Reed, also known as Enfilade Battery, on James Island. Eutaw Springs— The English and the Americans clashed in a major battle at Eutaw Springs on 8 September 1781. The Battle of Eutaw Springs was a decisive victory for the British, under Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart. Although the Americans, under General Nathanael Greene, were mauled, the patriots scored enough dam-

450 age to forestall the British progress. The British, after the victory, marched toward Charleston. The site of the battle, along State Highway 6 and 45, slightly east of Eutawville, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1970. Fenwick Island Fort— The Union, subsequent to gaining Hilton Head, established positions on Fenwick Island, which was located less than 10 miles southwest of Edisto Island. Orders from General Sherman directed that the sea islands, including Fenwick Island, were to be occupied. Elements of the Pennsylvania Volunteer 47th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Thomas Welch, occupied the island on 20 December 1861. The landing force was led by Captain Rambo. Later, Captain Rambo was killed while on an operation at Edisto Island. Not to be confused with Fenwick’s Fort. Fenwick’s Fort— See Charleston County Yemassee War Forts. Not to be confused with Fenwick Island Fort. Floating Battery— Floating Battery was established by the Confederates at Battery Cove on Sullivan’s Island, west of Fort Moultrie, a part of the defenses of Charleston. Later, during 1863, the Floating Battery was relocated at Morris Island. The battery remained active until 1865. Other batteries at Battery Cove included Battery Bee and Battery Marion. See also Fort Sumter. Florence Stockade— Confederates under Major General Samuel Jones established a 26-acre prison camp known as Florence Stockade at Florence during 1864 in an effort to hold Union prisoners that had been at Andersonville (Georgia). At the time, the Union had seized Atlanta, Georgia, which simultaneously imperiled the Confederate prison at Andersonville. The stockade held about 12 to 16,000 POWs from September 1864 through February 1865 and of those about 2,800 succumbed at the camp. The relocation of the prisoners at Florence was decided due to the fact that several railroads operated there. A cemetery near the stockade later became Florence National Cemetery. Florence Stockade is located in Florence off I-95 along Stockade Road. The national cemetery is located in close proximity to the stockade site. The names of more than 1,500 of the Union troops buried there have been recorded. In conjunction, General John H. Winder (West Point class of 1820 Cadet # 242), the Confederate commissary general officer of the prisons east of the Mississippi River, was at the camp during February 1865 when he succumbed of natural causes. Winder had been accused of starving prisoners to death; however, it was later determined that he was as fair as he could be under the circumstances and that he provided what supplies were available. The prison camp was completed during October 1864 and as winter arrived, there was a lack of both shelter and supplies for the POWs. Winder’s duties became untenable when the supply shortages were compounded with the decision by General Ulysses S. Grant to halt the prisoner exchange. The Florence Stockade (Confederate States Military Prison) was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1980. The Florence National Cemetery was added to the same list during 1998. Folly Island— The Union seized Folly Island during 1863. Fortifications established there included Battery (Fort) Delafield, Fort Green and Camp Seymour. Subsequently, during the twentieth century, the U.S. Army established Folly Island Military Reservation there during 1942. Folly Island Military Reservation— See Folly Island. Ford’s Fort— See Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts. Fort Anderson— Fort Anderson (known also as Thickety Fort) was established in Spartanburg County during 1776–1777 near the Pacolet River outside of Cowpens. It was afterward held by the British. On 30 July 1780, a force of patriots under Colonel Isaac Shelby and

451 Major Joseph McDowell attacked and seized the fort. The Tory commander, Colonel Patrick Moore, was among the prisoners. Fort Arbuthnot— See Fort Moultrie. Fort at Camden— British general Lord Charles Cornwallis occupied Camden during June 1780. Cornwallis established his headquarters at a stately mansion and from there directed operations, while preparing for a campaign to eliminate American resistance in the South. The area became a battlefield on more than one occasion and included the Battle of Camden, in which the Americans were thrashed. More than 10 battles were fought in the vicinity of Camden during the American Revolution. Nevertheless, American resistance was not liquidated and eventually Cornwallis sustained a severe defeat that forced him to abort his original plans. The British evacuated Camden during May 1781 and moved to Yorktown, Virginia, where he was forced by General George Washington to capitulate. The surrender of the British at Yorktown essentially terminated the War for Independence. The Battle of Camden was fought slightly more than five miles from Camden and the site of the battle is now part of the National Park Service. Fort at Lamprieres— The Americans established fortifications at Lamprieres (property of Clement Lampriere) in the vicinity of Charleston during the 1770s. During early February 1780, the British fleet arrived in Stono Inlet. Afterward, on 13 February, the British established a battery across the Ashley River opposite Charleston in close proximity to the mouth of Wappoo Creek, from where Charleston could be bombarded. By 28 April, the day the British occupied the Fort at Lamprieres, the British had completely encircled

Fort Beauregard / SOUTH CAROLINA the Americans at Charleston. The Fort at Lamprieres was abandoned on the night of the 27th, once informed of the imminent approach of a large British force. The British also controlled Charlestown Neck, Haddrell’s Point, Hobcaw Point and James Island. In conjunction, the Fort at Lamprieres was at Hobcaw Point. A powder magazine was built on Lampriere’s property during 1773. See also Hobcaw Point Powder Magazine. Fort (at) Sam’s Point— The Confederates established a battery fort known as Fort at Sam’s Point in Beaufort County near the mouth of the Coosaw River. Fort Balfour— The British established Fort Balfour in the vicinity of Pocotaligo during 1780. On 11 April 1781, the small post was captured by an American force led by Colonel William Harden. The Americans also seized a British hospital at Van Bibber’s Tavern. In conjunction, it was after the seizure of the hospital that the contingent of British troops at the fort surrendered. Also, Pocotaligo during the early 1700s was the primary village of the Yemassee Indians. It was at Pocotaligo that the Yemassee initiated the conflict known as the Yemassee War. See also Pocotaligo Trading Post. Also, during the Civil War, the Confederates established fortifications at the town. The various forts there had been located near a primary route known as King’s Highway, present-day U.S. Route 17 that runs parallel to Interstate 95. Fort Beauregard (Sullivan’s Island)— See Battery (Fort) Beauregard. Fort Beauregard (Bay Point, Phillip’s Island)— Fort Beauregard was established by the Confederates during 1861 on Bay Point Island. The post was seized by the Union when it seized Hilton Head Island and

Interior view of Fort Beauregard, which is located opposite Fort Walker, Hilton Head, South Carolina; Fort Beauregard was seized by the Union during November 1861

SOUTH CAROLINA / Fort Bull Fort Walker during 1861. The post was renamed Fort Seward by the Union. See also Fort Walker. Not to be confused with Battery (Fort) Beauregard on Sullivan’s Island. Fort Broughton— See Broughton’s Battery. Fort Bull— Fort Bull was established along Ashley River Road in the vicinity of Bee’s Ferry by the Confederates during 1863. It was retained by the Confederates until February 1865. The post was abandoned at about the time the Confederates abandoned Charleston on 17 February 1865. Union forces (New York 56th Volunteer Regiment) drove along the road during 22–23 February inflicting much damage to plantations that stood along the route. Most of the plantation houses were destroyed, but one, Drayton Hall, was spared. Fort Charlotte— Fort Charlotte was established near Hester’s Ferry along the Savannah River slightly west of Mount Carmel during 1765–1767 by a group of Huguenots. The settlers’ fort was located along the route that ran between Abbeville, South Carolina, and Washington, Georgia. During March 1775, the fort was seized by American patriots. In conjunction, the fort site is covered by Thurmond Lake (named in honor of South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond). Fort Chatfield— The Union established Fort Chatfield, initially known as Battery Chatfield, at Cummings Point during 1863 on Morris Island during the campaign to seize Charleston. Other batteries there, including Battery Barton, Battery Stevens and Battery Seymour, became part of Fort Chatfield. General Gillmore ordered the Confederate works there to be renamed Fort Chatfield. Fort Chicken— See Chicken’s Fort. Fort Congaree— Fort Congaree was established along the Congaree River (Saxe Gotha Tract) near Cayce along what was known as the Cherokee Path during 1718 in what was known as the Midlands (Back Country). Earlier, during 1712–1713, militia from South Carolina, accompanied with friendly Indians, moved to the Congaree River en route to North Carolina during the struggle against the Tuscaroras (Yemassee War). The fort (trading post) was constructed subsequent to a treaty that was worked out between the Indians and a trader (Charite Hayge) and militia Colonel James Moore (later governor). The location of the fort was in close proximity to Columbia and at a spot where two Indian paths crossed. Fur traders had for some time prior to the treaty used the place as a rendezvous point upon which they would make winter quarters. The post was established by troops and carpenters and laborers, led by Captain Charles Russell. The party arrived there from Charles Towne (Charleston). The militia fort was abandoned in about 1722. In about 1725, the abandoned post was used as a trading post. Later, during 1733, a settlement emerged in the area that became the community of Saxe Gotha. At that time, Thomas Brown established a trading post (Brown’s Factory) near the fort site and it remained operational for about 20 years. Subsequently, during 1748, another militia fort, also known as Congaree Fort (Fort Congaree), was established slightly north of where the original fort stood. The fort was located along the Cherokee Path (state road). It too remained active for only several years. During 1765, a trading post was established there by James Chestnut and Joseph Kershaw at what was known as Granby Village (settlement established at Granby during 1733). The British seized the post during the American Revolutionary War period and established Fort Granby. See also Fort Granby. Following the War for Independence, George Washington visited the area while he was president of the United States. Many years later, during the Civil War, Confederate forces established earthworks there and during 1865, Union general William Tecumseh Sherman’s army moved through en route to nearby Columbia. Sherman’s vanguard occupied an aban-

452 doned Confederate position on the fringes of Columbia on 14 February 1865. On 16 February 1865, General Sherman, at Columbia, issued General Order # 26: “General Howard [Oliver Otis Howard] will occupy Columbia, destroy the public buildings, railroad property, manufacturing and machine shops; but will spare libraries, asylums, and private dwellings.” On 17 February 1865, the Union entered Columbia as the Confederates under General Wade Hampton were abandoning it. The Union troops (15th Corps) crossed into Columbia by way of a pontoon bridge and occupied the town. Many troops marched in and out on the Camden and Winnsboro Roads. The 17th Corps (General Blair) bypassed the city, heading directly toward Winnsboro Road. Columbia was on fire as the Yanks entered. Both General Hampton and Sherman disclaimed any part in starting the flames. General Sherman cooperated with the town’s citizens by allowing his troops to aid in extinguishing the flames. Upon entering the city, the Union prisoners held in Columbia were freed. During their captivity, the captives were convinced that they would be rescued. The prisoners presented General Sherman a copy of a song, written by a captive, that they had continued to sing while awaiting rescue. It was entitled “Sherman’s March To The Sea.” For more information: Cayce Historical Museum, 1800 12th Street (P.O. Box 2004), Cayce, South Carolina 29171. Fort Dahlgren— See Battery Dahlgren. Fort Darrell— See Fort Mechanic. Fort Dearborn— See Mount Dearborn Arsenal. Fort Delafield— Fort Delafield, known also as Battery Delafield, was established in the vicinity of Charleston at Stony Inlet on Folly Island by the Union during 1863. Units posted there included the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment. Captain Nathaniel E. Ladd, for a while during 1864 and 1865, commanded Fort Delafield (Folly Island) and Fort Number 2 (Long Island). The 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment was formed in South Carolina during June 1863. Afterward, during August through September 1863, elements of the regiment were posted on Folly Island and on Morris Island. Later, after participating in various operations, the regiment returned to Folly Island during April 1864. Afterward, elements were posted on Folly Island and Long Island (South Carolina). There are no remains of the fort. Fort Dorchester— During the latter part of the 1690s or as late as the period prior to 1720, a fort was established near the Upper Ashley River in the vicinity of Dorchester. The fort was built of tabby (tapia) material and remains of the fort still exist. The substance used to construct the fort included oyster shells, a practice that also existed in other parts of the country even for the construction of roads. In the state of New Jersey, there are still obscure roads built of oyster shells. There is no documentation regarding the construction of the fort and the reasons for its necessity also vary and include protection from Indian attacks. The village of Dorchester was planned during 1697 and a church was constructed there during 1719. The settlers who established the settlement were affiliated with a church (Congregational Church of Dorchester) in New England at Dorchester, Massachusetts. However, there is evidence that during the American Revolutionary War period, a fort was constructed there at a specified time. During 1775, the Council of Safety ordered the fortification of Dorchester and during the following year, barracks were constructed there as well as a guardhouse and a detention center for captives. The fort that still remains is considered to be the post that was built during the 1770s. The British posted a garrison at Dorchester during 1780. The site of the fort is now located in Old Dorchester State Park. The park, a State Historic Site, is located slightly south of Summerville along State Highway 642 (northwest of Charleston).

453 Fort Drayton— During 1861, the Confederates established a fort on Otter Island, thought to have been named Fort Heyward. The post was one of a series of forts built on the islands in the vicinity of Charleston to protect against an attack by the Union. During November 1861, the Union seized Hilton Head and soon after, Confederate-held Fort Heyward, which had become untenable, was abandoned. Once under Union control, Fort Heyward was renamed Fort Drayton in honor of a Charleston native and U.S. naval officer, Captain Percival Drayton. In an effort to streamline communications in the area, the Union constructed a signal tower from which other Union positions in the region could more easily communicate. The Union retained the post for the duration of the conflict; however, for a short time during the following June, the fort was abandoned during a campaign to seize Secessionville. Some remains of the earthen works survive to present day. In conjunction, during December 1861, five companies (A, C, D, E and I) of the Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment landed at Bay Point and relieved the New York 47th Infantry Regiment there. Another contingent composed of five companies (B, F, G H and K) arrived at Otter Island on 11 December. The regiment, commanded by Colonel Thomas Welsh, repaired the self-inflicted damage that the Confederates had accomplished before abandoning Fort Drayton upon the loss of Port Royal. Fort Dreadnaught— See Fort Galphin. Fort Duane— Fort Duane was established in Beaufort during the summer of 1863 by Company K, 1st Regiment, New York Engineers. Fort Edisto— See Edisto Fort. Fort Euhanie— Fort Euhanie, a fortified trading post, was established in what became Horry (pronounced Orrey) during the early 1700s (about 1715–1716). The trading post was located along Bull Creek in the vicinity of the Pee Dee River at Little River, about 15 miles from Conway. According to the Horry County Historical Society, the trading post was abandoned due to problems with the Indians in the region, but the exact date remains unknown. The site was later excavated and the State of South Carolina is in the process of establishing the site as a historical site to preserve the legacy. The post was actually located in Georgetown County. In conjunction, other spellings for Euhanie included Euaunee, Uauenee and Uaunee), and it was sometimes referred to as Great Bluff. Fort Frederick (Beaufort)— Fort Frederick (Fort Prince Frederick) was established near Port Royal in the vicinity of Beaufort by the English during the 1730s (about 1732–1734) to afford security against the Indians. The fort was built to a size of about 75 feet by 125 feet and served as a defense against attacks by the Indians and incursions by the French or Spanish. The exact date the fort was abandoned is unknown. In conjunction, Fort Lyttleton was established there during 1758 in place of Fort Frederick. The post, known also as Fort Prince Frederick, was garrisoned by British regulars until 1836, when the troops were redeployed in Georgia. At the time, the British were at odds with the Spanish who were based in Florida at St. Augustine. Some remains of the “tabby” fort exist at the site on the Beaufort River in Beaufort County. The site is located at the Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve in close proximity to the U.S. Naval Hospital at Beaufort, which is located along State Highway 21 between Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot and Beaufort. To reach the site at what is known as Fort Frederick Boat Landing, enter the hospital grounds and follow the signs to the site. During 1974, the fort site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Other names attributed to the fort included Spanish Fort, Old Fort, Old Fort Plantation. In addition, during the Civil War, Camp Saxton was

Fort Granby / SOUTH CAROLINA located in the area. Not to be confused with Fort Frederick at Cat Island. In conjunction, confusion between the two forts as to whether there were one or two continues as some sources identify them as identical forts and others distinguish between the two. Local historians, according to reference librarians in Beaufort, continue to attempt to determine if the fort noted as Fort Frederick described as being on Cat Island was actually a part of Fort Frederick (Port Royal), which had separated and the land itself shifted to be located on the island. Fort Frederick (Cat Island)— Fort Frederick, a tabby fort, was situated on Cat Island opposite Fort Frederick at Beaufort, on the Beaufort River. It is thought to have been established about 1731; however, it is not certain whether it might have been part of Fort Frederick at Port Royal, which separated and was moved by the current of the river. See also Fort Frederick (Beaufort). Also, during the Civil War, the Confederates fortified Cat Island as part of the defenses of Charleston. There are some remains of the fort; however, it is located on private property. Fort Fremont Battery— The U.S. established a battery on St. Helena Island during 1898 (Spanish-American War period). The fortification there became known as Fort Fremont (also Fort Fremont Battery). Other Endicott batteries there which were part of the Port Royal Coastal Defenses included Battery Jesup (three 10-inch DC, 1899–1914), and Battery Fornance (two 4.7-inch A, 1899–1913). Fort Fremont Battery on Bay Point Road was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1989. Fort Galphin— Fort Galphin, a trading post, was established along the Savannah River at Silver Bluff on Beech Island during 1752. The trading post, situated between Horse Creek and Hollow Creek, was across the river from Georgia. It was built and operated by George Galphin. The settlement there was known as Savannah Town. The area, during earlier times (1670s), was inhabited by the Westo Indians, who traded with another trader named Henry Woodward. A conflict erupted between the Westos and another tribe, the Savannah Indians. Following the tribal war, the Westos departed the area. Subsequently, during 1727, Chickasaw Indians relocated in South Carolina from Mississippi. The British controlled the post during the 1780 and renamed it Fort Dreadnought. During the following year it was taken by the Americans. On 21 May 1781, a colonial force under Colonels Elijah Clarke and Henry (“Light-Horse” Harry) Lee attacked and seized the fort. The Americans confiscated the supplies, ammunition and some weapons for use against the British at Augusta, Georgia (Fort Cornwallis). In conjunction, the Fort Galphin site, known also as Galphin Trading Post and Fort Dreadnaught, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1979. Fort Granby— During 1780, the British established Fort Granby along the Congaree River near Columbia, in the vicinity of Cayce. The post had previously been the residence (plantation-trading post) of James Cayce. Earlier, during 1754, a family known as Fridig (Friday) initiated the operation of a ferry there in what was known as the Congaree Valley. While the British held the fort, they captured a suspected spy for the patriots, a teenage girl named Emily Geiger. The British halted her as she attempted to deliver a message from General Greene to General Sumter. Rather than search her themselves, the British sent for a woman, but in the meantime, Emily memorized the message and swallowed the note after ripping it into tiny pieces. The British afterward let her go and she was able to get word to General Sumter, which set up the rendezvous at Eutaw Springs. The fort was captured by the Americans during spring of 1781. On 15 May 1781, American troops, commanded by Colonel Thomas Taylor, captured Fort Granby near Friday’s Ferry (Cayce,

SOUTH CAROLINA / Fort Howell

Fort Granby (residence of Mr. Cacey), South Carolina — Benson J. Lossing Illustration

Lexington County). Lieutenant Colonel Henry Lee’s (“Light-Horse Harry”) command reinforced Taylor. About 350 troops, primarily militia, surrendered. In conjunction, Lee’s troops, upon discovering that the defenders were Loyalists, sought vengeance and intended to kill all of them, but General Greene intervened and threatened the American force with capital punishment if they took action. During 1785, the town of Granby became the county seat of Lexington County. Later, during May 1791, President George Washington arrived there during his tour of the South. While there, he was ferried across the Congaree River to visit the new capital (1786) of South Carolina, Columbia. See also Fort Congaree. Fort Gregg— See Battery Gregg. Fort Heyward— See Fort Drayton. Fort Hill— See John C. Calhoun Plantation. Fort Howell— The Union established Fort Howell on Hilton Head subsequent to the Union occupation during November 1861. A settlement known as Mitchelville was established there to provide quarters and protection for freed slaves and the fort was built to ensure their protection. The Union retained Hilton Head for the duration of the conflict. Other Union forts at Hilton Head included Fort Mitchel, the headquarters for the Department of the South, and Fort Sherman. The Fort Howell site is located along Beach City Road, Hilton Head. Fort Johnson— Fort Johnson was established in the vicinity of Charleston on James Island by the English during 1704. The fort was named in honor of Sir Nathaniel Johnson, the royal governor of the colony. Fort Johnson was constructed to provide protection from Indian attacks and also to defend against incursions of either the French or the Spanish, as well as pirates. Subsequently, during the French and Indian War period, the English bolstered the defenses there; however, no attack was launched against it. Later, during 1733, James Oglethorpe arrived at Charleston from England. Initially, he had the colonists land at Beaufort, and from there he selected the site of the colony in Georgia (Savannah). During 1774, the British again refortified the post due to concerns over citizens’ reactions to the Stamp Act. By the following year, the Revolutionary War was in its early phase and the colonists seized Fort Johnson. The British occupied Charleston during 1780 and retained it to 1782. In conjunction, on 27 August 1782, a contingent of Americans engaged a party of British troops who had moved out of Charleston to forage for food. Dur-

454 ing the skirmish, an American officer, John Laurens, the son of Henry Laurens, was killed. Henry Laurens had succeeded John Hancock as the president of the Continental Congress during 1777. John Laurens also accepted the British surrender at Yorktown. Shortly thereafter, another skirmish between the British and Americans occurred when a contingent led by American captain Wilmot landed at James Island near Fort Johnson and exchanged fire with a contingent of British troops in what became the final land skirmish of the American Revolution. Captain William Wilmot was killed during the confrontation. Charleston was abandoned by the British on 14 December 1782. Two days later, the British burned Fort Arbuthnot and some other fortifications on Sullivan’s Island. Later, during the early 1800s, with the approach of the War of 1812, the Americans once again bolstered Fort Johnson’s defenses. Nevertheless, by the 1830s, the condition of the fort had seriously deteriorated. During 1860, the fort was occupied by Confederate state troops and from there they participated in the initial bombardment of federal-held Fort Sumter during April 1861. At the time Fort Sumter was attacked, Captain George S. James commanded Fort Johnson. The fort contained a combination of 20 guns and mortars that included mounted heavy caliber guns, mounted Columbiads (eight and 10 inch) and six-inch and seven-inch mounted rifles. On 2 June 1862, the Department of the South commander, Union major general David Hunter, landed a 10,000-man strike force under US brigadier general Henry W. Benham on James Island. It included Brigadier General Horatio G. Wright’s division and Colonel Robert Williams’ brigade (General Isaac Stevens’ command). A camp was established at the landing site (Thomas Grimball’s Plantation. The Union clashed at Secessionville, but the Confederates held Fort Johnson. The Confederates at Fort Lamar, which numbered only about 500 troops, withstood a Union attack force that numbered about 67,000 troops (see Fort Lamar). Later, during 1864, the Union unsuccessfully attacked the fort. The post was held by the Confederates until 1865. On 10 February 1865, troops under General Alexander Schimmelfennig (Major General Quincy Adams Gillmore’s command) assaulted James Island. The Union sustained 20 killed and 70 wounded. The Confederates sustained 200 killed and 70 wounded. During the 1950s, the College of Charleston in conjunction with the Medical College of South Carolina acquired the Fort Johnson property. Subsequently, the property was acquired by the South Carolina Marine Resources Institute. Support batteries of Fort Johnson included Battery Cheves, Battery Glover, Battery Simkins, Battery Wampler and Mortar Battery. Fort Keowee— See Fort Prince George (Pickens County). Fort Lamar— The Confederates established Fort Lamar, initially known as Tower Battery, on James Island at Secessionville during 1862. The fort, commanded by Colonel Thomas G. Lamar (1st South Carolina Artillery), was part of a series of fortifications of Charleston and was situated where it could bolster the southern line of defenses. Other posts along the line included Battery Pringle and Battery Tynes, which were scattered along the Stono River. In addition, a series of batteries numbered One through Five was established nearby. On 16 June 1862, a large Union force under General Isaac Stevens, with support from General H.G. Wright, who moved on his left flank with an additional 3,000 troops, prepared to launch a predawn assault against the Confederates on James Island. However, inadvertently the jump-off time was delayed and the attack against Fort Johnson did not begin until after dawn. The Confederates effortlessly turned back nearly every attacking regiment. Only the 8th Michigan and 79th New York Regiments made it through the hurricane of shot and shell to reach the initial fortifications. Contingents of those two units, with the effective use of their bayonets, gained the parapet and drove the Rebels from the guns. One

455 contingent, led by Lt. Colonel David Morrison, broke through and entered the fort, but lacking sufficient strength, it was compelled to withdraw. In conjunction, support troops under Colonel Robert Williams moved to bolster General Isaac Stevens, but complications developed as the column got lost in the woods and came under a severe attack which caught the Union force in a crossfire. The situation deteriorated further and the Confederates trapped the Union, giving the units little chance of escape. Nevertheless, the instinct for survival kicked in and the inevitable was forestalled. Contingents of two regiments, the 3rd New Hampshire and the 3rd Rhode Island, mounted a desperate but tenacious bayonet attack and drove the Confederates off, preventing the capture of the entire force. The Union had knocked the fort’s towers out of action, but due to a lack of reinforcements, the troops could not advance against the earthworks. Meanwhile, two Confederate regiments arrived at Secessionville from Fort Johnson to bolster Fort Lamar. By this time the Union had already sustained about 700 casualties and still there had been no support from the gunboats. The gunboats remained too far out to bolster the attack. The Union aborted the attack without reaching the main objective, Fort Johnson, which was heavily defended and protected by a deep ditch at its front that contained about seven feet of water. The Confederates, commanded by General N. Evans, also sustained heavy losses while repelling the Union assault by units of the 46th, 47th, and 79th New York; the 3rd Rhode Island; 45th and 97th Pennsylvania Regiments and the First Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. However, although General Evans was the overall commander, the action, including the Confederate cavalry skirmishes, had primarily occurred at Fort Lamar, Secessionville, by a 500-man force commanded by Confederate colonel T.G. Lamar, which, although outnumbered, held off over 6,000 Union attackers. The Union sustained 85 killed, 472 wounded and 138 missing. The Confederates suffered 51 killed and 144 wounded. This Confederate victory prevented the Union from capturing Charleston and forced it to withdraw. Confederate brigadier general William Duncan Smith, commanding officer of the Department of South Carolina, also participated in this action; he led an attack. Smith was to succeed General John C. Pemberton; however, sudden illness struck Smith and he succumbed during October. Also, First Sgt. Frederick Jackson of the 7th Connecticut Infantry received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during this action. In related activity, Union general Henry W. Benham (West Point, 1837) was relieved of command after the unsuccessful assault and he was replaced by General David Hunter. The Union 46th, 47th, and 79th New York; 3rd Rhode Island; 3rd New Hampshire; 45th, 97th and 100th Pennsylvania; 6th and 7th Connecticut; 8th Michigan and 28th Massachusetts Regiments participated. In addition, the 1st New York Engineers, 1st Connecticut Artillery, and Batteries E and I, of the 3rd U.S. and 3rd Rhode Island Artillery, respectively and Company H, 1st Massachusetts Cavalry participated. The site of Fort Lamar is located in the Fort Lamar Heritage Preserve, which can be reached from Highway 171 (toward Folly Island) and its intersection with Grimball Road. At Grimball, make a left-hand turn and proceed to Secessionville Road, then make a left-hand turn onto Old Military Road. Continue on Military Road until you reach Fort Lamar Road. Turn left at Fort Lamar Road. Fort Loudoun— During 1756, South Carolina’s governor ordered the construction of two defensive positions, Fort Prince George and Fort Loudoun along tributaries of the Savannah and Tennessee Rivers respectively. Troops of the South Carolina Independent Companies garrisoned both forts. The Independent Companies were established out of necessity subsequent to the elimination of General Oglethorpe’s 42nd Foot Regiment during 1749. Fort Loudoun, on the Little Tennessee River in the vicinity of Tuskegee and Tommot-

Fort Loudoun / SOUTH CAROLINA ley, was completed by 1757. It provided protection against possible French incursions, following France’s intentions of occupying the Tennessee Valley. At the time, England and France were at war (French and Indian War). The 12-gun fort was built in Cherokee territory at the request of the Cherokee. Fort Loudoun contained four bastions and a palisade that reached a height of 15 feet. The fort was further bolstered by a dry moat that contained a hedge honey locust, a nemesis of anyone trying to cross through its two inch thorns. For a while, the Cherokee remained loyal to the English. Nevertheless, within several years, the good relations deteriorated and by 1759, the tranquility cracked. Fort Loudoun became the initial English settlement west of the Smoky Mountains in conjunction with a grant by the Cherokees of 700 acres of ground to King George II, in appreciation of the construction of the fort. The area known as Tennessee received its first permanent colonists and prepared the way for expansion across the southern mountains. During March 1760, Cherokee Indians attacked Fort Loudoun. The attack lasted about four days, but the fort held. Although the attacks subsided, the fort remained under siege. The defenders held the post; however, supplies and ammunition continued to dwindle. Meanwhile, reinforcements were expected. A relief force under Colonel Archibald Montgomery was dispatched to lift the siege, but it never reached the fort. On 2 June, several men, thinking the Indians had lifted the siege, moved out to forage and immediately came under fire. Reinforcements from the fort rushed to their aid, but enemy fire forced them back. The column, composed of more than 1,000 men under Colonel Montgomery reached Fort Prince George to lift a siege there, but he never moved to Fort Loudoun. Subsequent to relieving the garrison at Fort Prince George, Montgomery penetrated deeper into the Indian territory and raided every village encountered. The force advanced toward Etchoe, the Cherokee capital. On 27 June, while proceeding along a precarious route, the vanguard, a contingent of rangers under Captain Morrison, was ambushed. Morrison and a few others were instantly killed. Soon after, trailing troops sprinted to the scene and initiated effective fire, but the Indians continued to raise tenacious resistance. After a while, a contingent of Highlanders pressed the Indians on their flanks and forced them to yield. The Cherokees retired toward their capital and prepared for an attack. However, the troops failed to advance beyond the pass. Instead, they returned to Charleston. The retirement essentially abandoned the besieged defenders at Fort Loudoun and placed them at the whim of the Indians. On 7 August 1760, the English at Fort Loudoun, under siege by the Cherokees and nearly out of supplies, agree to surrender the fort. The commanding officer, Captain Demere, received a promise that the colonists would not be harmed. The colonists departed the fort and by the following day, the Indians sprang an ambush. Demere and nearly 30 others were massacred. The survivors, estimated to number about 150, were seized and kept as captives (used as slaves). Only one officer, Captain Stuart, survived. The colonists in South Carolina quickly found the themselves in great jeopardy as the Cherokees were able to raise several thousand warriors to raid across the frontier, and there were an insufficient number of troops to subdue them. Urgent messages were dispatched to General Amherst requesting immediate arrival of fresh troops. Amherst, aware that the French crisis in Canada had been terminated, decided to send the Highlander Regiment, commanded by Colonel Grant with supporting colonial militia. The force, composed of many battle-tested troops who participated against the French and their Indian allies, numbered about 2,600 men. Advance scouts, attired in Indian dress, acted as vanguard as the troops marched toward the pass outside of Etchoe, where Colonel Montgomery had previously been ambushed. The troops executed a massive assault, but the Cherokees raised fierce resistance. The tenacious battle ensued for nearly three hours before the army forced the Indians to fold and retire. The English

SOUTH CAROLINA / Fort Lyttleton

456

initiated pursuit and drove the Indians into the mountains. Meanwhile, the colonists demolished their villages and plundered their fields to sever their food supply. The destruction forced the Cherokees to sue for peace.

ment of Fort Sumter. A museum, operated by the Charleston Historical Society, is located at the home. Fort Mechanic was sometimes referred to as Lyttleton’s Bastion, Middle Bastion and Fort Darrell. Not to be confused with Fort Lyttleton (Beaufort).

Fort Lyttleton— Fort Lyttleton (later Fort Marion) was established by the English in the vicinity of Beaufort, slightly south of Spanish Point, during 1758 to defend against Spanish incursions. Fort Lyttleton was established to replace Fort Frederick. The fort was built where the earlier Scotch settlement known as Stuart Town stood. During 1775 (American Revolutionary War period), a contingent of patriots seized control of the fort. Later, during January 1779, the British moved from recently captured Savannah, Georgia, to seize Beaufort. The English successfully landed at Laurel Bay only to be intercepted by a militia force of several hundred troops. The force, led by Captain Barnwell, was under the overall command of General William Moultrie. The British were repulsed; however, the defenders at Fort Lyttleton damaged their guns and abandoned the fort. The action taken by the garrison at Fort Lyttleton compelled the Americans to abandon Port Royal Island, which was about five miles from the abandoned post. The troops (BVA Artillery) that garrisoned the post were commanded by William Harden. In conjunction, the volunteer artillerymen (BVA) are considered the forerunners of the present-day 1055th Transportation Company. Later, during July 1779, the British occupied Beaufort. Nevertheless, the Americans continued to resist the British throughout the South. During the following October, the British at Savannah were placed under siege by the Americans. Consequently, the British relinquished Beaufort. Charleston, however, was seized by the British during 1780. The English held the city of Charleston until 1782. During English occupation, the road to Savannah, Kings Highway, was protected by the garrison at Fort Balfour at Coosawhatchie until it was captured during April 1781. Subsequently, during 1808, Fort Lyttleton was reconstructed and renamed Fort Marion. The fort remained active until 1825. Also, the Fort Lyttleton site, like its predecessor, Fort Frederick, is located on the property of the U.S. Naval Hospital. The Fort Lyttleton-Fort Marion site was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1979. Not to be confused with Lyttleton’s Bastion, also known as Fort Mechanic in Charleston. See also Beaufort Forts.

Fort Mepkin— See Mepkin Plantation.

Fort Madison— A settlement that became known as Fort Madison (Oconee County) was initially established on the plantation along the Tugaloo River that belonged to James A. Doyle. Doyle apparently named his plantation after President Madison; however, there is no evidence that a fort was ever constructed there. Nevertheless, the town that emerged there used the name and a later railroad station there was known as Fort Madison Station. Based on later research from various sources in the region, it is thought that a blockhouse might have been located there, but if it existed, no military confrontations occurred there. Subsequent to the American Revolution, Colonel Benjamin Cleveland acquired the property, about 1785–1786. He had served during the Revolutionary War and participated in the Battle of Kings Mountain. Fort Marion— See Fort Lyttleton. Fort Mechanic— Fort Mechanic (sometimes referred to as Fort Darrell) was established at East Bay in Charleston by the Americans during 1794. Subsequently, during the 1800s, Charles Edmondston acquired land that included part of the site of former Fort Mechanic at High Battery. The home, known as the Edmondston-Alston House, was the initial home built at the High Battery. Later, by 1838, the home was acquired by Charles Alston. In conjunction, during April 1861, southerners, including General Beauregard and other officers, while at the home were able to observe the bombard-

Fort Middleton— See Fort Ninety Six. Fort Mitchel— During November 1861, the Union arrived at Port Royal Sound off the coast of South Carolina with a massive force that soon after occupied the area, including Beaufort, Hilton Head and Tybee Island, the latter in Georgia. The Union then established a post (later Fort Mitchel) near Skull Creek on Hilton Head at a point across from Pinckney Island. General Quincy Adams Gillmore directed the construction of the fortification and concluded that an earthworks position would better suit the fort. Gillmore was convinced that Confederate artillery would inflict less damage on a nonbrick fort. Skull Creek became the resting place for six cannon that were distributed behind a half-moon redoubt. The fort was later named Fort Mitchel in honor of Union major general Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel (West Point class of 1829). General Mitchel succumbed at Beaufort from yellow fever on 30 October, about one month after he assumed command of the Department of the South, headquartered at Hilton Head. The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron was also headquartered at Hilton Head. The Fort Mitchel site is now part of a park (Hilton Head Plantation) located near the Old Fort Pub. The Union also established Fort Sherman and Fort Howell on Hilton Head. Fort Moore— Fort Moore was established along the east bank of the Savannah River in Aiken County on Beech Island by the English in about 1715–1716 as a defense against Indian attacks. The fort was situated on a high elevation at Savannah Town, southeast of Augusta, and stood as vanguard at the western approaches to the settlement. The fort was sufficiently large to handle about 100 troops. Subsequently, during 1727, a group of Chickasaw Indians led by Chief Squirrel arrived in South Carolina from Mississippi after being asked to relocate there by the governing body of South Carolina. The Chickasaws established a village in the vicinity of Horse Creek which also acted as a trading post. It remained active until 1766. During 1973, the Fort Moore site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Morris— See Morris Island Battery. Fort Motte— During 1780, the British occupied the property (Buckhead) of Rebecca Motte and used her residence in present-day Fort Motte, Calhoun County, as a fortification, known as Fort Motte. During May of the following year, the Americans attacked and severely damaged the fort while capturing the garrison. Mrs. Motte, the wife of Jacob Motte, supplied the flaming arrows Fort Motte, South Carolina — Benson J. Lossing so that the fort Illustration

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guns severed the Americans’ colors from its staff, but a Sergeant Jasper and some others nearby quickly repaired and hoisted the flag. In contrast, the unflinching return fire pounded the fleet. The H.M.S. Bristol, carrying 50 guns, received devastating shots which twice set the vessel afire. The captain of the Bristol was killed, and in addition, Lord Campbell, the former royal governor, received a mortal wound. Of all on deck, only Admiral Sir Peter Parker remained unscathed. However, even Parker sustained trepidation, as the British naval commander suffered a somewhat personal humiliation as a well-placed American fusillade set Admiral Parker’s pants on fire. As the British flotilla broke for the sea, the vessel still stranded on the sandbar was burned to prevent its capture. The Americans retained possession of the fort and city for the next three years. The Fort Moultrie— During June 1776, American general Charles Lee fort, initially known as Fort Sullivan, was renamed Fort Moultrie folassumed command of the colonial forces in Charleston and prepared lowing the repulse of the British. The British, after the failed attempt to defend the city. Fort Moultrie, initially known as Fort Sullivan, to seize Charleston, embarked for New York on the following day, on Sullivan’s Island was not yet completed. In conjunction, some 29 June. Subsequently, during February-May 1780, a British fleet confidential letters of Governor Eden had been intercepted and under Admiral Arbuthnot trapped an American fleet in Charleston within the contents it was discovered that a British attack against Harbor and initiated a siege of Charleston. Seven British warships Charleston was imminent. Congress, once aware of the British plans, (two ships carrying 32 guns each, four large frigates and one ship of had dispatched General Charles Lee to take command. The Amerthe line) had arrived. The American vessels included the USS Boston, icans had also used the services of their slaves to help fortify the deProvidence, Queen of France and the Ranger On 9 April 1780, a British fenses. A British fleet arrived in the vicinity of Charleston and Gennaval force, commanded by Admiral Arbuthnot, took advantage of eral Clinton issued an ultimatum to the colonists to lay down their brisk southerly winds, accompanied by a swift-flowing current, and weapons and receive amnesty or resist and receive an attack which sailed past the American artillery that protected Fort Moultrie. The would reduce the town. The Americans rejected the demand. On 28 American guns unleashed a steady barrage that inflicted some damJune 1776, the British attacked Charleston. A combined attack force, age to several ships. Nevertheless, the British vessels completed the led by British Generals Clinton and Cornwallis, was thwarted by the passage and anchored on the fringe of the range of the fort’s guns. patriots. The British fleet was under the command of Admiral Sir In conjunction, General Benjamin Lincoln and Governor John RutPeter Parker. The British armada sailed into the harbor anticipating ledge had overseen a buildup of defenses of Charleston, but still the an easy time until they rushed into the guns of the fort and the seadefenders lacked sufficient troops as recruits failed to join the army soned riflemen under the command of Colonel William Moultrie. and the militia was less than enthusiastic about defending the city The fleet moved to attack. Three of the vessels were directed to sail against the Redcoats, in great part, because of a smallpox epidemic west of Charleston to bombard the city from there, but the trio got that was at the same time raging throughout the area. General Linsnared by a shoal known as Middle Ground and became grounded. coln, who had depended upon about 600 Negroes and French enTwo were able to get free. During the heated battle, the English gineers to help bolster the city, had less than 3,000 troops, despite being informed that he would be given 6,000 for the task. British General Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot demanded that General Lincoln surrender the city and they received this response: “Sixty days have passed since it has been known that your intentions against this town were hostile, in which time was afforded to abandon it, but duty and inclination point to the propriety of supporting it to the last extremity.” On 14 April 1780, a contingent of British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Webster was dispatched by General Clinton to reduce the lone American force in the area that was not within the city. Two American cavalry regiments, commanded by General Huger and Colonel Washington, respectively, Fort Moultrie, South Carolina — Benson J. Lossing Illustration could be reduced. The Americans were under the command of Francis Marion (“Swamp Fox”) and Henry Lee (“Light-Horse Harry”). The garrison capitulated quickly once the fort was set afire. The British then assisted the Americans in extinguishing the flames. In conjunction, Fort Motte was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1972. Fort Motte was also known as Mount Joseph Plantation. In conjunction, Fort Motte was used by the Mottes as a summer residence. Jacob Motte had owned a plantation known as Mount Pleasant Plantation in Charleston County. During 1837, the towns of Mount Pleasant and Greenwich were joined to form Mount Pleasant.

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Meanwhile, the British renamed Fort Moultrie, calling it Fort Arbuthnot. The British retained control of Charleston until 1782. Charleston was abandoned on 14 December 1782. On 16 December, the British burned the fort. Afterward, the Americans regained control and during 1784 the fort was demolished. Later, during 1798, the fort was rebuilt, but a hurricane destroyed it during 1804. A new fort (third) was built there during 1809. Subsequently, on 26 December 1860, federal troops stationed at Fort Moultrie damaged all the guns, then joined the other federal troops at Fort Sumter, the larger of the two Union forts protecting Charleston. Confederate troops occupied the abandoned Fort Moultrie on the 27th. In conjunction, Major Anderson, commanding officer of the Union troops at Fort Sumter, had urgently been requesting reinforcements to Fort Sullivan, South Carolina — Benson J. Lossing Illustration bolster his diminutive garrison, but to no avail. The secretary of war, Floyd, using his influence with President Buchanan, managed to ensure that no troops moved to augment the were posted at Monk’s Corner, a formidable position bolstered by a fort. It was later reported that Floyd had, by the stroke of his pen, swamp and a causeway. The detachment of Redcoats also included diverted more than 100,000 rifles from the arsenals at Springfield and Colonels Tarleton and Ferguson. During the early morning hours, Watervilet to locations in the South to provide the best weapons the British, led through the darkened forest by a previously captured available if hostilities occurred. This claim by Floyd was strongly Negro, arrived near the American positions without being discovcontested by President Buchanan, who insisted that Floyd had fabered and sprang a surprise raid at about 0330. The Americans were ricated the story and that no weapons were stolen for the Confedcaught off-guard; however, they rebounded quickly enough to save eracy. Fort Moultrie and its sister fort, Fort Sumter (built during the the command by escaping to the woods. Although the British were 1830s), were held by the Confederates until February 1865. During unable to capture or destroy the cavalry, they did seize about 400 its activity as a Confederate stronghold, no Union attacks were horses. The loss of the cavalry force totally isolated Charleston. launched against it; however, both Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie When the British arrived to seize Charleston, the fleet trapped an came under heavy bombardment frequently during the conflict. One American naval squadron under Abraham Whipple, which had been major assault occurred on 7 April 1863. The garrison, at that time dispatched to defend Charleston. Whipple capitulated, leaving only commanded by Colonel William Butler, and five companies of the a small naval force. The vessels Alliance, Confederacy and Deane were 1st South Carolina Regiment, helped repel the Union naval squadron the only remaining frigates under the Stars and Stripes and one other (See also Fort Sumter). The two fortifications were pounded relentvessel, the Trumbull, was incomplete. The city of Charleston and lessly, transforming the walls into debris, but neither was lost to the Fort Moultrie fell to the British on 6–7 May 1780. On the 6th, a conUnion until they were abandoned during 1865. Fort Moultrie was tingent of British troops landed and demanded the surrender of Fort restored after the war. During the 1830s, Osceola, the prominent Moultrie. The siege of Fort Moultrie ended on the following day, Seminole chief was imprisoned there and while confined, he became when the garrison capitulated to the British without firing a shot. a celebrity. On 6 March 1837, the Seminoles agreed to move from Soon after, on 12 May, the British decisively defeated the Americans their tribal lands in Florida to locations west of the Mississippi. in Charleston (Fort Moultrie having fallen on the 7th). The AmerOsceola, their chief, convinced the Seminoles to resist, prompting icans attempted to defend the city, but they were overrun. The loss U.S. troops under General Thomas Jesup to seize Osceola and conof Charleston was the worst defeat of the entire war for the Amerifine him at Fort Peyton, established during the previous year. Oscecans. American General Benjamin Lincoln surrendered his 5,466ola and more than 50 of his warriors were captured near Moultrie man army, which included 10 Continental regiments and three arCreek while under a white flag by troops led by General Joseph Hertillery battalions (more than 400 artillery pieces were surrendered). nandez. Osceola succumbed at Fort Moultrie on 30 January 1838. In addition, the British also captured the arsenal, two American He received a military funeral by U.S. troops and was interred in a frigates and several French ships. Clinton and Arbuthnot accepted tomb at the fort. Fort Moultrie, subsequent to the termination of the American surrender and placed harsh demands on the Amerihostilities of the Civil War, was never again challenged, but it recans. General Lincoln had requested that the citizens and militia be mained active until after the close of World War II when it was fipermitted to return to their homes, and that only the army should nally deactivated during 1947. Modern batteries established there to be held as prisoners of war, but Clinton rejected the proposal. For a defend Charleston included: Battery Capron (eight 12-inch guns, while, fighting again erupted, but soon after, the will to continue the 1898–1942), Battery Butler (eight 12-inch mortars, 1898–1942), Batfight evaporated and it was agreed to surrender on the terms of the tery Jasper (four 10-inch disappearing casemates, 1898–1942), BatEnglish. The Americans were forced to march out of the fort with tery Thomson (two 10-inch disappearing casemates, 1906–1945), their colors encased and they were forbidden to permit their drumBattery Gadsen (four 6-inch disappearing casemates, 1906–1917), mers to play a British tune. Once out of the fort they were directed Battery Logan (two 6-inch disappearing casemates, 1906–1944, one to lay down their arms. One of the captured American officers, Colgun removed during 1904), Battery # 230 (two 6-inch SBC, 1943 onel Laurens, was later designated by Washington to negotiate the until unknown), Battery Bingham (two to four 7-inch guns, 1899– surrender of the British at Yorktown. When John Jay received word 1918), Battery McCorkle (two 3-inch MP, 1899–1943), and Battery of the loss of Charleston, he informed the Spanish government, but Lord (two 3-inch P, 1899–1946). Also, AMTB #2 (Anti-Motor Torinstead of support, the U.S. representative received a diplomatic cold pedo Boat # 2, two 90 mm F guns, 1943–1946) was established on shoulder. Jay, under pressure from the states to gain Spanish recogJasper’s Parapet. In conjunction, Battery Thomson was later used by nition, was instructed to offer America’s promise to abort any future the fire department and Battery Gadsden, after active service, was plans of navigating the Mississippi River if Spain would officially rectransferred for use as a local library. For more information: Fort ognize the U.S. and join in the alliance. Still Spain remained mute.

459 Moultrie National Monument, 1214 Middle Street, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina 29482. Fort Ninety Six— Fort Ninety Six was initially established as a trading post in the back country along the Cherokee Path at what became Ninety Six (Abbeville County, later Greenwood County) by Robert Gouedy at about 1751. The town apparently got its name because at the time, it was thought, inaccurately, that the place was situated about 96 miles from a prominent Indian village known as Keowee near the Blue Ridge Mountains. The trading post anchored what soon became a settlement that grew in conjunction with Gouedy’s own personal expansion. Gouedy continued to acquire additional land until he owned about 1,500 acres. The fort was built by fortifying Gouedy’s barn as the relations between the settlers and the Indians deteriorated. The fort became a gathering place during times of danger, including the conflict with the Cherokees. During the war, the defenders at the fort repulsed strong assaults during 1760. By the following year, a treaty was agreed upon and the hostilities terminated. Later, November 1775, the British and Tories gained control of Fort Ninety Six (also known as Fort Middleton). The two sides clashed there on 19–21 November 1775. The Patriots established Williamson’s Fort (also known as Fort Williamson) nearby and the British were not able to seize it. In turn, the British established Fort Holmes by fortifying the home of Loyalist James Holmes and constructing a stockade to protect the only water supply for Fort Ninety Six. Later, on 14 February 1779, an American contingent under Colonel Andrew Pickens intercepted a contingent of Tories under Colonel Boyd. Pickens’ troops consisted of militia from the vicinity of Ninety Six. Pickens had left a guard at the fort to engage the British when they attempted to cross the Savannah, but the Tories evaded the fort and safely crossed, but they were intercepted by Pickens. The Tories sustained high losses before they scattered, with some heading to their homes and others moving to North Carolina. Those who returned to South Carolina were tried, and 70 of them were sentenced to death; however, the government granted most of them a reprieve. Five were executed; the remainder were pardoned. Subsequently, during 1781, the Americans attacked the fort. On 22 May, the attack and siege began. On 18 June 1781, the Americans lifted the siege and retired. Although the British held the fort, it was abandoned immediately following the departure of the force under General Nathaniel Greene. The British were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Harris Cruger and he was bolstered by reinforcements that had arrived under Lord Rawdon. Also, Americanheld Williamson’s Fort was in the same general area and the British were unable to seize it. Fort Ninety Six was also known as Star Fort and sometimes it was referred to as Cherokee Fort. Fort Ninety Six is now a National Historic Site. For more information: Fort Ninety Six National Historic Site (Visitor Center), Post Office Box 496, Ninety Six, South Carolina 29666. Fort Number Two (2)— See Fort Delafield. Fort Otterson— See Otterson’s Fort. Fort Palmetto (Coles Island)— Fort Palmetto was established on Coles Island during the War of 1812 period. During the Civil War, it was used by the Confederates for a short while after the fall of Fort Sumter during April 1861. The post was manned by elements of the South Carolina 24th Infantry Regiment and other artillery units. The guns were removed and placed at another position near Elliott’s Cut. The guns at nearby Battery Island were also removed and relocated at Elliotts’ Cut. At that time, the post was also referred to as Coles Island Fort. Subsequently, during 1863, Coles Island was used by the Union as a jump-off point against James Island. In conjunction, the commander at James Island, General Roswell Ripley, was of the belief that the abandonment of Fort Palmetto was a terrible decision;

Fort Randall / SOUTH CAROLINA however, General Pemberton was of the opinion that the Union would have been able to evade both Fort Palmetto and Battery Island. Following the relocation, General Ripley at his own request departed to join with General Robert E. Lee in Virginia. Fort Pemberton— Fort Pemberton was established above Coles Island on James Island along the Stono River in the vicinity of Charleston by the Confederates during 1862. The fort was part of the western defenses of the city. Units that were posted there included Lucas’ Battalion of regulars. During May 1862 the guns on Battery Island and Coles Island were relocated at Fort Pemberton. The Gist Guards had been on Battery Island and Lucas’ Battalion was posted on Coles Island. After removing the guns of Coles Island, the fortifications were self-destroyed by a contingent of Lucas’ force, prior to moving across the causeway to James Island. On 18 May, Union gunboats arrived in the area at the mouth of the river and on the following day, the guns were moved. The fort was located near the Wappoo Hall Plantation. The Confederates held Fort Pemberton until 1865, when Charleston was abandoned. Fort Pickens— See Battery Island. Fort Pleasant— The patriots established Fort Pleasant at Haddrell’s Point during 1775 as one of the fortifications built to defend Charleston. During 1780, the British gained the fort when Charleston was seized. The post was held by the English until Charleston was abandoned during 1782. Haddrell’s Point was fortified during the War of 1812 and subsequently, during the Civil War, the Confederates established a battery there. Fort Prince Frederick— See Fort Frederick (Beaufort). Fort Prince George (Palachacola)— See Palachacola Fort. Fort Prince George (Pickens County)— Fort Prince George, also known as Fort Keowee, was established during 1753 in Pickens County near Keowee Town (Clemson), an Indian village. The fort, built of earthen works and bolstered by a ditch with a palisade, was built as a 100-foot square along the Keowee River. The sector was known as Cherokee Lower Lands. Subsequently, during 1756 (French and Indian War period), the fort was rebuilt by the direction of Governor Glen. The new fort contained a barracks and a magazine and in addition, it included a home for the commanding officer. During the life of the fort it was often repaired and refurbished due to the elements. The governor, at about the same time, 1756, ordered the establishment of Fort Loudoun. Fort Prince George remained active throughout the French and Indian War and Pontiac’s War during 1763. It was abandoned during 1768. Also, the fort was garrisoned by elements of the South Carolina Independent Companies Militia. The Fort Prince George site is now under Lake Keowee. Not to be confused with Fort Prince George also known as Palachacola Fort at Palachacola Bluffs. Fort Putnam— See Battery Gregg. Fort Randall— The Confederates established a battery known as Fort Randall in Horry (pronounced Orry) County to defend the area at Tilghman Point near the Little River at Little River Neck. During 1863, a Union naval force arrived and its complement of troops debarked and seized the fortification; however, the Union ground force, led by Lieutenant William B. Cushing, was unable to repel a counterattack. The Union departed and the Confederates regained the fort. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the area was defended by patriots; however, no fort was there at the time. During the latter part of 1776, the force of North Carolinians under General Francis Nash established an encampment at Little River Neck. Another patriot that sometimes operated in the area was the Swamp Fox, Francis Marion. One of the exchanges occurred

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SOUTH CAROLINA / Fort Ripley in the area on 1 April 1781, when the patriots clashed with Tories at Bear Bluff. The patriots prevailed. Previously, during the early 1700s, a trading post-fort (Fort Euhanie) was located in the area in what became Georgetown County. Fort Ripley— The Confederates established Fort Ripley, known also as Battery Ripley, at Middle Ground Shoal slightly south of Castle Pinckney. The Fort Ripley Shoal Light was located there in the channel. The post, one of the large number of forts in the region, was built to help protect Charleston. The garrison abandoned the fort during 1865 in conjunction with the fall of Charleston. Fort Rutledge— Fort Rutledge was established during August 1776, subsequent to the appearance of a British fleet at Charleston and Indian hostilities that followed. An American force under Colonel Andrew Williamson retaliated against the Indians following attacks that killed large numbers of settlers. The colonists moved against several villages and devastated all in the path. At Essenecca, the troops then built a fort near the Seneca River. The fort was named in honor of John Rutledge, who had been elected president of South Carolina (later governor, 1779–1782). Several hundred militia troops garrisoned the fort, which bolstered the region and greatly eliminated the threat of a major British attack against it. Nevertheless, the Americans continued to battle the Indians until the following year when a treaty was agreed upon. At that time (May 1777), the Indians relinquished territory that included present-day Anderson, Greenville, Ocanee and Pickens Counties. The site thought to have been the fort site is now located on the property of Clemson University, where a scaled-down replica of the fort was constructed during the early 1900s by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The fort is in disrepair and situated in an obscure part of the campus. In conjunction, during March 1776, when Rutledge was elected by the Provincial Congress as president of South Carolina, Henry Laurens was elected as vice president. Later, the state constitution was modified and the title president was changed to governor. Fort San Felipe— Fort San Felipe was established by the Spanish at present-day Parris Island during 1756 where a settlement known as Santa Elena was founded. Indians compelled the Spanish to abandon the fort that same year, but they returned during the following year. The Spanish renamed the fort, Fort San Marcos. Ongoing friction between the Spanish and the English continued as both countries and yet another, France, each sought to dominate. By 1784, the Spanish abandoned the fort and reconcentrated their strength at St. Augustine, Florida. See also Beaufort Forts. In conjunction, Fort San Pedro was established by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who was sent from Spain to Florida by King Philip II to command there. Menendez moved to Carolina to deal with a French threat regarding establishing a colony in Florida. The Spanish did not encounter any French during the mission; however, it was decided to build an outpost at Santa Helena (Fort San Salvador). After fresh troops under Captain Juan Pardo arrived, the post lacked sufficient space, prompting the Spanish to construct a new fort.

Robert Gould Shaw, commanding officer of the Massachusetts 54th Colored Volunteer Regiment, was established on Morris Island near Fort Wagner during 1863. The Union established positions where the Confederates had been. The Union retained the fort for the duration of the conflict. In conjunction, Colonel Shaw was killed on 18 July 1863 during an attack against Fort Wagner. General Gillmore ordered the fort to be named in Colonel Shaw’s honor. See also Lighthouse Inlet Batteries. Fort Sherman— The Union established Fort Sherman at Hilton Head, subsequent to the capture of Fort Wagner during November 1861. The post was completed during 1862. The Union retained Hilton Head for the duration of the war. In conjunction, the remains of the post and of Confederate Fort Walker are located on the Port Royal Plantation (private residential neighborhood). For more information: Museum of Hilton Head Island, 100 William Hilton Parkway, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina 29925. Fort Stevens— See Fort Chatfield. Fort Strong— The Union, after capturing Confederate-held Fort Wagner on Morris Island during 1863, renamed it Fort Strong. General Gillmore also ordered name changes for other Confederate works. The Confederate works at Oyster Point was renamed Battery Purviance. Cummings Point Battery (also known as Battery Gregg and Fort Gregg) was renamed Fort Putnam See also Fort Wagner. Fort Sullivan— See Fort Moultrie. Fort Sumter— Fort Sumter was established at Charleston on Sullivan’s Island by the federal government during 1829. The project of constructing the post was gargantuan and remained incomplete as late as 1860 when South Carolina seceded from the Union. The Army also had barracks in Charleston. Fort Sumter was named in honor of a Revolutionary War hero, Thomas Sumter. The fort was built in the shape of a pentagon and stretched to a height of three stories from a base of granite and rock. During December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union. On 26 December, federal troops stationed at nearby Fort Moultrie damaged all guns, then joined the other federal troops at Fort Sumter, the larger of the two forts protecting Charleston. Major Robert Anderson, the commanding officer at Fort Sumter, had urgently been requesting reinforcements to bolster his diminutive garrison, but to no avail. Anderson, a veteran of the Black Hawk, Florida (Seminole) and Mexican Wars had assumed command of Castle Pinckney, Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter during the previous November. The

Fort San Salvador— See Beaufort Forts and Fort San Felipe. Fort Seward— See Battery (Fort) Beauregard. Fort Seward (Phillip’s Island)— The Union established a post known as Fort Seward on Phillip’s Island during the 1860s. Not to be confused with Fort Seward (Fort Beauregard renamed). Fort Shaw— Fort Shaw, named in honor of Colonel

Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina — John Bright Illustration, 1864

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General Beauregard cut off all the delivery of supplies to the fort. On 7 April, General Beauregard informed Major Anderson that no further communications between Fort Sumter and Charleston would be permitted. General Beauregard was informed on 10 April by the Confederate secretary of war, Leroy Pope Walker, to demand the surrender of the post. The ultimatum was delivered by one of his aides, Louis Wigfall (later brigadier general). On that same day, the vessel Harriet Lane arrived outside Charleston Harbor with supplies. Meanwhile, on the following day, the ultimatum was rejected by Major Anderson. The conflagration began on the following day, 12 April, when the first shot was fired from Fort Johnson at 0430. The bombardment continued relentlessly and the 85 defenders felt the concussion of 43 cannon and mortars. Union Captain Abner Doubleday (West Point, 1842) directed the fort’s return fire. No Union casualties were suffered during the attack. There is still no conclusive evidence as to who fired the first shot, but the list is down to the probability of it being one of three men: Confederate Captain S. James, Confederate Lieutenant Henry S. Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina, under naval attack, 1863 Farley, or Edmund Ruffin, a South Carolinian. Some U.S. vessels remained just outside the harbor, but the combination of the strategically placed Confederate guns and secretary of war, John Buchanan Floyd, using his influence with inclement weather made it unfeasible to advance. Meanwhile, in President James Buchanan, had managed to ensure that no troops Washington, on 13 April, President Lincoln, still unaware of the onmoved to augment the fort. It was later reported that Floyd had, by going battle at Fort Sumter, stated: “I shall hold myself at liberty to the stroke of his pen, diverted more than 100,000 rifles from the arrepossess, if I can, places like Fort Sumter, if taken from federal consenals at Springfield and Watervilet to locations in the South to protrol.” On 13 April 1861, at 2:30 P.M., Union Major Robert Andervide the best weapons available if hostilities would occur. This claim son (West Point, 1825) surrendered Fort Sumter to the Confederby Floyd was strongly contested by President Buchanan, who insisted ates. Charleston remained in Confederate hands until February 1865. that Floyd had fabricated the story and that no weapons were stolen The Union garrison departed the Fort on 14 April, afforded full honfor the Confederacy. While Anderson worked to hold the fort until ors of war by the Confederates. Major (later breveted major general) reinforcements arrived, the Confederates tightened the noose. On 2 Robert Anderson and his men departed Charleston aboard the USS January 1861, South Carolina militia occupied Fort Johnson, across Baltic en route to New York. During the attacks to gain the fort, no the water from Fort Sumter. Three days later, the steamer Star of the casualties were sustained, however, the Union suffered 1 man killed West, chartered by the U.S. government, embarked from New York (a Pvt. Hough) and three wounded by an accidental explosion durto relieve Fort Sumter. The vessel carried a contingent of Marines, ing a final salute to Old Glory. In conjunction, many of the fort’s totaling 250 enlisted men and four officers, led by Lt. Charles J. Woods. On 9 January 1861, Confederate batteries fired upon the Star of the West, an unarmed supply vessel commanded by Captain McGowan, and forced it to retire. Federal troops at Fort Sumter asked permission to fire; but Major Anderson denied the request. Meanwhile the federal garrison remained isolated. Later, on 3 March, it became evident to some, including U.S. General Winfield Scott, that the situation was grim; in a letter to Secretary of State Seward, Scott mentioned that: “Federal relief of Fort Sumter is not practical.” Nonetheless, on 29 March, President Abraham Lincoln declared his intent to defend Fort Sumter by reinforcing it with Federal troops. On 4 April, in Washington, President Lincoln continued discussions with his cabinet and advisers regarding Fort Sumter. Meanwhile, unsuccessful attempts were made to reinforce the fort. The South Carolina militia, already quite active, was awaiting orders. Confederate Major General Samuel McGowan (state militia) and Brigadier General Pierre Beauregard were poised to seize the post if it refused to surrender. On 5 April, secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles directed four U.S. vessels to the defense of Fort Sumter, but one, the Powhatan, had already been sent to Fort Pickens, Florida, eliminatUnion bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina ing it from the squadron. Meanwhile, Confederate

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Marine contingent was commanded by Captain McCawley. The Union expected to surprise the Rebels at Fort Sumter; however, the Confederates were anticipating the attack. Once the units reached the ruins of the fort, Confederate Major Stephen Elliott gave the order to open fire. The Union troops were hit by a hurricane of fire that compelled them to head back to their boats. Meanwhile, the Rebels bombarded the vessels, causing more complications. Nearly half of the attacking force was captured. Later, on 27 September, a U.S. fleet initiated yet another bombardment of the fort. Yet other attacks included those that occurred on 26–27 October 1863. During 1864, the Union launched naval bombardments on 28 April and 13 May. The shore guns ceased bombardment on 5 SepFort Sumter, South Carolina — Department of the Interior NPS tember 1864. The fort continued to hold until 18 February 1865 when it was abandoned. At that time, Charleston surrendered to the Union. At the time, Charleston was civilians and families of the troops had departed the fort during the commanded by Confederate General Lafayette McClaws, due to the previous December in anticipation of a Confederate assault. Conabsence of General William Joseph Hardee, who had become sick. federate Colonel (later brigadier feneral) Roswell S. Ripley (West In conjunction, during October 1864, General Hardee succeeded Point class of 1823) occupied Fort Sumter with militia. In conjuncMajor General Samuel Jones as commanding officer, Department of tion, Ripley had served in the Mexican War and in the Florida InSouth Carolina, Georgia and Florida. However, General Samuel dian Wars (1849–1850) before resigning from the U.S. Army during Jones remained commander of the Department of South Georgia and 1853. Also, on the same day the garrison departed the fort, President Florida until the close of hostilities. The Confederates that departed Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for a period of three Fort Sumter moved to Greensboro to link with Generals Pierre Gusmonths to put down the insurrection. Just prior to reaching the hartave Beauregard and Wade Hampton. General Hardee surrendered bor at New York, Major Anderson dispatched the following message to the Union in North Carolina during April 1865. In conjunction, to the War Department: “Off Sandy Hook, April 18th, 1861. Havthe Union also gained Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney. On 14 ing defended Fort Sumter for 34 hours, until the quarters were enApril 1865, Union General Robert Anderson, the commanding oftirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge wall serificer who surrendered the fort to the Confederates during 1861, reously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames and its doors ceived the honor of being at the fort for the official raising of Old closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges Glory. The ceremony occurred exactly four years from the day the of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remainStars and Stripes had been replaced by the Stars and Bars. Also, on ing, I accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, 15 March 1865, Union General Kilpatrick’s cavalry engaged Confedbeing the same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the comerates acting as rear guards at Taylor’s Hole Creek, North Carolina. mencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort, Sunday afDuring the skirmish, Confederate Colonel Albert Rhett, the former ternoon, the 14th inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringcommander of Fort Sumter, was captured by Kilpatrick’s force. During away company and private property, and saluting my flag with ing the 1870s, Fort Sumter was partially rebuilt (portions of the outer 50 guns.” The Union attempted to regain Fort Sumter during 1863. walls). The post was used as a lighthouse station. By the 1890s, with On 7 April 1863, U.S. warships attacked Forts Sumter, Moultrie, the difficulties with Spain, an unnamed battery was established there Beauregard and Putnam, all within the area encompassing during 1898. Subsequently, during 1906, Battery Huger was estabCharleston Harbor. The bombardment began at 1430 hours. Conlished there. Battery Huger remained active until 1943. During federate fire was returned with equal tenacity. The fleet was unable World War I, a nominal contingent manned the battery. Between the to silence the shore guns and was compelled to retire. The Union wars, the fort was inactive. During World War II, the fort was used fired about 139 shots at Fort Sumter, but in return became the reby the military. Anti-Torpedo Boat Battery No. 1 was established cipient of about 3,000 shots from Confederate positions on James there (1943–1946). The fort was deactivated during 1946. Later, durIsland and Sullivan’s Island. According to Union records, 515 Coning 1948, Fort Sumter became a national monument, operated by the federate shells hit their mark inflicting damage to the following vesNational Park Service. Fort Moultrie-Fort Sumter National Monusels: Weekauken (60), Patapsco (45), New Ironsides (65), Keokuk (90), ment is located at 1214 Middle St., Sullivan’s Island. Montauk (20), Nahant (80), Passaic (53), and Catskill (51). The Keokuk sank on the following morning. The Confederate defenses: Fort Thomas W. Sherman— During 1862, the Union established Fort Sumter was commanded by Colonel Alfred Rhett, with Lt. ColFort Thomas W. Sherman in Beaufort (Beaufort County). onel J.A. Yates in command of the Parapet Guns and Major Ormsby Blanding in charge of the Casement Batteries. The garrison was comFort Trenholm— Fort Trenholm was established on John’s Island posed of seven companies of the 1st South Carolina Artillery (Regduring 1863 as one of a large group of Civil War fortifications built ulars). Subsequent Union attacks and naval bombardments to gain to protect Charleston. The fort was located along the Stono River Fort Sumter included those which occurred during August (l2thand remained in Confederate hands until 1865. On 30 January 1863, 23rd, 1863). Soon after, during September, Fort Wagner and Batthe Confederates captured the USS Isaac Smith at Stono River. The tery Gregg fell. On 8–9 September 1863, a U.S. naval force of about vessel reached a point just beyond Legareville on John’s Island when 400 troops, including Marines, attacked Fort Sumter at 2200, under it was struck by Confederate batteries, firing from concealed posicover of darkness. The force, commanded by Lt. Commander T.H. tions along the shore. Lt. Francis S. Conover had been aboard the Stevens, was composed of five separate contingents commanded by vessel to initiate a reconnaissance mission, but the barrage disabled Lt. Commander E.P. Williams (USS Patapsco), and Lieutenants Higthe ship and Conover was forced to surrender. ginson, Preston, and Remey and Ensign Craven respectively. The

463 Fort Wagner— Fort Wagner, known also as Battery Wagner (later Fort Strong), was established in the vicinity of Vincent’s Creek on Morris Island near the northern tip during 1862 as part of the defenses of Charleston. The fortification was initially known as Neck Battery. During July 1863, the Union made final preparations to seize Fort Wagner. Batteries had been earlier established on Folly Island from where guns could strike the Confederate positions on the southern sector of Morris Island. The Union had also moved a large diversionary force up the Stono River to James Island, while yet another contingent moved up the Edisto River to threaten the Charleston Savannah Railroad. The Confederates focused upon James Island and the contingent under Colonel T.W. Higginson on the Edisto River, unaware that the objective was actually Morris Island. On 6 September 1863, the assault against Fort Wagner commenced at 0400 when Admiral John Dahlgren’s warships and artillery commenced fire. Following a two-hour bombardment, a landing force under General George Strong debarked against fierce resistance. The Confederate defenders were eventually driven back to Fort Wagner. At about 1200 hours, the Union warships pulled back, but the ground forces were well entrenched near the fort. The naval bombardment was reinitiated at 1500 hours. Darkness brought a reprieve for both sides. On the 11th, the Union launched a ground assault against Fort Wagner, but it was repelled. The Union retired. Later, on the 16th, following the arrival of reinforcements, the Confederates attacked the Union positions; however, Union warships joined the fight and the Confederates were compelled to disengage. Meanwhile, Union General Gillmore called for General Terry to move to Morris Island from James Island. Terry arrived and brought artillery that included 29 Parrot guns and 14 mortars. On 18 September, the Union bombarded Fort Wagner from late morning until dusk. Afterward, the ground forces attacked during a daylong rain storm. As the Union encroached on the fort, a storm of Confederate fire was unleashed from Battery Gregg and Fort Sumter as well as Fort Wagner. Undeterred, the Union maintained its advance and reached positions close to the fort. The first unit to ford a flooded ditch, the 54th Massachusetts, reached the parapets and ignited a donnybrook. The close-quartered fighting caused many severe wounds from clashing steel and point-blank fire which shredded the opposing units. One sergeant, Carney, managed to drive the regimental colors into the parapet, but he sustained a severe wound in the process. The commanding officer, Colonel Shaw, received a mortal blow. After sustaining a casualty rate of about 50 percent, the attacking regiments were ordered by General Strong to retire. Nonetheless, General Strong also received a mortal wound. While the leading column was attempting to regroup, another column under Colonel Putnam moved forward to continue the attack, but still, the fort held. Colonel Putnam was killed during the fighting. Another Union officer, Colonel Chatfield was fatally wounded during the day’s fighting. Using the cover of darkness, General Gillmore redeployed his artillery to more strategic positions and prepared to introduce the a new weapon, dubbed the “Swamp Angel,” a formidable 8-inch 200-pound rifled Parrot Gun. On 17 August, the Union commenced a gargantuan artillery attack against Fort Sumter, Fort Moultrie and Battery Gregg, while the fleet commenced an equally powerful barrage against Fort Wagner. The Confederates returned fire in a duel which lasted for several hours, but by then, the guns at Fort Wagner were silenced and many of the guns at Battery Gregg also became inoperable. At Fort Sumter, the walls finally showed signs of the terrible shellacking. A while later, Admiral Dahlgren transferred his flag to the Passaic, then it and the Patapsco moved in close to Fort Sumter and proceeded to bombard it from a distance of about 2,000 yards. Subsequently, the two vessels turned their guns toward Fort Wagner to interrupt the troops who were in the process of repairing the damage to the fort. During this day’s fighting, Com-

Fort Walker / SOUTH CAROLINA mander G.W. Rodgers (Catskill) was killed. The Union maintained daily bombardments of the Rebel stronghold until the 24th. On Thursday, the 20th, the fort’s flag was severed by a shell at about noon, but the Confederates quickly hoisted another. The relentless four-day bombardment delivered about 2,500 hits upon the fort. By Friday, the 21st, Fort Sumter’s south wall was demolished and the north wall fared only slightly better. Again, the flag was shot from its staff, replaced and shot down again, giving the Union artillerymen a total of six hits on the Confederate standard. The flag was again flying, but it was placed atop the ruinous pile of rubble, the south wall. On Saturday, according to Confederate reports, of 923 shots propelled toward the fort, 704 hit the target, and the Confederate flag was struck yet another four times. All the while, Fort Wagner also came under continuous assault. The besieged defenders woke up on Sunday to more horrific fire. The fleet turned its guns to the east and west in symphony with the artillery that was propelling its shells into the north and south. Sumter’s east wall tumbled down, removing some of the protection. Devastating barrages then ripped though the fort. One of the shells struck inside the walls and injured Colonel Albert Rhett, Lt. Boyelston and several other officers. Another killed Colonel Gaillard. On that same day, while Rhett was calculating the number of shells (5,750) fired upon the fort and accessing the damage, he received orders to hold Fort Sumter. In the meantime, on the 22nd, Gillmore demanded that Beauregard abandon Morris Island and Fort Sumter. In addition, Gillmore informed the Confederates that Charleston would be bombarded if the ultimatum was ignored. Beauregard bought some time by responding that the order was not signed and he also complained about striking a city that contained civilians. Gillmore extended the time of the bombardment and explained to Beauregard that the civilians who had a desire to leave had done so months ago. Beauregard was informed through an official letter that Charleston would become a target on the 23rd. General Gillmore, receiving no response to this message, unleashed the “Swamp Angel” on the 23rd as scheduled. The giant gun, known also as the Mud Lark and the Marsh Croaker, propelled 36 shells into the city, but the last one caused the gun to explode. On September 5th, the Union guns initiated another massive artillery bombardment of the Confederate positions. The incessant attack lasted for 42 hours. Following cessation of the barrage, the Union readied for an attack to be launched on the following day. However, in the meantime, the Confederates, under cover of darkness during the night of the 6th-7th, evacuated Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg. In conjunction, Fort Wagner contained a bombproof shelter that was able to accommodate about 1,800 troops. The shelter greatly aided the Confederates and kept the casualty rate lower. The Union occupied Fort Wagner on the 7th and captured 75 troops; the others, using small boats at Cummings Point, safely escaped. On the 7th of September, following the seizure of Fort Wagner, General Gillmore dispatched a message to General Halleck. The letter read in part: “I have the honor to report that Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg are ours ... captured dispatches show that Fort Wagner was commanded by Colonel Keitt, of South Carolina and garrisoned by 1,400 men and Battery Gregg by between 100 and 200 men ... the city and harbor of Charleston are now completely covered by our guns....” Fort Wagner was renamed Fort Strong by order of General Gillmore. The Union sustained 1,757 killed, wounded and missing or captured. The Confederates sustained 561 killed, wounded and missing. Fort Walker— Fort Walker was established at Hilton Head by the Confederates during 1861 to guard the entrance to Port Royal Sound against Union incursions. The Union moved against it during the latter part of 1861. On 7 November 1861, a fleet under Union flag officer, Samuel F. DuPont, attacked Fort Walker and Fort Beauregard

SOUTH CAROLINA / Fort Wassamassa

464

Confederate-held Fort Walker, South Carolina, under Union attack, November 7, 1862

(Battle of Port Royal) at 1000 hours. The fleet was met by heavy return fire. At about 1200, the Union increased the intensity by moving into close range. Afterward, the ships’ guns inflicted heavy casualties upon the defenders. In less than two hours, the Confederates were compelled to abandon their positions. The defenders at Fort Walker moved to Bluffton, while the troops at Fort Beauregard headed for Cat Island, Port Royal and St. Helena Islands. The Union occupied Forts Walker and Beauregard, which positioned the Union between Charleston and Savannah, Georgia, and used the harbor as a base for blockading the southern ports. Fort Walker was renamed Fort Welles and Fort Beauregard became Fort Seward. This was an excellent position for the Union. A contingent of 650 Marines and sailors, commanded by Major John C. Reynolds, held Forts Walker and Beauregard until General Thomas W. Sherman (West Point, 1836) arrived with army reinforcements. The Confederates lost most of their guns and supplies to Union troops when they abandoned their untenable positions. General Thomas W. Sherman commanded Fort Walker until his transfer to New Orleans during August 1862. The Union sustained very light losses, eight killed and 23 wounded. The Confederates suffered approximately 50 killed or wounded. Although the Confederate batteries inflicted some damage to the fleet, no vessels were lost. The vessels Pawnee (nine hits), Bienville (five hits) and the Wabash (34 hits) did sustain damage. In conjunction, the vessels Augusta, Isaac Smith, Ottawa, Unadilla, Pembina, Dienville and Seneca also participated in the attack. Walker and Fort (Battery) Beauregard, the latter on Bay Point Island, both fell to the Union in what was known as the Battle of Port Royal. Fort Walker was renamed Fort Welles by the Union. At the time of the seizure, Gideon Welles was the secretary of the Navy. In addition, the Union established Fort Sherman there. See also Fort Sherman. For more in-

formation: Museum of Hilton Head Island, 100 William Hilton Parkway, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina 29925. Fort Wassamassa— Fort Wassamassa (Wassamassaw), a settlers’ fort, was established in Dorchester County during 1715. It was one of several forts established by the colonists at that time in the region. Others included Edisto Fort, Pond’s Fort and St. Giles’ Plantation. See also Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. Fort Watson— The British established Fort Watson in Clarendon County in the vicinity of Santee during 1780. The fortification was built atop an Indian burial ground at Wright’s Bluff along the Santee River. In conjunction, at about the same time, the British established Fort Ninety Six outside of Columbia. An American contingent under General Thomas Sumter arrived near Wright’s Bluff on 24 February with the supplies that had recently been captured at Fort Granby and Thomson’s Plantation, but a pilot of the boats apparently sent word to the British of the imminent landing. The Americans were able to evade capture, but the British got the supplies. On 15 April 1781, Fort Watson was besieged by a force of patriots under Marion, the “Swamp Fox,” and Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”) Lee. The Americans constructed a tower from which they could fire down into the fort. The garrison capitulated on 23 April. The fort was then destroyed by the Americans. Following the elimination of Fort Watson, the Americans moved against British-held Fort Motte. Fort Welles— See Fort Walker. Fort Wilkins— See Broughton’s Battery. Fort Williamson (Ninety Six)— Fort Williamson was known also as Williamson’s Fort. See Fort Ninety Six. Not to be confused with Williamson’s Plantation.

465 Fort Winyah— See Georgetown Forts. Fort Winyaw— See Georgetown Forts. Fort Woods— Fort Woods was established in Spartanburg County. The massacre of the Hampton family occurred near the fort during 1776. There is little information surrounding the settler’s fort; however, it did exist, according to references made to it by J.B.O. ( John) Landrum in his work, Colonial History of South Carolina, written during 1897. In conjunction, the wife and one son (Preston) of Wade Hampton were killed during the raid. Wade and another son, also named Wade, were not home at the time of the attack. Subsequently, the surviving son served in the Revolutionary Was as a colonel and later during the War of 1812, Wade Hampton became a major general. Major General Wade Hampton was also the grandfather of Confederate General Wade Hampton. Fortress Charleston— The English fortified Charleston (initially known as Charles Town) and by 1690 it was protected by a palisade to bolster the defenses there against possible incursions by the French and the Spanish. The settlement remained a walled fortress and it included four bastions at the corners (Granville near Vanderhorst Creek; Craven near the Cooper River; and Carteret and Colleton Bastions). Other bastions included Ashley Bastion and F. Bakes’ Bastion along with Half-Moon Battery, the latter situated between Craven and Granville Bastions above what was known as the Court of Guard. The Old Exchange (Provost Dungeon) was later built, during 1769, upon part of Half-Moon Battery. The fort’s waterfront wall that faced the Cooper River was not doubled; however, the wall that faced inland was a double wall, separated by a moat or trench. The exterior wall extended between the Carteret and Colleton Bastions, and at about the center point, it was modified to form the shape of a triangle. In conjunction, there is no supporting evidence that verifies whether or not the defenders funneled water from the river into the moat. The English restricted entrance to the fort to two drawbridges which were situated at about the present-day intersection of Broad and Meeting Streets. The first drawbridge (Drawbridge Half Moon) spanned the most near the triangular section of the outer wall, followed by the second draw bridge (Draw-bridge in the line) that then permitted access into the fortress. Within the fort, a magazine was added during the early part of the 1700s. It was constructed at a point near the inner wall of the fortress. During the early 1750s, the area was hit by a severe hurricane which caused much damage. By 1757, the English rebuilt most of the defense line there. During 1757, the new defenses included the Tabby Horn Work in the vicinity of Marion Square, a barracks in the vicinity of College and Green Streets and in addition, the English built an armory and a guardhouse. Later, during 1780, during the American Revolution, the English seized Charleston and held it until 1782. In conjunction, a museum now stands at the Old Powder Magazine, located at 21 Cumberland Street in Charleston. Also, Charles Towne Landing, a State Historical Site which contains a replica of the initial European settlement, is located at 1500 Old Towne Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29407. Gallman’s Fort— During 1738, Hans Jacob Gallman (also known as Coleman) arrived in Charles Town (Charleston) from Switzerland (via London). Gallman afterward settled on a tract of about 350 acres in Lexington County along Congaree Creek. It is thought that later the property was fortified with a blockhouse, but no evidence was located to verify that a blockhouse was actually built there during the later 1740s. Galphin Trading Post— See Fort Galphin. Gary Battery— See Mount Pleasant Battery. Georgetown Forts— During 1526, the Spanish, under Lucas Vasquez

Heath Springs / SOUTH CAROLINA de Ayllon, established a settlement and fort along Winyah Bay in the vicinity of present-day Georgetown during 1526. The settlement was unsuccessful due to hostile Indians and a devastating winter. The Spanish abandoned the area. Later, during the Yemassee War, militia established a fort referred to as Fort Winyah in the area near the Black River. During the American Revolution, Georgetown was fortified by the British. Americans under Francis Marion moved against the British post, during 1780, but the effort was unsuccessful. Later, during 1781, Francis Marion and Henry (“Light-Horse Harry”) Lee struck Georgetown again on 25 January 1781. The Americans captured the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel George Campbell, during the surprise attack, but the fort was held by the British. The British held Georgetown until South Carolina was totally abandoned during 1782. Later, fortifications were established there during another period of turbulence during the 1790s. During the War of 1812 period, Georgetown was again fortified. A post was constructed neat Blythe’s Point by the Americans. During the Civil War, the Confederates established Battery White in the vicinity of Georgetown. The battery was held by the Confederates until 1865. On 23 February 1865, Union troops from a U.S. naval fleet occupied Georgetown. Shortly thereafter, six companies of Marines, commanded by 1st Lieutenant George C. Stoddard, occupied Georgetown. Godfrey’s Fort— See Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. Gordon’s Fort— See Newberry County Cherokee Indian War Forts. Gouedy’s Trading Post— See Fort Ninety Six. Gowen’s Old Fort— Gowen’s Old Fort was established in the vicinity Spartanburg during the 1770s. On 13 July 1780, patriot militia under Colonel John Jones defeated the Tories in the vicinity of Gowen’s Old Fort and seized many prisoners. Haddrell’s Point— The Americans established a fort at Haddrell’s Point, Mount Pleasant, during 1812 to defend Charleston’s harbor. Troops that garrisoned the post included the South Carolina 3rd Regiment (militia). The post included barracks. Apparently, the post sustained deaths from sickness and a monument erected at a nearby Confederate cemetery commemorates those troops who succumbed there while serving their country during the War of 1812. The historical marker was moved (probably from Pitt and King Streets) to the Confederate cemetery to keep it from being vandalized. During the American Revolution, the British had positions there and at one time, American officers was held there while awaiting exchange. During the Civil War, Haddrell’s Point Battery was established by the Confederates. See also Fort Pleasant. Hanging Rock— See Heath Springs. Hasel’s Fort— See Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts. Hayes’ Station— Hayes’ Station was established during the 1770s in Laurens County. During 1781, it was attacked by a group of Tories led by William Cunningham. The incident is remembered as the Hayes’ Station Massacre. Cunningham had earlier been with the patriots; however, after a fallout and a subsequent punishment, he set out to fight the patriots. Upon the approach of the British, Hayes and his men withdrew into the station. The station was torched and the defenders agreed to surrender. Several defenders, including Hayes and Joseph and Daniel Williams, were killed. The Williamses were sons of Colonel Williams, who had been killed at the Battle of Kings Mountain. Hearn’s Fort— See John Hearn’s Fort. Heath Springs— The British established a garrison near Hanging Rock in the vicinity of Heath Springs (Lancaster County) during 1780. On 6 August 1780, an American force under General Sumter

SOUTH CAROLINA / Hilton Head Military Reservation 466 attacked and defeated a British-Tory force commanded by Colonel William Richardson. The Loyalist were commanded by Major John Carden. The garrison was composed of elements of the Prince of Wales American Regiment, bolstered by the Tories. The site, less than four miles south of Heath Springs off U.S. Highway 521, was added to the National Register of Historic Places (1974). Hilton Head Military Reservation— The U.S. Army established Hilton Head Military Reservation during the Spanish-American War period. A battery (Battery Dynamite) was established there in the vicinity of the site of Fort Welles (formerly Confederate Fort Walker). Camp McDougal was established at Hilton Head during World War II. The fortification was part of the Coastal Defenses of Port Royal Sound. Hobcaw Point Powder Magazine— The government of South Carolina established a powder magazine near the Wando River Plantation at the Hobcaw Point shipyard (Mount Pleasant) during 1770. A brick powder magazine had previously been built nearby during 1722 on the land of Captain Clement Lempriere and remained operational (except British occupation) until 1783. The magazine at Hobcaw Point was protected by militia. Shipyards were also located at Hobcaw’s Point from the 1750s. They included Pritchard’s shipyard and remained active during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. By the early 1830s, the operations ceased. Later, by the early 1870s, the settlements in the area there by Charleston Harbor joined to become the town of Mount Pleasant. The settlements included Greenwich Village, Hibben Ferry Tract, Hilliardsville, Lucasville and Mount Pleasant Plantation. In conjunction, the British seized the fort at Lamprieres during April 1780. See also Fort at Lamprieres. Honey Hill—(Broad River or Grahamsville, Jasper County)— The Confederates established positions at Honey Hill to defend the railroad there during 1862, but the works were not permanently garrisoned. On 30 November 1864, the Union was repulsed there despite greatly outnumbering the Confederates. The Confederates used the old works, which were concealed by woods. Consequently, when the Union attacked across open ground, the units sustained high casualties. The Confederate victory preserved, for a while, Savannah, Georgia, as well as Charleston. Ironclad Battery— See Battery Gregg. Jackson’s Fort— See Colleton County Yemassee War Forts. James Island Confederate Civil War Defenses— The Confederate defenses on James Island for the defense of Charleston included the following forts and batteries: Battery Cheves, Battery Glover, Battery Pringle, Battery Reed, Battery Ryan, Battery Simkins, Battery Tatum, Battery Tynes, Battery Wampler, Fort Johnson, Fort Lamar (Tower Battery), Fort Pemberton and Fort Palmetto. Also, Batteries One through Five were established on James Island. The Union established a camp on the Thomas Grimball Plantation during the campaign against Fort Johnson and during the Battle of Secessionville. The Confederates retained James Island until February 1865. The individual batteries and forts are listed separately. John C. Calhoun Mansion— The John C. Calhoun (U.S. senator) Mansion, built on the Calhoun Plantation, is known also as Fort Hill and Fort Hill Plantation; however, no fort was ever built there. Calhoun lived in the home from 1825-through 1850. The reconstructed mansion is now located on the grounds of Clemson University in Clemson. Fort Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1966. John Hearn’s Fort— During a conflict known as the Yemassee War, colonists across the frontier began to establish blockhouses to provide protection for the settlers. John Hearn erected a fort along the

Santee River in Orangeburg County. Other colonists that arrived in the area included Abraham Heisenwood. He acquired property near that of Hearn in about 1747. King Street Battery— See Charleston Battery. Kings Mountain Battlefield— On 7 October 1780, the Americans and the British clashed at the Battle of Kings Mountain. The battlefield was scattered about the North and South Carolina border. The Americans were led by Colonel Isaac Shelby in conjunction with the forces of Colonel William Campbell. The American force numbered about 900 troops, while the Loyalist force stood at about 1,100 men, led by British Major Ferguson. The Americans thrashed the British and in the process prevented General Lord Cornwallis from invading North Carolina. Major Ferguson, known for his incessant whistle-blowing, had annoyed his foe for the last time. Ferguson was shot while in the saddle and his whistle suddenly was dangling. Soon after, Major Ferguson succumbed near the field of battle. The Americans sustained 28 killed and 62 wounded. The Loyalists sustained 225 killed, 163 wounded and 716 captured. The site is now part of the Kings Mountain National Military Park (Cherokee County), located along State Highway 161 northwest of Bethany. Laroche’s Bridge Fort— See Charleston County Yemassee War Forts. Lighthouse Inlet Batteries— The Confederates fortified the southern end of Morris Island during 1862 as another complex of fortifications on the island and at other strategic places to defend Charleston. The Union landed in the area during 1863 during the campaign to seize Fort Wagner, a major obstacle on the island. Fort Wagner fell during September of 1863. Morris Island and Folly Island across the inlet were both seized and held for the duration. In conjunction, the Union established Fort Shaw there to bolster the Union lines on the southern end of the island. Lindley’s Fort— Lindley’s (Lyndley’s) Fort, a settler’s fort, was established in Laurens County in the vicinity of Madens during the 1770s. On 15 July 1776, the fort was attacked by a large force of Cherokee Indians and Tories, but the attackers got more than they expected. A day prior to the assault, a militia force arrived there and the defenders were able to repulse the assault. Lindley’s Fort site was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1978. Long Cane— During 1760, the settlers at Long Cane at Abbeyville (McCormick County) were essentially encircled by Indians when attempts were made to abandon the place and speed to safer positions. On 1 February, Indians attacked a party of families (exact number of people unclear, ranging from about 20 to about 50) near Patterson’s bridge as it attempted to move to Augusta. Some were killed and others escaped death after being scalped. The settlers had just halted for the night and were caught off-guard. The woods around them were set afire and the wagons were burned. In conjunction, during the latter part of 1763, Indians raided Long Canes and the occupants of one house (more than 10 people) were killed. Subsequently, on 11 December 1780, a contingent of Tories numbering about 450 men, led by Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Allen, defeated the vanguard of an American force under Colonel Benjamin Few. The vanguard was commanded by Colonel Elijah Clark. Two days later, Marion’s forces defeated the British 64th Regiment at Half-way Swamp, with both skirmishes occurring prior to a major battle at Cowpens during mid–January 1781. In conjunction, the Long Cane Massacre Site, off State Highway 10, near Troy, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1983. Long Island— The Union established positions on Long Island in the vicinity of Charleston during 1863. The island played a part in

467 the blockade of Charleston as ships manning the blockade operated between the northern tip of Long Island to the southernmost point of Folly Island. Captain Nathaniel E. Ladd (Massachusetts Volunteer 55th Regiment) for a while, during 1864 and 1865, commanded Fort Number 2 (Long Island). The Union retained the island for the duration of the conflict. Lyndley’s Fort— See Lindley’s Fort. Lyttleton’s Bastion (Formerly Middle Bastion)— See Fort Mechanic. Not to be confused with Fort Lyttleton. Marsh Battery— See Morris Island. Marshall Military Reservation— See Sullivan’s Island. Mayrant’s Bluff— See Cat Island. McDowell’s Camp— McDowell’s Camp was established by the Americans under General Charles McDowell in Spartanburg County near Cherokee Ford. A skirmish with the British occurred near the camp during July 1780. Mepkin Plantation— During the 1680s, the Colleton family ( James, Peter and Thomas) received a grant for 3,000 acres known as Mepkin in Berkeley County. The plantation, located along the west branch of the Cooper River, was fortified to provide protection from attack. Subsequently, the plantation was acquired by Henry Laurens. During 1949, the Mepkin Abbey, a Catholic monastery, was founded there by monks of the Gethsemani in Kentucky (Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance). Middle Bastion (Later Lyttleton’s Bastion)— See Fort Mechanic. Mission House— The Mission House was also known as the Anchorage (House). See William Elliot House. Morris Island— The Confederate fortifications on Morris Island included: Battery (Fort) Gregg (renamed Fort Putnam by the Union), Blakely Battery, Trapier Battery, Ironclad Battery, and Fort (Battery) Wagner (originally known as Neck Battery, renamed Fort Strong by the Union). Also, during the Union siege, the Confederates established positions slightly less than 250 yards in front of Fort Wagner (later Union Fourth Parallel). The outer defenses were at the point where the island’s width was only 25 feet, however, from there back to the fort it was nearly a no-man’s land for attacking forces as the Confederates planted torpedo mines, designed to maim or kill an advancing force. Other Confederate positions included Floating Battery, Morris Island Battery (known also as Fort Morris and as Star of the West Battery), and Lighthouse Inlet Batteries. Morris Island was strategically placed less than four miles from Charleston and less than one mile from Fort Sumter. Despite being composed of only about 400 acres, the island was packed with military components. However, the southern end of the island had sufficient deficiencies to permit the Union to grab a hold on it prior to moving against Fort Sumter. The island at its slimmest point was but 25 yards wide and at its widest point, stretched for 1,000 yards. The length from north to south was slightly less than four miles with Battery Gregg protecting the northern tip. The channel leading to the inner harbor passed between Sullivan’s Island (Fort Sumter) to the north and Morris Island to the south. The Union fortifications included First Parallel (Battery Reynolds), which contained eight siege and field guns, 10 siege mortars and three Requia rifle batteries. The First Parallel Line was completed by 23 July 1863. The first parallel contained two 200-pounder Parrott rifles and two 80-pounder Whitworth rifles. The line was bolstered by a palisade that was erected about 200 yards to the front of the parallel and it was augmented by artillery. The Second Parallel Line was completed within about three additional days. It stood about 600 yards to the front of the First Paral-

Morris Island / SOUTH CAROLINA lel Line. The line contained “Breaching Batteries,” composed of three 30-pounder Parrott rifles and one Wind field gun, which concentrated their fire upon Fort Gregg and Fort Wagner. Other weapons, two 8-inch Parrott rifles and five 100-pounders, focused on Fort Sumter. Following the completion of the Second Parallel, the Union established Marsh Battery in the salt marsh located between Morris Island and the mainland. The battery was more often called Swamp Angel than its official name. While the guns of the First and Second Parallels maintained fire against their designated targets, the Swamp Angel directed its fire, subsequent to a rejected ultimatum to surrender, upon the city of Charleston. Afterward, the Union established yet another line, the Third Parallel, as the operation to seize Forts Wagner and Gregg continued. Work on the new line began on 9 August. In the meantime, Confederate fire intensified against the Union progress on the island. Overwhelming artillery supported by effective sharpshooters greatly curtailed the pace of erecting the line. The Union reacted by further bolstering its positions within the three lines by bringing in more firepower. Battery Brown and Battery Rosecrans and Battery Meade, respectively, were established to neutralize Fort Sumter. Battery Kearny, commanded by 1st Lieutenant S.S. Atwell (7th Connecticut Volunteers Infantry Regiment), was established to reduce Fort Gregg and Fort Wagner. The battery contained three 30-pounder Parrott rifles and three Coehorn mortars. Atwell’s mortars focused primarily against Fort Wagner. In addition, the Union established yet another battery, known as the Naval Battery. The Naval Battery contained two 200-pounder Parrott rifles and two 80-pounder Whitworth rifles for service with the ground forces. More batteries continued to emerge. Battery Reynolds was established and fortified with five 10-inch siege mortars. Battery Reynolds was commanded by Captain A.E. Greene (3rd Rhode Island Volunteer Artillery). Greene focused his fire upon Fort Wagner. The three parallels received yet another battery as Battery Ward was established by troops under Captain B.F. Skinner (7th Connecticut Volunteer infantry Regiment). Battery Ward contained five 10-inch mortars which, like those at Battery Reynolds, maintained fire against Fort Wagner. Five additional batteries were established in front of Fort Wagner. Battery Hays, commanded by Captain R.G. Shaw (3rd Rhode Island Volunteer Artillery), contained one 8-inch Parrott rifle and seven 30-pounder Parrott Rifles. The 8inch rifle focused upon Fort Sumter, while the 30-pounders were used primarily against Fort Wagner and Fort Gregg. Battery Reno, Battery Stevens, Battery Strong and Battery Kirby were also established and each concentrated fire upon Fort Sumter. In addition, the Union seized Confederate positions on 26 August and made it the Fifth Parallel Line, at the narrowest spot on the Island. Soon after, the Union having encircled Fort Wagner, established the Sixth Parallel Line, less than 250 yards from Fort Wagner. And from the Sixth Parallel, trenches were constructed that reached a point within 100 yards of Fort Wagner. An attack was planned against the fort, but the Confederates began to abandon it on the night of the 6th-7th at midnight. Confederate steamers were positioned off the fort to receive the defenders who embarked in boats. The Union arrived at the beach in time to capture nearly 75 troops, but otherwise, the evacuation succeeded. Other installations established on Morris Island included Fort Shaw (Lighthouse Inlet); Battery Purviance at Oyster Point, slightly west of Fort Shaw; and Fort (Battery) Chatfield, situated between Forts Wagner and Gregg at a spot closer to Charleston. General Gillmore directed that the Confederate works there be renamed Fort Chatfield. The Union retained Morris Island for the duration. Subsequent analysis of the campaign by the Union determined that the ability to land on the southern part of the island gave them an advantage. The Union concluded that if Fort Wagner had been instead built on the southern sector of the island, it would have compelled Union forces to land on the northern tip,

SOUTH CAROLINA / Morris Island Battery which would have placed them between the guns of Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter. Although Forts Wagner and Gregg fell, Fort Sumter remained in Confederate hands until February 1865 when Charleston was evacuated. However, the defenders at Fort Sumter’s walls had been collapsed by Union guns during the siege of Fort Wagner. Morris Island Battery— The Confederates established a battery on Morris Island southwest of the Fort Wagner and north of the lighthouse (Lighthouse Inlet) during 1860. During January 1861, when the vessel Star of the West arrived at Charleston to resupply Fort Sumter and debark reinforcements, it was Morris Island Battery that fired upon the ship and prevented it from arriving at Fort Sumter. The order to fire came from Governor Francis Pickens. At the time of the incident, the battery was manned by cadets from The Citadel. Reportedly, the first shot was fired by G.W. Haynesworth. The Confederate-held battery stood only about 2,500 yards from Fort Sumter. The Star of the West arrived in Charleston Harbor on the night of 8 January and on the following morning it passed Fort Moultrie without incident. The Stars and Stripes was flying at Fort Sumter, but at Fort Moultrie no colors were hoisted. At Morris Island, the palmetto flag was flying. Reports to General Joseph Totten on 21 January 1861, noted that when the Star of the West had been fired upon, the battery contained two guns, but at the time of the message written by Captain J.O. Foster, it was indicated that the post added two guns. In conjunction, the garrison was using the smallpox hospital for quarters. Captain Foster also mentioned in his message of the 21st that Morris Island Battery, Castle Pinckney and Fort Johnson had all abandoned the Stars and Stripes and were flying a palmetto flag containing a “red field with a white palmetto tree and a red star in the corner.” The Star of the West, an unarmed steamer, was commanded by Captain John McGowan. The contingent of troops aboard the vessel was commanded by Colonel (later brevet major general volunteers) Charles Robert Woods (W.P. 1852). The Confederate guns scored some minor damage on the ship, but it was able to maneuver out of the channel and into the open seas to safely return to Governors Island, New York. The 250-man contingent of troops was kept out of sight during the daylight hours of the journey and none became casualties on the unsuccessful mission. The vessel arrived back in New York on 12 January 1862. Confederate Colonel W.G. De Saussure, 2nd South Carolina Artillery Battalion, commanded the batteries on Morris Island when the siege of Fort Sumter occurred. Morris Island Battery was also referred to as Fort Morris and as Star of the West Battery. Mortar Battery— See Sullivan’s Island. Mount Dearborn Arsenal— During 1802, President Thomas Jefferson authorized the construction of a federal arsenal on an island known as Dearborn Island (initially Rocky Mount Island). The site was selected because it was considered a strategic location from which the military could supply others posts in Georgia and North Carolina as well as South Carolina. The island, named Dearborn Island in honor of Henry Dearborn (secretary of war at the time), was located in Chester County on the Catawba River in close proximity to Great Falls. The island, composed of about 450 acres, contained a high elevation (Mount Dearborn) that held a dominating view of the area with long-range visibility of the river in both directions. It was Dearborn that laid the cornerstone for the arsenal during 1803. Following the conclusion of the American Revolution and the Quasi War with France, the United States remained concerned about threats to its existence from the English and the French. Consequently, the U.S. continued to bolster its defenses. At the time, during the early 1800s, federal arsenals had been constructed at Springfield, Massachusetts, Harpers Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia), and at West Point, New York. Some remains of a stone wall that

468 stood about seven feet high still exist. Grand plans were laid for the arsenal and some unsubstantiated tales are still lingering, including the site being considered as a location for the U.S. Military Academy; however, there is no documentation to verify that the island received any serious consideration to have been selected over West Point. The complex at Mount Dearborn included a circular magazine which had its development from the plans of Eli Whitney. Whitney’s design provided protection from water damage to the powder and it was designed to curtail damage in the event of an accidental explosion. The fort there included barracks for a small contingent of troops, but it was capable of storing huge quantities of ammunition and arms. During the Civil War, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces passed through the area (1865) and destroyed the facility, leaving only the stone walls for posterity. However, the arsenal as a federal military post was abandoned during the early 1800s prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812. The site of the post (as well as the island) is now on private property, leased by the Duke Power Company. In conjunction, other names for the promontory (Mount Dearborn) included Goat Island and Mount Rock. Mount Joseph Plantation— See Fort Motte. Mount Pleasant Battery— Mount Pleasant Battery was established by the Confederates on Sullivan’s Island near Shem Creek during 1861. Captain Robert Martin commanded. The battery was part of a series of fortifications built to protect Charleston. During 1862, Battery Gary was established there in its place. The Confederates retained the post until 1865. Mulberry Castle— See Mulberry Plantation. Mulberry Plantation— In about 1708, Thomas Broughton acquired more than 4,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Charleston from Sir John Colleton. The property was known as Mulberry Plantation. Other land transactions afterward occurred between the two families. During 1714, Thomas Broughton established a settlement at what became Fairlawn. The home he constructed became known as Mulberry Castle. The home, constructed of brick, became a place of safety for other settlers too when the Yemassee War erupted in the colonies during 1715. Broughton was the son-in-law of Sir Nathaniel Johnson. Apparently, Broughton married his wife, Anne, while they were still in England during the early 1680s. In conjunction, the Yemassee Indians were joined by Creeks and Choctaws during the conflict. Charleston and Beaufort suffered much damage during the war; however, less than 100 colonists were killed. Beaufort was devastated, with most of the settlement being destroyed. The Mulberry Plantation (Kershaw County) at 559 Sumter Highway in Camden was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1980. See also Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts. Neck Battery— See Fort Wagner. Newberry County Cherokee War Forts— During a period of turbulence with the Cherokee Indians in 1760, the colonists in Newberry County, like other settlers across the frontier, established fortified blockhouses to provide protection for the settlements. The blockhouses in Newberry County included: Aubrey’s Fort (along Enoree River), Brook’s Fort (west bank of Bush River), Gordon’s Fort (east side of Enoree River) and Jacob Pennington’s Fort (Indian Creek). In addition, another colonist’s fort known as Fort William Henry Lyttleton (known also as Musgrove Fort) was established there. At the time, William Henry Lyttleton was governor of the province. Norwood’s Station— During the latter part of the American Revolution, a period which coincided with some turbulence with the Cherokee, a station (Norwood’s Station) was established in Oconee

469 County as an outpost to warn of any potential threat of an attack. The station was in a sector along the Tugaloo River which was later relinquished by Georgia in accordance with a treaty (Treaty of Beaufort, 1787). Pursuant to the treaty, Georgia gave away its claim to the area along the eastern side of the river. In about 1783, Colonel Benjamin Cleveland settled in that region. See also Fort Madison. Oconee Station— Oconee Station, a trading post (stone blockhouse) was established about 1792 in Oconee County on Oconee Creek near Oconee Falls in present-day Oconee State Park. The trading post acted also as a military post and militia was based there as late as 1799, when the military abandoned the post. Oconee Station was the final blockhouse in the area of the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to be deactivated. Other similar blockhouses had been built during a period of conflict with the Indians during the 1790s. Later, during the early 1800s, William Richards, an Irishman, constructed a brick home there from where he ran a trading post. The site was later placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Remains of both structures are located near the park. Tours of Oconee Station and the Richards House are available on weekends. The sites are located in the vicinity of Oconee State Park in the northwestern sector of South Carolina, slightly west of Lake Keowee (two miles off State Highway 11 on Oconee Station Road). See also Richards House. Old Battery— See Broughton’s Battery. Old Fort— See Fort Frederick (Beaufort). Old Fort Plantation— See Fort Frederick (Beaufort). Old Fort Prince— See Prince’s Fort. Old Powder Magazine— See Hobcaw Point Powder Magazine. Orangeburg Garrison— Orangeburg was one of a group of places where British General Charles Cornwallis posted garrisons between Georgetown, South Carolina, and Augusta, Georgia, during 1780 in an attempt to liquidate the American opposition in the South. Other posts in addition to Orangeburg were located at Camden, Dorchester, Winnsboro, and Ninety Six as part of a ring with Beaufort in the middle, about the same distance from the latter to Charleston and Savannah, Georgia. During December of 1780, Cornwallis was at Winnsboro. Orangeburg and Dorchester were situated along the route to Fort Granby and Ninety Six. Fort Watson stood along the route to Camden. In addition, Motte’s House (Fort Motte), like Fort Granby, was along the Congaree River. Cornwallis also posted troops at Monck’s (Monks) Corner as well as a few other minor posts to quicken the end of resistance. The garrison at Orangeburg, composed of 89 troops, was seized on 11 May 1781, just after the fall of Fort Watson on 23 April. Fort Motte fell to the Americans on 12 May and Fort Granby was seized on 15 May. Fort Ninety Six withstood an American siege, but after it was lifted during June 1781, the British abandoned the post. In conjunction, Cornwallis, by May, was en route to Virginia where he would later be forced to surrender to George Washington at Yorktown during October 1781.Also, during the Civil War, the Union moved against Orangeburg during 1865. On 11 February of that year, the Union forces of General William Tecumseh Sherman arrived in the area. The column of General Giles A. Smith was halted at a destroyed bridge; however, another force, under General Francis P. Blair, crossed the Edisto River about four miles downstream. The Union occupied the town, and afterward destroyed the railroad. The loss of the railroad severed communications between the Confederate troops at Charleston and Columbia. Otterson’s Fort— Otterson’s Fort, a settler’s fort built of stone, was established along the Tyger River near Tinker Creek in Union County in the vicinity of Beatty’s Bridge. Settlers of Scotch-Irish ori-

Pocotaligo Earthworks / SOUTH CAROLINA gin first settled the area during the mid–1750s (about 1755). The original group of pioneers included the Beatty, Bogan, McJunkin, Otterson and Steen families. A historical plaque commemorating the fort stipulates that the fort was probably named for James Otterson. The fort remained active throughout the pre–Revolution battles with the Indians and it is known that men from the settlement fought during the American Revolution; however, it is not known when the fort was abandoned. Palachacola Fort— The English (rangers) established a fort in the low country at Palachacola Bluffs about 1723. Subsequently, a settlement (Purrysburg) was established in the area by a Swede, John Pierre Purry, who arrived in the colonies at South Carolina during 1731. Earlier, Purry had unsuccessfully negotiated with the Dutch to establish a settlement and afterward he initiated talks with the English. Problems developed previously, but by the 1730s, all had been arranged between the Swedes that wanted to settle and the English. Purry’s party was escorted to the site of the settlement at the Savannah River by Carolina Rangers, led by Captain Rowland Evans. The militia under Evans kept a constant vigil in the region and constantly dispatched cavalry to patrol and reconnoiter the territory stretching from their fort at Palachacola Bluffs to Yemassee (McPherson’s Cowpen). The settlement (Purrysburg, at Great Yemassee Bluff ), which was situated between Savannah (Georgia) and Palachacola on the South Carolina side of the river, came under the protection of the rangers. Within a short time, during 1736, Purry succumbed of natural causes. The settlement afterward began to deteriorate as many people departed for better land in Georgia, and others moved to Beaufort, but later, due in great part to its strategic location, it survived. By the late 1747s, Purrysburg was selected as the seat of government for St. Peter’s Parish. In conjunction, the Palachacola Fort was sometimes referred to as Fort Prince George. Not to be confused with Fort Prince George (Pickens County). Palmetto Battery— See Fort Palmetto. Palmetto Iron Works and Armory— See Columbia Arsenal. Passage Fort— See Daufuskie Island. Patton’s Fort— A settler’s fort known as Patton’s Fort was established along the Little River in Abbeville County during 1764. It is not known when the fort was abandoned. Pennington’s Fort— See Newberry County Cherokee War Forts. Pocotaligo Earthworks— The Confederates established defenses at Pocotaligo during 1861–1862 near the railroad in the vicinity of Point South. Fortifications there included Camp Marin, which was established during 1861. The Union attacked unsuccessfully on 22 August 1862. Reinforcements including elements of the 11th South Carolina Infantry Regiment arrived from Hardeeville to help repel the attack. The Union sustained 43 killed and 258 wounded. The Confederates sustained 14 killed and 102 wounded. The Confederates held the post until December 1864. At that time, Union forces were trying to destroy the rails leading to Savannah to strangle the city. In addition, heavy artillery was pounding Confederate positions there. Savannah was abandoned and at about the same time, the defenses at Pocotaligo were abandoned. The Union afterward established positions there. Sherman’s forces clashed with Confederates on 14–16 January 1865, but the Union had control of the region and retained it. The Union sustained 25 wounded. Confederate casualties are unavailable. General Sherman established headquarters at Pocotaligo for a while. During the latter part of January 1865, the New York Volunteer 127th Infantry Regiment arrived there. The regiment raised a cheer to Sherman, who was standing outside as they marched past his headquarters. Also, during the early part of the conflict, General

SOUTH CAROLINA / Pocotaligo Trading Post Robert E. Lee maintained headquarters near Pocotaligo from November 1861 through March 1862. Pocotaligo Trading Post— English traders in the region near Charleston began trading with the Indians during the 1600s. Pocotaligo was a primary location for the Yemassee Indians, who moved into the area after driving out a peaceful tribe. Afterward, during 1715, the Yemassee Indians decided to evict the English from the region, due in part because they believed they were being cheated by the traders. The area had been turbulent for some time, particularly between the Indians and the Spanish in Florida and between the English and the Spanish. During 1686, the Yemassee Indians raided into Florida and seized Timucuan Indians that had converted to Catholicism. The captives were brought back to Carolina and sold as slaves. In response, the Spanish attacked the Scottish settlement near Charleston at Beaufort and devastated it. Following the attack, some of the Scotsmen embarked for home, while others relocated at other colonial settlements. Later, during 1704, a group of about 50 Carolinians and a large combined force of Catawba, Creeks and Yemassee, led by James Moore, governor of Carolina, struck the Apalachee territory. The Christian Apalachee Indians sustained horrific casualties with about 300 killed and more than 1,000 seized for the slave market. In addition, the attackers desecrated the sacred Catholic vessels and they killed about five soldiers and four priests. Two of the priests were burned at the stake. Following the rout, the Apalachee survivors headed for Mobile in search of protection by the French, while others moved to the Savannah River region in Carolina. Meanwhile, the Timucua, another Christian tribe, converged on St. Augustine to seek safety with the Spanish. During April 1715, the Yemassee Indians, incited by the Spanish, struck colonial settlements stretching between Charleston and southeastern Georgia. On 15 April, Indian agent Thomas Naire and a trader, William Bray, were killed while at Pocotaligo. Bray had established a trading post that the Indians claimed as their land. In addition, the Indians had apparently owed Bray a substantial amount of debt at the time of his demise. Bray reportedly would accept captives held by the Indians as payment and at times seized Indians to be sold as slaves. In conjunction, Bray had a home on Bray’s Island. Nevertheless, the conflict known as the Yemassee War had been ignited. Following the attack at Pocotaligo, the Yemassee moved against Charleston. The Colonists, led by Governor Charles Craven, engaged and inflicted a severe defeat upon them at Lake Salke-Hatchie. The Indians retired to Florida. The conflict with the Yemassee subsided by about 1717, but it was not totally terminated until 1719 when the Yemassee Indians were completely driven from the area. During the war, many settlements in the region, including those on John’s Island and at Middleton Place, constructed blockhouses which were at times garrisoned by militia. Pond’s Fort— Pond’s Fort was established by Colonists in Dorchester County during 1715. It was one of a group of settler’s forts established in the region outside of Charleston. Others established in the area at that time included Edisto Fort and Fort Wassamassa. See also Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. Poole’s Fort— See Prince’s Fort. Prince’s Fort— Prince’s Fort (known also as William Prince’s Fort and Old Fort Prince) was established slightly west of Spartanburg near the Blackstock Road during the 1760s. Early settler families in the area included the Princes, Collins, Dodds, Jamisons and Millers. Subsequently, during 1776, in conjunction with hostile Indian attacks, other settlers’ forts were built in the region. Other settler forts of the period included Poole’s Fort in the vicinity of Glendale; Anderson’s Blockhouse (Captain David Anderson), also known as Fort

470 Anderson; and Thickety Fort in the vicinity of Landrum. Prince’s Fort remained active during the American Revolution. Its commanders included James Steen, who emigrated from Ireland during the 1730s. Steen served at the fort as commander during 1777 and he participated in the Snow Campaign. The British used the fort during 1780–1781. On 15 July 1780, a contingent of patriots under the command of Captain Edward Hampton defeated a combined BritishTory force in the vicinity of the British-held post. Also, during the 1750s, Earle’s Fort (Colonel John Earle) was established at a place near Spartanburg in close proximity to the border with North Carolina. Other settlers’ blockhouses were also built there during the 1750s. Redoubt (at) Biggin Bridge— The British established positions at Biggin Bridge, in the vicinity of Monck’s Corner, during 1780. The British surprised an American force near there and about 25 men were killed by the British. During 1781, the Americans gained the positions. See also Orangeburg Garrison. Redoubt (at) Monk’s Corner— The British established fortifications at Monk’s Corner during 1781. The positions were captured by the Americans during 1781. See also Orangeburg Garrison. Rhall’s Fort— See Newberry County Cherokee War Forts. Richards House— The Richards House (William Richards) was constructed during 1792 in Anderson County. The house was garrisoned by troops until 1799. It is still standing. The home was located near Oconee Station, the latter being the oldest structure in Oconee County. The Richards House, like Oconee Station, was later placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See also Oconee Station. Richbourg’s (Richebourg) Fort— See Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts. Robert Gouedy’s Fort— See Fort Ninety Six. Ronkin’s Long Room— Ronkin’s Long Room (also known as Shell Hall) at Mount Pleasant on Ferry Street was the summer home of Charles Pinckney, but it was also used as an arsenal and a barracks for Confederate troops during the Civil War. The home was also used to temporarily house the crew of the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley during 1864. St. Giles’ Plantation (Fort)— See Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. St. Helena Island— The Union seized Beaufort during November 1861. Afterward, the Department of the South was established at Hilton Head. The Union established positions on various nearby islands (sea islands). St. Helena Island was one of the islands subsequently garrisoned by the Union. On 19 April 1862, the Pennsylvania 97th Regiment moved to Edisto North Island and afterward it moved to Lagareville and participated at the Battle of Secessionville. By October the regiment was plagued with a high number of casualties from fever. A large part of the regiment was transferred to St. Helena Island and immediately the troops’ health began improving. Prior to the move, some of the many on the sick list had succumbed. Other units at the island included the Connecticut 3rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Another unit, the U.S. 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment, was there from early June 1863 through early July of that same year. The Maine Volunteer 11th Regiment arrived at St. Helena Island during February 1863 and remained there until April 1863. The U.S. 102nd Colored Infantry Regiment (formerly the Volunteer First Michigan Colored Infantry), the Connecticut Volunteer 10th Infantry Regiment and the 49th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment were also among the units that were posted on the island.

471 Salkehatchie Earthworks— The Confederates fortified the Salkehatchie River in the vicinity of Ehrhardt to forestall the progress of the massive Union force under General William Tecumseh Sherman, which was rapidly moving through the Carolinas against the remaining operational forces of the Confederates. The Confederates placed 12 guns at what was known as Rivers Bridge and earthworks were constructed nearby at Broxton Bridge. On 2 February 1865, the Union encroached on the positions and encountered stiff resistance. During the fighting, Colonel Wager Swayne was wounded as his forces advanced. Swayne was soon after promoted to brigadier general; however, the wound cost him one leg. On 3 February, the Confederates destroyed the channel bridges that spanned the Salkehatchie there. The Union 15th and 17th Corps, between 3–9 February, engaged the Confederates at River’s Bridge, Salkehatchie and at Hickory Hill, Owen’s Cross Roads, Lowtonville, Duck Creek and Whipley Swamp. During the series of skirmishes, the Union sustained about 80 casualties, including killed and wounded. Confederate casualty figures are unavailable. The Union moved into its main objective, Columbia, on 17 February 1865. The Confederate earthworks are located in the vicinity of present-day Broxton Bridge Plantation at Salkehatchie Earthworks Rivers Bridge State Park. Saltcatcher’s Fort (Salkehatchie)— During 1728, the English established a fortification known as Saltcatchers Fort along the west side of the Salkehatchie River. The post remained active until 1734. Sam’s Point Fort— The Confederates established positions at Sam’s Point near the Coosaw River in the vicinity of Wilkins, near Beaufort, during 1861. The post was one of a large group of posts established between Charleston and Hilton Head. Santa Elena Forts— The forts at Santa Elena Island included Charlesfort (French) and Spanish Forts San Salvador, San Felipe and San Marcos. The forts are listed separately. Schenckingh’s Fort— A fortification known as Schenckingh’s (Schinkins) Fort was established in Berkeley County during 1715. The fort was entered by Indians under false pretenses and the inhabitants were killed. One man escaped and warned the defenders at Wantoot Fort (Wantoot Plantation), giving the defenders there time to prepare. See also Wantoot Plantation and Berkeley County Yemassee War Forts.

Swamp Angel Battery / SOUTH CAROLINA Spanish Fort— See Santa Elena Forts. South Battery— The Confederates established South Battery, known also as White Point Battery, at White Point in Charleston as part of the massive defenses erected to defend Charleston. South Island— See Cat Island. Star Fort— See Fort Ninety Six. Star of the West Battery— See Morris Island Battery. Stuart Town— During 1684, a group of Scotsmen and their families, led by Lord Cardross, arrived at Port Royal from Scotland. The colonists established a settlement known as Stuart Town. At the time, the region was under threat of Indian attacks as well as other adversaries, including the French, the Spanish and pirates. During 1686, the Spanish, bolstered by Indians, attacked and destroyed the settlement. See also Beaufort Forts. Sullivan’s Island— Confederate Civil War defenses on Sullivan’s Island included: Battery Cove, Battery (Fort) Marshall, Battery Beauregard, Battery Dahlgren, Battery Marion, Battery Rutledge, Enfilade Battery, Floating Battery, Mortar Battery, Fort Moultrie, Fort Sumter and Palmetto Battery. Also, Battery One was part of a group of five batteries that was established in the region. The Confederates held Sullivan’s Island from April 1861 until February 1865. The various forts and batteries are listed separately. Subsequently, during the twentieth century, the island was fortified. A battery was established there during World War I. The military complex on the island was known as Marshall Military Reservation, but previously it was known as the Target Range Reservation. Swamp Angel Battery— The Union established Swamp Angel Battery, also known as Marsh Battery, during the summer of 1863. It was completed by August of that same year. The battery contained the gun dubbed “Swamp Angel,” which was a huge 16,500-pound Parrot rifle. The weapon was used to pound Charleston following a refusal from General Beauregard to capitulate there. The Union bombardment of the city was initiated on 22 August; however, while the long-range gun pounded the city and forced abandonment of part of Charleston, the gun exploded while firing its thirty-sixth

Seabrook Island— Subsequent to the Union capture of Hilton Head, Seabrook Island, in the northern sector of Port Royal Island, was occupied and fortified by Union forces. Snow Island— During the American Revolution, Francis Marion, the “Swamp Fox,” established his camp (Marion’s Camp) deep in the swamps of Snow Island, following an attack against the British at Georgetown on 25 January 1781. Marion’s concealed location was near the convergence of Clark’s Creek and the Pedee River. The British had scattered outposts in the region as well as the defenses at Georgetown. British contingents were posted at Nelson’s Ferry and Scott’s Lake and other posts at Lynch’s Creek and at the Little Pedee were guarded by Loyalists. The patriots under Marion continued to operate from the swamp from where they could strike an objective and retire to the wilderness. Subsequently, during March 1781, the British discovered the location of Marion’s Camp. They attacked and destroyed it; however, Marion and his men escaped to continue their operations against the British. Successes during April and early May 1781 included the capture of British-held Forts Watson and Motte.

Swamp Angel Battery seige of Charleston.

SOUTH CAROLINA / Tobler’s Fort shell. The battery continued to operate with other guns. Subsequently, the Swamp Angel was transported to New Jersey where it is now mounted in Trenton at Cadwallader Park. Swamp Fox Battery— See Black Island Batteries. Thickety Fort— See Fort Anderson. Thicketty Fort— See Fort Anderson. Thomas Grimball Plantation— See Battery Island and James Island Confederate Civil War Defenses. Tobler’s Fort— During the 1730s, a group of Swiss settlers arrived in South Carolina at what was known as New Windsor (Aiken County). The Swiss were led by John Tobler. About 40 out of the 100 colonists perished during the first summer there. By 1739, a ferry began to operate there to carry colonists across the river to Fort Moore. A ferry continued operating there until 1924 when a bridge (Sand Bar Ferry Bridge) was constructed there. Subsequently, during 1760, a fortified blockhouse known as Tobler’s Fort was established near there along the Savannah River. It remained active until the following year. For more information: Beech Island Historical Society Visitors & History Center, 144 Old Jackson Highway Beech Island, South Carolina 29842. Tower Battery— See Fort Lamar. Trapier Battery— See Battery Gregg. Union Army Hospital Number 14— See Beaufort Baptist Church/Hospital. Verdier House— The Verdier House was built in Beaufort in about 1790. During the Civil War, the mansion was used as headquarters for Union officers. Vincent’s Creek Battery— During 1863, Floating Battery at Sullivan’s Island was relocated in the vicinity of the mouth of Vincent’s Creek on Morris Island to bolster Fort Wagner. In conjunction, Fort Wagner fell to the Union during September 1863. See also Floating Battery. Wantoot Fort— The Wantoot Plantation was established during the early 1700s in Berkeley County slightly more than five miles from Pinopolis. The French St. Juliene family received a grant for the land. The plantation was established during 1712 and was fortified. During 1715, St. John’s and St. Stephen’s Parishes were operational as frontier provinces. Several fortifications were built to provide security for the colonists. They included Mulberry Plantation (Mulberry Castle) along the Cooper River and along the Santee. The plantation withstood the Yemassee War (1715), due in great part because one man escaped another fortification, Schenckingh’s (Schinkins), and warned those at Wantoot. The Schenckingh’s (Schinkins) Fort was destroyed. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, British forces under Lt. Col. Alexander Stewart held the plantation from mid–October 1781 until 22 November 1781, after their retreat from Eutaw Springs. Later, during the Civil War, the original mansion was destroyed by Union forces. Wassamassa (Wassamassaw) Fort— See Dorchester County Yemassee War Forts. White Point Battery— White Point Battery, known also as South Battery was established by the Confederates at Charleston. See also Charleston Battery. William Elliot House— The William Elliott House (known as The Mission House) was built in Beaufort, prior to 1800. It is thought

472 by some that the mansion predates the American Revolution, while others tend to identify it as a later type construction, closer to the latter part of the nineteenth century. During the Civil War, the Union used the home as a military hospital. The owner at the time of the outbreak of the war was William Elliott III, the grandson of the original owner. Elliot, a U.S. senator, opposed breaking away from the Union; however, when South Carolina seceded during December 1860, he sided with the Confederates and resigned from the Senate. The William Elliot House is also known as the Anchorage. It was acquired by Admiral W.T. Beardsley during the early 1900s. The mansion, located at 1103 Bay Street in Beaufort, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. William Prince’s Fort— See Prince’s Fort. William Richards House— See Richards House. Williamson’s Fort (Ninety Six)— Williamson’s Fort was known also as Fort Williamson. See Fort Ninety Six. Not to be confused with Williamson’s Plantation. Williamson’s Plantation— On 11 July 1780, a contingent of slightly more than 100 Tories and British under Captain Christian Huck arrived from Rocky Mount (Fairfield County) at the home of a patriot, Colonel William Bratton, in York County. The armed force was informed by Bratton’s wife that he was not at home. Undaunted, the British, in search of leaders of the American militia, established a camp on the nearby Williamson Plantation. While the British were preparing to renew their search on the following day, a contingent of Americans was en route to the area. Prior to dawn on 12 July, the Americans, including Mrs. Bratton’s husband, silently took positions from which to spring an attack at the break of dawn. The American force was mounted and slightly more than twice the size of the British contingent that was still asleep. As daybreak emerged, the British were stunned to find themselves under attack and before they could regroup, the battle, which included two failed British counterattacks, was over. The commander, Captain Huck, was killed during the fight. The British sustained high casualties and during the donnybrook, some were captured and of those, several were later hanged. According to a later report by Lord Cornwallis on 15 July, only 24 troops (including 12 from Colonel Tarleton’s command) escaped. In conjunction, the battle was known as the Battle of Williamson’s Plantation and as the Battle of Huck’s Defeat. Not to be confused with Williamson’s Fort, known also as Fort Williamson at Ninety Six. Willtown Fort— During 1682, colonists established a settlement in what became Colleton County (later Charleston County). The place was initially named New London, but later, during 1708, it was renamed Willtown. The settlers fortified the settlement during the Yemassee War period. Indians attacked the settlement during 1715, but the settlers held the town. By the following year, the militia was utilizing the strategic location of the settlement at the Edisto River, called the Pon Pon River by the Indians. A ferry operated there and the military ran operations from there, including patrols that would move along the river in boats to maintain a vigil. Willtown, after the conflict, emerged as a prominent trading center, but later, it was struck by a major malaria epidemic during the 1740s and afterward, the trading began to fade. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, the British took a high toll on the town. Winyah Bay Battery— See Battery White. Winyah (Winyaw) Fort— See Georgetown Forts. Woodward’s Fort— See Colleton County Yemassee War Forts.

473

Camp Cheyenne / SOUTH DAKOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA Aricara Post— Aricara Post, a trading post operated by Pierre Antoine Tabeau, was established during the early 1800s, about 1803, along the Missouri River. The trading post was in operation when the Lewis and Clark expedition moved up the river through the territory. The trading post was apparently a Loisel and Henry post. Bijou Post— A trading post was established in the vicinity of the mouth of Landing Creek by Louis Bijou during 1812. There is no information on when the post was abandoned. In conjunction, there were apparently several variations of the spelling of Bijou, including Bijeau, Bisoton and Bissonette. Black Hills Camps— The Treaty of Fort Laramie, consummated during 1868, set aside the Black Hills for the Indians. Earlier, during the 1740s, two French explorers (Francis and Louis-Joseph Verendrye) reached the vicinity of the Black Hills, but their Indian guides were too fearful of taking them into the hills due to the inhabitants, the Lakota Sioux, who considered the Black Hills their sacred ground. Later, during the 1820s, a party of mountain men, including Jedediah Smith, managed to pass through the hills. Other fur trappers followed and as the mountain men moved, their tales also traveled, and before long rumors spread about gold in the Black Hills. Nevertheless, the Black Hills were spacious and also in Wyoming (Laramie Range) as well as South Dakota. During 1857, Lieutenant G.K. Warren led an expedition into the region for purposes of reconnaissance, but no permanent camps were established. Later, during 1859, another expeditionary force, led by Captain W.F. Reynolds, moved into the Black Hills region. Reynolds’ force remained in the area until 1860, but again, no permanent post was established. All the while, the tales of gold in the Black Hills continued to cause speculation and prompt some adventurers, by the early 1860s, to move into the territory of the Sioux in search of gold. During 1868, the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which protected the Black Hills for the Sioux, was consummated. The treaty forbad prospecting in the Black Hills and prohibited unauthorized entry into the area. The Sioux, in turn, agreed to halt interference with the construction of the railroads and they also agreed not to attack pioneers who were traveling westward. Nonetheless, the period of tranquility on the Plains was not long-lasting. Pressure continued to mount for the establishment of a fort in the area near the Black Hills and hostilities had again erupted by the 1870s. During 1874, the U.S. 7th Cavalry, led by Colonel George Armstrong Custer, and a huge column of wagons, departed Fort Lincoln (Nebraska) for the Black Hills. The expeditionary force was dispatched purportedly to find a site for the establishment of a fort. Custer’s force, which was composed of about 1,000 men, including a small party of miners and a geologist, arrived near French Creek in the vicinity of Custer. On 30 June, two of the miners discovered gold near present-day Custer. Word of the discovery afterward spread and by August, a party ( John Gordon party) of miners and some family members slipped into the Black Hills and established a stockade. The party was able to remain there throughout the winter of 1874–1875, but by the spring of 1875, the U.S. 7th Cavalry evicted them and provided an escort which guided them safely to Wyoming. However, the floodgates had been opened and at some time during 1875, there were about 800 unauthorized miners in the Black Hills. During yet another U.S. Army expedition into the Black Hills during 1875, it was determined by Walter Jenney that the gold was surely in the hills. Jenney believed

that it would take modern equipment to extract it, rather than the actions of individual prospectors. The Black Hills were soon inundated with miners and mining towns, including Custer, Deadwood and Hill City. The quest for riches lured about 10,000 people into the Black Hills by the latter part of 1876. During March of 1876, General George Crook made his headquarters at Pactola, near Pactola Lake (present-day U.S. Highway 385) slightly more than 10 miles north of Hill City. Crook moved to evict miners from the Black Hills from his headquarters there and afterward the town became known as Camp Crook. Crook also had a camp at Whitewood. Meanwhile, some attempts were made by the U.S. government to acquire the land from the Indians, but the Sioux declined all offers. Consequently, the Plains soon erupted into open warfare which lasted until the 1890s and concluded at the Battle of Wounded Knee, with the U.S. 7th Cavalry overwhelming the Indians in the final major battle of the Plains Indian Wars. The government in Washington, D.C., had essentially treated the frontier forts on the Plains poorly, in matters of men and equipment until the entire nation was shocked by the defeat of the 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn during June 1876. Just prior to the defeat of Custer, General Crook had been stalled at the Rosebud, unable to join with Custer. At the time, the Americans were in a festive mood as they prepared for a grand celebration, honoring the 100th year of independence. Instead, the telegraph was spreading news of the disaster across the country. The frontier, following the defeat of Custer’s 7th Cavalry, became a priority. The major victory for the Indians at the Little Big Horn began the eventual destruction of the Plains’ Indians as an adversary. Brasseau’s Fort— See Fort Brasseau. Brown’s Post— A trading post known as Brown’s Post was established on the James River in Brown County during 1835 by Pierre LeBlanc. The post had been used as a winter post, but when LeBlanc returned to the post during 1835, he discovered that it had been burned down The post was located at about SW19–121–62 in Brown County. LeBlanc rebuilt the post at a location about one mile away at a position thought to have been slightly west at SW24–121–63. During 1837, Pierre LeBlanc was killed by Indians. In conjunction, another trading post, Rondelle, was also located in the same general area. Buffalo Lake Post— A trading post known as Buffalo Lake Post was established in about 1843–1844 in Marshall County by Joseph R. Brown. The post was located on the east side of Buffalo Lake. Brown operated the post until 1846 when he sold it to the American Fur Company. In conjunction, by 1846, the lake was dry. After the new company acquired the post, it was operated by H.H. Sibley. Camp Cheyenne— Camp Cheyenne was established on the Cheyenne River east of Rapid City, near Elm Springs, during 1890. At the time, Chief Big Foot’s village (Minneconjou Lakota), was nearby across the Cheyenne, during a period known as the Ghost Dance Campaign. A contingent of the 8th Cavalry, attached to Fort Meade, formed the garrison of the camp. The Indians managed to move out of their encampment on 28 December 1890 and move toward the Pine Ridge Reservation. On the following day, the 7th Cavalry intercepted the Indians and attempted to disarm them. The Battle of Wounded Knee ignited. Apparently, a shot was fired from

SOUTH DAKOTA / Camp Collier within the Sioux positions and was answered by relentless fire by the 7th Cavalry. The first volley killed about one-half of the Sioux warriors, but afterward many women and children were also killed. The 7th Cavalry continued to fire into the Sioux positions. The cavalry lost 25 killed and 37 wounded. The Battle of Wounded Knee was the final major battle between the U.S. Army and the Indians. During the battle, John E. Clancy, a musician, and Sergeant William Austin performed with extraordinary heroism and became recipients of the Medal of Honor. Camp Collier— Camp Collier was established in the vicinity of Edgemont during 1776, following an incident known as the Metz Massacre. On 24 April 1876, Indians attacked a party (Charles Metz party) at Red Canyon, slightly more than 10 miles from Custer. Four people were killed and their bodies were mangled. The Metz family had operated a bakery at Laramie prior to relocating at Custer in about February of 1876. However, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills left the Metz bakery with few customers, so they decided to move back to Laramie. The small party of four departed Custer without any accompanying travelers and was ambushed on the second day out. From the evidence gathered at the scene, it seemed as if at least one white man and possibly more operated with the Indians. An outlaw known as Persimmon Bill was known to be operating in the area. Consequently, the U.S. Army dispatched a contingent of troops during May of 1876 to establish a camp. Camp Collier was established by elements (Company K) of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry and a contingent (Company F) of the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment. The army maintained the post for about two years and abandoned it at about the time a stage line began using the trail to Deadwood. The site of Camp Collier is now on private property. Camp Crook— See Black Hills Camps. Camp Dewey— See Camp George Dewey. Camp George Dewey— Camp George Dewey was established during 1898 (Spanish-American War period) at Sioux Falls. The South Dakota Volunteer 1st Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp George Dewey. During May, the regiment was mustered into federal service. Soon after, on 29 May 1898, the regiment shipped out to San Francisco. Camp Ruhlen— See-Fort Meade. Campbell’s Post— A trading post, known as Campbell’s Post, was established on behalf of the Hudson Bay Company during 1848. The post was located on Campbell’s Creek and was operated during 1848 by Colin Campbell. The Indian agent in the area at the time was Major Matlock. He was succeeded by Major Hatting during the following year. The date the post was abandoned is unknown. Chanopa Post— A trading post known as Chanopa Post is thought to have been established about 1835 in the vicinity of Goodwyn, but it is possible that the post was established earlier. The trading post, known also as Two Woods Lake Post, was located on land inhabited by the Sisseton Sioux on the eastern side of the lake. Initially, Joseph Lafrombois operated the post (1835), but afterward it was run by Francois Labathe. The post remained active for a long period of time, but the date it was abandoned is unknown. Cherry Creek Post— Cherry Creek Post was established by the American Fur Company during 1829 at a place about five miles above the settlement of Cherry Creek. The post was a subpost of Fort Tecumseh. The post remained active until 1866. During the period 1862–1863, the trading post was run by Frank Lafrombois, according to reports of Basil Claymore, who claimed to have been at the post with Lafrombois at that same time. The post is thought to have been burned down by Indians in about 1866 to eliminate the competition.

474 Cheyenne Forks Post— Cheyenne Forks Post, a subpost of Fort Tecumseh, was established near the forks of the Cheyenne River during 1828. It was operated by F.A. Chardon. Another man, William Laidlaw, was also there during the initial part of the operation. The last known operator was Andrew Drips, who was there during 1843, but it is not known when the post was abandoned, nor exactly where it was located. However, it is thought that the post was on the north side of the forks. Dickson’s Post— Dickson’s Post, known also as Riviere Au Jacques Post, was established in about 1827 in the vicinity of the mouth of Mud Creek near what subsequently became Armadale. By 1830, William Dickson, the half-breed son of Robert Dickson, was operating the post. Elm River Post— The Elm River Post was established during 1835. The post was apparently used as a wintering post and it was bolstered by a palisade. During 1836–1837, there was activity at the post and during 1839, a journal entry noted that it was occupied. The exact date the post was abandoned is unknown. Flandreau Post— A trading post known as Flandreau Post was established in the vicinity of Flandreau in about 1822; however, the Hudson Bay Company had operated in the region as early as the 1750s and might have had a post there in about the 1750s or early 1760s. During 1822, Joseph Lafrombois was at the post and he remained there for some time. The trading post at Flandreau was a subpost of Prairie du Chien. Fort aux Cedres— Fort aux Cedres (Fort Aux Cedras) was established at an undetermined time prior to the arrival of the Lewis and Clark expedition in the vicinity of Cedar Island on the Missouri River, slightly above Big Bend. The trading post, established by a French Canadian, Regis (Registre) Loisel, was located about 35 miles southeast of Fort Pierre. The post took its name from Cedar Island. Loisel, while operating the post, traded with the Lakota Sioux. Subsequently, during 1810, the trading post was burned down. Fort Bennett— Fort Bennett, initially known as Cheyenne Agency (Cheyenne River Agency), was established below the mouth of the Cheyenne River on 17 May 1870. Fort Bennett was established by elements of the U.S. 17th Infantry Regiment, led by Captain Edward P. Pearson. The soldiers built the post about 30 miles above Fort Sully on the right bank of the Missouri River on land that encompassed the Cheyenne Indian Reservation. The fort was renamed Fort Bennett in honor of Captain Andrew S. Bennett, U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment, who had been killed in Montana on 4 September 1878. In conjunction, the engagement occurred near Clark’s Fork River when the army was pushing the Indians back to the reservation. Fort Bennett was abandoned during November 1891. Fort Brasseau (Fort Brasseaux)— There is some debate over the history of Fort Brasseau (known also as Brasseau’s Fort) is thought to have been established near the mouth of the White River during 1823 and operated by Antoine Brasseau. There is a possibility that the post was identical to Fort Recovery, based on some information, including correspondence from General Ashley. In one of Ashley’s dispatches, it was mentioned that Leavenworth would arrive at “this place today.” Leavenworth arrived on that particular day at Fort Recovery. Fort Buckingham— Fort Buckingham was established by settlers during 1890 when the Sioux initiated the Ghost Dance, which was supposed to bring about the return of the buffalo and make the Indians, through their religious dance, invulnerable to the bullets of the U.S. Army. The fort was located at a place known as Rocky Knob, near the “Telephone tower” about three miles southeast of the town of Hermosa.

475 Fort Cedar— See Fort aux Cedres. Fort Dakota— Fort Dakota was established during 1865 at Sioux Falls. A contingent of the 6th Iowa Cavalry, led by Captain Daniel F. Eicher, was directed by General Alfred E. Sully to construct the post. They built it as one of a series of forts that extended from Minnesota to the Missouri River. Fort Dakota was built on the left bank of the Big Sioux River. Fort Dakota remained active until June 1869. That same month the post was transferred to the Department of the Interior. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Defiance (Medicine Creek)— Fort Defiance was established by Harvey, Primeau and Company during 1845. The trading post was located on the west side of Medicine Creek near its mouth and in the vicinity of the Lower Brule Indian Reservation. The post was established by former employees of the American Fur Company. It was abandoned during 1846. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Gordon Stockade) near Custer. Fort Defiance (Gordon Stockade)— See Gordon Stockade. Not to be confused with Fort Defiance (Medicine Creek). Fort Galpin— Fort Galpin, known also as Galpin’s Fort, was established near present-day Pierre during the 1850s by Charles Galpin, subsequent to when the U.S. Army acquired Fort Pierre Chouteau during 1855. The post was located below the Oahe Dam at about the position SW 4 or SE5–5N-31E. Fort Galpin was not located in what would have been considered a safe area and it was under constant pressure by the Indians. Charles Galpin retained the post for only a short, undetermined time before relocating at the new Fort Pierre. Fort George— Fort George was established during 1842 below Fort Pierre by a trader named Ebbits. He received support from Fox, Livingstone and Company. Prior to establishing the post, during 1840–1841, Ebbits was trading in the area without a post. Fort George was located slightly north of the Fort George Creek. The trading post remained active until 1845–1846. Subsequently, during 1855, the post was rented to the federal government for temporary use by U.S. troops. Fort Hale— Fort Hale, initially known as Lower Brule Agency, was established by a contingent of the U.S. 22nd Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain George W. Hill. The post was initially established along the Missouri River slightly above the town of Fort Look during June 1870. During July of that same year, the post was relocated further up the river to a point opposite the mouth of Crow Creek. During the latter part of December 1878, the fort was named Fort Hale in honor of Captain Owen Hale, attached to the U.S. 7th Cavalry, who was killed during an engagement with Nez Perce Indians on 30 September 1877. Fort Hale remained active until May 1884. The main part of the garrison departed the fort on 20 May, but a small party remained for a short time. The Indian agent of the Lower Brule Agency accepted responsibility for the buildings on the post during early July 1884. The remaining troops departed shortly thereafter. Fort James— Fort James was established at the direction of General Alfred Sully during 1865. The post was located at the convergence of Fire Steel Creek and the James River in the vicinity of Rockport. The post was constructed by elements of the 6th Iowa Cavalry, led by Captain Benjamin King. General Sully had ordered a series of forts established between Minnesota and the Missouri River during his campaign. Fort James was abandoned during autumn 1866. Fort Kiowa— Fort Kiowa was established by the American Fur Company during 1822 at an undetermined point thought to be slightly less than 10 miles from Chamberlain. The post was located

Fort Meade / SOUTH DAKOTA opposite an Aricara village (Swanson village) and below Fort Lookout. The trading post was thought by some to be identical to Fort Lookout but with a separate name. Fort Kiowa remained active until about 1825. Fort la Frombois (1817)— Fort la Frombois, known also as LaFrombois, was established in about the autumn of 1817 by Joseph La Frombois slightly south of the Bad River (Teton) in the vicinity of present-day Fort Pierre. The venture had the support of Joseph Rolette, who was at Prairie du Chien. The trading post was most probably connected to the American Fur Company. Fort la Frombois remained operational until about 1819. In conjunction, another Fort LaFrombois was established near Fort Pierre during 1862. Also, a trading post known as Fort Tecumseh was established in the area during 1822. Fort LaFrombois (1862)— Fort LaFrambois, a trading post, was established by the Labarge, Harkness and Company just above the present-day Oahe Dam during 1862. The post was established to provide competition to Fort Pierre. The trading post had a stockade and was used as a supply depot by General Alfred Sully during his campaign of 1863. Not to be confused with the earlier established Fort la Frambois (1817). Fort Lookout (federal)— The U.S. Army established a post known as Fort Lookout during 1856 slightly above the trading post known as Fort Lookout. The trading post was located in section 16 or 17–105–71. It is not known if the trading post (Fort Lookout) was active when the U.S. Army established the post, but there was no mention of the trading post in any of the military reports. Fort Lookout (trading post)— Fort Lookout was established by the Columbia Fur Company during 1822 at a place above Fort Kiowa. A treaty (Atkinson-O’Fallon Treaty) was consummated there during 1825. Fort Lookout was also referred to as the Sioux Agency. The trading post was sold to another company during 1827. The trading post was abandoned in about 1843 or later. Subsequently, the U.S. Army established a Fort Lookout slightly above the trading post during 1856. Not to be confused with federal Fort Lookout. See also Fort Kiowa and Fort Lookout (federal). Fort Manuel— Fort Manuel, a trading post, was established by Manuel Lisa (St. Louis Fur Company) during August 1812, during the War of 1812 period. A fever epidemic struck the area during the winter of 1812–1813. The post remained active only until 1813 when it was destroyed by Indians. The final entry in a journal of the post was listed on 5 March 1813. The post was located atop a high bank north of Hunkpapa Creek in section (NW1/2 SW1/41–22N-29E). Subsequent to the loss of the trading post, another post was established farther down the Missouri River near Big Bend. Apparently, Manuel transported what was left of the old post to the new location where he built the new post. The post at Big Bend is thought to have been in close proximity to where Loisel’s Post had stood until it was burned down during 1810. Also, during the 1930s, the post (Fort Manuel) was reconstructed, but by the mid–1950s, it had essentially been scrapped. Fort Meade— Fort Meade, initially known as Camp Ruhlen, was established during August 1878. The post site near Bear Butte Creek, about 14 or 15 miles from Deadwood and in close proximity to the town of Sturgis, was selected by General Philip Sheridan. During December of 1778, the post became Fort Meade, named in honor of General George Gordon Meade. The garrison, which included the 7th Cavalry (subsequent to its departure from Fort Lincoln) and the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment, held responsibility for protecting the mining centers in the Black Hills and to maintain vigil over the Sioux in the region. Comanche, the horse that survived the Battle

SOUTH DAKOTA / Fort Pierre Chouteau of Little Big Horn, was retired at Fort Meade. Fort Meade became a Veterans Administration Hospital during World War II (1944). The post was also used by the South Dakota National Guard (Officer Training School). For more information: Fort Meade Museum, Fort Meade, South Dakota 57741. Fort Michel Chez des Sioux— See Immel’s Wintering House. Fort Pierre—See Fort Pierre Chouteau. Fort Pierre Chouteau— During 1832, the American Fur Company out of necessity constructed Fort Pierre Chouteau on the upper Missouri River to replace Fort Tecumseh, which had lasted since its construction during 1822. Fort Tecumseh was a victim of the changing course of the Missouri. The fort remained a powerful entity in the region and later played a major part in the western expansion of the United States. During 1855, the U.S. Army purchased the fort from the American Fur Company, and within two years it, like Fort Tecumseh, was dismantled. Fort Randall was built in its place. Fort Pierre Choteau served as a primary navigation link to the Missouri River and simultaneously was used to maintain peace along the frontier. In conjunction, high above the fort (present-day Fort Pierre) on a bluff, two Canadian explorers who were brothers (Louis and Chevalier La Verendrye) inconspicuously claimed the land (which incorporated the entire Louisiana Purchase) for France by inserting a plaque in the bluff during 1743 that claimed the area for King Louis XV. In conjunction, after Fort Pierre Chouteau was established, it grew to become the largest trading post along the Upper Missouri River. Much more than 15,000 buffalo skins were traded each year during the post’s operation for use in the eastern part of the country. Also, the U.S. Army abandoned it as a military post during 1857 and in its place established Fort Randall, using components of Fort Pierre to help construct the new post. The site of Fort Pierre Choteau (SE16–5N-31E) was later placed on the National Historic Landmarks List. Also, during 1859, the American Fur Company established a new Fort Pierre during 1859. At that time, a nearby post, known as Fort Galpin, was abandoned and the new post was built less than one mile away. The new Fort Pierre was quite small, compared to the original. During the Civil War, some troops were quartered there during 1862–1863. The trading post (Fort Pierre), by 1863, relocated to Farm Island in close proximity to Fort Sully and less than five miles from where the post had been built. Fort Primeau— Fort Primeau was established at an undetermined time, thought to have been during the latter part of the 1850s or early 1860s. Fort Primeau is also thought to have been an operation run by the Labarge, Harkness and Company at a place along the Missouri River on a bluff above Fort la Frombois. Charles Primeau was the trader that operated at the post, but the trading post did not last for a long period of time. Fort Randall— Fort Randall, named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Daniel D. Randall, was established during June 1856 by troops of the 2nd U.S. Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant George H. Paige at a point near Pickstown along the Missouri River just below where it crosses the border into Nebraska. Reconstruction of the fort began later, during 1870, when expansion was needed to help support the operations, which included keeping the peace among various tribes including the Sioux and the Poncas. The fort at that time was relocated to a nearby position. The Yankton (Yancton) Sioux Reservation was established northeast of Fort Randall during 1878. Afterward, the Ponca Reservation was established southeast of the fort. By 1884, the fort’s responsibilities became fewer as the turbulence subsided. Consequently, the garrison was sized down. Subsequently, during 1892, the fort was abandoned by the U.S. Army. In conjunction, Fort Randall replaced Fort Pierre which had been dis-

476 mantled the previous year, 1855, at present-day Fort Pierre about 150 miles from the new fort. Fort Randall, ordered built by General William Selby Harney, was the initial post established on the Missouri River, but it was later joined by a series of forts stretching up the river to Fort Benton. Fort Randall was abandoned during December 1892. Shortly thereafter, during October 1893, the post was transferred to the Department of the Interior. In conjunction, Harney, brevetted to the rank of brigadier general during 1847, was promoted to brigadier in the regulars effective June 1858, while commanding the Department of Oregon. Fort Recovery— Fort Recovery, sometimes referred to as Pilcher’s Post, a trading post, was established by the Missouri Fur Company in about 1822–1823. The post was located slightly east of Oacoma at the position of the center of N ∂-19–104–71. There is some thought that Fort aux Cedres was also located there. Maximilian visited Fort Recovery during 1833 and mentioned in his journal that the older post of the Missouri Fur Company had been located there. In conjunction, it is thought by some that Fort Recovery was identical to Fort Brasseaux. See also Fort Brasseau. Fort Sisseton— Fort Sisseton, initially known as Fort Wadsworth, was established in the vicinity of Kettle Lakes at a place known as Coteau Des Prairies during August 1864. The post was initially named in honor of General James Samuel Wadsworth. General Wadsworth was mortally wounded during the fighting at the Wilderness (May 1864) when he was struck in the head and shot from his horse. He was wounded on 6 May and succumbed two days later in a Confederate hospital. Fort Sisseton was established to help with the situation in the region following the discovery of gold in Idaho and Montana and military protection was needed for the wagons that were moving northward through the area. The post was established by elements of the Wisconsin 30th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commanded by Major John Clooney. Subsequently, during August 1776, the post was renamed Fort Sisseton. Apparently, a name change came about because at the time there was another Fort Wadsworth, located in New York. Fort Sisseton, named after a branch of the Sioux, remained abandoned during June 1889, about two months after it was transferred to the Department of the Interior. The Fort Sisseton State Park Visitor Center is open June through August. The park is open all year. For more information: Fort Sisseton State Park, 11545 Northside Drive, Lake City, South Dakota 57247. Fort Sully— Fort Sully was established by General Alfred Sully during September 1863. Sully established the post slightly more than five miles below Pierre along the Missouri River. The post was used by General Sully during his campaign against the Sioux, but it was set up as a temporary post. The post was abandoned during July 1866, primarily because it was not positioned in a good location and in addition, sanitary conditions were poor. General Sully moved the post to a new location slightly more than 25 miles above Pierre and about 30 miles from the mouth of the Cheyenne River. The new Fort Sully was established there on the bank of the Missouri River. The fort was built by a contingent of the U.S. 13th Infantry Regiment, led by Lieutenant Colonel George L. Andrews. Andrews’ troops initiated construction during August 1866. Fort Sully was subsequently abandoned during October 1894. In conjunction, a small party remained at the post to complete the final work at the post and departed during the latter part of November of that same year. The Department of Interior assumed responsibility for the post during November 1894. Fort Tecumseh— Fort Tecumseh was established by the Columbia Fur Company during 1822. The trading post was located north of Fort Pierre in the vicinity of the present-day junction of U.S. Highways 14 and 85. The American Fur Company acquired the trading

477

Jacques River Post / SOUTH DAKOTA

post during 1827. The post was later abandoned during 1832 due to its endangerment by the Missouri River. The post was relocated at Fort Pierre Choteau. In conjunction, Fort Tecumseh was named in honor of Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief.

at the outbreak of the Civil War, Todd was commissioned a brigadier general in the Union Army. Todd commanded the North Missouri District for a short time (3 June 1862–17 July 1862) when his appointment expired.

Fort Teton— Fort Teton, established during 1827 in the vicinity of Fort Pierre, was located slightly south of the mouth of the Teton River (Bad River). Fort la Frombois, established during 1817, had also been known as Fort Teton. Fort la Framboise was replaced by Fort Tecumseh during 1822. The American Fur Company acquired Fort Teton during October (14th) 1830. Pierre D. Papin and Pascal Ceres, when the American Fur Company took over the post, began working for the American Fur Company.

Galpin’s Fort— See Fort Galpin.

Fort Thompson— Fort Thompson, named in honor of Colonel Clark W. Thompson (superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Paul, Minnesota), was established during September 1864 about 20 miles above Chamberlain. The post, initially known as Crow Creek Agency, was located along the Missouri River near the mouth of Soldier Creek. Fort Thompson was constructed by a contingent of cavalry under Captain Nelson Minor. The fort was abandoned during June 1867. The fort’s garrison transferred to Fort Sully; however, a small contingent remained at the post for a short while after it was abandoned. Fort Vanderburg— Fort Vanderburg (Vanderburgh) was noted as being located between Bijou Post and Trudeau Post by one source, Prince Paul, who listed it in his travel journal, claiming to have reached the site of an abandoned factory (trading post) on an island on 1 September 1823. There is no confirming information to validate the entry, but Prince Paul stated that it had been named Fort Vandenburg. In conjunction, Major Hiram Martin Chittenden, in his work, American Fur Trade of the Far West, published in 1902, described a Fort Vandenburg near the Knife River in North Dakota. See also Fort Manuel Lisa, North Dakota. Fort Vermillion— Fort Vermillion, a trading post, was established in about 1833 by the American Fur Company at a place about 10 miles below the Vermillion River. According to an entry in the journal of Maximilian, on 9 May 1833, McKenzie paused there and a man named Francois Leroi debarked to establish a plantation (trading post). The post was thought to have been located in section 36–92–51. Later information indicated that Pascal Cerres was at the post there during 1843 and later, during 1850–1851, Larpenteur was reported to have been at a Fort Vermillion. Not to be confused with Vermillion Post. Fort Wadsworth— See Fort Sisseton. Fort Yankton— Fort Yankton was established in the vicinity of Yankton, once the territorial capital of Dakota Territory (1861–1863), during 1862. The fort was established by settlers during a period of turbulence with the Sioux. Yankton had been used by the Sioux as a winter encampment prior to the arrival of settlers during 1859. In conjunction, the town of Yankton was known as Fountain City during the 1880s and later, during the early 1900s, it became known also as Cement City and yet another name for the place, although not official, was the Mother City of the Dakotas. Frost-Todd Trading Post— A trading post, operated by Frost, Todd and Company and run by George Fiske, was located at the Yankton Indian Reservation and established in about 1859. The trading post was initially operated out of a tent. Subsequently, the operation was run by William Penn Lyman; however, Lyman constructed a permanent post. The post operated with the permission of the Sioux. In conjunction, John Blair Smith Todd, a Kentuckian and West Point graduate, served with General William S. Harney. While there, during 1856, he left the service to establish his trading business. Later,

Gordon Stockade— During 1874, a party of miners ( John Gordon party) arrived at the Black Hills and fortified their camp in the vicinity of French Creek near present-day Custer. The Gordon Stockade, known also as Fort Defiance, was initially built to provide protection from the Indians; however, the party was on land that was not open to settlers. The camp lasted throughout the winter of 1874–1875, but the U.S. Army then arrived to evict the party off what was Sioux land. The Gordon Stockade has been reconstructed and is part of Custer State Park. In conjunction, the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 protected territory including the Black Hills for the Sioux. However, during an expedition led by Colonel Custer during July 1874, two miners (Horatio N. Ross and William McCay) discovered gold near French Creek. The expedition had been dispatched to the area to verify the existence of gold there and to explore the region for a fort site. During August of that same year, the Gordon party of about 28 people made its unauthorized appearance in the area and staked claims. By the following spring, the U.S. Army removed the party and escorted the miners to Wyoming. Grand River Agency Post— The U.S. Army established a post in the vicinity of the convergence of the Missouri and Grand Rivers in South Dakota during 1870. The area proved unsuitable for the agency. Subsequently, during 1775, the post was abandoned. The garrison and the Indian agency relocated at Fort Yates in North Dakota. Handy’s Point Post— There is a possibility that a trading post was active at Handy’s Point in the vicinity of Fort Randall during the period covering the 1840s, but little information is available. The source of the post originated through Major Hiram Martin Chittenden (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) who authored a classic work on the frontier, entitled American Fur Trade of the Far West, published during 1902. Chittenden identified a post at Handy’s Point. However, it remains unknown from where acquired his information on the post that he said was there during 1843. Hollywood Post— A trading post was located in the vicinity of Hollywood as early as 1830, but the exact location is unknown. Records indicated that the Upper Missouri Outfit, essentially a part of the American Fur Company, operated the post (by licence) during 1831. The trading post was apparently a subpost of Fort Tecumseh, which was about a two-day journey between the two posts. The licence that the UMO operated under placed the post on the Teton (Bad) River. Immel’s Wintering House— Immel’s Wintering House, known also as Fort Michel Chez des Sioux, was located near the Missouri above Chamberlain. Apparently, Immel was a trader with the Missouri Fur Company who was traveling toward the Upper Missouri. Listings in the journal of John Luttig, the primary clerk at Fort Manuel, indicate that Immel was at the place during 1811–1812. Jacques River Post— The Jacques River ( James River) Post was established during 1822, but it was not determined whether it was established by the American Fur Company or the Columbia Fur Company. Nevertheless, during 1827, a trading post in that vicinity was later, during 1827, acquired by the American Fur Company from the Columbia Fur Company and later licensed to the Upper Missouri Company during 1831. The post was located at an undetermined location near the mouth of the James River. Lisa’s Post Big Bend Post— See Fort Manuel.

SOUTH DAKOTA / Little Cheyenne Post Little Cheyenne Post— The American Fur Company established a subpost of Fort Tecumseh along the Little Cheyenne River, but the exact location is unknown. Nevertheless, it is thought that the post was near the mouth of the river. There is information indicating that J. Holiday was the trader there during 1830; however, it is also not known when the post was abandoned. Loisel’s Post— Loisel’s Post was established less than 10 miles below the mouth of Chapelle Creek on Cedar (or Dorion’s) Island in about 1802. The post was initially a Loisel-Henry post, but subsequently it became a post of the Missouri Fur Company out of St. Louis. The trading post burned down during 1810. In conjunction, the area is thought to be where Manuel Lisa established a new post during 1813, after Fort Manuel was destroyed by the Yankton (Yancton) Indians. Lower Brule Agency— See Fort Hale. McClellan’s Trading House—See McClellan’s Trading Post. McClellan’s Trading Post— McClellan’s Trading Post, known also as McClellan’s Trading House, was established near the mouth of the James River near Yankton slightly west of the Yankton-Clay County line. The post operated during the winter of 1804–1805 when Robert McClellan traded with the Yankton (Yancton) Indians there. McCleod’s Post— McCleod’s Post, known also as McLeod’s Fur Fort, was established by Martin McCleod for the American Fur Company in the vicinity of Hartford Beach, slightly above Mooer’s Post about 1843. Other traders that operated at the post following McCleod included Levi Bird and Antoine Frenier, the latter being the final trader known to be there. Frenier was there during 1857. McLeod’s Fur Fort— See-McCleod’s Post. Medicine River Post— There were references from Fort Tecumseh that horses were taken from the fort to the Medicine River, but there is no indication that any post was ever erected there; rather, it was apparently used only to put the horse out to pasture. Mooer’s Post— Mooer’s Post was established by Hazen Mooer slightly north of a stream at Hartford Beach during 1819. The trading post was one of the American Fur Company posts. It remained active until 1830. Mooer’s Post was a stopping place for the Major Stephen Long Expedition during 1823. The exact time the post was abandoned remains unknown. Moreau River Post— The Moreau River Post was located slightly north of the Moreau River and it is thought that it might be identical to a post known as Oncpapa Post, which was operated by Frederick Laboue during 1830. There is little documentation of the history of the trading post, but it was known as a subpost of Fort Tecumseh during 1830. The exact time the post was abandoned is unknown; however, it was in operation during 1854, when Charles Galpin was the trader there at that time. Oglala Post— See Rapid Creek Post. Pilcher’s Post— See Fort Recovery. Rapid City Blockhouse— During 1876, a blockhouse was built in present-day Rapid City. A former scout, Joseph Milner, that had served with Custer, departed Hill City and settled at what became Rapid City. Initially it was known as California Joe’s Rapid City. Following the defeat of Custer during June of 1876, the frontier became more dangerous. During August, Rapid City, which contained about 200 people, quickly lost most as many fled after the Indians killed some of the settlers. Less than 20 remained. The Rapid City Blockhouse was located at the intersection of 11th and Rapid Streets. Subsequently, settlers again returned to Rapid City and it became a stop in the Black Hills for stagecoaches.

478 Rapid Creek Post— Rapid Creek Post, known also as Oglala Post, was established near the mouth of Rapid Creek at the Cheyenne River during 1830. Subsequently, during February 1832, an accidental gunpowder explosion destroyed the post and killed Thomas Sarpy, the trader. There is no evidence that the post was ever rebuilt. Red Canyon Camp— See Camp Collier. Robar Trading Post— Robar Trading Post was located in Roberts County in the vicinity of Wilmot during the mid–1800s. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1988. It is on private property. Rondell’s Post— Francois Rondell established a trading post in the vicinity of Oakwood (Talles Chenes) during 1866. Rondell’s Post was built on or near the earlier post established there during 1836–1837 by Pierce LeBlanc. A historical monument is at the site (Rondell Park). Rosebud Agency Post— See Whetstone Agency. Sarpy’s Post— See Rapid Creek Post. Sieche (Bad) Hollow Post— During 1844, a trading post, known as Sieche Hollow Post was established near the mouth of the Minnesota River by Joseph R. Brown. It was acquired from him by the American Fur Company during 1846. It is unknown when the post was abandoned. Spencer Fur Post— A trading post known as Spencer Fur Post was established during 1862 slightly north of Big Stone Lake where another post (Mooer’s) had operated during 1819. The Sioux went on the warpath during 1862, but the post was not harmed. Spotted Tail Agency— See Whetstone Agency. Tabeau’s Post— Pierre Antoine Tabeau, out of St. Louis, operated a trading post in present-day Campbell County north of Mobridge during the latter part of the 1790s into the early 1800s. The Lewis and Clark expedition encamped near the post at a place between Fisher and Oak Creeks during October 1804. On 9 October of that same year, a group of Indian chiefs and Pierre Tabeau arrived at the expeditionary camp. It is not known exactly when the trading post was abandoned. Trudeau Post— A trading post known as Trudeau Post was established for a firm known as the Company of Commerce by Jean Baptiste Trudeau. The post was located near a spring in a valley below the Fort Randall dam, but it was built in a concealed place from which to conceal himself from the Poncas and the Sioux during the winter months. However, the Poncas eventually discovered his location and he was compelled to abandon the post. Valle Post— Valle Post was a place in the Black Hills used by Jon Valle during the winter of 1803 and again during a return to the area during September of 1804. Valle was at the post when the Lewis and Clark expedition arrived in the area while en route to the West Coast during 1804. Vermillion Post— Vermillion Post was established by the Columbia Fur Company about 1822–1823 along the Vermillion River. Later, during 1827, it was acquired by the American Fur Company. Also, during 1831, the Upper Missouri Company operated a trading post along the Vermillion during 1831. However, no posts were ever established at the mouth of the Vermillion. Nevertheless, there is still some contradictory information regarding the various posts. In conjunction, Vermillion Post is separate from Fort Vermillion. Whetstone Agency— The Whetstone Agency was established during 1869. It was previously known as the Upper Platte Agency.

479 Subsequently, during 1874, the Whetstone Agency became the Spotted Tail Agency. During 1878, the name was again changed and it became the Rosebud Agency. The Whetstone Agency was initially located along the White River close to the Nebraska-Nevada border and later moved to Beaver Creek in the northwestern sector of Nebraska. Afterward, the agency was relocated near the former Ponca Agency along the Missouri River above Yankton, until it was permanently located at Rosebud Creek (1878) near the spot where the creek converged with the White River. The present-day Rosebud Reservation is located in Todd County. In conjunction, the Upper

Battery Noble / TENNESSEE Platte Agency’s headquarters were located in the vicinity of Fort Laramie, (eastern Wyoming) and North Platte, Nebraska, prior to relocating near the mouth of the Whetstone Creek. White River Post— A trading post known as White River Post, a subpost of Fort Tecumseh, was established during 1830 near the vicinity of the mouth of the Little White River. The trading post was also known as Brule Post. The trading post was operated during 1831 by Pierre D. Papin. It is not known when the post was abandoned.

TENNESSEE Amos Eaton’s Station— See Eaton’s Station. Anderson’s Crossroads— During the autumn of 1863, the Confederates were focusing on trying to tighten the noose around the Union positions at Chattanooga. The two sides clashed at Anderson’s Crossroads on 1 October. The 21st Kentucky Regiment skirmished with Confederates under Major General Joseph Wheeler and the Confederates captured a wagon train attached to General Rosecrans’ command. The Union sustained 38 killed and wounded. Confederate casualties are unavailable. On the following day, another clash occurred there. Union contingents, including the 1st Wisconsin, 2nd Indiana, and the 1st Tennessee Cavalry (Army of the Cumberland) under Brigadier General Daniel McCook’s command, suffered 70 dead or wounded. The Confederates suffered 200 killed or wounded and about 200 captured. Meanwhile, Union General Joseph Hooker was advancing toward the besieged city of Chattanooga. Anthony Bledsoe’s Station— Colonel Anthony Bledsoe established a station less than three miles from his brother Isaac’s station near Nashville during 1783. The station was also known as Greenfield Station. Several years later, the station was abandoned as Anthony and others there sought shelter at Isaac’s station for more protection from the Indians. The station, later, during 1793, was reestablished. See also Isaac Bledsoe’s Station. Asher’s Station— Asher’s Station was established as a settler’s fort in the vicinity of Gallatin during 1780. Other settlers’ forts established in the vicinity at that time included Isaac Bledsoe’s Station, Eaton’s Station and Rains’ Station. The region had been previously visited by the Long Hunters during the 1760s and afterward some of the hunters relocated in Middle Tennessee. The station was attacked by Indians that same year. After the raid, in which one person was killed and another wounded, the fort was abandoned. The settlers there relocated at Mansker’s Station. Later, during the summer of the same year, the Indians struck Donelson’s Fort, which was located along the Stono River in the vicinity of Clover Bottom. Afterward, the settlers there also moved to Mansker’s Fort. In conjunction, during the winter (1780–1781), Mansker’s Fort was also abandoned. Asylum Hospital— The Asylum Hospital, located on Summit Hill Drive was actually an asylum for the deaf and dumb in Knoxville. During the Civil War, the facility was initially used by the Confederates as a hospital and afterward the Union used it for the identical purpose. Subsequently, the building became City Hall. Nearby, the Knoxville National Cemetery along Tyson Street was established

during 1863. Many of the men who sustained fatal wounds at the battle of Fort Sanders on 29 November 1863 were interred there. Battery (at) Armstrong House— See Knoxville Confederate Defenses. Battery (at) Pittsburgh Landing—See Pittsburgh Landing Battery. Battery Billingsley— Battery Billingsley was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 positions that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Billingsley was located between Fort Comstock and Fort Huntingdon Smith. Battery Bushnell— Battery Bushnell was established by the Union at Chattanooga during the 1860s. Units that were there included Battery K, 1st Michigan Artillery. Elements of the artillery unit remained there from the summer of 1864 through the fall of 1864. Contingents of the 1st New York Artillery were at Chattanooga from November 1864 through March 1865. Battery Clifton Lee— Battery Clifton Lee was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 posts that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Clifton Lee was located east of Fort Smith. Battery Coolidge— Battery Coolidge was established by the Union as part of the defenses of Chattanooga. It was in close proximity to Battery Erwin. Battery Erwin— See Battery Coolidge. Battery Fearns— The Union established Battery Fearns as part of the defensive line that protected Knoxville. Battery Fearns was along the line that stretched from Temperance Hill and terminated at Flint Hill where Battery Fearns was located. Knoxville was attacked by Confederates under Longstreet during 1863, but the attack failed (see Fort Sanders) and the Union held Knoxville for the duration. Battery Galpin— Battery Galpin was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 positions that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Galpin was located on Vine Street between Broadway and Locust Street. Battery Lumsden (Lumsden’s Battery)—See Redoubt No. 4. Battery Noble— The Union established Battery Noble near Second Creek as part of the defensive line that ran northwest from the river

TENNESSEE / Battery Stearman at present-day Knoxville where Melrose Hall (University of Tennessee) now stands. It was a support post of Fort Sanders. Battery Smartt— See Chattanooga Chickamauga Confederate Civil War Defenses. Battery Stearman— Battery Stearman was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 positions that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Stearman was located west of the present-day intersection of Vine and Main Avenue. Battery Wiltsee— See Battery Wiltsie. Battery Wiltsie (Wiltsee)— Battery Wiltsie was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 posts that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Wiltsie was located along Vine Street between Locust and Gay Streets. Battery Zoellner— Battery Zoellner was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The battery was one of 10 positions that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Battery Zoellner was located along Forest Avenue between 11th and 13th Streets. Bean’s Station— Bean’s Station was established in the vicinity of German Creek at present-day Bean’s Station during 1776. The settlement was less than 50 miles from Knoxville. The station was established by Robert Bean and William Bean. William’s father, also named William, had earlier, during 1775, visited the area in company with Daniel Boone. The region, at the time when Bean Sr. and Daniel Boone camped there, was part of Kentucky and they were there on an exploratory trip. During the American Revolution, no fort was constructed there; however, Robert and William Bean both served during the conflict. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, at a time between 1787 and 1789, the settlers established a fort there to provide protection from Indian attacks. The fort was constructed at a point where the Cherokee Great War Path crossed the Kentucky Road, the latter being the route used by the settlers to move westward through Cumberland Gap. Bean’s Station was also a place to pause for others moving between points in the North and South. By the early 1800s, a few taverns operated there and of those one, Whiteside Tavern, became especially well known. Subsequently, during the Civil War, a skirmish occurred there during 1862. Later, during December 1863, heavy fighting erupted in the vicinity of Bean’s Station. On 10 December through 14 December, a brigade of Union cavalry (General James Shackelford’s division, Army of the Ohio) led by Lt. Colonel Emory Bond engaged Confederates under General Longstreet at Morristown (Bean’s Station). Garrard’s Brigade also participated. The Union sustained about 700 killed or wounded. The Confederates sustained 932 killed or wounded and about 150 captured. In conjunction, the series of skirmishes at Bean’s Station terminated the Knoxville campaign. The Confederates moved to Russelville and established their winter quarters. The site of Bean’s Station and the Civil War battlefield now lies below Cherokee Lake and for most of each year, the lake covers the site. Bean’s Station after the Civil War became a resort for the affluent and often the tycoons arrived in their own railroad cars. By the time of the Great Depression, the situation there changed forever. During 1996, diminutive Bean’s Station was incorporated as a city to forestall annexation by an adjacent county. Bellmeade— See Dunham’s Station. Blockhouse Casino— See Fort Casino. Blockhouse Number 2— On 2–3 December 1864, a Union contingent composed of elements of the 115th Ohio, the 44th U.S. Colored Regiment and two companies of the 14th U.S. Colored Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lewis Johnson, engaged Confederates

480 at Blockhouse No. 2, Mill Creek, Chattanooga. Union casualties were reported as 12 killed, 46 wounded and 57 missing. Confederate casualties are unavailable. Blockhouse Number 6 and No. 7— On 4 December 1864 a clash occurred at Murfreesboro between Union and Confederate contingents at Blockhouse # 7, Overall’s Creek. The Union troops under General Milroy sustained 44 killed and wounded. The Confederates led by General William B. Bate sustained about 100 killed and wounded. On the following day, the Union blockhouse again came under attack, along with another position, Blockhouse # 6. Bluff Fort— See Bluff Station. Bluff Station— During 1779, James Robertson led an exploration expedition in the area of the Cumberland River region. The expedition, sponsored by Richard Henderson, led to the settlement of Nashborough (later Nashville) during the following year when Bluff Station (Fort Nashborough) was established in Davidson County. On 30 April 1780, a large group of pioneers arrived at Cumberland Bluffs where Robertson and the others in the advance party were waiting for them. During that same period other stations were established in the region, including one by John Donelson, who moved farther up the Cumberland River and built a station at Stones River. Another station was established by John Rains at Waverly Place. And yet other nearby stations included Freeland’s Station and Eaton’s Station. Meanwhile, Kasper Mansker constructed a fort (Mansker’s Station) slightly more than 10 miles north of Bluff Station in the vicinity of Goodlettsville. During May 1780, two men were ambushed by Indians near Bluff Station. One escaped death, but John Milliken was killed. Several days later, another band of Indians seized an isolated settler, Joseph Hay, near Lick Branch. Hay was scalped and killed. At the time, the Indians’ depredations against the settlers in Tennessee were incited by both the English and the Spanish. Before the end of May, yet another settler, known only as Bernard, fell victim to the Indians. Bernard was decapitated near present-day Buena Vista Springs. While returning to their grounds, three other settlers were spotted and again the Indians sprang an ambush. Two escaped, but the third young man, a son of the recently killed John Milliken, was seized and decapitated. During the following year, the Indians attacked the fort. On 2 April 1781, Indians arrived at Bluff Station and through a ruse pulled off an ambush. When the Indians were spotted, a party of about 20 men ventured outside the fort to eliminate the threat; however, once in the open, many braves who had been concealed commenced firing, while the men were trapped between the Indians and the locked gates. The heavy fire spooked the Indians’ horses and suddenly they broke and galloped toward the fort and then they reversed course and charged back toward the encircled troops. The Indians disengaged to catch their horses and the men were able to get back to the fort. Meanwhile, the Indians were then subjected to an attack. The fort’s dogs, trained to dislike Indians, were let loose and they charged the Indians. The dogs prevailed. The Indians were driven off and most of the party of about 20 men had been saved. Nonetheless, several men were killed and several, including Kasper Mansker, were wounded. In conjunction, the settlers killed during the ambush were scalped by the Cherokee braves before they departed. Subsequently, after dark, the Indians mounted another unsuccessful attack against the fort. The defenders, being short of ammunition, modified the cannon. The ammunition was composed of horseshoes and assorted material, as no cannonballs were available. Subsequently, during 1782, the fort was renamed Fort Nashville. Also, James Robertson’s first residence, a one-room log cabin, was located in the vicinity of 23rd and Park Avenues near Richland Creek. Nearby, at present-day H.G. Hill Park, a replica home was subsequently built. The Robertsons later

481 moved into a brick house during 1787. The latter residence, a mansion, was destroyed by fire during the early 1900s. James Robertson is remembered as the Father of Tennessee. Also, Fort Nashville was later, during the 1960s, rebuilt. The replica fort is located in Nashville along 1st Avenue in downtown Nashville. Bolivar— The Union seized control of Bolivar during 1862. Union and Confederate forces clashed in the vicinity of Bolivar on 30 August 1862, 21 September 1862, 24 December 1863, 6 February 1864, 29 March 1864 and 3 May 1864. On 30 April 1864, Union General Sturgis’ force departed Bolivar, en route for Fort Pillow to destroy General Forrest’s command; however, the Confederates had already begun to abandon the area and move toward Mississippi. Although Sturgis was unable to catch Forrest, during June, he learned of Forrest’s intentions of forming an even larger force. Sturgis then moved toward Memphis to prepare to intercept Forrest. Britton’s Station— On 1 September 1862, a Confederate cavalry force composed of about 5,000 troops, commanded by General Frank Armstrong, struck the Union at Britton’s Station (Britton’s Lane). The Union force, commanded by Colonel Elias Dennis, included the 20th and 30th Illinois Regiments and the 4th Illinois and Foster’s Illinois Cavalry, bolstered by Battery A, 2nd Illinois Artillery. The engagement lasted for about four hours. The Union sustained 5 killed and 52 missing. The Confederates sustained 179 killed and 100 wounded. In conjunction, the Confederate contingent was part of General Price’s force, which had been ordered by General Bragg to head from Tupelo, Mississippi, to join Bragg in Kentucky. Brown’s Ferry— On 27 October 1863, Confederates under General Longstreet unsuccessfully attacked the positions of Union General Joseph Hooker’s at Brown’s Ferry. The force that was engaged was that of General Giles A. Smith. It was composed of 1,200 troops specifically selected by Smith. The units included detachments from the 5th, 6th and 23rd Kentucky; the 1st, 6th, 41st, 93rd and 124th Ohio; and the 26th Indiana Volunteers. His operation was bolstered by General Turchin’s force, which had guided him across Moccasin Point to Brown’s Ferry. He was also supported by three batteries of artillery, under Major J. Mendenhall, which protected the landing and the laying of a pontoon bridge. Another 1,800 troops under General Hazen crossed about nine miles farther down the river and both units converged later during the day. Brown’s Ferry was seized. The seizure essentially provided access to Chattanooga and permitted the Union to get supplies to Chattanooga. General Hooker arrived on the 28th, giving the Union control of the Tennessee River in the area. On the 28th, Union General Howard’s Corps arrived at Brown’s Ferry to link up with General Hazen. The Confederates, under General Lafayette McLaws, deployed at “Signal Rock” on Lookout Mountain and later that night, artillery bombarded the Union positions at Wauhatchie at the rear of Brown’s Ferry. Following the bombardment, the Rebels launched an unsuccessful assault against General John Geary. By 0430 on the morning of 29 October, the Union held the high ground.

Camp Beauregard / TENNESSEE such as Buchanan’s Station, less than five miles from Bluff ’s Station in French Lick (Nashville). However, trouble with the Cherokee had not ended. By the spring of 1783, new attacks were unleashed against the settlements in Tennessee and the number of innocent scalps collected rose higher. Rains’ Station came under assault. Another attack wiped out Daniel, Joseph and William Dunham when they were ambushed at Richland Creek. The Indians were swarming everywhere, picking their victims when most vulnerable. At Buchanan’s Station, the Indians launched a raid and killed Samuel Buchanan and William Mulherrin. The Indians seized horses and retired, pursued by a contingent of about 20 men under Captain Daniel Pruett. Later, the Indians were intercepted and the horses recovered; however, while returning to Buchanan’s Station, the party established camp for the night and early on the following morning, the Indians struck. Pandemonium occurred within the camp as the frontiersmen fled for better terrain. Once they regrouped, a skirmish erupted, but the Indians turned it into a rout as Pruett ordered his men to stand in the open to meet the attackers, rather than return fire from protected positions. The English trait of firing from open positions proved fatal. The Indians prevailed and Pruett was among the killed. The survivors escaped to the fort. The fort came under another major attack during 1792. On 30 September of that year, unbeknownst to the settlers there who had dropped their high level of precaution, a large force of Indians was closing on the fort. The band included Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Creeks. The Indians arrived there at about noon, but remained concealed, as usual, until after dusk. In the interim, some bickering took place among the leaders as to how the raid should be executed. Apparently, one leader (Watts) pressed for an attack against the most formidable fort at the Bluffs, while another (Tom Tunbridge) insisted upon first striking Buchanan’s Fort, defended by only about 20 men under Major John Buchanan. After dark, under a full moon, Buchanan’s Fort was attacked, but here the defenders had not prescribed to the recent talk of no present danger. The fort was fully prepared and the marksmanship was excellent. Even the women inside participated in the defense by snatching extra hats and displaying them at portholes in a ruse known as “showing the hats,” to give an illusion of having many more troops. The attack was repulsed and the Indians sustained high casualties including the death of one of the leaders, Tom Tunbridge, who suffered a fatal wound, and the severe wounding of another leader (Watts). Bulls Gap Earthworks —A Confederate force commanded by Major General John C. Breckinridge advanced into East Tennessee during November 1864 and clashed with the Union at Bull Gap near Morristown. During 10–13 November 1864, the two sides clashed. The 8th, 9th and 13th Tennessee Cavalry, bolstered by some artillery, participated against the Confederates. The Union sustained 36 wounded and 200 missing. Confederate casualties are unavailable. The site of the clash at Bull Gap is in Greene County and Hamblen County. Skirmishing continued until the 13th. After the attacks, the Confederates moved back into Virginia. Camp Adrian— Camp Adrian was established by the Confederates during the 1860s in eastern Tennessee in Hawkins County. The Confederate Tennessee 12th Cavalry Battalion was formed there during August 1862. The cavalry unit was drawn from the Partisan Rangers.

Brown’s Station— Brown’s Station was established slightly west of Nashville near Richardson Creek during 1785 by Moses Brown. The fort was attacked by Indians soon after it was constructed. Brown was killed and scalped during the raid, but his family survived and moved to Rains’ Station.

Camp Armistead— See Fort Armistead.

Buchanan’s Station— During 1783, the situation on the frontier had been rather bleak, but since the American victory at Yorktown, the outlook for the setters in the Wilderness became more optimistic. The Kentucky settlements started to receive more settlers, and in battered Tennessee, where the stations had been reduced to only a few, settlers returned to reestablish abandoned forts and build new ones,

Camp Beauregard— The Confederates established Camp Beauregard slightly outside Jackson during 1861. Units that were formed there included the 9th and 22nd Tennessee Infantry Regiments. The 22nd Infantry Regiment was formed there during August 1861 and it was later, during 1862, reorganized with the 12th Tennessee Infantry Regiment to create the 12th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry

TENNESSEE / Camp Blount Regiment. The camp was located in the vicinity of U.S. Highway 70 where it intersects with State Highway 20. Camp Blount— Camp Blount was established in the vicinity of Fayetteville during 1813 during an ongoing conflict with the Creeks. Following the loss of Fort Mims in Alabama, during August, the State of Tennessee took steps to deal with the Indians. More than 3,000 militia troops were gathered at Fayetteville, which was in close proximity to Alabama. The force was commanded by General (later President) Andrew Jackson. Jackson’s force afterward moved into Alabama to confront the Indians and terminated the conflict at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during March of the following year. The camp, named in honor of Governor William Blount, was also utilized by the Americans during the later operations during the War of 1812 when the Tennesseans moved from Camp Blount to reinforce General Jackson in Alabama and at the Battle of New Orleans. Subsequently, during the conflicts with the Seminoles in Florida, Camp Blount was again used and afterward, during the Civil War, Fayetteville was used by both sides. Four ancient oak trees stood at the site, but by the end of the twentieth century, two of the prized treasures were lost to development. Camp Bob Taylor— Camp Bob Taylor, named in honor of the governor of Tennessee, was established at Knoxville during the SpanishAmerican War period, 1898. Camp Boone— Camp Boone was established in Montgomery County near Spring Creek in the vicinity of Clarksville during 1861. The camp was established near the Louisville and Memphis Railroad in close proximity to the border with Kentucky, which at the time was still neutral. The Kentucky troops for the Confederacy were trained at Camp Boone and later, by August 1861, also at nearby Camp Burnett. Units that were formed at Camp Boone included the 2nd and 3rd Kentucky Infantry Regiments. Afterward, Camp Burnett was established and the remaining troops at Camp Burnett were relocated there to form the Confederate 4th Kentucky Infantry Regiment, which was mustered into Confederate service during early September. The regiments later moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, to become the foundation of what became known as the “Orphan Brigade” (Confederate 1st Kentucky Brigade). Camp Boone is commemorated by a historical marker that stands along U.S. Highway 79 at a point between the town of Clarksville and the border with Kentucky. However, the exact location of Camp Burnett is less clear and it is not noted on the marker. Camp Bradley— See Murfreesboro Union Civil War Defenses. Camp Burnett— See Camp Boone. Camp Cheatham— Camp Cheatham was established by the Confederates at a spot less than five miles from Springfield during 1861. Units that were at the camp included the 11th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, which was organized there during June 1861. Later, during 1862, the regiment was reorganized to form elements of the Confederate 2nd Consolidated Tennessee Infantry Regiment. The 10th (also known as the 11th) Tennessee Cavalry Battalion was formed during February 1862 and later as a regiment. Another unit, the Williamson Grays, was organized at Franklin during May 1861 and afterward it moved to Camp Cheatham. Camp Garesche— Camp Garesche was established during February 1863 by the Union Pennsylvania 15th Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The regiment moved from Nashville to the vicinity of Murfreesboro and established the camp near the Lebanon Pike. The site is located within the Stones River National Battlefield. Camp Harris— Camp Harris, named in honor of the governor of Tennessee (Islam G. Harris), was established in central Tennessee by

482 the Confederates in the vicinity of Alisonia (Franklin County) during 1861. Units that were formed there included elements of the Confederate 16th Infantry Regiment. The 1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteers, commanded by Colonel George Maney, was also formed there. By July 1861, the 1st Regiment moved out for Virginia. Camp Pennsylvania— The Union established Camp Pennsylvania near Murfreesboro during 1863. During May of that year, the 15th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry Regiment moved from Camp Garesche to Camp Pennsylvania along the Salem Pike less than two miles west of the town. Camp Poland— Camp Poland was established at Knoxville during the Spanish-American War period (1898). The 6th Ohio Infantry Regiment arrived there from Camp George H. Thomas, which was located on the former battlefield at Chickamauga. The unit was relocated due to the poor conditions at the camp in Chickamauga. Camp Ross— Camp Ross was established by Tennessee militia during 1812 (War of 1812 period-Creek War). The post was established in the vicinity of Chattanooga for the purpose of having a supply depot. However, at times, the post failed in its mission. During July 1814, General George Doherty informed General John Cocke by letter that there was an acute shortage of arms and other supplies at the fort. The exact time the fort was abandoned is unknown. Camp Schaefer— See Murfreesboro Union Civil War Defenses. Camp Sill— The Union established Camp Sill during 1863 in the vicinity of Murfreesboro. Units that were at the camp included the 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment. See also Murfreesboro Union Civil War Defenses. Camp Smartt— The Confederates established Camp Smartt in Warren County during 1861 in the vicinity of McMinnville. The units there included the Confederate 35th Tennessee Regiment, which was formed during September 1861. The regiment was also known as the 1st Tennessee Mountain Rifle Regiment and the 5th Tennessee Infantry Regiment (Provisional Army). The regiment was commanded by Colonel Benjamin Hill. The camp was abandoned later that same year, but during the following year it was reactivated under Colonel (later General) Marcus Wright. In addition, the 9th Texas Regiment and the 20th Alabama Regiment also were based for a time at the camp during 1862. Camp Trousdale— Camp Trousdale was established in about the early part of 1862 by the Confederates in the vicinity of Gallatin. The 55th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel James L. McKoin was formed there during January 1862. Later, the regiment was joined with the 44th Confederate Consolidated Tennessee Infantry. Campbell’s Station— On 16 October 1863, Union troops of the Ninth and 23rd Corps engaged Confederates under General Longstreet at Campbell’s Station. The Union sustained about 40 killed and 340 wounded. The Confederates suffered more than 550 killed or wounded. During the following month on the 16th, again the two sides clashed. Elements of the 9th Corps and the 2nd Division, 23rd Corps bolstered by General Sanders’ cavalry (General Burnside’s command) engaged and defeated the Confederates under Longstreet at Campbell Station. The Union sustained 60 killed and 340 wounded. The Confederates suffered 570 killed or wounded and many others captured. General Burnside was pulling back toward Knoxville when the latter skirmish erupted. Carnton Plantation— The Carnton Plantation was located at Franklin. During the Battle of Franklin, it was used by the Confederates as a hospital. A Confederate cemetery is located on the grounds and a museum operates there.

483 Carter House— During November 1864, the Confederates under General John B. Hood advanced against the Union at Franklin. The Carter House was used as a hospital by the Confederates following the Battle of Franklin, which occurred on 30 November 1864. The Carter House was later acquired by the State of Tennessee. A museum is located there on what was essentially the front lines of the battle. The Union prevailed and the Confederates took devastating losses. For more information: Carter House Museum, 1140 Columbia Avenue, Franklin, Tennessee 37064 or PO Box 555, Franklin, Tennessee 37065. See also Franklin. Cavet’s Station— Cavet’s Station, a settler’s fort, was established during the 1780s in the vicinity of Knoxville. During September 1793, Indians (Creeks and Cherokee) led by John Watts advanced against White’s Fort, but did not attack. Instead they moved against another, less-protected target, Cavet’s Station, defended by only a few men and the Cavet family, which was composed of about 13 people. All surrendered and all except one of Alexander Cavet’s sons were murdered. The fate of the survivor is unknown. See also James White’s Fort. Chattanooga Chickamauga Confederate Civil War Defenses— Fort Cheatham and Fort Hindman were established by the Confederates during the 1860s. In addition, Battery Smartt was also established. Fortifications were also established on Lookout Mountain. The Union seized Chattanooga during September 1863. See also Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses— On 8 September 1863, the Confederates abandoned Chattanooga. Once the Union occupied it, a series of fortifications was established to defend the positions. Initially, the forts and batteries that were built on the east and south sides were linked by a line of trenches and infantry lines; however, during 1864, at about the start of the campaign to seize Atlanta, the lines were eliminated and the various posts were made independent to stand individually. Union forces under Gen-

Confederate Memorial Hall / TENNESSEE eral W S. Rosecrans (Crittenden’s Corps) occupied Chattanooga as the Confederates under General Braxton Bragg evacuated it. The Union occupation placed the federal troops in total control of an important railroad. Bragg’s forces moved toward La Fayette, Georgia. His command, counting reinforcements from Mississippi, East Tennessee and Virginia, exceeded 66,000 men. In related activity, General Longstreet had departed Virginia with more than 10,000 troops to reinforce Bragg in Tennessee. Longstreet arrived on the 18th. The Union forts and batteries included: Battery Bushnell, Battery Coolidge, Fort Crutchfield, Fort Jones (known also as Stone Fort), Fort Lytle (known also as Star Fort), Fort Mihalotzy, Fort Negley, Fort Palmer, Fort Phelps (named in honor of Edward Phelps), Fort Putnam, Fort Sheridan, Fort Sherman and Fort Wood (later named Fort Creighton, but usually referred to as Fort Wood). Another fortification there was Redoubt Carpenter. In addition, the Union also fortified Lookout Mountain when it took control of the area. For more information: Chickamauga & Chattanooga NMP P.O. Box 2128, Fort Oglethorpe, GA 30742 Coffee County Fort— See Old Stone Fort. Colliersville Depot— The Union established a supply depot at Colliersville during the 1860s. On 11 October 1863, a Union train was attacked by Confederate cavalry about one-half mile outside the depot. The Rebels demanded surrender of the depot and the train, but General Sherman declined. The train was set afire while under attack, but Union reinforcements arrived to help drive off the raiders. The Union sustained about 15 killed. The Confederates suffered bout 30 wounded. Another skirmish occurred there on 24 October and again on 3 and 4 November, but the Union retained the depot. The two sides also clashed at Colliersville on 27 December 1863. Colonel Valentine Sevier’s Station— See Valentine Sevier’s Station. Columbia— During the latter part of November 1864, the Confederates attacked the Union at Columbia. During 24–28 November, both sides fought for domination. On the 24th, Horace Capron’s Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division and the 4th and 23rd Corps (General George Thomas’ Army) engaged the Confederates, but the Confederates prevailed and occupied Columbia (Duck Run). Estimated Union casualties were about 800 killed, wounded and missing. The estimated Confederate casualties were placed at about 600 killed, wounded and missing. On the 26th, the Union was well fortified at its positions and prepared for a major assault by General Hood’s Army of the Tennessee, but in the meantime, Schofield figured out Hood’s plans. Consequently, Schofield moved to Franklin to join with his cavalry. Columbia Arsenal— The U.S. Army acquired about 67 acres of land in Columbia during 1888. An arsenal was established there in a military complex that was composed of nine buildings. The facility remained active through the Spanish-American War (1898) into the early 1900s. During 1904, the post was transferred by Congress to private enterprise and it became the Columbia Military Academy. It operated until 1978. The Columbia Arsenal site on West 7th Street was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1977.

Confederate Battery at Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee — Illustration, Harper’s

Confederate Memorial Hall— Confederate Memorial Hall, located on Kingston Pike in Knoxville, was used as headquarters by the Confederates during the campaign to seize Knoxville and Union-held Fort

TENNESSEE / Covington Camp Sanders. The Memorial Hall is located off Highway I-40 at the airport exit (187 B). The Confederates also established a tower there from which they could fire upon defenders at Fort Sanders. The Confederate Memorial Hall (3148 Kingston Pike) is now a museum managed by the Daughters of the Confederacy. Covington Camp— On 10 March 1863, elements of the 6th and 7th Illinois Cavalry Regiments, commanded by Colonel (later General) Benjamin Henry Grierson, attacked a temporary Confederate encampment in the vicinity of Covington. The Confederates, numbering about 400 and led by Colonel Richardson, lost about 25 killed. Craig’s Fort— Craig’s Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established by John Craig in the 1780s by the settlers who were in the process of establishing the town of Maryville in Blount County. John Craig donated the land that would encompass the town. Subsequently, during the 1900s, a high school was renamed Fort Craig in commemoration of the colonial fort, which stood in close proximity to the modern-day school. Cumberland Gap— Cumberland Gap was heavily fortified by the Confederates during 1863. On 5 September 1863, General Burnside directed General Shackelford to depart Knoxville to bolster a smaller force which had earlier been sent against the stronghold. On 9 September, the Union seized Cumberland Gap, following a heavy skirmish at Tazewell. The Union seized about 2,000 prisoners and captured 14 pieces of artillery. Confederate General John Wesley Frazer (West Point, 1849), aware that Knoxville was falling to the Yanks, surrendered Cumberland Gap to Burnside. The capitulation stunned the Confederacy. The actions of Frazer reverberated all the way to the halls of the Confederate Senate, which declined to sanction his recent promotion to brigadier general. In conjunction, Frazer’s luck didn’t improve. Unlike many of the high-ranking Confederate officers, Frazer was not released from Fort Warren, nor was he offered in exchange for Union officers until after the close of hostilities. Cumberland Iron Works— During August 1862, contingents of the 71st Ohio and the 5th Iowa Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Lowe, engaged Confederates led by Colonel Thomas G. Woodward in the vicinity of Fort Donelson and at Cumberland Iron Works. The Union sustained 31 killed and wounded. The Confederates sustained 30 killed and wounded. Also, on the following day, a 130-man Union contingent skirmished with a Confederate force of about 500 troops at the iron works. The Union sustained 2 killed and 18 wounded. The Confederate casualty figures are unavailable. Subsequent to the fall of Fort Donelson, the Cumberland Iron Works ceased operations. It was reactivated during 1865. Demonbreun Post— During autumn 1760, Timothy Demonbreun and a small party arrived by boat in the area of French Lick (later Nashville) to the surprise of the Indians there who for the first time saw a boat under sail. Demonbreun, formerly a French soldier who had participated in the French and Indian War, had begun his journey during the previous spring, moving first from Quebec to Kaskaskia and from there he ventured down the Cumberland River with his craft laden with goods to establish himself as a trader. Initially, Demonbreun took up residence during the winter months in a cave located along the Cumberland River at a spot between the mouth of Stones River and Mill Creek. During 1761, Demonbreun brought his wife to the region and there, while residing in the cave, their son William was born. When Nashville (initially Nashborough) was established, Demonbreun constructed a warehouse-cabin in the vicinity of Public Square and another also in Nashville near the present-day intersection of Broad and College Streets. He resided at the latter log cabin. By about 1770, some of the settlers departed

484 the area, but Demonbreun remained and was there when new settlers arrived in the region following visits there by the “Long Hunters.” When Kasper Mansker stopped there at French Lick (Nashville) during 1770, he and his party encountered Demonbreun. Timothy Demonbreun lived to the age of 96 and succumbed during 1826 at the home which he also built in Nashville. Derrick’s Fort— Derrick’s Fort, a settler’s fort was established during the latter part of the 1770s, in Sevier County, Tennessee across the Holston River from Dandridge County. The fort and a grist mill were built by Jacob Derrick, who along with Jacob Bird, and Adam Fox were among the initial settlers in the region who formed a settlement known as the German Settlement or the Old Dutch Settlement. Subsequently, Derrick, during the 1800s, transferred about one acre of ground for the purpose of building a church, known as St. James Lutheran Church. Donelson’s Station— John Donelson and others, including his son, also named John, and Hugh Rogan moved farther up the Cumberland River and established a station at Clover Bottom near the mouth of the Stones River during 1780. Donelson did not build a fort there. Donelson did, however, build cabins. The cabins had no stockade and were identified in the period as “half-camps.” By summer of that same year, the crops had been planted, but the station was abandoned due to threat of a major Indian attack. The people at Donelson’s Station relocated at Mansker’s Station. Later, during autumn, a party, led by Captain John Donelson, Jr., returned to the station to gather the crops. Indians attacked the group during early November. The incident is remembered as the “Clover Bottom Defeat.” Another contingent from the fort at the bluff, under Captain Abel Gower, was to join with Donelson to complete the task of getting the cotton, but the Gower party moved down the river and when it encountered Donelson, Gower informed Donelson that they were continuing to Nashville without stopping. All the while, Indians were nearby in concealed positions. While Donelson was attempting to get Gower to pause to help, the Indians opened fire. Gower’s boat was the initial target. The men aboard began to abandon the boat and make it to shore. Gower, his son and most of the others in the boat were killed either in the boat or after they waded to shore. Three men survived, one white and two Negroes, one of the latter named Jack Cavil who afterward joined a group of renegade Indians at the village of Nickajack. Meanwhile, the boat of the Donelson party was in deeper water on the opposite bank. Nevertheless, the men abandoned the boat and hurriedly departed the area. The boat, which contained several bodies, was carried by the stream until it came to rest at Nashville. Once the corpses were discovered, it was erroneously thought that both parties had been lost. Later, the Donelson party received help from Mansker’s Station and afterward they were reunited with the others at the fort. Colonel Donelson and his party returned to Kentucky. Dunham’s Station— Dunham’s Station (known later as Bellmeade) was established during the summer of 1780. That same year, the station was abandoned and the Dunhams and others there relocated at Bluff ’s Station to gain more protection from Indian attacks. The station was subsequently reestablished. The station was located where the Belle Meade Plantation House now stands. In conjunction, the station was sometimes referred to as Fort Dunham. Eaton’s Station— Eaton’s Station (Heaton’s Station) was established at Nashville by Amos Eaton during 1780. The station was built by several of the colonists, including Amos Eaton, Louis Crane, Isaac Lindsey, William Loggers, Isaac Roundsever and Frederick Stump Sr. in addition to some others. The station’s complex was composed of cabins that formed a circle that was fortified by a series of stockades that stretched from one cabin to the next, essentially providing the

485

Fort Byington / TENNESSEE

defenders with a formidable defensive wall in the event of an Indian attack. During June 1780, Indians ambushed two unsuspecting settlers who were working between Mansker’s Station and Eaton’s Station. Both men lost their scalps. Throughout the summer, more settlers were killed by similar attacks, some more gruesome than others. One victim, Jonathan Jennings, was caught above Nashville and killed during August. Afterward, the Indians chopped his body into pieces with their tomahawks. The constant threat of attack by Indians compelled some of the settlers to abandon their land and relocate within a stronger fort while others departed the area altogether. Eaton’s Station was not destroyed during the period, but the exact date it was abandoned is unknown.

tire Mississippi Valley for France’s king Louis XIV. Fort Pike was abandoned for Fort Pickering, which was established in Memphis during 1798. During 1818, the Chickasaw tribe relinquished its lands in West Tennessee. By the following year, Memphis, named by its founders after the ancient capital of Egypt, was founded. The city of Memphis was established by three businessmen from Nashville: Andrew Jackson (later president), John Overton and James Winchester. In conjunction, another Fort Adams was established during the same time period in Mississippi, south of Natchez, and sometimes there is some confusion between the two forts. See also Fort Pickering, Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas, Fort Assumption, and Fort St. Jean 1, Louisiana.

Edgefield— On 25 February 1862, Union Major General Don Carlos Buell (West Point, 1841) arrived at Edgefield, across from Nashville. One of his divisions under Ormsby MacKnight Mitchell (West Point, 1829) was there to greet him. The city of Nashville surrendered on the following day. General William Nelson, sent by General Ulysses S. Grant, also joined Buell, bringing the force up to 15,000 men. The Confederates evacuated the city. Buell also ordered General Smith (at Clarksville) to bring his entire force to Nashville in case of a Confederate attack. General Nelson had previous service as a naval officer and was the only naval officer to acquire the full rank of major general during the war. Flag-officer Foote, aboard the Conestoga, also arrived at Nashville; it was the Conestoga that escorted the transports that carried the troops under General Nelson from Clarkesville to Edgefield. On 26 February 1862, Confederate Major R.B. Cheatham arrived to officially surrender the city of Nashville to General Don Carlos Buell. Union troops occupied the city on the 28th. General U.S. Grant arrived in Nashville on the 28th and after determining that no attack was imminent, he ordered General C.F. Smith to return to Clarksville.

Fort Ammen— See Loudoun.

Emory Iron Works— On 30 August 1863, Union forces under General Burnside crossed the Cumberland Mountains to reach Montgomery and joined there with another column, led by General Julius White. A cavalry contingent led by Colonel Burt moved out on a reconnaissance mission and discovered a Confederate force under General John Pegram deployed at a gap in the vicinity of the Emory Iron Works at the Clinch River Valley. A larger force was dispatched, but when it arrived on the following day, Pegram had abandoned the area. After the obstacle was abandoned, it opened the way to Knoxville for the Union. The Confederate commander in the area, General Buckner, was stunned by the unexpected appearance of General Burnside. Buckner moved out of Eastern Tennessee so quickly that the Confederates at Cumberland Gap were not informed. Fort Adams–(Tennessee) Fort Adams, named in honor of President John Adams, was established during 1797 at Memphis on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. A contingent of American troops arrived in the vicinity of Fort San Fernando during July 1797 and concluded that it was in too poor a condition for military use. Soon after, authorization was given to build a new post on the site which faced the river toward the Spanish fortification, Fort Esperanza, on the opposite side of the Mississippi River in Arkansas. The post was completed by early October of 1797. Earlier, the Spanish had established Fort San Fernando there and prior to that, the French had established Fort Assumption. President George Washington had become incensed at the action of the Spanish at Memphis as early as 1795. At that time, General Anthony Wayne, on behalf of the president, relayed a message to Spanish Governor Cayoso at Fort New Madrid (New Orleans), instructing the Spanish to evacuate the territory. During 1541, Hernando DeSoto claimed the region for Spain. Later, the French explorer La Salle claimed the en-

Fort Armistead— Fort Armistead, known also as Camp Armistead, was established during 1827. It was located in what was known as the Cherokee Overhill region along the Unicoi Turnpike in the vicinity of Tellico. The fort was located along an ancient Indian trail that had been used to traverse the Great Smoky Mountains. Tellico was one of a group of Cherokee towns. English traders from Charleston arrived in the area during the 1690s, followed by the French, who traveled there along the Great Warpath from the Gulf of Mexico during the early 1700s. The fort became necessary after gold was discovered at Coker Creek. The fort was intended to keep prospectors and settlers off the Cherokee lands, but the settlers disregarded the military presence. Later, following the Treaty of New Echota, the Creeks relinquished their rights to the land and agreed to relocate in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Fort Armistead was one of a large number of military posts used to detain Cherokee Indians during the period of relocation (Trail of Tears). The fort was abandoned during 1838, following the conclusion of the operation. Fort Armor— See Fort Marr. Fort Assumption— Fort Assumption was established by the French during 1739 in the vicinity of Chickasaw Bluff at Memphis. During March 1740, Jean Baptiste Bienville concluded a peace with the Chickasaws, whom the French had been unable to defeat. Subsequently, the Chickasaws continued to dominate the territory between Baton Rouge and Illinois. Meanwhile, the French destroyed Fort Assumption at Memphis and they also abandoned another post, Fort on the St. Francis River (Arkansas). In conjunction, the troops which had come to fight the Chickasaws discretely returned to their respective origins. Jean Baptiste Bienville embarked for France. The post was abandoned by the following year. Later, Fort Barrancas was established there by the Spanish. See also Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas. Fort Barrancas— See Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas. Fort Blount— Fort Blount was established slightly northwest of the town of Flynns Creek in Jackson County in about 1791 by direction of Governor William Blount. At that time, there were constant threats of attacks by Cherokee Indians. The fort, initially known as Big Lick Garrison, was built along the Cumberland River close to the mouth of a creek. Militia manned the fort to protect settlers that traveled along Avery Trace, which ran from North Carolina and passed French Lick (Nashville). The militia abandoned the fort, which contained four blockhouses, by 1796; however, afterward, the complex remained in use by the settlers who paused there while heading further west. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Bruce— See Valentine Sevier’s Station. Fort Byington— Fort Byington was established by the Union during the 1860s at Knoxville in the vicinity of the University of Tennessee. During the conflict, the brick structures at the university

TENNESSEE / Fort Casino (known at the time as East Tennessee University) were used as hospitals by the Confederates and then by the Union. The fort was constructed around the hospitals. It was located along the Union defense line that extended from Fort Sanders to Second Creek. Fort Byington was above Battery Noble and below Fort Sanders. The Fort Byington site is on the hill where Ayres Hall (University of Tennessee) is located. Fort Casino— Fort Casino was established at Nashville during the 1860s in the vicinity of South 8th Avenue. The fort was held for the duration. The Nashville Reservoir (later, 8th St. Reservoir) was later built on the site of the fort. Fort Cass— Fort Cass was established by the U.S. Army in the vicinity of Calhoun during the Cherokee Removal period. The post was one of a large number of army posts established at that time. Most of the forts were in Georgia. Fort Cass remained active until 1838 when the Cherokee Relocation was completed. In conjunction, the Cherokee agreed by the Treaty of New Echota to relinquish their lands and move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). During the operations in Tennessee, General John E. Wool maintained headquarters at Fort Cass. Fort Caswell— See Fort Watauga. Fort Cheatham— Fort Cheatham was established by the Confederates at Chattanooga during 1862. The Confederates abandoned Chattanooga during 1863 and the Union occupied it and fortified the entire area. See also Chattanooga Chickamauga Confederate Civil War Defenses. Fort Comstock— Fort Comstock was initially a fort begun by the Confederates and completed by the Union. It was located in Knoxville on Summit Hill along present-day Vine Street between Locust and Gay Street. The post was in close proximity to the East Tennessee and Georgia and the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad depots. The East Tennessee and Kentucky Railroad was also in the same area. Also, Union Battery Wiltsie (Wiltsee) was located on a nearby hill just above the fort and Battery Galpin was just below Fort Comstock. Fort Confiscation— Fort Confiscation was established by the Union in Nashville along the Franklin Pike during 1863. The post was located in close proximity to Fort Morton. Fort Craig— See Craig’s Fort.

486 Fort Dickerson— Fort Dickerson, named in honor of Lieutenant Jonathan Dickerson, was established during November 1863 in Knoxville by the Union. The fort was located near Kingston Pike on what was known as Fort Dickerson Hill in close proximity to Fort Stanley. Fort Dickerson was part of a chain of 16 forts that was established to defend Knoxville. Of those, 10 posts ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Fort Dickerson, on the south side of the Holston River between Fort Higley and Fort Stanley, was a strategic post. It was unsuccessfully attacked during November 1863 by Confederates under General Joseph Wheeler. If the post would have fallen, Knoxville would have been gained by the Confederates. In conjunction, there are some infantry trenches and artillery positions still visible in Fort Dickerson Park. On 2 September 1863, Kingston fell to Union troops commanded by Colonel Robert Minty, and Knoxville also fell to the Union when a contingent of General Burnside’s force, commanded by Colonel Foster, entered the city; Burnside arrived on the 4th and received a tumultuous welcome: U.S. flags which had been concealed for a long time had been brought to the foreground, dusted off and plastered all over the town. Greetings such as “Welcome General Burnside. Welcome to East Tennessee!” “Bless the Lord! The old flag’s come back to East Tennessee.” Fort Donelson— Fort Donelson was established by the Confederates during the summer of 1861 in the vicinity of Dover. After the fall of Fort Henry, Confederates who had escaped from there moved to reinforce Fort Donelson. The post, located on the west (left) bank of the Cumberland River, stood as protector to the rear of Bowling Green, Kentucky, and as a deterrent to any Union troops heading for Nashville. The Union attacked and seized Fort Donelson during February 1862. On 3 February 1863, the defenders, numbering about 600, repulsed troops at Fort Donelson numbering only about 600, and repulsed a Confederate attack from the combined forces of Major General Joseph Wheeler and Brigadier General Nathan B. Forrest which totaled about 4,500 troops. The Confederates twice demanded surrender, but Colonel Abner Harding ignored the ultimatums. Later, at about 2000 hours, the Rebels closed and simultaneously attacked three sides of the fort that were not protected by the river. Meanwhile, the garrison had nearly expended its ammunition supply when several Union gunboats, commanded by Captain LeRoy Fitch, arrived. The U.S. Navy launched a massive amount of fire against the Rebels and terminated the attack. The Union suffered approximately 16 dead, 60 wounded, 50 missing; the Confederates sustained 140 dead, 400 wounded, 130 missing. The Union forces at Fort Donelson were commanded by Colonel Abner Harding, who

Fort Creighton— Fort Creighton, initially known as Fort Wood, was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See also Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Crutchfield— Fort Crutchfield was established by the Union subsequent to the seizure of Chattanooga during the preparation for the Atlanta Campaign during 1864. See also Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Dan McCook— Fort Dan McCook, named in honor of Colonel (later, brigadier general) Dan McCook (52nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. McCook was fatally wounded on 27 June, 1864 at Kennesaw Mountain (Georgia). He succumbed at his brother’s house in Steuben Ohio on 17 July, 1864, one day following his promotion to brigadier general. His brothers, Alexander McDowell McCook and Robert Latimer McCook were also Union brothers and related as cousins with Union General Edward Moody McCook. Daniel McCook, prior to the war had been a law-partner of William Tecumseh Sherman. In conjunction, Fort Dan McCook was also referred to as Fort Russsell Houston. Fort Defiance— See Valentine Sevier’s Station.

Union gunboats attack Fort Donelson — Barnes, U.S. History, Illustation

487

Fort Grainger / TENNESSEE Park. During the following year, the Union built an earthworks fort and on that site, a national cemetery now stands. For more information: Fort Donelson National Military Park, Dover, Tennessee 37058. Fort Dunham— See Dunham’s Station. Fort Garesche— See Camp Garesche. Fort Gillem— Fort Gillem, later renamed Fort Sill (1863), was established by the Union at Nashville during 1862. The post was a supporting fort of Fort Negley. Others support posts included Fort Casino and Fort Morton. See also Fort Negley (Nashville).

Fort Donelson after capture by Union — Illustration, History of the U.S., Shea, 1872

was promoted to brigadier general for his defense at Donelson. Poor vision forced Harding to retire during June 1863. His victory over the elite southern cavalry assured Union control of the Cumberland River. Another Confederate attack was repelled on 18 September 1863. The fort site is now part of Fort Donelson National Military

Fort Grainger— Fort Grainger was established in Loudoun County in the vicinity of Lenoir City during the 1790s. The fort was built by the direction of Governor William Blount and named after his wife, Mary Grainger Blount. Fort Grainger remained active until the early 1800s. Not to be confused with Fort Grainger at Franklin.

Fort Grainger (Granger)— Fort Grainger (Granger) was established at Franklin by the Union during 1862. By February 1862, the Union controlled Nashville. Subsequently, during 1864, the Confederates attempted to regain Nashville and Franklin. Both attempts failed. Union General Schofield maintained his headquarters at Fort

The Union 8th Missouri and 11th Indiana regiments, under General Lew Wallace, participate in the attack against Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 1862

TENNESSEE / Fort Harris Grainger during the Battle of Franklin (1864); however, the post was not to play any key part in the battle. The fort site is off Fort Granger Road. In conjunction, the Carter House Museum is located on Columbia Avenue in close proximity and the museum operates tours of the fort. Not to be confused with Fort Grainger near Lenoir City. Fort Harris— The Confederates established a fortification known as Fort Henry in the vicinity of Memphis to protect the area at the mouth of the Loosahatchie River approach to Memphis. The site is now submerged at Loosahatchie Bar. Fort Heiman— Fort Heiman was established by the Confederates outside Dover during 1861. The fort was abandoned during February 1862 when the Union initiated the attack to seize Fort Henry. See also Fort Henry. Fort Henry— Fort Henry, an earthworks fort, was established outside of Dover by the Confederates during 1861. By mid–January 1862, the Union initiated operations to seize it. On 17 January, a naval force bombarded it and the naval attack continued until 22 January. Although no land attack was launched, the naval force was carrying a large ground force under General C.F. Smith. In addition, another force had departed Cairo, Illinois. On 6 February, Smith’s Division moved toward Fort Hieman, while General McClernand’s Division advanced toward a position along the Dover Road between Forts Henry and Donelson. Meanwhile, the gunboats, unaffected by the unruly water, maneuvered into position at Panther Island in the western channel and from there, out of harm’s way of the long-range Confederate guns, commenced a powerful bombardment that continued until about 1400. The fort’s gunners returned fire, but the commander, Confederate General Lloyd Tilghman, concluded that the fort was untenable. Tilghman evacuated his force and dispatched it to Fort Donelson. He, however, remained until the Union naval guns demolished the fort, leaving only seven of the original 17 guns under Captain Jesse Taylor operational. Fort Henry, prior to the abandonment, was defended by two brigades under Colonels A. Heiman and Joseph Drake. Heiman’s force was composed of his regiment, the 10th Tennessee (Lt. Colonel McGavock), 27th Alabama (Colonel Hughes), 48th Tennessee (Colonel Voorhies), one battal-

488 ion of cavalry under Lt. Colonel Gantt and a battery of four guns under Captain Culbertson. Drakes’ Brigade comprised his regiment, the 4th Mississippi, presently commanded by Major Adair, 15th Arkansas (Colonel Gee), 51st Tennessee (Colonel Browder), one battalion of Alabama troops led by Major Garvin and a contingent of rangers, commanded by Captain Melton. Drakes’ Brigade was further augmented by two companies of cavalry commanded by Captains Milner and Padgett respectively. Subsequent to the troops departing for Fort Donelson, Tilghman, having only about 100 troops still with him, surrendered to Flag-officer Andrew Foote. He dispatched Commander Stembel and Lt. Commander Phelps to unfurl Old Glory over the captured Fort Henry in the Mississippi Valley. The 15,000 troops under General Ulysses S. Grant that departed Cairo did not arrive in time to fight; however, as it turned out, the navy didn’t re- Diagram of Fort Henry, Tenquire any assistance. Upon the nessee — Illustration, Drum arrival of Grant’s ground troops, Beat Nation, 1887 pursuit of the Rebels commenced. Elements of the 4th Illinois Cavalry give chase, but their effort netted only a few troops and several pieces of light artillery. The Union sustained 2 killed and 38 wounded; of those, 29 occurred when a boiler on the Essex exploded after being hit by a 32pounder hurled from the fort. Of the two deaths, one was Lt. S.B. Brittan, Jr., of New York. He was instantly killed while aboard the Essex as Captain Porter’s aide when he was struck directly in the head by a 42pound shot. The Confederates lost 5 dead, 11 wounded. Grant telegraphed General Halleck after the victory: “I shall take and destroy Fort Donelson on the 8th and return to Fort Henry.” Bad weather and orders from Halleck to fortify Fort Henry prevented Grant from moving until 12 February. In conjunction, nearby Fort Heiman was abandoned during the naval bombardment. Fort Higley— Fort Higley was established by the Union in the vicinity of Knoxville. The fort was located on the south side of the Holston River below Fort Dickerson near the Knoxville and Charleston Railroad.

Union gunboats at Fort Henry, Tennessee — Illustration, Drum Beat Nation, 1887

Fort Hill— Fort Hill was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The fort was one of 10 positions that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill, the latter located south of Saxton Avenue and Surry Street at the

489 termination of a ridge (Mabry Hill). In conjunction, on some period maps, Mabry Hill is known as Murray’s Hill. Fort Hindman— Fort Hindman was established by the Confederates at Chattanooga during 1862. The Confederates abandoned Chattanooga during 1863 and the Union occupied it. See also Chattanooga Chickamauga Confederate Civil War Defenses. Fort Huntingdon Smith— Fort Huntingdon Smith was established by the Union as part of a line of defenses at Knoxville. The fort was one of 10 posts that ran from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Fort Huntingdon Smith was located east of First Creek along Payne Avenue and between Fort Hill and Battery Billingsley. Fort Johnson— See Fortress Johnson. Fort Jones— Fort Jones, known also as Stone Fort, was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Loudoun (Knoxville)— See Fort Sanders. Fort Loudoun (Vonore)— Fort Loudoun, named after John Campbell (First Earl of Loudoun) was established by the English during October 1756 (French and Indian War period) in what was known as the Overhill Country near Vonore. The fort was authorized by South Carolina governor William Henry Lyttelton. The post was manned by British regulars and South Carolina militia. The post was fortified with bastions, a stockade and a moat. The fort’s artillery was brought there by transporting it by mules over the Unicoi Trail, which was an ancient and treacherous Indian path that ran from Charleston. The cannon each weighed several hundred pounds and it was a challenge that many at the time thought impossible. Actually, all the fort’s supplies traveled the identical route. The British anticipated using the post to maintain good relations with the Cherokee and keep their allegiance against the French. The construction project was completed prior to the spring of 1757 and held a garrison of just under 100 regulars and about 120 militia troops. The post was initially commanded by Captain Raymond Demere and afterward by his brother, Paul Demere. By 1758, relations between the British and the Cherokees deteriorated, particularly following an incident in South Carolina whereby slightly more than 20 Cherokee were sentenced to execution at Fort Prince George during the latter part of 1759. By the spring of the following year, the Indians retaliated. The outpost in the wilderness, Fort Loudoun, came under siege during March 1760. By August, the post was untenable and no supplies had reached the garrison. Relief forces had attempted to break the siege, but none succeeded. On 9 August 1760, the garrison surrendered the fort and began to move back to South Carolina. On the following day, the Indians attacked the party at their encampment just as dawn broke. The party, including women and children, numbered about 180 people. Of those, all but about 20 to 30 were killed and the survivors were taken as slaves. Subsequently, most were released after ransom was paid. A replica fort was later reconstructed on the south shore of Tellico Reservoir slightly north of Vonore off U.S. Highway 411. The reconstructed fort is less than 35 miles from Knoxville. Not to be confused with Fort Loudoun (Fort Sanders) (Knoxville). Fort Lytle— Fort Lytle, known also as Star Fort, was established by the Union at Chattanooga. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Marr— Fort Marr, known also as Old Fort, was established in the vicinity of the Conasauga River in Polk County near Old Fort in about 1814; however, it is not definite. It is possible that the fort was established as early as 1803, at a time when a military road running between Georgia and Tennessee was under construction. The

Fort Negley / TENNESSEE fort is thought to have been used during the Creek War of 1814–1815, but it was established initially to provide protection for the Cherokees from the Creeks. Subsequently, during the Cherokee Removal period (1830s), the fort, a two-story blockhouse, became known as Fort Morrow. Fort Marr was moved several times after it was constructed and its final spot was at Benton, where it was placed during 1965. During the 1980s, the property was acquired by the Conservation Department (State of Tennessee). Fort Marr has been preserved as a State Historic Site. It is uncertain as to whom the fort was named for, but it is thought that it was named for George Washington Lent Marr, an officer who served under Andrew Jackson during the Creek War (1813–1814). In conjunction, Fort Marr is the sole remaining Cherokee Removal Fort still in existence. The fort has also been referred to as Fort Armor. When the fort was referred to as Fort Morrow, it was named after a Captain John Morrow (Tennessee Militia), who commanded the fort at that time. Fort Mihalotzy— The Union established Fort Mihalotzy, named in honor of Colonel Geza Mihalotzy, at Chattanooga. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Mitchel— The Union took control of Buck Lodge during November 1862 and the fortification there became known as Fort Mitchel. The post was located less than two miles from the L & N Railroad and the troops were directed to hold the two railroad bridges there as well as a water tank. The Indiana 13th Field Artillery deployed a four-gun battery there and the Ohio 106th Volunteer Infantry Regiment was also headquartered at Fort Mitchel. A historical commemorative marker stands along State Highway 109, a few miles beyond (south) its junction with State Highway 52. In conjunction, the Union also established another fort nearby. Fort Smith was established slightly north of Fort Mitchel. Fort Morton— Fort Morton, named after Brigadier General James St. Clair Morton (West Point class of 1851), was established in Nashville by the Union during 1862. The post was located in close proximity to the lines of General Schofield’s and just below Fort Confiscation. In conjunction, Morton oversaw the construction of the defenses of Nashville. He was later killed on 17 June 1864 in the vicinity of Petersburg, Virginia. Morton was posthumously promoted to the rank of brigadier general. Fort Nash— Fort Nash, a settler’s fort, was established in the vicinity of Beech Grove during the 1790s. It remained active into the early 1800s. Fort Nashborough— See Bluff Station. Fort Nashville— See Bluff Station. Fort Negley (Chattanooga)— The Union established Fort Negley at Chattanooga. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses, Tennessee. Not to be confused with Fort Negley (Nashville). Fort Negley (Nashville)— Fort Negley, named in honor of General James S. Negley, was established just outside Nashville by the Union during the autumn of 1862. The fort, composed of stone and built in the shape of a star, was completed by mid–December. Fort Negley was bolstered by earthworks and redoubts scattered about the southern and western fringes of the city. Other fortifications in the city had been utilized by the Union to defend the city since its occupation during February 1862, but the threat of a Confederate attack prompted additional defenses. Well more than 5,000 troops were deployed at Fort Negley; however, the fort was constructed primarily by slaves and freedmen. The garrison stood at a strategic point that guarded the rails near the south road approaches to the city. Skirmishing at Nashville began as early as 8 March 1862 followed by another clash during July. Later, during the latter part of 1864,

490

TENNESSEE / Fort Palmer the city was again threatened when the Confederates unsuccessfully attacked on 5 November. Nashville was commanded by General George Thomas. Subsequent to the Union seizure of Atlanta, Georgia, by General William Tecumseh Sherman, the Confederates (Army of Tennessee) under General Hood advanced against Nashville to recapture it. On 15–16 December 1864, the two sides clashed at the Battle of Nashville and the Union prevailed, terminating any future attempt to seize Nashville. There were rounded wooden rifle towers on top of each corner of the stockade. Hood’s army was composed of about 15,000 troops, while the Union forces there stood at about 70,000 men. Fort Negley was about two miles from the city, located on an elevation within the military complex, which was composed of slightly more than 50 acres at St. Cloud Hill. The fort remained active until about 1868. After the military abandoned the post, the fort was used for clandestine meetings held by the Ku Klux Klan until about 1869. During the 1930s, the fort was restored, but later by the 1960s, it had fallen into disrepair. Plans to again restore the fort were begun about the year 2000. The fort site, not open to the public, is located near the intersection of Chestnut Street and Ridley Boulevard. Fort Negley (subsequently known as Fort Harker) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Not to be confused with Fort Negley (Chattanooga). Fort Palmer— Fort Palmer was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Patrick Henry— Fort Patrick Henry, named in honor of Governor Patrick Henry, was established in Sullivan County in the vicinity of Long Island near Kingsport during 1776. The militia post was located in the same vicinity as Fort Robinson, which had been established there during 1761. During 1776, a contingent commanded by Captain William Witcher was deployed there during the Cherokee Campaign. The fort remained active into the 1780s. Fort Phelps— Fort Phelps was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Pickering— During 1798, Fort Adams was abandoned by the U.S. Army. Fort Pickering, initially known as Fort Pike, was built along the South Bluffs at Memphis in its place. The fort was abandoned during the 1800s, about 1810. Later, during the Civil War, the Confederates garrisoned the fort and upon secession, they also constructed a supply depot. A Union naval force moved against Memphis during 1862 and following a short battle, Memphis was seized. The Union retained Memphis and the fort for the duration. See also Fort Adams and Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas.

Forrest assaulted the fort, which was commanded by Majors L.F. Booth and Bradford. The defending troops included the 11th U.S. Colored Troops (6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery and the 1st Alabama), Battery F, 2nd U.S. Colored Light Artillery and Bradford’s Battery of the 13th Tennessee Cavalry. The colored troops were commanded by Major Booth and the white troops were commanded by Major W F. Bradford. During the early morning hours, the brigades of Tyree Bell and R. McCulloch (General Chalmers’ Division) stormed the outside entrenchments and drove the pickets back. A sharp contest continued until about 0900 when the troops were ordered back into the fort by Major Bradford, who assumed command following the death of Major Booth. The Union was able to check the Confederate advance due in great part to the support of the gunboat USS New Era, commanded by Captain Marshall. By 1500, the fighting remained heated, but neither side was able to gain the advantage. The Confederates ceased fire and sent a party under a flag of truce to the fort to issue an ultimatum that provided the defenders with a time period of 20 minutes to respond. While the Yanks pondered the question, the time lapsed and the Confederates issued yet another ultimatum, which Major Booth declined. Soon after, the Rebel bugles blew and the assault was reinitiated. Suddenly, from concealed positions, the Confederates bolted forward and the fort was taken. The Union defenders split in every direction, but to no avail. The Confederates pursued, giving no quarter, particularly to the colored troops. Subsequent to the capture of the fort, the commanding officer, Major Booth, was among the prisoners forced to march to Jackson. Along the way, he was taken from the ranks and executed. The Confederates massacred most of the defenders attached to the 6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery and Battery F, 2nd Colored U.S. Light Artillery. The Union sustained 350 killed, 60 wounded and 164 missing. The Confederates sustained 80 killed or wounded. Fort Pillow was previously ordered evacuated by General Sherman, but General Stephen A. Hurlbut retained a small garrison to encourage enlistments for the U.S. Colored Regiments. Sherman, after the massacre, stated: “Forrest’s men acted like a set of barbarians, shooting down the helpless Negro garrison after the fort was in their possession.” The incident is remembered as the Fort Pillow Massacre. The fort site is located south of Island No. Ten at the Fort Pillow Historic Park along State Highway 7. The site is less than 20 miles from Henning, and about 50 to 60 miles north of Memphis. A reconstructed fort is also located there. For more information: Fort Pillow State Park, 3122 Park Road, Henning, TN 38041.

Fort Pike— See Fort Pickering. Fort Pillow— Fort Pillow was established by the Confederates during 1861. The post was located along the Mississippi River outside of Memphis. The Union seized the fort during 1862. On 13 May 1862, a Union force composed of the 34th and 47th Indiana Regiments, a contingent of the 54th Illinois Regiment, and the 2nd Illinois Cavalry, bolstered by the 2nd Illinois Artillery, initiated an advance down the Mississippi River toward Fort Pillow. The operation, commanded by General Isaac F. Quinby, continued until the 23rd. On 12 April 1864, Confederates under General Nathan Bedford

Fort Pillow, Tennessee, a view from the river — Illustration, Drum Beat Nation, 1887

491

Fort Sheridan / TENNESSEE

Fort Prudhomme— Fort Prudhomme was established by the French during 1682 when a party under La Salle was in the area. It is thought that the French post, established as a temporary fort, was located at present-day Memphis. The exact location of the fort remains unknown, but it is thought to have been in the vicinity of Memphis State University. Fort Putnam— Fort Putnam was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Randolph— Fort Randolph was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Randolph during 1861. On 4 June 1862, the Confederates abandoned Fort Pillow and Fort Randolph. The Union at about that time had gained domination of that part of Tennessee located west of the Cumberland Mountains. Fort Red Clay— The U.S. Army established a temporary post in the vicinity of Cleveland during 1838 as one of a large group of forts used by the U.S. Army during the Cherokee Removal period. At the time, the Cherokees were using Red Clay as their capital, subsequent to losing New Union-held Fort Sanders, Knoxville, under attack by Confederates, 29 November 1863 — Echota, Georgia. The Cherokees often held tribal Illustration Harper’s counsels there between 1832–1838. In conjunction, Fort Cass (vicinity of Calhoun) and Fort was initially known as Fort Loudoun, but subsequent to the death Scott (vicinity of Charleston) were also established at that time to of General Sanders, it was renamed Fort Sanders. On 29 November bolster the operation to remove the Cherokees from the region. 1863, during the siege of Knoxville, the Confederates, with a force of about 4,000 troops, launched an unsuccessful attack against the Fort Robinson— Fort Robinson was established during September fort. Union obstacles in front of the post and formidable positions 1761 in the vicinity of the Holston River at Long Island (vicinity of took a high toll on the attackers, some of whom got snarled by sheer Kingston) in Sullivan County. The fort was constructed by a conicy slopes in front of the fort and above the ditch that surrounded tingent of several companies of Virginia militia troops under Major the fort. Union losses were less than 15 men while the Confederates Andrew Lewis. The fort was constructed during a mission that insustained about 800 casualties including those captured. The Concluded the construction of an overland route (Island Road). The federates disengaged after about one-half hour of fighting. While road ran through the wilderness and eventually reached Nashville. General Longstreet was taking heavy casualties at Knoxville, he was The fort was later abandoned, but during 1770, it was reactivated and informed that the Union forces at Chattanooga had also inflicted a it remained in use until 1776. Other names for the settler’s fort indefeat. More bad news followed. Within about five days, General cluded Robinson’s Station and Robinson’s Fort. Longstreet withdrew from Knoxville as his battered force was not Fort St. Clair Morton— See Fort Morton. strong enough to intercept a massive relief force that was encroaching upon Knoxville. General William Tecumseh Sherman arrived to Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas— Fort San Fernando de las assure the Union hold on Knoxville. General Burnside’s forces withBarrancas, known also as Fort Barrancas, was established during 1795 stood a 17-day siege and had nearly expended all their supplies. by the Spanish in the vicinity of Memphis where earlier, Fort AsKnoxville was held for the duration of the conflict. By the spring of sumption had stood. The post was built near the Wolf River at 1864, the Confederates in Longstreet’s command were ordered to Chickasaw Bluff. By 1797, the Americans compelled the Spanish, in Virginia, essentially guaranteeing Union domination of East Tenaccordance with the Pinckney Treaty, to abandon the post. (See also nessee. Union General Sanders was mortally wounded during the Fort St. Jean 1, Louisiana). Afterward, the Spanish erected a new campaign. He succumbed at the Lamar House (later, the modernpost, Fort Esperanza, on the opposite side of the river in Arkansas. day Bijou Theater), a hotel, located on Gay Street in Knoxville. Subsequent to the departure of the Spanish, Fort Adams was built there by the Americans during 1798. During 1803, Fort Adams was Fort Scott— Fort Scott was established by federal troops in the vicinabandoned and Fort Pickering was built nearby on the South Bluffs. ity of Charleston during 1838. The post was used during the CheroFort Pickering was abandoned by about 1810, but it was garrisoned kee Removal period after the Cherokees agreed to relinquish their by the Confederates during the Civil War. During 1866, an incident lands and to relocate in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The post erupted with soldiers at Fort Pickering, which caused a race riot. The was abandoned following the conclusion of the operation. Fort Scott melee lasted several days and in its aftermath, nearly 50 people were was one of a large number of Cherokee Removal Forts established killed and more than 100 buildings were destroyed by fire. See also during that period, but most of them were in Georgia. Fort Adams. In conjunction, Fort Barrancas is not to be confused with Fort Barrancas in Florida. Fort Sheridan— Fort Sheridan was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War DeFort Sanders— Fort Sanders, named in honor of General William fenses. P. Sanders, was established by the Union in Knoxville. Fort Sanders

TENNESSEE / Fort Sherman Fort Sherman— The Union established Fort Sherman at Chattanooga. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Sill— See Fort Gillem. Fort Smith— Fort Smith was established at Nashville by the Union during 1862 by troops (129th Illinois Volunteer Regiment) under Colonel George P. Smith. The post was located slightly more than one mile northeast of the L & N Railroad (Mitchellville Station) and initially served as a supply depot. The garrison guarded the rails there after the railroad reopened during November 1862. A State Historical Marker commemorating the fort stands along State Highway 109 a few miles north of the junction with State Highway 52. In conjunction, Nashville was under the command of General William Starke Rosecrans. Fort Southwest Point— Fort Southwest Point, a sister fort to Tellico Blockhouse and a support fort of Fort Loudoun, was established at Kingston by militia during 1792. The post was commanded by General John Sevier. The fort held a dominant position atop a high hill at Kingston near Watts Bar Lake. Subsequently, by about 1797, the militia garrison was replaced by U.S. troops commanded by Lt. Colonel Thomas Butler. The fort remained active into the 1800s. Fort Stanley— Fort Stanley was established by the Union during the 1860s as part of the defenses of Knoxville. The post was located south of Fort Higley and was one of 16 posts established to protect the city. The fort was located south of the river. A string of 10 forts ran northwest from Fort Sanders to Fort Hill. Fort Tennessee (Old)— See Fort Marr. Fort Thomas— Fort Thomas was established by the Union during 1862 at Gallatin to provide protection for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad moving between Mitchellville and Nashville. The Union forces (9th Illinois Regiment) at Gallatin were commanded by General Eleazor A. Paine, an Ohioan. During the spring of 1864, General Paine was relieved upon orders from General William T. Sherman and transferred to another post. Fort Thomas was held by the Union for the duration of the conflict. In conjunction, on 12 August 1862, Morgan’s Raiders attacked and temporarily occupied Gallatin, but only for a short period. On the following day, Union forces under Colonel John F. Miller regained the town. The 13th and 29th Ohio Regiments and the 11th Michigan Regiment participated in this action. During the skirmish, the Union sustained 30 killed, 50 wounded and about 200 captured. The Confederates sustained 6 killed and 18 wounded. The Union 2nd Indiana Cavalry (41st Regiment Volunteers), 4th and 5th Kentucky Cavalry and the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry participated in the action. Also, on 21 August 1862, two Union Regiments, bolstered by cavalry (detachments of the 2nd Indiana, 4th and 5th Kentucky and the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry), led by General Richard W. Johnson (West Point class of 1849), engaged Confederates under Colonel John Hunt Morgan outside of Gallatin. General Johnson, whose brother was a surgeon in the Confederacy, had vowed to capture Morgan; however, at this battle, the Confederates vanquished Johnson’s force and seized about 75 prisoners including Johnson. General Johnson was later exchanged during December 1862. Fort Union— Fort Union was established in the vicinity of Nashborough (later, Nashville) during 1780. The station was located slightly northeast of Bluff Station near Spring Hill and was one of the eight stations established at that time in the Nashville area. Others included Asher’s Station, Bledsoe’s Station, Eaton’s Station, Freeland’s Station, Gasper’s Station and Stone River Station. Fort Virginia— Fort Virginia, known also as Virginia Fort, was established in about 1756 by Major Andrew Lewis in the vicinity of

492 Chota. The fort was never fully utilized as Fort Loudoun was completed and became a primary post. In conjunction, Chota had been a Cherokee capital. The construction project at Fort Loudoun was finished during 1757 and it became the first fort garrisoned by the English in Tennessee. Fort W.D. Whipple— Fort W.D. Whipple was established at Nashville during the 1860s. It was one of a large group of fortifications, including previous Confederate works, that defended the city. Fort W.D. Whipple was located between Fort Garesche and Fort Sill. The Confederates also had an arsenal located in Nashville and it, too, was utilized by the Union. Fort Watauga— Fort Watauga, known also as Fort Caswell, was established in Carter County in the vicinity of Elizabethton (Sycamore Shoals) during 1772. The settlement there (near the Watauga River) was the initial permanent settlement established beyond the territory of the original 13 colonies. During July 1776, the Chilhowee Indians, led by Old Abram, attacked the fort and laid siege. The defenders, including Lt. Colonel John Carter, Captain (later General) James Robertson and John Sevier (later governor) withstood attacks for about two weeks. The Indians at that point lifted their siege and departed the area. In conjunction, the Transylvania Treaty was signed at Fort Watauga. The treaty authorized the purchase of Cherokee lands. The current structure is a reproduction of the first permanent American settlement in Tennessee. It is located at Fort Watauga State Historical Park, located along U.S. Highway 321 less than 10 miles east of Johnson City. Fort Wood— Fort Wood, initially known as Fort Creighton, was established at Chattanooga by the Union. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Wright— The Confederates established Fort Wright near Fort Pillow during 1861. The post was slightly north of Fort Pillow. A naval action occurred near the fort during May 1862 in which the Union prevailed. The fort was abandoned in conjunction with the fall of Fort Pillow. Fort Zollicoffer— Fort Zollicoffer was established by the Confederates outside (south) Nashville during 1861. It was abandoned during the following year following the capture of Confederate-held Fort Donelson. Fortress Johnson— The Union occupied the state capitol building in Nashville and constructed a stockade and other fortifications, then named it Fortress Johnson. Others names for the fort included Camp Andy Johnson and Capitol Redoubt. The capitol building was completed during 1859. It is still in use. The Tennessee State Capitol is located on Charlotte Avenue between 6th and 7th Ave., in downtown Nashville. Brochures for self-guided tours are available. Fortress Rosecrans— The Union established Fortress Rosecrans in Rutherford County immediately following the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River), which occurred during 31 December 1862–2 January 1863. On 3 January 1863, Union General Rosecrans’ troops occupied Murfreesboro while Confederate General Bragg withdrew toward Tullahoma, 40 miles away. The Confederate retreat surrendered southern control of central Tennessee. The Union fortified the city and called it Fortress Rosecrans for “Old Rosy.” It was the largest earthen fortification built during the Civil War. The post became a gigantic supply base that supported the imminent Union attack upon Chattanooga and helped to slice a wedge through the Confederacy. The Union retained the fort for the duration of the conflict. On 23 June 1863, Rosecrans departed Murfreesboro with 60,000 men (14th, 20th and 21st Corps, Reserve and Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland) to raid the Confederates at Tullahoma. The actions included skirmishes at Hoovers Gap, Liberty Gap and Beech Grove.

493 The raids kept Confederate General Bragg’s force from reaching Vicksburg with reinforcements. For more information: Stones River National Battlefield, Route 10, Box 401, Old Nashville Highway, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37130. This national battlefield lies approximately 27 miles southeast of Nashville. Franklin— During November 1864, Union General Schofield’s force, which exceeded 30,000 men, successfully evaded the Confederate entrapment and reached Franklin unscathed. Unexplainedly, the Confederates (either Hood or Cheatham) made a capital mistake in not catching Schofield. General Hood pressed on the heels of Schofield and advanced to Franklin just after Schofield’s arrival. On 30 November, the Confederates mounted continual attacks (Battle of Franklin) to annihilate the Union, but the losses incurred by the Rebels were staggering. The Union repulsed all assaults and inflicted massive losses on the Confederates. One Confederate brigade, that of General Shelley, lost more than 400 killed and wounded. The attacks cost them six generals. Confederate General John Adams (West Point, 1846), while seriously wounded, led a charge and while attempting to jump a barricade, he was hit with multiple shots and killed. General Patrick Cleburne (born in Ireland on 17 March 1828) was killed. Brigadier General “States Rights” Gist was killed as he approached Union breastworks. Brigadier Generals Hiram Bronson Granbury, 7th Texas, and Otho French Strahl were killed. Brigadier General John Carpenter Carter was mortally wounded and died within two weeks. Confederate Generals Francis M. Cockrell and Arthur M. Manigault were wounded; the latter having sustained a wound in his head, he was compelled to terminate his service. Confederate General William A. Quarles was wounded and captured. The severe losses suffered by General John Bell Hood prompted him to call off the fight for the night and in so doing, he allowed the Union forces of Schofield to begin a withdrawal toward Nashville. The Union withdrawal permitted the Confederates to move against Nashville without harm. Union Generals David Stanley and Luther Bradley were wounded. Union losses at Franklin: 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, 1,104 captured or missing. Confederate losses: 1,750 buried by Union troops, 3,800 in hospital and 702 prisoners. See also Carter House. Freeland’s Station— Freeland’s Station, a settler’s fort, was established at French Lick (Nashville) during 1780. The Freeland family, including George, Jacob and James, with the assistance of others in the party, constructed the fort, which was located in close proximity to Bluff Station. The fort was linked to Bluff Station by some ancient buffalo paths that led across the canebrake near Sulphur Springs Bottom. Freeland’s Station was one of a group of stations established in middle Tennessee near Nashville during the 1780s. Another of the group was Eaton’s Station, which was located along the east side of the Cumberland River. During January of the following year, the fort was attacked by Indians. On the 15th of January, Colonel Robertson arrived at Freeland’s Station from Kentucky with a supply of ammunition. Initially he delivered some ammunition to Bluff Station before arriving at Freeland’s where his family was staying. Robertson’s arrival was timely. Later that same night, at about midnight, Robertson became alarmed when the peculiar sound of the iron chain on the gate began to screech. With a quick glance, Robertson soon discovered the gate to be wide open. The fort was being overwhelmed by more than 100 Indians who stood out under an especially bright full moon. The settlers in the fort at the time numbered only slightly more than 10, including women and children, and of the latter, one was the new infant of Colonel Robertson. Upon first sight of the Indians, Robertson began to fire his weapon. The shot startled the Indians and alerted the remainder of those in the fort. During the initial moments of the fight, two defenders were killed. At about the same time, settlers’ guns delivered a volley from vari-

Isaac Bledsoe’s Station / TENNESSEE ous spots and the Indians, who anticipated a sleeping garrison, withdrew from the fort, buying precious time for the defenders. The melee continued throughout the night. Despite their superior numbers, the Indians failed to seize the fort. Robertson’s small contingent exchanged blows for about six hours. As dawn began to emerge, both sides received a simultaneous signal. The boom of a mighty cannon was heard. For the beleaguered defenders it was a jubilant sound, but for the Indians, dismay. The Indians knew the rattle of the cannon meant reinforcements were arriving. Soon after the blast, the Indians (Chickasaws) retired. In conjunction, after withdrawing, the raiding party joined, for awhile, with some Cherokees. Luckily for the settlers, there was no love between the Chickasaws and the Cherokees. Consequently, there were no more attacks against Freeland’s Station. The Chickasaws, through their chief, Piomingo, became allies of Robertson and the settlers and afterward supported the settlers against the Cherokees. Green Hill Encampment— On 6 April 1863, a Union cavalry force under General Robert B. Mitchell attacked a Confederate encampment at Green Hill. The Union sustained 1 wounded. The Confederates suffered 5 killed and 15 captured. Greeneville— On 3 December 1863, Confederate Major General James Longstreet initiated his retreat from Knoxville toward Greeneville, where he quartered his troops for the winter. Longstreet’s withdrawal gave northern forces control of Tennessee. Meanwhile, Union reinforcements were soon on their way from Chattanooga. After Knoxville was saved, Union General Sherman returned to his camp outside Chattanooga; from there he subsequently moved to northern Alabama to establish winter quarters. Greenfield Station— Greenfield Station was known also as Anthony Bledloe’s Station. See Isaac Bledsoe’s Station. Hamilton’s Station— Hamilton’s Station, known also as Ridge Station, was established in the vicinity of Cummings’ Gap above Shackle Island during 1788. The settler’s fort was built by a group of colonists, including Captain John Carr, on the summit of a ridge in the western sector of Sumner County. Heaton’s Station— See Eaton’s Station. Henry’s Station— Henry’s Station was established in Sevier County during the early 1780s in the vicinity of Kodak. During 1785, the Treaty of Dumpling Creek was signed there. The Cherokees, in accordance with the treaty, relinquished their land there and a consequence of the treaty was that the future counties of Blount, Knox and Sevier were settled without the threat of Indian attacks. Henry’s Station remained active until the 1790s. Hillsboro Pike Redoubt— The Confederates established a redoubt along Hillsboro Pike during the Battle for Nashville at a spot slightly east of Redoubt No. 3. The redoubt was located just south of the intersection of present-day State Highway 106 (Hillsboro Pike) with Woodmont Boulevard. The positions were lost to the Union during the battle (December 1864). Isaac Bledsoe’s Station— Bledsoe’s Station, a settlers’ fort, was established by Isaac Bledsoe in the vicinity of Gallatin in present-day Sumner County during the spring of 1780. Settlers also established Asher’s Station in the vicinity of Gallatin and yet another fort (Killgore) was built in the vicinity of Cross Plains. At Haysborough, just outside of French Lick (Nashville), Fort Union was built by Robert Hays. Also, John and Daniel Dunham established themselves near French Lick at Dunham’s Station (later known as Bellmeade), but the Indian problems caused them to move into Bluff ’s Station at Nashville. Later, during 1783, Anthony Bledsoe, the brother of Isaac, established a fort less than three miles from Isaac. Anthony’s fort was

TENNESSEE / Isaac Titsworth’s Fort known also as Greenfield Station. The fort at Greenfield was later abandoned several years later and the residents relocated at Isaac’s fort. During February 1786, Indians, led by Chief Hanging Maw, attacked a small party of less than 10 men at a creek in the vicinity of Carthage. The colonists were greatly outnumbered, but they managed to fight and escape death. Of the 6-man party, four were wounded. They abandoned their horses and their supplies, but despite the hazards of a recent snowstorm they safely made it to Bledsoe’s Fort. On 20 July 1788, the station was raided by Indians. At the time, the settlers from Anthony Bledsoe’s Station had been at the fort. They abandoned the fort at Greenfield for the added protection of Isaac’s Station, which contained two fortified cabins. When the Indians struck, only a few defenders were at the fort and all seemed calm. Within the fort, there was lots of activity, but it was social as no danger had been sensed. Meanwhile, the Indians encircled the fort. Suddenly, a shot was fired through a hole in the fireplace to end the good cheer of the night. George Hamilton was struck in the head by the shell. The men in the fort reacted quickly, but more tragedy struck. Colonel Anthony Bledsoe and another man, named Campbell, darted outside to intercept the attackers, but they were immediately cut down with mortal wounds by Indians who were waiting in concealed positions. At about the same tine, many more Indians sprang to action and pounced against other cabins in the fort, but penetration was unsuccessful as the stockade held. Colonel Anthony Bledsoe survived the night, but he succumbed on the following morning. He was buried on a nearby hill, just south of the fort. In conjunction, his brother, Colonel Isaac Bledsoe, upon his death was buried next to Anthony. The Bledsoe Academy was subsequently established on that same hill. During 1793, settlers returned to Greenfield and the sons of Anthony Bledsoe rebuilt the fort there. During April (26th-27th) of that same year, when the fort at Greenfield came under attack, only a few men were there. Fortuitously, General William Hall arrived at the fort at about the same time an alarm was triggered when the dogs at the fort began to bark (many dogs kept by the frontiersmen were trained to be aggressive with Indians). No attack occurred on the 26th, but the garrison kept a vigil. On the following morning, after a small party of Indians was spotted, the attacks began. The first attack was repelled, but new assaults followed by the band, which was composed of about 250 braves. Meanwhile, reinforcements were rushing to the fort, still defended by Hall and three others. The relief column arrived, but the Indians had already been driven away. The Isaac Bledsoe Fort site is located in the Bledsoe Creek State Park, 400 Zieglers Fort Road, Gallatin, Tennessee 37066. Isaac Titsworth’s Fort— Isaac Titsworth’s Fort was established in middle Tennessee during the 1780s in the vicinity of Springfield. The settler’s fort was attacked and destroyed during 1792. Isaac and John Titsworth and about seven others were killed and some others were taken captive by the Indians. Other settlers’ forts in the region included Valentine Sevier’s at Clarksville. Ish’s Fort— Ish’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Maryville during the 1790s. The fort was located in the northwestern sector of Blount County near the Tennessee River. Other settlers’ forts in the area included John Craig’s Fort; David Craig’s Fort at Brick Mill; Houston’s Fort, south of Maryville; and Kelly’s Fort in the vicinity of Rockford. Island No. 10— The Confederates fortified Island No. 10, considered by the Confederates to be the gateway to eastern Tennessee. By March 1862, General Beauregard, the commanding officer there, had deployed 75 heavy guns, supplemented by another 16 guns which were located on a floating battery. The artillery was placed within 11 separate earthworks. In addition, a series of batteries (Rucker’s Re-

494 doubt) was located on the mainland. In addition, Confederate gunboats were positioned to help defend the island. The Union siege was initiated on 16 February 1862, but it was not successful until 8 April. On that day, the Confederates had planned to abandon the island; however, the Union discovered the plan. The main body under General Beauregard escaped toward Corinth, Mississippi. General V.D. McCall surrendered the island. A contingent of troops under Colonel Napoleon Bonaparte Buford occupied the island. The seizure of Island No. 10 gave the Union domination of the Mississippi River as far as Memphis. Jacob Castleman’s Station— Jacob Castleman established a station in the vicinity of Nashville during the 1780s. Castleman was one of the 149 settlers (males) who participated in the Articles of Agreement (“Compact of Government”), known also as the “Cumberland Compact” which was agreed to during 1780. The station remained active until the 1790s. James Houston’s Fort— James Houston established a settler’s fort in the vicinity of Maryville during 1785. The fort was located near Little Nine Mile Creek in Blount County. Other settlers’ forts in the area included John Craig’s Fort, David Craig’s Fort at Brick Mill and Kelly’s Fort in the vicinity of Rockford. James White’s Fort— During January 1786, Creek Indians raided the area at Bledsoe’s Lick and stole horses from one of the recent settlers, William Hall. The incident prompted him to take his family to Bledsoe’s Fort for more protection. At about the same time, James White’s Fort was constructed at Knoxville. White’s Fort initially was a house and it was later fortified. White’s Fort was the first home in Knoxville, built by a founder of the town. In conjunction, it survived the ages, but some, like Gillespie’s Fort, another settler’s fort built later, was attacked and burned by Indians. During June-July 1791, Governor Blount dispatched General James Robertson to discuss peace with the Cherokees. Robertson departed Nashville and traveled by horse to the Chilowee Mountains outside of Madisonville in Monroe County. He met with chiefs including Hanging Maw and Little Turkey at the Cherokee capital of Chota at the base of the Chilhowees. The Cherokees accepted Robertson’s explanations of several things that had caused apprehension among the tribes and he agreed to meet later at White’s Fort. Subsequently the Cherokees arrived there and during the talks, a treaty (Treaty of Holston) was signed on 2 July. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, sometimes referred to as “Blount’s Treaty,” on 9 November of that same year. According to the terms of the treaty, peace was to return to the area, essentially terminating attacks against the Cumberland settlement. And it affirmed the transfer of territory in East Tennessee from the Cherokees to the Americans for an annual subsidy of $1,000 in cash and other goods, to be delivered to the Cherokees. Yet other terms included the prohibition of settlers moving into Cherokee territory. In addition, the treaty forbade the Cherokee nation from entering into a treaty with foreign powers. Another term called for the release of all American captives. Subsequently, during September 1793, hostilities erupted. In retaliation for the unnecessary murders of more than 10 Indians and the wounding of others, including Chief Hanging Maw and his wife during the previous June (while at a meeting with Governor Blount), an attack was launched. The Indians (Creeks and Cherokees), led by John Watts, advanced against White’s Fort. The attack was inadvertently foiled when the garrison, as usual, fired its cannon at dawn on 25 September. The booming sound of the artillery piece was heard by the Indians, who were still some distance away from the fort. The Indians, convinced the cannon was a signal that announced their arrival, aborted the attack. Instead, they struck against a civilian station (Cavet’s Station) defended by only a few men and the Cavet family of 13 people. All surrendered and all except one of

495 Alexander Cavet’s sons were murdered. The fate of the survivor is unknown. A reconstructed fort is located in Knoxville at the eastern terminus of the Hill Avenue Bridge in the center of the city. John Adair’s Fort— John Adair established a settler’s fort (blockhouse) in the vicinity of Knoxville during the 1780s. Adair was the tax collector in the region (District of Washington) during 1780 when the Americans needed cash to acquire supplies to meet the English threat. At the time, John Sevier was using his own personal savings to finance the force which would later engage the English at the Battle of Kings Mountain (border of North and South Carolina). Sevier asked Adair to loan him the money (state’s money) he had available and he received a positive response. The response as it is thought to have been: “Colonel Sevier, I have no right to make any such disposition of this money. It belongs to the impoverished Treasury of North Carolina. But if the country is overrun by the British, liberty is gone. Let the money go too. Take it. If by its use the enemy is driven from the country, I can trust that country to justify and vindicate my conduct. Take it.” The money was transferred and subsequently, during 1782, it was repaid. The unusual loan played a great part in the American victory at Kings Mountain, a battle that preserved the Carolinas. John Morgan’s Fort— John Morgan established a settler’s fort during 1786 on the west side of Bledsoe’s Creek in the vicinity of the mouth of Dry Fork. It was located less than three miles from Greenfield. During June 1793, Indians ambushed a small party as it traveled between Greenfield and Morgan’s Fort. Two people in the family, including one son of James Steel, and Robert Steel, a brother of James, escaped; however, the Indians succeeded in killing and scalping both James Steel and his teenage daughter, Betsy, a short while after they departed Greenfield. The Steels had been offered protection for the trip, but convinced there was no lurking danger, it was declined. In conjunction, Betsy Steel was alive when troops from the fort rushed to the scene. Nonetheless, she had been thrown from her father’s horse when he was killed and the wounds inflicted after the Indians got to her were fatal. She was stabbed and scalped. Other stations (or forts) established near the Holston River in the region at about that time included Isaac Bledsoe’s Station (Green Field), Asher’s Station near Gallatin, Hamilton’s Station, James White’s Station, Kasper Mansker’s Station, Colonel Sanders’ Station and Jacob Zigler’s Station. Yet another station in the area was Walnut Field Station, which was located east of Gallatin. John Rains’ Station— John Rains (Reins) established a station in the vicinity of Nashville during 1775. Rains had come to the region with the Long Hunters during 1769. Later, the hunters returned to Virginia. Rains had been moving toward Kentucky, but he was diverted when he encountered the group heading for Tennessee and instead he settled in Tennessee. Rains and his family remained in Tennessee for about four years. John Reins Station— See John Rains’ Station. Johnson City Camp— During 1856, Henry Johnson arrived in east Tennessee in what became Johnson City. Johnson constructed a house along what became present-day West Market Street. Afterward, he established a store and he built a railroad station which became known as Johnson’s Depot. During 1861, the Confederates established a camp there. On 22 September 1863, a minor engagement occurred near Johnson’s Depot. Not to be confused with Johnson’s Station at Nashville. Johnson’s Station— Johnson’s Station, a settler’s fort, was established in the vicinity of Nashville during the 1780s. Isaac Johnson was one of the initial pioneers who arrived in east Tennessee. The exact location of Johnson’s Station remains unknown.

Knoxville Union Civil War Defenses / TENNESSEE Johnsonville Batteries— During early November 1864, the Confederates established positions outside Johnsonville, a heavily defended position. Union gunships arrived from Paducah, Kentucky, to bolster the forces and secure the supply depot. On 3 November 1864, troops under Major General Nathan B. Forrest captured a Union gunboat near Johnsonville, but it lacked coal, making it a prize of no value. The Confederates also damaged a steamer, the Anna. On the following day, Forrest’s force continued the attack. The Union commander assumed erroneously that Forrest would directly attack the town. The damage had been inflicted, but the Union itself then destroyed the depot, but Forrest moved out that same night and never forded the river. The Union lost a total of four gunboats and 17 transports. Seventeen barges were also destroyed. The Union also lost about 150 troops captured. Johnsonville was defended by the 12th Wisconsin Regiment, 12th U.S. Colored Troops and the 11th Tennessee Cavalry. Some earthworks are preserved. Johnsonville State Park and Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park are both in the vicinity of Johnsonville. A museum is located at the Johnsonville State Historic Park, Route 1, Box 374, New Johnsonville, Tennessee 37134. Kilgore’s Station— Kilgore’s Station was established by Thomas Kilgore in Robertson County near the Red River in the vicinity of Cross Plains during 1779. Kilgore had been in the region during spring of 1778, where he stayed in a cave to prevent the Indians from detecting his presence, but he left the region due to the danger. He returned with his family and some other settlers during 1779 to establish the settlement and station. The station was bolstered with a stockade. It is not known when the station-fort was abandoned; however, Kilgore remained on the land for a long time. It is thought that he was more than 100 years old when he succumbed. King’s Mill Iron Works— Colonel James King established an iron works at King’s Mill (Kingsport) in the vicinity of Steele’s Creek during the 1770s. It is thought to have been the first iron works in Tennessee. The iron works was most probably fortified. Colonel James King is thought by some to have been the founder of Kingsport; however, it is not certain. Others believe Kingsport was named in honor of William King. Knoxville Confederate Defenses— The Confederates arrived near Knoxville during mid–November. The Confederates under General Longstreet established positions west of the city, but the plan was to attack, not set up defenses. General Longstreet deployed the main body of his infantry west of the city and west of Third Creek and the Knoxville-Clinton Railroad from where they could spring an attack against Union-held Fort Sanders. However, he deployed artillery at a spot about one mile north of present-day Knoxville College along a ridge. He also deployed artillery on Cherokee Heights and a battery was placed west of Fort Sanders at the Armstrong House. Knoxville Union Civil War Defenses— On 4 September 1863, Union General Rosecrans had his army perched for an assault against Chattanooga, following the completion of the crossing of the Tennessee River with very little Confederate resistance. Meanwhile, Burnside’s Union troops were entrenched in Knoxville, having secured it two days earlier. During the march, which encompassed 14 grueling days, Burnside’s endeavor had seized about 2,500 prisoners, several Confederate locomotives, 11 guns and a bountiful supply of arms and ammunition. The Union forces under General Burnside established a defensive line at Knoxville that extended northwest from a point about 450 yards west of Second Creek to Battery Noble, which was located at the site of present-day Melrose Hall (University of Tennessee), and from there it stretched to the presentday intersection of 17th Street and Laurel Avenue where Fort Sanders

TENNESSEE / Looney’s Fort (initially known as Fort Loudoun) was established. From Fort Sanders, the Union line ran eastward toward a valley to the north. The line there placed the Union forces in dominant positions along a ridge that ran above the railroad. A strong chain of earthworks forts were built to withstand a Confederate siege. The posts included: Fort Sanders (to the west), Battery Zoellner (Forest Avenue between 11th and 13th Streets), Battery Galpin (Vine Avenue between Broadway and Locust Street), Fort Comstock (Vine Avenue between Locust and Gay Streets), Battery Wiltsie (Vine Avenue between Locust and Gay Streets), Battery Billingsley (Commerce Avenue between Gay Street and Central Avenue), Fort Huntingdon Smith (East of First Creek near Green School on Payne Avenue), Battery Clifton Lee (East of Fort Smith), Battery Stearman (west of the intersection of Vine Avenue and Main Avenue) and Fort Hill (south of Saxton Avenue and Surrey Street at the end of the ridge [Mabry’s Hill] which runs parallel to Dandridge Avenue and north of it). The line from Fort Hill (not to be confused with Fort Hill south of the river) continued in a southwestwardly direction with a series of trenches extending from a point south of Lauran’s Avenue along Clifford Street and from there to a route that ran through Isabella Circle to McCammon Avenue at the river where it met River Drive. In addition, Battery Fearns was located on Flint Hill. General Burnside also established a backup line, including Fort Bylington, which was located at the site of present-day Ayres Hill (University of Tennessee). The Union fortifications south of the river also included Fort Dickerson, Fort Hill (not to be confused with Fort Hill on Mabry’s Hill), Fort Stanley and Fort Higley and the fortifications on Cherokee Heights (to the west). On 17 November, the Confederates initiated the Siege of Knoxville. Burnside’s positions came under attack and compelled the Union to hold out without any reinforcements. On 23 November 1863, General Burnside at Knoxville telegraphed Grant that he : “Could hold out for 10 or 12 days, but if not relieved, he would have to surrender to Longstreet or retreat.” At that time, Grant directed Sherman to depart Graysville to relieve Burnside at Knoxville. The Yanks came close to disaster, but Longstreet was forced to pull out. On 3 December, Major General James Longstreet initiated his retreat from Knoxville to Greeneville, where he quartered his troops for the winter. Longstreet’s withdrawal gave northern forces control of Tennessee. Meanwhile, Union reinforcements were soon on their way from Chattanooga. After Knoxville was saved, Union General Sherman returned to his camp outside Chattanooga; from there he subsequently moved to northern Alabama to establish winter quarters. In the meantime, General Grant prepared to vanquish Atlanta. Looney’s Fort— Looney’s Fort was established in Sullivan County during the 1770s by Colonel David Looney. The Looney family was among the initial settlers to arrive in the region. The Looneys originated in Wales and first arrived in Virginia before coming to Tennessee. Looney’s Fort was located in the vicinity of Muddy Creek slightly above the Holston River. The blockhouse-fort was located in close proximity to Virginia. During times of danger, settlers sought refuge at Shelby’s Fort and at Looney’s Fort. Samuel Looney also built his house near the Holston, slightly below the mouth of Beaver Creek. Loudoun— During 1863, the Union established positions in the vicinity of Loudoun. Union forces under General Burnside, during November of that year, moved from the southern sides of the Holston and Tennessee Rivers to positions near Loudoun. Elements of General Jacob Ammen’s force, including the 2nd Ohio Heavy Artillery, were there for a while during 1864. The positions were sometimes referred to as Fort Ammen. General Ammen left the service during January 1865. Lumsden’s Battery— See Redoubt No. 4.

496 Mansker’s Station— During 1771, Kasper Mansker came upon two licks, which became known as Upper and Lower (Mansker Licks), in the vicinity of Goodlettsville. Mansker and the other hunters, after discovering the licks, enjoyed a bountiful hunt as innumerable deer began to cross the several hundred yards that separated the licks. A large number of deer were slain and afterward the party returned to their homes across the mountains in Virginia. Later, during November 1775, a party from Virginia returned to the area; however, when most of the hunters departed for home, Mansker and a few others remained for some time before returning to Virginia. . Subsequently, during 1779, Mansker again returned to Tennessee and established a settler’s fort in the vicinity of Mansker’s Creek. Daniel Frazier and James Franklin had accompanied Mansker and helped construct the fort, which was located near Goodlettsville. Mansker afterward became a colonel of the militia. Mansker’s Station provided food and lodging, essentially making Mansker the initial innkeeper of the Cumberland settlements. Also, during 1780, the area around French Lick (Nashville) remained dangerous for the settlers, who had recently lost some of their friends to the Indians. Ambushes continued. During June 1780, Indians struck two unsuspecting settlers who were working between Mansker’s Station and Eaton’s Station. Both men lost their scalps. Throughout the summer, more settlers lost their lives to similar attacks, some more gruesome than others. One victim, Jonathan Jennings, was caught above Nashville and killed during August. Afterward, the Indians chopped his body into pieces with their tomahawks. The constant threat of attack by Indians compelled some of the settlers to abandon their land and relocate within a stronger fort, while others departed the area. Asher’s Station came under attack. Afterward, the settlers there moved to Mansker’s Station. William Neely and some others at Mansker’s Station established a camp at Neely’s Lick to acquire salt. Indians attacked and killed Neely, then took his daughter captive. Later that same summer, Indians attacked Donelson’s Fort and the settlers there moved to Mansker’s Station and French Lick. Mansker’s Station was also attacked. Five people were killed, but the fort held. During the winter of 1780–1781, Mansker’s Station was abandoned. The settlers there separated. Some moved to either Eaton’s Station or French Lick and the others returned to Kentucky. Mansker and his wife relocated at French Lick. The Indians burned Mansker’s Station. Later, during the spring of 1783, Mansker’s Station was relocated to the east side of the creek. Subsequent to the Indian conflicts, the Manskers, Kasper and his wife, resided on a farm near the location of where the second fort had been built. A reconstructed settler’s fort is located in Goodlettsville. Mayfield Station— Mayfield Station was established in the vicinity of Nashville during 1785 by Southerland Mayfield. The station was destroyed by Indians during the following year. Nevertheless, Mayfield survived and during July 1786, he and a few others, including John Campbell, John Haggard and Benjamin Joselin, joined to construct a new station. Mayfield Station 2 was built in the vicinity of the mouth of the west fork of Mill Creek, less than five miles from where the creek converged with the east fork of the creek. Mayfield Station’s location was in close proximity to the county line separating Davidson and Williamson Counties. Subsequently, during March 1789, Indians attacked the station. Benjamin Joselin, Southerland Mayfield and a soldier (Andrew Martin) were killed near the station. William Mayfield, the son of Southerland, was also killed and another son, George, sustained a wound. The station was then abandoned and the settlers there relocated at Rains (Raines) Station. Margaret Mayfield, Southerland’s widow, remarried to become the wife of John Gibson. Later, during 1790, the Gibsons moved back to Mayfield Station. During 1810, the property was acquired by Captain John Frost. In conjunction, the fort, afterward, became known

497

Redoubt No. 1 / TENNESSEE

Montgomery Hill— The Confederates fortified Montgomery Hill during the attempt to seize Nashville during late 1864. The position was located in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of 21st Avenue South at Cedar Lane. A Union assault was repelled on 15 December, but the position was soon after abandoned.

at Nashville. General Hood’s force was in pursuit, but his numbers were too slim to besiege the Yanks. Hood confined his activity to the outskirts of Nashville. At that time, Thomas’ force numbered about 6,000 infantry and artillery augmented by 3,000 cavalry troops. Thomas was also bolstered by about 9,000 troops under General A.J. Smith, with an additional 5,000 expected to arrive by midmonth, the latter to be placed under the command of General Cruft. On 15–16 December, the force under General Thomas, including the 4th Corps, 1st and 3rd Division, 16th Corps, 23rd Corps and Wilson’s Cavalry, engaged and defeated the Confederates under General Hood outside Nashville at Overton’s Hills (Princeton). The battle was heated and lasted all day with each side once again giving its best during the nine-hour conflagration. The Union cavalry was forced to improvise for want of horses, but undeterred, they advanced on foot, joining in the rout. The Rebels withdrew with the horseless cavalry in chase. After calling up their mounts, a pursuit was begun and they engaged the entrenched Rebels a few miles back and succeeded in driving them out again. Union General John McArthur’s 1st Division, XVI Corps, forced the collapse of Hood’s left flank, allowing the Union advance. Darkness silenced the guns, but only for the night. General Hood beat the Yanks to Franklin. The Confederates crossed the Duck River and burned all bridges, including the railroad bridge, which terminated the chase. The recent bad weather made the river unconquerable without the use of bridges, enabling General Hood’s escape. The Union suffered 400 killed, 1,740 wounded. The Confederates sustained about 15,000 killed, wounded and missing; about 2,000 were captured. Hood’s Army of Tennessee retreated, reaching Tupelo, Mississippi, on 10 January 1865.

Morgan’s Fort— See John Morgan’s Fort.

New Providence Blockhouse— See Valentine Sevier’s Station.

as Cotton Port. The wooden fort was replaced by a brick home (Cotton Port), which still stands. McCain’s Station— McCain’s Station was established in Sumner County in about 1783, the same time Anthony Bledsoe built his fort. McCain’s Station was located south of where the Long Hollow Turnpike crossed Big Station Creek, on the west side of the creek. It was established by James McCain, Charles Carter, Elmore Douglass, James Franklin, and some other pioneers. The fort site was located near the site of Douglass Chapel and on the property which later became that of the Doctor Alfred Brown family. McGaughey’s Station— During November 1783, a gristmill was established in Sevier County by Thomas Stockton. It was thought to be the initial gristmill in the nation. Stockton’s gristmill was located on French Broad at Christian’s Ford. During the following year, two settlers’ forts were established in the area near the Little Pigeon River, one by Samuel McGaughey and another by Samuel Newell. McGaughey’s Fort (or station) was built along Boyd’s Creek below Newell’s Station which was near the mouth of the creek. McGaughey’s Station remained active until the 1790s. Memphis Arsenal— The Confederates established an arsenal (Memphis Arsenal and Ordnance Depot) at Memphis during 1861. Union forces seized Memphis during the following year.

Moses Brown’s Fort— Moses Brown established his fort (or fortified home) in the vicinity of Nashville during the 1780s. Indians destroyed it soon after it was built. During 1783, Moses was with the militia that gave pursuit of a band of Indians that raided some stations and stole horses. The militia, composed of about 20 troops under Captain Daniel Pruett, intercepted the Indians in the vicinity of Duck River and recovered the horses. However, afterward, the Indians struck while the troops had encamped for the night. Moses Brown was killed during the attack.

Newell’s Station— Newell’s Station was established in Sevier County near the mouth of Boyd’s Creek by Samuel Newell during 1784. It remained active into the 1790s. At about the same time, McGaughey’s Station was established below Newell’s Station. See also McGaughey’s Station. Newsom’s Station— Newsom’s Station, known also as Newsom’s Mill, was established in Davidson County slightly more than 10 miles west of Nashville during 1862. The site is located along Newsom’s Station Road about two miles north of I-40. Newsom’s Station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during September 1976.

Murfreesboro Union Civil War Defenses— Following the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River), the Union fortified the area. Fortifications at Murfreesboro included Fortress Rosecrans, Camp Bradley, Camp Garesche, Camp Schaefer, Camp Sill and Redoubt Brannan. The site of the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River) is now part of the Murfeesboro Stones River National Battlefield. The fortifications listed are also listed separately.

Old Stone Fort— An old fort known as Old Stone Fort was located in Coffee County near Mitchellsville at the village of Stone Fort. The origin of the fort is unclear and there is no information as to when it was in use.

Nashville Arsenal— The Confederates established the Nashville Arsenal and Ordnance Depot during 1861. Nashville was seized by the Union during 1862.

Pittsburg Landing Battery— The Confederates established a battery at Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh) at a date preceding the Battle of Shiloh. See also Shiloh National Military Park.

Nashville Union Civil War Defenses— The Union seized control of Nashville on 23 February 1862. The first unit to arrive was the 8th Ohio Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Kenner; it was a contingent of General O.M. Mitchell’s Division. The remainder of the division arrived later and established positions at Edgefield across from Nashville. Union fortifications at Nashville included Fort Casino, Fort Confiscation, Fort Dan McCook (initially Fort Russell Houston), Fort Garesche, Fort Johnson (Capitol Redoubt), Fort Negley (later, Fort Harker), Fort Morton (St. Clair Morton), Fort Sill (Fort Creighton), and Fort W.D. Whipple. On 1 December, Union reinforcements under General Schofield, who withdrew from Franklin on orders of General Thomas, arrived to bolster Thomas’ defenses

Redoubt Brannan— The Union established Redoubt Brannan at Murfreesboro subsequent to the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stones River) during late 1863 into January 1864. The post was primarily used as a supply depot. The earthworks are located in the Murfeesboro Stones River National Battlefield at Old Fort Park. See also Murfreesboro Union Civil War Defenses.

Old Fort (Polk County)— See Fort Marr.

Redoubt Carpenter— Redoubt Carter was established by the Union at Chattanooga subsequent to the Union occupation during 1863. See Chattanooga Chickamauga Union Civil War Defenses. Redoubt No. 1— The Confederates established positions known as Redoubt No. 1 to the left of General Hood’s lines during the campaign

TENNESSEE / Redoubt No. 2

498

to regain Nashville during the latter part of 1864. On 15 December, the position was abandoned, subsequent to the loss of Redoubts No. 3, 4 and 5, located south of Redoubt No. 1. The forces of General Stewart, who held the position, retired toward Granny White Pike to the southeast. Redoubt No. 1 was located along State Highway 106 (Hillsboro Pike) in the vicinity of the intersection with Hampton Avenue.

troops, several guns and more than 30 wagons. This raid and others in the area convinced the Union forces in the area to pull in their forces and converge on Bull’s Gap in order to multiply the force with which to meet the next heavy Confederate attack. At the time, Burnside’s forces were scattered along the southern sides of the Holston and Tennessee Rivers. Soon after, Burnside redeployed his forces on the north bank in the vicinity of Loudoun.

Redoubt No. 2— A Confederate position at Nashville during the campaign to regain the city during the latter part of 1864.

Rucker’s Redoubt— The Confederates established a series of batteries in the heights of the Tennessee mainland that dominated Island No. 10 (near New Madrid, Missouri). The artillery there at the redan fort was commanded by Captain Edward W. Rucker and positioned to intercept Union naval vessels that attempted to move against the island. On 17 March 1862, several ironclads, including the USS Benton and the St. Louis, advanced in the face of the artillery, which included three 8-inch Columbiads and three 32-pounders (smoothbore), the latter not participating in the exchange due to their inability to reach the ships. Nevertheless, a huge 128-pounder, Lady Polk, Jr., on Island No. 10, and another land battery did participate. The St. Louis and the Benton sustained hits and the ironclads retired, but during the contest, the Confederate positions also took a pounding. The Confederate batteries were abandoned due to flooding six days before Island No. 10 was abandoned.

Redoubt No. 3— A Confederate position at Nashville during the campaign to regain the city during the latter part of 1864. Redoubt No. 4— The Confederates established Redoubt No. 4 at Nashville during the campaign to regain the city during the latter part of 1864. The position was manned by Lumsden’s Battery, which contained smoothbore Napoleons. The artillery unit was bolstered by elements of the Confederate 29th Alabama Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain Foster. The position was seized on 15 December 1864 by a large Union contingent composed of elements of more than 15 regiments of infantry and dismounted cavalry troops. Redoubt No. 5— The Confederates established Redoubt No. 5 on a hill along State Highway 106 (Hillsboro Pike). The Union seized the position on 15 December 1864. Renfroe’s Station— Renfroe’s Station, a settler’s fort, was established near the mouth of the Red River in the vicinity of Clarksville during 1780. During July of that same year, a band of Choctaw and Chickasaws attacked the station. Two men were killed and soon after, the Indians took their scalps. The others chose to abandon the fort without delay and move to safer ground. Some moved toward Freeland’s Station and others headed for Eaton’s Station. However, the pragmatic decision to leave turned tragic when some of the settlers, after a day’s march, decided to go back to retrieve personal belongings left behind due to the rapid departure. The trip back to the station was uneventful and free of Indians. With an apparent degree of confidence, the party of about 20, including women and children, reinitiated the trek to the new forts. By dusk, the settlers made camp near Sycamore Creek in present-day Cheatham County. Before morning, the Indians attacked and poured fire into the encampment. The settlers tried to escape into the woods, but only one person, a Mrs. Jones, escaped the terror. She was brought into Eaton Station on the following day. The others were slaughtered, but for some death was slow. Some were still alive following the torture when a relief force arrived on the following day. One family ( John family) had been composed of 12 people until it was liquidated. No mercy was shown, even to the children whose cries of anguish were only signals to the Indians as to where the little ones were hiding. The children were also chopped to pieces. In conjunction, the settlers that moved directly to the forts arrived unharmed. A rescue party that arrived was unable to aid the survivors who were mortally wounded. The dead were buried by the relief force prior to the departure from the scene of the massacre.

Russelville— During December 1863, the Confederates under General Longstreet sustained a series of defeats toward the end of the Knoxville Campaign. Following a loss at Bean’s Station, the Confederates moved to Russelville and established winter quarters there. Sam Davis Home— Sam Davis was attached to the Confederate unit known as “Coleman Scouts.” Davis wore a Confederate uniform, but the Union considered the unit a contingent of spies, subject to conviction as spies if caught. Davis was captured during November 1863 and he had secret papers in his possession that originated at the Union headquarters of General Grenville Dodge. It was easy to discern that the Union had a spy that was cooperating with Davis. Sam Davis refused to relinquish the name of his coconspirator and was tried by court-martial and afterward hanged. The Sam Davis Home was constructed during the early 1800s and refurbished during 1850. It is located at 1399 Sam Davis Road, Smyrna, Tennessee 37167. The home, part of a 160-acre farm, is now owned by the State of Tennessee. It has a museum there and it is open to the public. The Sam Davis Home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Saunders’ Fort— Saunders’ Fort was established by Colonel Saunders in the vicinity of Gallatin about 1790–1791. The settler’s fort was located near Desha Creek less than five miles from Isaac’s Bledsoe’s Station. Other settlers’ forts in the area included James White’s Fort, Walnut-field Station and Zigler’s Fort. The date that Saunders’ Fort was abandoned is unknown.

Robinson’s Fort— See Fort Robinson.

Schofield’s Line (Nashville)— Union General Schofield’s Corps established a position known as the Jump-Off Line at Nashville during early December 1854. It was located on 12th Avenue South near the present-day intersection with Acklen Avenue. The position was part of the Union’s defensive line that ran northeast and southwest through the Jump-off Line.

Robinson’s Station— See Fort Robinson.

Sevier’s Station— See Valentine Sevier’s Station.

Rogersville— On 6 November 1863, a Confederate cavalry force composed of about 2,500 troops, commanded by General William E. Jones, launched a surprise assault against the Union garrison at Rogersville. The Union force, commanded by Colonel (later General) Theophilus T. Garrard, including the 7th Ohio Cavalry, 2nd Tennessee Mounted Infantry and the 2nd Illinois Battery, was overwhelmed by the strength of the attack. The Rebels captured 750

Shelby’s Fort— About 1770, Evan Shelby (Selby) and Isaac Baker, two Marylanders, acquired part of a large tract of land composed of nearly 2,000 acres in the vicinity of Bristol. During the following year, Shelby established a fort there (Sapling Tract) on a spot that overlooked the future city of Bristol. The tract acquired by Shelby and Baker was composed of slightly more than 970 acres. The fort was located in Sullivan County along Beaver Creek, a tributary of

Robertson’s Station— See Bluff Station.

499 the Holston River. Shelby’s Fort at the time was considered to be in “no man’s land” within the sector considered to be the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. Colonel (later general) Isaac Shelby was a key participant with the American forces during the American Revolution and his fort was often a gathering place for the patriots. Much of the planning for the battle against the English at Kings Mountain unfolded at his fort. On 20 July 1776, the militia defeated a superior-numbered force of Cherokee Indians at Long Island Flats at present-day Kingsport. Following the defeat, the Indians scattered and formed small raiding parties to inflict punishment upon the settlers. Many families sought safety at Bristol in Shelby’s Fort and at Looney’s Fort, in close proximity to the border with Virginia. By autumn of that year, a formidable force of militia numbering about 2,000 set out from Fort Patrick Henry at Long Island (vicinity of Kingsport) on a search-and-destroy mission. Many Indian villages were destroyed. In conjunction, Evan Shelby was the father of Isaac Shelby and Evan Shelby ( Jr.). Evan and Isaac both served during the American Revolution. Major Evan Shelby held the rank of major in his brother’s regiment at the Battle of Kings Mountain. Shy’s Hill Park— Shy’s Hill Park, located at 4619 Benton Smith Road in Nashville, is where the Battle of Nashville (December 1864) turned the tide for the Union as the Confederate positions broke and permitted Union penetration. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Spencer’s Station— During 1776, Spencer’s Station was established in the vicinity of Bledsoe’s Lick by pioneers who arrived from Virginia, including Thomas Sharp Spencer and another man, named Holliday. By the end of the year, Holliday returned to Virginia, but he apparently never reached Virginia. Holliday was accompanied by Spencer part of the way, but when they reached Kentucky, Holliday continued alone. Spencer returned to Bledsoe’s Lick; however, he did not return to the station. He apparently found lodging for the winter months in a hollowed-out sycamore tree. The tree later became known as “Spencer’s House.” By the spring of the following year, Spencer headed back to Virginia. Subsequently, during 1780, Spencer returned to Tennessee and eventually found himself with a tract of land near Gallatin. Initially on his return, he acquired four separate tracts, but the laws of the time (North Carolina) mandated that he only keep one. The tract which he retained became known as Spencer’s Choice (Sumner County). Spring Hill— During May 1863, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn was shot and killed while at his headquarters in Spring Hill by a doctor (Doctor George Peters of Maury County). Peters believed that Van Dorn had an affair with his wife. Star Fort— See Fort Lytle. Stone Fort (Chattanooga)— See Fort Jones. Not to be confused with Old Stone Fort. Stone Fort (Stone Fort)— See Old Stone Fort. Telford’s Station— During September 1863, a contingent of Confederates (Department of East Tennessee) under General Alfred E. Jackson attacked elements of the 100th Ohio Infantry at Telford’s Station. The Rebels under A.E. Jackson captured the Yank regiment. Tellico Blockhouse— The Tellico Blockhouse was established near the convergence of the Little Tennessee River and Nine Mile Creek near the town of Fort Loudoun. The post, established during 1794, was a sister fort to the post at Southwest Point. Both were established to provide defenses for the region from attacks by the Cherokee and to keep the settlers from moving into Cherokee lands and each was garrisoned by militia. During 1796, the U.S. government established

Valentine Sevier’s Station / TENNESSEE a trading post near the military post. During the fort’s active service, some treaties were consummated there, including the Tellico Treaty of 1798, signed in October of that year. Terms of the treaty included relinquishing the territory (in East Tennessee) above the Little Tennessee River to the Clinch River. In conjunction, the Tellico Blockhouse remained active until it was abandoned during 1805 in accordance with the terms of another treaty. Thomas Kilgore’s Station— See Kilgore’s Station. Thompson’s Station— On 4–5 March 1863, Confederates under Van Dorn clashed with the Union at Thompson’s Station (Spring Station). The Union forces, commanded by Colonel John Coburn, had departed Franklin to reconnoiter the area at Springfield. At first contact, the Confederates, numbering well over 5,000 troops, feigned retreat and prompted the Union to give chase. The ruse worked and the Union force, after being trapped in a gorge, was compelled to surrender. The Union participants included the 2nd Michigan Cavalry, 9th Pennsylvania Cavalry and the 4th Kentucky Cavalry. In addition, the 33rd and 85th Indiana Regiments, the 22nd Wisconsin, the 19th Michigan and the 124th Ohio Volunteer Regiments, bolstered by artillery (18th Ohio Battery), also participated. The Confederates, commanded by Generals Van Dorn and Forrest, captured 1,306 Union soldiers. Union losses: 100 dead, 300 wounded. The Confederates sustained 150 dead and 300 wounded. Valentine Sevier’s Station— Colonel Valentine Sevier established a station in the vicinity of present-day Clarksville in about the late 1780s. Valentine was the son of John Sevier and the brother of William Sevier. On 11 November 1794, a roving pack of Indians, numbering about 40 braves, struck the station, which was defended by only two men, one of whom was Colonel Sevier. At about the noon hour, Sevier and another, named Snyder, raised resistance. The Indians burst into Snyder’s cabin and Sevier’s surviving son was then bludgeoned with a tomahawk, followed at about the same time by the brutal pounding of tomahawks upon Snyder, his son named John and his wife. During the struggle, another woman, Mrs. King, and her son James died by the tomahawk. Sevier, however, continued to resist. The renegades snatched Sevier’s daughter, Rebecca, and scalped her. Meanwhile, Colonel Sevier and his wife continued to resist by reloading and firing their weapons as fast as their hands could move. Before the Indians could kill the remainder of people there, other settlers arrived. They had been nearby at a new settlement (Clarksville) along the mouth of the Red River and heard the gunfire. The Indians, upon the approach of the reinforcements, departed, but not without a last act. Following the massacre, the survivors relocated at Clarksville. Sevier Station, known also as Sevier Blockhouse and Valentine Sevier Station (or Fort), was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. The identifying number is Building —#71000827, located at Walker Street, south of “B” Street in Clarksville. In conjunction, sometimes Confederate Fort Defiance (later, Union Fort Bruce) is thought to be Sevier’s Station; however, Fort Defiance-Fort Bruce was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1982 and the site is identified as being in nearby New Providence. The site number is 82004036 (also known as Site # 40MT287), located on private property in New Providence. In conjunction, a blockhouse known as New Providence Block House was later, during the early days of the Civil War, used by the Confederates. They named it Fort Defiance. After the Union seized the area during 1862, the fort was again renamed to become Fort Bruce. In conjunction, on 19 February, two Union gunboats commanded by Flag-officer Andrew H. Foote arrived at Clarksville and prepared to bombard the two Confederateheld forts that stood guard over the city. Soon after, Foote discovered that both had been abandoned by the Confederates. Soon after,

500

TENNESSEE / Vaught’s Hill a Union force led by General Charles F. Smith arrived to hold Clarksville, while Foote returned to Cairo, Illinois, to prepare for an attack against Nashville.

ously part of Washington County, North Carolina, as well as Washington County, Virginia). After the attack, the fort became known as Burnt Station.

Vaught’s Hill— On 20 March 1863, about 1,400 Union troops, commanded by Colonel A.S. Hall, encountered and defeated a larger Confederate contingent under Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan and Major General Joseph Wheeler at Vaught’s Hill, Milton. The skirmish lasted for several hours. Union casualties amounted to 7 killed and 48 wounded. Confederates casualties were estimated at 63 killed and about 300 wounded. The 101st Ohio, 101st Indiana, 80th and 123rd Illinois Regiments, supplemented by the 1st Tennessee Cavalry and the 9th Indiana Battery, participated.

Zigler’s Fort— Zigler’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Bledsoe’s Creek during 1791. On 25–26 June 1792, Indians arrived near the station in Sumner County and killed one man who was just outside the fort. Shortly thereafter, settlers attempted to retrieve his body and they, too, came under heavy fire. The burst of gunshot wounded two others, including the brother-in-law of General James Winchester. Failing to retrieve the body, the men retired to the fort, but for a prolonged period of time, the Indians continued to fire upon the settlers. At about dusk, the body was retrieved. The night passed without incident and there was no visible sign of danger throughout the following day. Despite the lurking dangers, no guards were posted that night and apparently all retired early. While all were asleep, the Indians silently moved against the fort, plowed through its gates without incident and began to bludgeon the settlers. Resistance was raised, but it was too late. Their numbers totaled about 30, including children, making the odds about 10 to one. To make matters worse, the fort was set afire, compelling the settlers to try to evade the smoke by rushing out directly into the paths of swinging tomahawks. One defender, John Zigler, was burned to death; another was savagely beaten to death and three others also died. Some suffered a more terrible fate when they were taken captive. Captain Joseph Wilson’s family was decimated as six of his children and his wife, the sister of General White, were dragged away. Two children of the Zigler family were also seized along with nine others. Subsequently, General James White negotiated with the Cherokees to gain the freedom of his sister and her

Walnut-field Station— Walnut-field Station was established in the vicinity of Gallatin in about 1791 by Captain Joseph Wilson. The station was located several miles southeast of the town of Gallatin. It is not known when the station was abandoned. Waverly Fort— The Union established a fort at Waverly during the 1860s. The Humphreys County Museum is now located on the site at 201 Fort Hill Drive in Waverly. In conjunction, some traces of the fort remain. White’s Fort— See James White’s Fort. William Gillespie’s Fort— William Gillespie established a settler’s fort along the Little River in the vicinity of Knoxville during the 1780s (about 1785). The fort was attacked and destroyed by Cherokee Indians on 15 October 1788. It was reported that 28 women and children were taken captive. The fort was located in Blount County, previously part of the temporary state of Franklin (and also previ-

TEXAS Adobe Walls— On 24 November 1864, elements of the 1st California Cavalry clashed with Confederates at Bent’s Fort, one of William Bent’s trading posts. The cavalry, under Kit Carson, destroyed a Kiowa camp there. Subsequently, on 27 June 1874, a force of about 700 Indians, composed of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanches and Kiowas, led by Quanah Parker and an Indian medicine man (Isa-tai), struck a small group of settlers at Adobe Walls in what is known as the Second Battle of Adobe Walls. The fortifications at the adobe houses were attacked several times. Nevertheless, the ferocity of the Indians was equaled by the 28 hunters and each assault was repulsed. Of the 28 men and one woman at Adobe Walls, only one casualty was sustained. Meanwhile, the Indians sustained about 15 killed, which caused a lack of discipline. A haphazard retreat followed. Within about one year, the Comanche relented and surrendered to terminate the problem. The Comanches relocated in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) at the Kiowa-Comanche Reservation. In conjunction, Quanah became well known for his leadership of the Comanches and he became friends with such notables as President Theodore Roosevelt. Quanah was appointed deputy sheriff of Lawton, Oklahoma, during 1902; however, he also retained many of his Comanche ways, including keeping seven wives. Upon his death, on 23 February 1911, he was interred in Comanche clothes. Subsequently, about four years later, his grave was robbed, prompting the govern-

ment to relocate the gravesite at the Polk Oak Mission Cemetery. Afterward, Quanah and his mother, Cynthia Parker, were reinterred at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Alamo— See Presidio San Antonio de Bejar (Bexar). Anderson’s Fort— During 1871, the U.S. 4th Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, established in the vicinity of Spur, near the mouth of Blanco Canyon. The area had been inhabited by the Comanche Indians. The post was used as a supply depot to augment the military operating in the region. Subsequently, during the mid–1870s, the 4th Cavalry operated out of the post to engage the Indians there and eliminated them as a threat. Anderson’s Fort was also known as Soldier’s Mound. Aranama Mission— See Mission Nuestra Senora Del Espiritu Santo de Zuniga Mission. Austin— During January-February 1839, settlers in the vicinity of the Colorado River learned from a friendly Indian, Chief Cuelgas de Castro, that Comanche raiding parties were camped outside of Austin at the San Gabriel River. Militia troops formed and joined with some Lipan Indians, enemies of the Comanche. The group, led by Colonel John H. Moore, moved out; however, by the time the column reached the camp, it was abandoned. The Comanche had

501 moved toward the San Sabe River. Pursuit was halted due to a snowstorm, but afterward, the Texans and Lipans renewed the chase. The militia intercepted the Indians and accepted a surrender, but it was a ruse. The militia lost all its horses and became stranded at the San Sabe. Meanwhile, the Comanches moved eastward into Travis and Bastrop Counties. Later, during April 1836, although the United States was neutral regarding the conflict in Texas between the Americans and Mexico, two cannons (Twin Sisters) arrived just in time to aid Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto. Subsequently, an arsenal was established in Austin. However, when the United States accepted Texas into the Union during 1845, Texas had to relinquish all its military supplies and facilities to the U.S. government. The equipment, including the two cannons, were sent to the arsenal at Baton Rouge, but during 1861, the Confederates got them back. Meanwhile, a military post was established at Austin during the latter part of the 1840s, and by the early 1850s a new arsenal was established there. Following the conclusion of the Civil War, a new military post was built in Austin at a place within about one mile of the original post. The post at Austin was referred to as Camp Austin and as Fort Austin. Also, during March, 1842, a conflict known as the Archive War erupted. A large force of Mexican troops led by General Rafael Vasquez arrived at San Antonio and issued an ultimatum to the Texans to surrender. The overwhelming force, estimated at about one division, compelled the Texans to abandon the town. By 10 March, the president of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston, summoned the Texas Congress to convene an emergency session and to thwart the Mexicans if they intended moving against Austin. The meeting was scheduled to be held in Houston. Despite the lingering threat from the Mexican Army, the Texans found time to argue amongst themselves as those in Austin circled the political wagons and decided to hold the state records to prevent any movement of the records to Houston. To bolster the defiance, groups of vigilantes were established to resist any attempt by Sam Houston to relocate the capital. The controversy lingered without solution until December of 1842, when Texas Rangers under Colonel Thomas I. Smith and Captain Eli Chandler suddenly arrived in Austin to retrieve the records. The appearance of the Rangers overmatched the unprepared vigilantes and soon after, without incident, except the actions of one defiant woman, the records were seized and transported to Houston. The lone activist, Angelina Eberly, commenced fire and luckily for the Rangers, the accuracy of the cannon was off target. Nonetheless, the battle between the capitals did not end. The frustrated vigilantes at Austin refused to relinquish their hold on the archives. Captain Mark B. Lewis led a force in pursuit of the wagon train which was transporting the records and intercepted it at Kenney’s Fort, 15 miles outside of Austin. With the assistance of a cannon they seized at Austin, they proclaimed their presence to the Rangers guarding the train. Following several shots, the Rangers, under orders to confiscate the papers only if it could be accomplished without shooting at fellow Texans, chose not to return fire. The archives were regained and returned to Austin. In conjunction, the capital of the Republic of Texas returned to Austin during 1844 where it remained until the following year when Texas gained statehood. Battery Croghan— See Fort Jacinto. Battery Davis— See Fort Travis (Bolivar Point). Battery De Crow— See Fort Matagorda. Battery Ernst— See Fort Travis (Bolivar Point). Battery 4— Anti Motor Torpedo Boat See Fort Jacinto. Battery Hampton— See Fort Crockett (modern day). Battery Heileman— See Fort Jacinto.

Brown’s Fort / TEXAS Battery Hogan— See Fort Jacinto. Battery Hoskins— See Fort Crockett (modern day). Battery Izard— See Fort Crockett (modern day). Battery Kimble— See Fort Travis (Bolivar Point). Battery Laval— See Fort Crockett (modern day). Battery Mercer— See Fort Jacinto. Battery South (South Battery)— See Galveston Civil War Forts. Battery 235— See Fort San Jacinto. Battery 236— See Fort Travis (Bolivar Point). Beaumont Post— See Camp Spindletop. Bent’s Ferry— See Fort Teran. Bent’s Trading Post— See Adobe Walls. Bird’s Fort— During September 1841, Texas volunteers (4th Brigade Texas Militia) commanded by Major Jonathan Bird established Fort Bird (also known as Bird’s Fort) in the vicinity of present-day Arlington. The post remained active for about one year. Black’s Fort— William Black established Black’s Fort, essentially a fortified stone house, in Burnet County along the South San Gabriel River. The fort was a strongpoint to protect settlers in the area from Indian raids. The region did come under Indian attacks, but Black’s Fort was infrequently involved, as the raids usually struck the western sector of the county, bringing pressure against Fort Croghan. Black’s Fort remained active until the latter 1860s. Blair’s Fort— Blair’s Fort, a settler’s fort, was established during 1860, prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, as a place of refuge from Indian attacks. The fort was located in Eastland County, west of the town of Desdemona on the property of C.C. Blair. Blair’s Fort was composed of 12 log cabins, and within the compound tents were set up on a square. The fort, which was in an area that frequently came under attack, was well fortified and the settlers there maintained an abundance of supplies. The Indian raids subsided somewhat by about 1862, but the fort remained active until 1865. Texas Rangers used the fort as a stopping point while they were operating in the region. Blanco— The town of Blanco was located slightly more than 10 miles south of Johnson City. During 1853, the settlers there became concerned about the threat of Indian attack and fortified cabins along the Blanco River from which to defend against Indian raids. During the following year, a group of men, including General John D. Pitts and Captain James H. Callahan, acquired land on the opposite bank of the river and established the town of Pittsburgh. Bolivar Point Forts— See Point Bolivar Forts. Boone’s Ferry— See Fort Teran. Brazos Island— The Union established a base on Brazos Santiago on Brazos Island in an effort to blockade Brownsville on the Rio Grande. The Union had gained Brownsville, but was not able to retain it. During May 1865, word reached the Union there that the Confederates were about to abandon Brownsville. Afterward, on 11 May, a Union contingent was dispatched from Brazos Island with orders to cross to the mainland at Boca Chica Pass and move to Brownsville to occupy it. The force was composed of more than 200 men attached to the U.S. 62nd Colored Infantry and elements of the U.S. 2nd Texas Cavalry (dismounted). See also Fort Brown (Brownsville). Brown’s Fort— Brown’s Fort was established southwest of Lacy’s Fort in the northeastern sector of Houston County by Reuben

TEXAS / Bryant Station Brown. The settler’s fort, located above Fort Casa Blanca, was built about 1833. Not to be confused with Fort Brown (Fort Texas) (Brownsville). Bryant Station— Bryant Station was established about 1840 by Benjamin F. Bryant at a location in the northwestern tip of present-day Milam County along the Little River. The fort, constructed along the Marlin-to-Austin stage line, was slightly more than 10 miles west of the site of present-day Cameron in northwestern Milam County. During the late 1840s, after the Indian problems were eliminated, the post was abandoned. Camp Air— Camp Air was pasture land used by the troops at Fort Mason to gather hay for the horses and other animals. Camp Air is located at the convergence of U.S. Highway 377 (I-87) and Ranch Road 1222 in the northern sector of Mason County. The same area had also been used previously by the Comanches. Camp (at) Quarantine Station— The Confederates established a camp, known as Quarantine Station, in the vicinity of Fort St. Philip. A contingent of troops was there during April 1862, but the river flooded, compelling them to seek better positions on the opposite bank. Those troops were there when the Union advanced against New Orleans and were captured. The camp established on the opposite bank is referred to as Camp Lowell. Camp Austin (Matagorda County)— The Confederates established a Camp Austin in Matagorda County in the vicinity of Lake Austin during the 1860s. Units that were there included the 3rd Texas Infantry (state troops). Not to be confused with Camp Austin (Travis County). Camp Austin (Travis County)— Camp Austin was established as a military camp by the U.S. Army during November 1848. The post was located along the Colorado River in Travis County at Austin. The initial garrison was formed by Captain (later Union general) John Haskell King and a contingent of the 1st U.S. Infantry Regiment. King had been promoted to the rank of 2nd lieutenant during 1839, prior to his eighteenth birthday. The post was abandoned in about 1852 because of the great difficulty in keeping it supplied. However, subsequent to the termination of the Civil War, the camp was again garrisoned upon the arrival of the U.S. 6th Cavalry. Not to be confused with Camp Austin (Matagorda County). See also Austin. Camp Bandera— Settlers arrived in the vicinity of Bandera slightly south of the Bandera County line at Kerr County during 1852 and established a lumber camp there. Earlier, during 1843, a contingent of Texas Rangers led by Captain John Hays were ambushed at Bandera Pass; however, they were able to overcome the odds and defeat the Comanches. The lumber camp known as Camp Bandera was separate from Camp Verde, which was established near the pass in Kerr County during 1855. See also Camp Verde. Camp Beaumont— See Camp Spindletop. Camp Bee— Camp Bee was established as a training camp by the Confederates at Houston during 1861. The Texas 2nd Infantry Regiment moved from its base at Galveston to Camp Bee in Houston during December 1861. The regiment was moved to Houston to complete its training prior to shipping out to Mississippi. Camp Belknap— Camp Belknap was established during March 1862 by Texas Rangers to act as an outpost of the Frontier Regiment. The post, in Young County, was garrisoned until March 1864. At that time, the garrison relocated at Fort Belknap. See also Fort Belknap. Camp Ben McCulloch— Camp Ben McCulloch was established during 1896 as a summer camp for Confederate veterans of the Civil

502 War. It was located on a tributary of Onion Creek in the vicinity of the town of Driftwood in Hays County. The final reunion held there was during the summer of 1946, one year after the last two veterans of the war had died. Camp Bernard— See Fort Bernard. Camp Blake— Camp Blake, named in honor of Lieutenant Jacob E. Blake (West Point class of 1833), was established along Devil’s River in the southeastern sector of Val Verde County, subsequent to the close of the Mexican War. Lieutenant Blake was killed during the Battle of Palo Alto on 9 May 1846. The post was established as a temporary fort on the road that ran from El Paso to San Antonio. Camp Boveda— Camp Boveda (Camp Rancho Boveda) was established in Kleberg County by the U.S. Army during the Mexican War period by forces of General Zachary Taylor. The post was located near Los Olmos Creek slightly outside of the town of Riviera. The fort was later, during 1863, occupied by Union forces. The troops there used the post to launch an attack against Confederate-held King’s Ranch in an attempt to capture Captain Richard King and simultaneously devastate the cotton crop. Captain King was able to evade capture, but the ranch was devastated. King’s family afterward moved to San Antonio. Camp Bowie— Camp Bowie, named in honor of James Bowie, a defender at the Alamo, was established by Texans during 1837. The camp was located below Texana in the vicinity of Red Bluff, east of the Navidad River. The camp was initially commanded by Albert Sidney Johnston, a former U.S. officer who became the commanding general of the Texan Army. At the time the army was in camp, it was a tumultuous time and the force lacked strict discipline. By June, many of the men had been furloughed. By June, only a couple of hundred troops remained at the camp. They were redeployed at Camp Crockett. At that time, the camp was abandoned. Camp Breckenridge— Camp Breckenridge was established by the Texans above the convergence of Hubbard Creek and Gunsolus (Gonzales) Creek in Stephens County near Crystal Falls. The post’s garrison included elements of the Frontier Regiment. Camp Breckenridge was one of 16 posts guarded by the regiment. Duty at the post was difficult and often the post was lightly defended. During the latter part of the conflict, the Frontier Regiment, which had been formed during December 1861 in place of the Texas Confederate Regiment, was mustered into the Confederate Army. Subsequent to the conclusion of the conflict, the post was sporadically used by settlers during times of danger from Indian raids. Camp Brenham— Camp Brenham was established in Washington County by the Confederates during the 1860s. The post was included in the 3rd Military Sub-District (Central Texas). Another Confederate post in the region was Camp Randle, a quartermaster depot in Washington County. Camp Buchel— Camp Buchel, known also as Camp Cedar Bayou, was one of a large series of forts established in Texas by the Confederates. Camp Buchel was located in the region (First Military District, Sub-district Three) that stretched along the Gulf of Mexico at Velasco to Wharton. The post, named in honor of the commanding Colonel Augustus Buchel, was established in Wharton County during the latter part of 1863 near Cedar Lake Creek, which was at the time known as Cedar Bayou. There were no clashes between the Union and Confederates in Wharton County. The post was sometimes referred to as Camp Wharton. Other forts established in the region included Camp Cedar Lake and Camp Nellie. Camp Bugle— See Camp Drum. Camp Bullis— See Leon Springs Military Reservation.

503 Camp Burleson— See Fort Burleson. Camp Cabell— Camp Cabell was established as a temporary training camp by the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War period, 1898. The camp, named in honor of Confederate General William L. Cabell, was located at Dallas. Troops there included the Texas 2nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Camp Caldwell— Camp Caldwell was established as a U.S. post during 1839 in Burleson County. The post was abandoned during the following year. Camp Carter— Camp Carter was established by the Confederates in Waller County near Hempstead during 1861. The post was one of several camps established in the area. The others included Camp Groce (Camp Liendo) and Camp Hebert. In addition, the posts were in close proximity to the supply depot at Hempstead. The Confederates held Camp Carter and Hempstead for the duration of the conflict. Camp Casa Blanca— See Fort Casa Blanca. Camp Cazneau— Camp Cazneau was initially established in Travis County during 1840 at a location thought to have been near presentday Bergstrom Air Force Base in the vicinity of Onion Creek slightly southeast of Austin. Elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment camped there when the regiment was en route from Camp Caldwell to San Antonio. Subsequently, a new Camp Cazneau was established east of Round Rock in the vicinity of Brushy Creek during that same year. The camp was used by Texans (Travis Guards and Rifles) during a campaign against Comanches during the spring of 1840. The post was also used during campaigns against the Indians during 1841. The second Camp Cazneau might have been established at the site of federal Camp Caldwell, which was abandoned during 1840. The post was in close proximity to Kenney’s Fort. No documentation exists regarding the namesake of the camps, but it is probable that they were named in honor of the commissary general of the Republic of Texas, William L. Cazneau. Camp Cedar Bayou— See Camp Buchel. Camp Cedar Lake— Camp Cedar Lake was established during 1863 in the vicinity of Cedar Lake (Cedar Lakes) during the 1860s by Confederates under General John Bankhead Magruder. Subsequent to service in Virginia, General Magruder was transferred to the Southwest where he commanded the District of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Camp Cedar Lake was one of a chain of posts established in the region stretching along the Gulf of Mexico between Wharton and Velasco. Other forts established in the area included Camp Buchel (known also as Camp Cedar Bayou) and Camp Nellie. Not to be confused with Camp Cedar Bayou. Camp Chambers (Falls County)— During 1840, the Texans established Camp Chambers as a regular army post in Falls County. The post was established in the vicinity of Marlin during the spring of 1840 at a place along the east bank of the Brazos River. The initial garrison was composed of elements of the Texas 1st Infantry Regiment. The post remained active until February or March of the following year. The garrison at that time transferred to Austin, where the troops received their discharges. Not to be confused with Camp Chambers (Victoria County). Camp Chambers (Victoria County)— Camp Chambers, named in honor of General Thomas Jefferson Chambers, was established by the Texans during 1837. The post was built along Arenosa Creek’s west bank outside Inez. It was one of a series of posts established in the vicinity of the lower Lavaca and Navidad Rivers during that year by the Republic of Texas. The post was garrisoned by elements of the Texas Permanent Volunteers and Texas regulars. Camp Chambers

Camp Colorado / TEXAS was commanded by Colonel Edwin Morehouse. The camp at Inez was the final one of the chain that was established. Later, during 1840, a new Camp Chambers was established in Falls County. Camp Charlotte— Camp Charlotte was established by the U.S. Army during 1858 in Tom Green County (later, Irion County) at a spot along the Middle Concho River below its convergence with Kiowa Creek. The post was slightly less than 50 miles from San Angelo and situated near the crossroads of the Butterfield Overland Mail Route and the El Paso Mail Route. The camp had a stockade, but both the officers’ quarters and the guardhouses were actually constructed outside of the stockade. The garrison was responsible for protecting the mail routes as well as the settlers who established homesteads in the region. The Civil War disrupted its service; however, following the termination of the conflict, it was again garrisoned by U.S. forces. Nevertheless, the post had difficulty in maintaining peace and protecting the region by the 1870s, as the garrison was formed only by infantry troops. The Indians, therefore, received great leverage as infantry forces were unequipped to pursue them during their raids into the region. The camp site is located west of State Highway 163 in a remote sector of northwestern Irion County. Some slim traces of the post remain. A historical marker stands there to commemorate the camp. Camp Clark— Camp Clark was established by the Confederates in Guadalupe County along the south side of the San Marcos River, less than 10 miles from the town of San Marcos. Governor Edward Clark ordered the construction of the post. The initial unit formed at the training camp was the Texas 4th Infantry Regiment. Following its training, the regiment moved out to become part of General Hood’s Texas Brigade. Afterward, the Texas 36th Cavalry Regiment (known also as the 32nd Texas Cavalry) was formed there during 1862. No traces of the camp remain. Camp Collier— Camp Collier was established by the Confederates during February 1862 in the southwestern sector of Brown County. The camp, an outpost on the frontier, was actually located at Vaughn’s Springs along Clear Creek. It was one of a large group of posts that dotted the Texas territory from the point of convergence of the Wichita and Red Rivers to the Rio Grande, subsequent to the abandonment of the region by the Union during 1861. A contingent of Texas Rangers, commanded by Captain Thomas N. Collier, formed the garrison at Camp Collier. The post remained active until 1864. Camp Colorado (Coleman County)— Camp Colorado, known also as Fort Colorado, was established during 1855 at a temporary site, thought to have been near the town of Ebony in Mills County. During the summer of the following year, the post was relocated at a site less than 10 miles north of the Colorado River in Coleman County. During August 1856, a contingent of U.S. Cavalry (Troops A and F), led by Major (later Confederate general) Earl Van Dorn, occupied the camp. The second site proved to be unsuitable for the troops as much illness occurred there, prompting the U.S. Army to again relocate the post. It was reestablished in Coleman County during the summer of 1857. The camp remained active until the secession of Texas from the Union. Texas seceded on 1 February 1861, and by the end of that same month, the post was ordered abandoned by General David E. Twiggs. In conjunction, Twiggs surrendered all U.S. military installations in Texas to the Confederates. Subsequently, on 1 March 1861, General Twiggs was dismissed from service with the U.S. Amy. During May of that same year, he became a major general in the Army of the Confederacy. In conjunction, some Union officers in Texas refused to capitulate. One of those, Major Edmund Kirby Smith (West Point class of 1845) (later Confederate major general), U.S. 2nd Cavalry, informed the Confederate Sul Ross

TEXAS / Camp Cooke (Texas Ranger), that Fort Colorado would be held. Nevertheless, soon after on April 6th, Major Smith had a different perspective and he, too, joined the Confederacy. While the post was active, it was under the jurisdiction of headquarters (Department of Texas), commanded by General Twiggs at San Antonio. The entire garrison at the post, with the exception of one officer, Lieutenant George B. Cosby, joined the Confederacy. The post was retained by the Confederates for the duration of the conflict. Initially, Texas state troops garrisoned the fort, but later, during 1862, Texas Rangers held the post. Towards the latter part of the conflict, Texas state troops garrisoned the post. The fort was abandoned after the close of hostilities and was not reoccupied by the U.S. Army. The land later passed to private owners and the fort, except for the guardhouse, was disassembled. The guardhouse was used as part of a residence built there. In addition, the fort’s nearby cemetery remained untouched. A reconstructed fort is located at the Coleman City Park, located off U.S. 283 North near Hords Creek. A museum is also located there. Camp Cooke— Camp Cooke was established by the Texans during 1841 at a site near the mouth of Waller Creek for the purpose of gathering troops for what was known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition of May-June 1841. The camp was abandoned at a point subsequent to early June of 1841. It is not known for whom the fort was named, but it is thought that it was named after William Gordon Cook, a civilian who participated in the campaign. Camp Cooper— Camp Cooper was established along the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, less than 10 miles (north) from present-day Fort Griffin State Park, in the vicinity of Albany (Throckmorton County). The camp was authorized by the Texas legislature during early January 1856. That same month, Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston established the camp, which became the headquarters of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry. Lieutenant Colonel (later Confederate general) Robert E. Lee commanded the post from 9 April 1856 until 22 July 1857. At that time, Lee transferred to San Antonio. He was succeeded by Major (later Union general) George H. Thomas, who subsequently picked up the nickname “Rock of Chickamauga.” Other U.S. troops (U.S. 5th Infantry) had established a temporary camp site there during 1851. In conjunction, duty at Camp Cooper was difficult. The weather was atrocious and the post was infrequently supplied. Insects, including spiders, were constant companions and pernicious rattlesnakes were in great abundance. In addition, the garrison also had to contend with the hostile Indians. Throughout the entire western frontier, the troops made modifications to combat the insects. Sometimes, large cans were filled with water and one was placed under the legs of the bunks to trap spiders and scorpions. In addition, often the ceilings were layered with smooth material, in hopes that the insects would fall to the floor before they got atop the bunks. During 1855, Lieutenant George Stoneman (West Point class of 1846), while stationed in California at the Presidio, received a promotion to captain. He was directed to proceed to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and from there as commanding officer of the 2nd (later 5th) Cavalry, he moved to Camp Cooper. In conjunction, Stoneman was promoted (Union brigadier general) during 1861. The post was named in honor of U.S. Army adjutant general Samuel Cooper. Camp Cooper, until it came under Confederate control, was used to provide protection to settlers and to maintain a watch on the nearby Comanche reservation. By about 1859, the Comanche reservation was closed and the Indians were relocated, a move that brought about a more tranquil period. Nevertheless, the post was soon destined for drastic changes with the approach of the Civil War. The facilities, which included a hospital and the buildings which had quartered the cavalry and the regimental band, passed to the Confederates when Captain S.D. Carpenter transferred the post to Confederate Colonel W.C. Dalrymple on 21 February 1861. The

504 post remained a Confederate fort for the duration. Camp Cooper was not reactivated by the U.S. Army following the close of the war. The post was abandoned on 21 February 1861. Also, Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston (West Point class of 1826) had commanded the 2nd Cavalry; however, during 1856, he was became commander of the Department of Texas. Johnston had resigned from the service during 1834; however, two years later, he traveled to Texas to join the fight for independence. Although he had been a graduate of West Point, he joined the Texan Army with the rank of private. Johnston resigned his commission during May 1861, while in command of the Department of the Pacific, to join the Confederacy. He rose to the rank of full general. The garrison at the post participated in various campaigns and expeditions, including the operation that rescued Cynthia Parker (See Fort Parker). Camp Corpus Christi— Camp Corpus Christi was established in Corpus Christi by Colonel (later Union brigadier general) John Joseph Abercrombie, who acquired quarters for two companies of the U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment there during autumn 1850. Subsequently, during August of the following year, the 5th Infantry relocated to what was thought to be a more suitable location about 30 miles inland from the camp at Corpus Christi; however, the water resources were extremely poor and the region lacked building materials. Later, during November 1851, a contingent of the U.S. 7th Infantry garrisoned the post at Corpus Christi. During the following year, the U.S. Army under General Persifor Frazer Smith established headquarters (Department of Texas) at Corpus Christi. General Smith’s wife died that same year. Later, he married a widow, Anne Monica Millard Armstrong. Smith became the stepfather of Frank C. Armstrong, who later became a general in the Confederate Army. During 1855, headquarters was transferred back to San Antonio. In conjunction, General P.F. Smith succumbed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, during 1858 while preparing to assume a new command. In conjunction, during the Mexican War period, Fort Marcy had been operational at Corpus Christi as well as another fortification, known as Mustang Island Fort. Camp Crawford— See Fort McIntosh. Camp Croce— See Camp Groce. Camp Crockett— Camp Crockett, named in honor of Davy Crockett, frontiersman and hero at the Alamo, was established during June 1837 in place of Camp Bowie. The camp’s exact location is unknown, but it is thought to have been in the central sector of Jackson County near the Navidad River in close proximity to Camp Bowie. The Army of the Republic used both camps and afterward, the troops moved to Camp Chambers. Camp Crockett was garrisoned by elements of the Texas 2nd Regiment of Permanent Volunteers. The post was abandoned during July-August 1837. Camp Crump— Camp Crump was established in Marion County in the vicinity of Jefferson during 1862. Units that were based there included elements of the 32nd Texas Cavalry, Crump’s Battalion of Mounted Volunteers. Camp Cureton— Camp Cureton was established slightly southeast of Archer City by the Confederates during March 1862. The post was strategically located near the West Fork of the Trinity River at a place where the Gainesville-Fort Belknap road crossed the river. Camp Curleton was one of a series of posts that were scattered across the region. The post, named in honor of Captain J.J. “Jack” Cureton, was garrisoned by elements of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers). The post remained active until March 1864. The garrison transferred to Fort Belknap. Camp Davis— During March 1862, the Confederates established Camp Davis in Gillespie County at a place less than five miles from

505 where White Oak Creek converged with the Pedernales River. The post was established by a contingent of the Frontier Regiment led by Colonel James M. Norris and became one of a large group of posts that extended across Central Texas on a line that ran north to south between the Trinity River (Camp Cureton) to the Rio Grande (Fort Duncan). The post remained active until about March 1864. Camp Del Rio— See Camp San Felipe. Camp Dix–During April 1862, the Confederates established Camp Dix, named in honor of Captain John Dix, Jr., who became commanding officer of the post. The camp was located at Black Waterhole, slightly more than five miles east of Uvalde in close proximity to a crossing (San Antonio-Eagle Pass Road) of the Frio River. The garrison, composed of elements of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers), held responsibility for protecting Confederate wagon trains traveling through its sector along the road into Mexico. The post remained active until March 1864. Camp Drum— During 1852, the U.S. Army established Camp Drum in the vicinity of Zapata; however, military competitiveness was interjected into the process. A contingent of the U.S. 4th Artillery was at the fort site when a column of the U.S. 2nd Dragoons arrived with a directive to name the post Fort Bugle. The 4th Infantry was opposed to the name and sought a higher ranking officer to intervene. Orders arrived to name the post Camp Drum. Nonetheless, the post was abandoned during the same year. Camp Eagle Pass— See Fort Duncan. Camp Edward Clark— During 1861, the Confederates established Camp Edward Clark, a training camp, in the vicinity of Staples, which was located near the San Marcos River in the northeastern sector of Guadalupe County. Units formed there included Colonel Stokely Holmes’ Infantry Company, which was later attached to the command of Colonel Peter C. Wood’s 36th Texas Regiment. Camp Elizabeth— Camp Elizabeth was initially established in the vicinity of present-day Sterling City by Texas Rangers in about 1853. The post was located in Sterling County, slightly less than 10 miles northwest of the town. Subsequently, during 1874, the post became a sub-post of Fort Concho, but it was primarily used as a hospital. However, the post did contain officers’ quarters and a corral. The enlisted men were housed in tents. Camp Elizabeth was not abandoned until 1886; however, Fort Concho was deactivated during 1874. A historical monument was placed at the supposed site of the camp by the State of Texas. Camp Everitt— Camp Everitt was established by the Texans during the early 1840s. The post was a minor post in the vicinity of Corpus Christi (Nueces County). Other posts in the region at the time included Camp Williams and Camp Nueces in Nueces County. Camp Felder— Camp Felder was established by the Confederates during the 1860s on the property of Gabriel Felder in the vicinity of Chappell Hill (Washington County). The property was located in the Brazos River bottomland. The Confederates transferred Union POWs from Camp Groce to another place during an epidemic that broke out during September 1864. From the temporary holding camp near Bellville, the captives were transported to Camp Felder. Conditions there were poor and high numbers of Union POWs succumbed, prompting the Confederates to return the men to Camp Groce. The post, Camp Felder, commanded by Colonel Clayton C. Gillespie, was garrisoned by cavalry, but their quarters were outside the camp on an elevation above the camp. Camp Ford— The Confederates established an enlistment-training camp slightly northeast of Tyler during 1862. It later became a prison for Union POWs. The camp subsequently became known as Camp

Camp Harney / TEXAS Ford, named after Colonel John S. “Rip” Ford. By July 1863, the camp was transformed into a prison camp to be used to detain POWs which were to be transferred from Shreveport, Louisiana, and other points. Initially, the Union POWs were held in open space, but by November, it became necessary to construct a stockade. At one time, nearly 5,000 prisoners were held there; however, the total of captives imprisoned there reached about 6,000. Slightly less than 300 troops died while in captivity. Conditions were poor and food was often scarce. In addition, the Union captives had to construct their own modified and primitive housing to find protection from the elements. The Confederates held the post until May 1865. The camp was destroyed during July 1865 by a contingent of U.S. Cavalry. Camp Funston— See Leon Springs Military Reservation. Camp Grierson’s Spring— During the spring of 1878, Camp Grierson’s Spring, near the mouth of a tributary of Live Oak Creek, was established as a support post for Fort Concho. The post was built at Grierson’s Spring in Reagan County less than 10 miles from the town of Best. The spring there was earlier discovered by a contingent of the U.S. 10th Cavalry during the winter of 1877–1878 and at that time named for General Benjamin H. Grierson, the commanding officer of Fort Concho and of the District of the Pecos. The post was necessitated by the opening of a military road that ran from Fort Concho at San Angelo to Fort Stockton at Comanche Springs (present-day Fort Stockton). In addition, the troops built a road from the post at Camp Grierson’s Spring to Horsehead Crossing. Units there included elements of the U.S. 16th, 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments and the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment. The garrison held responsibility for protecting settlers and pioneers traveling through the sector, as well as maintaining the roads to keep them open and free of Indian attacks. In addition, the troops maintained scouting operations and they maintained the telegraph lines that were stretched from San Antonio to Fort Concho and beyond to Forts Stockton and Davis. The post contained some stone structures, including the officers’ quarters, barracks for one company of enlisted troops and a guardhouse. In addition, the camp’s stable was composed of stone. The garrison participated in the conflict known as Victorio’s War, which erupted during 1880, but upon its conclusion during the summer, the post was only garrisoned sporadically until it was abandoned during September 1882. Some traces of the stone foundations remain. Camp Groce— See Camp Liendo. Camp Groghan— Camp Groghan, known also as Fort Groghan, was established during March 1849. McCulloch’s Station a frontier post manned by Texas Rangers, received a major makeover. A contingent of the U.S. 2nd Dragoons, led by Lieutenant C.H. Tyler, arrived and established Camp Croghan along Hamilton Creek in the present-day town of Burnet (Burnet County). The Rangers, under Henry E. McCulloch, remained there until 18 March when the post was officially activated as a United States installation. By the fall of that same year, a new nearby site was selected for the camp. The fort’s location was moved several miles above the original site on the opposite bank of the creek. Later, Camp Croghan was renamed Camp Hamilton. Subsequently, it was renamed Fort Groghan in honor of Colonel George Croghan. The fort remained active until abandoned during 1855. See also Fort Croghan. Camp Hamilton— See Camp Groghan. Camp Harney— Camp Harney, named in honor of Colonel (later Union general) William Selby Harney, was established in the vicinity of Bellville in Zapata County during 1851. Another post established in the region at that time was Camp Drum. Camp Hatch— See Fort Concho.

TEXAS / Camp Hebert Camp Hebert— The Confederates established Camp Hebert in the vicinity of Hempstead in Waller County during 1861. It was one of several post to be built in the vicinity of Hempstead, where a supply depot was operated. The other camps were Camp Carter and Camp Groce (Camp Liendo). The area was held by the Confederates for the duration of the conflict. Units that served there included the Texas 12th Cavalry. Camp Henderson— Camp Henderson was established by the Confederates as a temporary recruiting and training camp in Cleburne ( Johnson County). The town of Cleburne, named in honor of Confederate General Patrick R. Cleburne, emerged there. Not to be confused with Fort Henderson. Camp Henry E. McCulloch— Camp Henry E. McCulloch was established as a training camp by the Confederates during 1861. The camp, named after General Henry Eustace McCulloch, was located slightly north of Victoria. The post was commanded by Colonel Robert R. Garland, the commanding officer of the Texas 6th Infantry Regiment and a former officer in the U.S. Army. The regiment was formed at the camp. A camp hospital was established in an academy (Victoria Male Academy), which was acquired by renting the facility. The camp remained active until May of the following year when the regiment departed for Arkansas. Camp Holland— See Viejo Pass. Camp Hudson— Camp Hudson, known also as Fort Hudson, was established along the Chihuahua Trail in Kinney County (later Val Verde County) during June 1857 on San Pedro Creek, a branch of Devil’s River. Camp Hudson was built by the U.S. Army in an obscure place which was infrequently visited by nonmilitary people; however, during 1859, it was visited by the Camel Corps, a temporary experiment that proved unworkable. The U.S. Army attempted to use camels in the desert of the Southwest and it worked well for the camels; however, they frightened the horses and the experiment was cancelled. Nevertheless, it was one of a series of posts constructed between San Antonio and El Paso during that period. On 20 July 1857, Comanches ambushed a contingent of 20 men from the U.S. 2nd Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant John B. Hood, near Devil’s River. The contingent was able to withstand the attack by more than 100 braves, killing 19 and wounding many more. The cavalry lost 2 killed and 5 wounded. The U.S. 8th Cavalry from Fort Hudson arrived to reinforce Hood’s troops and bring needed supplies. During March 1861, the post was abandoned by the U.S. subsequent to the secession of Texas from the Union. In conjunction, the camp was named in honor of Lieutenant Walter W. Hudson, who succumbed during April 1850 from wounds he sustained during a skirmish with Indians. During November 1867, the post was regarrisoned by elements of the U.S. 9th Cavalry following an incident along the road that ran between Fort Stockton and Camp Hudson. During October 1867, Indians attacked a stagecoach while it traveled between Camp Hudson and Fort Stockton. The two soldiers that accompanied the coach were killed, prompting the military to reestablish the post. Later, during 1871, the camp was reorganized and its garrison was composed of several officers and 60 troops. During March 1876, two companies of cavalry arrived at Camp Hudson from Fort Concho. The post remained active until the following year when the region had become free of Indian raids. No traces of the camp remain. Camp Independence— Camp Independence was established near the Lavaca River in the vicinity of Edna, near Texana in Jackson County, by the Texans during December 1836. The post, which was established on the property of Sylvanus Hatch, remained active until the following year and was the primary camp of the Republic of Texas until March 1837. During early February of that same year, General Felix Huston commanded the army at Camp Independence,

506 until he was succeeded by General Albert Sidney Johnston. In conjunction, Johnston engaged in a duel with Huston at the camp. Johnston, who became secretary of war for the Republic of Texas (1838–1840), was seriously wounded, but he survived. Later, Johnston returned to the U.S. Army and became the commander of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry during 1855. During 1861, he resigned and joined the Confederacy. He became a full-rank general; however, General Johnston was mortally wounded at Shiloh (Tennessee) on 6 April 1862. Camp Irwin— The U.S. Army established Camp Irwin (known also as Camp Placedo) in Victoria County near Placedo Creek during 1846, while the Mexican War was ongoing. The post, named for James R. Irwin, the quartermaster for General Winfield Scott, was slightly more than 10 miles from Port Lavaca, at a place along the Port Lavaca-Victoria Road. The camp acted in a dual role, as a supply depot and as a gathering point for troops during the campaign to seize Mexico City, Mexico. The troops that were deployed there included the Illinois 1st Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commanded by General John J. Hardin, who was killed at the Battle of Buena Vista during February 1847. In conjunction, Hardin’s son, Martin D., became a Union general during the Civil War. Other units there included the 1st Kentucky Cavalry, commanded by Colonel (later Confederate General) Humphrey Marshall and a company of independent volunteers from Kentucky led by Captain John S. Williams. Volunteer units from TennesSee also deployed at the camp. Camp Ives— Camp Ives was established by the U.S. Army as an outpost near Turtle Creek in the southeastern sector of Kerr County, less than five miles from Camp Verde, during October 1859. The post was established and occupied by elements of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry, but its life as a post was short lived. The settlers in the region requested a military presence; however, once there the situation apparently stabilized as there was little activity against hostile Indians. During March 1860, the garrison, under 2nd Lieutenant Wesley Owen, abandoned the post to accompany the commander of the 2nd Cavalry at the time, Lieutenant Robert E. Lee, to the Rio Grande. Camp Ives remained unoccupied until the latter part of October 1860, but soon after, the garrison again abandoned the post during early 1861. On 28 January, the troops at the post departed for Camp Verde to concentrate all the U.S. forces in the region against expected hostilities by the Confederates. Texas seceded from the Union on 1 February 1861. Confederates used the post during the Civil War. Camp Jackson— The Confederates established Camp Jackson during 1861 in the vicinity of the convergence of the Big Wichita River and the Red River. The post was one of a series of forts that stretched southwestwardly from Fort Jackson to Fort Mason. The line of posts, defended by the 1st Regiment, Texas Mounted Rifles (1st Texas Mounted Rifles), commanded by Colonel Henry McCulloch, included Fort Belknap, Camp Cooper, Fort Phantom Hill, Fort Chadbourne, Camp Colorado, Camp Concho, Fort McKavett, and Fort Mason. McCulloch had been appointed colonel at San Antonio and directed to raise 10 companies for the regiment; however, at the time of his appointment, he had already gathered about five companies. Camp Johnston— See Camp Joseph E. Johnston. Camp Joseph E. Johnston— The U.S. Army established a temporary post known as Camp Joseph Johnston during 1852 in the vicinity of the south side of the North Concho River. The post was garrisoned until mid–November of that same year by a contingent of the 8th U.S. Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel John Garland. Camp Kelly— See Fort Concho.

507 Camp Kenney— Camp Kenny was established by the Texas Rangers (Frontier Battalion) in the southern sector of Stephens County near the mouth of Gonzales Creek during 1874. The Frontier Regiment had been formed earlier that year and began operations out of the post during autumn 1874. At the time, Indians were initiating raids into the region. The camp remained active until about September of the following year. Camp Lee— See Indianola. Camp Leona— See Fort Inge. Camp Liendo— Camp Liendo, known also as Camp Groce, was established in about 1862 by the Confederates in Waller County in the vicinity of Hempstead. The camp, located on the property (Liendo Plantation) of Colonel Leonard Waller Groce, was used for recruiting and for detaining Union POWs, some of whom had been captured during the fighting at Galveston on 1 January 1863. On that date, several companies of the 42nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, bolstered by gunboats, engaged the Confederates. The Union sustained 600 killed, wounded and missing. The Confederates sustained 50 killed and 1 wounded. Camp Groce held the majority of the POWs only temporarily until they could be transported to another post, Camp Ford, the latter holding thousands of Union prisoners. The garrison at Camp Liendo was composed of slightly less than 75 troops, but the camp did contain four barracks. Toward the latter part of the Civil War, Confederate units, including the 29th Texas Cavalry, gathered at the camp and dispersed. Subsequent to the conclusion of the conflict, Union forces under General George Armstrong Custer arrived at the camp during September 1865 and remained there until the end of the year. During 1866, General Custer, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, assumed command of the famed U.S. 7th Cavalry. Camp Llano— Camp Llano was established by elements of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers) led by Colonel James M. Norris during March 1862. The post was located in Mason County near the convergence of Rock Creek and the Llano River. The post, garrisoned by a company commanded by Captain H.T. Davis, remained active until about the spring of 1864. Camp Lubbock— The Confederates established Camp Lubbock in the vicinity of Buffalo Bayou near Houston (Harris County) during the 1860s. Units that served there included the Texas 1st Field Battery Light Artillery. The unit was there during April 1862, prior to moving to Camp Waul where it established headquarters. Camp Lubbock was sometimes referred to as Houston Post. Camp Mabry— Camp Mabry was established in the northwestern sector of Austin during 1892 for use as a summer camp for what was known as the Texas Volunteer Guard (later, Texas National Guard). The post was named in honor of the Texas adjutant general at the time, Woodford Haywood Mabry. The post remains active as a training center for the National Guard and the U.S. Army Reserve. In conjunction, until 1953, the Texas Rangers also trained at Camp Mabry. During the twentieth century, the post contained headquarters for the Texas Air National Guard, the Texas State Guard, the Texas National Guard Armory Board and the Headquarters Armory of the 49th Armored Division. In addition, the post contained a parachute storage facility and an array of other supply warehouses. The post has remained active for more than 110 years. A museum (Texas Military Forces Museum) is located on the base. Camp McKavett— See Fort McKavett. Camp McMillan— Camp McMillan was established by Confederates under Colonel James M. Norris during March 1862. The post was located in the vicinity of Hall’s Spring near the mouth of Rich-

Camp (near) Puanah / TEXAS land Creek in San Saba County. Camp McMillan was established by a contingent of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers), led by Colonel James M. Norris, for use as an outpost. The garrison was commanded by Captain N.D. McMillan and remained active until March 1864. Camp Melvin— Camp Melvin was established during 1868 as an outpost which was to be only a temporary post. At the time of its establishment, the stagecoaches used a route that passed the camp until about 1881. Comanche Indians did attack the post and stage line there on several occasions. During July 1873, a raid succeeded in killing one man and the stage station lost all its horses and mules. Later, during June of the following year, a nearby ranch lost a large amount of horses and mules. The camp was located in the northwestern sector of Crockett County along the Pecos River off presentday State Highway 349. The post operated as a support post for Fort Lancaster until 1871. The garrison held responsibility for its sector of the military road that ran between San Antonio and El Paso and it was to guard the crossing. The outpost, by 1871, was garrisoned only by a few troops, and by 1875 less than three soldiers were stationed there. Although the post was only an outpost, it might hold the record for the number of names it received. The site was known by more than 20 separate names other than Camp Melvin. During the 1680s, the Spanish explorer Juan Domínguez de Mendoza named it San Pantaleon. Other names included: Camp Melbourne, Camp Milvin, Connelley’s Crossing, Crossing of the Pecos, Crossing of the Pecos Station, Fennelly’s Crossing, Ficklin, Mail Station, Mail Station Bridge, Melvin Mail Station, Melvin Station, Pecos Bridge, Pecos Crossing, Pecos Crossing Bridge, Pecos Mail Station, Mail Station at Pecos, Pecos River Station, Pecos Stage Station, Pecos Station, Pontoon Bridge, Pontoon Bridge Crossing and Pontoon Crossing. In conjunction, the site of the crossing was known as Pontoon Crossing from 1892 through 1926, and afterward it seems to have lost any designation on maps of the region. In addition, it had been listed on maps as Mail Station during 1892. Camp Merrill— Camp Merrill was established during 1852, in the northeastern sector of Jim Wells County near the Nueces River at present-day Casa Blanca. Other posts in the area during the same period included Fort Merrill and it is thought that Camp Merrill was an outpost of the fort. During the Civil War, Fort Casa Blanca was located there. Camp Montel— Camp Montel was established in Uvalde County during 1862 by a contingent of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers) under Colonel James M. Norris. The post, located near the mouth of Seco Creek in Bandera County, was one of a series of posts established by the Rangers at that time. The post was garrisoned by troops commanded by Captain Charles DeMontel (previously Scheidemontel). The post remained active until March of 1864. Subsequently, during 1870, DeMontel established a new Camp Montel in the northern part of Uvalde County along the Nueces River, where the town of Montel emerged. In conjunction, DeMontel arrived in the United States from Prussia and initially lived in Pennsylvania prior to arriving in Texas. Camp (near) Puanah— On 17 December 1860, a contingent of Texas Rangers, approximately 60 strong, bolstered by some settlers and scouts, pursued the Comanches under Chief Nawkohnee. The Rangers, led by Sul Ross (Lawrence Sullivan Ross), were joined by a 21-man detachment of the 2nd Cavalry. The group came upon a Comanche camp near Puana and launched an attack. However, the chief and his braves were away from the camp. The camp, containing only women and children, was destroyed. During the raid, a white woman and child were discovered. The woman turned out to be Cynthia Ann Parker, one of the children captured during the raid

TEXAS / Camp Nellie on Parker’s Fort in 1836. She spoke no English and had become the wife of Nawkohnee. In conjunction, Ross subsequently joined the Confederacy as a private and later became a brigadier general. Camp Nellie— Camp Nellie was established by the Confederates under General John Bankhead Magruder about 1863 as one of a group of posts established along the Gulf of Mexico between Wharton and Velasco. Other posts in the region near Cedar Lake included Camp Cedar Lake (not to be confused with Camp Cedar Bayou) and Camp Buchel, known also as Camp Cedar Bayou. Camp Neville Springs— Camp Neville Springs was established in Brewster County during the 1880s by the U.S. along the Comanche Trail, slightly outside present-day Big Bend National Park. The post was an outpost of Fort Clark; however, it was a permanent post, used primarily by the Black Seminole Indian Scouts. The garrison usually consisted of about 20 troops per tour of duty, which lasted about 60 days. When relieved, the troops returned to Fort Clark until the next tour at the outpost. The camp had a good source of water from the spring and it contained stone barracks. In addition, a stone house was located at the camp and it is thought that the house was used as an officers’ quarters. The exact date that the post was abandoned is unknown, but it is thought that it was deactivated during January 1883, at about the same time Camp Pena Colorado was abandoned. Camp Nowlin— The U.S. Army established Camp Nowlin as a temporary post in the vicinity of the Little Wichita River during 1859. The post was located in Archer County at present-day Archer City. The active life of the post was extremely short, lasting only during part of the month of August 1859. The purpose of the post had been to accompany Indians from the Brazos reservation to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and from the latter to the former. Captain John H. Brown abandoned the post on 21 August, following a large amount of illnesses that plagued the troops. Camp Nueces (La Salle County)— Camp Nueces was established by the Texans during 1842. The post was used during December as headquarters by General Alexander Sovervell, who commanded the Texan Southwestern Army. The post was located along the Nueces River in close proximity to the lower San Antonio-Laredo Road. The camp was active during the Sovervell Campaign, a retaliatory strike into Mexico which did not achieve much success. The campaign was aborted. Nevertheless, some of the units resisted the order and continued the operation under what was known as the Mier Expedition. Not to be confused with Camp Nueces (Nueces County) or Camp Nueces (Uvalde County). Camp Nueces (Nueces County)— Camp Nueces was established by the Texans in the vicinity of Kenney’s Fort near Corpus Christi Bay at present-day Corpus Christi. The post was active during April-May of 1842. Not to be confused with Camp Nueces (La Salle County) or Camp Nueces (Uvalde County). Camp Nueces (Uvalde County)— Camp Nueces was established by the Confederates during April 1862. It was built by elements of the Frontier Regiment (Texas Rangers), commanded by Colonel James M. Norris. Camp Nueces was located in the southwestern sector of Uvalde County in close proximity to the river crossing of the San Antonio-Eagle Pass Road. The camp was commanded by Captain John Dix, Jr. The camp was abandoned in about March 1864. Not to be confused with Camp Nueces (La Salle County) or Camp Nueces (Nueces County). Camp on Oak Creek— See Fort Chadbourne. Camp on the San Pedro—See Camp Hudson. Camp Pecan— Camp Pecan was established by a contingent of Texas Rangers, led by Colonel James M. Norris, in Callahan County at

508 Pecan Bayou during March 1862. The post was one of a chain of forts established as an outpost for the Frontier Regiment. It was located along the road that ran from Camp Cooper to Camp Colorado. The post, commanded by Captain T.M. Collier, remained active until about March 1864, when the regiment was directed to report to Camp Belknap. Camp Pena Colorado— Camp Pena Colorado was established along the Comanche Trail by the U.S. Army in the northcentral sector of Brewster County during 1879. The post was in the vicinity of Pena Colorado Creek at the present-day town of Marathon. The initial garrison force, a contingent of the U.S. 25th Infantry Regiment, arrived there from Fort Stockton during August 1879. During July 1880, a contingent of the U.S. 24th Infantry Regiment arrived at the camp, followed later by a separate unit, Company K, U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment. The post was used as a support post for Fort Stockton and for Fort Davis to the northeast and northwest respectively; however, the primary responsibility for the garrison force was to protect against bandits and guard against Indian raids and construct roads, as well as escorting wagons, stagecoaches and settlers through the sector. Other units that served at the post included the U.S. 10th Colored Cavalry Regiment, known as the Buffalo Soldiers. The 10th Cavalry was based there from 1884 through the summer of 1885, when it was relieved by elements of the U.S. 3rd Cavalry Regiment. Camp Pena Colorado was not considered one of the more comfortable posts. Its living quarters for the enlisted men as well as the officers were crude, composed of mud and stone. The conditions improved somewhat when the railroad arrived in the region during the early 1880s. The military abandoned the post during January 1893. The site of Camp Pena Colorado later became part of the Post Ranch, which belongs to the Combs Cattle Company. The land near the springs (Pena Colorado Springs) became a park, known as The Post, during 1935. The bluff there was known to the Spanish as Pena Colorada, which translated into red rock, and the English referred to it as Rainbow Cliffs. Camp Placedo— See Camp Irwin. Camp Powderhorn— See Indianola. Camp Prairie Lea— During the Civil War, the men who resided in the area near Prairie Lea in the vicinity of Frentriss, joined the Confederacy and most served with General John B. Hood’s Texas Brigade and with General Sibley, the latter having unsuccessfully attempted to gain New Mexico for the Confederacy during 1862. Camp Pratt— The Confederates established Camp Pratt in the vicinity of New Iberia (Spanish Lake District, Iberia Parish) during 1862. The post was a training and recruitment camp that handled troops in southern Louisiana. At its peak, prior to being abandoned during 1863, at times there were several thousand troops there. The camp was also used to detain Union POWs. Camp Prisontown— See Camp Verde. Camp Pulaski— The Confederates established Camp Pulaski in St. Helena Parish in the vicinity of the town of Amite during 1861. The Confederate 13th Louisiana Regiment was mustered into service at Camp Pulaski on 24 August 1861 and afterward it became the 14th Louisiana Infantry Regiment. The regiment, after training, departed eastward to support the forces in Virginia who were defending Richmond. Camp Rabb— Camp Rabb was established by a contingent of Texas Rangers (Frontier Regiment) led by Colonel James M. Norris during April 1862. The post, located in Bexar (later Maverick County), was one of a series of outposts that was established along the route that ran from San Antonio to the area at Eagle Pass and Elm Creek.

509 The post was commanded by Captain Thomas Rabb. It remained active until March 1864, when the regiment was ordered to Fort Belknap. Camp Radziminski— The U.S. Army established Camp Radziminski, named in honor of Lieutenant Charles Radziminski, during September 1858 along the south bank of Otter Creek at the southern fringes of the Wichita Mountains in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The post was established by troops under Major (later Confederate general) Earl Van Dorn during an expedition. The post was afterward relocated to a point higher up the creek where it was used as a supply depot for Fort Belknap. The camp was located in the vicinity of Tipton in Tipton County, Oklahoma. The U.S. Army maintained the post until August 1859, when it was abandoned and the garrisoned moved to Fort Cobb. Later, during 1860, the former post was occupied by a contingent of Texas Rangers commanded by Colonel Middleton T. Johnson. In conjunction, the fort’s namesake was a native of Poland who served with the U.S. 3rd Dragoons and later died of tuberculosis during 1858. Camp Rainbow Cliffs— See Camp Pena Colorado. Camp Rancho Boveda— See Camp Boveda. Camp Randle— Camp Randle, a supply depot, was established in Washington County by the Confederates during the 1860s. The post was included in the 3rd Military Sub-District (Central Texas). Another Confederate post in the region was Camp Brenham. Camp Resolution— During 1841, the Texans established Camp Resolution; however, it was actually four separate camps that were established during the Texan Santa Fe Expedition that was ongoing between 30 August-18 September of that year. The initial camp was located in the northwest sector of Motley County, outside Flomat, near the convergence of Los Lingos and Quitaque Creeks. Afterward, the next camp was established on 3 September, along the south side of Quitaque Creek in the northeast sector of Floyd County. It was abandoned on 5 September. The third camp was established was only slightly above the second camp and continued active until 14 September. Camp No. 4, also in Floyd County, was established near the site of the third camp on 14 September and it was used until 18 September 1841. Camp Rice— See Fort Hancock. Camp Ruby— Camp Ruby was not a military camp; rather, it was a logging camp, established in Polk County during 1926. Prior to that, it was known as Old Hope. Camp Runnels— Camp Runnels was established by the Texas Rangers during the 1850s in Runnels County. On 28 April 1858, a force of about 100 Texas Rangers and some Indian scouts, commanded by Rip Ford, departed Camp Runnels, heading toward Oklahoma on a search-and-destroy mission. This force encountered a massive Comanche village on 11 May. The Rangers repelled an attack and launched a successful countercharge. The Comanches lost more than 30 percent of their warriors, including Chief Iron Jacket. Camp Rusk— Camp Rusk was established in the southwest sector of Lamar County (later Delta County) during the autumn of 1861 by the Confederates along the south bank of the North Sulphur River in the vicinity of Treadmill Lake, slightly west of the town of Ben Franklin (Delta County). The camp was used by the Texas 9th Infantry Regiment as a training base. The regiment was formed by Colonel (later general) Samuel Bell Maxey. The camp was abandoned during December of that year following the outbreak of an epidemic of measles. The regiment moved to a new location in Fannin County and from there, during January 1862, the unit moved out, heading for Tennessee.

Camp Semmes / TEXAS Camp Sabinal— The U.S. Army established Camp Sabinal in the vicinity of Sabinal (Uvalde County) during July 1856. The post was located near the west bank of the Sabinal River at a spot along the route running from San Antonio to El Paso. The camp remained active until November 1856, but subsequent to the departure of the army, Texas Rangers manned the post into the 1860s. Camp Sabine— The U.S. Army established a federal camp in the vicinity of Sabine Pass ( Jefferson County) during 1836. The U.S. deployed forces under Major General Edmond P. Gaines in Texas to maintain a presence of strength along the frontier (Mexican border region). At the time, the Texans were struggling against Mexico in search of independence. The post remained active until 1838. In conjunction, during the Civil War, Sabine Pass was fortified by the Confederates. Camp Salado— Camp Salado was a temporary camp established by Texas volunteers led by Captain John Coffee “Jack” Hays during September 1842. The camp was used during what was known as the Battle of Salado Creek, which was fought on the 18th of September near the creek, which is located at present-day Fort Sam Houston, slightly northeast of the city of San Antonio. Camp Salmon— Camp Salmon was established by a contingent of Texas Rangers (Frontier Regiment) led by Colonel James M. Norris during March 1862. The post was one of a large number of Texas Ranger outposts established during that period. Camp Salmon was garrisoned by a contingent of Texas Rangers under Captain John Salmon. The post, which remained active until March 1864, was responsible for protecting the Ledbetter Salt Works, which was located in the southwestern sector of Shackelford County. Camp San Elizario— Camp San Elizario was established by the U.S. Army during September 1849, when a contingent of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment occupied it. The camp was where the Spanish had established the San Elizario Presidio on the fringes of El Paso, off present-day I-10. The San Elizario Mission remains active, as does another nearby Spanish mission at Socorro and both are active parishes. The post was located along the Rio Grande in El Paso County. Later, during 1862, a contingent of California Volunteers (Union) occupied the post during 1862 to forestall Confederate action against California. There were many sympathizers in California for the Confederacy, but the Union maintained control for the duration. El Paso was the gateway to New Mexico and the West Coast. Camp San Felipe— Camp San Felipe was established by the U.S. Army in the vicinity of present-day Del Rio along San Felipe Creek during 1857. Camp San Felipe was initially a support post for Fort Clark; however, during 1876, the post was made a permanent base. At that time, a contingent of the U.S. Colored 10th Cavalry garrisoned the post, which was commanded by Lieutenant J.M. Kelley. Camp San Felipe was abandoned during 1896. In conjunction, during the Civil War, the post was occupied by Confederate forces. The post is sometimes referred to as Camp Del Rio and Post of San Felipe. Camp San Saba— See Fort McKavett. Camp Semmes— Camp Semmes was established by the Confederates at St. Joseph’s Island (later Aransas) during early 1861 in the vicinity of Aransas Bay (Refugio County, later Aransas County). Artillery was deployed there to defend against Union warships. The town of Aransas was seized by the Union during February 1863, but the Confederates soon after recaptured it. Later, during the following summer, Union forces again captured the town. Camp Semmes was in close proximity to Padre Island and Mustang Island, the latter being south of St. Joseph’s Island between Corpus Christi and

TEXAS / Camp Shafter the Gulf of Mexico. Padre Island further south was linked to Mustang Island. A series of passes (Newport and Corpus Christi) that moved through the barrier islands at Mustang Island are now filled in, but Aransas Pass remains and it runs through St. Joseph’s Island and Mustang Island, providing access to Corpus Christi Bay for deep-draft vessels. The Union seized Aransas after landing at Corpus Christi Pass as it prepared to move against a primary Confederate fortification, Fort Esperanza at Pass Cavallo. Corpus Christi was not scheduled for capture. In conjunction, during the 1840s, the Mexican War period, a minor fort was constructed on Mustang Island (formerly known as Wild Horse Island. Camp Shafter— A contingent of the U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiment established Camp Shafter during the latter part of May 1873 near the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Comanche Creek at a place that stood about 25 miles from Fort Duncan, which at the time was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William R. Shafter. The post was garrisoned by a contingent of the U.S. 4th Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant George Thurston. Camp Shafter was used primarily for scouting missions along the Rio Grande. It remained active only through 1873. No traces of the camp remain. Camp Sherman— Camp Sherman was a temporary quartermaster depot established by federal troops during 1861 in present-day Sherman (Grayson County). At the time, it was part of the 5th Military Sub-District of Northern Texas. Camp Slaughter— Camp Slaughter was established by elements of the Texas 4th Infantry Regiment (state troops) about 1864 outside Austin near what was known as Bryan Plantation, which was established during the 1820s. The post was named in honor of Confederate General J.E. Slaughter. Camp Spindletop— Camp Spindletop was established during 1862 by the Confederates at Beaumont. The post was established by Captain George W. O’Brien, subsequent to his return to Texas following service with the Army of Northern Virginia. O’Brien raised a company which became part of Liken’s force (Likens’ Sixth Battalion of State Militia). Later, Likens was promoted and authorized to raise a battalion of cavalry. Meanwhile, Captain Ashley Spaight was promoted and he became colonel of the 11th Battalion. Spaight maintained his headquarters at Beaumont Post (quartermaster depot), but his infantry and cavalry were posted at Camp Spindletop, Sabine Pass and Orange as well as Beaumont. For a short while, during 1863, Spaight’s infantry and cavalry were based in Houston and at Galveston; however, the artillery units remained at Sabine Pass. The Confederates retained the Beaumont for the duration. Spaight’s troops were mustered out during May 1865. Camp Springs— Camp Springs, initially known as Afra, was not a fortified camp; rather, it was a camp used by various parties that camped there through the years due to the excellent water supply at the springs.

510 Camp Van Dorn— The Confederates established a recruiting and training camp known as Camp Van Dorn in the vicinity of Houston at Buffalo Bayou. Houston was held for the duration of the conflict. Camp Verde— The U.S. Army established Camp Verde during July 1855 along the north bank of Verde Creek in the vicinity of Bandera Pass at present-day Camp Verde. The post, located in Kerr County, was used as headquarters for the Camel Corps, a unit which experimented with using camels in the deserts of the Southwest. The experiment was successful, but the Camel Corps was deactivated because the camels frightened the horses. The idea for the army to use camels originated with Jefferson Davis, the secretary of war at the time. The camp was also the origin point for the forces under General Albert Sidney Johnston when he departed there for Utah during 1857 to deal with the Mormons. The post was abandoned during 1861 in conjunction with the secession of Texas from the Union and the outbreak of the Civil War. During 1865, U.S. troops returned to regarrison the post and afterward it was abandoned during early April 1869. The fort site is now on private property. In conjunction, during the Civil War, the Confederates established a new Camp Verde at a point less than three miles from the original camp. The post was established by Texas Rangers (Frontier Regiment) under Colonel James M. Norris. The post established by the Texas Rangers remained active until March 1864, when the troops were recalled to Fort Belknap. Camp Waul— Camp Waul was established during 1862 outside Brenham (Washington County) for use as a training camp by the Confederates. Waul’s Legion, commanded by Colonel Thomas Neville Waul, was formed there during May of that same year. The training camp was located at a spot known as Old Gay Hill, near New Year’s Creek and in close proximity to the Glenby Plantation. Recruits were drawn from several counties, including Austin and Fayette. Camp Waul, while active, was struck with a severe outbreak of measles; however, only a few cases were fatal. The post remained active until mid–August 1862, when Waul’s Legion departed for duty in the field. Subsequently, Colonel Waul and his command were captured at Vicksburg during July 1863. After exchange, Colonel Waul was promoted to brigadier general, effective 18 September 1863. Subsequently, Waul participated as a brigade commander during the Red River Campaign. General Waul died at the age of 91 during 1903. He was interred at Fort Worth. Camp Wharton— See Camp Buchel. Camp Wichita— The U.S. Army established Camp Wichita, a minor post, during 1868. The camp, located in the vicinity of Buffalo Springs, was sporadically garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment between 1868 and 1873. Camp Wichita was active in conjunction with Fort Richardson and another point known as Red River Station.

Camp Stockton— See Fort Stockton.

Camp Williams— Camp Williams was established by the Texans during 1842 in the vicinity of Corpus Christi (Nueces County). Other camps in the region at that time included Camp Everitt, Camp Nueces and Kenney’s Fort.

Camp Terrett— See Fort Terrett.

Camp Wilson— See Fort Griffin (Shackelford County).

Camp Van Camp— Camp Van Camp, named in honor of Lieutenant Cornelius Van Camp (West Point class of 1855), was established by the U.S. Army during April 1859 at present-day Newcastle in Young County. The post was located near Fort Belknap and was operated as a subpost. The camp remained active until the latter part of August 1859. In conjunction, Van Camp, the fort’s namesake, was killed during an engagement with Comanche Indians at Wichita Village in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

Camp Wood— Camp Wood was established along the Nueces in the vicinity of Camp Wood (Real County) during May 1857. Camp Wood, named after Major (brevet) George E. Wood, was one of a large series of posts scattered between San Antonio and El Paso to keep the route open and protect travelers and wagons. Camp Wood was established near the site of the earlier Spanish Mission San Lorenzo de la Cruz. The initial garrison was formed by elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant E.D.

Camp Stanley— See Leon Springs Military Reservation.

511 Philips. The post was abandoned for a while during the latter part of October 1857; however, during the following year, it was reactivated when a contingent of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry arrived there. The 2nd Cavalry remained there until November 1860. The post was abandoned during March 1861. Confederates then occupied the post. Other posts in Texas abandoned at the same time included Camp Hudson, Fort Brown, Fort Chadbourne, Fort Duncan, Fort Clark, Fort Inge, Fort Lancaster, Fort McIntosh, Fort Mason and Fort Bliss. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, U.S. forces sporadically garrisoned the post and it was also used by Texas Rangers. Camp Worth— See Fort Worth. Cantonment North Fork of the Red River— See Fort Elliott.

Fort Anahuac / TEXAS ment of the second station, troops from Colorado Station were redeployed at Post West Bernard. A contingent of Texans under Captain Neill established the post during June 1837. Not to be confused with Fort Colorado (Camp Colorado). Cook’s Fort— In about 1839–1840, Cook’s Fort, named in honor of Joseph T. Cook, was established. The fort was constructed on his property at his request. The fort was built along the NacogdochesNeches Saline Road in close proximity to the road leading to Fort Houston at a spot several miles southeast of the town of Rusk. It was constructed to provide protection for the settlers against hostile Indians. However, with the relocation of the Cherokees to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during that same year, no attacks were launched against Cook’s Fort.

Cantonment (on the) Sweetwater— See Fort Elliott.

Corpus Christi Army Depot— See Fort Marcy.

Coffee’s Fort— See Coffee’s Station.

Dallas— The Confederates established a series of enlistment and training camps in Dallas subsequent to the secession of the state from the Union. The camps in the vicinity of the fairgrounds were referred to as the Dallas Encampment. Dallas was also a primary quartermaster depot and supply center as well as a commissary post. The Confederates held Dallas for the duration of the conflict.

Coffee’s Station— Coffee’s Station, known also as Coffee’s Trading Post and Coffee’s Fort, was established by Holland Coffee during the 1830s; however, the station changed location often between 1834 and 1846. Initially, Coffee and several others established the station in the vicinity of the Red River near San Bernardo in close proximity to an abandoned Indian village. Subsequently, during 1836, the station was relocated to a place in the vicinity of Cache Creek, near Taylor, Oklahoma. Nevertheless, Coffee contended that the station was still located in Texas. Shortly thereafter, during April 1846, Coffee again moved the station to a point near Walnut Bayou in the vicinity of Burneyville, Oklahoma. The station at Walnut Bayou operated as Warren’s Post from 1836 until 1848 and afterward, the operator, Abel Warren, moved the post back to Cache Creek. Meanwhile, during September 1837, the station was yet again relocated, back to Texas near Washita Bend (Preston Bend) slightly north of Pottsboro. During 1839, the station became a post office (Republic of Texas). The area became known as Preston. Holland Coffee succumbed during 1846, essentially terminating the trading post. No traces remain. The site is submerged under Lake Texoma in Grayson County.

El Fortin— See Fort Leaton.

Coleman’s Fort— See Fort Colorado (Travis County).

El Fortin de la Cienega —See Fort Cienega.

Colorado City— The Texas Rangers established a camp near the Colorado River in Mitchell County at Colorado City during 1877. At the time, the city was becoming a large cattle center, which would soon after bring about the arrival of the railroad. By 1881, five saloons were located in the town and within about three additional years, there were just under 30 saloons there. During 1881, an incident occurred that caused a rancher to be shot by the Texas Rangers. The Rangers shortly thereafter relocated their camp to Hackberry Springs, about 20 miles southwest of Colorado City. The Old West Visitor Center at Colorado City, located off I-20 at Exit 217, contains a complex that includes a saloon, trading post, sheriff ’s office and a jail.

El Morita— See Fort Moritas.

Colorado Stations— The Texans established a station in the vicinity of Bay City, near Thomas Cayce’s Ferry (Matagorda County), during 1836, while they struggled against Mexico for independence. The station was established to maintain control of a crossing of the lower Colorado River there and to prevent unauthorized traveling by members of the army. The post was active from November 1836 through June of the following year. The garrison was composed of volunteers (Permanent Volunteers), led by Captain Andrew Neill and Lieutenant James Campbell. While the post was active, the Texans maintained their capital at Columbia; however, when the capital was relocated at Houston during May 1837, it was decided to move the post at the ferry crossing. A new station was established further up the Colorado River in the vicinity of Mercer’s Ferry outside Egypt in Wharton County. For a while, prior to the establish-

DeCrow’s Battery—See Fort Matagorda. Del Rio— The Spanish established a presidio in Mexico at Ciudad Acuna and afterward, some Spanish setters established themselves on what became the American side of the Rio Grande at Del Rio near the convergence of the Rio Grande and San Felipe Creek. Subsequent to the Mexican War, the U.S. began to focus on the region. U.S. fortifications were established, including Camp San Felipe, which was established at Del Rio and Fort Clark, a primary post that stood about 30 miles distant near Brackettville. Laughlin Air Force Base was established there during the 1900s. Duncan’s Ferry— See Fort Teran.

Fort Anahuac— During November 1830, the Mexicans established Fort Anahuac near the Trinity River at present-day Anahuac (Chambers County). The post was established to hinder the entrance of Americans into Texas as prescribed by the Mexican “Law of April 6, 1830.” During June-July 1832, a large group of Texans arrived at Fort Anahuac to arrange for the release of William Travis and others being held there. The Texans had captured some Mexican cavalry prior to their arrival. The contingent of Texans, led by Colonel Francis White Johnson, attacked ( June-10–12) Mexican-held Fort Anahuac to rescue Colonel Travis held there in jail by the Mexican army. Following some exchanges of fire a deal was supposedly agreed upon, but the prisoners were not released. The confrontation led to a larger fight at Velasco. Subsequently, the Americans were released. Meanwhile, the rebellion expanded as the Texans resented the actions of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Shortly thereafter, during July 1832, the Mexicans abandoned Fort Anahuac. Later, during January 1835, it was reoccupied. Mexican troops moved back into South Texas, bringing tax collectors along with them. A Texan, Andrew Briscoe, and another man were detained by the Mexicans, after pulling a ruse on the commander of Fort Anahuac. The incident, in protest of Mexico’s tax policies, caused other Texans to rush to the fort to gain their freedom. During June, the Texans, led by William Travis, outnumbered the garrison and the men were freed. The small garrison capitulated. The action taken by Travis had not been authorized and at the time, Stephen Austin was attempting to negotiate with the

TEXAS / Fort Bankhead Mexican government in Mexico City. However, during June of 1835, the fort was permanently abandoned by the Mexicans. Mexican troops (in Texas) commanded by Martin Perfecto de Cos set out to quell the rebellion and arrest the leaders. During autumn, an outbreak of violence developed between the Texans and Mexican cavalry in the vicinity of Gonzales. By the early part of 1836 Santa Anna mobilized an enormous Army to stamp out the insurrection. He marched toward the Alamo. Fort Ashbel Smith— See Fort Caney. Fort Austin— See Austin. Fort Bankhead— Fort Bankhead was established during the 1860s at Galveston in close proximity to another fortification, Fort Point. Fort Bankhead was one of a series of posts established there during the Civil War to defend Galveston Bay. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Belknap— Fort Belknap, initially Camp Belknap, was established on 24 June 1851, by contingents of the U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment commanded by General William G. Belknap. The post, originally built of logs and later of brick, was located on the Brazos River near Newcastle. The fort was part of a series of posts stretching from the Red River to the Rio Grande to provide safe passage for settlers heading west. The fort remained active until the Civil War, when it was surrendered to Texas state troops (Confederates). On 13 October 1864, Little Buffalo and a force of more than 700 warriors crossed the Brazos River at a point about 10 miles outside Fort Belknap. The Comanches mutilated one man and a boy, and raided the Fitzpatrick Ranch, killing one woman by stripping her naked and mutilating her body. At the ranch, the Indians took the other women and children captive. During the same raid, the Indians struck George Bragg’s Cabin. Subsequent to the close of the war, the U.S. Cavalry maintained a garrison there until September 1867, when the fort was abandoned as the frontier extended westward. Also, the Butterfield Overland Express had a station at Fort Belknap. In conjunction, during the latter part of 1851, Belknap, due to illness, was succeeded in command by General Percifor F. Smith. During the 1930s, Fort Belknap was refurbished by the federal and state governments. The fort is open to the public. For more information: Fort Belknap Museum, New Castle, Texas, 76372. The museum is located 3 miles south of New Castle on highways 251 and 24. Fort Bend— During November 1822, in South Texas, a contingent of Texans established a blockhouse (Fort Bend) along the Brazos River in present-day Fort Bend County. The fort came under attack by Mexicans led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna during April 1836. On 9 April, Santa Anna advanced to Fort Bend en route to seize Harrisburg. The garrison was too small to repel the army. The post was abandoned. Afterward, for awhile, subsequent to the defeat of the Mexicans at the Battle of San Jacinto during the fight for Texas independence, the fort was used by Texas troops led by General Thomas Green. In conjunction, Sam Houston’s Scouts kept vigil and reported the Mexicans’ progress to him. Apprised of the situation, Houston changed strategy. Using the services of a tiny steamboat, the Yellowstone, he ferried his entire force over to the east bank of the river in order to track Santa Anna. The operation was completed by the 13th. Santa Anna informed General Sesma to halt in place at San Felipe to await other forces. Meanwhile, Santa Anna sped to Harrisburg. However, the officials there escaped, and just barely, thanks to the timely warning by a Negro shepherd. Infuriated, due to losing his prey, Santa Anna ordered the town to be torched. Afterward, Santa Anna moved toward New Washington at Galveston Bay, but here, too, he just missed his objective; the president, Burnet, and his family escaped on the 17th. On 18 April, Santa Anna,

512 convinced that Houston’s force was in the vicinity of the Brazos River nearly 75 miles distant, decided to advance beyond Galveston Bay. He dispatched an order to General Sesma at San Felipe directing him to send 500 additional troops under General Cos to augment his 1,200 men. At that time, the advantage was beginning to tilt toward Houston. Santa Anna’s army was divided, with contingents at Fort Bend and those under Urrea at Matagorda, while Santa Anna at Washington awaited more strength. Meanwhile, the same politicians who had fled in panic from the capital at Washington began to pounce upon Houston, accusing him of breaking his pledges of supporting the settlers and retiring, rather than engaging the enemy. In addition, adversaries of Houston in the army caused problems. One contingent under Wylie Martin became so cantankerous that it was separated from the force. Another unit was disbanded to permit Houston to retain some cohesion in his army. A replica of Fort Bend was constructed at Decker Park in Richmond. Fort Bernard— The Confederates established Fort Bernard (known also as Fort San Bernard and Camp Bernard) in the vicinity of the mouth of the San Bernard River during the 1860s. The post was located slightly northeast of Cedar Lake in Brazoria County. Units that had been at the camp included the Texas 35th Cavalry, which arrived there during the latter part of January 1864. Fort Bird— See Bird’s Fort. Fort Bliss— During 1848, in West Texas, a contingent of the U.S. Third Infantry Regiment commanded by Major (brevet) Jefferson Van Horne (West Point class of 1827 Cadet # 499) arrived at El Paso from San Antonio to establish a fort (Fort Bliss) at the del Norte Pass. The post was built to protect the settlers and travelers from Indians, and to protect the Rio Grande there along the border with Mexico. In addition, the garrison was to survey the territory for the anticipated intercontinental railroad. Meanwhile, some troops of the unit deployed near the San Elizario Presidio and Mission on the outskirts of El Paso. Later, during 1851, the post was abandoned. The garrison moved to Fort Fillmore. Major Van Horne was later killed in New Mexico on 28 September 1857. A new installation was established during 1854 by the U.S. Eighth Infantry Regiment led by Lt. Colonel Edmund Brooke. The new fort was named Fort Bliss in honor of Lt. Colonel William Wallace Smith Bliss (West Point class of 1833 Cadet # 715), chief of staff to General (President 1849–1850) Zachary Taylor during the war with Mexico. Colonel Bliss succumbed during August 1853 in Mississippi. Coincidentally, Bliss married the daughter of Taylor to also become his son-in-law. Subsequent to the secession of Texas from the Union (February 1861), the garrison, commanded by Lt. Colonel Isaac V.D. Reeve, surrendered the fort to Texas troops during March 1861. The base became important to the operations of Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley during his quest to gain New Mexico, but the Confederates were compelled to depart West Texas during 1862. The fort was reclaimed when Union volunteers from California, led by General James H. Carleton, occupied it. Subsequently, during 1867, the Rio Grande flooded and caused much devastation, including the destruction of the fort (at Maggoffinsville), forcing the U.S. Army to rebuild it at a more suitable location. Initially it was constructed several miles away and named Camp Concordia (March 1868). By the following year, the camp was officially named Fort Bliss; however, its new life was short lived, as it was abandoned during January 1877. Nevertheless, within a short while, a conflict known as the Salt War of San Elizario broke out, prompting the government to rethink its position about a fort in El Paso. By the following year, Fort Bliss was reestablished at yet another location, right in El Paso. The traveling post would again move during 1879 when the U.S. acquired land (Hart’s Mill) several miles west of Fort Bliss’ location,

513 but there too, the fort was later scheduled for abandonment. Geronimo surrendered during 1886 for the third and final time. Afterward, the U.S. concluded that it should consolidate its western frontier forts and Fort Bliss was to be deactivated. The fort was not abandoned. Local community leaders pressed for the fort’s presence and raised money for a new site, rather than watch their protectors depart for Fort Selden in nearby New Mexico. Finally, during 1893, Fort Bliss was relocated about five miles east of El Paso at Lanoria Mesa, where it still remains an active U.S. Army post along the Rio Grande. The post was initially known as the Post at El Paso. A reconstructed adobe fort is located at the Old Fort Bliss Museum, which is located on the post grounds. Also, during the early 1900s, Camp Owen Bierne was established in support of Fort Bliss. It remained active from 1916 through 1919 (World War I period). Fort Boggy— During 1839, a contingent of Texas Rangers established Fort Boggy just outside present-day Leona on the north side of Boggy Creek in Leon County. The rangers constructed the fort to guard the region and protect settlers that resided in the area between the Navasota and Trinity Rivers. The post was abandoned in about 1842. Fort Brazos Santiago— See Fort Polk. Fort Brown (Brownsville)— On 26 March 1846, the U.S. Army established Fort Texas (later Fort Brown) on the Rio Grande across from Mexico. The troops, under General (later president) Zachary Taylor, constructed the fort in the shape of a star. The fort, located at present-day Brownsville, was garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment, supplemented by units of the U.S. 2nd and 3rd Artillery. On 28 March 1846, U.S. troops fortified the left bank of the Rio Grande, while Mexicans on the opposing bank were preparing for battle. It was those fortifications that became Fort Texas (known also as Fort Taylor). In conspicuous view of Matamoros, the Stars and Stripes was raised along the banks of the Rio Grande while the Star-Spangled Banner and Yankee Doodle were being played by the U.S. Army Band. The fort’s artillery was composed of four 18-pounders and the post contained six bastions and its walls stood about nine feet high, with a parapet of 15 feet. The fort was bolstered and encircled by a ditch that was about 20 feet wide and 15 feet deep. Later, during 1848, officers’ quarters and enlisted barracks (known as Brownsville Barracks) were built in close proximity to the site of the initial fort. On 10 April 1846, Colonel Truman Cross (Quartermaster) rode out of Taylor’s camp, never to return. A search party led by Lt. Theodore Porter was ambushed by bandits, mortally wounding Lt. Porter. American troops finally discovered Colonel Cross’ remains about a week later. He was buried at the base of the flagstaff in Fort Texas (Fort Brown). The Americans suffered two dead. Captain William Henry, having just finished two battles himself, remarked after seeing the victorious defenders of Fort Texas: “I would have rather fought 20 battles, than have passed through the bombardment of Fort Brown [Fort Texas re-named].” In conjunction, prior to the opening of hostilities, the Mexicans had been of the belief that their overwhelming force would easily vanquish the American Army, which was outnumbered by about five to one, and according to the belief of the Mexicans, unwilling to wage a fight. Captain William Walker, a commander of the Texas Rangers who joined Taylor’s army and moved to check on the status of Fort Texas, returned on the 5th of May with news that the fort had repulsed the attackers with only minor damage. In conjunction, a column en route from Fort Polk to Fort Brown was attacked by a Mexican force under Mariano Arista. The incident ignited the Mexican War. The fort’s commander, Jacob Brown, was killed during an artillery attack on 9 May. Subsequently, the fort was renamed in his honor. Major Brown, while badly wounded, issued this order: “Men go to your duties, stand by your post: I am but one

Fort Burleson / TEXAS among you.” During 1852, the region came under attacks by Indians, making it necessary to retain the fort for the protection of settlers. Later during 1860, Colonel Robert E. Lee was based there with responsibility to bring a halt to problems along the border. Shortly thereafter, Fort Brown was abandoned by the U.S. Army in conjunction with the secession of Texas from the Union during February 1861. Confederates retained possession of the fort until 1863, when Union forces returned to the region. On 2 November 1863, Union troops under General Banks arrived in Texas from New Orleans. The troops, under the immediate command of General Dana, encountered Confederate cavalry. Skirmishing developed. The Union drove the Confederates back and by the 4th, the Rebels had been shoved beyond Brownsville. Later, on the 17th, the Union seized Mustang Island. On 5 November, Union troops occupied Brownsville without incident. On 17 November, Texas troops attached to General Banks’ command, led by General T.E.G. Ransom, having moved from Brownsville, encountered Confederates at Mustang Island and Aransas Pass. Following a skirmish which cost the Confederates about 100 casualties, the Union occupied Aransas Pass. In addition, Corpus Christi, at the southern tip of Mustang Island, was occupied. The 13th and 14th Maine; 34th Iowa; 8th Indiana Volunteers; Battery F, 1st Missouri Artillery, and the gunboat Monongahela participated at that action. The Union, however, was compelled to relinquish the fort again during 1864 when the Confederates regained it and retained it until 1865. Following the close of the Civil War, Old Glory returned to Fort Brown and the troops were deployed there, primarily to keep the Mexican Army from launching an invasion into Texas. During 1869, the fort was reconstructed of brick. New facilities included a hospital, new officers’ quarters and a chapel. The fort was deactivated during May 1944. During its service in the twentieth century, some problems developed following an incident whereby a group of “colored” troops were accused of attacking the town of Brownsville (13 August 1906). The fort was then transferred to the Department of the Interior, following the transfer of the troops from the fort. Due to continuing racial tensions, the fort was reactivated during 1914. It became the headquarters of the Brownsville Military District with General James Parker as the commanding officer. In conjunction, from that point, the fort remained active until May 1944. During 1914, large numbers of state troops were deployed at the post. During the period including World War I through February 1941, the U.S. 12th Cavalry was based there. The 12th Cavalry was replaced by the 124th Cavalry, which was headquartered at Fort Brown until 1944. The post was officially abandoned during 1945. Some traces of the fort remain on a local public golf course. Other names for Fort Brown included Fort Taylor and Fort Texas. Union Fort Montgomery (1864) was close to Fort Brown. Camp Belknap (1) (1846) was located 15 miles east of Brownsville. The post was placed under the jurisdiction of U.S. Army engineers and afterward, on 15 May 1946, it was transferred to the Federal Land Bank for agricultural use. Subsequently, during 1948, a large portion of the post was acquired by the City of Brownsville. The military hospital was transferred to the Brownsville schools (Texas Southmost College). Other facilities were eventually given to other groups, including the University of Texas-Pan American at Brownsville. Fort Brown (Houston County)— In about 1834, Reuben Brown established Fort Brown in the northeastern sector of Houston County as a fortification for his family and an extended family, being the Parker family. Brown was married to the daughter of Daniel Parker. Subsequently, the Parkers established Fort Parker in Limestone County. In conjunction, this is a separate fort from Fort Brown, established by the U.S. Army in Brownsville during 1846. Fort Burleson— Fort Burleson, initially known as Fort Milam (No.

TEXAS / Fort Caney 2), was established during January 1839, several miles east of the original post. The post was established near the residence of John Marlin in Falls County along the east bank of the Brazos River, just outside present-day Marlin. The post was initially garrisoned by a contingent of Milam Guards led by Captain Joseph Daniels. The fort was necessitated following a devastating Indian raid in the area. The post was composed of cedar logs (pickets) that stood about 11 feet high and were formed in a 150-foot square. During March of that same year, Daniels’ contingent returned to Houston; however, by early April, a contingent of a unit known as “Travis Spies,” led by Lieutenant William G. Evans, arrived to garrison the post. Other troops followed and arrived during early May. On 26 August 1839, Fort Milam was renamed Fort Burleson in honor of the commanding officer of the Army of the Republic of Texas, Edward Burleson. The post remained active until about 1840 and afterward, the abandoned post was used by the settlers as a place of refuge in times of danger from Indian attacks. During the spring of 1840, the garrison, a contingent of Company D, Texas regulars, departed the post for Camp Chambers. See also Fort Milam. Fort Caney— Fort Caney was established in the eastern tip of Matagorda County in the vicinity of Sargent by the Confederates at the direction of General John B. Magruder during 1864. The post was located near the mouth of Caney Creek, about five miles northwest of the Gulf of Mexico. The post was actually composed of four separate fortifications, each established along the east bank of the creek. They included Fort Ashbel Smith, Fort Hawkins, Fort Rugely, and Fort Sandcliff. The town known as Sargent was settled by George Sargent during 1844. The Sargents had arrived from England during the 1830s. During the Civil War, Sargent was able to continue his business enterprises. Sargent managed to ship his products (beef and cotton) through the creek into the open seas without being discovered by the Union warships that maintained the blockade. The post remained in Confederate hands for the duration. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, Sargent shipped his cattle along the Chisholm Trail to Abilene. However, during 1875, he and his wife were killed when their house was destroyed during a hurricane. Sargent’s son John had arrived back at Sargent from a cattle drive during the violent storm, just as his own property was being washed away. He was able to save his children, but his wife vanished. The town of Sargent is located off Farm Road 457, slightly under 25 miles from Bay City. Fort Casa Blanca— Fort Casa Blanca, known also as Camp Casa Blanca, was established along what was known as Cotton Road, which ran from San Antonio to Matamoros (Mexico), by the Confederates. The post was located in Jim Wells County near Penitos Creek at present-day Sandia. The building used as the fort was originally built during the 1850s. The post was supplied by boats that were able to evade capture by the Union blockade squadrons while making their way across Nueces Bay to the Nueces River and from there to Penitos Creek. Fort Casa Blanca was equipped with an escape tunnel that ran to the creek. The fort was not challenged by the Union. In conjunction, Camp Merrill was located there during the 1850s. Fort Chadbourne— Fort Chadbourne was established in the northeastern sector of Coke County near Oak Creek. The post was located less than five miles northeast of present-day Fort Chadbourne and in close proximity to Bronte during 1852 by the U.S. Army. At the time the post was established, it was along the route traveled by the Butterfield Overland Stage Company. The post was abandoned in conjunction with the secession of Texas and the eruption of the Civil War, but later it was reestablished. Fort Chadbourne was abandoned during 1867 and the garrison was transferred to Fort Concho. In conjunction, the post was also referred to as Camp on Oak Creek.

514 Fort Cibolo— During 1734, the Spanish established a fort, El Fuerte de Santa Cruz del Cíbolo, in what is known as the Big Bend region, near San Antonio, using troops from other locations, including Los Adaes and La Bahia, in an effort to afford protection to settlers in the region stretching between La Bahia and Bexar. The fortification was known by several names, including El Cibolo, El Fuerte de Santa Cruz del Cíbolo and El Fuerte del Zívolo. The post was abandoned during 1737 following multiple attacks by Apaches. The garrison redeployed nearby at the San Antonio Presidio. Subsequently, on 12 April 1771, the post was reestablished to deal with the Lipan Indians. The settlements between Cibolo Creek and the San Antonio River and the mission at el Ricon had been coming under attacks. The garrison was frequently engaged against the Indians who continued to raid the ranches in the area, including the Faver Ranch. The post was abandoned during January 1782. In conjunction, at the time, other nearby Spanish forts that protected the Spanish ranching interests included Fort Moritas (known also as Fort El Morito). Fort Cienega— Fort Cienega was established as a settler’s fort between 1855–1857 by Milton Faver. The fort was built near Cienega Spring in the vicinity of Shafter in Presidio County as a place of refuge during Indian raids in the region. U.S. troops at Fort Davis, however, did use the civilian fort as an outpost. Faver constructed a formidable structure with walls of adobe that reached a height of about 20 feet and contained a depth of about four feet in thickness. The fort was bolstered by two towers that provided a dominant view of anyone approaching the fort. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the U.S. forces abandoned Texas. Fort Cienega, afterward, had to fend for itself against Indian attacks, which did occur. Nevertheless, the fort was not destroyed. In conjunction, Milton Faver succumbed during the latter part of 1889 and the property was inherited by his son Juan. The fort was also known as El Fortin de la Cienega. In conjunction, Milton Faver also established Fort Moritas in the vicinity of Fort Cienega. Fort Clark— Fort Clark, initially known as Fort Riley, was established during June 1852 near Eagle Pass in the vicinity of Brackettville. The post was named in honor of Major John B. Clark, a deceased veteran officer (Mexican War). The post was established by a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment, augmented by a contingent of the U.S. Mounted Rifles (later 3rd U.S. Cavalry), commanded by Major Joseph H. LaMotte. The region was inhabited by Comanches and Apaches (Lipan and Mescalero). The fort site had been selected earlier, during 1849, by Lieutenant William Henry Chase Whiting, an 1845 graduate of West Point. Whiting’s contingent had been on a mission to map out a route from San Antonio to El Paso. Later, Whiting resigned his commission to join the Confederacy. He rose to the rank of major general during 1863. Subsequently, Whiting was wounded and captured at Fort Fisher (North Carolina) during 1865. He later succumbed from his wounds while held prisoner in New York at Fort Columbus on Governors Island. Initially the soldiers established a camp at Las Moras Spring (The Mulberries) prior to establishing the post at a higher elevation on a hill. Construction of the actual post began during 1853. It was located slightly less than 150 miles from San Antonio and less than 50 miles above Fort Duncan. During 1854, General Percifor F. Smith requested and received from Elisha M. Pease, the governor of Texas, a support force of Texas Rangers to augment the U.S. forces on the frontier. The governor dispatched six companies of rangers, and of those, two were assigned to Fort Clark. The post included barracks and officers’ quarters. By 1855, a hospital built of stone (shell-stone) was constructed there and a warehouse was also added. By 1857, the post headquarters was complete. Initially, the troops used stone from a nearby quarry; however, it was deemed inferior in quality and later, stone was brought in from other places. The post was not easily

515 supplied, as it took about one month to haul equipment from Corpus Christi. Later, when the route for resupply originated at Indianola, the journey still took about the same time when wagon trains moved there through San Antonio. The operations of the fort were suspended at about the same time Texas seceded from the Union (February 1861). The garrison surrendered to Texas state forces on 19 March 1861. From that point, the fort was manned by Texas Mounted Rifle units until the Confederates abandoned it during August of the following year. The Confederate Second Texas Mounted Rifles were deployed there. During the period, 19 June-10 August 1862, a contingent of Texans (loyal to the Union) skirmished with Confederates along the Nueces River near Fort Clark. The Union sustained 40 killed. The Confederates sustained 8 killed and 14 wounded. The Texas regiment abandoned the post during August 1862, but the post was afterward used as a supply depot and the Confederates made use of the post hospital. Union troops did not regarrison the post until December 1866. During 1872, specialized reinforcements, Black Seminole Scouts led by Lieutenant (later general) John L. Bullis, arrived to assist the U.S. Army regulars. The Seminoles had in the past been formidable adversaries of the U.S. Army during the Florida Indian Wars. These Black Seminoles, for about the past two decades, had been working in Mexico, protecting the frontier in Coahuila (northern Mexico). Nonetheless, the Seminoles accepted the persuasion of the U.S. Army and continued their service at Fort Clark until 1914. On 18 May 1873, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie led a column of the U.S. 4th Cavalry from Fort Clark into Mexico to retaliate against the Kickapoo and Lipan Apaches who had launched raids from there against the settlers in Texas. The cavalry struck quickly and with boldness against the Indians at Remolino. The stunning assault startled the Mexican government as well as the Indians. Protests were proclaimed about ignoring the sovereignty of Mexico. Nevertheless, the attack devastated several Indian villages and included the capture of about 40 prisoners, including Chief Costillitto of the Lipan Apache tribe. Despite the repeated denouncements by the Mexicans, the U.S. Cavalry initiated several more similar missions into Mexico. The cross-border Indian attacks rapidly diminished, leaving the frontier somewhat tranquil for several years. In the meantime, during 1874, construction at the fort was continuing. The complex contained stone quarters for about 200 troops and it contained similar quarters for nine officers, four of which were previously built of logs. The post was situated on about 20 acres and included a guardhouse, stables and a bakery. New warehouses were also constructed. The second one became known as the “Old Granary.” Major modifications on the post began during 1870 and were completed by 1875, according to records of the War Department. The U.S. Army, during the autumn of 1875, pursuant to orders from General Edward Otho C. Ord, established the District of the Nueces and designated Fort Clark as headquarters for the department. Lieutenant Colonel William Rufus Shafter (later general), commander of Fort Clark, became the department commander. On 24–27 September 1874, General Ranald Mackenzie’s troops, while on a search-and-destroy mission, discovered the winter camp of the Kiowa-Comanches, located in the Palo Duro Canyon, near Amarillo. The cavalry marched for 24 hours to surprise the Indians at the camp. The operation captured all the Indians’ supplies. Mackenzie heavily defeated the combined camps of the Cheyenne, Comanches and Kiowas on the 25th. In addition, the cavalry captured nearly 1,500 horses. The Indians were forced to begin surrendering during the winter of 1874–1875. Private Adam Paine was among those who received the Medal of Honor for heroism during the mission. Subsequently, during 1876, Lieutenant Colonel Shafter assumed command of the post. He succeeded Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. Shafter continued Mackenzie’s policies and he too led raids into Mexico to eliminate the Kickapoo and Lipan Apaches that

Fort Clark / TEXAS used Mexico as a base from which to initiate raids into Texas. The 10th U.S. Colored Cavalry arrived for duty under Shafter and worked in conjunction with the U.S. 24th and 25th U.S. Infantry Regiments. During April-May 1876, the peaceful nature of the Texas frontier was shattered when the Lipan Apaches crossed the border from Mexico and attacked settlements in the region protected by Fort Clark. During the prolonged raiding period, about 12 Texans were murdered. The tragic incidents again caused complications with Mexico as the U.S. Army decided to enter Mexico to liquidate the Indians who were responsible for the deaths. The order to penetrate into Mexico came from the top, General Edward Otho C. Ord, in a straightforward directive to attack the suspected villages. With the Black Seminoles commanded by Bullis acting as scouts, the U.S. 10th Cavalry commenced its advance. The troops swooped across the Rio Grande and splashed ashore on Mexican territory, the first of many incursions en route to the source of the problem, the mountain territory of northern Coahuila. However, the Indians remained elusive in the heart of the mountains, stretching the campaign into many years. All the while, the Mexican government protested. The tension between the U.S. and Mexico during that period at times approached the brink of disaster, but no new war erupted. During 1878, Mackenzie returned to Fort Clark to eliminate the problem. Once again, the U.S. entered Mexico to halt the actions permanently. The last Indian depredation in the Military District of the Nueces was in 1881. Finally, by the latter part of 1879, the troops terminated the problem with the Lipan Apaches. However, there were some continuing hostile actions. The Indian raids were totally ended by 1882. Meanwhile, Colonel Shafter’s reputation as a no-nonsense commander spread about and inadvertently he had been tagged with a nickname, “Pecos Bill.” Fort Clark was scheduled for deactivation during 1882, but it received a reprieve. During 1882, General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander in chief of the U.S. Army, visited Fort Clark during a tour of forts along the frontier. Sherman preferred that the fort be deactivated due to the absence of turbulence and the arrival of the railroad (Southern Pacific), which ran through the region at a point less than 10 miles south of the fort. Fort Clark at the time was one of the largest military installations on the frontier. Sherman’s plans were opposed by the War Department and the fort was expanded rather than abandoned. The 3rd U.S. Cavalry and others, including the U.S. 18th and 19th Infantry Regiments and elements of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, served there. The fort also housed the U.S. 2nd Cavalry Division, prominent in its own right as the final horse cavalry unit established by the army; it was established there on 25 February 1943. Toward the latter part of the nineteenth century the post was again scheduled for abandonment, but at that time the Spanish-American War erupted, sparing the fort once more. General Shafter commanded the invasion force that landed at Daiquiri, Cuba, during June 1898. At the surrender ceremony in Cuba, on 17 July 1898, General Shafter returned the captured sword and the spurs of Spanish General Vara del Ray, who had been mortally wounded at El Chaney. The Stars and Stripes that was hoisted that day terminated more than 382 years of Spanish rule of Cuba. During the twentieth century, as the U.S. Cavalry was being superceded by the horseless cavalry, Fort Clark retained its prominent role in the heritage of the nation. New and future leaders like General George S. Patton, Jr. served here as the commander of the U.S. 5th Cavalry (initially established as the U.S. 2nd Cavalry during 1855) during 1938 prior to the start of World War II. During 1941, the 5th Cavalry was redeployed at Fort Bliss. The 112th Cavalry, a unit of the Texas National Guard, afterward garrisoned Fort Clark until it embarked for the Pacific Theater. Another unit that served at the post was the 2nd Cavalry Division. The regiment, the last surviving horse cavalry unit, remained there until early 1944. During World War II, the post was used as a detention center for

TEXAS / Fort Clark Springs German prisoners of war. The Seminole Negro Indian Scout Cemetery is located in close proximity to Fort Clark. Soldiers interred there included four Seminole Scouts who became recipients of the Medal of Honor for their heroism in the face of the enemy during the Indian campaigns. The cemetery is located slightly west of the fort on FM Road 3348, several miles south of U.S. Highway 90. The post was deactivated during June 1944, at about the same time as the U.S. and the Allies were invading the beaches at Normandy, France, to liberate Europe. When Fort Clark was established (1852), the Stars and Stripes was embellished with only 31 stars; however, at the time of its retirement from service, the flag contained 48 stars to accompany its original 13 stripes. Subsequently, the post was acquired by a private enterprise. Historic Fort Clark is now composed of slightly less that 3,000 acres. A privately owned ranch, known as Fort Clark Springs, is located on part of what was Fort Clark. A museum, the Old Fort Clark Guardhouse Museum, is operated by the Fort Clark Historical Society. For more information: Fort Clark Historical Society of Kinney County, Inc., Brackettville, Texas 78832 Fort Clark Springs— Not a military fort. It is a privately owned ranch in Brackettville. Fort Colorado (Coleman County)— See Camp Colorado. Not to be confused with Fort Colorado (Camp Colorado) (Travis County) near Austin. Fort Colorado (Travis County)— During 1836, Captain Robert M. Coleman established a fort (Coleman’s Fort) outside Austin along the Colorado River on an elevation in the vicinity of Walnut Creek (Travis County). The official name was Fort Houston. The Texans, at the time, established a series of forts during their struggle against Mexico. Others in the group that stretched between the San Antonio River and the territory east of the Trinity River included Fort Milam, Fort Houston (Houston County) and Little River Fort. Fort Colorado, composed of two blockhouses and some cabins, was constructed during the autumn of 1836. The post was bolstered by a stockade. It was initially commanded by Captain Coleman; however, after a short while, Coleman lost his command. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish command until January of the following year. At that time, Captain Micah Andrews assumed command. Andrews was succeeded by Captain William M. Eastland during the latter part of 1837. Afterward, during March of 1838, command of the post transferred to Lieutenant William H. Moore; however, by the following month the post was abandoned. The fort was also known as Coleman’s Fort. The post was garrisoned by Texas Rangers at a time when the region was plagued with problems with the Indians (Comanches and Kiowa). Not to be confused with Fort Colorado (Coleman County). Fort Concho— Fort Concho, initially known as Camp Hatch and afterward Camp Kelly, was established in West Texas at San Angelo near the convergence of the Main and North Concho Rivers during 1867. The post was established during November 1867 to replace Fort Chadbourne and place the garrison within reach of a better source of water. The post was named Camp Hatch after Major John Porter Hatch. The name was unacceptable to Hatch, who later directed the post commander, Captain George Huntt, to rename the post Camp Kelly, in honor of an officer, Captain Michael J. Kelly, who had recently succumbed of natural causes at Fort Chadbourne. Subsequently, during 1868, the post became Fort Concho. A contingent of the U.S. 4th Cavalry under Captain Huntt garrisoned the post. The construction of the post was done in part by civilians who were brought in to the post as stone masons. Structures within the post included about 40 permanent buildings, composed of limestone. In addition, the post contained stables, woodworking shops, a magazine, guardhouse, ordnance warehouse, a blacksmith’s shop, bar-

516 racks, officers’ quarters, a hospital, bakery and a chapel. The fort was not bolstered by a stockade; however, the post, which held a garrison of eight companies, was well defended and some of the buildings contained stone walls. Units that were based at Fort Concho included the 3rd, 4th 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Cavalry Regiments and the 10th, 11th, 16th, 19th, 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments. The post also held signal corps units. Frontier duty at the posts contained all the usual hardships and the garrison held responsibility for protecting settlers, railroad crews, and travelers who passed through the region. Sometimes, contingents were dispatched to bolster other posts, including Grierson’s Spring Camp and Camp Charlotte, and they also were directed to protect the stage lines. Troops from Fort Concho also participated in various campaigns against the Indians, including the Red River War of 1874 and Victorio’s War of 1779– 1780. By the 1880s, the region became less hostile and by the latter 1880s, the fort was no longer considered a necessity. Fort Concho was abandoned during June 1889. Subsequently, parts of the post were acquired by the city of San Angelo. Some of the post was reconstructed. Fort Concho is now a National Historic Landmark. For more information: Fort Concho Museum, 213 E. Avenue D, San Angelo, Texas 76903. Fort Crawford— Fort Crawford was established outside of presentday Hallsville by W.C. Crawford during 1839. The post was one of a chain of forts constructed to defend the region against Indians. In conjunction, the fort remained active until the late 1860s when the railroad reached the area. Fort Crockett— The Confederates established Fort Crockett in the vicinity of Galveston during 1861. The post was one of a series of fortifications established to defend Galveston Bay from Union attack. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Crockett— Modern-day Fort Crockett was established in close proximity to where the earlier Fort Crockett had stood during the 1860s as one of a series of fortifications built during the latter part of the nineteenth century to defend the coast in the vicinity of Galveston. Fort Crockett, like its predecessor, was named in honor of David (Davy) Crockett. The U.S. government acquired the property for the post during 1897 (Spanish-American War period). During 1900, a strong storm and flooding caused the destruction of the structures that were being established at that time. Subsequently, the post was reconstructed and it became the Headquarters of the Coast Defenses of Galveston, South Atlantic Coast Artillery District. Batteries there included: Battery Hampton (two 10-inch DC, 1899–1943), Battery Hoskins (two 12-inch BCLR, 1924–1946-casemated), Battery Izard (eight 12-inch M, 1902–1943) and Battery Laval (two 3-inch MP, 1902–1946). In conjunction, Camp Hawley, a Spanish-American War Camp, was in the vicinity of the post during 1898. Other posts in the area there during the period of active service included Fort San Jacinto and Fort Travis. The fort site is located at Fort Crockett Seawall Park. Fort Croghan— Fort Croghan was established by the U.S. Army at McCulloch’s Station along Hamilton Creek slightly south of Burnet in Burnet County. At the time the post was established, McCulloch’s Station was a Texas Rangers post. The site was chosen to be a federal post during March 1849 by a contingent of the 2nd Dragoons, led by Lieutenant C.H. Tyler, while Henry E. McCulloch was in command of the Rangers there. Later, during October 1849, a new site was selected and the U.S. Army contingent moved to a place on the opposite bank of the creek about three miles above the original site. Initially, the post was known as Camp Croghan until it was renamed Camp Hamilton. Afterward, it was again renamed to become Fort Croghan, named in honor of Colonel George Croghan. The post contained structures built of oak and layered with shingles.

517 Officers’ quarters were established there and the post also had a hospital. The 2nd Dragoons were headquartered there until 1852. The post remained active until 1855; however, following the departure of the dragoons, the garrison was small in numbers. Subsequently, during the 1950s, the Burnet County Historical Society initiated a building project to restore some of the fort. The replica was later opened to the public. In conjunction, Fort Croghan was also referred to as the Post on Hamilton Creek. Fort Davis ( Jeff Davis County)— Fort Davis was established in West Texas along Limpia Creek at present-day Fort Davis in Jeff Davis County during 1859. The area at the time had also been referred to as Painted Comanche Camp. It is situated about 175 miles southeast of El Paso and less than 100 mile northeast of Presidio. Fort Davis was abandoned at the outbreak of the Civil War (April 1861) and occupied afterward by Texas troops. Fort Quitman was abandoned at about the same time. By the following year, 1862, the Confederates abandoned the fort, leaving the region and the settlers without protection. The fort was again garrisoned by U.S. troops during 1867. The U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Wesley Merritt, advanced along Limpia Creek in Texas to reestablish Fort Davis. The 9th Cavalry was a newly organized colored regiment. Fort Davis was later garrisoned by 12 companies of combined infantry and cavalry. The 9th Cavalrymen were called “Buffalo Soldiers” by the Indians. Second Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper, the first black graduate of West Point, was stationed at Fort Davis. During 1881, he was accused of embezzling government funds. Flipper was found innocent of that charge, but guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer. He was dismissed from the Army. During 1976, the U.S. Army agreed to review the court. Flipper was exonerated and given an honorable discharge. The fort was deactivated during 1891. The Fort Davis Museum is located just outside of the town of Fort Davis in Texas. The museum displays many artifacts of the period that the Army used during 1854 to 1891. Troops stationed at Fort Davis spent much time fighting hostile Indians. Not to be confused with Fort Davis (Stephens County). For more information: Fort Davis National Historic Site, Fort Davis, Texas 79734. Fort Davis (Stephens County)— Fort Davis, a settlers’ fort, was established during the autumn of 1864 by civilians who had remained in the area (present-day Shackelford and Throckmorton counties)

Fort Davis, Texas — Department of Interior NPS

Fort Duncan / TEXAS during the Civil War. U.S. forces had been in the region, but upon the outbreak of the Civil War, their post at Camp Cooper closed and the troops were withdrawn. Camp Cooper was about 15 miles from where Fort Davis was built along the Clear Fork of the Brazos in Stephens County, which was in close proximity to Shackelford and Throckmorton Counties. The settlers there hurriedly constructed a complex of about 20 homes which were formed closely to create a modified stockade. The fortification contained a stone house in which women and children remained during times of danger. The settlers there initiated the construction of a picket stockade around the complex, but it was never finished. In conjunction, once the U.S. forces abandoned Texas, the Indians took advantage of the absence of military forces and settlers across the frontier for the most part had to defend themselves. The Confederates were unable to provide wide-range protection. Many ranches were fortified. Fort Davis came about following a devastating raid against George Bragg’s residence in Young County at Elm Creek on 20 October 1864. The settlers retained Fort Davis as a defensive post until 1867, when U.S. forces returned to the region and established Fort Griffin about 10 miles distant at a location much more suitable for a base than the previous post at Camp Cooper. Not to be confused with Fort Davis ( Jeff Davis County). See also George Bragg’s Cabin. Fort Debray— See Fort Esperanza. Fort Defiance— On 6 February 1836, Captain James Fannin, at Goliad, was informed that the Mexicans had strongly augmented Matamoros, Mexico. Fresh troops under General Jose Urrea arrived there. Fannin, on the following day, aborted his planned attack and prepared to defend Goliad. The forces at Copano were withdrawn to two separate places, Cox’s Point on Lavaca Bay and Dimitt’s Landing on Matagorda Bay. In addition, Fannin regrouped the troops at Refugio. In addition, he formed a regiment at Refugio. At that time, Fannin was promoted to the rank of colonel. William Ward, the commander of the Georgia Battalion, was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Within one week, Goliad was defended by most of Fannin’s force, the exception being three detachments that had been ordered to San Patricio to guard it. Nevertheless, Fannin’s troops were composed primarily of untrained men, many of whom lacked even the basics of soldiering. The town was fortified under the guidance of Captain John S. Brooks and Captain Joseph M. Chadwick. The fortifications included trenches around the perimeter. The troops dubbed their fortress Fort Defiance and prepared for the attack which they expected to be launched during the first days of spring. In the meantime, Fannin arrived at Goliad during the middle of February and saw firsthand the desperate circumstances. The local Texans exhibited little enthusiasm, but most of the defenders were American. On 27 March 1836, several weeks after the fall of the Alamo, the Mexicans prepared to overwhelm the defenders, but the garrison surrendered after being offered safety by General Urrea. The orders of Urrea were countermanded by Santa Anna and more than 300 troops were executed. Soon after, on 21 April, the Texans devastated the Mexicans at the Battle of San Jacinto. The troops were inspired and their battle cry was: “Remember the Alamo. Remember Goliad.” Fort Duncan— Acting upon a directive by General William J. Worth, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain Sidney Burbank established Fort Duncan during 1849. The site had previously held a temporary camp known as Camp Eagle Pass in close proximity to present-day Eagle Pass. It was constructed at a strategic location on the east side of the Rio Grande River along the California Trail just above the pass and positioned near primary routes leading to Fort Inge and Fort McIntosh as well as San Antonio. The fort was also near a key crossing into Mexico. Fort Duncan was named in honor of Colonel James Duncan (West

TEXAS / Fort Elliott Point class of 1834 Cadet # 755), a hero of the Mexican War and the Florida Indian Wars. Duncan succumbed during on 3 July 1849 in Alabama. During May 1859, upon orders from the secretary of war, John B. Floyd, Fort Duncan was abandoned. The garrison transferred to Camp Verde. Subsequently, during a period of turbulence in the region caused by Juan N. Cortina, the fort was reactivated during March 1860 upon orders of Lt. Colonel (later Confederate General) Robert E. Lee, commanding officer, 2nd U.S. Cavalry. Later, on 20 March of the following year, just after Texas seceded from the Union (in February), the fort was abandoned by the federal troops. Soon after, it was taken over by Texas troops (Frontier Regiment). From that point, it became known as Rio Grande Station until it again came under the Stars and Stripes. Rio Grande Station was also referred to as Camp Rio Grande. The U.S. Army returned there during March 1868 and maintained a garrison at the post until 1883. The garrison at Fort Duncan coordinated with Fort Clark during the campaigns against the Indians in Mexico. Lieutenant Colonel William Rufus Shafter transferred from Fort Duncan to Fort Clark during 1875 to lead the offensives to eliminate the Indian raids. Later, during 1883, the U.S. Army was compelled to relocate because the land’s owner was unwilling to sell it to the U.S. government. However, later, during 1894, the property was acquired by the U.S. and the fort then remained active until about 1920. At times, during World War I, more than 15,000 troops were quartered there. The fort was also referred to as Camp Eagle Pass. During World War II, the Eagle Pass Army Air Force Advanced Flying School was located there. In addition, the fort was used during periods of turbulence with Mexico, including the raid into the U.S. by Pancho Villa during the early 1900s. Also, the Seminole Negro Indian Scouts arrived there during 1872, following service in Mexico, and acted as scouts for the U.S. Army. From Fort Duncan, the scouts moved to Fort Clark. Fort Dunnington— See Kenney’s Fort. Fort Eagle Grove— See Fort Moore. Fort El Cibolo— See Fort Cibolo. Fort El Fuerte de Santa Cruz del Cíbolo— See Fort Cibolo. Fort El Fuerte del Zívolo— See Fort Cibolo. Fort El Morito— See Fort Moritas. Fort Elliott— Fort Elliott was established in the Texas Panhandle, which was located east of the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), during 1875. The post was to become a supply depot for Colonel Nelson A. Miles, whose main body was deployed at Camp Supply on the North Fork of the Red River. During the previous year, the U.S. Army initiated a campaign to eliminate the remaining problems with the Indians in the region, subsequent to a failed Indian attack against Adobe Walls by Cheyenne Indians. The initial garrison force was composed of the U.S. 5th Infantry and the U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiments, which in total numbered slightly under 425 troops, including officers. The post, commanded by Major James Biddle, was responsible for protecting the region and the settlements that were emerging; however, by the time the fort was established, the primary duties centered upon overseeing the cattle drives. Prior to February of 1875, it was decided to relocate the post to a more suitable position. The site selected was in the vicinity of Sweetwater Creek on a plateau that was above the creek in a dominating position. During May 1875, the force under Major Biddle was relieved by elements of the U.S. 19th Infantry and the U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiments. The fort at Sweetwater Creek (Wheeler County) was occupied during June 1875. The garrison was commanded by Major H.C. Bankhead, who succeeded Major Biddle. The post was initially called Post on the Sweetwater, but during February 1866 it was named Fort Elliott in

518 honor of a fallen officer, Major Joel Elliott, who had been killed at the Battle of Washita, 28 November 1868. The post was constructed of some local components, but the bulk of the supplies came into Texas on an overland route from Dodge City, Kansas. The wagon trains that lugged supplies had to travel just under 400 miles to complete the round trip. The construction project was not completed until 1878. The military complex included barracks, officers’ quarters, a small 12-bed hospital, and a structure that acted both as a chapel and a school. In addition, the post had quarters for the commanding officer. Each of the buildings were built upon stone foundations. Only minor construction was accomplished subsequent to 1878, except for the replacement of the headquarters building, which had been destroyed by an accidental fire during 1879. Other units that served at the post included a contingent of Indian Scouts and elements of the U.S. Colored 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, and the U.S. 24th Colored Infantry Regiment. The U.S. 9th and 10th Colored Regiments garrisoned the post from November 1881 until February 1884. There were no major battles fought between the garrison and the Indians while the post was active. The railroad arrived in the region during 1887, leading to the elimination of the necessity of the fort. Later, during the summer of 1890, the garrison was struck hard by an epidemic (typhoid). Soon after the epidemic, Fort Elliott, which was scheduled for closure, was abandoned. On 20 October of that same year, the final detachment had gone from the post. In conjunction, the initial post was also known as Cantonment North Fork of the Red River. Fort Esperanza— Fort Esperanza, known also as Fort Debray, was established on Matagorda Island during the latter part of 1861 by the Confederates. The island was strategically located at a point on the eastern shore of the island from where the entrance to Matagorda Bay, at Cavallo Pass, could be dominated. At the pass the depth of the water reached only about 10 feet, which impeded larger Union warships from entering; however, the shallowness was not a deterrent to the gunships. Another fortification, Fort Washington, was located on the island, but its position was more vulnerable as it was located on the southeastern tip of the island and within easy reach of the guns of approaching Union warships. The post was also deemed of insufficient size to properly arm it. The construction of the post was initiated by troops under Captain Dan Shea. Fort Esperanza, when completed, contained nine guns, including one 128-pounder. Afterward, the Confederates added additional fortifications there. During the latter part of October 1862, a Union warship, the USS Westfield, encroached on Fort Esperanza. The Confederates abandoned the post rather than attempt to exchange blows with what the Confederates perceived as superior firepower. The post was abandoned and the garrison moved to Indianola, which was captured on the following day. The Union retained Fort Esperanza, but only until early November as there were no troops to spare to maintain a garrison. The Confederates, subsequent to the Union withdrawal, reoccupied Fort Esperanza and Indianola. During the following year, the Union again moved against Confederate positions at Matagorda Island. On 19 November, forces under General Cadwallader Colden Washburn advanced against Confederate-held positions at Cavallo Pass (Fort Esperanza). On 23 November, the Union, having succeeded in advancing up St. Joseph’s Island, reached positions near Fort Esperanza. A clash occurred at Cedar Bayou on the 27th and on the same day crossed from there to Matagorda Island. The Confederates prepared to defend their positions. Fierce resistance met the advancing Yanks. For two days, the Confederates held firmly. Nevertheless, the Union forces continued to work their way forward. Finally, the fort was totally outflanked and encircled, forcing the Confederates to again abandon the fort during the darkened hours of the 29th-30th. The troops detonated the powder magazine, just prior to evacuating the

519 fort, to prevent the Union forces from seizing the ammunition. The guns were also put out of action. The garrison escaped to the mainland. On the 30th, the Union, having gained control of the pass that overlooked Matagorda Bay, widened its activity. The gunboats Estrella and Granite City moved inward along the peninsula. General Banks, satisfied that he had gained a strategic foothold in Texas, returned to New Orleans to make plans for the next step in seizing control of Texas. General Dana remained behind to hold the Rio Grande while Banks established plans to conquer Galveston and the Confederate stronghold at the mouth of the Brazos River. In conjunction, while Banks prepared for the next operation, he received instructions from General Halleck that diverted his attention from Galveston. Halleck stated that a new mission would be launched to seize Texas by implementing a combined naval-ground assault along the Red River. The specific target was Shreveport, Louisiana, defended by the forces under Major General Richard Taylor. Shreveport was located on the line separating Louisiana from Texas and it contained a Confederate Navy yard. Following seizure of the post, the Union made the necessary repairs and used the post to continue their operations in the region. The Union remained for a longer period, holding possession until June 1864. Once again, following the departure of the Union forces, the Confederates regained possession of Fort Esperanza. The Union forces departed the area for Louisiana. The Confederates were not challenged again. The post was held for the duration of the conflict. Although the fort survived the war, it could not overcome nature. During 1868, a fierce hurricane struck the bay area and some of the walls were lost. Within about one additional decade, the remainder of the walls were obliterated. When the post was constructed, the walls reached a height of about nine feet and they had a thickness of about 20 feet. Also, the post, at time referred to as Fort DeBray, was so called in honor of Confederate Colonel Xavier Blanchard DeBray, the commander at the time of the Confederate Sub-Military District of Houston. Fort Ewell— Fort Ewell was established along the south bank of the Nueces River in present-day La Salle County at a strategic crossing of the river, slightly more than 10 miles from Encinal. The road running from San Antonio to Laredo crossed the river at that point. The post was established during mid–May 1852 by a contingent of the Mounted Riflemen Regiment, which formed the garrison there. The post, named in honor of Captain Richard Stoddert Ewell, was commanded by Captain John Smith Simonson. Subsequently, it was determined that the site was unsuitable. The river there was extremely shallow with a width of about 75 feet, making the fort susceptible to flooding. In addition, according to military reports at the time, sources for usable lumber were much too far away at about a minimum of 10 miles distant and there were no abundances of pasture land for the animals. Consequently, the soldiers attempted to adapt. The buildings were constructed of adobe, but the substance of the bricks made it difficult to support the buildings’ roofs, causing the quarters to be topped with canvas. The troops also were plagued with sickness due to the conditions there, including lack of rainfall and scarcity of food. By December 1853, the fort was deemed uninhabitable and it was ordered abandoned. The post was actually abandoned during October of the following year. In conjunction, a post office was operated at Fort Ewell at the settlement known as Guajoco (also known as Huajuco). Also, the fort’s namesake, Captain Ewell, a West Point graduate (Cadet # 1029, Class of 1840), later became a lieutenant general in the Confederacy. Fort Fisher— Fort Fisher was established during February 1837 by a contingent of Texas Rangers led by Captain Thomas H. Baron. The post, named in honor of Texas’ secretary of war, William S. Fisher, was built along the west side of the Brazos River at present-day Waco. Shortly afterward, the Rangers determined the fort to be too

Fort Graham / TEXAS distant a point to be of value. Consequently, it was abandoned during or about June of that same year. During the 1960s, the post was reconstructed to become the Colonel Homer Garrison Museum. In conjunction, the present Texas Rangers Hall of Fame and Museum is located near the site. Fort Fitzhugh— Fort Fitzhugh was established in Cooke County slightly southeast of Gainesville during 1847 by a contingent of Texas Rangers from Collin County led by William F. Fitzhugh. The fort, composed of a solitary row of blockhouses bolstered by a stockade, was established to provide protection for settlers from Indian attacks. The post was one of a chain of ranger posts established between the town of Preston and the Rio Grande. It remained active until about 1850. No traces of the post remain, except for the ancient well that was located near the stockade and what appears to be the remnants of an ammunition dump that might have been associated with the post. Fort Gates— During October 1849, a contingent of U.S. Army troops commanded by Captain William R. Montgomery established Camp Gates (later Fort Gates), named in honor of Brevet Major Collinson Reed Gates, a hero at the battle of Resaca de la Palma and at Palo Alto during the Mexican War. The fort, located near presentday Fort Hood, was constructed at a point on the north side of the Leona River near the Coryell Creek outside of present-day Gatesville in the vicinity of a mountain later known as Lead Mountain. The garrison, comprised of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, was delegated responsibility for the protection of settlers in the region (part of the Eighth Military Department, commanded by General George Mercer Brooke). The Fort Gates complex contained 18 buildings and included two enlisted men’s barracks, four officers’ quarters, a bakery, a hospital, a guardhouse and a blacksmith’s shop. Other structures included a stable and several buildings for various employees, including those who handled laundry duties. Construction of additional quarters for more troops was ongoing when the directive to abandon the post was received. In conjunction, its commanding officers were : William R. Montgomery (1849–50), James G.S. Snelling (1850–51), Carlos Adolphus Waite (1851–52), and Horace Haldeman (1852). George Pickett, later a Confederate general, was stationed at Fort Gates during 1850–51. By 1850 it was determined that the fort was unable to properly guard and protect an area within a radius of more than 60 miles with less than two full companies. The region was particularly difficult to patrol due to the presence of several tribes, primarily the Tonkawas, but also Lipan Apaches as well as the Waco Indians and the Comanches. Nevertheless, the Indian problems were eliminated, allowing the fort to be abandoned during March 1852. Fort Gates was initially named Camp on Leon River. Fort Goliad— See Presidio la Bahia. Fort Graham— During March 1849, the U.S. Army established Fort Graham, named in honor of Lt. Colonel William Montrose Graham (West Point class of 1817 Cadet # 163), who was killed while leading a contingent of the 2nd Dragoons during the fighting at the Battle of Molino Del Rey on 8 September 1847 (Mexican War). In conjunction, it is also thought by some that the fort was named in honor of Colonel James Duncan Graham, a classmate of William Graham at West Point (Cadet # 165). By the following month, a contingent of the U.S. 2nd Dragoons led by Major Ripley A. Arnold arrived to garrison the fort. Fort Graham was located near the east bank of the Brazos River at Little Bear Creek, less than 15 miles west of presentday Hillsboro. By June of 1849, Arnold’s 2nd Dragoons were directed to move to establish another fort (Fort Worth). A contingent of troops under Lieutenant Fowler Hamilton (West Point class of 1840 Cadet # 1035) moved to establish the new post. The garrison at Fort

TEXAS / Fort Green Graham received responsibility for providing safe passage for settlers moving west as well as military supply wagons in a region extending from Fort Washita to the Indian lands of the Towash tribe. The fort was abandoned during 1853. Just prior to its deactivation, Major Arnold, who returned to assist in the operation, succumbed after being shot by the fort’s surgeon, Josephus M. Steiner. Also, Lieutenant Fowler was killed at the San Saba River on 8 August 1851. In conjunction, Fort Graham was reconstructed. The replica is in the vicinity of Whitney Lake Park. Fort Green— Fort Green was established during 1864 by a contingent of Confederates under Colonel Valery Sulakowski. The post was one of a group of fortifications built to defend Galveston Bay. The post was located at Bolivar Point on the Bolivar peninsula. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Griffin (Bell County)— See Fort Smith (Bell County). Not to be confused with Fort Griffin ( Jefferson County) or Fort Griffin (Shackelford County). Fort Griffin ( Jefferson County)— Fort Griffin (known also as Fort Sabine) was established during March 1863 in Jefferson County along present-day Farm Road 3322, about 15 miles south of Port Arthur at Sabine Pass. The post was constructed to impede Union progress along the upper Texas Gulf Coast. The post was established by a contingent of troops under Major Julius Kellersburg. The fort was constructed in the shape of a triangle atop a high elevation that dominated the Sabine River there. It was commanded by Lieutenant Richard Dowling. The Confederates used the services of about 500 slaves for the labor, assisted by about 30 engineers. The six-gun post was named in honor of Colonel William H. Griffin, the commanding officer of the Texas Twenty-first Battalion. On 4 September 1863, General Nathaniel Banks and Admiral Farragut completed their strategy for an operation against Confederate-held Sabine Pass. The operation was to be commanded by Major General William Buel Franklin and Lieutenant Frederick Crocker (U.S. Navy). On 5 September, a Union force, composed of 4,500 troops, embarked for Sabine Pass from New Orleans. Lieutenant Crocker’s flagship, the gunboat Clifton, was supported by the vessels Arizona (Acting Master H. Tibbets), Granite City (Acting Master C.W. Samson) and Sachem (Lt. Amos Johnson). The flotilla arrived at Sabine Pass on 7 September. On the following day, several of the gunboats moved through the eastern channel at Sabine Pass, while the Granite City escorted a Union division (General Godfrey Weitzel). Initially, the situation for the Union looked positive as the ships maneuvered without incident, but once they encroached upon the defensive works, the Confederate artillery ripped into the gunships with devastating effect. The Clifton and the Sachem sustained horrific hits in their boiler rooms and both got stranded. The Arizona also got grounded, but it worked itself free and with the Granite City recrossed the bar. The Clifton and Sachem hoisted the white flag and surrendered. General Weitzel and the remaining units of his force retired to Brashear City, Louisiana, and from there they moved back to New Orleans, reaching it on the 11th. The Confederates in this area accepted the victory as a huge morale booster. The fort was defended by slightly less than 50 troops. Two of the guns were destroyed during the exchange, but the Confederates, after prevailing, reinforced the post. Later, during May 1865, subsequent to the surrender of General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia, the post was abandoned. The exact location of the fort has been lost to history; however, the place where it is thought to have stood is located in the Sabine Pass Battleground State Historical Park. In conjunction, Fort Sabine had been located at the site, but it was earlier seized and destroyed by the Union. Other forts in the area included Fort Manhasset near the mouth of the Nueces River and Confederate

520 Fort Grigsby in the vicinity of Port Arthur. During the early 1900s, Camp Port Arthur was established there as part of America’s defenses during World War I. Not to be confused with Fort Griffin (Shackelford County) or with Fort Griffin (also Fort Smith, named after Moses Smith) (Bell County). Fort Griffin (Shackelford County)— Fort Griffin, initially known as Camp Wilson, was established in the northeast sector of Shackelford County near the Clear Fork of the Brazos River during 1867. It was one of a chain of posts established along the frontier and borders of Texas to protect the inhabitants from Indian attacks. The site of the post was selected by Lieutenant Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis (former Union brigadier general of Volunteers). The U.S. 6th Cavalry, commanded by Sturgis, garrisoned the post. Later, during early June 1868, elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment arrived to bolster the garrison force. Elements of the U.S. 11th Infantry Regiment also served there. On 5 August 1872, a contingent of the 11th U.S. Infantry drove off a band of Indians who attacked a mail train near the fort. The post’s facilities were not designed for permanent use and many of the structures were composed of canvas; however, some were built of logs. Nevertheless, Fort Griffin emerged as a primary post and once active, other posts that predated it became support posts for the fort. The older posts included Fort Belknap, Fort Chadbourne and Fort Phantom Hill. The frontier in the region stretching from Fort Richardson to the area known as the Big Bend Country remained untamed for quite some time. Fort Griffin received additional help to maintain order during 1877 when a contingent of Texas Rangers arrived at the fort. The rangers were adept at maintaining the peace and most were excellent at Indian fighting. Initially the rangers were commanded by Captain G.W. Campbell and later, during July 1878, he was succeeded by Lieutenant George W. Arrington. The arrival of Arrington was at about the same time the frontier was beginning to settle down. By the following year, the region was tranquil; however, the post remained active until 1881. On 31 May 1881, the last remaining U.S. Army contingent, a contingent of the 22nd Infantry Regiment, abandoned the post and moved to Fort Clark. The site of Fort Griffin (only traces of the ruins of a few buildings remain) is now part of the Fort Griffin State Historical Park, which is located along U.S. Highway 283, about 15 miles north of Albany. The park is composed of slightly more than 500 acres. Fort Grigsby— Fort Grigsby was established by Confederates under Major Julius Kellersburg along the Neches River at Grigsby’s Bluff in the vicinity of present-day Port Neches. The post was established during October 1862 subsequent to the loss of Fort Sabine at Sabine Pass. The post was abandoned in about July 1863. In conjunction, the Confederates also established Fort Manhassett after the fall of Fort Sabine, which made Fort Grigsby dispensable once it was completed. Both were established to protect Fort Griffin as well as Beaumont. Fort Groghan— See Camp Groghan. Fort Hancock— Fort Hancock, initially known as Camp Rice, was established by the U.S. Army during April 1881 in the vicinity of present-day Fort Hancock as a replacement post for Fort Quitman. The post was set up as a support post of Fort Davis. During July of the following year, the post was relocated to a new place along the Southern Pacific Railroad lane, slightly more than five miles northwest of Fort Quitman; however, within about one month, the post was again moved to a different location, all the while still in close proximity to the Rio Grande. Subsequently, Camp Rice was renamed Fort Hancock during May 1886 in honor of Major General Winfield Scott Hancock. Soon after, during May 1886, the fort’s protective dike shattered and the post sustained damage. Later, the post sustained several accidental fires during 1889, which also caused damage. While

521 the post was active, the garrison’s responsibility was to keep vigil along the Rio Grande. The post was abandoned during November 1895 and transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior. Fort Hawkins— See Fort Caney. Fort Hebert— Fort Hebert was established by the Confederates at Virginia Point in the vicinity of Galveston during 1861. The post was one of a series of fortifications to defend Galveston Bay. Other posts included Fort Bankhead, Fort Magruder, Fort Moore and Fort Crockett. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Henderson— A contingent of Texas Rangers led by Captain Lee C. Smith established Fort Henderson, named in honor of General James Pinckney Henderson, at an isolated spot near the Navasota River during 1837. The post was in close proximity to present-day Leon and Robertson Counties. The fort, deemed untenable within a short time, was abandoned that same year. Not to be confused with Camp Henderson. Fort Houston (Anderson County)— Fort Houston was established by Texans on the outskirts of Palestine (Anderson County) during 1836 by a contingent of Texas Rangers led by Captain Michael Costley. At the time, the post was in the town of Houston on the public square in Houston County. The fort’s stockade was constructed by settlers in the area. The fort, completed shortly after the siege of the Alamo, was built as protection also from the Indians; however, for the next several years, despite the turbulence, no raids were initiated against the fort, which was abandoned during the period 1841–1842, subsequent to the termination of Indian problems in East Texas. During 1836, the town was abandoned and relocated at Palestine, the new seat of government for Anderson County, according to the historical marker. The historical marker is located just beyond Palestine off U.S. Highway 79 S along FM-1990. Not to be confused with Fort Houston (Travis County). Fort Houston (Travis County)— See Fort Colorado (Travis County). Not to be confused with Fort Houston (Anderson County). Fort Hudson— See Camp Hudson. Fort Inge— On 13 March 1849, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain Seth Eastman established Camp Leona (later Fort Inge) on the east side of the Leona River on the outskirts of Uvalde in Uvalde County. Subsequently, during December of this year, the camp was renamed Fort Inge in honor of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike Inge of the 2nd Dragoons. Inge (West Point class of 1838 Cadet # 985) had been killed during fighting at Resaca de la Palma on 9 May 1846 (Mexican War). Fort Inge was utilized by the U.S. Army and it was also used by Texas Rangers in an effort to protect settlers. The garrison also guarded the military road in the region as well as protecting the border with Mexico. The U.S. lost control of the fort at the outbreak of the Civil War, during March 1861, but later, during 1866, the U.S. Army returned to garrison it until it was abandoned during March 1869. In conjunction, the garrison transferred to Fort McKavett. Subsequent to its abandonment, the Texas Rangers established a camp there which remained active until 1884. Fort Inglish— During 1837, a contingent of Texans led by Bailey Inglish established Fort Inglish on the Red River Frontier in the vicinity of present-day Bonham (Fannin County) to provide protection for settlers in the new republic. It remained active until about the early 1840s. In conjunction, Inglish had been born in South Carolina and from there moved to Arkansas with his family to establish a new life there on the opposite bank of the Red River. Inglish moved into Texas during 1836. During November 1838, militia troops

Fort Lacy / TEXAS (Army of the Republic of Texas) converged upon Fort Inglish near Bonham to join General John H. Dyer for an imminent campaign (Rusk-Dyer Campaign) against hostile Indians. Troops based there continued to rid the region of hostile Indians in the northeastern sector of Texas until the early 1840s. At that time, the region became relatively safe and the fort was abandoned. A replica of Fort Inglish is located in Bonham (Fort Inglish Village). Fort Jacksboro— See Fort Richardson. Fort Jackson— Fort Jackson was initially a post established during 1859 on Pelican Island at Galveston by U.S. forces; however, it was not completed. Subsequent to the secession of Texas from the Union, the Confederates established a fort there known as Fort Jackson. The lighthouse there was dismantled and its components were used to construct the fort. The Union recaptured Galveston during 1862 and during the following year, the Confederates under General John Banks Magruder regained control of Galveston for the duration. Magruder directed that six guns be deployed at Pelican Island, where during the initial Confederate occupation only mock guns were posted there. Magruder also posted eight guns at Fort Point, which combined with those on Pelican Island preserved the channel. Other forts were established at Galveston. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Johnson— See Fort Johnston. Fort Johnston— Fort Johnston was established by Texans near present-day Fink in Grayson County during November 1840 as an outpost for the Republic of Texas. The post was established by a contingent of the Texas 1st Infantry led by John Holliday. Fort Johnston was planned as one of a series of posts in the region. The fort was abandoned during March 1841; however, afterward, it was used by troops who participated in an operation known as the Village Creek Campaign during May of that same year. Subsequently, during 1843, again the post was used by Texans during an operation known as the Snively Expedition. In addition, during 1845, a group of Mormons under Lyman Wright arrived at the fort and established headquarters there. In conjunction, there is some uncertainty as to whom the fort was named after. A historical marker at the site credits the fort’s namesake as Francis W. Johnston; however, other later gathered information leads to a stronger possibility that the post was named in honor of Albert Sidney Johnston, at the time the Republic of Texas’ secretary of war. Johnston, a West Point graduate (Class of 1826), later returned to service in the U.S. military; however, during 1861, he resigned to join the Confederacy as a full-rank general. Fort Johnston is also referred to as Fort Johnson. Fort Kenney— See Kenney’s Fort. Not to be confused with Fort Kinney at Corpus Christi. Fort Kinney— In about 1838, Henry L. Kinney arrived in Texas from Illinois. Subsequently, he began to operate as a trader, and during 1841 he apparently entered into a partnership with William B. Aubrey in a trading business. Kinney referred to himself as a colonel, and claimed to have served during the Indian Wars in Florida, but there is no evidence to back up his claims of being an officer or of even serving. The trading post, near Corpus Christi, became known as Fort Kinney. During the problems between Texas and Mexico, Kinney was detained by the Texans as a spy for Mexico; however, he was later acquitted of the charges. During the Civil War, the Confederates for a short while deployed at the fort during 1862. Not to be confused with Kenny’s Fort. Fort Lacy— During 1838, a rebellion (Cordova’s) against the Republic of Texas occurred, but it was unsuccessful. During that time, Martin Lacy, who arrived in Texas during 1827 and later worked as an Indian agent on behalf of the Mexican government, established

TEXAS / Fort Lancaster

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a trading post outside of Alto (Cherokee County) in about 1838. However, some sources think it was established earlier. The post known as Fort Lacy (Lacy’s Fort) was apparently fortified during a period of rebellion of the Indians, including Biloxi and Kickapoo. Texas militia units were based there during 1838–1839, a period which also included the Cherokee War (1839). The fort (trading post) remained active until about 1842 when the threats from the last remnants of hostile Indians had been terminated in East Texas.

the Mother of Texas. In conjunction, earlier, during 1816, a party led by Francisco Xavier Mina constructed an earthworks fort there at Point Bolivar during 1816. The peninsula was located on what was known as the “slave route” that ran between Louisiana and Galveston. Also, during the Civil War, the Confederates established Fort Green at Bolivar Point and later, during the 1890s, Fort Travis was established there. The fort site of Fort Las Casas is now part of Fort Travis Seashore Park.

Fort Lancaster— On 20 August 1855, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain Stephen D. Carpenter (West Point class of 1840 Cadet # 1051) established Camp Lancaster (later Fort Lancaster) along Live Oak Creek near its convergence with the Pecos River in Crockett County. During the following August, the fort was renamed Fort Lancaster. While in service, the troops at Fort Lancaster held responsibility for protecting the lower part of the highway stretching between San Antonio and El Paso; however, like most of the forts along the frontier, the duty there carried great danger, and at this duty station it was posed by the Comanches and the Mescalero Apaches. The fort was abandoned during March 1861 due to the secession of Texas from the Union and the Civil War. Texas troops took control of the fort. The fort did, however, receive some unusual visitors. Specifically, the command that paused there during June of 1860 was a contingent of specialized cavalry, the Camel Corps, commanded by Lieutenant William E. Echols. In conjunction, the U.S. Army experimented with using camels in the deserts of the southwest during the 1850s, but the plan was canceled. The camels performed well, but they apparently terrified the horses. Following the close of hostilities, the Stars and Stripes returned to Fort Lancaster during 1871, but the garrison was used essentially as an outpost until it was permanently abandoned during the period about 1873–1874. Also, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, who established Fort Lancaster, was wounded while battling Indians during 1855. Decatur was later killed during the battle at Stones River (Murfreesboro, Tennessee) on 31 December 1862. The fort site is located at the Fort Davis State Historical Park. Some traces of the fort remain visible.

Fort Lavaca— See Port Lavaca.

Fort Las Casas — Fort Las Casas, a mud fort, was established on the Bolivar peninsula, which was in close proximity to High Island, during 1820 by James Long, a doctor who led an expeditionary force in an unsuccessful attempt to separate Texas from Spanish rule. The fort was used as a headquarters for Long. During September 1821, Long moved out to seize a Spanish post at La Bahia. His intent was to return in about one month; however, he was captured by the Spanish at San Antonio and never returned. While in captivity in Mexico City, Mexico, he was killed, reportedly by accident. Long’s wife, Jane, and their daughter Ann, remained at the post during Long’s absence, and only a few men were there to protect them. During December of that year, Jane gave birth to their third child. Their second child, Rebecca, had died earlier, but Ann Herbert and Kian, her maid, was there. During that time, there was great danger from several sources, including pirates (aligned with Lafitte, the Spanish, the Mexicans and a tribe of extremely hostile Indians known as Karankawas. The Indians at times practiced cannibalism. Nonetheless, Jane and her family were unscathed. Apparently, Long’s wife had a system to inform the inhabitants across the bay at Galveston on the situation. On a daily basis, Jane fired a cannon to signify that all was well. During 1822, Jane abandoned the post and moved to Cedar Bayou and from there to San Antonio, where she finally received word on the fate of her husband. Subsequently, she temporarily departed Texas and later she returned to Fort Bend County in about June 1824, subsequent to the death of her daughter Mary James. In about 1830, Jane moved to Mississippi, again temporarily, until returning to Texas during 1832. Jane Long is sometimes referred to as

Fort Le Dout— The French established a fort known as Fort Le Dout in an unconfirmed location in present-day Wood County during the nineteenth century. The fort is thought to have been located near the Sabine River or possibly in the vicinity of Lake Fork Creek, a tributary of the Sabine River. Fort Leaton— Fort Leaton (known also as Old Fortin, El Fortín and Fortin) was established outside Presidio in Presidio County by Ben Leaton during 1848 in the vicinity of La Junta. The settler’s fort was previously the site of a Spanish post, El Fortin de San Jose at La Junta. The Spanish post was abandoned during 1810. Later, during 1830, the property was acquired by Juan Bustillos. Fort Leaton held a commanding position above the Rio Grande at a spot along Farm Road 170 and was used as a trading post in addition to a fortified house-fort. Leaton’s Fort was built of adobe bricks in the shape of an L, and it had a stockade for the animals. Entrance to the fort, which was bolstered by a parapet, was sufficiently large to permit the entrance of wagons. For a while, the U.S. Army was deployed at the fort, which at the time was the only fortification between Eagle Pass and El Paso on the U.S. side of the Rio Grande. The U.S. troops continued to use the post for headquarters until the completion of Fort Davis. Afterward, Fort Leaton was utilized as an outpost, due to the 80-mile distance between it and Fort Davis. Although the post was located in an area that was susceptible to Indian attacks, the fort was not attacked. There were accusations that Leaton was engaged in selling weapons to the Indians; however, Leaton succumbed during 1851, prior to any charges being lodged against him by the government. Subsequent to his death, the property passed to his wife, but the inability to pay large debts caused her to lose the property. It was acquired by John Burgess. Later, during 1875, Burgess was killed by Leaton’s son, Bill Leaton. The fort afterward fell into poor condition. During the 1930s, reconstruction of the old fort began. It is now located at the Fort Leaton State Historic Site. Fort Lincoln— On 7 July 1849, the U.S. Army established Fort Lincoln outside the town of D’Hanis, at a spot along the west side of Seco Creek. Fort Lincoln, named after Captain George Lincoln, who was killed during fighting at Buena Vista (February 1847-MexicanWar), was established as part of the series of installations that stretched between Eagle Pass near the Rio Grande to the Red River at Coffee’s Bend. The army abandoned the post during July 1852. In conjunction, DeMontel acquired a large parcel of land, about 15,000 acres, in what was known as the Hill Country. He had camped in the vicinity of where Fort Lincoln was built during 1848 while leading Texas Rangers. DeMontel along with some others established a town that became known as Bandera. Also, Fort Lincoln has been partially reconstructed. Fort Lipantitlan— The Mexicans established Fort Lipantitlan in Nueces County in the vicinity of Corpus Christi during 1831. The fort was established by Jose M.J. Carbajal in the northwestern part of the county along the west bank of the Nueces River slightly above San Patricio, which was on the opposite side of the river. The fort was built to impede the settlements of Texans. The post was commanded by Captain Enrique Villareal until 1835 when he was succeeded by Captain Nicolas Rodriguez. Fort Lipantitlan was poorly

523 designed for defense and was at the time considered to be a less than desirable post. One description of the fort compared it poorly to a hog pen. Nevertheless, the post, which contained four parapets, also had at least one barracks. The fort was devastated during early November 1835 when it was attacked by a contingent of Texans, commanded by Captain Ira J. Westover. The Mexicans sustained the defeat on 4 November, but the Texans did not retain the post. Consequently, the Mexican Army again took control of it and used it sporadically. Later, following the Texas War for Independence, the Mexicans sustained a bitter defeat at Fort Lipantitlan, when they attacked on 7 July 1842. The Texans were commanded by General James Davis and the Mexican force was commanded by General Antonio Canales. The fort was afterward abandoned and it fell into disrepair. No traces of the fort remain. The fort site is now part of a state park. Fort Lyday— During 1836, a contingent of Texans established Fort Lyday near the North Sulphur River in the southern tip of Lamar County near Ladonia. The fort, known also as Fort DeKalb and Lyday’s Fort, was built to provide protection for settlers in the region along the river and Cypress Creek. Subsequently, during 1838, a contingent of Rangers (Red River County Rangers) deployed at the post. For several years, the garrison under Captain William B. Stout guarded the area and permitted families of settlers to reside within the installation. The period of turbulence with hostile Indians lasted until about 1843. Afterward, the fort was abandoned. Fort Magruder— Fort Magruder was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Galveston during the 1860s. The post was one of a series of forts erected during the Civil War to defend Galveston Bay. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Maison Rouge— Subsequent to aiding General Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812), Jean Lafitte arrived in Galveston and established a house there which was fortified as a fort. The home was known as Fort Maison Rouge. Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1820 when he departed for Mugeres Island off Yucatan. He remained there until 1825 when he became extremely ill and afterward succumbed on the Mexican mainland. Fort Manhassett— Fort Manhassett was established by the Confederates slightly west of Sabine Pass during 1863, following the Union seizure of Fort Sabine. The post was built at a place in Jefferson County slightly more than five miles west of Sabine Pass, subsequent to the loss of Fort Sabine. The Confederates named the fort after a Union schooner, the Manhassett, which they had captured after it grounded during a violent storm. Fort Manhassett was one of a series of fortifications established to protect Fort Griffin and the city of Beaumont. The post was abandoned during May 1865. Fort Marcy— Fort Marcy was established at Corpus Christi in about August 1845 by troops under General Zachary Taylor. The contingent moved to Corpus Christi from St. Joseph’s Island to establish the post. The post was named in honor of William L. Marcy, who had served as President Polk’s secretary of war. Subsequently, Marcy served as secretary of state under President Franklin Pierce. The post, although named Fort Marcy, was usually referred to as Corpus Christi (See also Camp Corpus Christi). The post was abandoned during 1846 when General Taylor moved out, heading for the Rio Grande. Later, during 1849, a contingent of dragoons arrived at the post. During that same year, a supply depot (Corpus Christi Army Depot) was established at Corpus Christi. The supply depot was abandoned during 1852, but later, during 1869, it was reactivated and operated into the following year when it was again abandoned. Subsequently, during 1880, the supply depot was again activated and remained in operation until the following year. Another modern-day depot was opened there during 1961. U.S. Army headquarters under

Fort Martin Scott / TEXAS General Persifor Smith was moved from San Antonio and established in Corpus Christi during 1853, but it is not certain whether or not General Smith used the name Fort Marcy. The city was abandoned by the Union during 1861. The Confederates established positions there during 1863 and used the earthworks that had been established by General Taylor during the Mexican War period. In conjunction, the Confederates also established a fortification known as Mustang Island Fort on Mustang Island. Fort Martin Scott— On 5 December 1848, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment commanded by Captain Seth Eastman established Camp Houston (later Fort Martin Scott) on the outskirts of Fredericksburg along the Barons Creek, a tributary of the Pedernales River. The garrison’s duties include protecting settlers from hostile Indian attacks. In conjunction, the town of Fredericksburg and the surrounding area had attracted German settlers. The fort garrison composed of infantry was later relieved by cavalry. The rotation system continued with each branch of the army serving alternate tours there. In conjunction, the German frontiersmen had earlier reached agreement with the Comanches in the area, bringing about peaceful relations; however, although no full-scale conflict developed, some skirmishes occurred between the Indians and the settlers as the influx of new settlers increased. In conjunction, during December 1849, Camp Houston was renamed Fort Martin Scott in honor of Major Martin Scott, killed while fighting with the U.S. 5th Infantry against the Mexicans at the Battle of Molina del Ray during 1847 (Mexican War). During 1850, troops led by Captain Hamilton W. Merrill accompanied Indian agent John Rollins to the San Saba River to negotiate a peace with several tribes. The conference resulted in a pact which forestalled hostilities. Fort Martin Scott lost any strategic significance it might have had and became economically unjustified and militarily unnecessary because of its distance from the front line of forts. From late 1852 through 1853 the fort assumed the role of forage depot. In his report filed in the fall of 1853, Col. W.G. Freeman recommended that the fort be closed. Consequently, the Eighth Military Department ordered that Fort Martin Scott close in December 1853. While the fort lost its prominence due to its location, the later outbreak of the Civil War did not alter the history of the installation. The Confederate Army, while in control of Texas, did not occupy it; however, after the close of hostilities, the post received a short reprieve during 1866 when General Philip Sheridan ordered a contingent of cavalry to deploy there. During September, the 4th U.S. Cavalry arrived at Fort Martin Scott. Nonetheless, the fort was officially abandoned during the latter part of this same year. Fort Mason— During 1848, the U.S. Army established Fort Mason at a spot known as Post Oak Hill near two creeks, Centennial and Comanche Creeks, at present-day Mason. It is not known for whom the fort was specifically named, but it is thought the fort was named in honor of Lieutenant George T. Mason, who was killed while fighting at Brownsville during the Mexican War, and if not him, for General Richard B. Mason, who succumbed during 1847. The fort was a sister fort to a series of military installations stretching between the Rio Grande and Red River for the purpose of defending the settlers against the Indians in the region, including Lipan Apaches, Comanches and Kiowas. The service of the fort was at times sporadic with periods of no available troops, with the initial absence occurring between January 1854 through May of the same year. Nonetheless, settlers continued to arrive in the area. From early 1856 through 1861, the fort quartered the U.S. 2nd Cavalry. The U.S. Cavalry abandoned the fort during March of 1861, one month after Texas seceded from the Union. It served as a training ground and many of its resident officers moved on to become general officers, some with the Confederacy. In conjunction, all across the frontier, the Indians

TEXAS / Fort Mason used the conflict to their advantage against the settlers, who remained unprotected. The Texas troops of the Confederacy were unable to sufficiently deter the raids. The Stars and Stripes was rehoisted at Fort Mason on Christmas Eve 1866 when elements of the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment and support troops, commanded by General John Porter Hatch, entered the fort accompanied by the regimental band. Subsequently, the garrison was relieved by the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment. The fort was abandoned by the U.S. Army during March 1869; however, afterward, Texas provided garrison troops (Frontier Forces) for a period of about three years before it was permanently deactivated. Fort Matagorda— The Confederates established a series of fortifications, including Fort Matagorda, on Matagorda peninsula during 1861. The units based there included a company under Captain E.S. Rugley. In addition, DeCrow’s Battery was located on the southwestern edge of the peninsula to protect the east channel that entered Matagorda Bay. Another fortification was Fort Caney. The Confederates maintained control of Fort Matagorda for the duration of the conflict. Fort McIntosh— On 3 March 1849, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment arrived near the site of the Spanish presidio at Laredo and established Camp Crawford (later Fort McIntosh) along the Rio Grande atop a bluff, slightly west of the city. The camp, composed initially of tents, was named in honor of Secretary of War George W. Crawford. The camp was built in the shape of a star. Texans (Laredo Guard) under Captain Mirabeau B. Lamar (former president of the Republic of Texas) had earlier occupied the presidio during November 1846. The U.S. troops arrived there following the consummation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the War with Mexico. Later, during 1850, the camp was renamed Fort McIntosh in honor of Lieutenant Colonel James S. McIntosh, who had died during the fighting at Molino Del Rey (September 1847Mexican War). The garrison was responsible for guarding the highways in the region and for protecting the settlers from the Indians, including Lipan Apaches and Comanches. The fort was abandoned by the U.S. Army following the secession of Texas from the Union during February 1861. The Confederates held the fort for the duration of the conflict; however, the Union did unsuccessfully attack it during the conflict. The Stars and Stripes was rehoisted during 1865 and afterward, during 1868, work was begun to make the camp a permanent post. The post remained active until 1946. Fort McKavett— During March 1852, the U.S. Army established Camp San Saba (later Fort McKavett) along the right side San Saba River slightly more than 20 miles southwest of the town of Menard in Menard County. The fort remained active until 1859. The garrison, composed of infantry, worked to protect settlers in the region from attacks by Indians. In conjunction, subsequent to the Civil War, during April 1868, the U.S. Army returned and reactivated the post, giving it a new name, Fort McKavett. Unfortunately, the new name was unable to instantly cause the fort to appear refreshed. The years of the absence of troops had left the abandoned fort in deplorable condition. The garrison lacked even barracks. General Ranald S. Mackenzie initiated a major construction project that eventually provided the garrison with extras such as a bakery and a large garden, composed of more than 25 acres. The fort remained active until it was abandoned during June 1883. The fort site is now part of a state park. In conjunction, during the Civil War, the Confederates established a camp referred to as Camp San Saba in the vicinity of the post during 1861, after it was abandoned by the Union. The troops there provided protection for the settlers against Indian raids. The Confederate post was abandoned at an unknown time, but prior to the termination of the Civil War.

524 Fort Merrill— On 1 March 1850, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain Samuel M. Plummer, established Fort Merrill outside the present-day town of Dinero in Live Oak County. It was constructed on the right side of the Nueces River off the Corpus Christi-San Antonio Road. By April 1853, the garrison was reduced to about 15 troops. Afterward, the fort was at times vacant. The post was abandoned during December 1853. Later, during 1855, Fort Casa Blanca was established near there. It was later used by the Confederates during the Civil War as a supply base. Fort Meyers— The U.S. Army established Fort Meyers during the 1880s in Terrell County. The post was located near Meyers Spring and it was in the vicinity of where Meyers Canyon merged with Big Canyon. The post was garrisoned by elements of the U.S. Black Seminole Scouts, which maintained the garrison until the early 1890s. Fort Milam— The Texans established Fort Viesca (later Fort Milam) in the midsection of Falls County along the west side of the Brazos River during 1834. The post was established to provide protection for the settlers (Robertson’s colony, known as Sarahville) in the vicinity of the falls of the Brazos River. Subsequent to the siege at Bexar, during December of the following year, the fort was renamed Fort Milam in honor of Benjamin R. Milam, one of the Texans killed during the fighting. It was abandoned during 1836; however, upon the arrival of spring, the settlers began to trickle back to the region. Texas Rangers under Colonel Edward Burleson garrisoned the fort until relieved later in the year by another group of Rangers, commanded by Colonel Robert M. Coleman. During 1837, a contingent of Texas Rangers was dispatched from Fort Milam on the Brazos to establish Forts Fisher and Henderson. The post was later abandoned during 1837. In conjunction, the fort was also known as Fort Sarahville de Viesca. Also, during January 1839, another Fort Milam was established several miles east of the original post. See also Fort Burleson. Fort Moore— Fort Moore (also known as Fort Eagle Grove) was established by the Confederates during early January 1863 at Eagle Grove on Galveston Island. The Confederates regained Galveston at that time. Galveston capitulated to the Union on 19 June 1865. Afterward, the fort was overseen by U.S. troops. The post was later destroyed. Other fortifications were established during the Civil War at Galveston. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Moritas— Fort Moritas (known also as El Morita and Fort El Morito), a settler’s fort, was established by Milton Faver, who also established Fort Cienega. Fort Moritas was established during the 1850s in the vicinity of Shafter to provide protection against Indian raids. The fort was attacked and destroyed at a time subsequent to 1865. The post, like Fort Cienega, was built to protect Faver’s property. See also Fort Cienega. Fort Oldham— Fort Olden, a settler’s fort, was established in Burleson County on the property of Major William Oldham during 1837. Oldham acquired the land during that same year from Hendrick Arnold. The fort was established to provide protection from Indian attacks; however, there is no documentation of the fort ever being attacked. Nonetheless, during times of danger (1837–1838), settlers in the area did move to the fort due to the threat of attacks. Fort Parker— In about 1834–1835, the Parker families (Silas and James) established Fort Parker (known also as Parker’s Fort) in Limestone County near the mouth of the Navasota River to provide safety for the settlers in the vicinity during times of hostilities with the Indians (Caddo and Comanche). Subsequently, on 19 May 1836, the

525 fort was attacked by a force of Indians. During the devastating raid, Silas was mutilated and killed. Granny Parker was tied to the ground, lanced and abused by the Indians. Two of Silas’ children (Cynthia Anne and John) were dragged away, along with others (Mrs. Rachel Plummer and her son James and Mrs. Elizabeth Kellogg). Elizabeth Kellogg and Rachel Plummer were the first known white women taken captive by Comanches. Both were abused that same night in full view of the three children captives. Later, Cynthia Ann had a child, Quanah Parker, by Peta Nocona, chief of the Comanches. Also, on 8 October 1838, a party of surveyors operating near Battle Creek, came under attack by a large force of Indians including Caddoes, Kickapoos, Tuhuacanas and Wacos. The outnumbered surveyors were caught by surprise. After being told to depart the area, the surveyors instead offered resistance against a full-scale attack (Battle Creek Fight) that ensued for nearly 24 hours. Only a few survived. Several men made it to a Kickapoo village and received help, and from there they got to Fort Parker. Within a few days, a small party of the settlers accompanied by militia advanced to the scene of the fight to bury the dead. During 1860, Texas Rangers attacked and destroyed a Comanche camp along the Pease River. Peta Nocona, leader of the Nocone Comanches, was killed. Cynthia Parker (earlier seized at Parker’s Fort), the mother of Peta’s son, Quanah Parker, was seized by the Rangers along with Quanah’s sister Topasannah. In conjunction, Quanah escaped, but essentially he was orphaned. Quanah later became the final chief of the Comanches and led his followers against the U.S. (Red River War) during 1874. A replica of the fort was constructed later, during the 1900s, and is located at Fort Parker State Historical Park Fort Phantom Hill— On 14 November 1851, Fort Phantom Hill was established near Elm Creek by a contingent of the U.S. 5th Infantry Regiment commanded by Lt. Colonel John J. Abercrombie. The fort, also known as the Post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, was built less than 15 miles from the town of Abilene ( Jones County) to protect settlers and travelers in a region inhabited by the Comanche Indians. In conjunction, although the fort was named Phantom Hill, the U.S. Army did not officially name the fort. The fort remained active until April 1854, when it was abandoned. Shortly after the departure of the U.S. troops, the fort was destroyed by fire of an uncertain origin. During the late 1850s, a depot was established there by the Butterfield Southern Overland Mail Company. When the Civil War erupted during 1861, the fort was frequently used by Texas Ranger units and other frontier contingents. The U.S. Army, subsequent to the close of hostilities, during the late 1860s used the post as a support post of Fort Griffin (Shackelford County). The fort was also used during operations into West Texas during 1872. The post was permanently abandoned during 1872. Some ruins of the stone building remain visible. Fort Point— Fort Point, later known as Fort Sulakowski, was established in the vicinity of Galveston during 1861. It was one of a series of fortification established during the Civil War to defend the area. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. In conjunction, Fort Travis, established at Galveston during 1836, was initially known also as Fort Point. Fort Polk— During March 1846, the U.S. Army arrived at Brazos Santiago. The conspicuous advance compelled the Mexican troops garrisoned there to head back across the Rio Grande into Mexico. Afterward, on 6 March, the U.S. Army established Fort Polk (also known as Mexican Fort Brazos Santiago) at a point near Point Isabel, slightly more than five miles from the Rio Grande opposite Matamoros, Mexico. On 1 May 1846, General Zachary Taylor marched 26 miles from Fort Texas to the seacoast for the purpose of overseeing construction of Fort Polk. Taylor left about 500 troops

Fort Quitman / TEXAS at Fort Texas to garrison it. The post was constructed near the Brazos Santiago Pass, a strategic location that dominated the shipping that passed between Brazos and Padre Islands. Fort Polk, named in honor of President James Knox Polk, was constructed in the vicinity of the Brazos Santiago Arsenal. The fort was abandoned during 1852; however, during February 1861, while the facility was being used as a storage depot for Fort Brown, the facility was seized by Texas troops. Fort Polk was used as a support post for Fort Texas (Fort Brown) during the Mexican War. The fort site and the Port Isabel Historical Museum are located at the Port Isabel Lighthouse State Historical Park. Fort Preston— In about 1840, Fort Preston was established along the Red River in the vicinity of Washita Bend (Grayson County). The fort, established by Texans, was near a site where a trading post was earlier established by Silas C. Colville and Holland Coffee during the late 1830s. During the period 1851–1853, the U.S. Army established a command depot there to supply the U.S. 5th Infantry. Subsequently, other U.S. troops arrived at the fort prior to the Civil War, including forces under John Pope and Albert Sidney Johnston, during the mid–1850s. Fort Quintana— The town of Quintana was located on the west side of the mouth of the Brazos River at the Brazos River harbor. It was opposite Surfside and slightly southeast of Freeport. The Mexicans established a fort there during 1821 in conjunction with gaining independence from Spain. The town is thought to have been named in honor of Mexican General Andres Quintana. During the Civil War, the Confederates established Fort Quintana there. The post was across the river from another Confederate post at Velasco, known as Fort Velasco. Fort Quintana was held for the duration; however, Union warships were able to bombard the positions. Fort Quitman— On 8 September 1848, a contingent of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment led by Captain Arthur T. Lee established Fort Quitman along the Rio Grande at a site slightly more than 75 miles southeast of El Paso. The garrison was detailed with the responsibility to guard the highway in its sector running between El Paso and San Antonio. The fort was named in honor of General John Quitman, a veteran of the Mexican War who succumbed during the previous July. The fort remained active until April 1861, when the outbreak of the Civil War compelled the U.S. troops to abandon the installation; however, during the conflict, which lasted until 1865, both the Union and Confederates at times garrisoned Fort Quitman. Union occupation occurred during 1862–1863 when volunteers from California occupied it. The Stars and Stripes permanently returned to the post during January 1868 when U.S. troops occupied it. During the following month, the fort was reestablished as a support post for Fort Davis. The garrison was composed of elements of the U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry and the U.S. 25th Infantry Regiments. Apparently the fort was dilapidated when it was reoccupied and it remained in that condition for years. The area was considered by many at the time to be a poor location for a fort due to nasty conditions. Much of the food for the garrison was acquired at San Elizario, the site of a Spanish mission on the outskirts of El Paso. The post was abandoned during January 1877, but not permanently, due to conflicts with Apaches. When Victorio’s War erupted during 1880, the fort was reestablished. On 9 August 1880, James J. Byrne, traveling in a stagecoach during a period of turbulence with the Apaches under Victorio, departed Fort Quitman en route to the Guadalupe Mountains in the Pecos to survey the land for the Texas Pacific Railroad; however, at a point less than 10 miles from the fort in Hudspeth County, the coach was attacked by Apaches. Byrne was mortally wounded. The stage line driver, Charles West, a young man of less than 20 years, survived by turning the coach around and galloping

TEXAS / Fort Richardson back to the post. Byrne had emigrated from Ireland and later served as colonel of the 18th New York Cavalry during the Civil War with the brevet of brigadier general. After the war ended, he was appointed U.S. marshal in Fort Worth for the Northern District of Texas. At the time of his demise, Byrne was working with the Texas and Pacific Railroad. Also, General Byrne is separate from another Irishman turned Texan, James W. Byrne, a Catholic who paid for the construction of the Stella Maris Church at Lamar and one of the several founders of the town. He had also emigrated from Ireland and later fought with the Texas Army prior to becoming a senator in the Republic of Texas; he succumbed during 1854. Fort Quitman remained active until permanently deactivated during 1882, at about the same time Fort Rice (later Fort Hancock) was established at a nearby site. Fort Richardson— Fort Richardson was established during February 1868 in Jack County along Lost Creek, a branch of the Trinity River in the vicinity of Jacksboro. Prior to the establishment of the post there, another post was established during 1866 which was known as Fort Jacksboro. The location was considered untenable and during 1868 the post was relocated and officially named Fort Richardson. The fort, named in honor of General Israel Bush Richardson, was established to provide protection for that region of northern Texas from Indian attacks. Units that served as the garrison included the U.S. Sixth Cavalry Regiment. The following troops received the Medal of Honor for their extraordinary heroism on 12 July: Corporal John Connor, Corporal John Given (killed), Sergeant Thomas Kerrigan, Sergeant John Kirk, Sergeant John May, Private Solon D. Neal, Farrier Samuel Porter, Corporal Charles E. Smith, Sergeant Alonzo Stokes, Corporal James C. Watson, Bugler Claron A. Windus and Sergeant William Winterbottom. At the battle on 5 October 1870, the following troops became recipients of the Medal of Honor: Private James Anderson, Corporal Samuel Bowden, Corporal Daniel Keating and Private Benjamin Wilson. Subsequently, during 1874, elements of the 6th Cavalry again clashed with the Indians in ferocious skirmishes near the Washita River. Between 9–12 September, the following troops became recipients of the Medal of Honor: Corporal William W. Morris, Sergeant Frederick S. Neilon, Sergeant George Kitchen, Corporal Edward C. Sharpless, Sergeant Josiah Pennsyl, Private John Harrington, Private Peter Roth, Private George W. Smith and Sergeant Zachariah Woodall. During May 1871, on the 18th, Indians attacked a wagon train outside of Fort Richardson at Cox Mountain and the incident is known as the Wagon Train Massacre. One teamster who escaped the massacre related what occurred. In part, regarding a wounded teamster, he said: “...Tied his head down on a wagon wheel, ripping out his tongue and built a fire under his face then took axes, cutting the dead to pieces.” The story convinced General Sherman to order pursuit on 19 May. The Apaches who set up the ambush at Salt Creek Prairie allowed a small wagon train to pass through safely while they waited for the larger train that followed. General William Tecumseh Sherman was with the first train. After discovering that the wagon train had been wiped out, he ordered the arrest of three Kiowa leaders: Satanta, Big Tree, and Satank. Chief Satank was killed while attempting to escape. Chiefs Big Tree and Satanta were tried and convicted, receiving prison terms of two years. Subsequently, during 1876, Satanta, while in custody, chose to take his own life. At the time, 1868–1873, Fort Richardson was the post at the most extended sector of the northern frontier. The U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiment also was frequently engaged against hostile Indians During one clash on 28 March 1872, Sergeant William Wilson became a recipient of the Medal of Honor and soon after, on the following day, Wilson again displayed extraordinary gallantry under fire and again became a recipient of the medal. At that time in history, it was possible to re-

526 ceive more than one Medal of Honor. On 29 December 1872, during another engagement near the Red River, six troops of the 4th Cavalry — Private Edward Branagan, Sergeant William Foster; Sergeant William McNamara, Corporal William O’Neill, blacksmith James Pratt and Private William Rankin — became recipients of the Medal of Honor. Subsequently, during September-November 1874, eight other 4th Cavalry troops became recipients of the Medal of Honor. They were: farrier Ernest Veuve, Corporal John W. Comfort, Private William McCabe, Corporal Henry A. McMasters, Corporal Edwin Phoenix, Private Frederick Bergerndahl, Private John O’Sullivan and Lieutenant Lewis Warrington. Other units that served there included the U.S. 10th Colored Cavalry and the U.S. 24th Colored Infantry Regiment. The post, which contained a total of 55 structures, was abandoned during 1878. The fort site is now located at Fort Richardson State Historic Park. Some of the original buildings still stand and a replica of the officers’ quarters is located there. Fort Riley— See Fort Clark. Fort Ringgold— On 26 October 1848, following the close of the Mexican War, a contingent of the U.S. 1st Infantry Regiment established Fort Ringgold, named in honor of brevet Major Samuel Ringgold, along the Rio Grande at present-day Rio Grande City. The fort stands as the most extended southern outpost in the chain of western frontier forts established subsequent to the victory over Mexico. Major Ringgold, the fort’s namesake, had been mortally wounded during the heavy fighting on 8 May at Palo Alto. The U.S. Army selected the site after considering it to be strategically located to defend against any future incursions by Mexico and to protect the settlers from Indian raids. During 1860, U.S. troops attached to Fort Ringgold, under the command of Major Samuel P. Heintzelman, with support of other forces, including Texas Rangers and Texans under John Salmon Ford, moved to eliminate a threat by Mexicans led by Juan N. Cortina (Cortina War) during the ongoing Mexican Revolution. During 1899, troops from the U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry who had served in Cuba during the Spanish-American War arrived at Fort Ringgold to garrison it. Problems soon developed between the troops and the white townspeople, and the incident intensified to the point where the fort prepared to defend against an attack. The commanding officer of the fort directed the garrison to commence fire with the fort’s Gatling guns. One minor injury was sustained. The civilians claimed the alleged threat of attack was instigated by the garrison to cause trouble. An investigation was subsequently held, but no determination was made as to who was responsible for the unrest. However, Lt. E.H. Rubottom, the commander, was informed that his action was not “wise.” Fort Ringgold remained in service for nearly 100 years except for a few periods such as the Civil War when it was abandoned and later during the early part of the twentieth century when it was deactivated (1906). By about 1917, the fort was again a full-service post until it was permanently deactivated during 1944. Also, during the 1870s, the Texas Rangers also utilized the fort. In conjunction, the post was also known as Ringgold Barracks and sometimes it was referred to as Camp Ringgold. Fort Rugely— See Fort Caney. Fort Sabine— See Camp Sabine (established during the 1830s). Not to be confused with Fort Sabine, established in Jefferson County during the 1860s. Fort Sabine— Fort Sabine was established in the vicinity of Sabine Pass in Jefferson County during 1861. Later, during September 1862, a Union naval force arrived in the area and on 24 September, the warships bombarded the Confederate positions. The post was soon after abandoned after the guns were damaged. The loss of the fort

527 caused alarm within the Confederacy at Texas. By the spring of the following year, a new post, Fort Griffin, was established nearby to forestall Union progress in the region. The guns at Fort Sabine were recovered and repaired for use at Fort Griffin. Fort St. Louis— During January 1685, Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle’s expedition inadvertently moved beyond the Mississippi River and instead, the fleet entered Matagorda Bay. The primary supply ship was lost, creating severe problems. La Salle dispatched two of the three remaining vessels to France. La Salle and about 280 colonists remained in Texas. They constructed Fort St. Louis on the bay. Later, during November 1685, La Salle and his party moved by canoes to try to locate the Mississippi River, but the attempt failed. During April 1686, La Salle departed Fort St. Louis with a small force of about 20 men to attempt to discover gold in the northern part of Mexico. Upon their return to the fort, they discovered only that the sole remaining vessels had been lost and that less than 50 colonists remained. Rather than risk further disaster, La Salle concluded that it was best if they used an overland route to Canada. He departed during January of the following year. At that time, La Salle left 20 men at Fort St. Louis and departed with the remainder for Canada. While en route, a mutiny occurred. During the violent incident, La Salle and his nephew were slain while the party was traveling along the Trinity River. Shortly thereafter, Pierre Duhaut, one of the men who killed La Salle, and another mutineer were slain during a squabble over the spoils. The six surviving conspirators remained with the Indians. The remainder, including La Salle’s brother and Henri Joutel, continued the trek. They reached the Mississippi River near the mouth the Arkansas River on 24 July and discovered a conspicuous cross, which had earlier been constructed by Henri Tonti and another man who had descended the river and established a post there. The party then continued on and while traveling up the river they discovered a garrison at Fort St. Louis on the Illinois River. In conjunction, nearly all of the 20 men who had remained behind at Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay were killed by the Clamcoet Indians. Subsequently, during 1690, Captain De Leon, a Spaniard, established the Mission of San Francisco on the site of Fort St Louis. Fort Sam Houston— The U.S. Army established Fort Sam Houston, named in honor of Sam Houston, at San Antonio during 1876. The post, which was officially named after Sam Houston during 1890, remains active. San Antonio had long been a primary link in the U.S. military plan. The post there was known as Post of San Antonio until it was named Fort Sam Houston. During 1849, the U.S. Eighth Military District was headquartered there and prior to that, a quartermaster depot (San Antonio Quartermaster Depot) and training center had been at San Pedro Springs and troops were deployed at San Pedro Springs and at the Nuestra Senora de la Purísima Concepcion Mission. San Antonio also contained a U.S. arsenal. In addition, San Antonio became headquarters for the Department of Texas during 1870. Subsequently, during June 1876, the U.S. initiated construction of the new post, which was completed during February 1878. During 1879, the equipment and supplies that had been stored in the Alamo, with the permission of the Catholic Church (through a negotiated lease), were transferred to the new post. The U.S. 1st Volunteer Cavalry, led by Teddy Roosevelt (later President Theodore Roosevelt), was at Fort Sam Houston prior to leaving for Cuba during the Spanish-American War. By the World War I period, the post was bustling with troops and prior to the entrance of the U.S. into the conflict, troops under General John Pershing from Fort Hood scoured the border with Mexico in search of Pancho Villa. Camp Travis was established there during the world war. The post continued to expand in both size and importance. By the outbreak of World War II, the post had grown into the largest U.S. Army base in the country. The post remained active through the war

Fort Smith / TEXAS and by 1949, just prior to the outbreak of the Korean War (Korean Conflict), the military complex there, composed of more than 3,000 acres, contained about 1,500 buildings and was headquarters for the U.S. Fourth Army, which was commanded by General Jonathan Wainwright, following the close of World War II. General Wainwright had been captured by the Japanese in the Philippines during the early days of the war and detained for the duration. Subsequently, during 1991, the post became headquarters for the U.S. Fifth Army. In addition, the post is headquarters for a large number of other U.S. Army operations and it also is used by the Texas National Guard and the U.S. Army Reserve. Also, a museum, the Fort Sam Houston Museum, is located on the post. The Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery is also located on the post. In addition, during the World War I and World War II periods, Camp Cushing (World War II) and Camp Wilson (World War I) were located in the vicinity of Fort Sam Houston. Fort San Bernard— See Fort Bernard. Fort San Jacinto— Fort San Jacinto, named in honor of a victorious battle fought by the Texans against Mexico during 1836, was established as part of the U.S. Coastal Defenses at Galveston during 1898. The fort was completely built by 1901. The post, which worked in conjunction with Fort Travis and Fort Crockett, was located in the eastern sector of Galveston Island at Fort Point. Fort San Jacinto contained a group of batteries: Battery Mercer (eight 12-inch-M, 1898–1943), Battery Heileman (two 10-inch DC, one gun AARF), Battery 235 (two 6-inch SBC, 1944–46), Battery Hogan (two 4,7inch A, 1898–1917), Battery Croghan (two 3-inch MP 1911–1946), and Anti Motor Torpedo Boat Battery 4 (two 90-mm F, 1943–1946). The post, during its active service, was garrisoned by the 265th Coast Artillery and by the Twentieth Coast Artillery. The U.S. Coast Guard, subsequent to World War II, assumed responsibility for the post. In addition, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers used the post while engaged in an operation to dredge the ship channel in Galveston Bay during 1986. In conjunction, Fort San Jacinto was one of a series of fortifications that defended Galveston during the period beginning with the Spanish-American War. The others were Fort Crockett and Fort Travis. Fort San Teodoro— See Spanish Fort. Fort Sandcliff— See Fort Caney. Fort Sandcliffe— Same as Fort Sandcliff. Fort Sarahville de Viesca— See Fort Milam. Fort Scurry— Fort Scurry was established as one of a chain of fortifications established by the Confederates in defense of Galveston during the Civil War. See also Galveston Civil War Forts. Fort Sherman— Fort Sherman was established in about 1838–1839 by a contingent of Texas Rangers under Captain W.B. Stout. The post was located along the Cherokee Trail in Titus County near Cypress Creek and Mount Pleasant. The post was established during a period of turbulence and was required to protect the settlers against Indian attacks. The post remained active until the Cherokee were moved out of East Texas. No traces of the fort remain. The Miller Cemetery (known also as the Fort Sherman Cemetery) is located there. The fort site is now located in the Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. Fort Smith (Bell County)— During November 1836, a contingent of Texas Rangers under Sergeant George B. Erath established Fort Smith in honor of Major William H. Smith; however, later it was renamed Little River Fort. It was constructed at the convergence of the Lampasas and Leon Rivers in Bell County. The rangers abandoned

TEXAS / Fort Smith it during June, but during its operational service it was twice attacked by Comanches. The fort was reactivated during January 1840. On 13 January 1840, therefore, the War Department sent Captain James P.B. January’s Company F of the First Infantry Regiment from Camp Caldwell to garrison the Little River Fort. Failure to properly supply the troops there again forced the garrison to leave on 28 February. The troops returned on 1 July and maintained the fort until the Army of the Republic of Texas was disbanded in March 1841. When the fort was abandoned, the farming settlements in the area withdrew as well. Afterward, on an infrequent basis, the Texas Rangers utilized the post, but by about 1846, it was permanently dismantled by Moses Griffin. Subsequently, during 1841, the fort was again renamed when it became Fort Griffin named after a Moses Griffin who maintained the fort after it was abandoned by the rangers, the latter having moved to support Forts Colorado and Milam. Fort Smith (Richland Creek)— Fort Smith was established in Navarro County (later Bell County) in the vicinity of the mouth of Richland Creek during 1847. The garrison was commanded by Captain Thomas Smith, the man for whom the post was named. Later that same year, Smith succumbed. The post, however, remained active until the following year. It was abandoned and the garrison relocated at Fort Graham. Fort Spunky— Fort Spunky was actually the name of the town in which a trading post operated by Charles Barnard was established during 1849. The post was an endeavor initiated by a group of men that included Sam Houston, Charles and George Barnard, and some others. The trading post was located in Hood County in what was known as Barnardsville. The trading post remained active into the 1850s. While in operation, there were apparently numerous scuffles that erupted there and the town became known as Fort Spunky.

528 Milam County by Augustus Sullivan during 1835. The post was also in the vicinity of Port Sullivan. It is not known when the trading post ceased to exist. Fort Taylor— See Fort Brown (Brownsville). Fort Tenoxtitlán— During 1830, a contingent of Mexican troops under Lt. Colonel Jose Francisco Ruiz established Fort Tenoxtitlán. The fort was constructed as part of a series of installations to maintain a sense of power over the immigrants from the U.S., and as a display of power to discourage Americans from moving into the territory. The fort was strategically located in Burleson County along the San Antonio Road near the crossing at the Brazos River leading toward Nacogdoches. During October 1830, a party under a Texan, Major Sterling C. Robertson, representing an organization of settlers (Texas Association, also known as Nashville Association) arrived at Mexican-held Fort Tenoxtitlán seeking authorization to search for a suitable site for a settlement, pursuant to a contract earlier consummated with the province of Coahuila and Texas. However, shortly thereafter, the association’s contract was voided by the Mexican government. Nonetheless, when word arrived to take action, Mexican Colonel Ruiz ignored the directive due to his apparent empathy for the Texans, having been born a Texan himself. Subsequently, on 13 July 1832, due to failed grandiose plans to overwhelm the Texas frontier with Mexican settlers, the author of the scheme, General Manuel de Miery Teran, took his own life. Consequently, Colonel Ruiz, the commander at Fort Tenoxtitlán, lost his spirit and decided to abandon the fort. The garrison and the Mexican settlers moved to Bexar. Afterward, the few remaining Texan settlers used the facility as a defense against Indians and as a trading post. The trading post remained active until about 1860. Fort Teodoro— See Spanish Fort.

Fort Sulakowski— Fort Sulakowski was established by the Confederates as one of a series of fortifications in the vicinity of Galveston during the 1860s. See also Galveston Civil War Forts.

Fort Teran— The Mexican government enacted a law (Anastasio Bustamante’s Law) during April of 1830 to bring a halt to Americans trying to settle in territory belonging to Mexico (including Texas). Orders soon followed to establish a series of garrisons to enforce the ban. Fort Teran, an outpost named in honor of Mexican General Manuel de Mier y Teran, was established in Tyler County along the Neches River at a spot near the mouth of Shawnee Creek during 1831. At the time, the Mexican government was concerned about the influx of Americans who were arriving in the region from Louisiana. General Teran was the commandant general of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas, a region which included Texas. Fort Teran was located several miles west of Rockland near several trails (Coushatta Trace, Alabama Trace, and NacogdochesOrcoquisac Road) that each crossed the Neches River there. It was an area referred to earlier by the Spanish government in Nacogdoches as the “Pass to the South.” The Mexican government, however, was not particularly up to the task of manning the garrisons that were built. Fort Teran, when completed, contained about 10 structures and held a small garrison. The construction project had not yet been completed during April of 1832 and later that same year, the post garrison was greatly reduced in size. The post was permanently abandoned during 1834. Later, following the Texas Revolution, the area began to grow. During 1856, a trading post was established there by Samuel T. Belt and it remained active until 1866. The settlement there was sometimes referred to as Fort Turan. Stage lines passed through and later, steamboats used the port. A ferry operated there until the early 1900s under several different names, including Belt’s Ferry, followed by Boone’s Ferry and Duncan’s Ferry. During 1917, a highway and bridge that spanned the river was completed, terminating the need for a ferry.

Fort Sullivan— Fort Sullivan, a trading post, was established near the crossroads of the Houston-Waco and Austin-East Texas Road in

Fort Terrett— On 2 February 1852, a contingent of U.S. Army troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Bainbridge established Fort

Fort Stockton— On 23 March 1859, the U.S. Army established Camp Stockton, later Fort Stockton, at Comanche Springs at present-day Fort Stockton (Pecos County) to secure a position along the Comanche Trail to protect settlers, travelers and the wagon trains as well as stagecoaches within their sector of West Texas. The post was named in honor of Commodore Robert F. Stockton, who claimed California for the United States during the Mexican War. The secession of Texas during February 1861 and the Civil War forced the abandonment of the fort (25 April 1861) by the contingent of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment based there at that time. Subsequently, Texas troops occupied the fort during June 1861, but they abandoned it during August of the following year. The Stars and Stripes returned to its staff there during July 1867 when General Edward Hatch arrived. In conjunction, Hatch delegated the fort as the headquarters for the U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry Regiment. The fort at the site was dilapidated, but Hatch ordered the construction of another fort at a nearby spot. The garrison engaged in typical frontier duty by guarding wagon trains and protecting settlers from the Apaches. Later, the fort was garrisoned by elements of the U.S. 3rd Cavalry Regiment and units of the U.S. 16th Infantry Regiment with the former and the latter deployed there when the fort was abandoned during June 1886. The fort site is located at Fort Stockton. Some original buildings remain at the historic fort. The structures now at the post include barracks, officers’ quarters and a guardhouse. A museum is also located there.

529 Terrett (also known as Camp Terrett and Post on the Rio Llano) in the vicinity of present-day Roosevelt in Sutton County. The fort, located along the North Llano River, in the eastern sector of Sutton County, was named after Lieutenant John Terrett (killed during the Mexican War at the Battle of Monterrey, September 1846). During its short-lived time in service, the garrison protected settlers and travelers along the San Antonio Road from hostile Comanches. The post was abandoned on 26 February 1854. The fort site is now on private property. Some of the original structures remain in use on the ranch, which is located off U.S. Highway 290W. Fort Texas— See Fort Brown (Brownsville). Fort Travis (Bolivar Point)— Fort Travis at Bolivar Point, across the bay from Galveston where the original Fort Travis was built, was established during 1898 as part of the defenses of Galveston. The post worked in conjunction with Fort San Jacinto and Fort Crockett. Like its predecessor, Fort Travis (2) was also named in honor of Colonel William Barrett Travis, one of the heroes of the Alamo. Fort Travis remained active until 1947. Units garrisoned there included elements of the Coastal Artillery. The batteries there included: Battery Kimble (2 12-inch BCLR, 1922–1943; the artillery there was transferred to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina), Battery Davis (two 8-inch DC, 1900–1918), Battery 236 (two 6-inch SBC, exact dates in 1940s unknown) and Battery Ernst (three 3-inch MP, 1900–1946). The fort site is now part of a county park. Fort Travis (Galveston)— Fort Travis was initially established as Fort Point on the eastern tip of Galveston during 1836 by the Texans. The post was later renamed in honor of Colonel William Barrett Travis, who was killed while commanding troops at the Alamo during March of that same year. Fort Travis was the initial post established by the Republic of Texas. The post was strategically located from where its guns could protect the harbor. Construction began during April of 1836, just after the fall of the Alamo at San Antonio. While the troops were building the post, a camp was set up near the fort and it was called Camp Travis. Fort Travis remained active until 1844, the year before Texas entered the Union. Subsequently, other fortifications would be built there during the Civil War. Earlier, James Long had established a fort (Fort Las Casas) at Bolivar Point on the Bolivar peninsula. Toward the latter part of the nineteenth century, a new Fort Travis was established at Galveston as part of the U.S. Coastal Defenses. It was built at Bolivar Point, across the bay. Fort Trevino— Fort Trevino, a settler’s fort, was established at San Ygnacio (Ignacio), named in honor of St. Ignatius Loyola, in Zapata County in about 1830 when the town was settled by a group led by Jesus Trevino. The sandstone fort was located slightly less than 15 miles northwest of Zapata and about 30 miles south of Laredo, which placed it in an area where border clashes frequently occurred. During the Civil War, Confederates were in the area and clashed there with the forces of Juan N. Cortina. Subsequently, during the 1900s, U.S. cavalry forces patrolled the area and during 1916 the cavalry skirmished with Mexican troops at the border there. During 1972, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Turan— See Fort Teran. Fort Velasco— The town of Velasco is located on the east side of the Brazos River, opposite Quintana. The Mexicans established a customs house there subsequent to gaining their independence from Spain during 1821. Like Quintana, the town was named in honor of a Mexican general. During 1832, a contingent of Texans under John Austin and Henry Smith engaged a Mexican force at Fort Velasco on 26 June 1832. The Mexicans attempted to prevent a Texan vessel transporting a cannon from passing the fort. The Texans accepted the surrender of the fort on 29 June, after the garrison expended its

Fort Waul / TEXAS entire supply of ammunition. Afterward, the Mexicans were permitted to depart by ship to Mexico. The Texans provided the vessel. Subsequently, the relations between the Texan colonists and the Mexican government continued to deteriorate and by 1836, the Texas Revolution ignited. For a while, following the Texas Revolution, the Republic of Texas made Velasco the temporary capital and it remained so until later moved to Columbia. The Texans retained the records of the republic at Fort Velasco. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the town was fortified by the Confederates, and in addition to Fort Velasco, eight batteries were established in the general vicinity along the river. The Confederates retained the fort for the duration; however, Union gunboats were able to encroach and bombard positions in the area. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the town was devastated by a natural disaster. During 1875, a violent hurricane swept through and overwhelmed the region. During 1891, a new blueprint for another town was initiated and the land was surveyed. Old Velasco had been so thoroughly damaged that the town’s records were all lost in the tragedy. Fort Viesca— See Fort Milam. Fort Warren— During 1836, Fort Warren was established along the Red River in Fannin County by Abel Warren. The fort remained active until the period after the Civil War; however, the lack of transportation in the town caused it to become obscure. Neither the stagecoach lines nor the railroads passed anywhere near the town. During the Civil War, the Confederate Army used Fort Warren primarily as a food and supply depot to support troops, including those in Arkansas and Louisiana. Abel Warren, before arriving in Warren, had been at Fort Smith, Arkansas, engaged in trading with the Indians. He continued the enterprise at Fort Warren for awhile before heading back to Fort Smith. Fort Washington— Fort Washington was established by the Texans (Republic of Texas) during 1841–1842 on Matagorda Island at the southeastern tip of the island near the lighthouse. The fort remained active until the 1860s, but during 1861, following the secession of Texas from the Union, it was determined by the Confederates that the fort was insufficient to defend against a Union attack. The Confederates established Fort Esperanza, known also as Fort DeBray, to provide a better defense at Cavallo Pass at a place farther out of the range of Union warships. Fort Waul— Fort Waul was established in the northernmost tip of Gonzales at Waldrip Hill by the Confederates for the purpose of using the post as a supply depot. However, the post was also to act as a defensive fort along the Guadalupe River as it was strategically located at a point where the Guadalupe converged with the San Marcos River. The post was established during December 1863 and the construction project continued into 1864. Fort Waul was located in the region of the Confederate Western Sub-district of Texas. The post was to be bolstered by a shallow dry moat, built at a depth of 4 feet and a width of about 8 feet, that encircled the post and in addition, the fort was scheduled to contain a blockhouse and four bastions, one at each of the corners of the fort. The fort had not yet been completed by November of 1864 and by that time, the fort’s strategic value had diminished. The construction project was halted and soon after, the fort itself was abandoned. At the time the post was abandoned it had not been named. The abandoned post was not used subsequent to the termination of the war by either federal troops or Texas Rangers. Long after it fell into near ruins, during the latter part of the 1870s, the fort site was finally named. The site was named Fort Waul in honor of Confederate General Thomas N. Waul. Some traces of the post remain. The fort site is owned by the City of Gonzalez. Fort Wood— See Colorado City.

TEXAS / Fort Worth Fort Woods— See Woods’ Fort. Fort Worth— On 6 June 1849, Camp Worth (later Fort Worth), named in honor of General William Jenkins Worth, was established by a contingent of the 2nd Dragoons led by Major Ripley Allen Arnold (West Point class of 1838 Cadet # 973) near the Trinity River in the vicinity of the convergence of the Clear and West Forks. The garrison held responsibility for the protection of settlers in that sector of East Texas. The initial site of the camp was in a flood zone, which caused the fort to be relocated to a more suitable site. During 1851, elements of the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Captain J.V. Bamford, arrived to relieve the garrison and assume responsibility for the region. The fort was abandoned during September 1853. The garrison relocated at Fort Belknap. During its service, the Indian raids east of Parker County were terminated without any major threat to the fort. The city of Fort Worth emerged from the site of the fort, as the settlement’s businessmen began to utilize the abandoned barracks. In conjunction, Major Arnold, the officer who established the fort, was murdered in Texas on 6 September 1853. The fort site is located in the Fort Worth Stockyards National Historic District. For more information: Fort Worth Stockyards, 121 E. Exchange Ave., Fort Worth, Texas 76106. French Trading Post— During 1845, John J. French, who arrived in Texas from the east during the 1830s, established a trading post, known as French Trading Post, at what was referred to as Frenchtown (Beaumont). The post was also his residence. The trading posthome remained in the family until 1940. Later, during 1968, it was acquired by the Beaumont Union League and afterward it was transferred to the Beaumont Heritage Society. The trading post was later restored. The trading post site was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1970. Frontier Regiment Camps— The Texas legislature established the Confederate Frontier Regiment during December 1861 in place of the Confederate First Regiment, Texas Mounted Riflemen. During January 1862, Governor Francis R. Lubbock appointed the commanding officer, Colonel James M. Norris. Other officers appointed were Major James E. McCord and Lieutenant Colonel Alfred T. Obenchain. The regiment was directed to establish a chain of forts (outposts) between the Red River and the Rio Grande to protect the settlements along that line. The posts were: Rio Grande Station, Camp Cureton, Camp Belknap, Camp Breckenridge, Camp Salmon, Camp Pecan, Camp Collier, Camp McMillan, Camp San Saba, Camp Llano, Camp Davis, Camp Verde, Camp Montel, Camp Dix, Camp Nueces and Camp Rabb. In conjunction, nine companies of the regiment later were later formed as part of a Confederate regiment under John S. “Rip” Ford. Galveston Civil War Forts— During the Civil War, the Confederates fortified Galveston and the nearby area to protect the harbor and city. The posts included: Fort Jackson, Fort Crockett, Fort Point (later renamed Fort Sulakowski), Fort Bankhead, Fort Hebert (also known as Fort Virginia Point, on the mainland opposite Galveston Island), Fort Magruder, Fort Moore (also known as Fort Eagle Grove), Fort Scurry and South Battery (renamed Fort Sidney Sherman in 1864). In conjunction, Fort Jackson was initially established by the U.S. during 1859. Galveston Post— During the Texans’ attempt to gain independence, Galveston was used as a military installation known as Galveston Post by the army and by the Texas Navy. The 1st Texas Regiment, commanded by Captain Amasas Turner, was there subsequent to the Battle of San Jacinto during April 1836. While there, Turner was appointed commander of the post. He was succeeded by Captain George Thomas Howard during August 1837. During the Mex-

530 ican War, the U.S. Army maintained the post at Galveston and used it as a supply depot. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Galveston was garrisoned by the Confederates. The Union gained it for a short while during October 1862, but the Confederates regained Galveston on 1 January 1863. Following the termination of the Civil War, U.S. forces again returned to Galveston. George Bragg’s Cabin— On 13 October 1864, a large band of Comanche and Kiowa Indians raided the area near Elm Creek in Young County, striking settlers who were located northeast of Confederateheld Fort Belknap. The Fitzpatrick home was hit and several there were killed, and at another location, the Bragg family home was hit. While the Bragg home was under attack, a Confederate unit, attached to the Bourland Border Regiment under Colonel James G. Bourland, arrived and the Indians retired. The Confederate troops pursued the Indians; however, the contingent was ambushed and lost about five killed and a few others wounded. Following the raid, many settlers in several counties began to fortify private ranches and homes to provide protection against future raids until military forces would again be able to protect them. Gonzalez— Initially the settlement known as Gonzales was established during 1825, but during 1826, due to Indian raids, it was decided to relocate. The settlement was moved to a place in the vicinity of the convergence of the Guadalupe and San Marcos Rivers (Gonzales County) during 1827. It became a central point for the Texans, particularly when the move was made to gain independence from Mexico. During October 1835, the Mexicans moved against the defenders at Gonzales to confiscate the cannon. The Texans, however, responded by firing a volley. The Mexicans aborted the mission and departed. Soon after, the incident, considered the first move toward independence was followed by skirmishes on the 18th of October near San Antonio at Bexar. By early December, the Texans captured San Antonio and the vanquished Mexicans departed from there across the Rio Grande back into Mexico on Christmas Day, 1835. Afterward, during March of 1836, the Mexican Army under Santa Anna annihilated the defenders at the Alamo in San Antonio. Soon after, on 13 March, the three survivors, Susanna Dickinson and her child, along with one slave named Joe, arrived at Gonzalez with the tragic news. At that time, Sam Houston ordered the town to be abandoned and destroyed. From there Houston retired with the army to buy time and bolster his forces. The retreat was known as the Runaway Scrape. Later, on 21 April, the Mexicans were defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto and Texas gained its independence. Gonzalez was afterward reestablished in the vicinity of the original site. Hackberry Springs Camp— See Colorado City. Hempstead Supply Depot— The Confederates established a supply depot at Hempstead, about 25 miles from Houston, during 1861. The town, in southeast Texas, Waller County, also contained a military hospital. Outside the town, three Confederate camps were established: Camp Carter, Camp Croce and Camp Hebert. Hempstead was held by the Confederates for the duration of the conflict. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, a Union force of more than 3,000 troops under General George Armstrong Custer arrived to occupy the town. Custer remained in the area for a while (August through October). Afterward, Custer departed. He reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and later, he assumed command of the U.S. 7th Cavalry. Houston— Subsequent to the secession of Texas from the Union on 1 February 1861, Houston became a primary Confederate position. The city became headquarters for the Department of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. At the time of secession, Sam Houston was governor; however, he declined to side with those who moved against

531 the Union. Shortly thereafter, during March, he was ousted from office and temporarily succeeded by Edward Clark. Later, Clark was succeeded by Governor Lubbock. The Union made no attempt to seize Houston during the Civil War; however, there was activity at Galveston. The Union seized Galveston during 1862 and afterward lost it back to the Confederates during early January 1863. From that point, Galveston was held by the Confederates for the duration of the conflict. A battle also occurred at Sabine Pass during September 1863. In conjunction, a Confederate training camp, Camp Lubbock, was established in the vicinity of Houston. Indianola— The post town of Indianola was initially established as Indian Point during 1846 by Samuel Addison White and William M. Cook as a landing point for German immigrants arriving to settle in West Texas. Indian Point (Powderhorn Bayou) was used by the U.S. forces during the Mexican War and afterward as an army depot for decades as a primary supply depot. The post was referred to as Camp Powderhorn. Indian Point at Matagorda Bay became known as Indianola during 1849. The post there was the terminus of the southern Chihuahua Trail, which ran to San Antonio and Austin. In addition, the road from Indianola was the most expedient route to California. The Confederates fortified Indianola during 1861. The Confederates renamed Camp Powderhorn Camp Lee. Indianola was temporarily regained by the Union during October 1862, but federal forces departed soon after taking it. However, Union forces returned later, during November of the following year, and again seized Indianola, holding it until June of the following year. The town was nearly totally destroyed during a hurricane that swept through the area during 1875. Rebuilding efforts were undertaken; however, during 1886, another tremendously strong hurricane whipped through and devastated the town once again. By the following year, the town was abandoned. Johnson’s Station— Johnson’s Station was established by Middleton Tate Johnson in Tarrant County at Marrow Bone Springs, which he named Mary Le Bone Springs. The station, which was established during the 1840s, was located slightly south of Arlington. A settlement emerged there, but it is not known when the station ceased operations. Kenney’s Fort— Kenney’s Fort was established during 1839 by Thomas Kenney. The fort was located slightly more than 15 miles north of Austin along the Colorado River frontier in the vicinity of Brushy Creek in close proximity to Camp Caldwell, which was garrisoned by Republic of Texas troops. During August 1840, Comanches attacked Kenney’s Fort, defended by settlers, including Joseph Weeks. The attack was repulsed and afterward, Texas militia under General Felix Huston prepared to retaliate, but the mission was afterward aborted. The militia renamed Kenney’s Fort, changing it to Fort Dunnington, in honor of Lt. William M. Dunnington, who lost his life during the struggle known as the Council House Fight (March 1840) in San Antonio. Subsequent to the cancellation of the offensive against the Indians, in about November 1840, the fort reverted to its original name, Kenney’s Fort. King Ranch— The King Ranch was established during 1853. During the Civil War, the Confederates established positions there in the vicinity of Kingsville. During 1863, a Union contingent arrived there in search of King. He evaded capture. King’s wife, afterward, abandoned the ranch. Subsequently, the ranch went back into operation and it still operates. See also Camp Boveda. Kinney’s Fort— See Fort Kinney. La Casa Piedra— The La Casa Piedra, a stone house, was built during 1779 by Antonio Gil Ibarvo at present-day Nacogdoches to be used as a trading post. The two-story house was constructed of adobe

Leon Springs Military Reservation / TEXAS bricks and iron ore. During 1800, the house was used as the military headquarters of Ramon Musquiz and later, in 1805, the property passed to Jose Luis de la Berga. Later, troops under Zebulon Pike were housed at the house upon their return to Texas from Mexico. The building continued to be used for a variety of reasons. The house was used by visiting dignitaries and during 1812, the house was used by the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition when the party arrived in Texas to declare the conquest of Texas from Mexico. In yet another attempt to seize Texas from Mexico, the house was used to print a newspaper of the declaration of independence by James Long. Other occupations of the legendary house included a Mexican garrison following the unsuccessful Fredonian Rebellion led by Haden Edwards (Empresario Haden). The attempt by Haden to form the Fredonian Republic was thwarted by Mexican troops commanded by Colonel José de las Piedras. In addition, during 1832, La Casa Piedras was the target of the Texans during the Battle of Nacogdoches. Subsequently, the house was used during the Texas Revolution and afterward it became the initial courthouse of the Republic of Texas in East Texas. The house was afterward acquired by John S. Roberts, who along with his wife operated a saloon there for many years. Finally, during 1902, the structure was torn down. However, a replica building was later rebuilt to commemorate it during the Texas Centennial. The house, now known as Old Stone Fort, is located on the grounds of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches. Lacy’s Fort— See Fort Lacy. Lavaca— See Port Lavaca. Le Poste des Cadodaquious— The French established a fort, known as Le Poste des Cadodaquious, in present-day Bowie County during 1719. There is little historical data on the history of the French while they held the post, other than it was active until about the 1770s. The exact location of the fort is unknown. Leon Springs Military Reservation— The U.S. Army established the Leon Springs Military Reservation during the early 1900s. Following the conclusion of the conflicts with the Indians during the 1880s, some of the military fortifications in Texas were eliminated and preparations were made for the future. The Post at San Antonio (later Fort Houston) would become a primary base and at Leon Springs, steps were taken to establish a training camp. Prior to the arrival of the twentieth century, the U.S. faced another crisis, the War with Spain (1898), prompting additional planning by the military, which brought about the facility at Leon Springs, which was initially composed of more than 17,000 acres and later was expanded by an additional 16,000 acres. The post was used by regulars and National Guard contingents, including the U.S. 3rd Cavalry, 1st Field Artillery and the 9th and 19th Infantry Regiments. Like Fort Sam Houston, the garrison at Leon Springs participated in the actions against the Mexican Pancho Villa during 1916 when he invaded the U.S., the first attack against the U.S. since the War of 1812. During 1917, the post was named Camp Funston in honor of General Frederick Funston, who had succumbed at San Antonio during 1917. Funston had been at the time the commanding officer of the Southern District. Because another camp, located in Kansas, had been named identically, Camp Funston at Leon Springs was renamed Camp Stanley, after Brigadier General David S. Stanley, who previously had been the commanding officer of the Department of Texas. The post was expanded during 1917 when a new camp was established following the acquisition of additional land. The new camp was named Camp Bullis, in honor of Brigadier General John L. Bullis, a former commander of the Black Seminole Indian Scouts. A remount station was also established there during 1917. Also, the U.S. Army relocated the old arsenal at San Antonio at Camp Stanley. The arsenal was initially built during 1859, but the location became cumbersome,

TEXAS / Los Ojuelos Camp prompting its move. The reservation remained active until the 1990s, when Camp Stanley became a facility used for storage of ordnance and for testing of the material. The facilities at Camp Bullis were used as firing ranges and combat training for each of the branches of the U.S. armed forces. The medical units based at the Brooke Army Medical Center (Fort Sam Houston) also trained there. Little River Fort— See Fort Smith (Bell County). Los Ojuelos Camp— A contingent of Texas Rangers led by Captain John S. “Rip” Ford established a camp in Webb County slightly south of Mirando at Los Ojuelos during 1850. The Texas Rangers were posted there to protect the road running from Laredo to Corpus Christi. Mary le Bone Springs Trading Post— See Johnson’s Station. McCulloch’s Station— See Camp Groghan. Mission Aranama— See Mission Nuestra Senora Del Espiritu Santo de Zuniga. Mission Corpus Christi de la Isleta— The Spanish established the Corpus Christi de la Isleta Mission in present-day El Paso County in the vicinity of El Paso during 1682. It was the initial mission established in what became the state of Texas. The mission was run by Franciscans who worked among the Tigua Indians to convert them to Christianity. Prior to the establishment of the mission, the site had been used during 1675 as a camp to protect Pueblo Indians who required protection from Apaches. Afterward, during 1680, the Spanish placed Tigua Indians there for safety during the Pueblo Revolt that occurred at Ysleta during 1680. The Indians referred to the pueblo as Ysleta Sur, and with regard to the mission church, the Indians named it San Antonio (de los Tiguas), after St. Anthony, whom they selected as their patron saint. By about 1692, the mission had become a permanent facility. However, the area was susceptible to flooding which repeatedly caused damage. During 1742, flooding devastated the mission, and again during 1829 the elements destroyed the mission. The mission was reconstructed during 1851 at its present location on more tenable ground. The Jesuits assumed responsibility for the church during 1881 and at that time, the church was renamed Nuestra Senora del Monte Carmelo (Our Lady of Mount Carmel). During the 1950s, Ysleta was annexed by the City of El Paso. Subsequently, during 1980, the mission’s name was changed back to what it had been called by the Indians, San Antonio de los Tiguas. The Catholic Church there remains active in Ysleta. Mission La Bahía— See Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga. Mission La Bahía del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga— See Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga. Mission La Limpia Concepción de Socorro— See Mission Socorro. Mission La Purísima— See Mission Socorro. Mission La Purísima Concepción— See Mission Socorro. Mission La Purísima Concepción del Socorro— See Mission Socorro. Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches— The Spanish established Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches (Our Lady of Guadalupe) during July 1716. The mission was located in an area inhabited by the Nacogdoches Indians in the vicinity of present-day Nacogdoches. The mission was abandoned during 1773. Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria— The Spanish established the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria in Miram County

532 during July 1749 along the San Xavier River (later, San Gabriel River). The mission was one of three San Xavier missions established. The others were San Ildefonso Mission and San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas Mission. The mission was under the protection of the Presidio San Francisco Xavier de Gigedo. The mission was abandoned during 1756. The mission’s property was transferred to the Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission. Mission Nuestra Señora de La Limpieza Concepción de Socorro del Sur (Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of Socorro of the South)— See Mission Socorro. Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz— The Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz (Our Lady of Light) was established in Chambers County, an area inhabited by the Orcoquiza Indians, during 1756. The mission was located in the vicinity of present-day Wallisville at a place along the east bank of the Trinity River. The mission worked in conjunction with the Presidio San Agustín de Ahumada and the area was known as Orcoquisac. The location was unhealthy and the people there were plagued with illnesses. During September 1766, a hurricane devastated the area. The mission was reconstructed, but the presidio was relocated at a place slightly east of where it had stood. By February 1771, the garrison was down to only several troops and by about March of that same year, no troops remained. The mission was abandoned during 1772. Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuna— The Spanish established the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuna during July 1716 in East Texas in an area inhabited by the Hainai tribe, a major part of the Caddoan groups that was part of the Hasinai Confederacy. In conjunction, the Spaniards referred to those Indians as Tejas. The mission, initially named Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainais Mission, was located in the vicinity of present-day Douglass. The mission was founded by Fray (Father) Isidro Felix de Espinosa. Father Espinosa, at the time, was the president of all Queretaran missions. He maintained his headquarters there. The mission was immediately under financial stress as great numbers of Indians arrived there and it was nearly two years before the mission received supplies from Mexico. The Indians there gave much assistance in building the structures, but they were basically huts rather than permanent buildings. The region also sustained a period of drought and in addition, an epidemic broke out. Finally, during 1718, an expeditionary force led by Martin de Alarcon arrived from Mexico; however, it was of little value and the hardships continued. Slightly afterward, the mission pueblo was renamed Mission Concepción de Agreda, in honor of Maria de Jesus de Agreda (Lady in Blue). By the following year, war erupted in Europe between the French and the Spanish and it spilled over into the colonies. The French in Mobile reacted swiftly and moved against the Spanish posts at Pensacola, Florida. Within a short while, the French moved from Louisiana into East Texas and during June 1718, the French moved across the border from Louisiana into East Texas and seized San Miguel de los Adaes Mission. The Spanish were later compelled to abandon all of East Texas due to the French pressure. Subsequently, the Spanish reestablished themselves in East Texas. During August 1721, the Concepción Mission was reestablished. During 1727, the Spanish initiated action to consolidate their forces and assets in Texas. A decision was made to cut back mission and presidio operations in East Texas. By the summer of 1730, the several missions there were relocated at the Colorado River at an area thought to be near the city of Austin. In the meantime, some priests, Zacatecan missionaries, remained in East Texas until 1773, as the only Catholic priests in the region to work with the Indians there. In the meantime, the Concepción Mission location along the Colorado River proved unsuitable and within a short time it was

533 relocated once again. On 5 March 1731, the mission was reestablished along the San Antonio River and renamed Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuna. The mission was named in honor of Viceroy Juan de Acuna, Marques de Casafuerte. The new site for the mission was located between two other missions, San Antonio de Valero Mission and San Jose to the north and south respectively. The region remained under some turbulence for years to come. The mission at times had difficulty with the settlers as well as hostile Indians, increasing tensions between the government and the missions in San Antonio during 1736. Later, during 1739, the region was struck by an epidemic, creating more havoc in addition to the Indian raids. The area became more tranquil during 1745 when the settlers and the missions came to a settlement of their differences, which had centered around the missions trading and other issues, including the settlers wanting to use the Indians at the missions for work. Afterward, during 1749, peace was made with the Apaches and the mission began to flourish while improvements continued to be made. On 8 December 1755, the Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, the mission church was officially dedicated. The church contained two towers and was built to a size of about 89 feet by 22 feet, with walls that had a depth of about 45 inches. By about 1762, the region again entered into a period of turbulence when Indian raids began anew, particularly by the Comanches. By 1794, one mission in San Antonio, the San Antonio de Valera Mission, had been abandoned (1793) and the remaining four were partially secularized. The property at Mission Concepción was distributed and the church buildings (exempt) were placed under the care of the missionaries at San Jose, essentially making the Mission Concepción a minor submission and by 1815, the mission merged with San Jose Mission. However, the mission church remained active until 1819. During 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The Mexican government totally secularized the Catholic missions. Later, during 1836, the Texans won their independence from Mexico and by 1845, Texas entered the Union. In conjunction, during the struggle for Texas independence, the mission was the site of the Battle of Concepción, which occurred on 28 October 1835 when a contingent of Texans under Jim Bowie and James W. Fannin turned back several attacks in the vicinity of the Mission Concepción. Reinforcements under Stephen Austin arrived, but by that time, the Mexicans had retired into San Antonio. Later, on 8 December, Mexican-held San Antonio surrendered. On Christmas Day, the Mexicans departed and crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico. During 1841, the mission was regained by the Catholic Church; however, settlers there continued to use it as a barn. Later, when the U.S. forces arrived there after Texas entered the Union, it was used as a supply depot. During May 1861, subsequent to the start of the Civil War, the church again was used to celebrate the Mass. During the 1900s, an orphanage was established there by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word. Later, during 1926, the order built a convent there. In addition, a seminary was located there (St. John’s), which was active until the 1970s. The stone church, the sacristy and the president’s office (known as the infirmary) remain standing and Masses are still celebrated at the church. The Concepción Mission is now part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainais— See Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuna. Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais— The Spanish established the Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais during 1717. Later, during 1719, the mission was abandoned, but by August 1722, it was reestablished. The mission was rebuilt at a different site in the vicinity of Ayish Bayou at present-day San Augustine. The mission was abandoned during 1773.

Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio / TEXAS Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga— The Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga Mission (known also as La Bahía del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga or La Bahía Mission) was established during April 1722. The mission was established near La Bahía del Espíritu Santo (Bay of the Holy Spirit), later Matagorda Bay, in an area (Victoria County) inhabited by Karankawa Indians (Cocos, Copanes and Cujanes) under the direction of Father Agustin Patron y Guzman. The mission was under the protection of the Nuestra Senora de Loreto Presidio. The mission and the presidio were relocated during 1726 to the Mission Valley in Victoria County at a site along the Guadalupe River. The Aranama and the Tamique Indians inhabited the area. The presidio was relocated to a site that subsequently became Rancho Escondido. The Spanish, however, later established another mission, the Nuestra Senora del Rosario Mission, to work among the Karankawas. It was located along the San Antonio River. During the autumn of 1749, the presidio and mission were again moved. The new location was near the San Antonio River at a place strategically located to defend the road to Bexar from both Mexico and East Texas. Essentially, the Spanish had relinquished their hold in East Texas and began to focus on South Texas. Subsequently, the mission was secularized during 1794 and at that time the mission property was divided among Indians that had converted to Catholicism. The mission church, after the departure of the Franciscan missionaries, was handled by secular (diocesan) priests. Nonetheless, the governor, Manuel Munoz, requested an extension for the mission operations there and two other nearby missions, Mission Refugio and Mission Rosario. The requests received an affirmative response during May 1797. In the meantime, the situation in Mexico was deteriorating and Spanish resources were greatly lessened, opening opportunities for the hostile Indians (Comanche and Lipan Apaches) who increased their number of raids while there was a shortage of Spanish troops. Mexico gained its independence from Spain during 1821 and afterward the Texans gained their independence from Mexico. All the while, the missions which had been totally secularized by the Mexican government during 1830 were in the thick of the turmoil. Subsequent to the Texans’ victory over the Mexicans, the Catholic Church regained the mission during 1841 through the actions of the Republic of Texas; however, the property was never physically returned. The local Goliad officials, during 1846–1847, authorized the distribution of the mission property, which by that time was referred to as Aranama Mission. The local politicians allotted the mission building and 20 acres of land for the purpose of constructing either county or educational buildings. In addition, the politicians of Goliad granted permission for the citizens to remove any detached stones from the mission. Subsequently, during 1848, the Baptists established an institution there and part of the grounds were used by a college (Hillyer Female College). Later, during 1856, Aranama College, associated with the Presbyterian Church, was established there. During the 1930s, the mission site was transferred to the State of Texas for the purpose of establishing a state park. The mission was later reconstructed. During 1977, Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is now located in the Goliad State Historic Park. In conjunction, the initial site, near Garcitas Creek in Victoria County, was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1971. The second site of the mission is located in Victoria’s Riverside Park and it (Mission Valley site) was listed in the National Register of Historic Places during 1980. Mission Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo— See Mission Corpus Christi de la Isleta. Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio— The Spanish established Mission Nuestra Senora del Refugio during February 1793. The mission was located north of Mission Lake in the vicinity of El Paraje

TEXAS / Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario

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del Refugio in Calhoun County on Goff Bayou near Matagorda Bay. The location proved unsuitable as it was hard to supply and it lacked good sources for food. In addition, the mission was susceptible to attacks by Chief Fresada Pinta of the Karankawa tribe. During the following year, the mission was relocated to a place at Mosquito Creek, known as Rancho de los Mosquitos, at about the midpoint between the convergence of the Guadalupe and San Antonio Rivers. Unable to stabilize the area, the Spaniards again moved the mission. During January 1795, it was relocated to present-day Refugio. Nevertheless, the mission remained a target, and at the new location it was the Comanches as well as other Indians. Despite the hardships, the mission continued in use and by 1799, most of the construction was completed. The mission complex, which was bolstered by a stockade, was composed primarily of adobe; however, the mission church and the blacksmith’s shop are thought to have been built of stone. By 1807, a nearby mission (Nuestra Senora del Rosario) was abandoned and the Indians who were served there transferred to Refugio Mission. Subsequently, during 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain and within a few years, the Mexican government, during July 1824, ordered the mission to be secularized. The mission itself was ordered closed. The Mexican government from its inception had been anti–Catholicism and the trait continued into the latter part of the twentieth century, but in a more subtle way. The items the priests were able to retain were transferred to Goliad where the La Bahia Mission was located. Some later attempts to revitalize the mission were begun, but without success. During early January 1830, the Mexican government reiterated its earlier decree to secularize the mission and it was then abandoned and left to fall into disrepair. Subsequently, the area was settled by a group of Irishmen. They named the settlement Refugio, in honor of the mission. The site was later regained by the Catholic Church and a new church, Our Lady of Refuge, is now located atop the ruins of the old mission. There are no visible traces of the original mission.

Mission San Antonio de Valero— The Mission San Antonio de Valero (Alamo) was established in San Antonio by Father Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares during May 1718. The mission was established to replace the San Francisco Solano Mission at Guerrero Coachiuila, Mexico. It was built in conjunction with the establishment of the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar. Initially, the mission, which became one of five missions in the vicinity of San Antonio, was located west of San Pedro Springs, but it was later relocated several times and finally it was built along the east bank of the San Antonio River. A hurricane that swept through and ravaged the mission during 1724 caused the final relocation of the mission. Subsequent to the devastation sustained at the Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission during 1758, the mission was bolstered with a defensive wall that reached a height of eight feet and a depth of two feet. During 1793, the mission was secularized and responsibility for the church was transferred to the diocesan parish, which was located nearby at the settlement of San Fernando de Bexar. The Mexican government won its independence from Spain during 1821 and later, during 1836, Texas won its independence from Mexico. The mission was part of that struggle and became the rallying point for the Texans during March 1836, when the defenders were overwhelmed by the Mexican Army. Afterward, the Army of the Republic of Texas defeated the Mexican under Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, which brought about independence. Subsequently, during 1845, Texas was admitted into the Union and by the following year, U.S. forces occupied the mission during the Mexican war. The Catholic Church regained the mission during 1855; however, the U.S. Army continued to use it by contract until 1778. In the interim, Confederate forces used the mission during the Civil War. During 1883, the State of Texas acquired the property from the Catholic Church and afterward transferred it to the City of San Antonio. The Long Barracks Museum is located at the mission.

Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario— The Spanish established Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario (known also Nuestra Señora del Rosario de los Cujanes, Mission del Santísimo Rosario and as Mission del Rosario) in Goliad County during November 1754. The mission, established by Father Juan de Dios Chamberos, was built slightly west of Goliad, along the San Antonio River in close proximity to the Presidio la Bahía. The mission was abandoned during 1781, then later it was reestablished during 1789. By 1791, the priests there had directed the construction of a new mission church. During 1792 a new mission, Nuestra Señora del Refugio Mission was established during 1792. The Cocos at Mission Rosario moved there and later, during 1804, a time when Rosario Mission had become dilapidated, the Indians that had remained there also moved to the Mission Refugio. In conjunction, during February 1807, the Mission Rosario was officially merged with Mission Refugio. The missions Rosario, Refugio, and Espíritu Santo were not affected by the Spanish secularization of the missions ordered by the Spanish government during 1794. However, it was secularized by the Mexican government during 1828. The mission was secularized during 1831. The site of the mission is now located in Goliad State Park.

Mission San Elizario— The San Elizario Mission was established during 1789 on the outskirts of El Paso. A chapel was built there during 1853 and later, during the latter part of the 1880s, the present church was built. Two other missions were established in the area, Socorro Mission and Ysleta Mission. See also Presidio of San Elizario.

Mission San Bernardo— Established in Mexico.

Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas— See Mission Corpus Christi de la Isleta.

Mission San Francisco de la Espada— The Spanish established Mission San Francisco de la Espado in San Antonio during 1731, but about nine years passed before other permanent buildings were built there. The friary and chapel were completed during 1745, along with an aqueduct. Subsequently, during 1756, the mission received a chapel. By the early 1700s, the mission came under frequent threat of Indian attacks. Later, by July 1794, the mission was secularized. On 11 July 1794, the governor, Manuel Munoz, arrived at the mission where Father Pedro Norena was based. Munoz stripped the Catholic church of its property and divided it between a group of elderly Indians. Later, during 1824, on 29 February, the priest there, Father Jose Antonio Diaz de Leon, had to relinquish the church. The Mexican government continued its anti-church positions and during 1831 a directive was issued by the governor of Coahuila and Texas ordering the sale of all mission property. The mission was later reopened after Mexico was forced to relinquish Texas. The mission church remains active.

Mission San Antonio de Senecú— The Spanish established the Mission San Antonio de Senecú, known also as Senecú del Sur, in the vicinity of El Paso during 1762. The mission was used to provide safety to the Piro Indians who fled New Mexico during the Pueblo Revolt that occurred that same year. It is thought that the mission, about two miles northwest of Ysleta and in close proximity to Juarez, Mexico, was moved to the Mexican side of the Rio Grande.

Mission San Francisco de los Neches— Mission San Francisco de los Neches was established during 1721 when the Mission Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas was relocated and renamed. The mission was located in Cherokee County slightly more than five miles west of present-day Alto on the east side of the Neches River. Subsequently, during 1730, the mission was moved to a new site near the Colorado River in the vicinity of Austin. The mission was relocated

535 in conjunction with the abandonment of the Presidio Nuestra Senora de los Dolores de los Tejas. Afterward, during the following year, the mission again was relocated, to a place along the San Antonio River where it again received a new name, Mission San Francisco de la Espada. Mission San Francisco de los Tejas— The Mission San Francisco de los Tejas was established in East Texas during May 1690 near the Neches River in the vicinity of Augusta near San Pedro Creek and Matagorda Bay. On 24 May, the Spaniards rushed to build a chapel in order to celebrate the feast of Corpus Christi. The Spanish immediately moved to win the friendship of the Indians and to work on their conversions. A chief was given a staff which held a cross and he was informed that he had been appointed governor by the Spanish. The chief was also informed that he was to assist in the work to covert the Indians to Catholicism. The mission was built in the vicinity of where Fort St. Louis had been established earlier by a French expeditionary force under La Salle. The Spanish burned the fort during March 1690. By 2 June, Father Massanet and the main body of troops returned to Coahuila, Mexico, but several priests and a small detachment of troops remained at the mission. Father Massanet returned to the mission during July 1691 and he discovered that a new mission had also been established there, Santisimo Nombre de Maria; however, it was short-lived. The new mission was washed away by a flood during January 1692. The Spanish attempt to convert the Indians (Nabedaches, a tribe of the Hasinai Confederacy) was less than successful and when an epidemic struck the village during the winter of 1693, the Indians placed the blame on the priests, particularly the water used for the baptisms. By the autumn of 1694, the priests abandoned the mission. Prior to leaving, they dug holes to bury the cannon and the mission bells and then they burned the picket building within the mission. A few soldiers had been with the priests, but they abandoned the priests. Nevertheless, despite an arduous trek, the missionaries were able to reach safety at Monclova during February 1694. Subsequently, during 1716, the Spanish established a new mission, Mission Nuestra Padre San Francisco de los Tejas. A replica mission is located in San Francisco de los Tejas State Park. Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas— The Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas was established by the Spanish during February 1748. The mission was located in Milam County slightly outside Rockdale, along the south bank of the San Xavier River (later San Gabriel River). The mission was established by Father Mariano Francisco de los Dolores y Viana at a place where the priests could work among the Nabedaches as well as the Asinia, Ervipiame, Mayeye and Yojuane Indians. The mission was the first of a few San Xavier missions. The others included Mission San Ildefonso and Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria. In conjunction, the mission came about through the efforts of a party of Indians who visited the Mission San Antonio Valero and requested that the priests establish a mission within their villages. In response to the Indians’ request, a temporary mission, Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Río de San Xavier, was established during 1745, until authorization for a permanent mission was received. Subsequently, during 1751, due in great part to Indian attacks, the Spanish established Presidio San Francisco Xavier de Gigedo. Later, during August 1755, following a prolonged period of drought, which contributed to making the area unsanitary, the mission and the presidio were moved to a new location close to the San Marcos River. The relocation of the presidio and mission seemed pragmatic; however, about 1,000 Lipan Apaches arrived at the mission, overwhelming the resources. By 1756, the presidio was directed to transfer all the property of the San Xavier Missions and the presidio to the Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba, which was located in Apache territory. In conjunction, the Mayeyes

Mission San José y San Miguel / TEXAS were apparently concerned about the loss of the mission and they convinced the Spanish to establish a mission for their benefit. The priests agreed and afterward, the Mission San Francisco Xavier on the Guadalupe River was established. Mission San Francisco Xavier de Náxara— The Mission San Francisco Xavier de Náxara was established by the Spanish during March 1722. The mission was located slightly south of the San Antonio de Valero Mission and was established to serve the Rancheria Grande Indians. The mission was initiated through the efforts of the Marques de Aguayo. During 1726, the mission was joined with the San Antonio de Valero Mission. Subsequently, during 1731, the property upon which the mission was located reverted to the Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuna. Mission San Francisco Xavier on the Guadalupe River— The Mission San Francisco Xavier on the Guadalupe River was established in the vicinity of New Braunfels by the Spanish during 1756. The mission was established at the request of a group of Indians subsequent to the abandonment of the San Xavier Missions. At the time, the Indians wanted a mission for their needs. The Spanish agreed to place a mission at their villages. The mission, founded by Father Mariano Francisco de los Dolores y Viana, remained active until March 1778. In conjunction, the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá had recently been destroyed and the Spanish were fearful that the mission on the Guadalupe was undefended and susceptible to being attacked and destroyed. Mission San Ildefonso— The Spanish established the Mission San Ilfonso during December 1848, but the mission was not officially established until February 1749. The mission was built along the San Xavier River (later, San Gabriel River) in Milam County in the vicinity of the mouth of Bushy Creek outside present-day Rockdale. During August 1755, the mission was abandoned and relocated at the San Marcos River. By the following year, the mission’s property was transferred to the Mission San Sabá. Mission San José de los Nazonis— The Mission San José de los Nazonis was established during 1716 by the Spanish in Nacogdoches County near present-day Cushing. The mission was established by an expeditionary force under Domingo Ramon while they were near the Shawnee Creek. The mission was abandoned during 1719 due to pressure from the French in Louisiana and the inability of the Spanish to deploy sufficient troops there. Subsequently, during 1721, the Spanish returned and reestablished the mission. It remained active until 1730, when it was relocated to a place close to the Colorado River in the vicinity of Austin. At the same time, two other missions, San Francisco de los Neches and Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainai, were also relocated. During the following year, the three missions were relocated at San Antonio and reestablished as the Mission San Juan Capistrano. Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo Mission— The Spanish established the Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo during 1720. The mission was one of five Spanish missions established at San Antonio. The site for the mission, along the San Antonio River below the Mission San Antonio Valero, was selected by a contingent of troops under Captain Juan Valdez, the alcalde at the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar. Subsequently, about 1730 or prior to that year, the Spanish relocated the mission from the east bank to the opposite side of the river. Following a severe epidemic, the mission was again moved to a nearby site less than one mile away, where it remains at present. During 1759, a new priest, Father Pedro Ramirez de Arrellano, was placed in charge of the mission. Later, during 1768, Father Arrellano initiated the construction of a new church, which was not completed until about 1777. During 1794, the Spanish governor, Manuel Munoz, secularized the mission, transferring some

TEXAS / Mission San Juan Capistrano property to Indians, and by February 1824, the entire mission was secularized by the Mexican government. The mission church was placed under the jurisdiction of the pastor of the San Fernando Church in San Antonio. Father Jose Antonio Diaz de Leon, the final Franciscan priest at the Mission San José, departed during that same year and the mission was abandoned. Mexican troops, however, did get deployed at the mission at various times. Subsequent to the Texas Revolution and its entry into the Union, the mission was reestablished when Benedictine priests arrived there from Pennsylvania during 1859. The Benedictine priests maintained the mission until 1868, when they returned to Pennsylvania. Afterward, during 1872, other priests (Holy Cross Fathers of Notre Dame) arrived and they remained at the mission for about 15 years. The mission’s church started to experience problems due to its age and during the early 1920s, the tower toppled. Nevertheless, within a few years a major construction project was initiated and by the latter 1930s, it had been restored. Meanwhile, the mission remained active. Priests from the Redemptorist order remained there from 1922 through 1931, when they were replaced by a return of the Franciscans. Subsequently, additional improvements were made to the mission. The Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo survived the ages and some tumultuous times. During 1941, the mission was declared a state and national historic site. Later, on 10 November 1978, it became part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Mission San Juan Bautista— Established in Mexico. Mission San Juan Capistrano— The Spanish established the Mission San Juan Capistrano during 1731 after the Mission San José de los Nazonis was relocated to a site in San Antonio, slightly more than 10 miles from the Alamo. At that time the relocated mission was renamed. The mission was in an isolated area, farther away from the other San Antonio mission, making it an easier target for Indian raids. Nevertheless, the mission remained active and although work was begun on a new church, the project was never completed. The priests there had to celebrate Mass in a room within the monastery. The mission was secularized by the Spanish during 1794. During the 1960s, the mission was refurbished and during 1972, the Mission San Juan Capistrano was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Later, during the 1980s, the mission became part of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz— The Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz was established by the Spanish during January 1762 in the vicinity of a settlement with the identical name. The mission emerged following the loss of the Mission San Sabá during 1758 and a series of events within the Spanish military. The commander of the Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas, Colonel Diego Ortiz Parilla, received blame for an unsuccessful campaign (Red River) during 1759. Consequently, he was relieved. His successor was Felipe de Rabago y Teran, who had been released from prison following eight years of captivity. Teran, the former commanding officer of the Presidio San Gabriel, was directed to move into the region between the San Saba River and New Mexico to establish a post and plant a Spanish presence in the area; however, Teran instead founded a settlement along the Nueches River near El Canon in Real County. The disobedience was not received well by the Spanish viceroy, Marques de Cruillas, who afterward withheld finances to support the endeavor. Nevertheless, the mission and settlement continued to exist. The Apaches there seemed more intent on using the Spanish troops as defenders rather than accept the Spaniards’ attempt to convert them. Later, during October 1766, the mission, defended by about 20 troops, was attacked by several hundred Comanches and other tribes, but the assault failed. Undaunted, the Indians mounted another assault during the following November and it, too, was turned back. By 1771,

536 the mission was abandoned and another mission, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria del Canon, in the same general area also was closed. Both missions were located near present-day Camp Wood, where the U.S. Army had established a post during 1857. Mission San Miguel— See Mission Socorro. Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes— The Spanish established Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes in East Texas during 1717 in an area inhabited by the Adaes Indians in the vicinity of present-day Robeline, Louisiana. During 1719, East Texas, an area coveted by the Spanish and the French, erupted in a conflict known as the Chicken War. The mission was seized by a small party of Frenchmen led by Philippe Blondel. The mission was the final one established in East Texas and the short conflict caused the Spanish to abandon all six of its East Texas missions. Afterward, the Spanish concentrated on South Texas until new efforts could be undertaken to regain East Texas. The troops and the missionary priests moved to San Antonio. The Spanish returned to the region during 1721 and at that time, a new post, the Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar, was established in close proximity to where Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes had been located. The newly established Mission Los Adaes remained active until 1773. Mission San Pedro de Alcantara— See Mission Socorro. Mission Santísimo Nombre de Maria— The Spanish established the Mission Santísimo Nombre de Maria in present-day Houston County during 1690. The mission was located along the Neches River about five miles from Mission San Francisco de los Tejas. The mission was destroyed by flood waters during 1692. The priests moved back to Mission San Francisco de los Tejas. Mission Socorro— The Spanish established the Mission Nuestra Senora de la Limpieza Concepción de Socorro del Sur during 1680. Initially it began as a camp at which the Spanish were able to provide protection for Piro Indians who were endangered during the Pueblo Revolt that erupted in New Mexico at that time. The mission was located at present-day Fabens near the Rio Grande on the outskirts of El Paso, about 15 miles from El Paso del Norte. The mission’s name was shortened to Mission La Purísima Concepción del Socorro and most often it is referred to as Mission Socorro. Later, about 1683, the Indians unsuccessfully attempted to murder the missionary priest and afterward, the mission was moved to a place closer to Ysleta. The mission, however, retained the same name. By 1691, the mission had been completed as a permanent facility. Nevertheless, the elements eventually took a toll on it as a strong storm swept through during 1740 and flooding destroyed the mission. The mission was rebuilt about four years later. Subsequently, during 1829, the river again wiped out the mission. At the time, the Mexicans had already gained their independence from Spain, which was not cordial to the Catholic Church. The Texans, however, won independence from Mexico during 1836. Later, during 1843, the primary part of the mission was constructed slightly northwest of where it had stood. The church was formed in the shape of a cross. The mission remains active and Masses are held in the mission church. The area is less than prosperous, but the parishioners remain active there. Other names for the mission included: San Pedro de Alcantara, La Limpia Concepción; La Purísima Concepción, San Miguel, and La Purísima. Mission Ysleta del Sur— See Mission Corpus Christi de la Isleta. Missions of San Antonio— See San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Moore’s Fort— John Henry Moore established a settler’s fort in the vicinity of La Grange (Fayette County) during 1828. Moore constructed his fort, actually a double blockhouse, to provide protection from Indian attacks.

537 Mustang Island Fort— A Spanish expeditionary force under Captain Joaquin Orobioy arrived at Mustang Island during 1747 and named the bay there San Miguel Arcangel Bay, which was later, during 1756, renamed Corpus Christi Bay when another expeditionary party, under Diego Ortiz Parrilla, arrived there. The Spanish brought horses (Mestenos) to the region, which brought about the island’s initial name, Wild Horse Island. During the Mexican War period, a minor fortification known as Mustang Island Fort was built there during 1846–1848 to defend the entrance to Aransas Bay. It remained active into the following year. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Union naval forces blockaded the region; however, no primary battles occurred there. Camp Semmes was established during the 1860s by the Confederates at Aransas (St. Joseph’s Island), just north of Mustang Island. The site of the fort on Mustang Island is now part of Mustang Island State Park, which is located slightly more than 20 miles southeast of Corpus Christi. Follow State Highway 358 toward Padre Island. Cross the JFK Causeway, and continue for about one mile to a traffic light. At the light, turn left onto State Highway 361 (formerly Park Road 53) and proceed north for about 5 miles until you reach the park. See also Camp Semmes. New Braunfels— The settlement (Prince Solms’ Estate) in Central Texas at New Braunfels was established during March 1845, when a party of German immigrants under the Adelsverein, led by Nicholas Zink, arrived there. The settlement was located along the route running between Austin and San Antonio. The pioneers established a camp along Comal Creek (Dry Comal Creek) in the vicinity of the convergence of the Comal and Guadalupe Rivers in Comal County. The Germans bolstered the settlement by building a stockade. Later, a permanent fort was constructed there. Old Fortin— See Fort Leaton. Old Stone Fort— See La Casa Piedra. Palmetto Ranch— See Palmito Ranch. Palmito Ranch— Confederates were posted at the Palmito Ranch during 1865. Union troops from Brazos Island clashed with Confederates there on 13 May 1865 while they were en route to Brownsville. The Union after the skirmish retired toward Brazos Island. The clash was the final skirmish of the Civil War. Parker’s Fort—See Fort Parker. Point Bolivar Forts— Point Bolivar (Bolivar Point), located on the western edge of the Bolivar peninsula (Galveston County), was used by a variety of people through the early years, beginning with the Indians and later by pirates, privateers and military forces. During 1816, an earthworks fortification was established there by Francisco Xavier Mina and during that same year, the French General Jean Humbert established his headquarters at a site he called Humbert Point. It is thought that Humbert Point was Bolivar Point. Another fortification, known as Fort Las Casas, was established there during 1821 by James Long. And yet another post, Fort Green, was established at Point Bolivar by the Confederates during the Civil War. Subsequently, during 1898, the U.S. Army established Fort Travis there. Port Lavaca— The area known as Port Lavaca in Calhoun County was initially named Lavaca when it was settled during the 1840s, following Indian raids that inflicted devastation at Linnville and prompted settlers there to relocate. During the 1860s, the Confederates fortified Lavaca and established an arsenal there. The Union launched a naval bombardment of the port-town during 31 October–1 November 1862, but the Confederate batteries along the bay held steady and the warships retired without seizing the objective. Subsequently, during December 1863, Union forces occupied Lavaca and remained in the Matagorda Bay area until June 1864.

Presidio la Bahía / TEXAS Post (at) Galveston— See Galveston Civil War Forts. Post (at) San Felipe— See Camp San Felipe. Post Colorado— See Colorado Stations. Post of Austin— See Austin. Post (of ) San Felipe— See Camp San Felipe. Post (on) Hamilton Creek— See Fort Croghan. Post on the Rio Llano—See Fort Terrett. Post West Bernard Station— See Colorado Stations. Presidio de la Virgen de los Dolores de Texas— See Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas. Presidio de los Dolores— See Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas. Presidio de los Tejas— See Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas. Presidio de Nuestra Señora de las Caldas de Guajoquilla— See Presidio of San Elizario. Presidio de Nuestra Señora de la Bahía del Espíritu Santo— See Presidio la Bahía. Presidio de San Xavier de Gigedo— The Spanish established the Presidio de San Xavier de Gigedo (known also as Presidio San Francisco Xavier) in the vicinity of present-day Rockdale (Milam County) during 1751. A contingent under Captain Felipe de Rabago y Teran arrived to build the presidio during December of that year. The presidio was built along the San Xavier River (later, San Gabriel River) in conjunction with three missions established in that region (Central Texas) along the San Xavier. The missions were: San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas, San Ildefonso and Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria. During August 1755, the presidio and the missions were relocated along the San Marcos River. By the following year, the necessity for a presidio at San Xavier had been eliminated following peace with the Apaches. In conjunction the Spanish, at that time, began the project to establish a presidio and a mission (Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba) in the Apache territory. The missions along the San Marcos were abandoned; however, the Indians there convinced the Spaniards to maintain a mission on their land. In response, the Mission San Francisco Xavier on the Guadalupe was established. Presidio del Norte— Located in Mexico. Presidio la Bahía— During 1721, a contingent of Frenchmen under Bernard de la Harpe arrived at La Bahía del Espíritu Santo (Bay of the Holy Spirit), later known as Matagorda Bay, to initiate a French settlement, but the Spanish took offense at the action and constructed a presidio there to enunciate their claim to the area, which the Spanish referred to as the New Philippines. The Spanish established Presidio la Bahía during 1722 in the vicinity of Port Lavaca. A contingent of Spanish troops led by Domingo Ramon established the presidio in the vicinity of where French Fort St. Louis had earlier been established by an expeditionary force under Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. In conjunction, during 1722, in addition to the establishment of the presidio, the Mission Nuestra Senora de la Bahía del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga (known as Mission La Bahía) was also established on the opposite bank of the creek. The original name for the presidio was Nuestra Señora Santa María de Loreto de la Bahía del Espíritu Santo. In conjunction, both the mission and the presidio were moved a couple of times to more tenable ground further inland. During 1726, they were moved to Victoria County along the Guadalupe River in Mission Valley, and finally, during

TEXAS / Presidio Nuestra Señora 1749, the mission and presidio were relocated along the San Antonio River near Goliad (also known as La Bahía). Two other Spanish missions located nearby, Nuestra Señora del Rosario and Nuestra Señora del Refugio, were at times associated with Mission La Bahía. Consequently the trio was referred to as the La Bahía Missions. During 1726, the presidio was relocated at Mission Valley and afterward, during 1749, yet again, the presidio was relocated. The final move placed the presidio at Goliad from where it could provide protection for the Mission Nuestra Señora de Espíritu de Zúñiga. The presidio remained active beyond Spanish rule, which terminated with the independence of Mexico during 1821. During the struggle by the Texans to gain independence from Mexico, the Mexican Army accepted the surrender of a contingent of Texans under Captain James Fannin there during 1836. At the time, the Texans also referred to the presidio as Fort Goliad. Afterward, the Texans were executed. The presidio fell into a period of ruin during the 1830s, but the Catholic Church regained the chapel there during 1853 and Masses were again celebrated there. The chapel became known as the La Bahía Mission, which brought about some confusion as it was separate from the Mission La Bahía. During the 1960s, the presidio and the chapel were reconstructed and they are now part of the Goliad State Historic Park. The presidio was known by several other names, which were: Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto la Bahía de Espíritu Santo, Presidio Santa María de Loreto de la Bahía and Presidio de Nuestra Señora de la Bahía del Espíritu Santo. Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto la Bahía de Espíritu Santo— See Presidio la Bahía. Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas— The Spanish established the Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas (known also as Presidio de los Dolores and as Presidio de los Tejas) during 1716 in East Texas along the Neches River. The presidio was located along the east bank of the river at a position from which it could protect the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas, which was on the opposite bank of the river. Subsequently, during 1719, French forces moved into the region and compelled the Spanish to abandon the presidio. Later, during 1721, the Spanish reestablished the presidio there in a different location, less than five miles from the Angelina River, and near another mission, the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainai. The Spanish there were later convinced that there was no danger from hostile Indians and during 1729, the presidio was abandoned. Soon after the presidio was removed, three missions in the region — Mission San Francisco de los Neches, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainai and Mission San José de los Nazonis — relocated along the Colorado River and afterward they relocated at San Antonio. Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes— The Presidio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes was founded by the Spanish during 1721 in East Texas in the vicinity of present-day Robeline, Louisiana. The presidio remained active until 1770 and was abandoned once Spain acquired Louisiana, eliminating the necessity of having a presidio there. The presidio provided protection for the Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes. Presidio of Texas— See Presidio Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Tejas. Presidio of San Eleceario— See Presidio of San Elizario. Presidio of San Elizario— The Presidio of San Elizario was established by the Spanish during 1789 on the outskirts of El Paso (off present-day I-10). The presidio came about after it was suggested during the latter part of the 1760s that the Presidio Nuestra Senora de las Caldas de Guajoquilla at Jimenez, Chihuahua, Mexico, be re-

538 located at the Valley of San Eleceario. The presidio was moved in order to provide protection for the settlements at Ysleta and at nearby Socorro. The military complex was bolstered by adobe walls and included a guardhouse, barracks, officers’ quarters and a chapel. Subsequently, during the 1800s, Captain Zebulon Pike led an expedition which placed him in Mexican territory where his party was intercepted by a Mexican force. Pike and his party were escorted to the presidio and from there to Mexico before being escorted back to U.S. territory. The Mexicans gained independence from Spain during 1821. The presidio thereafter remained active, but the area came under a period of poverty from which it still hasn’t fully recovered. Later, during 1836, Texas won its independence from Mexico. A U.S. Army contingent was deployed at the presidio beginning in 1849 and troops remained there until 1851; however, it was in poor condition. Presidio San Agustin de Ahumada— The Spanish established the Presidio San Agustin de Ahumada (also known as El Orcoquisac) on the east side of the Trinity River in the vicinity of present-day Wallisville, less than 50 miles west of Beaumont (Chambers County), in conjunction with the Mission Nuestra Senora de la Luz. The mission was established where a French trading post had earlier operated. A strong hurricane overwhelmed the area on 4 September 1766 and ravaged the complex. A new presidio was built several miles from the original site. The presidio was abandoned during 1771. The site is located in Wallisville Heritage Park. Presidio San Antonio de Bejar (Bexar)— On 5 May 1718, the Spanish established the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar at San Antonio at a place along the west side of the San Antonio River near the Mission San Antonio de Valero (later, the mission chapel became known as the Alamo). About four years later, the Spanish reconstructed the fort at a spot closer to the mission on the opposite bank of the river. The fort was located in an area that frequently came under attack by the Indians, but a stockade was never constructed. Nonetheless, the garrison usually numbered less than 50 troops until about 1772, when additional soldiers were dispatched there from other posts. Nevertheless, the garrison held responsibility for providing protection for five separate missions in addition to protecting the highways and providing escorts. The fresh troops arrived there following the abandonment of several presidios: San Sabá, San Agustin de Ahumada, and Nuestra Señora del Pilar de los Adaes. Following the closure of those posts, San Antonio was considered New Spain’s northernmost post. The presidio garrison at that time numbered about 80 troops. Of those, 20 troops were to be deployed at Cibolo Creek from where they could provide protection for the ranches there and maintain contact with La Bahía Mission. The changes along the Spanish frontier also included making the commander at San Antonio the governor of the province. During 1805, the governor, Manuel Antonio Cordero, concluded that San Antonio required new defenses and he initiated the construction of a stockade which began to spring up at the northern and northeastern perimeter of the city. Cordero also laid plans to establish a stockade, but the plans changed and the entire project was aborted. By 1806, the troops were deployed on the east bank of the river near the Alamo, which became the primary defensive post for the Spanish, who utilized its thick walls; however, the Spanish also erected a forward outpost on the opposite side of the river, less than two miles from the Alamo. The Mexicans were driven from the Alamo during 1835, but following the massacre at the Alamo during March 1836, they again held it until June 1836, when Texas independence was acknowledged by Mexico. On 4 June, the garrison capitulated. Subsequently, the Mexicans seized San Antonio during September 1842. On 18 September of that same year, a force of Texans under Colonel Matthew Caldwell was engaged against a force of Mexicans at Salado Creek. Another

539

Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas / TEXAS Presidio San Gregorio de Cerralvo— Located in Mexico. Presidio San Juan Bautista— Located in Mexico.

Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas— The Spanish established Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas, known also as Presidio San Sabá, during April 1757 in the vicinity of Menard on the north bank of the San Saba River. The Presidio San Xavier was ordered to be abandoned during September 1756 and afterward, the garrison transferred to the new post which was established to provide protection for the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá from which the missionary priests were working among the Lipan Apaches. Prior to relocating at the San Sabá location, the presidio was temporarily located at the San Marcos River. During April 1757, the missionary priests arrived to establish a mission (Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá) there, on the south side of the river. The The Alamo, Texas, a rear view — Photograph, Seniram collection mission was located less than five miles from the presidio, which was built on the oppoforce, under Captain Nicholas M. Dawson, without awaiting addisite side of the river. The area came under minor attacks by early Jantional forces that were trailing, attempted to break through Mexiuary of the following year, but later, during 1758, the presidio was can lines to reinforce Captain Matthew Caldwell. Ironically, Dawstruck by a huge force of Indians, estimated at about 2,000 braves. son was of the belief that Caldwell was in dire need of help, but his On 16 March 1758, eight people including two priests were killed at command was faring well. Nevertheless, Dawson’s 53-man continthe mission, but about 25 to 30 people at the mission were able to gent was devastated when it was attacked by a force of about 500 escape and reach safety at the presidio. A contingent from the precavalry troops, bolstered by two artillery pieces. Dawson, when considio made it into the mission after dark and escorted them to the fronted by the overwhelming numbers, ordered his men to dismount fort. The presidio, protected by only about 30 troops, excluding and make a stand. Meanwhile, Caldwell was unable to reach Dawseveral hundred citizens, was not attacked. Subsequently, during the son and the trailing contingent under Billingsley was also too slim autumn of the following year, a contingent of Spaniards from the to reach Dawson. Consequently, the command was doomed. Dawpresidio moved into northern Texas to retaliate, but the mission son’s troops raised fierce resistance and turned back a charge; howfailed. Afterward, the commander, Ortiz Parrilla, was relieved and ever, the artillery took a high toll. Dawson finally attempted to surreplaced by Captain Manuel Rodriguez. Later, during 1760, Rorender, but was killed while making the attempt. Another man, driguez was succeeded by Felipe de Rabago y Teran. During Teran’s Alsey S. Miller, picked up the white cloth and attempted to move tenure at the presidio, it was reinforced. He demolished the wooden toward the Mexicans and he, too, was fired upon. Miller, however, buildings and replaced them with stone structures and he installed used the speed of his horse to drive through the Mexicans and esfour bastions at the corner of the post. In addition, a moat was dug cape. Thirty-six men of the 53-man contingent were killed. Anaround the perimeter of the presidio. Nonetheless, the Comanches other 15 were captured and two, including Miller, escaped. The remained a nemesis of the Spanish. By 1767, the presidio and the misother was Henry Gonzales Woods, the son of Zadock Woods. Of the sion had both sustained wear and tear and conditions there were ex15 captives, only nine were returned to Texas. The Texans are retremely poor. Requests by the commander to relocate the presidio ported to have killed about 60–70 Mexicans and wounded about 70 to the Mission San Lorenzo were rejected; however, conditions conduring the lopsided fight. The Mexicans, within two additional days, tinued to worsen and food supplies became more scarce. Those hardterminated the effort to invade Texas and recrossed the Rio Grande ships were compounded by continued Indian raids and the arrival to return to Mexico. Texas joined the Union during 1845 and durof an epidemic that swept through the region during 1768. Captain ing the same year the post there was named Fort San Antonio. That Teran by that time disregarded the previous rejections to abandon post was active throughout the Mexican War and remained operathe presidio and took it upon himself to leave without orders. Durtional during the 1850s. In conjunction, during the Mexican War peing June of that year, the garrison and those at the mission moved riod, Camp Crockett was located in San Antonio. The post, after the to the Mission San Lorenzo along the Nueches River. Subsequently, Civil War, was used as a supply depot until 1879, when Fort Sam Teran was relieved of duty at San Lorenzo and replaced by Captain Houston was established in San Antonio. San Antonio was also the Manuel Antonio de Oca y Aleman during April 1769. In conjunclocation of the Military Plaza, a Spanish installation that included tion, during 1771, while the Spanish were lacking sufficient troops barracks which were used by U.S. troops while on duty there. The at many places, the garrison at Presidio San Lorenzo was dispatched Governor’s Palace was located in the Plaza. For more information: to several other presidios, some at San Antonio and others in MexAlamo Plaza, San Antonio, Texas 78205. ico. Although Captain Teran abandoned Presidio San Sabá during 1768, the Spanish government did not officially authorize its abandonment until 1772. During the 1930s, a portion of the presidio was Presidio San Francisco Xavier— See Presidio de San Xavier de reconstructed. Gigedo.

TEXAS / Sabine Pass Military Reservation Presidio San Sabá—See Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas. Presidio Santa María de Loreto de la Bahía— See Presidio la Bahía. Rancho de los Mosquitos— See Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio. Ringgold Barracks— See Fort Ringgold. Rio Grande Station— See Fort Duncan. Sabine Pass Military Reservation (Harbor Defenses)— The U.S. established coastal defenses at Sabine Pass during 1898 as part of the U.S. Coastal Defenses. The post was located at Texas Point. Several unarmed batteries were there during the period 1898–1899. Other guns were subsequently added, including antiaircraft guns that were posted at Point Arthur during World War II. Also, Camp Arthur was established there during 1917 and it remained active until the following year. St. Joseph’s Island— St. Joseph’s Island (San Jose Island) in the vicinity of Galveston was fortified by the U.S. during 1845–1846 during the Mexican War period. Later, during the Civil War, the Confederates established Camp Semmes there. San Antonio Arsenal— The U.S. Army established a federal arsenal in San Antonio during 1859 for the purpose of supplying the various frontier outposts. The Confederates seized the arsenal during 1861. Subsequent to the termination of the conflict the arsenal was again occupied by U.S. forces. It remained active until 1949 and was a primary supply depot during both world wars. Later, during the 1970s, the City of San Antonio acquired part of the abandoned post and afterward opened a park there. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park— The San Antonio Missions National Historical Park was created during November 1978. The missions under the National Parks system include the sites of Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purísima Concepcion, Mission San Juan Capistrano and the Mission San Francisco de la Espada. In conjunction, the fifth mission established at San Antonio, the Mission San Antonio de Valero, more popularly known as the Alamo, is not under the jurisdiction of the National Parks. San Luis de las Amarillas Presidio— See Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas. South Battery— See Galveston Civil War Forts. Spanish Fort— Spanish Fort was actually a name given to the town which was established near the Chisholm Trail, slightly south of the Red River in the north central sector of Montague County; however, the fortification there had actually been a Taovaya Indian fort, later attributed to the Spanish by settlers who arrived there during 1859. The settlers discovered the remains of a fort and articles there that seemed to be of Spanish origin. Nevertheless, it was inhabited by the Taovayas and the Spanish artifacts most probably arrived there after being taken from various Spanish regions. The Spanish did move against the fort during 1759, according to reports of the time. Following an Indian raid against the Presidio San Saba (also known as Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas), a force of a few hundred troops led by Colonel Diego Ortiz Parrilla attacked the Indians (Comanches and Taovayas) there. However, resistance was steadfast and after a prolonged fight, the Spanish retired. The Taovayas force was estimated at about 6,000 warriors and, as it is told, they had a French flag flying at the fort. The Spanish were not able to topple the defenses, which included a moat and a stockade. The Indians, after the

540 victory, were able to further bolster their fort, as the Spanish abandoned their supplies and two cannons. The Indians later, during the early 1770s, agreed to peace with the Spanish. During 1778, the Spanish were able to peacefully regain the two pieces of artillery. The Spanish lieutenant governor of the Natchitoches region at the time named the region San Teodoro, from which the fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Teodoro or Fort San Teodoro. By the early 1800s, in conjunction with American expansion following the American Revolution and the acquisition of Louisiana from the Spanish, the Americans began to reach the region. Meanwhile, the Indians had been struck by a previously unknown disease, smallpox, which began to devastate them during 1778. By the early 1840s, the stronghold at San Teodoro was abandoned by the Indians. Settlers continued arriving in the region following the initial arrivals during 1859, and by the 1870s the town of Burlington emerged in the vicinity of San Teodoro and it had become a stopping place for water as herds of cattle were being driven toward the Chisholm Trail. The name Burlington was turned down as an official name when the townspeople attempted to get a post office in their town during 1876. The town afterward became known as Spanish Fort. The town soon became notorious due to the lack of law and order. Murders were commonplace as the town became a refuge for bandits and outlaws as well as cowboys. Spanish Fort was bypassed by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway. Afterward, as the cattlemen changed their routes to points farther west, tranquility returned to San Teodoro. No traces of the fort remain and the old town itself is essentially a ghost town, with few inhabitants. Station Colorado— See Colorado Stations. Sweetwater City Trading Post— A trading post known as Sweetwater City Trading Post emerged in the vicinity of Fort Elliott. See also Fort Elliott. Viejo Pass— On 12 June 1880, a small contingent composed of Lieutenant Frank H. Mills of the U.S. 24th Infantry Regiment and four scouts (Pueblo Indians) clashed with and fought off a larger group of Indians at Viejo Pass in what became the final Apache raid in Presidio County. Subsequently, during the early 1900s, Camp Holland was established there to deal with Mexican bandits. Camp Holland’s buildings, including the barracks and officers’ quarters, were composed of stone. By the 1920s, the camp was no longer required as the border problems had subsided. Woods’ Fort— Woods’ Fort was established by Zadock Woods along the Colorado River at West Pont in the vicinity of La Grange. Woods, a New Englander born in Massachusetts, arrived in Texas after first living in Vermont and Missouri; the latter place was where had also established a fort at Woodville (Troy, Missouri), during the War of 1812. Woods settled in Fayette County following a financial investment that was unsuccessful. Woods built a fortified house which was known as Woods Fort and as Woods’ Prairie during 1828. The settler’s fort remained active until 1842 and was used by other pioneers who settled in the region when the danger of Indian attacks arose. During the Texas Revolution, the fort was temporarily abandoned when the settlers abandoned the area (Runaway Scrape) as the Mexican army under Santa Anna was sweeping through the region during 1836. In conjunction, Woods’ son, Leander, was killed during fighting against the Mexicans at Velasco during 1832. Zadock Woods and two other sons, Norman and Henry G., also participated with the Texas Army of the Republic. Zadock was killed and his son Norman was fatally wounded and captured during the Dawson Massacre near San Antonio (18 September 1842).

541

Camp Battle Creek / UTAH

UTAH Bear River Fort— During 1866, a group of Mormons (Scandinavian converts) were directed by the Mormon church to establish a settlement along the Bear River at what became Bear River City. The settlement was located less than 10 miles south of Tremonton. The settlers established dugouts to be used as residences, but there was no actual fort built there. Beaver Canyon Post— See Fort Cameron. Big Fort— See Fort Manti. Bingham’s Fort— Bingham’s Fort was established slightly west of Five Points at the northwestern tip of Ogden by a Mormon bishop, Erastus Bingham, during the early 1850s (1854–1855). The fort stood in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of 2nd Street and Wall Avenue. The settler’s fort was directed by Brigham Young. The fort was built to provide safety from Indian attacks. During 1864, nearly 750 people were at Bingham’s Fort. Some reports indicate that the fort was erected during 1853; however, following an incident at Harrisville during September 1850, when an Indian and a settler were killed, settlers at Harrisville were told to move to Bingham’s Fort. It is probable that Bingham’s place was further fortified during 1853. During 1853, more than 700 people were at Bingham’s Fort. By 1856, the threat of Indian attacks subsided. At about that time, the mud walls of the fort were eliminated. In conjunction, several of the original houses built within the fort still stand. Black Rock Station— Black Rock Station was a Pony Express station that is thought to have been located between Dugway Station and Fish Springs Station. However, the station was not listed on the government 1861 mail contract. Boyd’s Station— Boyd’s Station is thought to have been a Pony Express station. It was located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek, but there is no evidence to validate its existence as a Pony Express Relay Station and it wasn’t listed on the 1861 mail contract. The station was also known as Butte or Desert Station and was operated by Bid Boyd. Brown’s Fort— See Fort Buenaventura. Burnt Canyon Station— Burnt Canyon Station was a Pony Express station located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek, but the exact location remains unknown. Possible locations included Blood or Overland Canyon and possibly Clifton Flat. The Pony Express ceased operations during 1861. Later, during 1863, the settlers at Canyon Station were attacked by Indians and killed. The Indians also destroyed other buildings there. Subsequently, during that same year, other settlers built a fortification near Overland Canyon and formed it in a circular shape. It became known as Round Station. Bush Valley Station— See Faust’s Station. Buttermilk Fort— Buttermilk Fort was a settlement established by Mormon settlers near Cedar Springs, later Buttermilk Springs, in the vicinity of Holden during the early 1850s. The town of Holden received the name of Holden in about 1866 in honor of two members of the Holden family who were discovered dead (frozen to death during a blizzard). Call’s Fort— Call’s Fort was established near Call’s Fort Canyon in the vicinity of Brigham City (Honeyville, Box Elder County) by

Anson Call during 1853–1854. A stone monument commemorates the Mormon settler’s fort. The fort was located about 10 miles form the Beaver River Crossing of the Salt Lake Cutoff (Oregon Trail). Anson Call apparently relocated in Utah to fulfill a prophecy of Joseph Smith, made in July 1843, that he would “come to the Rocky Mountains” to help construct cities across the country. Initially, Anson Call constructed a house at Bountiful (North Canyon ward), where he was the bishop of the Latter-day Saints during 1849–1850. Camp Ashley— Camp Ashley, a trading post, was established at what later became Provo during the spring of 1825 by a party of American fur trappers led by Johnson Gardner on behalf of William H. Ashley. The mountain men traveled westward along the Strawberry River and eventually reached Weber Canyon. At about the same time, the Hudson Bay Company was in the region and that party established Mountain Green Post. In addition, a French trader, Etienne Proveau, was trapping in the same area. Proveau was authorized to operate there by the government of Mexico in what at the time was considered to be under Mexican jurisdiction due to the terms of a previous treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819), which agreed that the territory south of the 42nd Parallel was part of Mexico. Nonetheless, the Americans intended to remain there, as did the English. The English and the American rivals initially operated in the area without conflict, but by May the situation intensified as the two opposing companies were encamped close to one another. The Americans hoisted the Stars and Stripes with a claim that the territory belonged to the United States. The British protested, indignantly claiming the territory was under joint possession of England and the United States. As violence neared, the Americans prevailed. Gardner had succeeded in persuading some of the Hudson Bay people to abandon the Hudson Bay Company. At that point, Peter Ogden, who had ignored Gardner’s demand to abandon the post, had few options. He abandoned his Mountain Green Post and moved to Flathead Post. In conjunction, the town of Provo was named after the French trader who had arrived from New Mexico during the rivalry between the Americans and the English. Camp Battle Creek— Some Mormon settlers arrived in the Cache Valley near Beaver Creek (later Battle Creek) in what later became known as Pleasant Grove in about 1849, but by the 1860s, many more settlers began arriving there. During either the latter part of 1849 or early 1850, a party of Mormons, thought to have been former members of the Mormon Battalion, killed a Ute chief, known as Old Bishop, and disposed of his body in the Provo River. Later, other Utes discovered his remains and the incident ignited open warfare. Other incidents included a fight between the Mormons and Utes in which four Utes were killed during the spring of 1849 at Beaver Creek. On 29 January 1863, a contingent of California Volunteers commanded by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor attacked and defeated a force of Shoshone and Bannock Indians at their winter camp at the convergence of Beaver Creek and Bear River in close proximity to the Idaho-Utah border (Battle of Bear River). The Indians held good positions behind a high bank on the eastern side of the creek. The attack began just prior to dawn, but within two hours, the Indians had depleted their ammunition. The attack continued and when it finally ended, more than 200 Indians and possibly as many as 250 were killed. The casualties included nearly 100 women and children. It was subsequent to the 1863 battle that Beaver Creek

UTAH / Camp Bingham Creek became known as Battle Creek. In conjunction, Colonel Connor was promoted to the rank of brigadier general effective March 1863. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, Connor remained in the service. Connor established Fort Connor (later Fort Reno) in Wyoming during August 1865. During 1866, following the loss of his command, he retired in Salt Lake City and established a newspaper there. Camp Beaver— See Fort Cameron. Camp Bingham Creek— Camp Bingham Creek was actually a settlement moreso than a military camp, although some soldiers from Fort Douglas were there during the 1860s. During 1848, two Mormons, Thomas and Sanford Bingham, were sent to what became known as Bingham Canyon by Brigham Young. The Bingham brothers took horses belonging to them and others that belonged to Brigham Young and established a cabin along a creek slightly below the entrance to the canyon. The Bingham brothers remained there and discovered ore in the area, but the Mormons discouraged mining, believing it would bring in outsiders. By about the following year, the Binghams moved to what became Weber County. Meanwhile, a sawmill was established nearby at West Jordan. Later, during 1863, a party including troops from Fort Douglas discovered ore in the vicinity of Bingham Canyon and the news was forwarded to Colonel Connor at Fort Douglas. Afterward, Colonel Connor had the finds verified and it was found that the ore contained gold and silver. Soon after, Colonel Connor began to oversee the operations of what was known as the West Mountain Mining District. Connor encouraged the mining and he intended to bring about an influx of settlers that were not Mormons. Troops from Fort Douglas were also permitted to mine for gold; however, it was not actually a military camp during 1864, merely a mining operation at Bingham Creek. Later, during 1873, the railroad (Utah Central) arrived in the area and the mining industry, which had nearly vanished, was reinvigorated. Camp Douglas— See Fort Douglas. Camp Floyd— On 12 April 1858, Governor Alfred Cumming arrived in Salt Lake City to negotiate with the Mormons; however, the city was essentially empty except for a few Mormon troops who remained to burn the city if the U.S. Army attempted to seize it. An agreement was reached with Brigham Young, whereby the Mormons accepted the government of the U.S. In turn, President Buchanan agreed to grant pardons to the Mormons who pledged allegiance to the U.S. In addition, the Mormons accepted the presence of U.S. troops in the territory. Camp Floyd was established less than 50 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Cedar Valley near Fairfield. Fort Floyd, named in honor of the secretary of war at the time, John B. Floyd, was completed during November 1858. The Mormon Rebellion never ignited. The U.S. force that was in Utah to suppress the potential insurrection was under the command of General Albert Sidney Johnston (future Confederate general). The Mormons also accepted peace commissioners. Two men, Lazarus W. Powell and Ben McCulloch, were commissioned. McCulloch, a Texan, later became a Confederate general. In conjunction, at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, Camp Floyd became Fort Crittenden, but soon after it was abandoned as the troops were needed in the East for the war effort. The secretary of war, John B. Floyd, had thrown his loyalty to the Confederacy during 1860, bringing about the new name for Camp Floyd. During the summer of 1861, the U.S. Army contingent destroyed the arms and ammunition that could not be transported and that same year, the government auctioned off other items at the fort. Also, the Pony Express operated a station at Camp Floyd. For more information: Camp Floyd-Stagecoach Inn State Park, P.O. Box 446, Riverton, Utah 84065.

542 Camp Rawlins— Camp Rawlins was established in the vicinity of Provo during 1870. The post remained active until 1871. During its period of operation, an incident occurred during September of 1870 when between 40 and 50 soldiers, following an apparent drinking session, left the post and entered the town of Provo. The troops took their weapons and their bayonets and created much terror as they surrounded some Mormon residences and demanded that they come out, after accusing them of being the “murderers” responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre. The troops afterward returned to the camp and no action was taken against them. Some Mormons were mistreated, but none were murdered. Camp Relief— Camp Relief was established during 1854 at Rush Valley on Rush Lake by a contingent of California Volunteers (artillery contingent) commanded by Colonel Edward Steptoe. Canyon Station Post— Canyon Station Post was established during the 1860s in the vicinity of Skull Valley near Goshute. During the operating days of the Pony Express, the riders moved through the Goshute Nation territory and it was considered especially hostile. The Pony Express operated between 1860–1861, running mail from St. Louis to California. Canyon Station (present-day Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge) was an outpost for the U.S. Army. During 1863, Indians attacked the station and destroyed it. The Overland Stage agent there and the small military contingent of about four troops was also killed. Subsequently, during October of that same year, peace was achieved with the Goshute tribe, terminating what was known as the Goshute War. Cedar Fort— See Fort Cedar. Cove Fort— As early as 1849, Brigham Young dispatched parties into the Salt Lake Valley on exploration missions, but it was not until 1867 that Young directed that a fort be established there. During April 1867, Brigham Young instructed Ira Hinckley to build a fort at Cove Creek. The fort was established as a place where the Mormons moving between Nevada and Idaho would have a place to pause. The route traveled upon which the fort was built was known as the Mormon Corridor. The fort was constructed of volcanic rock and limestone, with construction beginning during April. The project was completed during November 1867. The fort remained active for about 20 years. Subsequently, during the early 1900s, the fort was acquired by the Kesler family and later by the Hinckley family. During the latter part of the twentieth century, the fort was presented to the Mormon Church (Latter-day Saints) and it was afterward restored. Cove Fort is located near the junction of I-70 and I-15. Crandall Fort— See Rockport Fort. Davis Fort— Davis Fort, sometimes known as Fort Davis, was established by Mormon settlers in the vicinity of Brigham City during 1851. During the spring of 1851, William Davis and several others arrived at Box Elder Creek and established a line of log cabins known as Davis Fort. The complex was abandoned for other quarters during 1852, due in great part to bug infestation of the fort. Later, during 1853, orders from Brigham Young arrived at the settlement, instructing the settlers there to move from their quarters into a new fort due to the threat of Indian attacks. The Mormons then built a second fort (Call’s Fort) there and bolstered it with a wall or stockade on three sides, leaving one side facing southward without a protective enclosure. Brigham City emerged from the settlement. Davis Station (Pony Express Station)— See Government Creek Station. Deep Creek Station— Deep Creek Station operated as a Pony Express Station (1860–1861) and afterward it became an Overland Stage

543 Stop. The station was located in western Utah (Tooele County) in the vicinity of Ibapah. Howard Egan, a division superintendent, maintained his home at the station. The station manager was Harrison Sevier. During October 1860, an Englishman, Sir Richard Burton, stopped at the Deep Creek Station and made some unflattering remarks about its sanitary conditions in his journal. Dugout Joe’s Station— See Dugout Station. Dugout Station— Dugout Station, known also as Dugout Joe’s Station, was established as a Pony Express station and it was listed on the 1861 mail contract as a relay post. The station was located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek. Subsequent to the cessation of the Pony Express operations during 1861, the station continued as a stagecoach stop. The station was operated by Joseph Dorton. Dugway Station— Dugway Station was a Pony Express station located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek and it is thought that it was about 10 miles from River Bed Station. The station was listed on the government mail contract of 1861. East Rush Valley Station— East Rush Valley Station was known also as Pass Station and Five Mile Pass Station. It was thought that the station was a Pony Express station, but it was not listed on the 1861 mail contract. The exact location of the station is unknown, but it was between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek, possibly between Rush Valley and Camp Floyd (Fort Crittenden). Echo Canyon Breastworks— The Mormons constructed breastworks at Echo Canyon in the vicinity of Echo during 1857 when the Mormons were preparing to defend against the U.S. Army, which was sent to Utah to deal with the Mormons and suppress an anticipated rebellion. The insurrection never occurred. Fairview— The Mormons established Fairview during 1859. The settlement was located in the vicinity of the convergence of Cottonwood Creek and the San Pitch River in the northeastern sector of Sanpete Valley (Sanpete County). During the mid–1860s, while the Black Hawk War was ongoing, many settlers at Fairview relocated at Mount Pleasant to gain more safety from Indian attacks; however, some remained. Subsequently, during 1866, it was decided to establish a fort at Fairview. The citizens erected a tall wall, composed of rock, that stood about 10 feet high and encircled the center of the town. Farmington Stockade— The Mormons established a small settlement in what became Farmington during 1847–1848, when Hector C. Haight arrived with some cattle to spend the winter there in the lowlands near the Wasatch Mountains. Haight selected a site in the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake near a stream which was named North Cottonwood. During 1854–1855, the settlers there erected a stockade (mud wall) that protected part of the settlement. Farr’s Fort— Farr’s Fort, a Mormon settler’s fort, was established in Ogden at about the same time a grist mill was established there in about 1850. Farr’s Fort was located in the vicinity of the present-day intersection of 12th Street and Canyon Road. The Mormons never finished the construction of the fort’s walls, leaving the north side unprotected. Farr’s Fort was one of four forts established in the vicinity of Ogden. The others were Bingham’s Fort, Fort Ogden and Mound Fort. Faust’s Station— Faust’s Station operated as a Pony Express station. The station was established during 1858 by George Chorpenning in the Rush Valley, thought to have been located slightly west of Salt Lake City. The station was acquired by Henry J. Faust, known as “Doc.” Doc Faust continued to operate the station after the Pony Express ceased operations during 1861, using it as a ranch on which

Fort Buenaventura / UTAH he raised horses for sale to the army. Other names attributed to the station included Rush Valley Station, Bush Valley Station, and Meadow Creek Station. Subsequently, during 1870, Faust left the station and relocated in Salt Lake City. Fish Springs Station— Fish Springs Station operated as a Pony Express station about 10 miles from Black Rock Station. The station was listed on the government mail contract of 1861. Other names for the station included Smith Station and Fresh Station. The station site later became part of a ranch that was established there by John Thomas. In conjunction, the Pony Express station was located where the Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge is presently located. Five Mile Pass Station—See East Rush Valley Station. Fort Bear River— See Bear River Fort. Fort Berryville— See Glendale. Fort Bonaventura— See Fort Buenaventura. Fort Bridger— Fort Bridger was established by Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez during 1842. The trading post was located at Blacks Fork, west of Ham’s Fork of the Green River. The fort became a resupply station for pioneers. The fort’s ownership remained unchallenged until the arrival in 1847 of the Mormon pioneers, who settled 104 miles southwest of the fort in the Salt Lake Valley. Later, the Mormons pressured Bridger. During August 1853, a contingent of Mormon militia led by William H. Kimball moved against Fort Bridger. The alarm was sent to Bridger, who was able to abandon the post prior to the arrival of the militia. The militia supposedly acted on the grounds that whiskey and ammunition were being sold to the Indians. In Bridger’s absence, the militia discovered no ammunition, but they did find the whiskey. Soon after, during October of that same year, the Mormons returned to Fort Bridger and en route, the force established Fort Supply. In the meantime, Jim Bridger complained to the U.S. government, claiming he received death threats from the Mormons and he also stated that a large quantity of his supplies had been stolen by the Mormons. Subsequently, during August 1855, Bridger agreed to sell the post to the Mormons. The Mormons had essentially had possession of the fort and had constructed a wall of stone around the post. All the while, tension mounted between the Mormons and the U.S. government. During November 1857, the U.S. Army, under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, arrived at Fort Bridger, but it and Fort Supply had been destroyed by the Mormons. Having few options, Johnston established Camp Scott to provide quarters for the force, which would have to deal with nasty elements until spring. The Mormons, in addition to destroying the fort, also made it difficult for the troops to find food. The force under Johnston was accompanied by a guide, Jim Bridger. The U.S. Army had arrived to terminate the problems with the Mormons and to suppress an anticipated insurrection. The site of Fort Bridger is now in Wyoming. Fort Bridger, from 1850 to 1858, was in the Utah Territory. However, the location was in doubt after the Utah War of 1857–58. The northeast corner of the territory was gradually taken by Wyoming territorial officials, both army and civilian, and it was officially annexed when Wyoming became a state in 1868. Fort Buenaventura— Fort Buenaventura (Fort Bonaventura) was established during the early 1840s as a trading post by Miles Goodyear in the vicinity of Ogden, less than 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. In about 1839, Goodyear married the daughter of Pe-teetneet, a Ute chief. Goodyear and his wife, Pomona, later, had two children (William and Mary Eliza). The post was established during 1845, and Goodyear completed it by the following year. Four cabins were constructed within the stockade, at the four corners of the complex. During 1847, the Mormons acquired Fort Buenaventura

UTAH / Fort Cameron and took possession of it during March 1848. Afterward, the settlement became known as Brownsville, after James Brown, the Mormon representative who acquired the post. The fort then became known as Brown’s Fort. The post was relocated to a new site, just slightly southeast of the original post, but on a higher elevation to keep it safe from possible flooding of the Weber River. Later, during 1850, Brownsville was renamed Ogden. A replica fort is now located in the Fort Buenaventura State Park. For more information: Fort Buenaventura State Park, 2450 A Avenue, Ogden, Utah 84401. Fort Buttermilk— See Buttermilk Fort. Fort Cameron— Fort Cameron, named after Colonel James Cameron, was established in southwestern Utah slightly east of Beaver City, near Beaver Canyon, by the U.S. Army during 1872. Fort Cameron contained barracks, built of stone, and was capable of holding about four companies of troops. The post also had a hospital which was used to treat settlers as well as soldiers. The fort was built subsequent to the termination of the Black Hawk War, but there was still much concern for the safety of the people in the region. By 1880, the railroad reached the area (Milford) and the fort became expendable. Fort Cameron was abandoned during 1883. The garrison transferred to Fort Douglas by May 1883. The fort was later acquired by Mormons and during 1898, the old post became part of Brigham Young Academy, later, Brigham Young University. Afterward, during the 1930s, the property was sold to private parties and the structures were demolished. In conjunction, some other names sometimes attributed to Fort Cameron included Beaver Canyon Post and Camp Beaver. Fort Cedar— Fort Cedar was established in central Utah near the mouth of Coal Creek during the 1850s. A settlement was begun there during 1851. Log cabins were constructed and in the meantime, the wagon boxes were used to form a temporary fort. Later, the fort was relocated to a nearby place, but as the trouble with Indians became more frequent, the fort became too small to provide adequate security and it was poorly positioned. A nearby hill placed the defenders at great disadvantage. The Mormons decided to move the fort to the south side of the creek and by early 1853, the new fort was about ready and some settlers occupied it. In the meantime, the older fort was still in existence. Soon after, by July 1853, new hostilities erupted. The conflict, known as the Walker Indian War, prompted a speedy abandonment of the old Fort Cedar. In about two days, all had made it to the new post. The construction project continued during the period of hostility and by January 1854, Fort Cedar was completed. In conjunction, during 1855, Brigham Young, the president of the Latter-day Saints, selected yet another site, and soon after, the settlement again moved to what became present-day Cedar City. Fort Davis— See Davis Fort. Fort Davy Crockett— Fort Davy Crockett, a trading post, was established along the Green River during 1837 in what became Colorado, but when it was established in the vicinity of where Colorado, Utah and Wyoming converged, Utah claimed the fort was in its territory (Daggett County). See also Fort Davy Crockett, Colorado. Fort Deseret— Fort Deseret was established in the vicinity of Deseret by Mormon settlers during 1866 to provide protection from Indian attacks during the Black Hawk War. Soon after the fort was established, the conflict terminated and the fort was used to house livestock. Traces of the fort’s adobe walls still remain. The fort is located along State Highway 257, south of the town of Deseret. Fort Douglas— Fort Douglas, initially known as Camp Douglas, was established by California Volunteers during 1862 (Civil War period)

544 in the vicinity of Salt Lake City in conjunction with the efforts of the U.S. Army to compel the Mormons to adhere to the laws of the U.S. government. When the troops first arrived in Utah (1857–1858), Camp Floyd was established; however, the Civil War erupted during 1861 and Camp Floyd was abandoned. Camp Douglas was constructed by elements of the 3rd California Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Colonel Patrick E. Connor. During the following year, the troops from Fort Douglas engaged and severely defeated the Indians at the Battle of Bear River (also described as the Bear River Massacre) during January 1863. Subsequent to the close of the Civil War, volunteer troops maintained the post; however, during 1866, the U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment arrived to relive the California troops. Improvements, including new sandstone barracks, were made to the post during the 1870s. The fort’s garrison participated in various actions during the Indian conflicts that raged across the Plains. Fort Douglas remained active throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. During the 1890s, two companies of Sioux Indian troops were based there and the U.S. 19th Colored Infantry Regiment was based there. Subsequently, during World War I, the fort was used as a training center, but also as a place to detain POWs. The post remained active during World War II and by the outbreak of the conflict Fort Douglas had already become an air base (1940), which used the nearby airport at Salt Lake City to conduct operations. During the early part of the war, the Ninth Service Command at San Francisco was transferred to Fort Douglas and similarly to World War I, the post was again used to hold POWs. Fort Douglas continued in active service through the Vietnam War and was eventually deactivated during 1991. The Fort Douglas Military Museum is located at the site. Part of the base remains under military jurisdiction. Fort Duchesne— Fort Duchesne was established during 1886 along the banks of the Duchesne River near the border separating Utah and Colorado. The fort was located slightly above the convergence of the Uintah and Duchesne Rivers in the vicinity of the present-day Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Fort Duchesne was established in the Uinta Basin at the direction of General George Crook for the purpose of retaining a military presence in place of recently abandoned Fort Thornburgh. General Crook assumed command of the fort once it was completed by a contingent of troops (U.S. 9th Colored Cavalry) under Major Frederick William Benteen and other infantry troops from Fort Steele, Wyoming, under Captain Duncan. The construction began during August of 1886 and was finished during October of that same year. The complex, constructed of adobe brick, included barracks, officers’ quarters, a hospital, storage area and a commissary. The region had erupted with turbulence between various Ute bands, prompting the necessity of a new fort. The troops encountered some problems at the fort site when a large force of Utes gathered; however, the soldiers quickly constructed some defensive positions and no violence occurred. The post was abandoned during September 1912. The final contingent at the post was Company M, U.S. 1st Cavalry. The troopers departed the post and moved to Fort Boise, Idaho. Fort Ephraim— Fort Ephraim was established by Mormons in the vicinity of present-day Ephraim (Sanpete County) during early 1854 in close proximity to a large Indian village. It remained active until 1868 and provided protection for the settlers during the Black Hawk War. Fort Grouse Creek— See Grouse Creek Fort. Fort Gunnison— Fort Gunnison a Mormon settlement named after a non-Mormon, Captain John W. Gunnison, U.S. Army, who was killed during 1853 (Gunnison Massacre) while on a survey mission, was established during 1861. It remained active during the Black

545 Hawk War. During the conflict, log cabins were moved and placed inside the fort. Fort Gunnison was located in the southwestern sector of Sanpete County, about 30 miles south of the Mormon settlement of Moroni. Fort Harmony— During 1852, the Mormons established a settlement known as Fort Harmony (later New Harmony) in the vicinity of present-day St. George in southwest Utah (Washington County) in close proximity to the border with Arizona. The fort was abandoned after a short period and later rebuilt. However, during 1862, the fort was overwhelmed by a tremendous rain. The settlers afterward established a new settlement. The Fort Harmony site is located east of the present-day town of New Harmony along Interstate Highway 115. The fort site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places during 1979. Fort Herriman— The Mormons established a settlement along Butterfield Creek at Herriman during 1851. The early settlers set up tents and used their wagons for shelter to establish the settlement directed by Brigham Young. By 1855, the settlement had grown, but the area became more dangerous and it was decided that a fort had to be built there to provide protection from Indian attacks. About three years later, the settlers there received instructions to abandon the place and move to Provo, due to the imminent arrival of the U.S. Army, which was en route due to problems with the Mormons. Fort Johnson— See Johnson’s Fort. Fort Kingston— See Kingston Fort. Fort Logan— Mormons established a settlement known as Logan, named after Ephraim Logan, in northern Utah near Logan Canyon on the east side of Cache Valley during 1859. The settlement, which included a fort, was ordered established by Brigham Young, the president of the Latter-day Saints. Construction began during the summer and by the March of the following year about 100 houses were built there. Fort Malad— Fort Malad was established about 1854–1855 in the vicinity of Portage, but the Mormon fort was actually in southeastern Idaho. The early settlers included the Waldron family, who had arrived from England as converts to the Church of Latter-day Saints. By about 1860, the area became extremely dangerous due to problems with the Indians and the settlers returned to Utah. Subsequently, in about 1864, a new settlement was established where the fort had been and from it, Malad City, Idaho, emerged. Fort Manti— The Mormons established a settlement in Sanpete Valley known as Manti, which was named by Brigham Young during 1850 at the suggestion of Isaac Morley. Several forts were built at the settlement. One, known as the Little Stone Fort, was built in a section known as the northwest quarter of block 64. A second fort, known as the Log Fort, was later built at block 77 and the third fort, known as the Big Fort, which encompassed about nine square blocks and included the Little Stone Fort, was constructed in block 56, during 1854. Fort Meeks— A party of Mormons, including Jacob Hamblin, advanced to the Paria (Pahrea) River during the winter of 1869–1870. Paria was located less than 50 miles in Kane County northeast of Kanab in close proximity to the border with Arizona. The party crossed the river on rafts, but no Navajo Indians were discovered. The Mormons set out to demand that the Navajo end their raids against Mormon settlements in Utah. Later, the Mormons established a post (Fort Meeks) there in the vicinity of the mouth of the Paria near a place that became Lee’s Ferry (Arizona). The Mormons initiated a farming experiment there at Lee’s Ferry, but it never proved successful. Fort Meeks was also located near the convergence of the Paria and Colorado Rivers.

Fort Nephi / UTAH Fort Moab— Fort Moab was established in southeastern Utah (Grand County) in the vicinity of the east bank of the Colorado River in close proximity to the western slopes of the La Sal Mountains by Mormons during the spring of 1855. The area had been known by several names, including Grand Valley, Spanish Valley and Mormon Fort, until it later became Moab during 1880. The Mormons decided to send some of their missionaries into the region to establish what was known as the Elk Mountain Mission. The party initiated construction of a fort there during June of 1855, but the Indians in the region were not too receptive. The Mormons came under attacks by the Utes, and prior to their speedy departure during September, several of the party had been killed. The settlers abandoned the place and returned to the Sanpete Valley. Subsequently, during the latter part of the 1870s, the area was again settled by the Mormons. The settlement of Moab eventually grew to become a city during the early 1900s. In conjunction, Moab is at the northern entrance to the Canyonland National Park. Fort Montezuma— During 1879, a party of Mormons set out to establish a settlement near the mouth of Montezuma Creek. The expedition left two families at the creek to begin to establish the settlement; however, the families were essentially stranded there for about six months, as the expected party (Hole in the Rock Party) inadvertently took what they thought to be a short cut and instead encountered great difficulty. The party eventually settled what became known as Bluff. Later, some other Mormons arrived at Montezuma Creek, but the exact location is unknown and there is no evidence of an actual fort being constructed there. A little village emerged, but nature took its toll during 1884 as torrential rains wiped out the settlement and pushed it into the raging waters of the San Juan River. The settlement was abandoned. It is not certain if the present-day town of Montezuma was at the site of the former settlement. Fort Nephi— The Mormons established a settlement at Nephi (known also as Salt Creek) during 1851. The settlement was bolstered by a fort. Subsequently, some remnants of the fort’s walls were saved and transferred to the Nephi City Park. Also, during July 1853 (Walker War), the settlement became involved in an incident revolving around the conflict. At that time, during a trading transaction between a settler and several Ute Indians, a debate ensued and violence erupted. During the confrontation, the Indians killed one settler, Alexander Keel, to even the score. Militia became incensed by both the killing and the confiscation of livestock. Militia from Utah County under Colonel Peter W. Conover moved out to retaliate, but orders arrived from General Wells (militia) to return and establish defensive positions, rather than initiate war. However, prior to the new instructions, the Mormons and Utes clashed at Pleasant Creek (later Mount Pleasant). The Mormons then again changed strategy and decided to abandon some settlements to form larger groups. Bickering emerged in the militia and Conover was arrested after being relieved by George A. Smith. Meanwhile, the Utes continued to harass the settlers throughout the summer of 1853. When winter approached, the raids decreased because Chief Walkara departed Utah for Arizona. Nonetheless, the settlers still came under severe attacks. Many settlers across Utah were massacred and some towns were burned to the ground. In turn, the Mormons initiated some brutality. A group of Indians sought security at Fort Nephi during early October, but instead of receiving safety, the Mormons killed them. The Utes retaliated and ambushed a U.S. Army contingent of topographers near the lower Sevier River. The eight-man contingent, including Captain John Williams Gunnison (West Point class of 1837 Cadet # 892), was killed. By spring 1854, peace was agreed upon between the Utes and the Mormons when they met at Chicken Creek. Subsequently, the Daughters of the Utah Pioneers arranged for the erection of plaques at the four corners of the fort

UTAH / Fort Ogden site. They replaced previous concrete monuments that had earlier been removed. Fort Ogden— Fort Ogden was established at Ogden during 1854. The fort was partially bolstered by a wall that stood eight-feet high and was about three-feet thick; however, the wall was never completely constructed. The complex was located between 20th and 28th Streets and bounded by Madison and Wall Avenues. Three other Mormon forts built within the limits of Ogden were Bingham Fort, Farr’s Fort and Mound Fort. In addition, Fort Buenaventura was located nearby, but outside Ogden. Fort Pearce— See Fort Pierce. Fort Pierce— Fort Pierce (Fort Pearce) was established slightly more than 10 miles southeast of St. George, in close proximity to the border with Arizona. The post was established by Mormons during the Black Hawk War period, about 1865–1866, at a spot known later as Pierce Spring. The post remained active for about four years. The fort was established by a contingent of cavalry led by Captain John David Lafayette Pierce. Fort Richmond— A party of Mormons established a settlement in Cache County in the vicinity of Richmond near Bowers Spring. The settlement was slightly less than 15 miles from Logan. Initially, only one family, that of Agrippa Cooper, was there, but other followed. Subsequently, during the following year, Brigham Young arrived at the settlement and urged the settlers to build a fort. Shortly thereafter, Fort Richmond was constructed along present-day Cherry Street. Fort Robidoux— Fort Robidoux, a trading post, was established during 1832, in the northeastern sector of Utah near the convergence of the Uintah and Whiterocks Rivers. The post was established by Antoine Robidoux. He named the post Fort Uintah, but it also became known as Fort Robidoux (the identical name of a previous post established by him in Colorado in about 1826–1828). Another name attached to this post was Fort Winty. It remained active until about 1844, when most of the trading posts started to phase out due to a lesser demand for furs. In conjunction, another trading post (Reed’s) had been active there, but Robidoux purchased it to enlarge his trading business. Subsequent to closing the business, Antoine and his brother Luis (both French-Canadians who had for mercenary reasons become Mexican citizens) relocated in California and later participated on the side of the U.S. during the Mexican War. In conjunction, it is thought that Robidoux’s transactions with the Utes were apparently less than honorable at times, and that during 1844, his fort was destroyed by the Indians, but historians apparently cannot specifically conclude whether it was the fort in Colorado or the fort by the same name in Utah or both. Nevertheless, the attack on and destruction of the Robidouxs’ fort or forts were the only successful attack or attacks by Indians of a trading post during the entire fur trade period. Fort Salt Lake City— See Pioneer Fort. Fort Santa Clara— Fort Santa Clara was established by Mormon missionaries during 1855 in present-day Santa Clara. Subsequently, during 1861, a party of Swiss Mormons were directed to settle in the area, but the river became too unruly, forcing the settlers to relocate to where present-day Santa Clara is located. Fort Thornburgh— Fort Thornburgh was initially established during September 1881 in the vicinity of Ouray following problems with the Ute Indians that began during 1879. At that time, the Indian agent, Nathan Meeker, who replaced Edward H. Danforth, had a crisis when he ordered the plowing of some land and afterward was beaten. Meeker, soon after, sent an urgent message by tele-

546 graph which requested troops to provide protection. During September 1879, a column under Major Thomas T. Thornburgh departed Fort Steele (Wyoming) en route to the White River Ute Agency. The troops departed on the 21st and on 29 September, the Indians ambushed the column as it reached the reservation. Several troops, including Major Thornburgh, were killed; however, the soldiers held on and resisted. It took about six days for a relief force to reach the beleaguered force. While the troops were held at bay, the agency came under attack on 30 September. Meeker and several others were killed and the Indians dragged Meeker’s wife and daughter away as captives, along with another woman and two children. The attack on the agency combined with the ambush of the military column prompted retaliatory action by the United States. The Utes, including friendly Umcompahgre Utes who helped gain the release of the hostages taken at the Indian agency, were compelled to move from Colorado to the Uinta Basin in Utah on two separate reservations. The White River Utes were placed on the Uinta Basin Reservation and the Umcompahgre Utes were placed on a new reservation, the Ouray Reservation. With the arrival of the Indians in the region, the fort was required. Fort Thornburgh was named in honor of Major Thornburgh, a West Point graduate (Class of 1867). The fort was built by a contingent of the U.S. 6th Infantry Regiment under Major Hamilton S. Hawkins. Hawkins’ column departed Fort Steele during August 1881 and the fort was established during mid–September. During spring of the following year, the fort was relocated to a nearby place in the vicinity of Ashley Creek, outside Vernal. By October 1882, only about a 30-man contingent was at the fort, which had not been completed. The main body returned to headquarters at Fort Steele. In conjunction, Congress had not allocated sufficient funds for the project. While the fort was under construction, the troops were also under orders to construct a road from the post to Fort Douglas, but with the absence of a full complement, that project, too, was stalled. During the spring of 1883, fresh troops arrived from Fort Steele, but again, Congress failed to provide sufficient funding to complete the project. The grand plans of a large fort never came to fruition. The troops that arrived in the spring under Major Edward Bush departed for Fort Douglas during early October. The fort was manned by a skeleton force and was soon after abandoned at an undetermined time between the winter of 1883 and early spring of the following year. Nevertheless, the road connecting the abandoned post with Fort Douglas was completed. Within two years, the Utes began infighting and once again, the U.S. Army was ordered to establish a fort. Fort Thornburgh was not reactivated. Instead, General George Crook selected a new site and Fort Duchesne was established near the convergence of the Uintah and Duchesne Rivers during August 1866. In conjunction, the Utes began to steal livestock in the Cedar and Tintac Valleys to avoid starvation in about February 1856, initiating a conflict known as the Tintac War, which dragged on for years until the U.S. government finally got involved and relocated the Indians in the Uinta Basin. Fort Uintah— See Fort Robidoux. Fort Utah— The Mormons established a settlement known as Fort Utah at present-day Provo (Utah County) during April 1849. The Mormons initially named the fort after the Utah tribe which inhabited the area; however, later it was renamed Fort Provo, in honor of a French-Canadian fur trapper who had operated in the area, Etienne Proveau (Provot), during the 1820s. A reconstructed Fort Utah is located at the original site and is open by appointment. For more information: Fort Provo, 200 N. 2050 W., Provo, Utah 84601. Also, a second fort, known as Fort Sowiette, was afterward built at Provo (according to the records of the City of Provo) during 1850. The second fort is commemorated in the North Park Museum, Pioneer Memorial Park, also in Provo.

547 Fort Wah Wiep— See Fort Wahweap. Fort Wahweap— Fort Wahweap was established by the Mormons in Kane County near Big Water about 1869 to maintain vigil at the Colorado River crossing at the mouth of the Paria River. The post remained active until the following year. Other spellings of the fort include Fort Wahweep and Fort Wah-Wiep. Fort Wahweep— See Fort Wahweap. Fort Walker— Fort Walker was established by the Mormons in about 1851 about five or six miles below Cedar City along present-day Interstate 15. The fort was located slightly less than 20 miles from Fort Harmony. During the latter part of 1851, only about nine defenders were at the fort. In conjunction, the fort was subsequently renamed Fort Hamilton during the 1860s. Fort Winty— See Fort Robidoux. Fresh Station— See Fish Springs Station. Glendale— Glendale, initially known as Berryville, located in Long Valley (earlier Berry Valley) in the vicinity of the Virgin River, was settled during 1862 by a party of Mormon settlers, including John and William Berry. The settlement is sometimes though of as Fort Berryville, but there was no actual fort there. During April 1863, Indians attacked the settlement and Robert Berry and his wife were killed. The settlement continued for a while, but during 1866, it was abandoned. Later, during 1871, the area was resettled by a party led by James Leithead and the name was changed to Glendale. Government Creek Station— A Pony Express station was thought to have been located at Government Creek, less than 10 miles from another Pony Express relay station at Point Lookout, but there is no evidence to verify its existence. There was no mention of it by any of its several names on the government mail contract of 1861. However, there had been a military presence at Government Creek and a telegraph station was operated there until the latter 1860s. The station was sometimes referred to as Government Well Station and Davis Station. In conjunction, the Pony Express ceased operations during 1861, due primarily to the appearance of the telegraph. Government Well Station— See Government Creek Station. Grouse Creek Fort— Mormon settlers first arrived near Grouse Creek during 1875 when the Tanner brothers (Alma and Valison) moved there from Tooele County. Later, the Kimber family arrived and established a ranch there, about 15 miles from the Grouse Creek settlement. More settlers followed, including the first women to arrive (during 1877). The early settlers were apparently instructed to construct their homes close to one another, most probably for reasons of safety in times of danger, but no actual fort was built there. In conjunction, the initial settlement at Grouse Creek was known as Cookeville. Jackson’s Station— See Point Lookout Station. Johnson’s Fort— A settlement was begun at Johnson Springs (also known as Johnson’s Fort and Enoch) during 1851 by Mormons including Joel H. Johnson. The settlement was located slightly more than five miles northeast of Cedar City. The settlers constructed two cellars there and the fort was also built. By the following year, about seven families were at the settlement. The settlers constructed a fort 165 feet square and the walls stood nine feet tall. The west side of the fort contained five aligned adobe rooms and a huge two-story structure, known as the Bastion, anchored the southeast corner of the fort. The Bastion was capable of holding all of the settlers in times of danger. The fort also had two entrances, a large gate at the north side and a smaller one on the south side. A well was located within the walls of the fort. In conjunction, during 1890, the name

Kingston Fort / UTAH of the town was changed from Johnson Springs to Enoch (Iron County). Kamas Fort— A settlement was established in Summit County during 1859. It was initially named Rhodes Valley, after a fur trapper, Thomas Rhodes, who arrived in the area with a territorial grant for “purposes of grazing.” The settlement was afterward renamed Kamas Prairie and finally, Kamas. The settlers built a sawmill there during 1860 and later, when the Indian troubles erupted during the mid–1860s, the settlement was abandoned and the settlers moved to Peoa. During the following year, they returned to the settlement and a fort was constructed there. The fort remained active until 1870. The city of Kamas emerged from the settlement. In conjunction, Thomas Rhodes arrived in the area during 1856 and established a home at what became Marion. Kanab Fort— The Mormons established a fort in Kane County at the Kanab settlement during 1864–1865, but the settlement did not become permanent. It was restarted during 1868 and yet again during 1870. During August 1870, Brigham Young arrived at the fort to give his blessing to the territory and to prepare it for a gathering of his saints (Latter-day Saints). By the following year, the Mormons at Kanab were faced with an enemy other than the Indians. Grasshoppers had ravaged the crops. In conjunction, the area around Kanab was selected by the emerging film industry in Hollywood as a place to film cowboy movies. A movie starring Tom Mix, entitled Deadwood Coach, was shot there during the early 1920s. Many other movies followed. Kaysville Fort— The Mormons established a settlement at Kaysville in Davis County slightly more than 15 miles from Salt Lake City during 1847 when Hector C. Haight became the initial settler to locate there. The settlement was near the Wasatch Mountains. By about 1851, several hundred settlers were in the area. The settlement established a fort there during 1854. In conjunction, modern-day Hill Air Force Base and a naval supply depot were established near Kaysville during World War II. Kingston Fort— Kingston Fort was established at Kingston during 1862 by Joseph Morris, a Mormon who had broken with the Mormon church. Morris was supported by about 500 followers, known as disciples, within the fort, but about an equal number of Mormons arrived at the fort on 13 June 1862, an incident which ignited what was known as the Morrisite War. Joseph Morris had been a prophet of the Church of Latter-day Saints and he claimed during 1857 to have, like Joseph Smith before him, received divine revelations. Morris’ revelations included one that proclaimed that Brigham Young was a fallen prophet. Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith, the latter having claimed he received divine revelations during the 1820s proclaiming that he (Smith) was to rewrite the scriptures as all organized religions had become corrupted. The Mormons under Brigham Young did not appreciate Morris’ claims of divine revelation, which also included his prophecy of the imminent second coming of Christ. The Mormons excommunicated Morris and his followers during 1861. Nevertheless, Morris was not deterred. He started a new church at South Weber on 6 April 1861 and afterward urged all of his followers to converge on Kingston Fort, with the expectation that Christ was coming on 7 April. As previously mentioned, the Mormons arrived during June 1862, but Morris’ prophecy about Christ’s return was not fulfilled. Meanwhile, Morris had another divine revelation that Christ was coming, following a big celebration on 30 May 1862. Upon observing the Mormon force near Fort Kingston, Morris was convinced of the Second Coming (of Christ) to deliver his followers. On the third day of the siege, Morris was killed. Less than 100 of Morris’ followers still at the fort were seized and taken to Salt Lake City. Some of the captured men were tried for murder

UTAH / Moroni Fort

548

( Jared Smith of the Mormon Posse was killed), but all were later pardoned by Governor Stephen S. Hardy.

The Mormons had also established three sawmills and others were in the process of becoming operational. See also Salt Lake City.

Little Stone Fort— See Fort Manti.

Point Lookout Station— Point Lookout Station operated as a Pony Express station between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek. The station suspended operations temporarily during the summer of 1860 due to problems with hostile Indians. Other names for the station included Lookout Pass Station and Jackson’s Station. The man who operated the station was named Jackson.

Log Fort— See Fort Manti. Lookout Pass Station— See Point Lookout Station. Meadow Creek Station— See Faust’s Station. Moroni Fort— The Mormons established a settlement known as Moroni in Sanpete County during 1859. The settlement was located between the Mormon settlements at Ephraim and Manti, both also in Sanpete County. Mound Fort— Mound Fort was established at Ogden during 1854. It was one of four forts established within the limits of the city of Ogden. The fort was located between 9th and 12th Streets and from the west side of Washington Street to what was known as the west side of the mound. The Mormons bolstered the fort with a wall that stood about nine feet high. The other forts built in Ogden were Bingham Fort, Farr’s Fort and Fort Ogden. In addition, Fort Buenaventura was located outside Ogden. Mount Pleasant Fort— The Mormons arrived at Mount Pleasant in the vicinity of Pleasant Creek Canyon during the spring of 1851 to establish a settlement known as Hambleton. When the Walker War erupted, the settlers abandoned the area and moved to Spring Town (Spring City). Afterward, they moved to Manti for additional safety. Meanwhile, the Indians destroyed the settlement at Mount Pleasant. Subsequently, during 1859, a new settlement was begun at Mount Pleasant (Sanpete County). A fort was constructed of adobe and it was located close to water as Pleasant Creek flowed through the fort. Mountain Green Post— During the spring of 1825, a party of the Hudson Bay Company led by Peter Skene Ogden established a post along the Weber River at present-day Mountain Green (Morgan County). The post was soon after abandoned due to pressure from a nearby American trading post. See also Camp Ashley. Panguitch Fort— Panguitch Fort was a settlement established in the Panguitch Valley near Panguitch Creek at a spot between it and the Sevier River in Garfield County during 1864. The settlers arrived there during March and afterward established a fort and erected cabins. The first year was a difficult one for the settlers as the winter was especially nasty, but the situation deteriorated further during 1865 as the Black Hawk War erupted. The settlement held on for some time, but during the following year, it was abandoned during May. Subsequently, during 1870, the president of the Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young, arrived at the abandoned settlement and decided that a new settlement was to be started. During March of the following year, the settlers arrived at Panguitch and discovered the fort was intact and the other structures also remained unscathed.

Pony Express Stations— Boyd’s Station, Black Rock Station, Burnt Canyon Station, Camp Floyd Station, Deep Creek Station, Dugout Joe’s Station, Dugway Station, East Rush Valley Station, Faust’s Station, Fish Springs Station, Government Station, Point Lookout Station, River Bed Station, Rockwell’s Station, Simpson’s Springs Station, Trader’s Rest Station, Willow Creek Station, Willow Spring Station. In conjunction, the Pony Express stations were located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek. The Pony Express Museum in St. Joseph, Missouri, and the National Park Service continues to research the history of the many Pony Express stations that stretched from St. Louis, Missouri, to California from 1860 through 1861. For additional information on Pony Express stations: Pony Express Museum, 914 Penn Street, St. Joseph, Missouri 64503. Reed’s Trading Post— Reed’s Trading Post was established in the vicinity of the convergence of the Uintah and Whiterocks Rivers during 1828. Subsequently, the post was acquired by Antoine Robidoux. See also Fort Robidoux. River Bed Station— River Bed Station was a Pony Express relay station located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek about eight miles west of Simpson’s Springs Station. The station was listed on the government mail contract of 1861. Rock Fort— See Rockport Fort. Rockport Fort— The Mormons established a settlement (listed initially as township) initially known as Crandall and later renamed Rockport during 1854 in Summit County. During 1860, the settlers built a stone house there and the settlement was called Enoch City. During 1866, word arrived for all settlers in the vicinity of the Weber River to gather themselves and congregate at Wanship for better protection against Indian attacks. By the following year, the settlers constructed a fort composed of rock and bolstered it with a stone wall that was two feet thick and stood eight feet high. At about that time, the settlement was renamed Rockport, after its fort, which was built of rock. Rockwell Station— Rockwell Station (also Rockwell’s Station) was a Pony Express station located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek. The station is thought to have been named after a Mormon, originally from Missouri, Orin Porter Rockwell. Round Station— See Burnt Canyon Station.

Pass Station— See East Rush Valley Station.

Rush Valley Station— See Faust’s Station.

Peoa Fort— A settlement was established in Summit County near the Weber River in about 1860 and named Peoa. Earlier, during 1857, other pioneers, including William W. Phelps, had been in the area to establish a settlement, but it was not undertaken. The settlement was to have been called Peoah by the first visitors, but the ones who established Peoa eliminated the “h.” During 1867, while the Black Hawk War was ongoing, the settlers constructed a fort there and named it Sage Bottoms Fort.

Sage Bottoms Fort— See Peoa Fort.

Pioneer Fort— The Mormons established a fort known as Pioneer Fort in Salt Lake City (sometimes referred to as Fort Salt Lake City). By August 1848, about 450 buildings were in the complex. Salt Lake City became the headquarters for the Mormons (Latter-day Saints).

Santaquin Fort— The Mormons established a settlement in Utah County during 1851 and named it Summit City. The settlement was only slightly more than five miles south of another settlement known as Payson. Summit City was located on a summit between two valleys, the Juab Valley and the Utah Valley, about 70 miles south of Salt Lake City. The Summit City settlement soon after became known as Summit Creek (Precinct # 7). Initially, the settlers and the Indians in the area were able to exist without hostility; however, a conflict known as Walker’s War broke out and shattered the tranquility. The settlement was abandoned and the Mormons headed for Payson, where they stayed until 1855. In about 1855, a fort was built

549

Brattleboro Barracks / VERMONT

at Summit Creek, and by 1856 the settlers returned there. During the spring of 1866, word was delivered by a friendly Indian chief that the settlement was to be attacked. The fort was abandoned and when the Indians arrived, Chief Guffich prevented the destruction of the fort. Afterward, the settlement was named Santaquin, which had been the name of the chief ’s son.

tlement was reestablished during 1854, but the threat of Indian attacks remained high. By 1866, the settlement was again abandoned. Subsequently, during 1867, a period of tranquility was restored and Spring City once again started over. Present-day Spring City has a historic district containing some relic structures. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Simpson’s Spring’s Station— Simpson’s Spring’s Station was established in about 1860. It operated as a Pony Express station and was listed on the government mail contract of 1861. The station was located less than 10 miles from Government Creek Station. The station remained active as a stagecoach stop subsequent to the termination of the Pony Express during 1861. While the station was a Pony Express station, it was operated by George Dewey. Other names for the station included Eagan’s Springs, Lost Springs and Pleasant Springs.

Trader’s Rest Station— Trader’s Rest Station was a Pony Express station located west of Salt Lake City and slightly less than 10 miles from Salt Lake House in a spot known as Lovendahl’s Corner. The Pony Express ceased operations during 1861. The station afterward was apparently used in another type of business enterprise.

Smith Station— See Fish Springs Station. Smithfield Fort— Smithfield, initially known as Summit, was established in the Cache Valley by Mormons during 1859 in Cache County near Summit Creek. During the following year, the settlement came under attack by Indians, prompting the settlers to redesign their town. They essentially moved it a short distance and constructed their homes in close proximity to each other to form a fort. Subsequently, the settlement became Smithfield, named in honor of John Glover Smith, a Mormon bishop. Spring City Fort— A settlement known as Springtown was established in Sanpete County in the vicinity of Canal Creek during 1852. During 1853, a fort was established there and other Mormon settlers at nearby places such as the Fort Hambleton settlement relocated there. Nonetheless, the problems with the Indians continued to worsen, prompting the settlers to abandon the fort and move to Manti. The Indians destroyed the fort and the nearby dwelling during January 1854. By the following month, the Mormons established Fort Ephraim. Meanwhile, the settlers who had abandoned Spring City (Springtown) prepared to move back and begin anew. The set-

Wanship Fort— See Rockport Fort. Willow Creek Station— Willow Creek Station is thought to have been a Pony Express station, located about five or six miles outside of Willow Springs, but there is no evidence to document the post. It is also a possibility that if a Pony Express relay station was in the area, it might have been at a cabin near Six Mile Creek that belonged to Pete Joyce. In conjunction, the history of Pony Express stations remains extremely difficult to retain with complete accuracy as often stations changed locations and just as often, stations relocated. The Pony Express Museum in St. Joseph, Missouri, and the National Parks Service continue to research the history of the Pony Express to uncover still-unknown information. Willow Creek Station, if it was used by the Pony Express, was located between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek. Willow Springs Station— Willow Springs Station was established as a Pony Express station in Utah between Salt Lake City and Robert’s Creek, but its exact location remains under discussion. However, the station did exist and was listed on the 1861 mail contract. One possible location was thought to be less than 10 miles from Boyd’s Station and another possible site was in close proximity to F.J. Kearney’s Boarding House. Callao is now standing where the station stood.

VERMONT Battery (at) Burlington— See Burlington Battery. Bennington— During August 1777, General John Stark arrived back at Bennington following a meeting at Manchester, New Hampshire, with Colonel Seth Warner. While there, Stark conferred with Major General Lincoln, who was under orders from General Philip Schuyler to lead the militia to the west side of the Hudson River, but Stark rejected the idea. Stark, who had fought at Bunker Hill and in Canada, then later at Ticonderoga and Trenton, had discovered during the previous April that junior officers had been promoted over him, prompting him to resign from the service and return to Vermont to fight with the militia. Subsequently, when New Hampshire had been solicited to commit troops, Stark had been asked to take command. General Stark accepted with the caveat that it was only for his state (Vermont). General Benjamin Lincoln, infuriated with Stark’s refusal to serve under him, reported Stark to headquarters and on the 19th of August, unbeknownst to Stark, Congress censured

him. In the meantime, Stark was busy near Bennington, stripping the British of some of their polish. On 16 August, the Battle of Bennington was fought and Stark was victorious over the British; however, the battle was fought in New York. The British never reached Bennington. Nevertheless, Vermont celebrates the Battle of Bennington each year. Prior to the battle, Stark inspired his troops with the following words: “There, my boys, are your enemies, redcoats and Tories. You must beat them or Molly Stark is a widow tonight.” Blockhouse Point— See Dutchman’s Point. Brattleboro Barracks— The Union established a Civil War training and recruiting camp at Brattleboro during 1861. The units that were organized there included: Vermont Volunteers 4th Infantry Regiment, mustered in on 21 September 1861 and departed for Washington, D.C., during September; Vermont Volunteer 1st Heavy Artillery Regiment, organized and mustered in as 11th Vermont Infantry on 1 September 1862; 1st Battery Light Artillery, organized

VERMONT / Burlington Battery during February 1862 and departed camp on 6 March; 2nd Regiment U.S. Sharpshooters, Company “H,” organized and mustered in on 31 December 1861 and departed for Washington, D.C., on the same day; Vermont 7th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, organized and mustered in February 1862; Vermont 8th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, organized February 1862 and departed camp on 14 March; Vermont 9th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, organized July 1862 and shortly thereafter moved to Washington D.C. The Vermont 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th Infantry Regiments were also organized there, between September and October 1862. Burlington Battery— The Americans established a battery along the wharf at Burlington during the War of 1812 to defend against a British fleet. At about the beginning of the outbreak of the conflict, nearly 4,000 troops were based there (Battery Park). The battery was constructed by a contingent under Lieutenant Sylvester Churchill. The 13-gun position was challenged on 13 June 1813 when a British squadron initiated a bombardment of Burlington. The Americans returned fire and compelled the British to withdraw. Subsequently, during the Civil War, three units were organized at Burlington. The Vermont Volunteer 1st Cavalry Regiment was mustered into federal service there during November 1861 and departed for Washington, D.C., the following month. The Vermont Volunteer 2nd Infantry Regiment was formed there during June 1861 and departed for Washington, D.C., the same month. The Vermont 3rd Battery, Light Artillery, was formed there and mustered into federal service during January 1864. Camp Baxter— Camp Baxter was a Union Civil War camp in the vicinity of St. Johnsbury. The only regiment to organize there was the Vermont Volunteer 3rd Infantry Regiment. The regiment was organized there during mid–July 1861 and by 24–26 July, the regiment departed for Washington, D.C. Champlain Arsenal— A federal arsenal was established at Vergennes during 1828. It remained active until 1855. Later, during 1861, with the outbreak of the Civil War, the arsenal, known as Champlain Arsenal, was reactivated. Chimney Point Fort— During March 1690, the English established a fort at Crown Point (New York), known as Chimney Point. The party was led by Jacobus de Warm. Subsequently, when the area reverted to the French during 1731, a new and larger fort was built there by the French. The French named it Fort de Pieux (Fort of Posts). The fort held a garrison of slightly more than 30 men, including two officers. The post was abandoned during 1737 when Fort St. Frederick was built at Crown Point. The French settlement was abandoned during 1759 when the English were regaining the territory. Later, during 1760, the Mohawk Indians destroyed it. Corinth Fort— The Americans established a fort in Corinth during 1781 by elements of Colonel Benjamin Wait’s Regiment of Vermonters. The fort was apparently constructed subsequent to the treason of Benedict Arnold at West Point. The fort was located near Cooke’s Hill. Dutchman’s Point— On 27 October 1779, the Republic of Vermont provided a land grant to Ethan Allen and other associates. The land, known as Two Heroes, was subsequently divided into North Hero and South Hero, and then again during 1798, the latter was split into two towns to create also Middle Hero. At North Hero on Carry Bay, the British manned a blockhouse during the American Revolution known as Dutchman’s Point (later Blockhouse Point) and they deemed it a strategic fortification, so much so, that at the termination of the War for Independence, they refused to relinquish it. Finally, the U.S. gained control of the site during 1794, after the consummation of the Jay Treaty. In conjunction, the town of Middle Hero during 1810 became Grand Isle.

550 East Point— See Mount Independence. Fort at Barnard— A settlement was established at Barnard during 1775. Later, during July 1780, Indians attacked and took three men prisoner. Two of the captives, Thomas M. Wright and John Newton, escaped during the following year and the other, Prince Haskell, was freed during 1782. Militia from Barnard and surrounding areas garrisoned the fort for the duration of the conflict. Fort Cassin— Fort Cassin, named for Lieutenant Cassin, a U.S. naval officer, was established during in the vicinity of Vergennes near the mouth of Otter Creek (Addison County) for the purpose of defending the town and its shipbuilding activities from the British warships on Lake Champlain. The primary protection was for Commodore Thomas Macdonough’s Fleet. In conjunction, during September 1814, Macdonough defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Champlain. Subsequently, during the 1820s, a federal arsenal was established at Vergennes. Fort Dummer— A settlement was initiated at what became Brattleboro during 1824 and was at that time called Fort Drummer. The settlement was the one of the first European settlements established east of the Green Mountains and claimed by some sources as the first settlement in that area. Subsequently, during 1753, William Brattle and associates received a grant from New Hampshire that encompassed more that 19,000 acres there. For more information: Fort Dummer State Park, 517 Old Guilford Road, Brattleboro, Vermont 05301. Fort Ethan Allen— Fort Ethan Allen, a cavalry post, was established in the vicinity of Essex Junction during 1894, following a prolonged political debate on its location and some more politics within Congress. The post was to be established at a point closer to Canada, but it was ruled out so as not to intimidate the Canadians at the time. The U.S. 3rd Cavalry arrived there during 1894 to garrison the post. The 3rd Cavalry was no longer needed on the Western Frontier. Fort Ethan Allen was deactivated during 1944. Subsequently, during 1951, the fort was reactivated, but not as a U.S. Army post; rather, as a base for the Vermont Air National Guard. The post was renamed Fort Ethan Allen Air Force Base. The base was abandoned during 1960. Much of the former base was later acquired by the University of Vermont and Saint Michael’s College. Fort Frederick— Fort Frederick, a blockhouse, was established along the Onion (Winooski) River in the vicinity of Colchester in about 1773 by Ira Allen and his cousin, Remember Baker. The fort was located near the northern end of the bridge over the Winooski River that connects Winooski with Burlington. It is not known when the blockhouse was abandoned. Fort Frederick became known by several names, including Allen’s Settlement, Winooski Falls and afterward Winooski was a separate place than Colchester. Fort Mott— Fort Mott was established as a settler’s fort in the vicinity of Pittsford at Otter Creek (Rutland County) during 1777. Subsequently, during 1780, a military fort, Fort Vengeance, was established at Pittsford. In conjunction, the town was named Pitts Ford by General Jeffrey Amherst. At the time Amherst was there, no bridges were available to cross the creek, and it was a point where the creek was forded at a shallow spot. A trail leads from the laterbuilt Hammond bridge (covered bridge) in Pittsford to the site of Fort Mott. Fort New Haven— During 1769, the area which included New Haven was in a period of some turbulence between New Yorkers and settlers in Vermont. The settlers at New Haven abandoned the place. Subsequently, during 1772, the New Yorkers were compelled to leave. It is reported that at that time, Ethan Allen built a blockhouse, known as Fort New Haven, near the falls; however, the exact location has

551 never been determined. Nevertheless, there is evidence that a fort was built there at some time prior to 1778. Fort Putney— Fort Putney was established by English settlers in Great Meadows at Putney during 1740 (King George’s War). A 10man contingent constructed the fort. Subsequently, during 1752, the colonists established a ferry in the vicinity of Putney at Dummerston. The operation of the ferry linked Putney and Dummerston with Westmoreland, New Hampshire. During 1755 (French and Indian War period), the colonists at Putney, with added support from the colonists in nearby New Hampshire, established a second fort on the Great Meadows to provide protection from the French and the Indians. The danger in the area subsided subsequent to the British victories over the French in Canada during 1759. Fort Ranger— Fort Ranger was established during 1775 on a steep bank northeast of Mead’s Falls in the vicinity of Rutland. The fort remained operational as a defensive post on the frontier until after the establishment of Fort Warren during 1779. In conjunction, James Mead was the initial colonist to arrive near the falls on Otter Creek. Mead arrived during 1769 and discovered the Caughnawag Indians there to be friendly. The Indians actually brought Mead and his family into their village during 1770 until he completed the construction of his family residence, which was located near the Crown Point Military Road. In conjunction, subsequent to the American retreat from Ticonderoga during 1777, General Arthur St. Clair was at Mead’s home when he completed his report on the battle. St. Clair arrived there on 8 July. The Green Mountain Boys, led by Ethan and Seth Allen, acting as covering force, fought a rear action at Hubbardton near Fort Ste. Anne to cover St. Clair’s retreat. The Green Mountain Boys afterward also arrived at Rutland. In conjunction, at Windsor, also on 8 July, the First Constitution of the “Free and Independent State of Vermont” was adopted. The Vermonters took the action during a meeting held at the tavern owned by Elijah West. A monument to the Green Mountain Boys was placed at the site of Fort Rutland during the early 1900s by the Daughters of the American Revolution. Fort Ste. Anne— Fort Ste. Anne was established along the Richelieu River on the Isle of La Motte during 1666 to provide protection against attacks by the Mohawk Indians. The French had dispatched a force during the latter part of 1665 to select a site as concern was quickly growing about English encroachment into what the French considered French territory. The fort was named in honor of Captain Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de la Motte. Captain La Motte’s Carignan Regiment garrisoned the fort. The approximate size of Fort Ste. Anne, which was completed during July, was 96 feet by 144 feet with four bastions, bolstered by a stockade that stood about 15 feet high. The French also had a group of Jesuit priests with them as the Jesuits would work amongst the Indians in an attempt to convert them. The fort was essentially the first European settlement in Vermont, but it was not, as it turned out, a permanent settlement. The Jesuits that landed there with the expeditionary force celebrated the first Mass there where the troops erected a fort and the priests built a shrine to St. Anne. The French used the fort to launch offensives against the Iroquois, farther south along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. During September 1666, a large contingent of French troops, supported by Huron Indians, departed Fort Ste. Anne aboard several hundred boats (canoes and bateaux) on a campaign to destroy the Mohawk Indians along the Mohawk River. The post remained active until 1671. No ruins of the fort exist. Subsequently, during 1776, the Americans fortified what became Mount Independence and at the same time, in an effort to forestall a British advance, the Americans fortified the old abandoned site of Fort Ste. Anne to defend against a British invasion from the north. The post at Fort Ste.

Mount Independence / VERMONT Anne was held until July of 1777 as a support post for Fort Ticonderoga (New York). In conjunction, the site of the fort later became a Roman Catholic shrine, dedicated to St. Anne (Saint Anne de Beaupre). Where the troops once stood guard, the grounds now are a different type of station. It contains what is known as the “Way of Cavalry,” where the Fourteen Stations of the Cross were erected. During the latter part of the 1880s, the Diocese of Burlington, Vermont, through the efforts of Bishop Louis de Goesbriand, acquired the site of former Fort Ste. Anne. The shrine was opened during July 1893. At the Shrine of St. Anne, a museum is on the grounds and it includes relics (secular) of the former French fort. Another secular item at the shrine is a statue of Samuel Champlain, the French explorer who first visited Vermont during the early 1600s. The statue of Champlain, donated by the state of Vermont during 1968, is near a religious statue of the Blessed Mother, the patron of the United States. The Blessed Mother’s statue had previously been at the Burlington Cathedral in the bell tower until the cathedral was destroyed by fire during 1972. Fort Vengeance— During 1780, the Vermont state militia established a fort near Pittsford. Its name was selected in a moment of anger, following the death of a soldier by an Indian. A cousin of Ethan Allen, infuriated by the death of an apparent friend, proclaimed that he would seek vengeance and at about the same time, using a container of rum, he christened the fort Fort Vengeance. The fort was located between Chafee Mountain and the Taconic Mountains to the east and west respectively. The fort remained active until the following year. Fort Warren— Fort Warren, named in honor of Colonel Gideon Warren, the commanding officer of the Vermont 5th Regiment (militia), was established by the Americans during 1779 at a point near Castleton, about seven miles above Hubbardton, where the Americans fought against the British on 7 July 1777, while General Arthur St. Clair was retiring from Ticonderoga and Mount Independence. American troops (from Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont under Colonel Seth Warner) engaged the British in a rearguard action near Hubbardton. The British, under Generals Frazer and von Riedesel, defeated the rear guard of General Arthur St. Clair, but in contrast, the Americans stood firmly at Hubbardton. The troops there under Colonel Livingston terminated British General Burgoyne’s pursuit of St. Clair. The Hubbardton Battlefield is located at Hubbardton, Vermont 05749. Visit the site of the rearaction battle fought in Vermont during the Revolutionary War. The Colonials held off the British, giving the defenders at Bennington time to prepare for a major British assault. The Battle of Hubbardton is explained by a diorama. In conjunction, the British never reached Bennington. The Battle of Bennington was fought and won by the Americans under General Stark in New York. In conjunction, the Battle of Hubbardton was the only battle fought in Vermont during the American Revolution. Nonetheless, the Battle of Bennington which was fought in New York is celebrated as a holiday in Vermont. Grand Isle— See Dutchman’s Point. Hero— See Dutchman’s Point. Ira Allen’s Fort— See Fort Frederick. Middle Hero— See Dutchman’s Point. Mount Independence— During July 1776, American colonists agreed to establish a fortification at Orwell, a site selected by Benjamin Franklin, General Philip Schuyler and Colonel Jonathan Trumbull. Concern had grown since the Americans had attacked Quebec during the previous year and it was believed that the British would retaliate. The fort was intended to bolster nearby Fort Ticonderoga across Lake Champlain in New York. Later, that same month,

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VERMONT / Sartwell’s Fort on 28 July, a copy of the Declaration of Independence arrived at the post, prompting the troops there to christen the fort, naming it Mount Independence. General Arthur St. Clair, at Rattlesnake Hill (East Point), read the declaration aloud to the jubilation of the troops. Subsequently, the site became known as Mount Independence. In conjunction, towering Mt. Independence, located on a peninsula, is the location General Philip Schuyler selected along with an older French fort (Fort Ste. Anne), the latter on Isle La Motte, Lake Champlain, to draw the defensive line to thwart a British invasion of Vermont from the north. Americans were deployed at both positions as well as Fort Ticonderoga (New York) and remained there until July of the following year. Mount Independence was stripped of its vegetation and replaced with army defensive positions poised to intercept the British if, as expected, they moved southward down Lake Champlain. In addition, the troops there were linked with the troops on the opposite side of the lake at Fort Ticonderoga by a floating bridge. North Hero— See Dutchman’s Point. Orlando Bridgman’s Fort— See Sartwell’s Fort. Remember Baker’s Fort— See Fort Frederick. Sartwell’s Fort— Sartwell’s Fort was established by Josiah Sartwell near the Connecticut River in present-day Vernon during 1740. The fort was located less than three miles south of Fort Dummer at Brat-

tleboro. Another settler’s fort, known as Bridgman, established in about 1738 by Orlando Bridgman, was also established at Vernon in the northern sector of the town. In conjunction, Vernon, New Hampshire, was initially part of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, and afterward part of Northfield, Massachusetts, prior to becoming a town in Vermont. The town of Vernon also had previous names, including Northfield, Bridgman’s and Hinsdale. St. Alban’s— No forts were active during 1864 in St. Alban’s, about 28 miles above Burlington, during the Civil War and no troops were stationed there as there was little chance of attack by the Confederate forces; however, the town was in close proximity to the border with Canada and during 1864, Confederates did strike the town. On 19 October 1864, a 24-man contingent of Confederate troops crossed into Vermont and entered St. Albans. The troops terrorized the citizens of the town, and while there, they robbed a bank and stole horses before moving back into Canada. The Confederates were apprehended in Canada, given a trial and then set free. In conjunction, during 1861, the Vermont Volunteer 5th Infantry Regiment was organized at St. Albans and mustered into federal service during September 1861. The regiment departed for Washington, D.C., during 23–25 September 1861. Two Heroes— See Dutchman’s Point. Winooski Fort— See Fort Frederick.

VIRGINIA Abb’s Valley— In about 1770, a party including Absalom Looney, James Moore and Robert Poage arrived in what became known as Abb’s Valley (Tazewell County). Subsequently, during July 1786, the valley was raided by Shawnee Indians. During the attack, the James Moore family was seized and dragged away. James Moore had been captured earlier. They were later released and became known as the “Captives of Abb’s Valley.” Accawmacke Settlement— The English established a settlement at Accawmacke (later Accomac) known as Ye Plantation during the early 1600s on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The Indians there were friendly. Accomac County was established during 1634 and later, during 1642, it became Northampton to eliminate a “heathen” name. However, later, during 1663, the Eastern Shore was split into two counties and the northern county reverted to Accomac. Albemarle Barracks— The Albemarle Barracks were established at Charlottesville during 1779 to hold captured British and Hessian troops who had previously been held in Boston following their capture at Saratoga and Trenton. The regiment was commanded by the governor of Virginia, rather than the Southern Department of the Continental Army. The Albemarle Barracks remained active until 1780. The Regiment of Guards was deactivated during 1781. Allen’s Home— See Bacon’s Castle. Amherst Heights Fort— The Confederates established two batteries (actually on Madison Heights) in the vicinity of Lynchburg (Amherst County) along present-day Route 29 slightly north of the town. The post was not involved in any action during the conflict.

Anderson’s Blockhouse— Anderson’s Blockhouse was established at an unknown time prior to 1782 in Carter’s Valley by John Anderson. The fort was located along the Wilderness Road slightly southeast of Moccasin Gap (Scott County). The fort survived the Indian attacks and lasted until the 1870s when it and another home that was built there later were both destroyed by fire. Appomattox Station— Union cavalry which had been in pursuit of the Confederates under Robert E. Lee seized Confederate supplies at the station on 9 April 1865, severing any chance of continuing the fight for Lee. Later that same day, Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in the Mclean House at Appomattox Court House. Appomattox Station (modernized) is now also a visitor center for the town. See also Appomattox Court House. Aquia Creek Landing— The Confederates established fortifications at Aquia Creek in Stafford County, north of Fredericksburg, during 1861. Batteries there exchanged shots with the Union naval forces. The Union seized the town during 1864 and it was used as a supply depot. Arlington National Cemetery and Arlington House— Robert E. Lee left his home in Arlington and his long career in the Federal army to take command of Virginia forces in April 1861. Union soldiers occupied his estate a month later. Although the capital was ringed by forts, Lee’s plantation was fortified, but no fort was built there. In 1864, burials of Union soldiers began on the grounds and by the end of the war 16,000 graves scarred the lawn and gardens of Lee’s former home. Today Arlington National Cemetery is studded with famous memorials including the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and

553 the graves of John F. and Robert Kennedy. A small section is devoted to the remains of Confederate dead. Another section (27) is dedicated to the United States Colored Troops and residents of the Freedman’s Village. Don’t miss the self-guided tour of the restored Arlington House (Lee’s home). In conjunction, the U.S. Army quartermaster, Montgomery Meigs, who lost his son, John Rogers Meigs, during the fighting, proclaimed that he would turn the land into a cemetery. At the National Cemetery, John Rogers Meigs is interred in what is the only gravesite that has a horizontal stone. Admission is free but there is a parking charge. The cemetery is open daily 8 A.M.–7 P.M. April-September. It closes at 5 P.M. other months. Arlington House is open 9:30 A.M.–4:30 P.M.; the nearby museum is open 8 A.M.–4:30 P.M. Arthur Campbell’s Fort— In about 1768–1769, Colonel Arthur Campbell completed the construction of Royal Oak along the Wilderness Road near Marion, Smyth County; it became a fort for the settlers. Augusta County— A war council was convened in Augusta County during July 1756 in conjunction with the establishment of a series of forts in the county. Some of the men who attended included Robert Breckenridge, James Lockart, Israel Christian, Samuel Stalnaker and Thomas Armstrong. The counsel unanimously approved the following forts: Peterson’s Fort on the south branch of the Potowmack (Potomac) nigh (near) Mill Creek; Hughman’s Mill (50 men) on Shelton’s Tract, 18 miles from Peterson’s Fort; Harper’s Fort (40 men) on Matthew Harper’s Tract; and Captain John Miller’s (50 men) on Jackson River. At the meeting, it was determined that due to the forts of Captain Peter Hog (Hogg), Breckinridge (Breckenridge) (50 men) and Dickinson (40 men), there was no need to construct another fort (50 men) at the mouth of John’s Creek (branch of Craig’s Creek). Fort William (50 men) was erected at Craig’s Creek. However, a fort (30 men) was to be built at Neal McNeals’ plantation and next to it, the militia was to construct yet another fort (50 men) at Captain James Campble’s (Campbell’s) and another at Captain Van’s, the latter to hold a large amount of troops. In addition, the militia was to construct a fort (30 men) at John Mason’s property on the south side of the Rounoak (Roanoke) River. Peterson’s Fort was two miles from the county line. Hughman’s Fort was 18 miles from Peterson’s. A fort at Trout Rock was 17 miles from Hughman’s Fort. A distance of 20 miles separated Harper’s Fort from Trout Rock. Captain Miller’s Fort was 18 miles from Matthew Harper’s Fort. Fort Dinwiddie, next in line, was 15 miles from Captain Miller’s Fort. Breckinridge was 13 miles from Fort Dinwiddie and Fort Dickinson was next, 13 miles from Fort Breckinridge. From Fort Dickinson it was 25 miles to John’s Creek and from there it was 20 miles to Fort William. Neal McNeal’s Fort was spaced 13 miles from Fort William and beyond it, Captain Campbell’s Fort stood 13 miles distant. The next fort in the chain was Captain Van’s Fort, which was separated from Captain Campbell’s Fort by 12 miles. The final fort in the chain, John Mason’s Fort, was 25 miles from Captain Van’s Fort. In conjunction, Fort Van was directed by the counsel to be built as a 100-foot-square fortification with a stockade of a minimum of 14 feet. Each of the others were to each be constructed at 60 feet square and contain two bastions each. Peter Hogg was to supervise the construction of the forts. Augusta Stone Church— Augusta Stone Church was established during 1740 as a Presbyterian church by the Reverend John Craig. The stone structure was started during 1747 and completed during 1749. The architecture of the church is thought to have resembled the Donegore parish church, from where Craig was born, Northern Ireland. The church was located at what became Fort Defiance. The colonists at this settlement were primarily Scotch-Irish, some of

Battery IV / VIRGINIA whom had initially arrived in Delaware during the 1620s. During the early days of the French and Indian War, following General Edward Braddock’s defeat at Fort Duquesne (later Fort Pitt), near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, settlers across the frontier became concerned. At the Augusta Stone Church settlement, many were prepared to flee. However, Craig convinced them to remain and seek shelter at the church in time of alarm. The church-fort was never attacked. It is thought that the town received its name due to the tenacity of the settlers who built the stockade around the church and remained there during those turbulent times. The church remains active. Avery’s House— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Bacon’s Castle— Bacon’s Castle, initially known as Allen’s Home, was constructed in about 1665 by Arthur Allen. During 1676, Nathaniel Bacon became the leader of what is remembered as the “Grand Rebellion.” The colonists in Kent County had without success requested more protection against the Indians and relief from extremely high taxes. The assembly passed encouraging legislation on the 4th of July, 100 years prior to the Declaration of Independence. During August, Governor William Berkeley retired and was deposed. Sir Henry Chichely was selected as governor. In the meantime, Berkeley gathered a force of men in Accomack and returned to Jamestown on the 8th of September, 1676, to regain power. However, the troops that accompanied him deserted. Consequently Bacon burned Jamestown, a village composed of less than 20 houses. In conjunction, Bacon succumbed on 1 October, and with his death, the insurrection ended. Royalists under Robert Beverley, defeated the rebels; Thomas Hansford, a survivor, was seized and hanged. Bacon had evicted Major Arthur Allen (son of Arthur Allen, Sr.) from his home and used it as his headquarters. The Allen home became known as Bacon’s Castle. The home, Bacon’s Castle, is open to the public. It is located along Route 617 in Surry County, slightly north of the intersection of Route 617 and Route 10. For more information: Bacon’s Castle, P.O. Box 364, Surry, Virginia 23883 Ball’s Bluff— See Leesburg Defenses. Banks’ Fort— The Union established Banks’ Fort during 1862 in the vicinity of Strasburg. The fort was constructed atop a hill near present-day Route 11 in Strasburg near the Stonewall Jackson Museum at Hupp’s Hill. The Union, under General Banks, utilized the fort during Banks’ operations in the Shenandoah Valley. Confederates used the earthworks during 1864. Barrel Point Battery— See Suffolk. Battery 1— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery IV (4)— The Union established Battery IV along the Kingsland Road, between captured Fort Harrison (renamed Fort Burnham) and Fort Brady. Battery IV was one of four batteries linked between Fort Brady and Fort Burnham. The battery was large enough to hold eight guns and a garrison of about 200 troops. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Battery 5— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 9— See Fort Harrison and Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 16— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 20— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 40— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 47— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 55— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery 229— See Fort Wool.

VIRGINIA / Battery Alexander

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Battery Alexander— Battery Alexander, also known as Fort Alexander, was established in Richmond by the Confederates following heavy clashes with the Union during September 1864. The fort was named after General E. Porter Alexander, who designed the defensive line there.

Battery Garesche— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Battery (at) Barrel Point— See Suffolk.

Battery Gates— See Fort Wool.

Battery (at) Brent Point— See Fort McLean.

Battery Hill Redoubt— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Battery at Burwell’s Landing— See Kingsmill Plantation. Battery (at) Cedar Point— See Suffolk. Battery at Dam No. 1— See Newport News Defenses. Battery (at ) Freestone Point— See Freestone Point Battery. Battery (at) Gloucester Point—See Tyndall’s Point. Battery (at) Jones Point— See Jones’ Point. Battery (at) Kingsmill Wharf— See Kingsmill Plantation and Middle Plantation Fort. Battery (at) Lambert’s Point— See Lambert’s Point Battery. Battery (at) Marlborough Point— See Marlborough Point Battery. Battery (at) Mathias Point— See Mathias Point Battery. Battery (at) Pig Point— See Suffolk. Battery (at) Sewell’s Point— See Sewell’s Point Battery. Battery (at) Ship’s Point— See Newport News Defenses. Battery (at) Town Point— See Suffolk. Battery (at) Tyndall’s Point—See Tyndall’s Point. Battery (at) Waller Hill (or Rising Hill)— See Quantico Batteries. Battery (at) White House Point— See White House Point Battery. Battery Brooke— Battery Brooke was established at Dutch Gap by the Confederates as part of the extended defenses to protect Richmond. Battery Brooke was located opposite what was known as grave-yard one. It contained one 7-inch rifle and two 10-inch columbiads in addition to other artillery. The Confederates also established two unnamed batteries between Battery Brooke and Fort Darling (Drewry’s Bluff ). Other fortifications, including Battery Semmes and Battery Wood, were also established at Dutch Gap. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Battery Burpee— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery Carpenter— See Carpenter’s Redoubt. Battery Claiborne— See Fort Wool. Battery Dantzler— The Confederates established Battery Dantzler near the James River. It stood as the northernmost point of the Confederate Howlett Line (Chesterfield County) during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. The battery is now part of Battery Dantzler Park. It is located across the slough from Dutch Gap off Battery Dantzler Road. (1820 Battery Dantzler Road) From SR 10/Hundred Street at Old Stage Road, move east on SR 10 for about two tenths of a mile to Bermuda Triangle. From there, go about one-half mile and turn left onto Battery Dantzler Road. Battery Drake— Battery Drake was established by the Union during 1864. It was one of a series of forts constructed during the campaign to seize Richmond and Petersburg. Battery Drake was located outside the present-day perimeter of the Richmond National Battlefield Park off State Highway 10. Others included Batteries Parsons, Spofford, and Wilcox, which were located off I-95.

Battery Dyer— See Fort Wool. Battery Fauquier (Fauquier Battery)— See Suffolk.

Battery Hindman— See Fort Wool. Battery Howlett— See Howlett Line. Battery Lee— See Fort Wool. Battery Mount Vernon —See Fort Hunt. Battery Parker— See Bermuda Hundred. Battery Parsons— Battery Parsons, known also as Fort Parsons, was established during 1864 by the Union during the campaigns to seize Petersburg and Richmond. The fort was located outside the perimeter of the Richmond National Battlefield Park off I-95, but no signs of the fort remain. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Battery Pegram— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery Porter—See Fort Hunt. Battery Pungoteague— See Pungoteague Battery. Battery Robinson —See Fort Hunt. Battery Rockbridge— See Rockbridge Battery. Battery Rodgers— Battery Rogers was established during 1863 by the Union to bolster the defenses of Washington. Up until the establishment of Battery Rogers and Fort Foote, the capital seacoast defenses consisted of only Fort Washington, which was completed during 1824. The only other protection was a small amount of artillery at the arsenal. Battery Rogers added Rodman and Parrott cannons to the defenses. Battery Rodgers remained active after the conclusion of the Civil War, along with Fort Whipple (also Fort Myer) and Fort Foote, located in Maryland. The battery was located at the end of Jefferson Street. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A Battery Ross (Ross’ Battery, also known as Talcott Battery)— See Fort Hood. Battery Sater— See Fort Hunt. Battery Sawyer— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Battery Semmes— Battery Semmes was established along the James River by the Confederates at Dutch Gap as part of the extended defenses to protect Richmond. Battery Semmes contained one 8-inch rifle, two 10-inch columbiads, and some other artillery. Another fortification, Battery Wood, was also established at Dutch Gap. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Battery Spofford— Battery Spofford, known also as Fort Spofford, was established by the Union during 1864 as part of the posts used during the campaign to seize Richmond and Petersburg. The fort was located outside the present-day Richmond Battlefield National Park along I-95, but there are no remains of the fort. During 1864, one of the units to garrison the fort was the Connecticut 1st Heavy Artillery Regiment. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Battery Stevens— See Fort Stevens. Battery Talcott (Talcott Battery, also known as Ross’ Battery)— See Fort Hood.

555 Battery Wilcox— Battery Wilcox, known also as Fort Wilcox, was established by the Union during 1864. It was one of a series of batteries that was constructed outside the perimeter of the present-day Richmond National Battlefield Park. It was located off present-day I-95. No remains of the fort exist. Battery Wood— Battery Wood was established by the Confederates at Dutch Gap as part of the extensive defense lines to protect Richmond. The battery contained one 8-inch rifle, 2 10-inch columbiads and four pieces of light artillery. It was located to the right of Howlett’s House. Another fortification, Battery Semmes, was also placed at Dutch Gap by the Confederates. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Beaver Dam Creek —The Confederate forces of General Robert E. Lee clashed with the Union under General George McClellan in this vicinity on 26 June 1862 to ignite the Seven Days’ Battle near Richmond. The battles included Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, Gaine’s Mills, Peach Orchard, White Oak Farm, Glendale, Frazer’s Farm, and Savage Station. Union losses were 15,849, killed, wounded or missing. Confederate losses were 20,614, killed, wounded or missing. Belle Isle Prison— The Confederates established Belle Isle Prison on James Island in the western sector of Richmond. The POW camp held about 10,000 men by 1863. A railroad bridge of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad reached the island from the mainland. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses and Libby Prison.

Berkeley Plantation / VIRGINIA Bellefont— See Fort Lewis (Staunton). Bellona Arsenal— The Bellona Arsenal was established during 1816 in central Virginia near Richmond in Chesterfield County. It was located along the James River on Old Gun Road near the Huguenot bridge. It remained active until about 1837, but later, during the Civil War, the Confederate States acquired it. At that time, it became known as the Richmond Arsenal. The Bellona Arsenal site is located off State Highway 673 northwest of the junction with Route 147 (Midlothian). Benham’s Fort— Benham’s Fort, a settlers’ fort, was established by John Benham on the North Fork of the Holston River in the vicinity of Mendota. The exact date that the fort was built remains unknown, but John Benham moved there during 1769. Benham’s Fort adjoined the property of Vincent Hobbs, his brother-in-law. Berkeley Plantation— The settlement of Berkeley (Tidewater Virginia) was established in about 1690 and fortified against Indian attacks. The colony was located about halfway between Richmond and Williamsburg. The plantation can be reached by leaving Richmond via Main Street heading toward Route 5. Heading from Williamsburg, take Route 31 to Route 5. Berkeley Plantation is one of the splendid James River Plantations, restored to take you back to the “grand days of the South.” Berkeley is the home of two of our country’s presidents, William Henry Harrison (“Old Tippecanoe”) and Benjamin Harrison, the grandson of William Henry. This magnificent mansion had been pillaged by the British under Benedict

View of Richmond from the Belle Island prison camp after the Union takeover of Richmond —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (New York, 1896)

VIRGINIA / Bermuda Hundred Arnold, the traitor, and during the Civil War, the plantation had been used for Union troops under General McClellan after the battle of Malvern Hill (1862). During the summer of 1862, Union General Daniel Butterfield became inspired and composed “Taps” there. Ironically, while Union troops were stationed at Berkeley, referred to as Harrison’s Landing at the time, the other side of the James River was occupied by Confederate troops. General George McClellan made the plantation the final stop of his Peninsula Campaign Bermuda Citie— See Hopewell. Bermuda Hundred— The area around Bermuda Hundred (Chesterfield County) became a battleground during the spring of 1864 when it was decided by General Grant that a campaign would be initiated to eliminate the Confederates in Virginia. The Bermuda Hundred Campaign was a part of the grand strategy. The Union forces were under General Benjamin Franklin Butler and the Confederates were under General Pierre G.T. Beauregard. The Confederate fortifications in this area included Battery Dantzler, Drewry’s Bluff, Fort Stevens, Fort Wead, Half Way House and Parker’s Battery. The Confederates were not easily evicted. Petersburg and Richmond held until April 1865. Additional information on the Bermuda Hundred Campaign is available at the Petersburg National Park and the Richmond National Park. Bermuda Hundred Palisade— See Hopewell. Bickley’s Fort— See Fort Preston (Russell County). Big Bethel— The Confederates established earthworks at Big Bethel as part of a series of defenses in the vicinity of Newport News. See also Newport News Defenses. Big Crab Orchard Fort— Big Crab Orchard Fort, known also as Witten’s Fort, was established by Thomas Witten at Pisgah about 1771. Militia garrisoned the fort during 1774 (Dunmore’s War). Historical markers regarding the fort are located along both Route 19 at the intersection with Route 460 and along Route 19 at Tazewell. The fort was rebuilt during the 1920s. At present, the fort is the home of the Historic Crab Orchard Museum and Pioneer Park. In conjunction, the county marker states Thomas Witten as the founder of the fort. Other sources listed the fort’s founder as William Witten. A former soldier ( James Elkins) was stationed at “old” Mr. William Witten’s Fort during the autumn of 1777, under the command of Captain Thomas Maxwell. In Tazewell, during 1774, Indians attacked the area and the Henry family was wiped out. John Henry, his wife and their children were killed on 8 September 1774 at their home on the Upper Clinch River Valley. During 1780, when winter arrived (1779–1780), it brought extreme hardships, including acute shortages of food, forcing settlers to venture out in the woods to shoot game. On one such mission, James Roark and two of his sons were away from the family. Indians attacked the family home on 18 March 1780 and killed Roark’s wife and seven of their children (a historical marker stands at the intersection of Routes 631 and 637). Another massacre occurred in the area during March 1782 when Indians killed two of James Maxwell’s children. Black’s Fort— Black’s Fort was established by Joseph Black at Wolf Hills, afterward known as Abingdon, in a sector west of the Blue Ridge Mountains near the Great Road leading to Kingsport, Tennessee. The settlers residing in the area were compelled to gather here on an annual basis during the spring to avoid Indian attacks. Usually, after the autumn, the Indian raids subsided. The fort remained active until about 1781. In conjunction, during 1776, Washington County, named in honor of General George Washington, was established and Wolf Hills became Abingdon. Blackmore’s Fort— See Fort Blackmore.

556 The Blockhouse— Settlers in Scott County established what was known as The Blockhouse at an unknown time prior to 1782. The fortification was located in the furthest tip of northwestern Spartanburg County, at the junction of the wilderness roads from Virginia and North Carolina and less than five miles from Big Moccasin Gap. At the time it was built, it stood on the dividing line separating the settlers from the Indian territory. The Blockhouse was built to protect settlers from Indian attacks. Travelers moving along the Wilderness Road became very acquainted with the outpost. The Blockhouse was later turned into a family residence. A home built on its foundation still stands there. Bloody Angle— The Confederate salient at Spotsylvania during the fighting (May 1864) became known as Bloody Angle. The site of the salient is located along the Spotsylvania Battlefield Walking Tour. Boone Cabin-Fort— In about 1767, Daniel Boone arrived in the southwestern part of Virginia, where he remained (Tazewell County) until the following year. He apparently erected a cabin at Tazewell, remembered as Boone Cabin Fort near the Russell Fork at its convergence with the Levisa River. The town of Tazewell was not settled until about 1799 when it was initially known as Jeffersonville Township. Afterward, it became Tazewell Courthouse and later, Tazewell. Bowman’s Fort— Bowman’s Fort, known also as Harmony Hall, was established in the vicinity of Strasburg (near Cedar Creek) in Shenandoah County. The fort was established by George Bowman, a son-in-law of Joist ( Jost) Hite at about 1753; however, it might have been built as early as 1751. It was small; however, it was constructed of stone. Bowman actually married two of Hite’s daughters, initially Ana Maria and secondly Mary. Two of George’s sons, Isaac and Joseph, participated in the Lewis and Clark expedition during the early 1800s. The fort remained active until after the close of the French and Indian War during the 1760s. Brandy Station— Brandy Station, located north of Culpeper in Culpeper County, was the scene of a heated battle between Union and Confederate cavalry during early June 1863. The Confederates under General J.E.B. ( Jeb) Stuart engaged cavalry under General Alfred Pleasonton, both former West Point graduates. Up until this battle, which had been the largest cavalry battle in the history of the nation, the Confederates usually held the edge. However, Union cavalrymen were improving. The Union lost four killed and 20 wounded. The Confederates sustained 20 dead and 80 wounded. Some of the battlefield has been preserved. Brock’s Gap Fort— See Dunlap’s Fort. Burke’s Fort— In about 1744, James Burke established Burke’s Fort at a site located less than 10 miles from Burke’s Garden. Indian raids compelled Burke to abandon the fort during 1756. In conjunction, during 1756, troops under Major Andrew Lewis established temporary quarters here during an ongoing campaign against Indians. Burner’s Fort— See Massanutten Forts. Burwell’s Landing— See Kingsmill Plantation. Bush’s Fort— See Fort Preston (Russell County). Bushy Bluff Battery— Bushy Bluff Battery, composed of four guns was established by the Confederates outside Norfolk, opposite Tanner’s Point at the mouth of the Lafayette River during 1862. Another battery was established at Penner’s Point. The Confederates also fortified Craney Island and some other positions as the area between the Elizabeth River and East Branch was bolstered against attack by the Union. Byrd’s Fort— See Fort Dinwiddie.

557 Cadwallader Jones’ Fort— See Fort on the Rappahannock. Camp Alger— The 8th Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard (mustered into U.S. service), commanded by Colonel Theodore Hoffman, arrived at Dunn Loring Station on 18 May 1898. After arriving at about 6 P.M., the regiment advanced several miles to Falls Church. On the following day, the regiment established an encampment which became known as Camp Alger. Other Pennsylvania regiments followed. Other units at Camp Alger included the 65th New York and the 8th Ohio Regiments. The 65th Regiment was not prepared to join with the combat (Spanish-American War). The regiment suffered from shortages of supplies and equipment, including tents and mess kits; however, some contingents did arrive in Cuba. The overall conditions at Camp Alger were poor. Sanitary conditions were worse. The camp was not connected to any rail service and there were no bathing facilities, despite holding more than 20,000 troops. The news made it to the newspapers and the camp became a huge embarrassment to the government. Camp Allegheny— Camp Allegheny was established by Confederates under General Edward Johnson during 1861. The camp was located west of Waynesboro in close proximity to the border with West Virginia. A union force attacked it during December 1861, but the Confederates held. Subsequent to the attack, the Confederates moved to West View. The camp site is located south of U.S. Highway 250 in the Monogahela National Forest. Camp Andrew— See Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Arlington— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Banks— See Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Beckwith— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Bottoms Bridge— Camp Bottoms Bridge was established by Virginia militia during 1814. It was garrisoned by militia, including the 19th Virginia Regiment, commanded by Colonel John Ambler. The post was located along the road running between Williamsburg and Richmond and was about 15 miles below Richmond. Colonel Ambler maintained his headquarters at what later became known as Frazer’s Tavern. In conjunction, Colonel Ambler had previously been in command of a cavalry unit at Jamestown until he relocated during 1807 to Richmond and became a member of the 19th Regiment. Camp Briggs— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Butler— Camp Butler was a fortified Union camp at Newport News that was also used as a prison camp during April-August 1865. A nearby monument honors Confederate prisoners who died at the camp. Camp Byron— See Fort Lowry. Camp California— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Custis— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Graham— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Hamilton— The Union established Camp Hamilton at Hampton during 1861. It was located in close proximity to Fortress Monroe. During the fighting at Little Bethel ( June 1861), troops

Cannon Branch Fort / VIRGINIA from Camp Hamilton rushed to join with another column from Newport News. Confusion emerged and the contingent from Camp Hamilton was struck by friendly fire. The Confederates at their outpost were warned by the premature fire and escaped to Big Bethel. Also, a hospital (Hampton Hospital) was established there. Subsequent to the termination of the conflict the Hampton National Cemetery was established there. Monuments were erected for both Union and Confederate troops buried there. The inscription on the Union monument: “In Memory of Union Soldiers Who Died to Maintain the Laws.” The inscription on the Confederate monument: “To Our Confederate Dead.” Camp Holly— Camp Holly was a militia camp established in about 1812–1813 in Rockingham County. The garrison included Captain James Mallory’s Company of Virginia Militia. The militia was commanded by Major William Armistead and later by Colonel Jno. H. Cocke. Camp Keyes— See Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Lee (Fort Lee)— See Fort Lee. Not to be confused with Camp Lee at Richmond. Camp Lee— Camp Lee was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Richmond. The post was used as a training camp and it was also used as a hospital. The camp was slightly west of the city. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Not to be confused with Camp Lee (Fort Lee). Camp Misery— Also, the camp was sometimes referred to as Convalescent Camp and later Camp Distribution. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Camp Mitchell— Camp Mitchell was established by militia at Richmond during 1812. The garrison included the 116th Regiment, Rockingham, 3rd Division. The regiment was attached to Major John T. Woodford at Camp Mitchell and to General Cocke’s brigade, while in service with the U.S. during the War of 1812. Camp Pierpoint— The Union established Camp Pierpoint at Langley during 1861 as part of the defenses of Washington, D.C. Units at the camp included elements of the 1st Light Artillery Pennsylvania Volunteers, which was formed in Philadelphia. The unit was at the camp from October 1861 until March 1862. The camp was less than 10 miles from the capital. Camp Pratt— See Lynchburg. Camp Talbot— Camp Talbot was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Norfolk during 1861. The camp remained active until 10 May 1862 when Norfolk was abandoned by the Confederates. Troops from Georgia and Virginia were stationed there. The camp site was located near the present-day intersection of Granby Street and Oak Grove Road. Camp Winder— Camp Winder was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Richmond. It was used for training and it was utilized as one of a large group of hospitals in and around the city. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Campbell Courthouse Road Fort— The Confederates established a string of defenses at Lynchburg including Fort Early and Fort McCausland. See Lynchburg. Cannon Branch Fort— Cannon Branch Fort was established by the Union at Manassas during 1864. See also Manassas Forts. Captain Campbell’s Fort— See Augusta County. Captain Christian’s Fort— See Christy’s Fort.

VIRGINIA / Captain Roger Smith’s Fort Captain Harris’ Fort— See Fort Mayo. Captain Roger Smith’s Fort— The settlement of the London Company known as Warrosquoyacke (and a variety of spelling variations including Warrosquyoke, Warrosqueak, Warrasquoyke) was changed to be known as Isle of Wight Plantation during 1625. Earlier, during 1622, colonists arrived from England under a patent secured by Edward Bennett. The settlement at that time was also referred to as Edward Bennett’s Plantation. The plantation was located at a place along the Potomac referred to as the Rocks. At about the same time, another plantation, known as Basse’s Choice Plantation, was established by a party including Captain Nathaniel Basse, a man named Arthur Swaine and several others. Basse’s Choice was located along the present-day Pagan River (formerly Warrosquoyacke River. Indians attacked the Virginia settlements during March 1622 on Good Friday. Both sides of the Potomac were included and the losses inflicted upon the English colonists were catastrophic. Of the more than 1,240 colonists who were in what became the state of Virginia, nearly 350 were killed during the attack that was completed within several hours. The English had been caught completely off guard and were of the belief that the Indians were peaceful. The colonists permitted free access to the settlements and Indians had been at various colonies on the day before the attack and even on the morning of the attacks without once signaling that at about noon an attempt was to be made to annihilate the English. In conjunction, one of the colonists, a Mr. Pace, was informed on the night before the attack by an Indian, whom Pace had befriended. Mr. Pace was able to make it to Jamestown by rowboat to warn of the danger. Consequently, Jamestown was prepared and the Indians were unable to destroy the plantations there. At the Isle of Wight, those settlers who were able to prepare fared better as the Indians were less likely to attack when they knew defenders were prepared. Subsequent to the attack, the scattered settlements, numbering about 80 in Virginia, dwindled to less than 10 and the overcrowded places brought about the easy spread of sickness among the colonists. During the attack, the houses that came under assault included the Basse House, where all occupants were killed, but Captain Basse had been away in England. Others included Captain Hamor’s house, where the Indians were repelled; at Baldwin’s House, where the occupants escaped; and Harrison’s House. At the Harrison house, which was set afire, the Indians began to murder the occupants as they exited to fight the fire. Afterward, the area at Worrosquoyacke, from Hog Island down the Potomac for just under 15 miles, was abandoned. However, during the autumn of that same year the English retaliated and advanced against the Indians. The expedition against the Worrosquoyackes and Nansemunds Indians was led by Sir George Yeardley. The Indians were driven form the habitat and the English confiscated their corn crops. During May of the following year, Captain Roger Smith was directed to establish a fort at Isle of Wight (Worrosquoyacke) at a point opposite Tindall Shoals. While Roger Smith initiated the construction of the fort, another man, Captain Samuel Each, was establishing his fort (blockhouse) there. Subsequently, Fort Boykin was established there. See also Fort Boykin. Captain Samuel Each’s Fort— See Captain Roger Smith’s Fort. Captain Samuel Harris’ Fort— Same as Captain Harris’ Fort. See Fort Mayo. Captain Van’s Fort— See Augusta County. Carpenter’s Fort— Carpenter’s Fort was a settler’s fort established in the vicinity of Covington during the 1750s. It is not certain which Carpenter built the fort-house. Records held in the courthouse at Fincastle, Botetourt County, confirm the existence of the fort. In conjunction, the Carpenter family cemetery (Fort Carpenter Cemetery) is located in Covington at Snake Run.

558 Carpenter’s Redoubt— Carpenter’s Redoubt, known also as Fort Carpenter, was established by the Union during 1864 after General Grant made the decision to seize Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Elements of the 16th New York Heavy Artillery arrived there on 12 August 1864 to relieve the Connecticut 6th Infantry Volunteer Regiment. Other units of the 16th New York were at about the same time engaged with Confederates at Dutch Gap. The fort was one of a series of forts that was constructed outside the presentday Richmond Battlefield National Park. There are no remains of the fort, which was located in the vicinity of I-95 outside Richmond. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Carter’s Fort— Carter’s Fort, known also as Carter’s Station, was established at Rye Cove. The exact date of the establishment of Carter’s Fort (Carter’s Station) is not known; however, in about 1774, three brothers, Joseph, Norris and Thomas Carter, arrived in the area around Rye Cove. The earliest record pertaining to the fort was during 1777 when Virginia militia troops under Lieutenant William Bowen were deployed there (Scott County) near the settlement of Rye Cove. The fort, located along Hunter’s Trace, remained active until about 1794. Carter’s Station— See Carter’s Fort. Castle (The)— See Fort Boykin. Castle Calhoun— See Fort Wool. Castle Goodwin— See Richmond Civil War Defenses. Castle Lightning— See Richmond Civil War Defenses. Castle Thunder— See Richmond Civil War Defenses. Cedar Mountain— Cedar Mountain, known also as Slaughter Mountain, in Culpeper County was the scene of a heavy battle on 9 August 1862. Union Generals Pope and Banks attacked Confederates under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. Confederate reinforcements under General A.P. Hill arrived to drive the Union away. The battlefield site is located along the driving tour. A marker is located on a portion of the field slightly west of Highway 15 on Route 757. Additional information is available at the Fredericksburg National Park Visitor Center. See also Fredericksburg. Cedar Point Battery— See Suffolk. Centerville Forts— The Confederates fortified Centerville. A series of forts was built in the heights (Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4) during 1861. A large encampment was also established. Following the battle of Bull Run (Manassas), during June 1861, the Stone Church was used as a hospital. General Johnston used the Grigsby House as his headquarters during March 1862. Chadwell’s Fort— See Chadwell’s Station. Chadwell’s Station— Chadwell’s Station, known also as Chadwell’s Fort, was established by Captain David Chadwell in about 1790–1791. The fort was located in the Powell Valley (Lee County) and was a prominent stopping place for people moving across the Wilderness Road, heading west. The fort was also where other settlers in the area gathered during times of alarm when Indians were raiding the valley. Chadwell acquired more land in Lee County, but he also purchased land in Claiborne County, Tennessee. Chadwell transferred his property in Lee County to his children and during the 1800s, he moved to Tazewell County, where he succumbed during 1832 at the age of 100 years. Also, Chadwell, who had served during the American Revolution, had established a grist mill during 1790 in the vicinity of where he established his fort. Chaffin’s Bluff— Chaffin’s Bluff, across from Drewry’s Bluff, was fortified by the Confederates during the early days of the conflict. It

559 played a part in the defenses of Richmond during 1864 when the Union initiated the campaign to seize the Confederate capital. Chancellorsville— Chancellorsville was the scene of a major battle (Battle of Chancellorsville) during early May (1st-4th) 1863. One hundred and thirty-four thousand Union troops under General Joseph Hooker opposed about 60,000 troops under General Robert E. Lee. The Union sustained 1,542 killed, 9,518 wounded and 5,000 missing. The Confederates sustained 1,581 killed, 8,700 wounded and 2,000 missing. Confederate General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was fatally wounded (accidentally) by his own troops. Jackson was transported from the camp to Chandler’s Plantation at Guinea Station on 4 May. He succumbed on 10 May. Confederate General Elisha Paxton was also killed. Union Generals Hiram G. Berry and Amiel Weeks Whipple were also killed. The battlefield is located in Spotsylvania County off Route 3 about 10 miles west of Fredericksburg. A visitor center is located there. Chatham— The Chatham mansion, known also as the Lacy House, a brick Georgian-style home, was built between 1767 and 1771 by William Fitzhugh. The mansion is located on the north bank of the river in Stafford County across from Fredericksburg. During the Civil War, Union General Irwin McDowell established his headquarters there and Union General Edwin V. Sumner established his headquarters at the mansion prior to the battle for Fredericksburg. General Henry Hunt (chief of artillery), deployed nearly 150 guns near the home and Colonel Charles Tompkins set up a battery. During August 1862, Union General Ambrose Burnside (commander of the Ninth Corps) arrived at Fredericksburg and he established his headquarters at the Lacy House. Major General Edwin Sumner, commander of the Right Grand Division of the Union Army, also used the Lacy House as his headquarters. During the build-up for the battle of Fredericksburg, Brigadier General Henry Hunt, chief of artillery, gathered 147 guns of all calibers and stationed units near the Lacy House. Colonel Charles Tompkins organized an emplacement of artillery near the Lacy House. During December 1862, the Union unsuccessfully attacked Fredericksburg and the mansion was used as a hospital for Union troops. Part of the mansion is open to the public. Chesterfield Courthouse— During 1780, Chesterfield Courthouse became a training center for Virginian recruits of the Continental Army. It remained active until the following year and from that installation, the Continental Army drew reinforcements for its operations against the British in the southern colonies. Chimborazo Medical Museum— The Chimborazo Medical Museum is located in Richmond. During the Civil War, the site was a Confederate hospital. It is located in the old main park visitor center in Richmond at 3215 East Broad St. The museum highlights medical techniques of the Civil War period. It is open to the public. Chopawwamsic Battery— See Quantico Batteries. Christy’s Fort— Christy’s Fort, known also as Captain Christian’s Fort, was established during 1756 as one of a series of forts that was hurriedly constructed in Augusta County due to the French and Indian War. It was constructed along the Jackson River about 14 miles from Fort Dinwiddie and was built to hold about 40 troops. It remained active until the early 1760s. City Point— City Point at Hopewell (Dinwiddie County) is located at the convergence of the Appomattox and James Rivers in the vicinity of Petersburg. It was heavily fortified by the Union during 1864–1865 during the Richmond Campaign and used as a primary supply base. General Ulysses S. Grant established his headquarters there. It is part of the historical sites around Petersburg. More in-

Crewe / VIRGINIA formation is available at the Appomattox Visitors’ Center (Appomattox Manor). The fortifications are located on Appomattox Street just off Route 10. Clifton— During the Confederate retreat from Petersburg and Richmond, the Confederate Army under General Robert E. Lee moved through Clifton on 8 April 1865. The Union forces of General Ulysses S. Grant were close behind. The Confederates continued moving. Grant halted there and remained overnight. In conjunction, following another Confederate setback the following day, General Lee surrendered. Clifts Plantation Fort— See Pope’s Clifts Plantation. Cobb’s Hill Station— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Cocke’s Station— See Rocky Station. Cockpit Point Battery— The Confederates established Cockpit Point Battery at Dumphries during 1861. The battery was located atop a steep cliff between Quantico and Freestone Point. During 1989, the site, located on private property, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. See also Quantico Batteries. Cold Harbor— Cold Harbor, near Richmond in Hanover County, was the scene of heavy fighting during the Civil War, including June 1862 (Seven Days’ Battle) and 1–12 June 1864. During the fighting ( June 1864), the Union lost nearly 2,000 killed, 10,500 wounded and about 2,450 missing. The Confederates lost 1,700 killed, wounded or missing. The campaign to gain Richmond lasted until April 1865. There is a visitors’ center at the battlefield. Colquitt’s Salient— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Columbia Arsenal— See Point of Fork Arsenal. Cowan’s Fort— See Fort Preston (Russell County). Coxendale Forts— During 1612, Sir Thomas Dale directed the establishment of five additional forts (palisades) at the settlement known as Coxendale and Hope in Faith. The forts were: Charity Fort (Fort Charity); Mount Malado (Fort Mount Malado), a guest house for the sick; Elisabeth Fort (Fort Elizabeth); Fort Patience and Rocke Halle (a parsonage). The settlement was close to Henricus. It was abandoned during 1622 after the Indian attacks of that period. Craney Island Fort— Craney Island Fort was established during 1813 at Portsmouth on the Elizabeth River opposite Norfolk. The fort was one of a series of forts that protected Norfolk Harbor. Later that same year, on 22 June, the British attempted to take Norfolk, but the defenders at Craney Island Fort repelled the attack. In conjunction, Fort Norfolk and Fort Nelson were in the vicinity. During the War of 1812, the USS Constellation used Norfolk as its home port, but it remained there for the duration, unable to break through the British blockade. The fort site is on U.S. Navy property and not accessible to the public. There are no visible remains of the fort. During the War of 1812, militia from Elizabeth City, Nansemund, Norfolk, Princess Anne, and Warwick initially manned the fort, but more militia were called from Piedmont and western Virginia to bolster it. The Confederates used the fort until 1862. The Crater— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Crewe— General Grant was at Crewe on 5 April 1865 while in pursuit of the Confederates under General Robert E. Lee. General Lee’s forces were trying to avoid entrapment. Petersburg and Richmond had been abandoned. General Grant hurried from there to Jetersville (Amelia Springs), advancing on the night of the 5th-6th to join with the forces under Generals George Meade and Philip Sheridan to cut off the retreat.

VIRGINIA / Crissman’s Fort Cricket Hill Fort— See Fort Cricket Hill. Crissman’s Fort— Crissman’s Fort was established by Isaac Crissman in about 1774 in Scott County near Rye Cove. During 1776, one man, Samuel Cowan, was intercepted and killed by Cherokees while he was en route from Fort Blackmore to alert the settlers at Fort Houston. Also, Isaac Crissman was slain near his fort at Rye Cove. During the following year, Crissman’s Fort was rebuilt by Joseph Carter and it was renamed Carter’s Fort. Culpeper— The town of Culpeper in Culpeper County was fortified by Union forces during the winter of 1863–1864 while they encamped there for the winter. The town has a visitors’ center at the Culpeper Train Station. In addition, the Confederates had earlier utilized Culpeper. On 13 September 1863, the Union attacked the railroad station to destroy Confederate supplies that were aboard rail cars. Cumberland Church— Union and Confederate forces clashed here on 7 April 1865 while General Lee was retreating from Petersburg. Lee surrendered two days later at Appomattox. Dabbs House— The Dabbs House (East Henrico Government Center) is located in Henrico County along Nine Mile Road. On 1 June 1862, General Robert E. Lee was appointed commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. General Lee established his headquarters in the Dabbs House. Dam No. 1 Redoubt— The Confederates established a redoubt at Dam No. 1 (Newport News) as one of a series of defenses along the Warwick River line in the vicinity of Newport News. Union forces of General McClellan attacked this fortification on 16 April, but the Confederates held. The fortifications have been preserved and are open to the public. See also Newport News Defenses. For more information, see the Newport News Visitor Center at the entrance to the park. Daniel Harrison’s Fort— Daniel Harrison’s Fort, known also as Fort Harrison, was built during 1749 as a defense against Indian raids. It was located in the vicinity of Harrisonburg. The stone home was restored during the 1970s and is operated by the HarrisonburgRockingham Historical Society. Daniel Smith’s Fort— Daniel Smith’s Fort was established in Russell County along the Clinch River during 1774. The fort was located about 16 miles north of Lebanon. A state historical marker stands along Highway 17 near Indian Creek in upper Russell County that commemorates the fort. It states: “Near here in 1774, stood Daniel Smith’s Fort, also known as Fort Christian. The fort was named for Smith who was a surveyor and Captain of militia on the upper Clinch.” However, the fort was named Fort Christian according to communications (letters) between Captain William Russell and Colonel William Preston. Russell noted three forts, Fort Christian, Fort Byrd and Elk Garden; there was no mention of Daniel Smith’s Fort in the letter dated 13 July 1774. At the time the fort was established, it was in Botetourt, but afterward it became Fincastle and then later Washington until finally it became Russell County. Daniel Smith served during the American Revolution as an officer in the army. Subsequent to the conclusion of the war, during 1783, Smith traveled to Tennessee with others, including the Bledsoes, Blackmores and Shelbys, and settled near Henderson. Danville Forts— Danville was a Confederate strong point that remained in Confederate hands until the end of the conflict. During 1863, fortifications were constructed to defend the city and its six prisons. The fortifications included rifle pits and redoubts that primarily ran west from a point just east of the town. The protective line extended beyond the southern tip of the city. The northern sec-

560 tor of the city was protected by the Dan River. During April 1865, Confederate president Jefferson Davis arrived there and insisted that the defenses be further fortified. Danville became the final capital of the Confederacy. A national cemetery was established in Danville during 1867. More than 1,300 Union prisoners succumbed while held in the Confederate prisons (tobacco warehouses) at Danville. They were reinterred at the cemetery. One of the six prisons (Prison No. 6) has survived. It is located at 300 Lynn Street in Danville. Some of the earthworks remain in the heights above the Dan River off Route 58 slightly outside Danville. Darbytown Road— During early October 1864, Confederates initiated their move to regain some of the ground they conceded along the Richmond defenses (Henrico County). The site is located at Dorey Park, 2999 Darbytown Road, Richmond, Virginia 23231. Davidson’s Garrison— Davidson’s Garrison was established in the vicinity of the mouth of Cove Creek, a tributary of the Bluestone River in present-day Tazewell County. The Davidson family had arrived in America from Ireland and settled in Virginia, initially near Crab Creek in Montgomery County (later, present-day Tazewell County). American militia were stationed at the fort during the Revolutionary War. In conjunction, from 1777 through 1786, the fort was commanded by Captain James Moore, who was along with his family wiped out by Indians during July 1786. The Moores are remembered as the “Captives of Abbs Valley.” Deep Bottom— Deep Bottom, a James River crossing near Petersburg in Henrico County, was a key point for the Union during the summer and autumn of 1864 as the Confederates continued to hold Richmond and Petersburg, while the Union pressed against targets including New Market Heights. The site is now part of a county park located off Kingsland Road south of Route 5. Dorton’s Fort— Dorton’s Fort was established off Route 71, in the vicinity of Nickelsville (present-day Scott County), at an unknown time prior to 1780 by William Dorton Sr. The fort was established as a defense against Indian attacks. The fort was in close proximity to Kilgore’s Fort. During 1794, when Indians under the half-breed Cherokee Chief Benge seized some of the Livingston family, settlers from Dorton’s Fort, including William Dorton, Jr., joined the chase. Militia under Lieutenant Vincent Hobbs intercepted Benge and killed him on 6 April. The fight occurred in the vicinity of Big Stone Gap. A state historical marker was placed along Highway 71 about one and one-half miles outside the town. In conjunction, Scott County, named in honor of General Winfield Scott, was carved from parts of Lee, Washington and Russell Counties during 1814. Drewry’s Bluff— Confederates fortified Drewry’s Bluff at the James River in Chesterfield County. It was a target of the Union during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. During mid–May 1862, Union naval forces unsuccessfully attacked it. Later, during 1864, Union ground forces under General Butler attacked the fort. The Confederate Naval Academy was also located there. It is located along the Richmond Battle Tour. Follow the signs off either Route 95 or Route 1. The site (7600 Fort Darling Road) is part of the Richmond National Battlefield Park Tour. Duncan’s Fort— Duncan’s Fort was established in about 1775 by Raleigh Duncan along the Clinch River about 10 miles above Fort Blakeman (also Blackman’s and Blakamon’s). The fort was used by militia and apparently some regulars during the American Revolution. One enlisted man, Lewis Green, was stationed at Blackman’s Fort and later at Duncan’s Fort. He was a “spy” (scout) in the service of the Continental Army under Colonel Isaac Shelby, and his service was spent searching for approaching Indians. Duncan’s Fort was about 10 miles above Blackman’s Fort.

561 Dunkard Bottom Fort— The settlement of Dunkard Bottom was established during 1750. It was the initial Virginian settlement west of the New River. The fort, located in Pulaski County near Dublin, was established at sometime during the 1750s. A historical marker is located slightly west of Radford along old U.S. Highway 11. The fort was located about five miles southwest of the marker. The fort (no remains) was located near present-day Clayton Lake State Park off I-81 at Exit 101. From there State Route 660 to State Park Road. Dunlap’s Fort— Dunlap’s Fort, sometimes known as Brock’s Gap Fort, was established during 1756 in Rockingham County near Buffalo Creek and Harrisonburg. It remained active until the 1760s. Dutch Gap Battery— See Rockbridge Battery. Dutton Redoubt— Dutton Redoubt was established by the Union during the campaign (1864) to seize Petersburg and Richmond. One of the units that garrisoned the fort was the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Edward Bennett’s Plantation— See Captain Roger Smith’s Fort. Elisha Faris’ Station— Elisha Faris established his station (fortified house and tavern) along the Boone Trail at present-day Gate City (Scott County) during the 1770s. The Faris Station was well known to travelers along the trail. Later, during 1791, Indians led by a halfbreed, Benge, attacked the station and slew the Faris family. Elk Garden Fort— Elk Garden Fort was one of a series of militia forts established along the Clinch River in Russell County during 1774. Others included Moore’s Fort near St. Paul, Glade Hollow Fort and Fort Christian (also Smith’s Fort). The fort was located off present-day State Highway 19 in the vicinity of the Elk Garden Methodist Church. It was never determined on whose land the fort was built; however, some of the colonists who held land in the area were Captain John Dunkin (Duncan), Captain John Kinkead and Richard Price. Militia garrisoned the fort. Indian raids in the area ceased following the death of Chief Benge, a half-breed, during 1794. Elliott’s Salient—See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Eltham’s Landing— The Union attempted to set up positions at Eltham’s Landing during 1862 to move against the flank of the Confederates under General Joe Johnston, which were in retreat. Eltham’s Landing is located west of Cumberland and White House Landings. The forces of Union Brigadier General William B. Franklin were thwarted by another Confederate force, a the brigade under General John Bell Hood. Endview— Endview, located along Yorktown Road, Newport News, was built about 1760. During the Civil War it was used as a hospital by the Confederates and the Union. Evan Shelby’s Fort— In about 1770, Evan Shelby and Isaac Baker acquired land (Sapling Grove) along Shallow Creek, a branch of the Middle Fork of Indian (later Holstein) River. The tract of just under 1,000 acres (Washington County) was purchased from the executors of the James Patton estate. During the following year, Shelby established a fort in the heights overlooking present-day Bristol. The fort was a gathering place for the patriots during the American Revolution as it was in close proximity to the sites of several battles, including the Battle of King’s Mountain.

Flowerdew Hundred Fort / VIRGINIA In addition, the hospital also treated some Union casualties. During 1864, more than 20,000 troops received treatment there. In conjunction, about 700 troops were buried in the cemetery grounds there. Nearby, above Somerset, at Old Somerset, the Confederates also established positions to guard the railroad (Orange and Alexandria RR) there. During 1864, the Union, under General Meade, moved against the positions at Old Somerset and from there to Gordonsville. The Exchange Hotel Museum holds a list of all troops interred there. The Hotel Museum (restored) is located at 400 South Main Street in Gordonsville. Farmville— The Confederate Army camped here on 7 April 1865, while in retreat from Petersburg and Richmond in an effort to pause and get some food. However, the Union forces arrived to interrupt the plan. The Confederates moved further west across the Appomattox. The army surrendered on the following day. Ferry Farm— Ferry Farm, which was the boyhood home of George Washington, is located in Stafford County, slightly north of Fredericksburg. It lies on the north bank of the Rappahannock River. During the contest for Fredericksburg (December 1862), Union forces were based around the farm. The Ferry Farm is open to the public. Five Forks— Five Forks (Dinwiddie County) was the scene of heavy fighting during the closing days of the war when Confederate General Robert E. Lee was retreating west from Petersburg. The scene of the clash on 1 April 1865 between the Union and Confederate forces there is located south of U.S. Highway 460 on Route 627. It was about four miles west of White Oak Road (Route 613). Five Forks is part of the Petersburg National Battlefield. There is a visitors’ station there. See also Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Flowerdew Hundred Fort— During 1619, Sir George Yeardley acquired land about 25 miles above Jamestown (Prince George County) in the vicinity of Fort Powhatan He established the Flowerdew Hundred Plantation and named it after his wife’s family. Like the other settlements in the area, it was attacked during 1622. However, the settlement’s fort was sufficiently strong to repel the attacks. Six people were reported killed, but the fort held. Subsequently, the threats from Indians subsided and colonists moved further inland. During 1624, the plantation was acquired by Abraham Peirsey. Later, during 1673, the plantation was subdivided into two plantations and afterward it was broken into several more properties. In the meantime, the colonists needed to speed the travel time between Williamsburg and Petersburg. One step taken was the establishment of a ferry at Flowerdew Hundred. By the time the Civil War erupted during 1861, Flowerdew Hundred again became an important location, not due to its tobacco farming, but rather, its strategic location. During 1864, Union engineers selected it as a James River crossing from Weyanoke Point. The Union contingent under Lieutenant Peter Michie built a pontoon bridge there during June 1864. It stretched nearly 2,000 feet and linked Fort Powhatan to Flowerdew Hundred. Construction began on 14 June and within three days, the Army of the Potomac completed its crossing. Once the force, composed of more than 100,000 troops, crossed the engineers disassembled the bridge to protect their rear. For more information: Flowerdew Hundred Museum, 1617 Flowerdew Hundred Road, Hopewell, Virginia 23860.

Evansport Battery— See Quantico Batteries.

Forest Road Depot— See Fort McCausland.

Exchange Hotel— The Exchange Hotel in central Virginia at Gordonsville serviced travelers who used the Virginia Central Railroad. During 1862, the Confederates transformed the hotel into a hospital (Gordonsville Receiving Hospital). Wounded troops from such clashes as Cedar Mountain and Chancellorsville were treated there.

Forest Road Fort— See Fort McCausland. Fort Abbott— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Albany— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

VIRGINIA / Fort Albion

562

Fort Albion— During March 1813, a British flotilla advanced up Chesapeake Bay to Tangier Island. Troops debarked and established positions there which were bolstered by artillery. During the summer, fresh troops arrived to participate in the assault against Baltimore. The British retained the base (Fort Albion) there until 1815. In conjunction, during 1608, John Smith, on an exploratory mission in search of fresh water, had visited the area. At that time, he came across several islands (now known as Smith’s, Tangier and Watts) and named them the Russell Isles in honor of a British physician, Doctor Russell.

quent to an attack against Richmond by the British. It was built where a battery known as Hood’s Battery had been deployed. Fort Powhatan was built beginning in 1808 nearby at Windmill Hill. Later it would be used by the Confederates. See also Fort Powhatan. Not to be confused with Fort Hood at Fredericksburg.

Fort Alex Hays— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Barbour— At Norfolk, Fort Barbour (Anne Road and Church Street) was established by the Americans during 1812 to bolster Fort Norfolk. Another post, Fort Tar (Monticello Avenue north of Virginia Beach Boulevard), was also established to reinforce Fort Norfolk.

Fort Alexander— See Battery Alexander. Fort Algernourne— During 1609, Captain John Smith established Fort Algernourne (later Fort Monroe) at Point Comfort (Hampton Roads) to bolster the defenses of Jamestown. Fort Algernourne (Old Point Comfort) was named by George Percy, president of the king’s council, in honor of the founder of his family, William Algernourne de Percy. William Algernourne (Algernournce) arrived in England from France with William the Conqueror during 1066. The fort was located at the tip of the peninsula and acted as a forward post capable of sighting the approach of hostile vessels, which would have included the Dutch and Spanish; however, there was also concern about pirate ships. During 1629, John Potts succeeded Francis West as governor of Virginia, but he soon involved himself in unseemly practices (cattle stealing) which brought about his removal. John Harvey, acting under royal commission, arrived in Virginia as governor, replacing John Potts. Harvey directed the construction of a fort at Point Comport and soon after, the colonists initiated extracting payment in the form of “powder and ball” from each vessel passing into the area. The fort remained active until 1667 when peace was made with the Dutch, eliminating the need for the post. Subsequently, another fort, known as Fort George, was located there from the early 1720s through about 1749 when a hurricane whipped through the area and demolished the fort. In addition, some British fortifications were established there during the American Revolution, but the British stay was short-lived. Soon after they fortified the area, the British surrendered at Yorktown. Subsequently, during 1819, Fort Monroe was established there. See also Fort Monroe. Fort Ashby— See Fort Ashby, West Virginia. Fort at Ball’s Point— William Ball, the great-grandfather of George Washington, arrived in America in about 1650. He settled with his family in Lancaster County near the mouth of the Carotoman River. During 1663, Ball (who held the title of major) acquired a tract of land in the vicinity of Narrow Neck Creek. The settlement of Millenbeck emerged there. Subsequently, Ball and another man, Thomas Chetwood, also acquired another large tract in Rappahannock County on the north side of the Rappahannock River. Shortly thereafter, Ball acquired another tract located next to the property of Daniel Fox, the latter later becoming Ball’s son-in-law. Fox married Hannah, the only daughter of major (later colonel) Ball. Colonel Ball, who was involved in suppressing Bacon’s Rebellion, established his mansion (Millenbeck) at the Lancaster County estate and it was apparently from there that he and Lieutenant Colonel John Carter operated against the rebels. Colonel Ball succumbed during November 1680. Millenbeck was bequeathed to his son William. Colonel Ball’s widow, Hannah Atherold Ball, remained at the estate until her death during July 1695. Fort at Comfort Point— See Fort Algernourne. Fort at Hood’s Bluff— The Fort at Hood’s Bluff, also known as Fort Hood, was established near the James River, slightly down river from Flowerdew Hundred, during 1781. The fort was constructed subse-

Fort (at) Warraskoyack— See Fort Boykin. Fort Baldwin— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Baldy Smith— See Fort Marcy.

Fort Barnard— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Beauregard— Fort Beauregard was one of three Confederate fortifications established during 1861 to protect Leesburg in Loudoun County from Union attack. It remained active until 1862 when it was captured by Union forces. The other two forts were Fort Johnston (later Fort Geary) and Fort Evans. Fort Johnston was located in some heights about two miles southeast of the town near Tuscarora Creek. In conjunction, Loudoun County was formed from the northwest section of Fairfax County during 1757. See also Leesburg Defenses. The site of the Battle of Balls Bluff (Leesburg) is now part of Ball’s Bluff Regional Park, located off Route 7 West at Route 15 Bypass north. Fort Belvoir— See White House Point Battery. Fort Bennett— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Berry— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Blackmore— Fort Blackmore, known also as John Blackmore’s Fort, was established in Scott County outside Fort Blackmore along the north bank of the Clinch River during 1774. John Blackmore and his brother Joseph relocated there from Farquier County during 1772. It was located along the Wilderness Road near Stony Creek. The fort was repeatedly attacked unsuccessfully by the Indians. During September 1774, Fort Blackmore and Moore’s Fort came under assault by Indians under Chief Logan. During the following month, Fort Blackmore and Shelby’s Fort were assaulted, but both held. Later, during 1776, when Powell Valley was abandoned when the Cherokee War was about to erupt, the settlers there headed for Fort Blackmore. Fort Blackmore remained active until the 1790s. No traces of the fort remain. Fort Blackwater— Fort Blackwater, known also as Terry’s Fort (Captain Nathaniel Terry), was established during 1756 as one of the posts strung along the Virginia frontier. Alarm spread through the region following the defeat of General Edward Braddock at Fort Duquesne in Pennsylvania. The fort, one of the smaller ones, was capable of holding about 20 troops. It was located along the Blackwater River in Franklin County. Other posts in the chain included Hogg’s Fort (Fort Vauz) on the Roanoke River that held 150 troops and Fort William on the Catawba Branch of the James River which held 75 troops. The fort remained active through the early 1760s. Fort Blaisdell— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Blencker— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

563 Fort Boykin— The English established a fort known as Captain Roger Smith’s Fort (later Fort Boykin) during 1623 in the vicinity of Smithfield (present-day Isle of Wight County) as a defense against both the Spanish and the Indians. At the same time, another fort (blockhouse) was established there by Captain Samuel Each. The fort, shaped in the form of a seven-point star, became known as the Castle (also Fort at Warraskoyack). During the 1750s, the fort there was known as Fort Breckenridge. At that time, about 1756, it was one of a series of forts, including nearby Fort Young, that was established in (at that time) Augusta County to provide protection against the French and Indians. These forts were hurriedly established after General Edward Braddock was defeated near Fort Duquesne in Pennsylvania. The Americans later gained it from the British and garrisoned it with militia during the War for Independence. The fort was named Fort Boykin in honor of General Francis Boykin. Subsequently, at the outbreak of the Civil War, the Confederates used it to defend Richmond until a Union naval force seized it on 17 May 1862. The fort is now part of Fort Boykin Historic Park, Isle of Wight County. It is located along Morgarts Beach Road near the banks of the James River. Not to be confused with Fort Breckinridge (Alleghany County). See also Captain Roger Smith’s Fort. Fort Brady— Fort Brady was established by the Union along the James River in the vicinity of Richmond during 1864, following the heavy fighting there during the latter part of September 1864. The fort gave the Union a strategic position from which it was able to dominate passage there and keep the Confederate gunboats from moving southward. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Breckenridge (Alleghany County)— Fort Breckenridge, also known as Fort Mann, was established during 1756. It was located on the Jackson River in Alleghany County about 16 miles from Fort Dickinson (Fort Young). The fort was one of a series of posts established along the Virginia frontier during the French and Indian War period and Pontiac’s War. Not to be confused with Fort Breckenridge (also Fort Boykin) (Isle of Wight). Fort Breckenridge (Isle of Wight)— See Fort Boykin. Not to be confused with Fort Breckenridge (Alleghany County). Fort Bross— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Buffalo— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Burnham— See Fort Harrison. Fort C.F. Smith— Fort C.F. Smith, named in honor of General Charles Ferguson Smith, was established in the vicinity of Alexandria north of Sprout Run during 1863 on dominating high ground near the Potomac River. At the time the fort was about to be built, a private residence was there, owned by the Jewell family. The family was instructed to move and the house was demolished to make way for the fort. Fort Whipple was built at about the same time. Fort C.F. Smith was below Fort Ethan Allan and Fort Whipple was located above Fort McPherson and adjacent to Fort Cass. After the defeat at Bull Run, Union officials knew that Washington needed more protection than it already had. Fort C.F. Smith is now part of a county park located at 2411 N. 24th St. It lies between I-66 and the George Washington Memorial Parkway, off Spout Run Parkway. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Carpenter— See Carpenter’s Redoubt. Fort Cass— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Charles— Fort Charles was established in the vicinity of Hopewell during the early 1600s. See also Hopewell.

Fort Clifton / VIRGINIA Fort Chiswell— At about 1761, Fort Chiswell, named in honor of Colonel John Chiswell, was established by Colonel William Byrd III in the vicinity of Lee’s Mountain in Montgomery County (later Wythe County). It was about 270 miles from Richmond in southwest Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains. Fort Chiswell remained active as a defensive post to protect the settlers from the Indians. The fort was active until about 1776; however, the area remained fortified during the American War for Independence. In conjunction, Byrd and Chiswell, while seeking safety in a cave to remain undiscovered by Indians, stumbled upon lead deposits and shortly thereafter, they established a mining operation in the area near Austinville. Wythe County was originally a part of Augusta County and afterward, for a short while, Fincastle County. During 1776, Fincastle was eliminated and three new counties emerged, Kentucky, Washington, and Montgomery. Wythe County was formed from Montgomery County during 1790 and named in honor of George Wythe, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Fort Chiswell, from 1778 through 1789, was the government seat of Montgomery County. The fort was partially burned down during 1900. Fort Chiswell is situated along Interstate Highways 81 and 77, as well as U.S. 11. The early settlers passed through here along the Wilderness Road en route to Kentucky. The Fort Chiswell mansion is located near the Fort Chiswell Exits. Fort Christanna— Fort Christanna, thought to have been named in honor of Christ and Queen Anne of England, was established about 1713–1714 by Governor Spotswood. It was located in the vicinity of Lawrenceville to provide added security due to difficulties with the Indians (Tuscarora) in nearby North Carolina. In addition to providing security for the colonists, Fort Christanna also afforded protection for various friendly tribes in the area. In an attempt to improve relations with the Indians, Governor Spotswood also established a school in which the Indians were taught English and about Christianity. The fort remained active until about 1718, when the House of Burgesses and the council refused to fund the project after deciding the school was no longer necessary. Unlike Fort Germanna, Fort Christanna was garrisoned by colonial militia. The post saw limited action against both the Tuscarora and their close kin, the Iriquois, during the Tuscarora uprising in North Carolina. In conjunction, the tribes of the Siouian Nation that gathered at the fort were classified by Spotswood as the “Saponie Nation.” The tribes included the Saponi, Eno, Meherrin, Occaneechi and the Tutelo. The Tuscarora agreed to come into the fort for protection, but they never provided the necessary hostages or tribute to Virginia. The Indians also abandoned their treaty agreements. Peace between the colonists and the Tuscarora came about during 1722 (Albany Conference in New York, led by Spotswood). The treaty consummated there defined the areas where the Five Civilized Nations could freely travel within Virginia. Fort Christanna operated in conjunction with Fort Germanna. Archeologists continue to work at the site. A recent discovery included the ruins of a possible iron forge, which draws it closer to Governor Spotswood’s scheme for smelting iron in Virginia. For more information: The Germanna Foundation, P.O. Box 279, Locust Grove, Virginia 22508. Fort Christian— See Daniel Smith’s Fort. Fort Clarke— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Clifton— Fort Clifton (old Clifton House) was established at the convergence of Swift Creek and the Appomattox River near Petersburg by the Confederates during the winter of 1863–1864. The fort dominated the river north of Petersburg and played a part in the defense of Petersburg and Richmond. The fort was composed of three main earthen works, but later, the Confederates added a two-story guardhouse and a magazine. The troops also constructed underground

VIRGINIA / Fort Collier bunkers and fortified the post with trenches. During May 1864, the Union attacked the fort, but the naval assault, known as the Battle of Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church, was repelled. Union ground forces were unable to close on the fort. Subsequently, Union warships attacked on 9 June and 10 June, but the fort held. Later during June, a Union naval force again approached the fort, but it, too, was driven back. The garrison at Fort Clifton received orders to evacuate the fort during early April 1865. During the evening of 2 April, the garrison marched toward Five Forks, but by the following morning, the advance moved instead to Appomattox. The Union occupied the fort on 3 April 1865 when a contingent of the IX Corps arrived there. By 8 April, the remaining artillery in the fort was on its way to Washington, D.C. Fort Clifton is on the Petersburg Tour Route. See also Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Collier— Fort Collier was established at Winchester during 1861. The fort was built by Confederates under General Joseph E. Johnston. It was constructed around the brick house of Isaac Stine and was shaped like a half-moon. The Confederates also constructed fortifications running from the fort around about half of the town of Winchester. During the Battle of Winchester (September 1864), the Confederates were compelled to abandon the fort. The fort site is located near U.S. Highway 11 and State Highway 764 slightly north of the town. Fort Colvill— Fort Colvill was established in Frederick County during the 1750s. The French and Indian War Foundation, which purchased Fort Loudoun in Winchester, is also acquiring Fort Colvill. Fort Conahe— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Converse— The U.S. 5th Colored Infantry Regiment, which had participated in the capture of City Point during early May 1864, established Fort Converse, which was between Petersburg and Richmond during June 1864. See Petersburg Civil War Defenses

564 tended to protect Williamsburg, but with the departure of the English and Dunmore, Fort Nonsense became unimportant. The fort became a national historic site during 1970. Fort Cummings— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Davis— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Davison— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort DeKalb— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Also, Fort DeKalb was also known as Fort Strong. Fort Dickinson— See Fort Young. Fort Dinwiddie— Fort Dinwiddie, known also as Byrd’s Fort and William Warwick’s Fort, was established in Bath County near the Jackson River during 1755. It was one of a series of forts thrown up along the Virginia frontier during the French and Indian War period. Others included Captain Harris’ Fort, Galloway’s Fort (also known as Fort Trial), Hogg’s Fort, Fort Dickinson (also known as Fort Young) and Terry’s Fort (also known as Fort Blackwater). Also, Fort Breckenridge, sometimes called Fort Mann, was constructed on the Jackson River. Fort Dinwiddie, built to hold about 100 troops, was located west of Warm Springs along the Jackson River about 14 miles from Fort Breckenridge. In addition to these forts, some other lesser known settlers’ forts were constructed along and near the Jackson River during these times of conflict between the English and the French with their Indian allies. At Middletown, near Winchester, Stephen’s Fort, known also as Old Stone Fort, was established, and like other settlers’ forts in the region, it remained active until after the close of the French and Indian War. Fort Dushane— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Dutton— See Dutton Redoubt and Richmond Civil War Defenses.

Fort Corcoran— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Fort Early— Fort Early was established at Lynchburg by the Confederates during 1863. See also Lynchburg.

Fort Crafford— Fort Crafford was established near Newport News during 1861 by the Confederates. It was established between Williamsburg and Newport News by Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The post was abandoned during 1862, but the Union did not utilize it. Subsequently, during 1918, (World War I period), the U.S. Army acquired the land. During 1923, Fort Eustis was established there off Route 105. In conjunction, the site (Fort Eustis) can be reached from I-64 or Route 60, both of which intersect with Route 105. Fort Eustis is an active U.S. Army post. Some Civil War earthworks, including magazines, on the post still remain. In conjunction, the site of Fort Crafford had also been used by the Americans during the War for Independence.

Fort Edward Johnson— Fort Edward Johnson was established as a temporary camp by the Confederates near Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National Forest. General Edward Johnson occupied the ground with about 3,000 troops, the remainder of the Army of the Northwest during February 1862. Johnson had regrouped there after departing Camp Allegheny, where he was posted near the Staunton Parkersburg Turnpike to forestall a Union invasion into the Shenandoah Valley. Fort Edward Johnson was located about 25 miles from Camp Allegheny. By April 1862, when General Thomas Stonewall Jackson withdrew from Harrisonburg, General Johnson moved to Staunton to join with Jackson’s forces. The fort site is located off Route 250 in the George Washington National Forest, Big Stone Gap. The park is located about 160 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., and contains a series of mountains, the Religious Range, with unusual names for mountains, including Priest, Cardinal and Friar. The Confederates met the Union on 8 May near Bull Pasture Mountain at McDowell. The Union, under General Robert C. Schenk, sustained 28 dead and 225 wounded. The Confederates sustained about 100 killed and 200 wounded. The Union retired after dark.

Fort Craig (Arlington County)— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Not to be confused with Fort Craig (Hopewell). Fort Craig (Hopewell)— See Hopewell Civil War Defenses. Not to be confused with Fort Craig (Arlington County). Fort Cricket Hill— Fort Cricket Hill, known also as Cricket Hill Fort, was established in Mathews County during 1776 by the Virginians who were fighting against loyalist governor Lord Dunmore, who had fortified positions on Gwynn’s Island. During June 1776, American forces under General Andrew Lewis, from their positions at Fort Cricket Hill, bombarded a British fleet and the loyalists with Dunmore on Gwynn’s Island. Dunmore departed for England and aborted his plan to retake the area. The Americans had also established another post, Fort Nonsense, at the time. It was located at the county line with Gloucester County. The fortifications were in-

Fort Egypt— See Jacob Strickler’s Fort. Fort Ellsworth— Fort Ellsworth was established during 1861 in Alexandria. The Union utilized the post as a regular post, but it was also used as a recuperation center for wounded troops. The fort was constructed on the southwest sector of the crest of Shuter’s Hill. The fort, facing west, held a dominating position which protected Duke and King, which could be threatened by the Confederates. The

565 fort was bolstered by Battery Dahlgren (known also as Fort Dahlgren), which was established on the northeast slope of the hill. The combined firepower of Fort Ellsworth and Battery Dahlgren totaled 29 guns. The defenders also constructed barracks, officers’ quarters and other structures outside the fort. During 1900, the fort site became a golf course. A monument in memory of the fort and its contribution to the nation was dedicated during 1932. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Emery— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Emory— See Fort Emery. Fort Ethan Allen— Fort Ethan Allen was established in Arlington during 1861 as one of a series of forts designed to protect the Chain Bridge. On 3 September 1861, elements of the 3rd Vermont Regiment departed Fort Lyon, crossed the Potomac under cover of darkness and moved into Virginia where the regiment occupied Camp Advance and established Fort Ethan Allen. It was located near Old Glebe Road and Madison School, slightly south of the George Washington Parkway. The fort was located close to Fort Marcy. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Eustis— See Fort Crafford. Fort Evans— Fort Evans was established as one of a series of Confederate fortifications to defend Leesburg (Loudoun County) during 1861. It was captured by the Union during 1862. The fort was located on Edward’s Ferry Road, slightly east of the town. The other two forts were Fort Beauregard and Fort Johnston (later Fort Geary). In conjunction, Loudoun County was formed from the northwest section of Fairfax County during 1757. The fort site is now part of Ball’s Bluff Regional Park. See also Leesburg Defenses. The site of the Battle of Ball’s Bluff (Leesburg) is now part of Ball’s Bluff Regional Park, located off Route 7 West at Route 15 Bypass north. From there proceed to Battlefield Parkway and turn right there. The park is at the end of the parkway. The Ball’s Bluff National Cemetery is encircled by the battlefield. Fort Farnsworth— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Farthing— Fort Farthing (Half Moon Fort) was established at Norfolk during the 1670s in present-day downtown at the western end of Main Street at Fort Farthing Point. The post was constructed by the English during a time in which England and the Netherlands were at war. The post was completed during October 1680. The land for the fort, according to Norfolk records, was acquired from land of the “orphants” (orphans) of Nicholas Wise. The records also noted that the fort was to be made in the form of a “half-moone.” In conjunction, Farthing Point was later known as Town Point. No traces of the fort remain. Also, a temporary fort was established at Farthing Point on the site of Fort Farthing by the British (1781) after they secured Norfolk during the American Revolution. Fort Fauquier— Settlers, in about 1758, established Fort Fauquier on the south bank of the James River near the mouth of Looney Creek. The fort remained active until the conclusion of Pontiac’s War (1763). Also, a band of Indians, aided by several Frenchmen, attacked settlers in the Powell Fort Valley during 1758. A large number of settlers, estimated to number nearly 50, were seized and dragged away. On the following day, a search party departed Keller’s Fort, but soon after, the pursuit was aborted. Fort Field— Fort Field, known also as Farley’s Fort, was established during 1774, just after the initiation of Dunmore’s War. It was located near the mouth of Joshua’s Run at Culbertson’s Bottom. During 1780, Indians attacked the area near the fort and one woman was killed. During another raid at about the same time, a settler named

Fort Germanna / VIRGINIA Shockley was killed by Indians. Shockley’s Hill in that area is named in his honor. Fort Fisher— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Frederick— Fort Frederick was established by settlers at what became known as Ingles’ Ferry during the 1750s. The William Ingles family had lived at Draper’s Meadows prior to the Indian attack and massacre that occurred there during July 1755. Mary Ingles was seized at that time and taken to Ohio. Subsequently she escaped and walked back to Virginia. Mary and her husband, William, then took refuge in Fort Frederick which was located in the vicinity of Claytor Dam (Pulaski County). The Ingles, fearing another attack at Fort Frederick, moved to Fort Vause, which was more fortified, but here too, she was afraid and they again moved to yet another fort. In about 1758, two years after Mary escaped, the Ingles, convinced the threat of Indian attacks had abated, returned to Ingles’ Ferry and constructed a cabin there in the New River Valley. During 1760, Indians did approach Ingles’ Ferry, but William Ingles led a group of settlers against them and drove the band away. William Ingles succumbed there during 1782 at the age of 53. He was interred near the home. Fort Geary— See Fort Johnston. Fort George (Comfort Point)— See Fort Algernourne. Not to be confused with Fort George (Staunton). Fort George (Staunton)— Fort George was established in about 1757 in Highland County. It stood along the Bullpasture near Clover Creek. The fort, about 78 feet square, was constructed on property owned by William Estill (later Wallace Ashton’s property) that was located outside Staunton. The fort was reinforced with a bastion at each angle as it was positioned like a diamond and the logs reached a height of about 10–12 feet. Fort George has never been established as the official name of the fort. It has also been referred to as Fort Nelson and Clover Creek Fort. The approximate date of the fort’s construction was determined in a letter written during 1757 by Captain William Preston to Major Andrew Lewis, the latter being the son of John Lewis. During its period of activity, Fort George was never threatened. It was abandoned at an undetermined time, probably during the 1760s. The fort site is located along Route 269. The ruins are visible. The lines of the fort include the bastions and the powder magazine. It addition, the fort had a trench leading to the nearby river so the defenders could acquire water during a siege if necessary. Not to be confused with Fort George (Comfort Point). Fort Germanna— Fort Germanna was established during 1714 by Governor Alexander Spotswood along the Rapidan River in Essex County. It became first permanent settlement of Germans in Virginia. The fort was named in honor of Queen Anne. The initial 12 German families were brought there by Spotswood to instruct him on the art of making iron. By about 1720 the fort was abandoned. During 1721, construction began at the site on a home for the governor. The German colonists who initially settled at Fort Germanna later relocated to Germantown in what became Fauquier County near Warrenton. However, a new wave of Germans arrived during 1717 to take their place. The new immigrants settled across the river in close proximity to the fort. The five-sided fort was established by Spotswood to provide protection for the settlement against attacks by the Indians. Although the palisaded fort contained a central blockhouse which echoed the five sides of the palisaded fort, and included a lookout level with gun loops, the fort was never used for defensive purposes. Instead, the Germans, who brought a minister with them, used the blockhouse for “devine [divine] services,” according to John Fontaine’s diary. The blockhouse was the site of the first German Reformed Church in America. Spotswood’s home,

VIRGINIA / Fort Gilmer which he called Porto Bello, picked up a nickname, “the Enchanted Castle,” from Robert Byrd. Fort Germanna was considered a sister fort to Fort Christanna. The fort site is part of an ongoing archaeology dig which has uncovered the governor’s manor house and the post holes that made up the original fort palisades. It is owned by The Germanna Foundation and is located in the vicinity of the Locust Grove Campus of Germanna Community College. A visitors’ center, library and museum are located at the site. For more information: The Germanna Foundation, P.O. Box 279, Locust Grove, Virginia 22508. Fort Gilmer— Fort Gilmer, named in honor of an engineer in the Confederacy, Jeremy Gilmer, was established as one of a series of defensive positions to defend Richmond. Fort Gilmer was located between Battery Alexander and Fort Gregg (between Route 5 and Mill Road) at Richmond. During a full-scale Union attack on 29 September 1864, the defenders, which included primarily troops from Georgia and Virginia, faced the 9th U.S. Colored Troops Regiment. The Confederates prevailed and the elements of the regiment which attacked were wiped out. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Gould— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Graves— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Gregg— Fort Gregg, named in honor of General John Gregg, was established by the Confederates as one of a series of posts to defend Richmond. During September 1864, the fort was attacked by elements of the 9th U.S. Colored Troops Regiment, followed by an assault by contingents of both Pennsylvania and New York Regiments, but the Confederates repulsed each attack. Fort Gregg was located between Fort Gilmore and Fort Johnson. General John Gregg was killed on 7 October 1864 while engaged at the Battle of Chaffin’s Farm near Richmond. See also Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Haggerty— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Harper— See Augusta County. Fort Harrison— Fort Harrison (known also as Battery 9) was established by the Confederates slightly southeast of Richmond to guard the capital. The fort was named in honor of Lieutenant William Harrison, an engineer in the Confederate Army. The fortifications were located on Varina Road about one mile from Chaffin’s Bluff. On 29 September 1864, the Union mounted a strong attack to seize the capital. All the primary forts, except Fort Harrison, were retained by the Confederates. Fort Harrison fell to the Union after a force of more than 2,000 ground troops penetrated and seized the fort. Nearby Fort Hoke was also taken, but soon after it was abandoned. Fort Harrison was renamed Fort Burnham by the Union subsequent to its capture. The fort site is now part of the Richmond National Battlefield Park. Also, Fort Harrison National Cemetery is there located at 8620 Varina Road, Richmond, Virginia 23231. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Haskell— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Hell— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Henry— The English established Fort Henry in the vicinity of Petersburg during 1644. It served as a defensive position near the falls of the Appomattox against hostile Indians and as a trading post until 1675. During the following year (1645), Major (later general) Abraham Wood assumed command of the fort. In conjunction, General Wood subsequently became a member of the House of Burgesses (1654). In about 1675, major Peter Jones established a trading post (Peter Jones’ Post), built in the vicinity of the fort’s location. The settlement there became known as Peter’s Point (later Petersburg).

566 Subsequently, during the War for Independence, the British seized the area around Petersburg. During the Civil War, Petersburg, which was the rear door to Richmond, was held by the Confederates. The Union laid siege after being unable to easily seize Petersburg during the summer of 1864. The Confederates forestalled the capture of Richmond and held Petersburg until 2 April 1865. For more information: Petersburg National Battlefield, 1539 Hickory Hill Road, Petersburg, Virginia 23803. Fort Hill— During the early 1730s, a battery known as Fort Hill was established in the vicinity of Yorktown. The post was in close proximity to what was known as Fort Yorke, another battery erected there during 1703. The battery at Fort Hill contained 12 guns. During the French and Indian War period, Fort Hill and Fort Yorke were both active. During 1757, the governor, Robert Dinwiddie, described both Fort Hill and Fort Yorke as unfit for service. The governor’s report noted that the reason was due to the lack of a skilled engineer. See also Fort Yorke. Fort Hiwasee— Fort Hiwasee was established in Rhea County by the Americans during the pre–War of 1812 period about 1809 in the vicinity of Five Points. Fort Hoke— Fort Hoke, located south of Fort Harrison, was established by the Confederates to defend Richmond. The fort was named in honor of General Robert F. Hoke. It was the last primary post along the line, which stretched from it to Battery Alexander, which was above Fort Gilmer. The Union attack of 29 September 1864 gained Fort Hoke, but the Yanks soon abandoned it to bolster Fort Harrison, which had also been seized. Although the Union had seized one fort, Richmond was retained by the Confederates. Following the battle, the Confederates modified their defensive lines and Fort Hoke became a strategic position after it was linked with Fort Johnson. Fort Hood— Fort Hood was established by the Confederates in the vicinity of Fredericksburg during November 1862 (Fredericksburg Campaign). The fort was built along the right bank of the Rappahannock River several miles below Fredericksburg. General Robert E. Lee arrived at Fredericksburg and wanted a strong position to thwart an advance by Union gunboats. Artillery batteries were constructed by troops under General John B. Hood and afterward the fort became known as Fort Hood. Ross’ Battery (sometimes known as Talcott Battery), commanded by Captain H.M. Ross, manned the battery, which was composed of four long-range rifles. The Confederates’ hold on the fort was short-lived. During December 1862, the Union forded the Rappahannock and compelled the Confederates to withdraw to more tenable positions. Union forces crossed the river on 11 December, and on 12 December the Confederates moved to positions near Lee’s Hill. Union forces under General Abner Doubleday seized the fort on the 13th. Within about two days, the Union withdrew across the Rappahannock and the Confederates again set up defenses along the river. The site of Fort Hood has been preserved and remains the only Confederate river defenses from the Fredericksburg Campaign. The fort site is located near Cosner Park on private property; however, there is an easement of more than five acres that includes Fort Hood. Fort Hood is located just left of the Community Center at Cosner Park. From Fredericksburg, take Route 2 (Business 17) South for about four miles. A state historical marker commemorating Fort Hood is posted on the right side of the highway. After you pass the marker, take the second left onto Hugh Cosner Drive, which takes you into the Cosner Park parking lot. Not to be confused with Fort at Hood’s Bluff. Fort Howard— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Howlett— See Howlett Line.

567 Fort Huger— Fort Huger was established by the Confederates near Hill’s Point at Suffolk. On 19 April 1863, a Union force landed near Hill’s Point at the convergence of the forks of the Nansemond River to the rear of the Confederate positions and seized the fort. By 29 April, the Confederates under General Longstreet were ordered by General Robert E. Lee to abandon Suffolk and join with the forces near Fredericksburg. The Confederates had passed over the Blackwater River by 4 May. See also Suffolk. Fort Hunt— Fort Hunt was established in Fairfax County along the Potomac River near Mount Vernon during 1897. Initially, it was part of George Washington’s Mount Vernon estate until acquired by the federal government (War Department) during 1892 for the purpose of bolstering the coastal defenses of the nation. The post, slightly more than 11 miles from Washington, was built during the SpanishAmerican War period. Fort Hunt fell under the jurisdiction of Fort Washington, which stood across the river in Maryland. During March 1898, subsequent to the outbreak of war with Spain, elements of the 4th Coastal Artillery were deployed there; however, at the time, only one of the proposed four guns (Endicott Batteries) were in place. Later, during 1904, more guns were added to the post. At that time, it held three 8-inch rifles, three 3-inch rifles and two 5inch rapid-firing guns. The Endicott Batteries were: Battery Robinson, Battery Sater, Battery Porter and Battery Mount Vernon. The fort was never challenged. By 1918, it was decided that the fort was not in jeopardy, despite World War I. The guns from the fort were transferred to other posts. Nevertheless, the fort remained active. The U.S. Army Finance School was relocated there during 1921. Meanwhile, Congress, as it has so frequently done after prior conflicts, began to cut back on the military preparedness throughout the country. Fort Hunt was a victim of Congress, similar to many other posts, as Congress demanded the services cut back their manpower. By 1923, the Finance School was ordered to relocate back in Washington. During 1930, Congress authorized that Fort Hunt be placed under the jurisdiction of the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. Later, during 1932, the “Bonus Army,” a large number of veterans of World War I, marched on the capital demanding their bonuses and many of the thousands occupied Fort Hunt. The marchers (veterans) were sincere; however, much trouble was caused as Communist instigators prompted the veterans. Finally, those who did not leave were compelled by the armed forces to leave the capital. The incident occurred during the Depression and the veterans demanded their bonuses before they had come to maturity, which would have been 13 years later, during 1945. The post was used during the Depression as a CCC camp. During World War II, the government again discovered the post and used it as a detention center for POWs. Subsequent to the attack against Pearl Harbor, the War Department assumed control of Fort Hunt. Several thousand German prisoners were taken to Fort Hunt. While there, U.S. intelligence officers conducted thorough interrogations The “intelligence” operation was clandestine. The U.S. Army retained control until 1946. Fort Hunt is now part of the Fort Hunt National Park, located along the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Fairfax County. Directions according to the National Park Service: from Downtown Washington, D.C., take the 14th Street Bridge south toward Virginia. Take the exit for Mount Vernon/National Airport; this puts you on the George Washington Memorial Parkway southbound. Continue past National Airport, through Old Town Alexandria (for two miles, the Parkway becomes Washington Street through Old Town; when you reach the city limits, you are back on the Parkway); Fort Hunt Park is 5 miles south of Old Town Alexandria. Exit to the right at the sign marked “Fort Hunt Road/Fort Hunt Park.” Fort Jackson (Arlington)— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War

Fort Johnson / VIRGINIA Defenses in Appendix A. Not to be confused with Fort Jackson (Richmond) or Fort Jackson (Winchester). Fort Jackson (Richmond)— See Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Jackson (Winchester)— The Confederates captured Union Fort Milroy at Winchester during 1864 and renamed it Fort Jackson. See also Fort Milroy. Fort James— Fort James was established by the English during 1607. On 26 April 1607, the London Company’s expeditionary fleet reached Chesapeake Bay. Due to a fortuitous gale, the vessels passed the site of the original colony and sailed into the mouth of the Chesapeake. They named the headlands Cape Henry and Cape Charles. Due to the deep water, the anchorage site was later called Point Comfort. During June, subsequent to moving about 50 miles up the James River, Jamestown was founded on the 24th and Fort James was established. John Smith, by order of the king, had been selected as a councilman for the colony. Smith was later accused of sedition by Edward Wingfield and tried; however, he was acquitted. For a period of five years from the establishment of the first plantation, all trade and industry of the colonists remained common stock, or “two or three stocks” at the maximum. The founders of Jamestown established this first English settlement in the New World. Soon after their arrival, the colonists realized that the woods were not full of gold, but rather hardship. Fifty of the company perished prior to September and among those was Gosnold. Wingfield, the president of the council, was ousted for greed. His successor, Ratcliffe, was unable to handle the job. Smith, afterward, was considered the leader. Smith, while exploring the Chickahominy during December 1607, was captured by Indians; after about three weeks’ detention, he was released by Powhatan. Upon his return to Jamestown, only about 40 persons remained alive at the settlement. The story as to his life being saved by Pocahontas is doubtful and most probably was made up several years later. During the initial period of colonization, a plot was planned against the council by dissidents, but it was foiled, and its leader, George Kendall, was executed. The colonists had prepared for attacks from the Indians or the Spanish, but it was disease and shortages of food that inflicted the greater harm. The fort was destroyed by fire during January 1608. A reconstructed settlement of the original colony is a short distance down the Colonial Parkway from Williamsburg. The Yorktown-Williamsburg-Jamestown areas are known as our history triangle. In conjunction, another Fort James was established in Jamestown during the 1640s. Fort James (Providence Forge, Jamestown)— During April 1644, Powhatan Indians, led by the aging Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan), took advantage of the chaos in England and decided to attack the colony at Jamestown. The surprise raid massacred more than 500 colonists and incited instant war with the Indians. The colonists retaliated and soon after captured the chief, who later died of wounds that had been inflicted prior to his capture. The Indians soon after sought peace and agree to cede all the land between the James and York Rivers. Hostilities terminated during the autumn of 1646. In conjunction, the colonists constructed Fort James in the vicinity of Providence Forge (New Kent County) during 1645 as a result of this massacre. The fort was located on Diascund Creek, between present-day Route 60 and the Chickahominy River. A series of forts was established in the region to bolster the defenses. Not to be confused with James’ Fort established at Jamestown during the early 1600s. Fort James (Tyndall Point, Virginia)— See Tyndall Point, Virginia. Not to be confused with either Fort James (1607 fort or 1644 at Jamestown). Fort Johnson— The Confederates established Fort Johnson as one

VIRGINIA / Fort Johnston of a series of forts to defend Richmond. It is not certain for whom the fort was named, but it is thought that it might have been named in honor of General Bushrod R. Johnson. Fort Johnson came under heavy attack on 29 September 1864, but like most of the line, the defenders held firmly and inflicted high casualties upon the Union assault troops. Fort Johnson was located between Fort Gregg and Fort Harrison (later Union Fort Burnham). See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Johnston— Fort Johnston was established on Catoctin Mountain by the Confederates in the vicinity of Leesburg (Loudoun County) during 1861. The fort was captured by Union forces under Colonel (later general) John White Geary during March 1862 and renamed Fort Geary. The fort was located north of Route 7, about one mile from the town. It was one of three defensive fortifications around the city. The other two were Fort Beauregard and Fort Evans. In conjunction, Loudoun County was formed from the northwest section of Fairfax County during 1757. The fort site is now part of Ball’s Bluff Regional Park. See also Leesburg Defenses. The site of the Battle of Ball’s Bluff (Leesburg) is now part of Ball’s Bluff Regional Park located off Route 7 West at Route 15 Bypass north. From there proceed to Battlefield Parkway and turn right there. The park is at the end of the parkway. The Ball’s Bluff National Cemetery is encircled by the battlefield. Fort Keene— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Kelly— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Lee— Long before the twentieth century Fort Lee came about, the area now known as Fort Lee was inhabited and at times fortified due to its strategic location at a spot which connected City Point and Petersburg. During the American Revolution, the patriots clashed with the British and the loyalists in the vicinity of Blandford Church (1781). The Americans were unable to withstand the overwhelming numbers of the British, causing the patriots to evacuate Petersburg. The area remained strategic during the Civil War, particularly because of its proximity to the Appomattox River. General Grant, during 1864, concluded that the region, including Fort Lee, had to be secured to sever the Confederate supply lines running into the capital of the Confederacy, Richmond. General Ulysses S. Grant established headquarters at City Point (Hopewell), while General Robert E. Lee relocated his headquarters to Violet Bank (later Colonial Heights). Union trains actually passed over terrain which is now modern-day Fort Lee. Later, during 1917, Camp Lee, the forerunner of Fort Lee, was established. On 15 July 1917, the War Department named the camp after General Robert E. Lee. Following the close of World War I, the camp became a game preserve under the jurisdiction of the State of Virginia and afterward part of the land became part of the National Military Park of Petersburg. In the meantime, the War Department, by 1940, reacquired jurisdiction of the site of Camp Lee. By 1941, Camp Lee housed the Quartermaster Replacement Training followed by the Medical Replacement Training Center; however, the Medical Replacement Training Center (MRTC) was transferred to Camp Pickett. Subsequent to the close of hostilities (WWII), the post remained a training center for the quartermaster units. During 1950, Camp Lee was renamed Fort Lee, still in honor of General Robert E. Lee. By the end of the Korean War, Fort Lee was transformed into a more modern base. Its older buildings were demolished and new structures, made of cinder block and brick, were built. During the 1960s, Fort Lee became a Class 1 installation under the Second United States Army. In conjunction, the Quartermaster School was placed under the Continental Army Command service school system; however, it also continued to serve as the headquarters of the Quartermaster Corps. During July 1973, the post came under the jurisdiction of the U.S.

568 Army Training and Doctrine Command. The base holds the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. It also contains the Women’s Army Corps Museum (later U.S. Army Women’s Museum). The Army WAC Training Center had been at Fort Lee from 1948 through 1954, when it was transferred to Fort McClellan. See also Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Lewis (Salem)— Fort Lewis, named in honor of Major (later general) Andrew Lewis, the son of John Lewis, was established near Salem and Fort Lewis Mountain during 1756 to protect the settlers during the French and Indian War. It was located slightly west of the town of Salem. Andrew Lewis served during the war and later he served during the American Revolution. Lewis fought in the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774), which forced governor Dunmore to soon after depart for England. He also served under George Washington at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania during 1754. During 1800, Andrew’s son, William, subdivided the property, selling a tract to James Simpson. The town of Salem was founded during 1802. Subsequently, during the Civil War, Salem was attacked at least twice by Union forces, but few casualties among the populace occurred. Nevertheless, Confederate railroad tracks and supply depots were demolished. Confederate Militia including the Salem Flying Artillery, established and initially commanded by Abraham Hupp was based in Salem. Not to be confused with Fort Lewis (Bellefont) (Staunton) or Fort Lewis (Warm Springs) or Fort Lewis O. Morris at Hopewell. Fort Lewis (Staunton)— Fort Lewis, known also as Bellefont, was established by John Lewis, who also established Staunton. It was an oversized log house (later covered with brick veneer and expanded). Lewis traveled with his family and others in his party from Ireland during 1732. John Lewis had two sons, Andrew and Charles, the former having established Fort Lewis at Salem in Roanoke County during 1756. Staunton, within view of the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mountains, was settled sometime after 1745 and Lewis built the forthouse in about 1755. Lewis, while in Ireland, was charged with the killing of a landlord in Ireland. John Lewis succumbed during 1762. He was interred near the house (Bellefont). Fort Lewis is located near Route 654 about one mile east of U.S. Route 11, just outside Staunton. From Staunton, take State Highway 254 to Bellefont. Not to be confused with Fort Lewis (Salem) or Fort Lewis (Wilson’s Fort) (Warm Springs). Fort Lewis (Warm Springs)— Fort Lewis, initially known as Wilson’s Fort and located slightly more than 10 miles north of Warm Springs, was established in about 1756 and protected with a stockade about 1759. It was located along present-day Route 220 (Bath County). The garrison for a while during 1756 was commanded by Lieutenant Charles Lewis, the son of John Lewis and brother of Andrew Lewis. Charles Lewis, the only American-born child of John Lewis, received the tract (Hot Springs and Warm Springs) along the Cowpasture River. Charles settled at Fort Lewis with his new wife, Sarah Murray, during 1761. The fort was known as Lewis’ Hog Pen, indicating that it most probably was not taken care of too well. Subsequently, Charles succumbed while fighting at the Battle of Point Pleasant during 1774. In conjunction, Charles’ brother, Andrew, and one other person, Thomas Bullitt, acquired a patent for the Hot Springs tract and established a hotel there during 1766. During 1791, the Warm Springs Inn, which was also the home of Margaret Lynn Lewis, was used as Bath County’s first courthouse and jail. Bath County was carved from Augusta, Botetourt and Greenbrier Counties in accordance with an act of the Virginia legislature (December 1790). Not to be confused with Fort Lewis (Salem) or Fort Lewis (Staunton) or Fort Lewis O. Morris at Hopewell. Fort Lewis O. Morris— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses.

569 Fort Loudoun— During August 1755, following the defeat of General Braddock at Fort Duquesne the previous month, the Indians posed a great threat along the Virginia frontier. General Robert Dinwiddie appointed George Washington colonel of the Virginia Regiment and the commander in chief of Virginia’s troops. Washington arrived back in Virginia from the field in Pennsylvania during mid– September. Upon his return, Washington was directed to establish headquarters in Winchester. During the spring of 1756, Washington, in an effort to counter the ongoing Indian raids along the frontier, requested funds in order to construct a series of forts, anchored by a particularly formidable site at Winchester, which was to be named Fort Loudoun in honor of the 4th Earl of Loudoun, John Campbell. The Earl of Loudoun was to command the colonial forces. The fort was constructed in close proximity to two hills, known as Potato Hill and Fort Hill. On 24 April 1756, a contingent of troops under Major Andrew Lewis advanced into Cherokee territory to establish the fort slightly more than 25 miles from Knoxville, Tennessee. Fort Loudoun was then established at Winchester (formerly Fredericktown). The post was one of a series of frontier forts constructed during the French and Indian War. The fort’s construction was halted in about 1758 and it is thought that during 1760 it still had not been completely built. Fort Loudoun contained four bastions. The fort was also used as a staging area for troops that were sent to various areas, including the more southern states. A home built during the antebellum period that was constructed on the site was purchased by the French and Indian War Foundation. The site is located at 419 North Loudoun Street in Winchester. Colonel George Washington maintained his headquarters at a home located at present-day South Braddock and West Cork Streets. The site is now a museum (George Washington’s Office Museum). For more information: 32 West Cork Street, Winchester, Virginia, 22601. Fort Lowry— Fort Lowry was established by the Confederates during 1861. The fort was an 8-gun water battery located below Tappahannock (Lowry’s Point) on the Rappahannock River where it was positioned to protect the rear water approaches to Fredericksburg. Confederate units that were stationed there included the 55th Virginia Infantry Regiment. The Union destroyed the fort subsequent to its abandonment by the Confederates. Afterward, the Confederates moved back and reestablished the position, but it was used only sporadically. A state historical marker commemorating Fort Lowry and Camp Byron (near Dunnsville, where the troops were prior to the fort’s construction) is located at the intersection of Route 17 and Route 611. Fort Magruder— Fort Magruder was established as one of a series of fortifications at Williamsburg in conjunction with the withdrawal of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston from Yorktown during spring 1862. The line of forts was constructed by Generals John Bankhead and Magruder. Fort Magruder (known also as Redoubt 6) was the primary position in the line of defense, supported by Redoubts 1 and 2, which were in close proximity. Fort Magruder dominated the two highways that ran up the peninsula to Williamsburg. At Williamsburg, the Confederates also utilized the Wren Building, which had been built during 1696 and was part of William and Mary College. Both sides used the Wren Building as a hospital. On the night of 4 May, Union cavalry pressed the Confederates under General Longstreet at Fort Magruder. However, the fort held. On the following morning, Union forces under General Hooker were repulsed at Fort Magruder. A see-saw heated battle ensued, with the brunt of the fighting occurring in what was known as “Bloody Ravine.” While both sides clobbered each other, another Union force under General Winfield Scott Hancock arrived and seized two of the minor forts to the rear of the Confederate left flank at Cub Creek. From the newly captured positions, Union artillery blasted

Fort Maury / VIRGINIA the Confederate lines. The Confederates continued their withdrawal after dark on 6 May. The Union had sustained 456 killed, 1,400 wounded and 372 missing. The Confederates sustained about 1,000, killed, wounded or captured. Union General McClellan permitted 18 Confederate surgeons (General Joseph E. Johnston’s command) to enter Williamsburg to tend their wounded. Union General Hancock, referring to the actions of two of the regiments he faced: “The 15th North Carolina and 24th Virginia (Regiments) deserve to have the word ‘Immortal’ inscribed on their banners.” Some remains of the redoubts are located in the vicinity of Williamsburg along the Colonial Parkway and Penniman Road. In conjunction, a pair of batteries (Kingsmill Wharf Batteries) were established at the Kingsmill Plantation of Colonel Burwell during the War for Independence. See also Kingsmill Plantation. Fort Mahone— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Mann— See Fort Breckenridge (Alleghany County). Fort Marcy— Fort Marcy, named in honor of General Randolph Marcy, was established in Fairfax as one of a large group of forts designed to protect Washington from a Confederate assault. Fort Marcy was initially known as Fort Baldy Smith. The post contained 17 guns and several mortars. The post was positioned from where it could guard the Potomac at Chain Bridge. Fort Marcy worked in conjunction with nearby Fort Ethan Allen. The fort site is part of the National Park Service and is along a trail that still contains various earthworks positions from the 1860s. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Massanutten— See Massanutten Forts. Fort Mattapony (Caroline County)— The colonial council at Jamestown, subsequent to Bacon’s Rebellion, authorized the construction of Fort Mattapony in Caroline County during 1678. The fort was located along Mattapony River. Not to be confused with Fort Mattapony ( John Walker) and Fort Mattapony (Thomas Walker). Fort Mattapony ( John Walker)— Fort Mattapony was established in the vicinity of the Mattapony River at Walkerton (King and Queen County) during the 1660s by Colonel John Walker. The fort was located in King and Queen County, near another Fort Mattapony which had been established by John’s brother Thomas. Not to be confused with Fort Mattapony (Thomas Walker) or Fort Mattapony (Caroline County). Fort Mattapony (Thomas Walker)— Fort Mattapony was established during the 1660s in Gloucester County. The property was initially owned by Edward Digges, who acquired it during 1653. Subsequently, during 1665, it was transferred to Captain Thomas Walker. His brother, Colonel John Walker, had a tract nearby in King and Queen County also known as Fort Mattapony. It was a militia fort that remained active for several years. The fort site was added to the National Register of Historical Places during 1994. The site is also referred to as the Ryefield Site. Not to be confused with Fort Mattapony established by John Walker or Fort Mattapony (Caroline County) or Fort Mattapony (Fort Royal) (White House). Fort Mattapony (White House)— See Fort Royal. Not to be confused with Fort Mattapony (Caroline County), Fort Mattapony (Thomas Walker) or Fort Mattapony ( John Walker). Fort Maury— Fort Maury was established along the James River in the vicinity of Richmond during 1864 to defend the Confederate capital. It was one of a chain of forts and batteries constructed to hold back the Union thrust against the capital. Fort Maury was one of the posts struck during the heavy fighting on 29 September 1864, but it, too, held firmly. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses.

VIRGINIA / Fort Mayo Fort Mayo— Fort Mayo, known also as Captain Harris’ Fort, was established as one of a series of posts along the Virginia frontier during 1756. The fort was located along the Mayo River in Patrick County and was one of the smaller posts, capable of holding a force of about 20 troops. Fort Mayo was located near the border with North Carolina and became the southernmost fort in the link which was formed by a group of forts to defend against the French and Indians along the frontier. Other forts included Fort Trail on Smith’s River and Fort Blackwater (Terry’s Fort) on the Blackwater River. The fort was attacked by Indians during June 1756 and destroyed. Reinforcements under Major Andrew Lewis arrived, but too late to save most of the settlers there. The fort was rebuilt by Captain Peter Hogg. Fort McCausland— Fort McCausland, known initially as Forest Road Depot or Forest Road Fort, was established by the Confederates at Lynchburg during early 1864 to guard the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. The fort was later named in honor of Confederate General John McCausland. The fort was in close proximity to Fort Early. See also Lynchburg.

570 The attack was part of the Union campaign to bottle up the Chesapeake Bay. Subsequent to the engagement, the batteries were pulled back. During 1862, the Union landed ground troops and seized the fort. Aquia Creek became a supply depot. In conjunction, Confederates also had a battery (Brent’s Point Battery) across Aquia Creek. Brent’s Point was where Giles Brent built his home in about 1647–1650, as part of the first Catholic settlement in Virginia, known as the Brenton Tract. Union forces moved along the James River to the creek and landed at Brent’s Point during August 1862 to seize the Confederate positions. Also, the Union established Camp Seldon nearby (south of Aquia Creek) during 1863. The site of the supply depot used by the Union during the various campaigns (1862–1863) in the region is now part of Stafford County State Park. The depot site is located along Route 1, several miles north of Stafford. Fort McMahon— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort McPherson— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Meikel— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort McGilvery— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Merriam— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses.

Fort McGivery— See Fort McGilvery.

Fort Miller ( John Miller’s Fort)— See Augusta County.

Fort McKeen— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses.

Fort Milroy— Fort Milroy in the vicinity of Winchester was established by the Union. During June 1863, the Confederates under General Ewell routed Milroy’s force and seized the fort. It was renamed Fort Jackson. General Milroy’s forces fled northward from Winchester. The Union sustained about 3,000 casualties. The Confederates sustained about 850 casualties.

Fort McLean— Fort McLean, initially referred to as Naval Battery 1, was established by the Confederates during 1861 in the vicinity of Aquia Creek Landing, near the mouth of Aquia Creek (Stafford County). Union warships approached the Confederate positions on 29 May. The gunboats exchanged fire with the Rebels until 1 June, but the positions held. The Union naval force was commanded by Commander James H. Ward. The Confederates were commanded by Colonel Daniel Ruggles. No Union ground forces landed there.

Fort Monroe— Fort Monroe was established at Comfort Point (Hampton Roads), across the channel from Norfolk. It was located at the tip of the peninsula where Captain John Smith had established

Wounded troops aboard ships arrive at Fort Monroe, Virginia —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (New York, 1896)

571

Fort Nelson / VIRGINIA

was established at Arlington during 1881 when the post was designated a permanent installation and named in honor of Brigadier General Albert J. Myer. Actually, fortifications were established there along the Potomac during the War of 1812 to defend against a British attack. The land was seized by the Union when it moved across the Potomac from Washington, D.C., during 1861. The ground until then had been a plantation in the family of George Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of Martha Washington. The plantation at the time of seizure had been the property of Robert E. Lee and his wife, Mary Ann Randolph (the granddaughter of Custis). A section of the plantation was later transformed into Arlington National Cemetery. The fort was named to honor General Myer, a commander at the fort and the initial chief signal officer of the United States Army, but the name change also eliminated some confusion with another Fort Myer, located in Arizona. The post’s focus began a transition during 1887 when General Philip H. Sheridan directed that the cavalry was to deploy there. As the cavalry initiated its deAerial View Fort Monroe, Virginia — Photograph, U.S. Army ployment, the Signal Corps was redeployed to other locations. A major construction project of Fort Algernourne during 1609 as a post to defend Jamestown. Later, buildings was initiated during 1895 and it continued into 1908. The Fort George was built there during the 1720s. Construction of Fort buildings erected were built in the northern part of the post and of Monroe was completed during 1834. The defenses included a moat. those, many still stand. The most prominent building was the strucThe fort remained active without interruption through the Civil ture known as Quarters One, intended as a residence for the post War. It continues to serve as a strategic U.S. Army installation. Modcommander. The residence was completed during 1899. During ern Fort Monroe houses many important military personnel. The fort 1908, the prominent home became the residence of the U.S. Army also contains a museum, which includes many artifacts of the Civil chief of staff. The chiefs of staff that resided there did not include War period. Jefferson Davis was imprisoned at the fort and Edgar the initial chief of staff, Lieutenant General Samuel B.M. Young Allan Poe spent part of his military service stationed there. For more (1903–1904). The first chief of staff to reside there was Major Geninformation: Casemate Museum, P.O. Box 341, Fort Monroe, Vireral J. Franklin Bell, who held the position from 1906 until 1910. ginia 23651. See also Fort Algernourne. Some of the more prominent officers that resided there included General John “Black Jack” Pershing (1917–1918), General Douglas Fort Morton (Arlington County)— See also Washington, D.C., Civil MacArthur (1924–1926), General George C. Marshall (1926–1930), War Defenses in Appendix A. General Dwight D. Eisenhower (1930–1935), General Omar Bradley Fort Morton (Petersburg)—See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. (1935–1939) and General William C. Westmoreland (1955–1959). The U.S. Cavalry remained there for more than 20 years as the naFort Munson— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in tion advanced into the twentieth century, which brought about the Appendix A. demise of the horse cavalry and the introduction of the mechanized Fort Murray— Fort Murray was established outside Norfolk near the cavalry. The post was where, during 1908, Orville Wright initiated North Carolina border by the royal governor, Lord Dunmore ( John what was the U.S. military’s initial venture with flight. Wright manMurray). On 11 December 1775, the patriots engaged the British and aged to take off from the post’s parade field in his airplane, which loyalists under Dunmore at the Battle of the Great Bridge along the was kept aloft for slightly more than one minute. A second flight reCaroline Road at a point about 10 miles south of Norfolk. The pamained airborne for more than four minutes, but ended in tragedy. triots fortified the area at a smaller nearby bridge. They established Orville Wright sustained some minor injuries; however, a passenpositions on the south shore of the Elizabeth River. The British ger, Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, was killed when the aircraft pounded the Americans’ positions and received no reply. Overconcrashed. During 1942, the renowned band, “General Pershing’s fident, they assumed the Americans had been silenced. However, Own,” was deployed there. Subsequently, during 1948, two battalthe patriots had only held their fire. As the British and loyalists adions of the 3rd Infantry Regiment, the oldest unit of the regular U.S. vanced over the bridge, under huge clouds of billowing smoke, they Army, was deployed there and at nearby Fort McNair. The unit, were suddenly struck with a thunderous hurricane of fire as they known as the “Old Guard,” is responsible for the U.S. Army’s cerereached a point about 50 feet from the American line. The British monial duties, including the guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Solwere forced to retire. At the battle’s end, less than one-half hour dier. Fort Myer remains active and at present, other services (U.S. after it began, the British were permitted to retrieve their dead and Navy and Air Force) are housed at the base. See also Fort Whipple. wounded. Dunmore’s second little war ended in disaster. It was later described even by some of his surviving forces that the assault was Fort Nelson (Portsmouth)— Fort Nelson was established at “folly.” Soon after, Dunmore evacuated his headquarters and prePortsmouth by Benedict Arnold during 1776 at a place where some pared to embark for England. The British sustained more than 60 fortifications (earthworks) had been built about 1774. The fort, locasualties and the Americans sustained one casualty. cated at Hospital Point, was seized by a joint land and sea attack by Fort Myer— Fort Myer, initially Fort Whipple (established 1861),

the British on 9 May 1779. The force, commanded by Sir George

VIRGINIA / Fort Nonsense Collier, also captured Portsmouth. Collier after the seizure noted the strength of the fort which he described as having had a “parapet that was 14 feet high and 15 feet thick.” The British also destroyed the Gosport Shipyard and a large number of vessels. The British ground forces were commanded by General Edward Matthews. During 1781, a British force of more than 2,000 troops under Benedict Arnold (subsequent to his treason against the U.S.) occupied Portsmouth. Later, during January 1781, another force of about 2,000 troops under General William Phillips arrived, followed by General (Lord) Cornwallis’ force. By August 1781, the British abandoned Portsmouth for their fateful trip to Yorktown. Subsequent to the close of the American Revolution, Fort Nelson was rebuilt. Later, during June 1813 (War of 1812), the British again returned to Portsmouth, but they were repelled at the Battle of Craney Island. Following the War of 1812, the threats against the fort ended. The garrison at Fort Nelson abandoned the fort subsequent to the establishment of Fort Monroe. During 1827, the U.S. Navy established a hospital at Portsmouth. A commercial enterprise was undertaken during 1856 when the Ocean House (later, Hotel Monroe) was built in Portsmouth. After the outbreak of the Civil War, both sides used the hotel as a hospital. It was the officers’ quarters for the Confederates and a hospital for the Union. Soon after the start of the war, on 20 April 1861, the Union burned the Gosport Navy Yard prior to evacuating the city. The Confederates were able to use the facilities. When they abandoned Portsmouth on 10 May 1862, the navy yard was again destroyed. Not to be confused with Fort Nelson (Warrenton). Fort Nelson (Warrenton)— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Nonsense— The patriots established Fort Nonsense during 1776 while they were continuing a fight against Lord Dunmore, the royal governor. During June 1776, Dunmore aborted his plan to retake the area. Fort Nonsense was located in Matthews County at the county line with Gloucester County. The fortifications were intended to protect Williamsburg, but with the departure of the English and Dunmore, Fort Nonsense became unimportant. The fort became a National Historic Site during 1970. Fort Nonsuch or None Such— See West’s Fort. Fort Norfolk— Fort Norfolk was established in about 1810 as one of many forts established by the U.S. to protect the coastline of the nation. Authorization for the forts was provided by Congress during March 1794 and the ground for the fort on the eastern bank of the Elizabeth River was acquired during 1795. In conjunction, during the American Revolution, the patriots had established earthworks in the vicinity of Fort Norfolk. The U.S. Army garrisoned the post until the early 1820s. During the War of 1812, the USS Constellation was trapped in port at Norfolk for the duration. The prominence of the fort was lessened subsequent to the establishment of Fort Monroe and Fort Calhoun (Calhoon), later Fort Wool. The fort was not officially abandoned, but from the time of the departure of the army until 1850, it remained with only a caretaker force. During 1850, it was taken over by the U.S. Navy. During 1861, the fort was taken over by the Confederates, but it was regained by the Union during 1862. The Navy again acquired the base during 1863. During 1870, due in great part to the concern of citizens of Norfolk, the navy relocated its stores of ammunition to other locations. The base was closed by 1880. Subsequently, during the 1920s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers established the Norfolk District Headquarters there. The post remains active. Also, Fort Nelson was established on the opposite bank of the Elizabeth River in Portsmouth. Fort O’Rorke— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

572 Fort Ohio— See Fort Ohio, West Virginia. Fort (on the) Rappahannock— In about 1672–1673, Lawrence Smith established a settler’s fort along the Rappahannock River, outside Fredericksburg. Later, during 1676, the Virginia Assembly authorized a fort there where Smith and Robert Taliaferro had received a grant of more than 200 square miles. The Assembly required that the fort there be refurbished as it had fallen into poor condition, and it also directed that 50 troops be raised for the fort as well as another couple of hundred troops be raised in the vicinity. The force was raised pursuant to the directive. At the time, tensions were building between the Indians and the settlers and Bacon’s Rebellion was about to erupt. The fort included a 20 ¥ 60-foot storage building and a shed for ammunition. Lawrence Smith commanded the fort and he was later succeeded by Cadwallader Jones. Fredericksburg was established there during 1728. Fort Parsons— See Battery Parsons. Fort Patrick Henry—See Fort Patrick Henry (North Carolina). Fort Pearis— Fort Pearis was established by George Pearis at Pearisburg (Frederick County) in the vicinity of Hogue Creek during the 1750s. It remained active as a settler’s fort until the 1760s. Fort Pocahontas (Charles City)— Fort Pocahontas was established by the Union during 1864 at Charles City. The fort at Wilson’s Wharf was used as a supply depot. It was garrisoned by U.S. Colored Troops regiments. Confederates attacked the fort during May 1864, but the assault was repelled. The fort site has been preserved. During the 1990s, a direct descendant of President John Tyler, who is the present owner of Sherwood Forest plantation, acquired the property of the fort. It has also been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Not to be confused with Fort Pocahontas ( Jamestown). Fort Pocahontas ( Jamestown)— See James’ Fort, Jamestown. Not to be confused with Fort Pocahontas (Charles City). Fort Porter— See Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses. Fort Powhatan (Prince George County)— Fort Powhatan was built beginning in 1808 at Windmill Hill in Prince George County. The fort was active during the War of 1812, but was never challenged. Fort Powhatan was abandoned at an undetermined time. Subsequently, during 1862, the site was used by the Confederates. Union gunboats passed it en route to Drewry’s Bluff and Richmond, but the fort was only struck with a nominal shelling. During 1863, the Union captured it. While under Union control, the Confederates launched an attack against it during 1864, but it was repelled. Not to be confused with Fort Powhatan (Richmond). Fort Powhatan (Richmond)— Fort Powhatan, also known as Powhatan Hill, was located in the vicinity of Richmond. Colonists under Captain West acquired the land from the Indians and established a settlement here during 1609. The fortification was renamed Fort Nonsuch. See also West’s Fort. Not to be confused with Fort Powhatan (Prince George County). Fort Preston (Petersburg)— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses, Virginia. Not to be confused with Fort Preston (Russell County). Fort Preston (Russell County)— Fort Preston, known also as Russell’s Fort, was established during 1774 by militia commanded by Captain William Russell. The fort was constructed in Russell County (Upper Castlewood) on the property of David Cowan near the Clinch River. Captain Russell maintained his militia headquarters at Fort Preston. Fort Preston was also referred to as Cowan’s Fort and afterward, when Charles Bickley acquired the property of Cowan, it was referred to as Bickley’s Fort. And there are some who think that

573 it was once referred to as Bush’s Fort. Another fort purported to be in the area was called Bush’s Fort, but some believe it was actually Fort Preston. The fort remained active until the region was free of Indian attacks. In conjunction, Lord Dunmore had requested that forts be built in the area. On 26 June 1774, the militia under Russell committed to construct two forts, but they built more, including one at Elk Garden, Fort Christian, John Blackmore’s at Stony Creek and Fort Byrd. Not to be confused with Fort Preston (Petersburg). Fort Prince George—See Fort Prince George (Pennsylvania).

Fort Ward / VIRGINIA Fort Tillinghast— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Tillman— Christopher Tilghman arrived in Virginia from England in about 1635. Christopher and his wife, Ruth Devonshire Tilghman, had four children, but Christopher Jr. died. Another son, Roger, was born in about 1650. Roger later changed his last name from Tilghman to Tillman. He acquired land in Bristol Parish, Charles County. The property, located near the Appomattox River (south bank) in the vicinity of Monk’s Head, was known as Fort Tillman. See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Ramsay— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Fort Tracy— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Reynolds— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Initially named Fort Blencker.

Fort Urmston— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Rice— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Upton— See Fort Ramsay.

Fort Richardson— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Fort Stevenson— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Vause— Fort Vause (also Fort Vaux) was established near the upper Roanoke River in eastern Montgomery County during the summer of 1755 by Ephraim Vause. He had become a captain of horse during 1753. Other forts were established about the same time, including Fort William near the Catawba Creek and Looney’s Fort (Looney’s Ferry) on the upper James River. Fort William and Fort Looney were located on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Vause’s Fort was destroyed during June 1756, prompting many other settlers to hurriedly abandon other settlements. The attacking Indians were led by French Captain Francois Marie Picot de Belestre. At the time of the raid, it is thought that 28 people, including children, were in the fort. Of those, seven were killed and the remainder were taken to Detroit as captives. In conjunction, the French and their Indian allies also destroyed Colonel John Buchanan’s settlement at Hope and Anchor at Reed Creek during 1755. Buchanan and his wife, Margaret Patton Buchanan, relocated at Cherry Tree Bottom, which was in close proximity to Looney’s Fort. The property on which the Buchanans settled had belonged to Margaret’s father, Colonel William Patton, who had been killed on 30 July 1755 at Draper’s Meadows. Following the attack against Vause’s Fort, the Augusta Council convened and it was decided to build 14 forts, including the reconstruction of Vause’s Fort. Nonetheless, the second fort was not completed and it was abandoned during 1758. Note: Some sources through erroneous information have stated that the fort was quickly rebuilt by Peter Hogg; however, Hogg was later, during 1757, relieved for not fulfilling his responsibility. The historical marker also notes that a relief party under Major Andrew Lewis arrived too late, to save most in the fort (one servant escaped harm). At the time, Major Lewis was away on separate duty and not positioned where he could have reached the fort. The relief party was led by Captain William Preston. It arrived on the following day, 26 June. There is also ongoing discussion regarding the question of whether the fort was part of the house or a separate structure. Some of the erroneous information was caused through an early publication. Subsequent extensive research by Mr. Eddie Goode of Roanoke has untangled much of the confusion.

Fort Stover— See Samuel Stover’s Fort.

Fort Vaux— See Fort Vause.

Fort Strong— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Also, Fort Strong was initially known as Fort DeKalb.

Fort Wadsworth— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses.

Fort Royal —Fort Royal was established along the Pamunkey River in the vicinity of White House. It was one of a series of forts built in the region following the severe Indian raids and massacre that occurred there during 1644. Another of the forts was Fort James. During 1646, the Virginia Assembly assigned command of Fort Royal to Thomas Rolfe, the son of John Rolfe and Pocahontas. Fort Royal was sometimes referred to as Fort Mattapony. Not to be confused with Fort Mattapony (Caroline County), Fort Mattapony (Gloucester County) (Thomas Walker) or Fort Mattapony (King and Queen County). Fort Runyon— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Sampson— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Scott— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Sedgwick— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Siebert— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Smith— See Fort C.F. Smith. Fort Spofford— See Battery Spofford. Fort Stedman— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Stevens— Fort Stevens was established by the Confederates during 1864. The post was a key position during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign (1864),when the Union moved to seized Richmond, particularly when the Confederates launched a counterattack at Drewry’s Bluff on 16 May 1864. The fort site is now part of the Chesterfield County Park System. The park is located slightly east of Route 1 at the intersection of Willis Road and Pams Avenue (8900 Pams Avenue).

Fort Tar— During 1812, the Americans established Fort Tar (Monticello Avenue, north of Virginia Beach Drive) to reinforce Fort Norfolk. In addition, Fort Barbour also was established at about the same time. Fort Taylor— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A.

Fort Trial— See Galloway’s Fort.

Fort Walker— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Ward— Fort Ward was established in Alexandria during 1861 as one of the major defenses of Washington, D.C., during the conflict. At about the same time, Fort Worth was established (1 September). The forts were part of a defensive plan that had the city of Washington, D.C., encircled by 48 forts by December, and afterward another 20 were established along with an enormous amount

VIRGINIA / Fort Wead of batteries. It was the fifth largest of the fortifications, which when completed numbered more than 120 fortifications encircling the capital. The star-shaped post contained five bastions which contained 36 guns. Construction of the earthworks post was not completed until about one month after the conclusion of the Civil War. One of the fort’s bastions was restored during the 1960s and the project also included the reconstruction of an officers hut and a headquarters building. Fort Ward is located at 4301 West Braddock Road, Alexandria, Virginia 22304. The museum there is open Tuesday through Saturday. Admission is free. The museum has a vast collection of military history. In addition, the museum contains a large amount of information regarding the forts that encircled Washington during the Civil War. In conjunction, the fort is located near the Alexandria National Cemetery, which was established during 1862. The cemetery is located at the intersection of Wilkes and Gibbon Streets. Fort Wead— Fort Wead was established by the Union during the spring of 1864 in Chesterfield County, subsequent to General Grant’s decision to seize Richmond. The fort was in the vicinity of Bermuda Hundred. Fort Wead is now part of the Chesterfield County Parks. From Route 10, take Bermuda Orchard Road (South) to the intersection of Greyledge Boulevard, then make a right turn. The fort is located at the end of the road. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Fort Weed— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Welch— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Wheaton— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Whipple— Fort Whipple, named in honor of Brevet Major General Amiel Weeks Whipple, was established as one of more than 100 posts that encircled Washington, D.C., during the Civil War. The post was established in Arlington during 1861. From the post, Washington, D.C., as well as Georgetown to its north was easily observed and the post had an excellent of the Virginia landscape to the south. The base was garrisoned by artillery and infantry units; however, housing was not especially comfortable. The troops were quartered in tents and some other temporary structures. The Signal Corps, by the latter part of the 1860s, occupied the post due in great part to its location at a high elevation which made it a perfect position for communications. Fort Whipple was also one of a few forts that remained active subsequent to the conclusion of the war. During 1872, the fort became a permanent post and at that time it was renamed Fort Myer. The post remains active. General Whipple (West Point class of 1841) was later mortally wounded on 4 May 1863 at Chancellorsville. He was promoted to major general on 7 May, the date of his death. In conjunction, the Old Guard Museum is located there at present-day Fort Myer. See also Fort Myer. Fort Whitworth— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Fort Wilcox— See Battery Wilcox. Fort Willard— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort William— Fort William was established by Colonel William Preston during 1756 on the Catawba Branch of the James River near Amsterdam. It was one of a series of posts built along the frontier to defend against possible attack by the French and Indians. The fort was attacked during the same year, but the assault was repelled. It remained active until the 1760s and was used as a defensive post during Pontiac’s War. Subsequently, during 1756, Colonel George Washington visited the fort while he was checking the newly established defenses along the frontier. When Pontiac’s War erupted during 1763, the fort became a gathering place for the settlers.

574 Fort Williams— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Woodbury— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort Wool— Fort Wool, initially known as Fort Calhoun (Castle Calhoun), was established during 1823. The fort was named in honor of John Calhoun, the secretary of war. The fort was established at Hampton on a man-made island on which construction began during 1818 and was completed during 1823. Construction of the fort began in about 1826, and the situation for awhile caused complications (sinking) while the rocks settled. Construction continued, but the fort was not completed when the Civil War erupted during 1861. The fort was to be composed of three tiers with a parapet and 132 guns. Construction was halted while working on the second tier during the 1830s when only 10 guns were in place. In conjunction, the fort’s name was changed from Fort Calhoun to Fort Wool during 1862 primarily because John Calhoun had sympathized with the Confederacy. Calhoun had been the secretary of war under President James Monroe. The fort remained under Union control for the duration of the war. The Confederate positions at Sewell’s Point in Norfolk were in range of a new gun (Sawyer gun) that was deployed at Fort Wool. The Rebel positions were bombarded, but no severe damage was inflicted. Much of Fort Wool was dismantled during 1902; however, by 1908, the U.S. Army began to refortify the post with modern batteries: Battery Claiborne (1908 —1918); Battery Dyer (1908 —1917); Battery Gates (1908 —1942), which later became Battery 229; Battery 229 (1944); Battery Hindman (1905 —1946) and Battery Lee (1905 —1946). During World War I, Fort Wool came under the command structure of Fort Monroe. Because of the threat of enemy submarines, anti-submarine nets were set up on the channel extending from Fort Wool to Fort Monroe. Fort Wool was named in honor of General John E. Wool, the commanding officer of Fort Monroe. Fort Wool remained active until 1946, following the close of hostilities of WWII. At that time the fort was demolished. In conjunction, during the 1830s, Robert E. Lee, a U.S. Army engineer and officer, was involved with the supervision of the fort’s construction. Fort Wool is located at the mouth of Hampton Roads Harbor near the South Island Tunnel (Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnel). There are frequent boat tours that make regular stops at Fort Wool departing from several areas in Tidewater. Fort Worth— See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Fort York— See Fort Yorke. Fort Yorke— The English established Yorktown during 1691. Earlier, during 1667, the Virginian colonial government authorized the construction of “fortes” (forts) to be established in the region. The initial fort established there was at Tindall’s (Tyndall’s) Point, later Gloucester Point. Subsequent to the establishment of Yorktown, the colonists established York Fort, a battery. According to archives, during 1702, Richard Dunbarr, a “Gunner” there received an annual salary of 10 pounds. “Yorke Fort” was constructed to replace the fort on the opposite shore of the York River (Tindall’s Point). The fort was apparently abandoned during 1699, but later threats from the French caused the English to reactivate it during 1710. During 1721, it was reported to have contained 11 guns. The fort remained active during the French and Indian War and it was still usable when the English under Cornwallis arrived there during 1781, prior to their surrender at Yorktown. During 1777, the patriots had 12 guns posted there; however, there was no specific information that Cornwallis manned the particular battery. Nevertheless, the British did erect batteries in the general area. Subsequent to the close of hostilities,

575 correspondence from the governor of Virginia noted that the battery was still intact. See also Fort Hill. Fort Young— Fort Young, initially known as Fort Dickinson, was established at Covington during 1756. The post was established on land owned by the Peter Wright family near Sunnymeade. It was one of a series of forts along the frontier in Virginia during the French and Indian War. During July 1756, George Washington informed Captain Peter Hogg that the chain of forts was to be established and that militia would be dispatched to assist Hogg in completing the task. The fort was named Fort Young in honor of Robert Young, who supervised its construction. Other forts included Fort Breckenridge (also known as Fort Mann), Fort Dinwiddie and Fort Blackwater. Fort Young was the largest, capable of holding 250 troops. The fort was located along the Jackson River about 18 miles from Craig’s Creek. It remained active until 1763. Francis West’s Fort— See West’s Fort. Fredericksburg Battlefield Fredericksburg-Spotsylvania National Military Park— Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park contains more than 5,000 acres, separated over seven different locations. The national battlefield covers those actions at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness and Spotsylvania. Selfguided tours can be taken after securing information on the route at the Fredericksburg Battlefield Visitor Center on U.S. Highway 1 in Fredericksburg. Confederate fortifications around Fredericksburg included Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House and on Marye’s Heights where the two-gun Double Lunette Battery (or Marye’s Heights Fort) was located. In addition, Confederate Camp Mercer was located in Fredericksburg at Mercer Square, which had been the fairgrounds prior to the war. Landry’s Lunette Battery (one-gun) was also in the vicinity of Fredericksburg. Also, southeast of Fredericksburg in Caroline County, several sites of heated fighting included Guinea Station and Bowling Green. Another prominent location was Garrett’s Farm where John Wilkes Booth (President Lincoln’s assassin) was captured. The visitor center is near the famous stone wall at Marye’s Heights that was successfully defended by Confederates on 13 December 1862. The Fredericksburg National Cemetery is located just above the visitors’ center. For more information: Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, P.O. Box 679, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401. Freestone Point Battery— Freestone Point Battery was established by the Confederates under Robert E. Lee as a defensive position to dominate the Potomac River there near Woodbridge (Prince William County). The area was well known to Robert E. Lee. His father, General Harry “Light Horse” Lee, was born on property which is now part of Leesylvania State Park. Ruins of the house remain along a trail within the park. To reach Freestone Point, off I-95 at Dale City (Exit 156), follow signs to Route 1 and then proceed south until you reach Nebasco Road. Turn left at Nebasco Road, which takes you to the park. For more information: Leesylvania State Park, 16236 Nebasco Road, Woodbridge, Virginia 22191. Freestone Point Battery was placed on the National Register of Historical Places during 1989. Friend’s House— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Gaines’ Mill— Gaines’ Mill in Hanover County was the scene of a major battle during the Seven Days’ Battle on 27 July 1862, in which the Confederates prevailed. It was Robert E. Lee’s first victory as the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Galloway’s Fort— Galloway’s Fort, known also as Fort Trial, was established in 1756 in Henry County. It was one of a series of forts strung along the frontier to defend against the French and their Indian allies during the French and Indian War. The post, located along Smith’s River, was built to accommodate 20 troops.

Hampton’s Forts / VIRGINIA George Bowman’s Fort— See Bowman’s Fort. George Keller’s Fort— See Keller’s Fort. George Painter’s Fort— See Painter’s Fort. Gibson’s Station— Gibson’s Station was established in Powell Valley (present-day Lee County) during 1785 by Major George Gibson. Major Gibson was born in Ireland during 1732. He arrived in America as a boy and later served in the military during the French and Indian War. Later, he served in the American Army during the Revolutionary War. The land upon which Gibson Station was built was initially owned by Ambrose Fletcher, who acquired it during 1775. The land contained a spring and the fort was built with the spring within the fort. The fort no longer exists, but its chimney survived and another home was built there. The area was known as Gibson Station and the name remains. Glade Hollow Fort— Glade Hollow Fort, known also as Fort Christian, was one of a series of forts established by the settlers and militia along the Clinch River in Russell County during 1774. Others included Moore’s Fort near St. Paul and Elk Garden Fort. It was never determined exactly who owned the property at the time the fort was constructed. Apparently in that area there are no deeds available prior to 1781. Warrants were used, but often they changed hands at a rapid pace. One person listed as being in possession of the land was James Smith, which sometimes has the fort referred to as Smith’s Fort. Smith’s name vanishes from the property subsequent to 1777. Glade Hollow Fort was located between Dickensonville and Lebanon. Also, during 1777, a Robert Dale acquired land at Glade Hollow on Big Cedar Creek, which is thought to be where Glade Hollow Fort was located, causing the fort sometimes to be referred to as Dale’s Fort. Goodwin Neck— Goodwin Neck, also known as Dandy, in York County was fortified by Confederate General John B. Magruder. Magruder directed his troops to build several earthworks forts at the heads of various creeks there. The sites are off Route 173, slightly more than three miles east of Route 17. Gosport Navy Yard— The federal navy yard at Portsmouth was seized by Confederates on 21 April 1861. The Union burned the facility prior to abandoning Portsmouth. The Confederates used the facility, among other things, to convert the captured USS Merrimac into the ironclad CSS Virginia. The Confederates abandoned Portsmouth on 10 May 1862 and similarly to the Union action, the navy yard was destroyed before they evacuated the city. See also Fort Nelson. Gracie’s Salient— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Half Moon Fort— See Fort Farthing. Half-Way House— The Half-Way House was actually a tavern located along present-day Route 1, in Chesterfield County, that was used for a short period of time by Union General Benjamin F. Butler while the Union and Confederates were heavily engaged at Drewry’s Bluff (Fort Darling) and Fort Stevens. He remained there for a couple of days during mid–May 1864, until Confederate pressure compelled the Union to depart. Hampton’s Forts— During 1610, the English established Fort Charles and Fort Henry at the mouth of Hampton Creek along the southeastern tip of the peninsula. Fort Charles was built on the east side of the creek and Fort Henry was constructed on the west side. Hampton had been named Kecoughtan by the Indians. Initially, the English, during 1619, renamed the town Elizabeth City, but later changed it to Hampton. The English established St. John’s Episcopal Church there during 1610 and it remains active, making it the

VIRGINIA / Hanover Tavern oldest Episcopal parish in the country. Later, during the 1800s, Fort Monroe was established at Hampton. It too remains active as a U.S. military base. In addition, the militia established some batteries near Craney Island in the vicinity of Hampton during the War of 1812. During 1861, the Confederates burned the town of Hampton before abandoning it rather than capitulate to the Union. See also Fort Monroe and Fort Wool. Hanover Tavern— Hanover Tavern was located along Route 301, near the old courthouse in Hanover County. The tavern was located near the Battle of Hanover Court House, which occurred during late-May 1862. The tavern has been preserved and is open only by appointment. Harmony Hall— See Bowman’s Fort. Harper’s Fort— Harper’s Fort was also known as Fort Harper. See Augusta County. Harwood’s Mill Redoubt— See Newport News Defenses. Hatcher’s House— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Heiston’s Fort— Heiston’s Fort, known also as the Heiston-Strickler House, was established during the 1750s. It was located in Page County off present-day Virginia Route 75, near Luray. In conjunction, the place is also known as the Old Stone Fort. Heiston’s Fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1978. Henricus Fort— During 1611, Sir Thomas Dale arrived in Virginia with a flotilla that also transported about 300 immigrants, some cattle and supplies. He became the leader of the Jamestown colony, replacing Lord Delaware. Dale immediately initiated action to prevent anarchy and the demise of the colony. He placed the colony under martial law and authorized severe penalties for any infractions. Dale expanded the colony and established defensive fortifications, including a fort along the James River known as Henricus, in an area that became known as Dutch Gap. The fort and settlement was located about 49 miles northwest of Jamestown and about 20 miles south of Richmond. Dale’s rules are known as the “Dale Code.” This rule of law remained effective until the House of Burgesses convened during 1619. The settlement at Henricus was destroyed during an Indian attack (1622) in which the settlers were massacred. The site of the fort is located in Henricus Historical Park in Chesterfield County. In conjunction, during 1613, the English established another colony at Bermuda Hundred. Also, during the Civil War, the Confederates established fortifications at Dutch Gap. See also Captain Roger Smith’s Fort. Hickey’s Fort— Hickey’s Fort (and inn or tavern) was established by John Hickey during the 1750s in Henry County along the Smith River. The county was initially Lunenburg, then Halifax and afterward it was Pittsylvania before becoming Henry County. It was one of three forts established in the county during the French and Indian War period. The other two forts were Fort Trial and Fort Mayo. When Fort Vause was attacked during June 1756, Thomas Calloway and others sped from Hickey’s Fort to the scene, but they discovered only the bodies of the dead. Hogg’s Fort— See Fort Vause. Hopewell— Following the establishment of Jamestown, the colonists expanded their settlements. During 1611, Governor Thomas Dale established Henricus near Richmond. Later, during 1613, fortified settlements were begun on both sides of the James River. Those around present-day Hopewell and City Point included Bermuda Nether Hundred, Bermuda Upper Hundred, Digges Hundred, West Hundred and Shirley Hundred. During this same period of expansion, several fortifications, including Forts Henry, Charles and Algernon,

576 were established near the tip of the peninsula. During 1622, the colonists were struck heavily by the Powhatan Indians, but the English prevailed and the Indians sued for peace. Subsequent to the conflict, the English colonies began to emerge further inland as a steady flow of new colonists, including women, arrived from England. Hopewell Union Civil War Defenses (Petersburg National Battlefield)–During 1864, City Point (Hopewell) was fortified by the Union to protect the supply depot there. In addition to City Point Fort, other forts in the region stretched along Route 36 between the City Point National Cemetery and included Fort Abbott, Fort Craig, Fort Graves, Fort McKeen, Fort Lewis O. Morris and Fort Merriam. Others off Route 156 were Forts Gould and Porter. Houston’s Fort— Houston’s Fort was established in Moccasin Valley (Scott County) in about 1774 by a party including William Houston and Jonathan Wood. During 1776, some families, including the Tates, moved out of Houston’s Fort and established Tate’s Fort in Fincastle County. That same year, Houston’s Fort, at Big Moccasin Creek, was attacked when several hundred Cherokees raided the area. The alarm was spread, but Houston’s Fort was struck by Indians under Dragging Canoe, who forded the Holston River. One man, Samuel Cowan, was intercepted and killed by Cherokees while he was en route from Fort Blackmore to alert the settlers at Fort Houston. Another man, Isaac Crissman, was slain near Crissman’s Fort at Rye Cove. Howard’s Bridge Redoubt— The Confederates established earthworks at Howard’s Bridge as part of the defenses of Newport News. See also Newport News Defenses. Howlett Line— The Confederates established earthworks here, sometimes known as Fort Howlett or Battery Howlett, during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. It is now located in a Chesterfield County Park (Howlett Line Park) at 14100 Howlett Line Drive. Hughman’s Fort —See Augusta County. Ingles’ Cabin— Ingles’ Cabin was established in about 1758 at Ingles’ Ferry (Pulaski County). See also Fort Frederick. In conjunction, Mary Draper Ingles, the wife of William Ingles, was seized during an Indian raid in Blacksburg (Montgomery County) during July 1755. Mary was taken into Ohio and later escaped, then walked about 800 miles back to Virginia. She initially returned to a fort (Colonial Fort) in Lynchburg upon her return. The site of the fort in Lynchburg is located near the intersection of Park Avenue and Ninth Street. See also Fort Frederick. Jack’s Shop— Jack’s Shop was where Confederates under J.E.B. ( Jeb) Stuart were located during September 1863 when attacked by Union forces under Generals Kilpatrick and John Buford on 22 September. The scene of the engagement is near Rochelle (Madison County) along Route 231, the old Blue Ridge Turnpike. Jacob Chrisman’s Fort— Jacob Chrisman, the son-in-law of Jost Hite, arrived in Frederick County in about 1731. It is thought that prior to arriving in Virginia he had resided in the vicinity of Philadelphia. He had married Magdalena, the daughter of Jost Hite, during the late 1720s. Jacob and his wife received land from her father. Jacob subsequently acquired some land from George Bowman. The settlers first arrived at Harper’s Ferry at the Potomac (known at the time as the Cohongoroota River) and from there advanced about 40 miles through the wilderness to the vicinity of Opequon Creek (known at the time as Rose Bud by the native Indians) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to carve out the settlement in the Indian territory at what became known as Chrisman’s Spring. The fort was about two miles from Jost Hite’s property and it was also within about five miles from Bowman’s Fort to the south and Froman’s Fort to the

577 west. The deed for the property was recorded in Orange County during May 1740. A stone marker on the house is dated 1751. In conjunction, during 1744, the town of Frederick Town (later Winchester) was laid out. During 1755, Jacob purchased additional property (near Linville Creek) from Thomas Linville and even more property was acquired during the same year from Joseph Bryan. Magdalena ( Jacob’s wife) succumbed during 1771. Jacob remarried and later died during 1778. Jacob and Magdalena had 10 children. Jacob Holman’s Fort— Jacob Holman’s Fort was established in Shenandoah County by Captain Jacob Holman during the early 1750s. It was one of a large number of settlers’ forts built at the time to defend their homesteads and settlements from Indian attacks. Jacob Miller’s Fort— See Woodstock. Jacob Shell’s Fort— Jacob Shell had earlier moved from Pennsylvania to the Shenandoah before relocating at New River, where he established a settlement and fort during 1752. The fort was located near Crab Creek in present-day Montgomery County at the Radford Arsenal. Later, during 1755, Shell was forced to depart the area due to Indian raids. He returned to Shenandoah until 1769 when he again returned to New River. Other settlers, including the Prices (Augustine and Henry), also fled the area. Jacob Strickler’s Fort— Jacob Strickler’s Fort, known also as Fort Egypt, was established in about 1758 in Page County. The forthouse was constructed of very large logs which were dovetailed at the corners. In addition, like the other forts in Page County, it had a fortified cellar. Jacob Strickler was one of the early leaders of the Mennonite Church in this community before any church buildings were built. This home is located near the center of the 1,000-acre tract granted to the pioneer Abraham Strickler in 1735 and called the Egypt Bend tract. The fort was subsequently restored to its original condition and is privately owned. See also Massanutten Forts. James Burke’s Fort— James Burke arrived in the area which later became known as Burke’s Garden (Tazewell County) during 1749. By 1776, the home built by Burke was abandoned. Colonists led by Andrew Lewis (later a general) established a camp near the abandoned house while on a mission against Indians. Subsequently, during 1774, a fort was built there by militia and it was known as Burke’s Fort. During the American Revolution, Indians attacked Burke’s Garden. Thomas Ingles’ wife, Mary, and children were seized and dragged away. James Davis’ Fort— James Davis arrived in present-day Smyth County in about 1747 and settled in the Holston Valley in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Indian River (Middle Fork) of the Holston River in southwestern Virginia. He acquired the land from Stephen Holston on 19 March 1748. The tract of land, composed of 1,300 acres, was surveyed by John Buchanan, the deputy surveyor for Augusta County. Davis named his place in court records as Davis’ Fancy. James’ Fort— James Fort (known also as James Citie Fort) was established by the English under Captain James Smith during 1607. The fort burned down the following year, but it was rebuilt. The reconstructed fort was built in the shape of a pentagon (five-sided) and covered four acres. By 1612 the fort was bolstered by the construction of blockhouses. Subsequently, the colonists expanded their settlements toward Richmond. However, Jamestown was considered the capital of Virginia until 1698. The area was fortified during the American Revolution, and during the Civil War the Confederates constructed fortifications at Jamestown including two forts and several batteries. Fort Pocahontas was established there by the Confederates. The Union occupied the Confederate positions there during 1862. James’ Fort has been reconstructed. In addition, the site of the

John Anderson’s Blockhouse / VIRGINIA original fort on Jamestown Island, which was thought to have been lost to the James River, was discovered during excavations. Work is ongoing, but countless (so far, more than 90,000) artifacts have been uncovered. The findings include English coins predating 1603, weapons, ceramics, smoking pipes and even a skeleton of a male. About 104 colonists arrived from England in conjunction with the operations of the Virginia Company, but hardships took a high toll on their numbers. Only 38 survived the first year in the colonies. Most succumbed from disease or starvation. Jamestown is now part of the Colonial National Historical Park, which also includes Yorktown. Jamestown and Yorktown are on the Virginia Peninsula and linked by the Colonial Parkway, which runs about 23 miles. Both sites are in close proximity to Williamsburg; however, the latter is not part of the national parks. For more information: Colonial National Historic Park, P.O. Box 210, Yorktown, Virginia 23081. James River Fort— William Byrd II founded Richmond and Petersburg during the early 1730s. Byrd had been born on his father’s plantation in Virginia, but he was sent to England as a youngster for his education, which he received in Essex. He returned to Virginia during 1704 to take over the plantation subsequent to his father’s death. Colonel Byrd built his “Great House,” the Westover, a brick mansion, on the estate, which at the time included about 26,000 acres. The fort-house mansion was constructed in such a way as to provide protection in the event of an Indian attack. It had two secret rooms that could be accessed through a dry well and it had a concealed passage to the river as an extra escape route. The mansion was completed about 1736. William Byrd III assumed control of the plantation upon the death of his father. Westover was damaged by a fire during 1749 and later, during the American Revolution, the British repeatedly inflicted damage. Initially, it was struck twice by troops under Benedict Arnold after he committed treason and joined the British. Afterward, it was damaged by the British while General Cornwallis was en route to Yorktown during 1781. The mansion was again partially damaged during the Civil War, but it was repaired. Union Generals Pope and McClellan were among the Union officers to occupy the mansion, the latter while he was retreating from Richmond. Westover is located in Charles City outside Richmond along Route SR 5. The plantation and mansion are open to the public. James Standiford’s Fort— James Standiford relocated in southwestern Virginia from Maryland during 1756. He established his homestead near the Blackwater River (present-day Franklin County). Stanford and his wife, Martha Watkins Standiford, had 10 children. The home came under attack during the French and Indian War, but it was not destroyed. Standiford did not serve in the Continental Army during the Revolution; however, he was a patriot and did supply provisions to the army. Jerimiah Harrison’s Fort— Jerimiah Harrison’s Fort was established at an unknown time, but its first mention occurred during 1774. The fort was located on a 400-acre tract near Sinking Creek of the North Fork of the Holston River (Washington County). Three members (Amos, Isaiah and Jerimiah) of the Harrison family, thought to have been brothers, were listed on the Fincastle Survey (1774), but the property also was listed in Washington Township. The fort remained active during the American Revolution. Isaac Crabtree, another settler of the period, was stationed there and mustered out during 1776. The property on which the fort was located was sold to David Smith during 1787. John Anderson’s Blockhouse— John Anderson’s Blockhouse was established in Scott County during the early 1780s. The fort stood along the Wilderness Road near Rye Cove and southeast of Moccasin Gap (Scott County). The area remained susceptible to Indian attacks even after the close of the American Revolution. During May

VIRGINIA / John Madison’s Fort 1789, John Anderson, after being informed by a survivor of an Indian massacre, reported it to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Campbell. The Joseph Johnson family blockhouse, which was located between Anderson’s Fort and the Clinch River, was attacked on 15 May. Johnson and his wife had 11 children. Johnson and two of his children survived. John Blackmore’s Fort— See Fort Blackmore. John Boise’s Fort— See Wolstenholme Towne. John Chisman’s Fort— See Seaford Redoubts. John Madison’s Fort— John Madison, a lawyer, established his settler’s fort during the 1750s. The fort was located in Port Republic in Rockingham County. Madison’s Fort was constructed of stone. In addition to John Madison, other early settlers who established homesteads in the Shenandoah were Gabriel Jones, also a lawyer, and Thomas Lewis. Madison was the father of Bishop James Madison and he was a brother-in-law of Gabriel Jones. The fort was also known as Madison Hall. John Madison was a cousin of President James Madison and John’s son was also named James. John’s son became the first Episcopal bishop of Virginia. John Mason’s Fort— See Augusta County. John Miller’s Fort— See Augusta County. John Rhodes’ Fort— John Rhodes’ Fort, also known as Rodes’ Fort, was built during the 1760s in Page County by Reverend John Rhodes, a Mennonite minister. During August 1764, the area was attacked by Indians and the Rhodes family was massacred. According to a plaque of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Rhodes and his wife as well as six of their 13 children were killed. The Rhodes Massacre was recorded as the final Indian attack in Page County. In conjunction, other sources claim that Rhodes, his wife and three sons were killed. And yet another source claims that Rhodes and six of his seven children were killed and a surviving son, Michael, was taken captive and held for several years. Jones’ Point— Jones’ Point in Alexandria was fortified lightly during the 1790s, but the battery was not given an official name. The exact location of the site had not been determined, but it is thought to have been in what is now Jones’ Point Park, Alexandria. Joseph Martin’s Fort— See Martin’s Fort. Jost Hite’s Fort (Josh)— In about 1732, Jost Hite and a group of families settled near Bartonsville, where Hite’s Fort was subsequently established. It was later rebuilt as a stone house during the 1750s and served the region (Frederick County) through the French and Indian War and beyond into the 1760s. Keller’s Fort— Keller’s Fort in Shenandoah County was established by George Keller and other settlers during the 1750s and remained active until after the conclusion of Pontiac’s War during 1763. Indians raided the Powell Fort Valley in the vicinity of Fort Fauquier during 1758. The raiding party seized nearly 50 people. A tracking party departed Keller’s Fort on the day after the raid after having been informed of the attack. When they reached the area of the attack and saw the signs of the large enemy force, the pursuit was aborted. Kelly’s Ford— At Kelly’s Ford, Culpeper County, the Union established earthworks. During March 1863, a clash occurred between Union and Confederate cavalry. The Confederates prevailed; however, Confederate Colonel John Pelham was killed during the fighting. The site is located along the Rappahannock River. From Culpeper, take Route 29 to Route 674. At Route 674, head east to Route 620 and remain on it until you reach the river. Kelly’s Fort— See Fort Kelly, West Virginia.

578 Keyser’s Fort— See Massanutten Forts. Kilgore’s Fort— Kilgore’s Fort was established by Robert Kilgore as a settlers’ fort in Scott County during the 1780s. It was located in close proximity to Dorton’s Fort. See also Dorton’s Fort. The fort, located near Copper Creek in the vicinity of Nicholsonville was reconstructed during the 1970s. Kilgore, a minister, constructed the fort less than two miles southwest of what later became Nicholsville, which was named in honor of James Nichols. The fort has been reconstructed by Scott County. Kingsmill Plantation— Kingsmill Plantation was established by Colonel Lewis Burwell during the mid–1730s. Burwell’s plantation was located in what was known as Kingsmill Wharf and Burwell’s Landing at a point along Route 60 in James County slightly southeast of Williamsburg. Colonel Burwell had acquired about 1,400 acres upon which he established his plantation. Colonel Burwell was an English naval officer and his duties included the office of customs inspector. He established the customs station at his land, which also included a tavern. The plantation also contained the usual storage sheds and a warehouse. During the American Revolution, the Americans established two batteries there near the ferry during 1775. Later, during 1781, the English seized the plantation. The mansion which was built there survived the American Revolution and the War of 1812, but it was devastated by fire during 1843, leaving only a small portion for posterity. The office and the kitchen have survived. The ruins are now located on the Kingsmill Plantation Golf Course in Williamsburg at 1919 Kingsmill Plantation Road. The site is on private property (gated community), but it is accessible. In conjunction, the golf course is on the plantation and in a small irony, it was designed by someone whose followers at one time were called “Arnold’s Army,” Arnold Palmer. Kingsmill Wharf Battery— See Kingsmill Plantation and Middle Plantation Fort. Lambert’s Point Battery— Lambert’s Point Battery was established slightly north of Norfolk during 1813. The battery was in close proximity to Craney Island. When the British naval force approached Norfolk during June 1813, elements of the 35th Infantry Regiment and militia units at Fort Norfolk were dispatched to Lambert’s Point and Sewell’s Point to bolster them. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the Confederates fortified Lambert’s Point. Lawrence Smiths’s Fort— See Fort on the Rappahannock. Lee’s Mill— The Confederates established fortifications at Lee’s Mill in the vicinity of Newport News, York County. Union and Confederate forces clashed there during April 1862 and initiated Union General George McClellan’s siege of the Confederate WarwickYorktown Line. The forts were linked with other second defense line positions and during April, the Union was repelled, with the support of two batteries there. However, from 5 April until 4 May 1862, the two sides repeatedly clashed along the lines and on 4 May, the Confederates abandoned the area for Williamsburg. See also Newport News Defenses. Leesburg Defenses— During 1861, the Confederates established three forts to protect the town: Forts Beauregard, Evans and Johnston. The area was the scene of a heavy battle (Ball’s Bluff, Harrison’s Landing) on 21 October 1861. Confederates under General Nathan Evans repulsed the Union under General Charles P. Stone. Major General (Volunteers) Edward D. Baker was killed during the battle. Baker was also a U.S. senator from Oregon at the time of his death. The Union sustained more than 400 killed, wounded or captured. General Stone was later arrested for his actions at the battle and confined at Fort Hamilton, but later he was released without charges. The Confederates evacuated Leesburg during March 1862.

579 Union forces under Colonel John White Geary seized Leesburg (March); Geary was promoted to brigadier general the following month. Leesburg remained a hot spot for the remainder of the war. Prior to the fight at Antietam (Sharpsburg) in Maryland, General Robert E. Lee passed through Leesburg. While there, during early September 1862, he convened a meeting in the Harrison House on North King Street with other Confederate officers including Generals Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and J.E.B. ( Jeb) Stuart. The Union also moved through or near Leesburg (Loudoun County) during June 1863. Later, for about the last two years of the war, the Confederates, including Colonel John Mosby’s Partisan Rangers, occupied Leesburg. Libby Prison— Libby Prison, named after Captain Luther Libby, was located in the western sector of Richmond near Dock Street and 20th Street on property owned by the Enders family. The prison was composed of three buildings (designated East, Middle and West), each of which were four stories high. Construction of the buildings began during 1845. They were ordered built by John Enders, Jr., a tobacco tycoon. Prior to the war, the buildings housed the business of Captain Luther Libby, a Yankee form Maine. The business had a sign on the building which read: “L. LIBBY & SON, SHIP CHANDLERS.” Subsequent to the 1st Battle of Manassas, Richmond became flooded with Union prisoners, prompting Confederate General John Henry Winder, the provost marshal of Richmond, to abandon his business. Afterward, the prison retained the name “Libby.” While in operation, the prison held a total of about 50,000 men. Of the four floors contained in each building, only the top three were used for the prisoners. The ground floors were used by the Confederates for a variety of purposes including offices, guards rooms, kitchens and storage. The buildings also contained cellars and they were used to hold what the Confederates considered more dangerous prisoners, but they also held slaves and spies. Many escapes occurred, including one that was the most prominent, that of Colonel Thomas E. Rose of the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment. Rose and Major Andrew G. Hamilton, 12th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment, led the escape of more than 109 officers on 9 February 1864. Of the 109 men involved, 59 reached the safety of Union lines. Two others drowned and another 49, including Rose, were recaptured. Soon after, during April 1864, Rose was freed during a prisoner exchange, just prior to General Grant eliminating all prisoner exchanges. In conjunction, during January 1864, Union cavalry led by General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick raided Richmond in an attempt to rescue the Union prisoners, but the attack failed. The Union occupied Richmond on 3 April 1865. Prior to the occupation, the prisoners at Richmond were transferred to Andersonville Prison in Georgia. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, the Union used Libby Prison to hold Confederates. The practice continued until early August 1868. During 1888, the prison buildings were acquired by purchase by a group of businessmen in Chicago, Illinois. The buildings were dismantled and each component part was tagged for shipment by rail to Chicago. The buildings were loaded on nearby railcars (Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad) as they became dismantled. One hundred and thirty-two cars were used for the project. Once in Chicago, the buildings were reassembled and turned into a museum at Wabash Avenue, between 14th and 16th Streets. By 1899, the venture ceased operations. It was known as the Great Libby Prison War Museum. Only a few pieces of the old prison remain. Some of the original bricks became souvenirs, and others were acquired by a museum in Chicago. One door from the prison and a key are in the possession of the Confederate Museum in Richmond and a few items are in the possession of some historical entities in Massachusetts and Vermont. Other lesser-known Confederate prisons in Richmond included Belle Isle, Castle Goodwin, Castle Lightning and Castle

Malvern Hill / VIRGINIA Thunder. In addition, another prison was known as Military Prison for Officers, near Cary Street west of 18th Street; Seabrook’s Prison Hospital, on the north side of Grace Street between 17th and 18th Streets; and the State Penitentiary, which was located at the south end of Adams Street (still in existence). Lord de la Ware’s Fort— Lord de la Ware’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Richmond during 1610. Like the other colonists’ forts in the area, it was abandoned after the Indian raids that occurred during 1622. Subsequently, during 1676, a new attempt was made to settle Richmond when the James River settlement was established as a fortified community. See also Early Richmond Forts. Lynchburg— The Confederates utilized Lynchburg as a supply depot and a hospital. They established Fort Early, which was actually a series of forts constructed during 1863. The Confederates also established Fort McCausland during early 1864. The town remained relatively unscathed, but during June 1864 it was in the line of a Union push by troops under David Hunter. General Early’s forces held a line along the Lynchburg-Salem Turnpike. On 17 June, the Confederates repelled the Union, but later the Confederates fell back from their fortifications near the Quaker Meeting House. A nearby structure, the Sandusky House, was occupied by Union General Hunter and used temporarily as his headquarters. General Early repelled Hunter on 18 June, compelling the Union to retire into West Virginia. Also, Lynchburg held a large number of hospitals (more than 30) and often there were several thousand troops under care. During the fighting at Lynchburg, General Early deployed some of his force at the Spring Hill Cemetery. Ironically, General Early, who succumbed during 1894, was interred there. Two other Confederate generals, James Dearing and Thomas T. Munford, were also buried there. General Dearing was mortally wounded on 6 April 1865 during a pistol duel with Union General Theodore Read during the retreat to Appomattox. Read was killed. Dearing succumbed on 23 April. Thomas T. Munford succumbed during 1918, while living in Alabama. His remains were returned to Lynchburg. At another nearby cemetery, Old City Cemetery, located at Fourth and Taylor streets, about 2,200 Confederate troops are interred. A visitors’ center is located at Old City Cemetery. In addition, a building (Pest House) used as a quarantine house for the Confederates is now a medical museum that displays exhibits from the nineteenth century; it is located near the Confederate section of the cemetery. The lines of defenses as established in Lynchburg: Several miles of earthworks and trenches around the old town served as the Inner Defenses. One line constructed by convalescents and home guards faced westward. Another line, established by General D.H. Hill and also constructed by convalescents and home guards, became the reserve line once General Early arrived in Lynchburg. Yet another line (redoubt) was established on the summit of a nearby hill. These, too, were established by General Hill and they were manned by cavalry under General Imboden. The Confederates constructed a military road to link the redoubt with Fort McCausland. Traces of this road might still be visible within Rivermont Park. Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute manned another line of defensive trenches that ran east from the summit of the hill. The cadets had arrived in Lynchburg with the troops in General Breckinridge’s command subsequent to the destruction of the Military Institute at Lexington by Union troops. Markers designating the various defensive positions in Lynchburg are located along the historical tour route. In addition to the defensive positions, the Confederates had also established Camp Pratt in Lynchburg. Also, the Old City Cemetery in Lynchburg contains a museum. The entrance to the museum is on Taylor Street. Maiden Springs Fort— See Reese Bowen’s Fort. Malvern Hill— The Union established artillery atop a hill at

VIRGINIA / Manassas Forts Malvern Hill (Henrico County) during the Seven Days Retreat. A battle occurred here on 1 July 1862. Manassas Forts— This national battlefield park is located approximately 25 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., near the intersection of 1–66 and Virginia. On display at the visitor’s center are many artifacts and documents related to the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run. There is a library containing many papers. There is also a slide program depicting the battles (Manassas Museum). There were two main forts at Manassas: Cannon Branch Fort and Mayfield Fort. Cannon Branch Fort was established during 1864 by the Union in an effort to thwart Confederate attacks against the supply lines. General George Meade ordered the fort constructed as well as several other smaller fortifications that stretched along the railroad to protect the trains. Citizens living within a radius of about 20 miles of the railroad were compelled to abandon their property. The fort has been preserved. Mayfield Fort was established by the Confederates during 1861. The fort was located on the Hooe family farm, which also was known as Mayfield (Farm). The fort was bolstered by artillery and was built in circular form, with a radius of about 200 feet. The Union gained control of the fort during 1862 and retained it until 1863. Mayfield Fort has been reconstructed. For more information: Manassas National Battlefield Park, P.O. Box 1830 Manassas, Virginia 22110. Open 9 A.M.–6:30 P.M. daily. Closed Christmas. Admission is nominal. Marlborough Point Battery— The Confederates established a battery at Marlborough Point during 1861. During July 1861, U.S. warships, the Reliance, commanded by Lieutenant Jared Mygatt, and the Yankee, commanded by Commander T.T. Craven, approached the battery and bombarded it. The Confederates, however, held the position until 1862. Martin Kauffman’s Fort— Martin Kauffman’s Fort, known also as White House, was established in Page County during 1760 slightly west of Luray. Kauffman’s Fort was constructed of stone and its outside walls were covered with stucco (lime and mortar). The fort also had a vaulted cellar which could be entered from the interior of the home. It still stands along Highway U.S. 211. Martin’s Fort— Martin’s Fort was established by Joseph Martin in Powell Valley during 1768. Martin was an officer member of the militia. See also Owen’s Station. Massanutten Forts— Beginning during the 1750s and continuing during the 1760s, settlers began building forts in the area of Massanutten Valley (Page County), part of the Shenandoah. Most settlements contained a fort, but at Massanutten, each of the settlers turned their homes into forts, with the fort located in a basement (“vaulted forts”) and the home on top. The system was to provide for the safety of the individual families even if Indians burned the homes. The fort-houses included Burner’s Fort, Keyser’s Fort, Rhodes’ Fort, Rinehart’s Fort and Strickler’s Fort. A massacre occurred at the Rhodes Fort during 1760. The Charles Keyser family moved from Pennsylvania to Virginia during 1761. Keyser purchased ground from the Rineharts (Matthew and Lewis) during 1765 and constructed his fort there. Another fort, built earlier by Michael Rinehart, was on the property that Keyser purchased. His son, Charles Jr., later moved into the original Rinehart Fort (built by Michael Rinehart). Charles Sr., about 63 years old when he moved to Virginia, lived until he was 76. He was interred near his house. The area was initially Shenandoah County with the county seat in Woodstock. Subsequently, during 1831, Page County was established and the county seat was transferred to Luray. Mathias Point Battery— A partial earthwork battery was constructed by the US Navy to prevent the Confederates from fortify-

580 ing this point on the Potomac River. The Rebels drove them off before construction was complete. The site was not used thereafter by the Confederates, due to constant shelling by the Federals. Matthew Harper’s Fort— See Augusta County. Mayfield Fort— Mayfield Fort was established at Manassas during 1861 at a high elevation between two tributaries (Buckhall and Russia) of the Occoquan River. The fort was located on the property of the Hooe family. It was acquired during 1779 by Robert Hawson Hooe. Initially, the land was part of the Mayfield settlement established there by Peter Hamrick (or Hambrick) during 1740. The Confederates took control of the area to defend the key railroads in the area. Mayfield Fort remained active until June of 1862 when the defenders were dispatched to Richmond to support the defense of the Confederate capital. Afterward, the fort was used by the Union, but not without interruption. After occasional use, the post was abandoned by the Union by November 1864. In conjunction, the Confederates deployed guns which had been captured at the Norfolk Navy Yard; however, when they abandoned the post, they had left only mock guns (Quaker guns) as a ruse so the Union remained unaware that the post was being abandoned. The Mayfield Fort has been reconstructed. It is located in Manassas at 8401 Quarry Road and is open to the public. A museum is located at the site. See also Manassas Forts. McNeill’s Fort— See Augusta County. Middle Plantation Fort— Middle Plantation Fort was established during 1633 when planters settled there on some higher ground than that at Jamestown. The settlement was about five miles from Jamestown and situated between the James and York Rivers. By 1699, the royal governor, Francis Nicholson, made the Middle Plantation the capital of the colony, transferring it from Jamestown, the latter having burned down the previous year. At that time, the settlement was named Williamsburg in honor of England’s King William III. The guard house and magazine (built in about 1715) at Williamsburg served as the arsenals for the colony. The guard house and a steep wall were added to the magazine during the French and Indian War. Present-day Colonial Williamsburg is a recreation of the old capital city. Also, the patriots built a fort south of the town during the American Revolution, slightly west of where the Confederates would construct Fort #1 during the Civil War. And the patriots constructed a battery at Burwell’s Landing (Kingsmill Wharf ) during the War for Independence. During 1862, the Union occupied Williamsburg and once there, they constructed trenches and earthworks that encircled William and Mary College. The Union retained control of Williamsburg for the duration of the war. See also Kingsmill Plantation. Mine Run Earthworks— A heavy battle occurred there on 26–28 November 1863. The fighting included clashes at Bartlett’s Mills (also known as Locust Grove) and Raccoon Ford on 26 November. On 27 November, fighting erupted at Robertson’s Tavern (also Payne’s Tavern) and New Hope Church. On the following day, yet another fight erupted at New Hope (also known as Orange Grove). Both sides sustained about equal casualties, about 500 killed wounded or missing. The Union earthworks were scattered along Mine Run. In contrast, the Confederate earthworks were located in the woods on dominating ground. Union General George Meade concluded that the Confederate lines were too protected to launch a major frontal assault. A charge would have placed the troops in the line of artillery as well as small-arms fire as they crossed the creek and if the fording was successful, still the troops would have to ascend a slope about 1,000 yards long. Meade ordered the force to move back across the Rappahannock. The Union defenses were

581 demolished after Meade retired. Some of the Confederate entrenchments are still visible. Mitchell’s Ford Entrenchments— The Confederates established earthworks fortifications near Manassas during 1861 in an effort to block a Union advance along Centerville (Old) Road at the Bull Run Crossing. The fort remained active until 1862. Moore’s Fort— Moore’s Fort, initially known as Snoddy’s Fort and Patrick Porter’s Fort, was established at Castlewood in Russell County at an undetermined time prior to 1774 on land owned by William Moore. On 29 September 1774, Indians sprang an attack upon several men who had moved out of the fort to check on a pigeon trap. While there, Chief Logan’s braves opened fire. Two of the men were able to get back to the fort, but one other, John Duncan, was killed. At the time of the attack, Daniel Boone was at the fort. At dawn on the 30th, Boone led the militia in pursuit of the Indians, but none were discovered. Duncan had moved into the region and set up his homestead near the Clinch River at Hunter’s Ford (later Dungannon) in Scott County, but due to the problems with the Indians, he was living at Moore’s Fort when he was killed. Indian raids continued in the area until 1794 when Chief Benge, a half-breed, was killed. See also Patrick Porter’s Fort. In conjunction, Daniel Boone and his family spent time at the fort subsequent to their return to Virginia from Kentucky during 1773. For a while, Boone commanded the militia at Blackmore’s Fort and Moore’s Fort during 1774 through the spring of 1775. The fort was able to hold about 20 families. The fort was in an area that often was raided by Indians.

Norfolk / VIRGINIA Neal McNeal’s Fort— See Augusta County. New Garden Station— New Garden Station, a settlers’ fort, was established in about 1774 in Russell County near Thompson’s Creek on the south side of the Clinch River. It was never determined upon whose land the fort was constructed, but the area had been settled since about 1769. Based on subsequent pension petitioners from veterans of the Revolutionary War, the fort was garrisoned at that time by militia. Two such veterans, Andrew Lynam and George Huffaker, stated that they had served there under an officer named Lieutenant James Leeper. New Store—See Fort Ohio, West Virginia. Newport News Defenses— The Confederates established a line of defenses in and around Newport News beginning in 1861. Some remains of the earthworks from the Peninsula Campaign of 1862 are still visible along what was the Warwick Line. These sites are in and around Newport News and in various parks. The fortifications included Big Bethel, a small one-gun battery at Dam No. 1, Harwood’s Mill Redoubt, Howard’s Bridge Redoubt, Lee’s Mill Redoubt, Mulberry Island Point Battery, Ship’s Point Battery (along the Poquoson River), Skiffe’s Creek Redoubt, Wynn’s Mill Redoubt and Young’s Mill Redoubt. Norfolk— Confederates seized the Naval Yard in NorfolkPortsmouth on 20 April 1861. Union troops burned nine warships to prevent their capture by the southerners. The Confederates also

Mulberry Island Point Battery— See Newport News Defenses. Mumps’ Fort— Mumps’ Fort was established during 1775 by William Mumps in the vicinity of Sinking Springs (presentday Jonesville) in Powell Valley. The fort, located in Lee County, was about 20 miles from Martin’s Fort. The fort was abandoned during the summer of 1776. Namozine Church— Union and Confederate cavalry clashed at Namozine Church on 3 April 1865, while in pursuit of Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s forces, who were moving west from Petersburg. Following the fight, the building was used as a hospital. Naval Battery 1— See Fort McLean.

Norfolk Navy Yard attacked unsuccessfully by Confederates in an attempt to destroy the dry dock

A U.S. Naval Hospital and Battery at Portsmouth, Virginia —Our Soldier in Our Civil War (New York, 1896)

VIRGINIA / North Anna Battlefield seized about 3,000 cannons. The Confederates, after taking the city, fortified it. Norfolk and Portsmouth were regained by the Union on 10 May 1862. Confederate Major W.W. Lamb surrendered Norfolk to General John E. Wool. See also Fort Nelson. North Anna Battlefield— The Confederates clashed with the Union at North Anna Battlefield on 23–26 May 1864. The Confederates had established earthworks. Most of the land where the battle occurred is now on private property. The National Park Service and Fredericksburg have available information on the battles. To reach the area from I-95 South at Fredericksburg, proceed about 25 miles to Carmel Church Exit. Then follow Route 207 West for a short distance of less than one mile where you will cross Route 1. Proceed to Route 657 and turn left until you come to the parking lot at Mt. Carmel Church. Observation Post at Crow’s Nest— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Onancock— Militia troops established barracks at Onancock in Accomack County during the American Revolution. Also, patriots in the town of Onancock participated in what became known as the “Battle of the Barges.” During November 1782, a flotilla of barges under the command of Commodore Zedekiah Whaley arrived at the town from Maryland and requested help to locate and intercept Tory vessels that were raiding the region (Eastern Shore). Colonel John Copper and about 25 militia troops offered to support Whaley. On 30 November, Whaley moved out on the Onancock Creek en route for the mouth of the creek. The Americans encountered the Tories at Dedge’s Straits near Smith Island in Maryland. A battle ensued, but the barges, except for that of Whaley, retired hurriedly. Whaley attempted to take on the enemy with his barge, the Protector. Shortly thereafter, ammunition aboard the Protector exploded. Many, including Whaley, were killed immediately and others were drowned. Colonel Copper afterward worked out a prisoner exchange for the survivors who were seized. Of about 60 men, only 11 had not been killed or wounded. Orange— The town of Orange in Orange County was used by General Robert E. Lee during the winter of 1863–1864. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia camped there. During the spring of 1864, the Confederates broke camp and crossed the Rapidan River to engage the Union, which had initiated a campaign to seize Richmond. The St. Thomas Church in Orange was where General Lee and other Confederate officers attended services while the Confederates were in Orange. The church still stands. Owen’s Station— Very little information exists about Owen’s Station, which was thought to have been established about 10 miles from Martin’s Station in the Powell Valley (Lee County) and slightly less than 10 miles from Cumberland Gap. The only reference to the station was by a Revolutionary War pensioner (Ewing Kinkaid) who listed service there during 1776 or 1777. Painter’s Fort— Painter’s Fort was established near Woodstock during the 1750s by George Painter. During the French and Indian War, Frenchmen and Indians raided the area near Mill Creek less than 10 miles from Woodstock during 1758. Settlers raced for Painter’s Fort. The settlers attempted to surrender, but they were killed. George Painter attempted escape, but he too was slain. Painter’s body was tossed back into the fort-house and then the house was burned by the Shawnee. The Indians also pulled four infants from the arms of their mothers. Afterward, the Indians attached them to trees, let them hang and then shot them. Forty-eight prisoners were dragged away, including the family of George Painter, which was composed of his wife, five daughters and one son, Adam. Two other sons of Painter and another, Jacob Myers, were able to conceal themselves

582 and they escaped capture. It was one of Painter’s sons and Myers who sped about 15 miles to Keller’s Fort to get help. The attackers were not pursued due to a limited amount of men who arrived at the destroyed fort on the day after the attack. Painter’s wife was held for about 2–3 years. She returned with two of her daughters and her son, Adam. One other daughter was held for about 18 years and two others never returned. Adam Painter lived on to serve in the American Revolution. He succumbed at the age of 100 years during 1835 in Washington County, Tennessee. Parker’s Battery— Parker’s Battery was established by the Confederates during 1864 as part of the series of forts that were established to defend Richmond, the capital. It is now part of the Chesterfield County Park System. The site is located at 1801 Ware Bottom Spring Road. See also Bermuda Hundred. Patrick Porter’s Fort— Patrick Porter arrived in Virginia at what was known as the “Castle Woods” during 1769. Porter’s group included John Morgan, Joseph Moore, William and Edward Russell, the Dickinson brothers and Colonel John Snoddy. Initially the men built Snoddy’s Fort, which was later renamed Moore’s Fort. Afterward, Porter and others moved to Falls Creek near Dungannon in Scott County during 1772. Porter built his fort there and within two years he established a mill along the Clinch River. Porter, like many other settlers in the area at the time, served in the militia. He participated in the campaign into Ohio including the Battle of Point Pleasant during 1774. Also, at about this time, Fort Blackmore was established by the Virginians on the land of Captain John Blackmore at presentday Fort Blackmore. During 1776, many of the area’s settlers rushed to Porter’s Fort for safety during the Cherokee War. Paul Froman’s Fort— Paul Froman’s Fort was established during the 1750s in Frederick County. The fort was located near Bowman’s Fort and Crissman’s Fort. Peter Hupp’s Fort— Peter Hupp’s Fort was established in the vicinity of Strasburg (Shenandoah County) during 1755. It was a settlers’ fort built to defend the colonists in time of danger from Indian attacks. The fort was located about three miles south of Bowman’s Fort. Petersburg Civil War Defenses— Petersburg, considered the back door to Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, became the focus of the Union during the spring of 1864 when General Ulysses S. Grant initiated the campaign to seize Richmond. On 30 July 1864, a huge battle erupted when the Union attempted to use their tunnels to blow up a Confederate position. The Battle of the Crater turned out badly for the Union. Following the explosion, troops dashed forward, but they descended into the crater that the Union created. The Confederates held Petersburg until 2 April 1865 after nearly 10 months of siege. On 25 March 1865, the Confederates initiated an attack to break out of Fort Stedman, but the Union held firmly, preventing success. On 1 April, the Union attacked and penetrated the right flank of Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Five Forks, which compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. Lee attempted to move into North Carolina to meet the forces under General Joseph Johnston, but Union pursuit made the maneuver impossible. Lee moved west and was trapped at Appomattox Court House. The fight at Sailor’s Creek sealed Lee’s fate. On 9 April, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant. General Grant permitted all Confederate officers to keep their sidearms and horses. In addition, Grant prohibited Union forces from harassing the Confederates. The Union and the Confederate troops built many fortifications, many of which were never named. The following is a list of the most prominent fortifications. Petersburg Union Forts: Fort Alex Hays (established between 26 August and 7 September

583

Petersburg Civil War Defenses / VIRGINIA

Union battery, Petersburg, Virginia 1864 — Illustration, Harper’s

1864), named in honor of brigadier General Alexander Hays, who was killed during fighting on 5 May 1864; Fort Blaisdell (established between 8 September and the end of September 1864), named in honor of Colonel William Blaisdell, who was killed during fighting on 23 June 1864; Fort Bross (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel John A. Bross, who was killed during the fighting at the Crater on 30 July 1864; Fort Clarke (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Captain William H. Clarke, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Conahey (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant J. Conahey, who was killed during fighting on 30 September at Pebbles’ Farm; Fort Cummings (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Cummings, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Davis (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Colonel Stearns Davis, who was mortally wounded on 11 July 1864; Fort Davison (established between 8 September and the end of September 1864), named in honor of Major Christopher C. Davison, who was killed during fighting on 3 June 1864 at Cold Harbor; Fort Dushane (established between 26 August and 7 September 1864), named in honor of Colonel N.T. Dushane, who was killed in action on 21 September 1864 near Weldon Railroad; Fort Emery, sometimes thought to be Fort Emory (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant George W. Emery, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Fisher (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Otis Fisher, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864 (also, during early 1865, Fort Fisher was expanded); Fort Friend (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), was not named after a soldier, but rather, it was at what was known as Friend House; Fort Gregg (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant James P. Gregg, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Haskell (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Colonel Frank A. Haskell, who was killed during fighting on 3 June 1864;

Fort Howard (established between 26 August and 7 September 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Howard, Jr., who was killed during the fighting at the Crater on 30 July 1864; Fort Keene (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Captain Weston H. Keene, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864 at Pebbles’ Farm; Fort Kelly (established between 8 September and the end of September 1864), named in honor of Colonel Patrick Kelly, who was killed during fighting near Hare House Hill on 16 June 1864; Fort McGilvery (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Freeman McGilvery, who was wounded at Deep Bottom on 16 August 1864 and died on 2 September 1864; Fort McMahon (established between 8 September and the end of September 1864), named in honor of Colonel James P. McMahon who was killed during fighting on 3 June 1864 at Cold Harbor; Fort Meikel (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel George W. Meikle, who was killed during fighting on 10 September 1864; Fort Morton (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Major James St. Clair Morton, who was killed during fighting on 17 June 1864; Fort Preston (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Colonel George L Prescott, who was mortally wounded on 18 June 1864; Fort Rice (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of brigadier General James C. Rice, mortally wounded on 10 May 1864; Fort Sampson (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Captain Drange S. Sampson, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Sedgwick, named in honor of Major General John Sedgwick, killed during fighting on 9 May 1864 (Fort Sedgwick was known also as Fort Hell); Fort Siebert (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Jacob E. Siebert, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Stedman (established between 19 June and 20 August 1864), named in honor of Colonel G.A. Stedman, who was mortally wounded on 5 August 1864 near Gracie’s Salient; Fort Stevenson (established between 8 September and the end of September 1864), named in honor of Brigadier General

VIRGINIA / Philip Long’s Fort

584

Fort Sedgwick, Virginia, 1865 — Photograph, A. Garner, 1865

Thomas G. Stevenson, who was killed during fighting on 10 May 1864 at Spotsylvania; Fort Tracy (established between January and February 1864), named in honor of Captain William C. Tracy, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Urmston (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Lieutenant Thomas D. Urmston, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864 at Pebbles’ Farm; Fort Wads worth (established between 26 August and 7 September 1864), named in honor of Major General James S. Wadsworth, who received a mortal wound during fighting in the Wilderness on 6 May 1864; Fort Welch (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Colonel Norval E. Welch, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864; Fort Wheaton (established between 29 September and 6 November 1864), named in honor of Captain J.H. Wheaton, who was killed during fighting on 30 September 1864. Also, Fort Wheaton was previously Confederate Fort Archer. Also, Union Fort Friend was initially Confederate Battery 8. Union Fort Haskell was the site of Fort Morton 2 and Confederate Battery 5. Batteries 1, 2, 3 (also, Battery Anderson), 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and Batteries Burpee, Drake and Sawyer were on the Petersburg lines and at Dutch Gap as part of the Union Petersburg defenses. Elements of the Connecticut 1st Regiment Heavy Artillery manned the previously mentioned numbered batteries and Batteries Burpee, Drake and Sawyer. Other Union positions involved with the campaigns against Petersburg and Richmond included Hatcher’s House (headquarters, XVIII Corps), the Observation Post at Crow’s Nest on the James River and a tower station at Cobb’s Hill, Avery’s House and Friend House (Fort Friend). In addition to the other lines listed, the Union used Fort Pocahontas and Fort Powhatan on the James River and engineers fortified Spring Hill along the south side of the Appomattox River opposite Point of Rocks (Signal Tower), and Wilson’s Wharf to dominate the channels of the Appomattox there to ensure the Union supply lines remained intact. The Army of the James that carried out the campaign was composed initially of the Tenth and Eighteenth Corps, followed by the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Corps. The Confederate fortifications included: Battery 1; Battery 5; Battery 9; Battery 16; Battery 20; Battery 40; Battery 47; Battery 55; Battery Pegram; The Crater (part of Elliott’s Salient); Colquitt’s Salient; Elliott’s Salient; Fort Baldwin; Fort Gregg; Fort Lee, also known as

Battery No. 45 (not to be confused with the modern-day Fort Lee); Fort Mahone; Fort Walker; Fort Whitworth; Gracie’s Salient and Rive’s Salient. Other forts in the vicinity of Petersburg included Union Fort Converse between Hopewell and Petersburg and Battery Anderson (also known as Redoubt Anderson near Bermuda Hundred). For more information: The Petersburg National Battlefield, PO. Box 549; Petersburg, Virginia 23803. The battlefield is located off of Virginia Highway 36, on the outskirts of Petersburg. Visit the site where Union soldiers unsuccessfully attempted to tunnel under Confederate lines. The siege of Petersburg, which lasted 10 months, was grueling for both sides, as the Confederates desperately tried to save the supply line to Richmond and the Union continued its relentless siege until the final victory in April 1865. On display is a slide program depicting the times, many pieces of artillery and other artifacts and pictures of the period.

Peterson’s Fort— See Augusta County. Philip Long’s Fort— Philip Long’s Fort was established during the 1750s near the Shenandoah River in Page County. The fort-house was constructed of stone and had a “vaulted cellar.” The building is still standing. It is located off Virginia Route 616 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places during 1973. Pig Point Battery— See Suffolk. Point of Fork Arsenal— The Americans established an arsenal at Columbia during 1780 in what became Fluvanna County. The arsenal was located in the vicinity of where the James River and the Rivanna River converged. During the following year, the Americans, following an unsuccessful effort to thwart the British advance, abandoned the town. The British destroyed the supplies there. During 1969, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In conjunction, Fluvanna County was initially attached to Henrico County and afterward was part of Goochland County until 1774 when it became part of Albemarle County and finally, during 1777, Fluvanna County was carved from Albemarle County. Columbia was established during 1788. Also, Fluvanna (Annie’s River) was named in honor of Queen Anne of England. During 1825, the “Brick Union” Church was built for use by the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The arsenal site is now on private property; however, several of the early period churches there are open to visitors. Subsequently, during the Civil War, there was no activity between the two sides at Columbia; however, Union forces did destroy buildings in the region to prevent their use and some bridges were destroyed in the county. The town is off Route 64 at the junction with Route 15. From there it is off Route 15 South on Route 6, between Charlottesville and Richmond. Point of Rocks— See Petersburg Civil War Defenses. Pope’s Clifts Plantation— Westmoreland County was apparently prime real estate during the 1700s. During the mid–1760s, the greatgrandfathers of three future presidents of the U.S. acquired land there and settled. John Washington, the great-grandfather of George Washington, settled on land in Stratford which was given to him by his father-in-law, Colonel Nathaniel Pope. He established a plantation (Pope’s Clifts Plantation) and fortified it during 1658. In conjunction, the grandfathers of James Monroe (Andrew Monroe) and

585 James Madison ( John Madison) also settled in the area. In conjunction, Stratford Hall was constructed near here during 1725. Porter’s Fort— See Patrick Porter’s Fort. Potomac River Fort— The militia established a fort in Alexandria along the Potomac River during 1676. The fort was constructed near Hunting Creek to defend against attacks by the Susquehanna Indian tribe. During 1679, John Alexander acquired a tract of land there and subsequently, Alexandria was named in his honor. During 1731, a settlement known as Belhaven was established there. Alexandria is in close proximity to Washington, D.C. During the Civil War, the Union established a string of forts around the capital and of these, some were in the vicinity of Alexandria. See also Washington, D.C., Civil War Defenses in Appendix A. Also, Robert E. Lee spent his boyhood in Alexandria. Powell’s Fort— Powell’s Fort was not actually a fort. A pioneer named Powell established some type of house or living quarters near Strasburg in what later became Fort Powell (Shenandoah County). Powell operated in the valley named Massanutten by the Indians. It later became known as Powell’s Fort Valley. Tales of gold and silver had been handed down since the arrival of the French explorer Louis Michell, who visited the area during 1707. Powell apparently discovered the mines at Fort Mountain and he used the ore findings to make counterfeit coins. Powell continued to evade capture. Government officials repeatedly failed to capture him. Powell merely vanished into the mountain. Legends abound that Powell buried large amounts of gold and silver near Signal Knob, but none has ever been found. The present-day residents seem to keep the story alive. Often, when the darkness of the mountainside is interrupted by unexplained lights, the locals refer to them as being the work of “old man Powell.” In conjunction, Keller’s Fort was located in the valley. Powell’s Run— See Quantico Batteries. Powhatan Hill— See Fort Powhatan (Richmond). Priest’s Fort— Priest’s Fort was established during 1775 by William Priest. The fort was located in Powell Valley (Lee County) about five miles from Martin’s Station at a spot between Jonesville and Rose Hill. The settlers abandoned the fort during June of the following year at about the same time as other forts in the region including Mumps’ Fort and Martin’s Fort were abandoned. When the valley was vacated, the Cherokee War was imminent. Many of the settlers relocated at Blackmore’s Fort. Providence Forge Camp— During 1770, William Holt and Charles Jeffrey Smith (Scottish minister) acquired about 500 acres at Providence. They established a forge, a sawmill and they included a blacksmith shop. Subsequently, during the American Revolution, American militia under Lafayette established an encampment there during 1781.

Richmond Civil War Defenses / VIRGINIA Washington. Nearby, the Confederates also fortified Occoquan at the intersection of Telegraph and Brentsville Roads. Regiments from Texas also manned these positions near Quantico, including Powell’s Run and Talbot’s Hill, Cockpit Battery and Dumphries. The line ran about 10 miles. Cavalry patrolled the area from Evansport to Colchester. In conjunction, Shipping Point during the early 1900s, about 1916, was a prominent shipyard. The town of Quantico is completely surrounded by U.S. Marines. The base encircles the town. Rappahannock River Fort— See Fort on the Rappahannock. Rappahannock Station— The Confederates fortified Rappahannock Station during 1863. For a while, during August, General Robert E. Lee was there personally. Later, during November of that same year, the Union attacked and gained the positions. Afterward, the Union retained the area and built an earthworks fort there to guard the Rappahannock River railroad bridge crossing. The Union assault occurred on 7 November 1863. Union losses amounted to 370 killed and wounded. Confederate losses stood at 11 killed, 98 wounded and 1,629 captured or missing. Redoubt Dutton— See Dutton Redoubt. Redoubt 12— Confederate Redoubt # 12 was established as one of a series of fortifications in and around the vicinity of Williamsburg. The redoubt was part of General Magruder’s Third Defensive Line (Williamsburg Defensive Line) in York County. Heavy fighting (Battle of Williamsburg) occurred there on 5 May 1862. The Union sustained more than 450 killed, about 1,400 wounded and nearly 375 missing. The Confederates sustained about 1,000, killed, wounded and missing. In conjunction, other nearby redoubts included Redoubt 11 and Redoubt 14, which were close to the York River Line. Redoubt Zabriskie— Redoubt Zabriskie was established during 1864 by the Union near Cobb’s Hill subsequent to General Grant’s decision to seize Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. The redoubt was one of a large number of forts established between Petersburg and Richmond. See also Richmond Civil War Defenses. Reese Bowen’s Fort— Reese Bowen’s Fort, known also as Maiden Springs Fort, was established in Tazewell County in about 1772 as a settlers’ fort during Lord Dunmore’s War in 1774. The fort remained active until about 1781. Bowen participated at the Battle of Point Pleasant and he later fought and died at the Battle of King’s Mountain (1780) during the American Revolution. Rhodes’ Fort— See John Rhodes’ Fort and Massanutten Forts. Rice’s Depot— During General Lee’s retreat from Petersburg during April 1865, the Confederates established headquarters at Rice’s Depot, which was located beyond Sailor’s Creek.

Pungoteague Battery— The Americans established a battery at Pungoteague (Buckland’s Gut) during the War of 1812. A British force (Royal Marines) attacked and destroyed it during 1814. Subsequently, during the Civil War, the Confederates used Pungoteague as a mustering post.

Richard Coleman’s Fort— Richard Coleman, born in England prior to 1620, later immigrated to America. During 1650, he established a trading post-fort in Essex County near Coleman’s Creek in the vicinity of the Rappahannock River near present-day Layton. A historical marker commemorating the trading post stands along State Route 17.

Quantico Batteries— The Confederates established fortifications in and around Quantico during 1861. The batteries included Evansport Battery in the town of Quantico near the river; Chopawwamsic Battery near Chopawwamsic Creek; and Shipping Point Battery, now a naval clinic on the Marine Base. Another battery was at Waller Hill (Rising Hill). During 1871, a hotel was built on the Waller Hill site. It later became a school and at present, it is Waller Hall on the Marine base. Elements of Hampton’s Brigade manned the batteries along the Potomac in an attempt to impede Union shipping en route to

Richmond Civil War Defenses— During the spring of 1864, the Union initiated the campaign to seize Richmond. On 9 March 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to general in chief, commander of the Union Armies. He replaced General Henry Halleck. Grant assumed personal command of the Army of the Potomac and later he placed General William Tecumseh Sherman in command of the western armies. Soon after, Grant made the decision to take Richmond. Grant departed Nashville on 18 March en route to Washington. By the latter part of April, the Union was on the advance to

VIRGINIA / Richmond Early Colonial Forts seize Richmond. On 5–6 May, a major clash occurred (Battle of the Wilderness). Soon after, on 8 May, the Battle of Spotsylvania ignited